Chapter 18 Terms and Names

1. Lewis Cass - He was nominated as President after Polk and he evolved a doctrine of popular sovereignty. He argued that slavery should be kept out of Congress and left to the people.

2. Stephen A. Douglas - American politician from Illinois who developed the method of popular sovereignty as a way to settle slave state or free state. He helped passed the compromise of 1850 as well as giving the states the choice with popular sovereignty.

3. Franklin Pierce - Democratic candidate for President in1852 and the fourteenth president of the US. He made the Gadsden Purchase, which opened the Northwest for settlement, and helped pass the unpopular Kansas-Nebraska Act.

4. Zachary Taylor - 12th president of the United States, and did not address the issue of slavery. Sent by president Polk to lead the American Army against Mexicoat Rio Grande, but defeated. Died in office.

5. John C. Calhoun - Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights.

6. Winfield Scott - General nominated by the Whigs to run against Pierce, who also commanded the Union army briefly at the beginning of the civil war.

7. Martin Van Buren - Eighth president, and vice presidentunder Jackson, known as the "Little Magician"; less popular than his predecessor, he inherited many of his problems; during his administration, he faced a

rebellion in Canada, antislavery protests, and financial panic and depression.

8. Daniel Webster - Senator, the Massachusetts orator and politician, disliked slavery intensely, but later supported the 1850 compromise. Wanted to keep the country united.

9. Matthew C. Perry - in 1853 presented the Japanese with a letter from the President calling for Japan to grant trading rights to Americans, they signed a treaty opening Japan for trade in 1854.

10. Harriet Tubman - American abolitionist. Born a slave on a Maryland plantation, she escaped to the North in 1849 and became the most renowned conductor onthe Underground Railroad, leading more than 300 slaves to freedom.

11. William H. Seward - a Governor of New York, UnitedStates Senator and the United States Secretary of Stateunder Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. Anti-slavery.

12. James Gadsden - the man who negotiated the 1853 treaty which ceded part of the Mexican territory to theU.S. for $10 million.

13. Henry Clay - Senator who persuaded Congress to accept the Missouri Compromise, which admitted Maine into the Union as a free state, and Missouri as a slavestate.

14. Millard Fillmore - Successor of President Zachary Taylor after his death on July 9th 1850. He helped passthe Compromise of 1850 by gaining the support of Northern Whigs for the compromise.

15. William Walker - A proslavery American adventurer from the South, he led an expedition to seize control

on Nicaragua in 1855. He wanted to petition for annexation it as a new slave state but failed when several Latin American countries sent troops to oust him before the offer was made.

16. popular sovereignty - The concept that political power rests with the people who can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government

17. filibustering - This is an attempt to obstruct a particular decision from being taken by using up the time available, typically through an extremely long speech. This would prevent the "opposing" party to passan unfavorable law and ultimately force a compromise.

18. Free Soil party - Political party formed in 1847 -1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

19. Fugitive Slave Law - Laws stating that fugitive slaves could be recaptured, whether in the north or south, and that the help of local police could be enlisted as well. Created to prevent slaves from escaping and to try to eliminate the underground railroad.

20. "conscience" Whigs - Anti-slavery Whigs who opposed both the Texas annexation and the Mexican War on moral grounds.

21. "personal liberty laws" - pre-Civil War laws passed by Northern state governments to counteract the provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts and to protect escaped slaves and free blacks settled in the North, bygiving them the right to a jury trial.

22. Underground Railroad - A system that helped enslaved African Americans follow a network of escape

routes out of the South to freedom in the North

23. Compromise of 1850 - Includes admitting Californiaas a free state, the Fugitive Slave Act, and making popular sovereignty in most other states from Mexican-American War

24. "fire eaters" - Refers to a group of extremist pro-slavery politicians from the South who urged the separation of southern states into a new nation, which became known as the Confederate States of America.

25. Clayton-Bulwer Treaty - 1850 - Treaty between U.S.and Great Britain agreeing that neither country would try to obtain exclusive rights to a canal across the Isthmus of Panama. Abrogated by the U.S. in 1881.

26. Ostend Manifesto - a document drawn up in 1854 that instructed the buying of Cuba from Spain, then suggested the taking of Cuba by force It caused outrageamong Northerners who felt it was a Southern attempt toextend slavery as states in Cuba would be a southern state.

27. "higher law" - Senator William Seward's doctrine that slavery should be excluded from the territories ascontrary to a divine moral law standing above even the Constitution

28. Kansas-Nebraska Act - This Act set up Kansas and Nebraska as states. Each state would use popular sovereignty to decide what to do about slavery. People who were proslavery and antislavery moved to Kansas, but some antislavery settlers were against the Act. This began guerrilla warfare.

29. Gadsen Purchase - The purchase of a strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico for which the United States paid Mexico $10 million in 1853.

30. Treaty of Wanghia - The first diplomatic agreementbetween China and America in history, signed on July 3,1844. Since America signed as a nation interested in trade instead of colonization, it was rewarded with extraordinary amount of trading power.

Chapter 19 Terms and Names

1. Harriet Beecher Stowe - United States writer of a novel(Uncle Tom's Cabin) about slavery that advanced the abolitionists' cause

2. Hinton R. Helper - Wrote The Impending Crisis, a book about slavery. He said the non-slave holding whites were the ones who suffered the most from slavery. He was captured and killed by Southerners

3. John Brown - An abolitionist who attempted to lead a slave revolt by capturing Armories in southern territory and giving weapons to slaves, was hung in Harpers Ferry after capturing an Armory

4. James Buchanan - the 15th President of the United States (1857-1861). He tried to maintain a balance between proslavery and antislavery factions, but his moderate views angered radicals in both North and

South, and he was unable to forestall the secession of South Carolina on December 20, 1860.

5. Charles Sumner - Gave a speech in may 1856 called " theCrime Against Kansas" militant opponent of slavery, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to senate for4 years, symbol throughout the north.

6. John C. Fremont - The first candidate of the RepublicanParty for the office of President of the United States,and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery.

7. Dred Scott - A black slave, had lived with his master for 5 years in Illinois and Wisconsin Territory. Backedby interested abolitionists, he sued for freedom on thebasis of his long residence on free soil. The ruling onthe case was that he was a black slave and not a citizen, so he had no rights.

8. Roger Taney - chief justice of the supreme court who wrote an opinion in the 1857 Dred Scott case that declared the Missouri compromise unconstitutional

9. John C. Breckenridge - One of the two democratic candidates against Lincoln. The other was Stephen A Douglas. He was nominated by the Southern Democrats. Buchanan's VP.

10. John Bell - He was a moderate and wanted the unionto stay together. After Southern states seceded from

the Union, he urged the middle states to join the North.

11. Abraham Lincoln - 16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeat of the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

12. Jefferson Davis - an American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865

13. John Crittenden - A Senator from Kentucky who madea last effort to save the Union by introducing a bill to extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific, and proposed an amendment to the Constitution that would forever guarantee the right to hold slaves in states south of the compromise line.

14. self-determination - the freedom of a people to decide under what form of government they wish to live

15. southern nationalism - idea that the south would develop into its own country in response to Lincoln's presidency (the last straw), it's how they became the confederacy

16. Uncle Toms Cabin - The antislavery novel written by Harriet Beecher Stowe that helped the abolitionist movement.

17. The Impending Crisis of the South - Book written in 1857 by Hinton R. Helper, attempting to prove that slavery hurt non-slaveholding whites the most

18. New England Immigrant Aid Society - 1854 was created to pay antislave settlers to go into Kansas, sowhen the state voted on whether or not to allow slaverythe vote would be on the antislave side.

19. Pottawatomie Creek massacre - In reaction to the sacking of Lawrence by pro-slavery forces, John Brown and a band of abolitionist settlers killed five pro-slavery settlers north of Pottawatomie Creek in Franklin County, Kansas

20. Lecompton Constitution - supported the existence of slavery in the proposed state and protected rights of slaveholders. It was rejected by Kansas, making Kansas an eventual free state.

21. "Bleeding Kansas" - Conflict over the expansion ofslavery into the Kansas Territory during its transitionto statehood. Free-Staters battled slavery supporters with violence.

22. American or Know-Nothing Party - Secret Nativist political party that opposed Immigration during the 1840's and early 1850's.

23. Dred Scott decision - Landmark court decision thatruled that slaves were property and antislavery laws were unconstitutional

24. panic of 1857 - Economic downturn caused by overspeculation of western lands, railroads, gold in California, grain. Mostly affected northerners, who called for higher tariffs and free homesteads

25. Lincoln-Douglas debates - 1858 Senate Debate, Lincoln forced Douglas to debate issue of slavery, Douglas supported pop-sovereignty, Lincoln asserted that slavery should not spread to territories, Lincoln emerged as strong Republican candidate

26. Freeport Doctrine - By Stephen Douglas: stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property

27. Harpers Ferry raid - Brown's idea to use guns fromthe arsenal to arm VA slaves whom he expected to rise and revolt; federal troops under Robert E. Lee capturedBrown and his band after a two-day siege; Brown and hisfollowers were killed; a martyr to the North, a rebel and radical to the South

28. Constitutional Union party - also known as the "do-nothings" or "Old Gentlemen's" party; a group that feared for the Union- consisted mostly of Whigs and Know-Nothings, met in Baltimore and nominated John Bellfrom Tennessee as candidate for presidency-the slogan

for this candidate was "The Union, the Constitution, and the Enforcement of the laws."

29. "Beecher's Bibles" - Rifles paid for by New England abolitionists and brought to Kansas by anti-slavery pioneers.

30. Crittenden Compromise - 1860 - attempt to prevent Civil War by Senator Crittenden - offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves - defeated by Republicans

31. Bleeding Sumner - Refers to Charles Sumner, against slavery; Preston Brooks beat Sumner with a cane, pro slavery preston brooks beat sumner with a cane

Chapter 20 Terms and Names

1. Napoleon III - Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loansfrom French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon

withdrew.

2. Maximilian - French viceroy appointed by Napoleon III of France to lead the new government set up in Mexico. After the Civil War, the U.S. invaded and he was executed, a demonstration of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine to European powers.

3. Charles Francis Adams - An American diplomat who, as ambassador during the Civil War. He helped to keep the British from recognizing the Confederacy. In the Trent affair, he was instrumental in averting hostilities between the two nations.

4. Clara Barton - Nurse during the Civil War; started the American Red Cross.

5. William H. Seward - New York Senator who opposed slavery. Talked about a "higher law." Republican who was one of Lincoln's rivals for the 1860 nomination. Chosen by Lincoln to serve as Secretary of State. Facilitated the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867.

6. Edwin M. Stanton - Secretary of War during Civil War, and he acted as a spy for the radicals in cabinet meetings. President Johnson asked him to resign in 1867. His dismissal led to the impeachment of Johnson because Johnson had broken the Tenure of Office Law.

7. Jefferson Davis - An American statesman and politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865.

8. Abraham Lincoln - 16th president of the United States; helped preserve the United States by leading the defeatof the secessionist Confederacy; an outspoken opponent of the expansion of slavery.

9. Morrill Tariff Act - This was an act passed by Congress

in 1861 to meet the cost of the war. It raised the taxes on shipping from 5 to 10 percent. However, they later needed to increase to meet the demanding cost of the war. This was just one the new taxes being passed to meet the demanding costs of the war. Although they were still low to today's standers they still raked in millions of dollars.

10. National Banking Act - United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks. The Act, together with Abraham Lincoln's issuance of "greenbacks," raised money for the federal government in the American Civil War by enticing banks to buy federal bonds and taxed state bonds out of existence.

11. Trent affair - In 1861 the Confederacy sent emissaries James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France to lobby for recognition. A Union ship captured both men and took them to Boston as prisonners. The British were angry and Lincoln ordered their release.

12. Alabama - A ship built by the British. Not originally built to be a war ship but in 1862 the confederates gave it a crew and weapons. It captured over sixty union vessels before it accepted a challengefrom a union cruiser in 1864 off the coast of France.

13. Laird rams - These were two iron-clad ships being constructed in Great Britain for the Confederacy. Theseships contained iron rams, large-caliber guns, and werevery dangerous to the Union blockade. The British government seized the two ships to ease tensions between the U.S. and England.

14. King Cotton - Expression used by Southern authors and orators before Civil War to indicate economic dominance of Southern cotton industry, and that North needed South's cotton. Coined by James Hammond

15. Draft Riots - Conscription Act in 1863 forced men between 20-45 years old to be eligible for conscriptionbut one could avoid it if they paid 300 or got someone in their place; provoked anger from poor workers.

16. Butternut Region - Southern counties of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois where many former Southerners hadsettled and who still harbored pro-Southern sympathies.Did not want to fight an anti-slavery war. Most people in this area complained that Lincoln has gone far enough on the Proclamation.

17. martial law - the body of law imposed by the military over civilian affairs (usually in time of war or civil crisis)

18. Border States - Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, and Missouri; these slave states stayed in the Union and were crucial to Lincoln's political and military strategy. He feared alienating them with emancipation of slaves and adding them to the Confederate cause.

19. Fort Sumter - Federal fort in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina; the confederate attack on the fort marked the start of the Civil War when South Carolina attacked the northern states and declared war.

20. Johnny Reb - Slang for a Confederate soldier or army during the war.

21. Billy Yank - The nickname of the Union by the Confederate soldiers

22. Indian Territory - An area to which Native Americans were moved covering what is now Oklahoma and parts of Kansas and Nebraska

23. Union - The northern states that remained loyal to

Lincoln and opposed the confederacy and slavery.

24. Confederacy - The southern states that seceded from the United States in 1861 and fought to keep slavery.

Chapter 21 Terms and Names

1. Clement L. Vallandigham - An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the South.

Prominent Copperhead who was an ex-congressman from Ohio, demanded an end to the war, and was banished to the Confederacy.

2. Andrew Johnson - A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

3. John Wilkes Booth - Was an American stage actor who, aspart of a conspiracy plot, assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865.

4. Robert E. Lee - American soldier, he refused Lincoln's offer to head the Union army and agreed to lead Confederate forces. He successfully led several major battles until his defeat at Gettysburg, and he surrendered to the Union's commander General Grant at Appomattox Courthouse.

5. Thomas J. Jackson - A confederate General during Civil War. The most well-known confederate commander after Robert E Lee. Corps commander in Army of N. Virgina. Confederate pickets accidentally shot him at Battle of Chancellorsville, he survived but lost arm. Died of complications of pheumonia. His death was a severe setback for Confederacy. His death afected military, army, and the general public.

6. Ulysses S. Grant - An American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869-1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

7. George B. McClellan - a general for northern command ofthe Army of the Potomac in 1861; nicknamed "Tardy George" because of his failure to move troops to Richmond; lost battle vs. General Lee near the Chesapeake Bay; Lincoln fired him twice.

8. William T. Sherman - an American soldier, businessman, educator, and author. He served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War (1861-65), forwhich he received recognition for his outstanding command of military strategy and criticism for the harshness of the "scorched earth" policies that he implemented in conducting total war against the Confederate States

9. George B. Meade - During the American Civil War he served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

10. Salmon P. Chase - an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era who served as U.S. Senator from Ohio and Governor of Ohio; as U.S. Treasury Secretary under President Abraham Lincoln; and as ChiefJustice of the United States.

11. David G. Farragut - Admiral of the Union Navy during the Civil War. Led the daring attack on New Orleans the led to the Union's control of the Mississippi River.

12. George Pickett - U.S. Army officer who became a general in the Confederate States Army during the American Civil War. He is best remembered for his participation in the futile and bloody assault at the Battle of Gettysburg that bears his name, Pickett's Charge.

13. Edward Everett Hale - an American clergyman and author who wrote The Man Without a Country

14. Merrimack (the Virginia) - was a former wooden warship. The Confederates plated it with iron railroad rails. They renamed it the Virginia. The Virginia easily wrecked Union Navy ships and threatened to destroy the whole Navy. The Confederates later destroy the ship to keep it from the Union. This marks the end of wooden ships.

15. Monitor - (The Civil War, 1861-1865) 1862, First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Chesapeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. The battle signaled a change inthe near future in naval technology.

16. Emancipation Proclamation - Lincoln issued it and freed all the slaves in the Confederate states, but slaves in Border States loyal to the Union remained

enslaved. It only applied to states in rebellion (Confederate states). It led to slaves rebelling and joining the Union army and increased sympathy from Europe.

17. Thirteenth Amendment - This Amendment was made to forbid slavery, making slavery and involuntary servitude both illegal. It could only be used as a punishment for crime. This Amendment was ratified in 1865, after the war was over. The South had to ratify it to be readmitted to the Union.

18. Copperheads - Most extreme portion of the Peace Democrats. They openly obstructed the war through attacks against the draft, against Lincoln, and the emancipation. Based in Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. There was really no victory for this group.

19. Union party - Included all of the Republicans and the war Democrats. It excluded the copperheads and peace Democrats. It was formed out of fear of the republican party losing control. It was responsible fornominating Lincoln.

20. First Battle of Bull Run - First major battle of the Civil War, in which untrained Northern troops and civilian picnickers fled back to Washington. This battle helped boost Southern morale and made the North realize that this would be a long war.

21. Second Battle of Bull Run - Conflict between Lee and General John Pope in August 1862, ending in a decisive victory by Lee that led to increased

confidence and an attempt to convince Maryland to secede.

22. Battle of Antietam - Civil War battle in which theNorth suceedeed in halting Lee's Confederate forces in Maryland. Was one of the bloodiest battles of the war resulting in 25,000 casualties

23. Peninsula Campaign - Union General George B. McClellan's failed effort to seize Richmond, the Confederate Capital. Had McClellan taken Richmond and toppled the Confederacy, slavery would have most likelysurvived in the South for some time.

24. Battle of Fredericksburg - The Union, led by MajorGeneral Ambrose Burnside, was defeated and lost 12,000 men. General Robert E. Lee, Commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, was the Confederate general who led in the defeat.

25. Battle of Chancellorsville - The Union was defeated again with the Confederacy being led by RobertE. Lee. General Thomas Stonewall Jackson was accidentally wounded here by one of his own men.

26. Battle of Gettysburg - An 1863 battle in the CivilWar in which the Union defeated the Confederacy, endinghopes for a Confederate victory in the North, a turningpoint in the war, and over 50,000 people died.

27. Battle of Vicksburg - 1863, Union gained control of Mississippi River, confederacy split in two, Grant takes lead of Union armies, total war begins.

28. Gettysburg Address - Speech by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg, key ideas were liberty, equality, and democratic ideas; purpose of war was to portect those ideas

29. Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War - Established by Congress during the Civil War to oversee military affairs. Largely under the control of Radical Republicans, the committee agitated for a more vigorous war effort and actively pressed Lincoln on theissue of emancipation.

30. Ford's Theater - Where President Abraham Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth. April 14, 1865.

31. The Man Without A Country - Edward Everett Hale's fictional account of a treasonous soldier's journeys inexile. The book was widely read in the North, inspiringgreater devotion to the Union.

Chapter 22 Terms and Names

1. Oliver O. Howard - Head of the Freedmen's Bureau which was intended to be a kind of primitive welfare agency for free blacks. Later founded and served as President of Howard University in Washington D.C.

2. Andrew Johnson - A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be

impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

3. Alexander Stephens - Former vice president of the Confederacy, who claimed a seat in Congress during reconstruction under Johnson. Congress denied him and other Confederates seats in Congress

4. Charles Sumner - Gave a speech in may 1856 called "The Crime Against Kansas", militant opponent of slavery, beat with a cane by Preston Brooks after the speech, collapsed unconscious and couldn't return to senate for4 years, symbol throughout the north.

5. Thaddeus Stevens - Man behind the 14th Amendment, whichends slavery. Stevens and President Johnson were absolutely opposed to each other. Known as a Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress.

6. William Seward - Secretary of State who was responsiblefor purchasing Alaskan Territory from Russia. By purchasing Alaska, he expanded the territory of the country at a reasonable price., senator of NY. He was antislavery and argued that God's moral law was higher than the constitution

7. Freedmen's Bureau - 1865 - Agency set up to aid former slaves in adjusting themselves to freedom. It furnishedfood and clothing to needy blacks and helped them get jobs

8. "Exodusters" - the African Americans migrating to the Great Plains state (ie: Kansas & Oklahoma) in 1879 to escape conditions in the South during reconstruction.

9. Wade-Davis Bill - 1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of thevoters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new stateconstitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

10. 10 percent plan - It was a reconstruction plan that decreed that a state could be reintegrated into the union when 10 percent of voters in the presidentialelection of 1860 had taken an oath of allegiance to theUnited States and pledged to abide by emancipation. Thenext step would be erection of a state gov. and then purified regime.

11. moderate/radical Republicans - Moderate republicans agreed with Lincoln's ideals. They believedthat the seceded states should be restored to the Unionswiftly and on the terms of Congress, not the President. The radical republicans believed that the South should pay dearly for their crimes. The radicals wanted to social structure of the South to be changed before it was restored to the Union. They wanted the planters punished and the blacks protected by federal power. They were against Abraham Lincoln.

12. Black Codes - To keep African-Americans from theirinalienable rights. They deprived blacks of life, liberty or property without due process of law. In 1866, a small group of leaders in the Radical

Republican Party got Congress to pass a Civil Rights Act which eliminated it.

13. sharecropping - a system used on southern farms after the civil war in which farmers worked land owned by someone else in return for a small portion of the crops.

14. Civil Rights Act - LBJ passed this in 1964. Prohibited discrimination of African Americans in employement, voting, or public accomidations. Also saidthere could be no discrimination against race, color, sex, religion, or national origin.

15. Fourteenth Amendment - the constitutional amendment adopted after the Civil War that states, "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridgethe privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life,liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws."

16. "swing around the circle" - In the 1866 election campaign, President Johnson traveled widely trying to rally public support for his Reconstruction program. His effort failed and he was booed at almost all of hisrallies.

17. Reconstruction Act - It divided the South into 5 military districts, each commanded by a union general and policed by Union soldiers. It also required that states wishing to be re-admitted into the Union had to

ratify the 14th Amendment, and that states' constitutions had to allow former adult male slaves to vote.

18. Fifteenth Amendment - The right of citizens of theUnited States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

19. Ex parte Milligan - was a United States Supreme Court case that ruled suspension of Habeas Corpus by President Abraham Lincoln as constitutional, Supreme Court decided that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional because civilian courts were still operating, and the Constitution of the United States (according to the Court) only provided for suspension of habeas corpus if these courts are actually forced closed. In essence, the court ruled that military tribunals could not try civilians in areas where civil courts were open, even during wartime.

20. "radical" regimes - By 1870 southern states had reorganized their governments and had been accorded full rights. The hated "blue bellies" remained until the new Republican regimesappeared to be firmly entrenched.

21. Redeemers - Largely former slave owners who were the bitterest opponents of the Republican program in the South. Staged a major counterrevolution to "redeem"the south by taking back southern state governments. Their foundation rested on the idea of racism and whitesupremacy. Redeemer governments waged and agressive assault on African Americans.

22. Scalawags - A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners and who supported republican policies through reconstruction.

23. carpetbaggers - A northerner who went to the Southimmediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states.

24. Ku Klux Klan - founded in the 1860s in the south; meant to keep civil rights away from newly freed slavesthrough threats, terror and violence; other targets: Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others thought to be un-American.

25. Force Acts - These acts were passed in 1870 and 1871. They were created to put a stop to the torture and harassment of blacks by whites, especially by hate groups such as the Ku Klux Klan. These acts gave power to the government to use its forces to physically end the problems.

26. Tenure of Office Act - 1866 - Enacted by radical Congress, it forbade the president from removing civil officers without consent of the Senate. It was meant toprevent Johnson from removing radicals from office. Johnson broke this law when he fired a radical Republican from his cabinet, and he was impeached for this "crime".

27. "Seward's Folly" - Secretary of State William Seward's negotiation of the purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867. At the time everyone thought this was amistake to buy Alaska the "ice box" but it turned out to be the biggest bargain since the Louisiana purchase

Chapter 23 Terms and Names

1. Ulysses S. Grant - President of the US former Northern general. He waved a 'bloody shirt'.

2. Horatio Seymour - Former Governor of NY who ran for presidency as democrat. Lost

3. Jim Fisk - Had nicknames like "Big Jim," "Diamond Jim,"and "Jubilee Jim," he was an American stock broker and corporate executive.

4. Jay Gould - United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892)

5. Thomas Nast - Cartoonist that took down boss tweed

6. Horace Greeley - American newspaper editor, a founder of the Liberal Republican Party, a reformer, and a politician. His New York Tribune was America's most

influential newspaper from the 1840s to the 1870s and "established his reputation as the greatest editor of his day."

7. Jay Cooke - was an American financier who helped finance the Union war effort during the American Civil War and the postwar development of railroads in the northwestern United States

8. Roscoe Conkling - A politician from New York who servedboth as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party and thelast person to refuse a U.S. Supreme Court appointment after he had already been confirmed by the U.S. Senate.

9. James G. Blaine - A U.S. Representative, Speaker of theUnited States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time Secretary of State. He was nominated for president in 1884, but lost a close race to Democrat Grover Cleveland.

10. Rutherford B. Hayes - 19th president of the UnitedStates, was famous for being part of the Hayes-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history

11. Samuel Tilden - Hayes' opponent in the 1876 presidential race, he was the Democratic nominee who had gained fame for putting Boss Tweed behind bars. He collected 184 of the necessary 185 electoral votes.

12. James A. Garfield - 20th President of the United States; assassinated by a frustrated office-seeker.

13. Chester A. Arthur - An American politician who served as the 21st President of the United States. He was a member of the Republican Party and worked as a lawyer before becoming the 20th Vice President under James Garfield. While Garfield was mortally wounded by Charles J. Guiteau on July 2, 1881, he did not die until September 19 of that year, at which time he was sworn in as president, serving until March 4, 1885.

14. Winfield S. Hancock - A career U.S. Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in 1880. He served with distinction in the Army for four decades, including service in the Mexican-American War and as a Union general in the American Civil War, he was noted in particular for his personal leadership at the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863.

15. Charles J. Guiteau - An American lawyer who assassinated U.S. President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. He was executed by hanging.

16. Grover Cleveland - 22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, as Rep, fought corruption. As President, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes

17. Benjamin Harrison - The 23rd President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893. A grandson of President William Henry Harrison, he was

born in North Bend, Ohio, and moved to Indianapolis, Indiana at age 21, eventually becoming a prominent politician there. During the American Civil War, he served as a Brigadier General in the XX Corps of the Army of the Cumberland. After the war he unsuccessfullyran for the governorship of Indiana, and was later appointed to the U.S. Senate from that state.

18. Thomas Reed - A U.S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives from 1889-1891 and from 1895-1899. He was a powerful leader of the Republican Party, and during his tenure as Speaker of the House, he served with greater influence than any Speaker who came before, and he forever increased its power and influence for those who succeeded him in the position.

19. William Mckinley - The 25th President of the United States, and the last veteran of the American Civil War to be elected to that office. He was the lastPresident of the 19th century and the first of 20th.

20. James B. Weaver - former Civil War general who ranfor president with the Greenback Party (1880) and the Populist Party (1892).

21. Tom Watson - elected to the U.S Congress, became known as a champion of Georgia's farmers, and he sponsored and pushed through a law providing for RFD-rural free delivery

22. Adlai E. Stevenson - served as the 23rd Vice President of the United States. After being a

Congressman from Illinois, he was appointed Assistant Postmaster General of the United States during Grover Cleveland's first administration (1885-1889)

23. William Jennings Bryan - was a leading American politician from the 1890s until his death. He was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party, standing three times as its candidate for President of the United States (1896, 1900 and 1908).

24. J.P. Morgan - Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in away; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payedback. Was one of the "Robber barons"

25. soft/cheap money - is money donated to political parties in a way that leaves the contribution unregulated

26. hard/sound money - is from political donations that are regulated by law through the Federal Election Commission.

27. contraction - Grant and the Treasury began to stock gold so that one day people would be able to resume metal-money payments. restored government's credit rating.

28. resumption - required the government to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to redeem all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879.

29. Gilded Age - Refers to the era of rapid economic and population growth in the United States during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction eras of the late19th century. The term "Gilded Age" was coined by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley Warner in their 1873 book, TheGilded Age: A Tale of Today. The name refers to the process of gilding an object with a superficial layer of gold and is meant to make fun of ostentatious display while playing on the term "golden age."

30. Spoils system - A practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobsto its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis ofsome measure of merit independent of political activity.

31. crop-lien system - is a credit system that became widely used by farmers in the United States in the South from the 1860s to the 1920s. Sharecropping

32. pork-barrel bills - A derogatory term referring toappropriation of government spending for localized projects secured solely or primarily to bring money to a representative's district.

33. populism - An ideologyor a type of discourse of sociopolitical thought that compares "the people" against "the elite", and urges social and political system changes.

34. grandfather clause - A clause in the constitutionsof some Southern states after 1890 intended to permit whites to vote while disfranchising blacks: it exemptedfrom new literacy and property qualifications for voting those men entitled to vote before 1867 and theirlineal descendants.

35. "Ohio Idea" - was an idea by poor Midwesterners during the US presidential election of 1868 to redeem federal war bonds in United States dollars, also known as greenbacks, rather than gold

36. the "bloody shirt" - An expression used as a vote getting stratagem by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to offset charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats.

37. Tweed Ring - An American politician most notable for being the "boss" of Tammany Hall, the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in thepolitics of 19th century New York City and State. At the height of his influence,he was the third-largest landowner in New York City, a director of the Erie Railway, the Tenth National Bank, and the New-York Printing Company, as well as proprietor of the Metropolitan Hotel.

38. Credit Mobilier - A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad. It was involved in a scandal in 1872 in which high government officials were accused of accepting bribes.

39. Whiskey Ring - During the Grant administration, a group of officials were importing whiskey and using their offices to avoid paying the taxes on it, cheatingthe treasury out of millions of dollars.

40. Liberal Republicans - Party formed in 1872 (split from the ranks of the Republican Party) which argued that the Reconstruction task was complete and should beset aside. Significantly dampered further Reconstructionist efforts.

41. "crime of '73" - through the coinage act of 1873, the US ended the minting of silver dollars and placed the country on the gold standard. this was attacked by those who supported an inflationary monetary policy, particularly farmers and believed in the unlimited coinage of silver

42. Bland-Allison Act - was an 1878 act of Congress requiring the U.S. Treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. Though the bill was vetoed by President Rutherford B. Hayes, the Congress overrode Hayes' veto on February 28, 1878 to enact the law.[1]

43. Greenback Labor party - as an American political party with an anti-monopoly ideology which was active between 1874 and 1889. The party fielded Presidential tickets three times — in the elections of 1876, 1880, and 1884, before fading away.

44. Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) - A fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who

served in the American Civil War. It was among the first organized advocacy groups in American politics and was succeeded by the Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War (SUVCW).

45. Stalwart - Republicans in the 1870s who supported Ulysses Grant and Roscoe Conkling; they accepted machine politics and the spoils system and were challenged by other Republicans called Half-Breeds, whosupported civil service reform.

46. Half-Breed - political faction of the United States Republican Party that existed in the late 19th century. The Half-Breeds were a moderate-wing group, and they were the opponents of the Stalwarts. Led by James Blaine

47. Compromise of 1877 - Also known as the Corrupt Bargain, refers to a purported informal, unwritten dealthat settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election and ended Congressional ("Radical") Reconstruction. Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.

48. Pendleton Act - Federal legislation which created a system in which federal employees were chosen on the basis of competitive examinations, therefore making merit, or ability, the reason for hiring people to fillfederal positions

49. Mugwumps - Republican political activists who bolted from the United States Republican Party by supporting Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in theUnited States presidential election of 1884. They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine.

50. "redeemers" - were the southern wing of the Bourbon Democrats, the conservative, pro-business faction in the Democratic Party, who sought to oust theRepublican coalition of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags.

51. Plessy v. Ferguson - The Supreme Court case that upheld a Louisiana segregation law on the theory that as long as the accommodations between the racially segregated facilities were equal, the equal protection clause was not violated. The Court's ruling effectivelyestablished the constitutionality of racial segregationand the notion of "separate but equal."

52. Jim Crow - State and local laws in the United States enacted between 1876 and 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities, with a supposedly "separate but equal" status for black Americans. In reality, this led to treatment and accommodations that were usually inferior to those provided for white Americans, systematizing a number ofeconomic, educational and social disadvantages.

53. Chinese Exclusion Act - A United States federal law signed by Chester A. Arthur on May 8, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame

Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years. This law was repealed by the Magnuson Act on December 17, 1943.

54. U.S. VS. Wong Kim - Supreme Court ruled in favor of Chinese born Americans, felt that they could not strip them of citizenship because of 14th Amendment

55. "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" - gaffe by James Blaine that cost him the election to Grover Cleveland.

56. Billion-Dollar Congress - A meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government, consisting of the United States Senate and the United States House of Representatives. It met in Washington, D.C. from March 4, 1889 to March 4, 1891, during the first two years of the administration of U.S. President Benjamin Harrison.

57. People's Party (Populists) - Started as Farmer's Alliance, farmers came together and became organized, translated into Populists. Wanted to unite farmers of south/west/poor blacks and whites and industrial/factory workers

58. Sherman Silver Purchase Act - Enacted on July 14, 1890 as a United States federal law, it was named afterits author, Senator John Sherman, an Ohio Republican, chairman of the Senate Finance Committee. While not authorizing the free and unlimited coinage of silver

that the Free Silver supporters wanted, it increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month. It had been passed in response tothe growing complaints of farmers and mining interests.

59. Mckinley Tariff - raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition.