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A Step By Step Guide To Analyse And Practice Case Studies For Civil Services Exam

CASE STUDIESSECTION - B

For UPSC Mains Exam – GS Paper IV(Ethics, Integrity & Aptitude)

By

Atul Garg

Chief Editor Kapil Sikka

Sub-EditorsFaizan Khan, Akshay Agale

Address 17, 3rd Floor, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, New Delhi-110005

Mob: 9810949873, 9643772112, 9582203127, www.orientias.com

https://telegram.me/UPSC_PDF

https://telegram.me/UpscPdfDrive


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PREFACEDear readers,In these fast changing times, I present to you the first edition of this book on case studies. The book is a result of the consistent demand among civil services candidates for a one stop solution to tame this new beast crafted by the UPSC. The new paradigms of governance and needs, expectations and changing value patterns of civil society have impacted all kinds of organizations across the globe. Governments are finding it challenging to respond to the growing demands of society, and as a reaction, a new era of administrative reforms has been initiated. Fortunately, UPSC has also responded to this changing environment and declared in year 2013 that case studies would be asked in Ethics Paper (GS Paper IV). Case study is a bridge that connects theory with practice. It has often been found that selected candidates fail to apply their knowledge in real life situations. To resolve this issue, case studies have been introduced so that candidates can prove their aptitude for civil services, well in advance. It is also very important for the candidates to understand that section B is intrinsically linked with section A. it is advisable for the readers to first have a thorough understanding of all the topics mentioned under section A and then only jump to the case studies part. Otherwise it would be like solving a mathematical problem without having prior understanding of the formula. One can contact the publishers for material on section A. The book has been divided into six units. The first unit tends to explain the basics of case studies including its meaning and attributes. The second unit will discuss the basic framework for answering the case studies, as per the requirement. A pattern has been observed in the last five years and based on that, different types of case studies have been discussed in third unit. Example have been given for each type for better comprehension. Ten assignments have also been given in fourth unit with each having six case studies. This is similar to section B of paper-IV, in which 6 cases have been asked every year till now. To give a better idea to candidates, comprehensive solutions have also been provided under fifth unit. The burden lies on the candidates to control their urge to see the answers before trying to solve the case studies by themselves. One cannot learn to drive a car on whiteboard. Similarly, just reading the answers before doing any brainstorming will not make you proficient in answering case studies.In addition, model answers have been provided for all the previous years’ papers. Around 100 case studies with solutions have been provided in total. The idea is to provide the food for thought that will help you in the application of knowledge rather than just gaining knowledge itself. In nutshell we have endeavoured to empower you so that you can make smooth journey through the landscape of civil services exam and successfully solve this new riddle of UPSC. Preparing for this paper is a win-win situation as it not only prepares you for the civil services exam but also for life. Though efforts have been made to provide the best in all aspects, your feedback will be of immense importance for the author to keep modifying the content as per the changing needs of the exam. Hope it’ll serve you good in your quest for success.

Best of luck

ATUL GARGORIENT IAS17, 3Rd Floor, Pusa Road, Karol Bagh, Delhi-110005Mob: 9810949873, Email: [email protected]




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Contents

Unit - 1 : Introduction1.1 What are Case Studies? ....................................................................................................... 06

1.2 Their Relevance in Civil Services Exam ............................................................................. 07

1.3 Attributes of a Good Case Study Answer .................................................................... 07-10

Unit - 2 : General Framework for Answering the Case Studies2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 11

2.2 Body .................................................................................................................................... 12

2.3 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................... 16

2.4 DifferentEthicalApproaches ............................................................................................. 18

Unit-3:TypesofCaseStudies3.1 Case Studies Based on Public Sector Ethics ..................................................................... 25

3.2 Case Studies Based on Private Sector .............................................................................. 27

3.3 CaseStudiesBasedonAppliedEthics .............................................................................. 28

3.4 Case Studies Based on Individual Morality ...................................................................... 29

3.5 Case Studies Based on Society .......................................................................................... 30

3.6 Case Studies Based on International Ethics ..................................................................... 30

3.7 Case Studies Based on Attitude Change and Emotional Intelligence ........................... 31

Unit - 4 : Case Study Assignments for Practicel Assignment 1 .......................................................................................................................... 32

l Assignment 2 ......................................................................................................................... 34

l Assignment 3 ......................................................................................................................... 36

l Assignment 4 ......................................................................................................................... 38




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l Assignment 5 ......................................................................................................................... 40

l Assignment 6 ........................................................................................................................ 42

l Assignment 7 ......................................................................................................................... 44

l Assignment 8 ......................................................................................................................... 45

l Assignment 9 ......................................................................................................................... 47

l Assignment 10 ....................................................................................................................... 48

Unit - 5 : Assignment Solutionsl Solution Assignment 1 .......................................................................................................... 49

l Solution Assignment 2 .......................................................................................................... 56







l Solution Assignment 9 ........................................................................................................ 103

l Solution Assignment 10 ..................................................................................................... 108

Unit - 6 : Previous years’ model answersl GSPAPERIV(Ethics,IntegrityandAptitude)2013Solutions ........................................ 114

l GSPAPERIV(Ethics,IntegrityandAptitude)2014Solutions ........................................ 127







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Unit - 1 Introduction1.1 What are Case Studies? Though the meaning of case studies is not that will be asked by UPSC, it is important for the candidates to understand it. Without understanding the meaning, students will not be able to realize the true objective of introducing case studies in Civil Services Exam (CSE). It will also help them to understand the expectations of examiner, so that their answers can be in tune with what is required. Case studies can be defined in different ways in different contexts. For example, in social and life sciences, a case study is a research method involving a close, in-depth, and detailed examination of a subject of study (the case), as well as context in which the study has taken place.However, when it comes to CSE, Case studies are stories. They present realistic, complex, and contextually rich situations and often involve a dilemma, conflict, or problem that one or more of the characters in the case must negotiate.A case study provides an adequate fact base to stimulate an educated conversation concerning possible outcomes. Every case has one central decision point, dilemma, or angle. The nature of the situation is clearly apparent within the first few lines of the paragraph, but it does not have an obvious solution. The case put the candidates in the role of a decision maker or an administrator facing a problem. The writing in a case is precise and nuanced, yet always clear and concise. It is neither colloquial nor stuffily formal. It is also engaging and interesting to the students. For example, UPSC gave a sample case in 2013:“You have been working with your team for almost a year. One of your subordinates Mr. A is very effective and hardworking, he takes responsibility and gets things done. However, you have heard that Mr. A makes loose comments about women. Mrs X who is working under A, comes to you, she is visibly disturbed. She tells you that Mr. A has been making undue advances towards her and has even asked her to go out for dinner with him. She wants to give a written complaint seeking action against Mr. A. what would you do and why?”In this case, the central idea is to provide justice to the woman employee while maintaining the efficiency of the team. You have to take the decision keeping in mind all the repercussions. Rights of women must be taken into account but at the same time, you also have the duty to make profits for the organization. Impact on society in short and long term will also be analysed. Exploitation of women at work place is not something new in India and as an administrator, candidates have to deal with such situations in future. A good case study is thus a vehicle by which a chunk of reality is brought onto the question paper and is to be worked over by the candidate. A good case keeps the candidate grounded upon some of the stubborn facts that must be faced in real life situations. They bridge the gap between the academy and the workplace. They also give students practice identifying the parameters of a problem, recognizing and articulating positions, evaluating courses of action, and arguing different points of view.Good case study answers begin with an analysis of the key issues in the case. The analysis then serves as the basis for defining the most desirable outcomes and considering what options are available. This process usually results in a diversity of opinion as the candidate view the case situation from different perspectives, stressing different values and promoting different outcomes. This diversity in perspectives becomes the basis for good marks in this paper. Participants should value these differences, recognizing them as essential to learning, and make a special effort to encourage new opinions about the case. As a result, the case exercise will not only become a profitable learning experience, but will also fetch them extra marks.




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1.2 Case Studies Relevance in Civil Services ExamThe reputation and success of governance depends upon the ethical conduct of public functionaries and how it is perceived by people. It is therefore of fundamental importance that public functionaries act justly and fairly to all, not paying just lip service to ethical conduct but also ensuring that ethics are manifested and undoubtedly seen in their conduct. It is imperative that all public functionaries upon accepting government employment recognize that they have a special duty to be open, fair and impartial in their dealings with society.The introduction of paper-IV in the syllabus is aimed at fulfilling the above assertion only. The underlying philosophy is that the person/s inhabiting the administrative positions should be embellished with virtues mentioned under the syllabus. But having knowledge of ethics is one part and their application in real life situations is other. Section B caters to this application part of ethics in human life. As per UPSC’s notification: ‘Case study would test the candidates’ attitude and approach to issues relating to integrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced by him/her in dealing with society.’ Thus, UPSC has introduced case studies to bridge the gap between theory and practice. It is also a well-known fact that the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach helps in better education and professional development. For example, another sample case was given by UPSC in 2013:“You are posted as the Medical Superintendent of a District level Govt. Hospital which caters to the need of poor patients from surrounding rural areas along with the local people from the district town.As such the hospital has very good infrastructure and adequate equipment to cater to this need. It also receives sufficient funds to meet the recurring expenditure. Inspire of this there have been repeated complaints particularly from the patients which include the followingI. Very poor maintenance and un-hygienic conditions in hospital premises.II. The hospital staff frequently demanding bribes from the patients for the services rendered.III. The negligent attitude of the Doctors resulting in times of casualties.IV. Siphoning of a substantial stock of medicine by the staff and selling it out.V. Strong nexus between the senior Doctors of the hospital and the owners of local private nursing homes

and testing labs as a result of which the patients are strongly misled and dissuaded from availing the hospital facilities and rather compelled to purchase costly medicines from market and get medical tests and even operations done from private medical houses.

VI. There also exist a notorious employee union which puts undue pressure and resents any reformative step by the administration.

Ponder over the situation and suggest effective ways to tackle each of the above mentioned problem.”The problems mentioned under this case are quite common in a bureaucrat’s life. These problems require a civil servant to make use of tools like RTI, Citizen’s charter, Social audit etc. for their resolution. Most civil servants do understand these tools but often fail to make use of them, especially when they are most required. That is why, case studies have emerged as an essential pedagogical tool that has proved its worth in teaching, evaluation, training and education. Case studies checks your ability to interpret things. It measures your ability to look beyond what you see. Case study helps to ensure the accurate judgment of the personality of the candidate for the suitability of the administrative job. In short, it helps in judging following attributes:

● Case study provides additional avenue apart from regular question-answer format to judge the attitude of the candidates towards different problems. For example, attitude towards different caste and classes of Indian society and stereotypes and prejudice associated with them.

● Understanding of the situation and presence of mind to seek right solution to the scenario presented. ● Checks the creativity and innovativeness of the candidates with regard to different life experiences.




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Creativeness is the focal point of the study in these case studies i.e., how one sees the ray of hope in difficult situations, how the processes need to be handled etc.

● Emotional intelligence: It is important for a candidate to balance emotions with reason while making decisions.

● Depth of understanding and perception: from how many perspectives or dimensions, a candidate can analyses a problem.

● Awareness of social issues and problems as most case studies are based on real life situations or some deficiencies of Indian society.

● Decision making skills of the candidates, especially in tricky scenarios. ● Ability to resolve ethical and moral dilemmas by balancing the needs and rights of all concerned

stakeholders. ● Leadership skills: whether the candidate is ready to take the responsibility or just pass it to someone else.

Thus, UPSC through the case study method can initiate and maintain an active way to interpret the psychology of the candidate and see whether they are suited for the administrative job or not.

1.3 Attributes of a Good Case Study Answer In the earlier topic we discussed how relevant case studies are in CSE and what UPSC is trying to judge among candidates. Based on this discussion, now one can identify the various parameters which will decide the quality of our case study answers. These parameters are in tune with the expectations of the examiner i.e. these are the qualities which the examiner will look for among CSE candidates:1. Flexibility: Candidate should be flexible in approach for effectively resolving case studies. They should emphasize on exploration rather than prescription, as they are comparatively freer to discover and address issues as they arise. In addition, the looser format of case studies allows candidates to begin with broad questions and narrows their focus as their experiment progresses. It is also a desired quality among civil servants as they have to look things from a wider perspective. For example, consider the following case:Case: You have grown up with X, who has been your best friend since childhood. You have shared your joys and sorrows and have been each other`s confidante. Both of you are in your final year graduation and writing your final exams. In the exam you notice that your friend is copying and cheating a lot. What would you do and why? (given by UPSC as a Sample case study in 2013)Analysis: In this case, most students will write that they’ll complain to the invigilator as cheating is unethical. But students should not restrict themselves with this thought and should try to remain as open as possible. They should even try to defend the behavior of cheating (counter perspective). Only then, they will be able to write a balanced answer. One can explore a middle ground as well. Like not complaining for now and then taking the responsibility to change the attitude of your friend towards cheating. One must also explore the long term impact of cheating on his friend or what impact it is going to have on the society. Different moral thinkers like Buddha, Aristotle, Mahatma Gandhi, can be brought in to defend your assertions. 2. Objective and problem-solving prescription: Question-answer type of testing a candidate has long been criticized, as the weakest way to test knowledge and intelligence and even considered as pseudo-scientific. UPSC wants candidates to be objective, and who can offer a problem-solving prescription. Problem solving is just like solving a homicide case by a policeman. Suppose you are the SHO and a murder has been committed in your area of jurisdiction. What will be the procedure, you follow?First you will visit the crime scene and conduct primary investigation. Then on prima facie evidence, you will file an FIR. Then a list of suspects will be prepared and then based on comprehensive investigation, a suspect will be chosen and charge-sheet will be filed against him in the court of law. Similarly, in a case study also, first the key issues and aim is identified. Then a list of available options is prepared and then all options are analyzed in a neutral manner. Only in the end, a decision is made. Most students however, make a choice in the starting and then the whole answer is based on justifying the chosen option. For example,




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Case: A criminal has killed Mohan’s mother during a bank robbery. He killed her intentionally in order to create fear in the minds of people present in the bank that day; so that nobody interferes during the robbery. He has been caught but the damage has already been done. The criminal has been sentenced for life imprisonment. 8 years later, Mohan is contacted by an NGO which works for the rehabilitation of criminals in the society. The NGO informs him that the criminal who killed his mother is suffering from blood cancer and has only maximum one more year to live. If Mohan permits by signing the amnesty plea, this criminal can spend his last time with his family. What and why in your opinion Mohan should do in this situation? (250 words, 20 marks)Analysis: in such cases, students show the tendency to reach the conclusion in the starting itself. Most will decide that forgiveness must be shown towards the criminal and then their whole answer will be based on justifying this option only. Again it’s like deciding who is the murderer right before the investigation and then the whole investigation is based on proving that person as the murderer. In the above case, Mohan’s mother was killed in a well-planned manner, and we are dealing with a professional criminal. Letting him free may create a problem for civilians. He can also commit another crime as a last measure of devotion towards his family as now he has nothing to fear about. He is going to die in one year. Gandhian perspective can be given to forgive the criminal but in the end, innovative approach is required like shifting the criminal to an open jail.3. More practical approach: Candidates need to be practical and pro-active. This emphasis can help them bridge the gap between normative answers and concrete practical solutions. Candidates should avoid emphasis on deeper data based answers as the commission expects students to take a practical and relevant approach. Thus, concrete situation specific steps are required to resolve the cases. For example, you are the principal of a college and cases of ragging are increasing. What steps can be taken in this regard? In such cases, some specific steps are required like

● Attitude change through focusing on CAB components. ● Legal and infrastructural improvements ● Pledge taking ceremonies etc.

4. Ethical Considerations: Candidates should consider certain ethical issues while studying the case studies. For example- Students should take pro-democracy or pro-women stand in the case-study, if such type of scenario emerges. UPSC encourages ethical considerations along with modern values, which are more pro-democracy, pro-freedom, pro-constitution and pro-women oriented. So candidates should always try these as ethical guidelines, according to which they arrive at rightful considerations. Multiple ethical approaches are there which are discussed in next unit. 5. Personal biases need to be considered well: The personal integrity, sensitivity, and possible prejudices and/or biases of the candidates need to be taken into consideration as well. Personal biases can creep into how the candidates think about different stakeholders in a case. For example, people usually have negative attitude towards politicians. So in many answers, candidates are found bashing the politician which creates a negative impact on the examiner, as UPSC is recruiting you to serve the political arm only. In short, emotional intelligence is required to answer your cases. 6. Justification: one thing should always be remembered while answering a case study. You will get marks not for the choice you made but for the justification you present to defend your choice. It has often been found that both the options available in the case are correct. In such scenario, your reasoning will fetch you marks rather than your choice of option. For example,Case: You are serving as a Commanding Officer (CO) of an army battalion which has been posted in one of the states of northern India. The state is going through many internal security problems like insurgency and associated terrorism. Number of terrorist attacks is rising in the state and it is getting difficult for the government to control the menace. It is largely because of the support terrorist are getting from local population in hiding and carrying out their operations. Local people act as a shield or use stone pelting to stop army from catching the terrorists.




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A case has come up where a major serving under you has used a civilian as a human shield in a counter terrorist operation. The civilian was caught while throwing stones on the army officials. Using him as a shield on a government vehicle deterred the locals from throwing the stones, further leading to a successful arrest of five terrorists. However, the video of this human shield got viral on social media and has led to some serious criticism of army administration. It has also been publicized by many national level media channels and newspapers as an act of human rights violation. The government has asked you to prepare a report regarding the conduct of major and give your opinion on the action to be taken to resolve the situation. In this context:a) Explain the ethical issues involve in the case?b) What can be the repercussions of punishing as well as not punishing the army major for his action?c) What advice and course of action you will suggest in your report? (250 words, 20 marks)Analysis: in such cases, both options can be justified. One can give reasons for punishing as well as not punishing the major. In such scenario, the evaluator is not much interested in your choice of option, but he’ll be more concerned with what reasons you have given to give priority to one over other. 7. Taking Stand on Ethical Grounds: it has usually been seen that candidates try to take a middle approach while presenting their solutions. It is not a bad tactic but always taking a middle path is also not right. The cases where grave injustice has been done or problems which needs some extreme solutions, must be dealt with a hard stand. For example, there is a civil servant who is efficient but corrupt. He has been caught taking bribe. What will you do? In such cases, a tough action needs to be taken as one has to show zero tolerance towards corruption. But of course one has to justify this tough stand using some reasons as well as emotions. 8. Following the framework: it is very important for the candidates to bring clarity in their answers. Clarity simply means congruence between what you are thinking, what you are writing and what the evaluator is understanding. Clarity also comes through better organization and presentation of your analysis. A good framework caters to all these requirements. Though there in no one fixed framework for answering a case study, yet a framework (discussed in next unit) can be used as a thumb rule to save time and bring clarity in answers.

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Unit - 2 General Framework for Answering the Case Studies

A general framework has been discussed in this unit, which will help the candidates to create a picture in their mind about how they are going to frame their answers in exam settings. Such a framework will also help candidates to save time, which is a scarce resource in paper IV.

Framework for ethical decision making includes following steps each having some questions which a person has to answer to himself in order to reach a decision. Certain variations will come as per the nature of case study, but overall structure will remain the same.

2.1 Introduction of Case Study AnswerThis part includes recognition of the ethical issues and value concerns involved in the case. Different stakeholders in the case are also mentioned along with the aim of your analysis. Many candidates start their case studies by mentioning the facts of the case. But that’s a wasteful exercise, as UPSC is providing you with limited space and time. Ethical issues and dilemmas happens to be the most important part of any case study answer. Correct recognition of ethical dilemma and values involved alone will fetch you around 30% marks. It is also a time taking process but with practice, it can be mastered. In order to recognize the ethical issue involved in a particular case, one can ask following questions from himself:

● Could this decision or situation be damaging to someone or to some group? ● Does this decision involve a choice between a good and bad alternative, or perhaps between two “goods”

or between two “bads”? ● Is this issue about more than what is legal or what is most efficient? If so, how? ● Which ethical approaches are related to the situation?

For example,Case 1: Amit Kumar is the commanding officer of an army battalion which has been posted in a very remote area of Northern India. The area is very cold and the terrain is very difficult for survival. Above that consistent threat is there from the hostile neighbor. A case has come up where a soldier of Amit Kumar’s unit has posted some pictures and remarks on social media regarding the poor quality of food served to them. As per the soldier, the food not only tastes bad but is also not enough to fulfill the nutritional requirements of soldiers. The post has led to some serious criticism of army administration. It has also been publicized by many national level media channels and newspapers. Pressure is there on Amit as he is responsible for his battalion’s behavior. The initial enquiry suggests that the food served is indeed of bad quality. Complaints have been registered but have not reached Amit because of poor communication setup. (250 words, 20 marks)Analyze the situation and explain: a) What can be the repercussions of such incidents from different perspectives? b) What Amit should do to resolve the situation in best possiblemanner? Analysis: the answer to this case can be started in this manner-“Army personnel are first line of defense at the border. Their well-being is directly related to the well-being of nation. Several issues and dilemmas involved in this case are:

● Truth vs. loyalty on part of soldier ● Army discipline vs. empathy and compassion towards the soldier.




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● Sovereignty and protection of state ● Right to dignified life which includes right to health and right to food ● Work culture in army organization ● justice to the soldier”

This happens to be the best way of starting the case, as the examiner gets the impression that the candidate has understood the underlying issues of the case. Successful completion of this step then makes it very easy for the candidate as in the remaining part, he/she has to just elaborate these issues only. Variations can be brought through different presentation styles. Like in some cases, where value concerns are less, a paragraph can be written instead of points. In context of cases, which are based on some social problems like unplanned migration, stalking, domestic violence, one can start with some facts also. Some candidates also make a box (given below) to present the content. Like the above case can also be started in the manner given below:

Values/ethical dilemmas Stakeholders ● Truth vs. loyalty on part of soldier ● Army discipline vs. empathy and compassion

towards the soldier. ● Sovereignty and protection of state ● Right to dignified life ● Work culture

● Army administration ● Soldier ● Amit Kumar ● Nation at large

Facts Aim ● Poor food quality signaling corruption ● Failure of grievance redressal mechanism ● Perception of army among citizens

● To restore the image of army as well as redressing the concerns of soldiers while maintaining army’s code of conduct.

Many times, stakeholders are mentioned separately, in form of a diagram:

Similarly, other variations can also be there. It all depends on the innovative skills of candidates. Many times, exceptional scores are observed that is largely because of how well this first part has been answered. In some cases, the case directly asks about the ethical issues involved in the case. In such scenario, this introduction part becomes more comprehensive, as candidates have to give a brief explanation also with regard to different values and ethics involved in the case.

2.2 Body of Case Study AnswerThe body of your answer will completely depend upon the requirement of the case. After observing the case studies asked till now by UPSC, certain types of case studies have been identified, based on the kind of question, which has been asked. These types are:I. Analyze/critically analyze from different perspectives and write what you will do in the given situation. Case 2. You are posted as the deputy superintendent of police (DSP) in an area with majority rural population. A case has come up in which 2 cattle thieves have been beaten to death by the villagers. These 2 thieves entered the village for stealing the cattle but were caught by the villagers and were thrashed to death.Local police is under tremendous pressure to not register any FIR against the village people and demand for no action is there as those who died were criminals and regular offenders. The deceased belong to poor




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families from backward classes. Such incidents are not new as in maximum cases; if a criminal is caught by the mob is beaten without any mercy.Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain what action will you take in this situation and also steps to be taken to avoid such violence in the future? (250 words, 20 marks)Analysis: in such cases, the body of your answer will include the analysis of your case from different perspectives. There are three ways of writing different perspectives:a) writing from the perspective of different stakeholders. Like in above case, candidates can write about

the duties, rights, justice, repercussions and observations about the DSP, cattle thieves and their families, villagers, police administration and society in general.

b) Writing from the perspective of different schools of moral philosophy. Like utilitarianism, justice, rights, common good and virtue approach. A special mention of these ethical approaches has been made in the last part of this unit.

c) Writing from general perspectives like social, legal, constitutional, political, philosophical etc. Like the body to this case can be:

● DSP Perspective: his duty to maintain law and order and treat all citizens equally. Maintaining virtues of empathy towards the deceased and showing courage to handle pressure from villagers. Not registering FIR will also set a wrong precedent.

● Social perspective: the case shows high level of intolerance and division in society. No fraternity and poor social capital (common good) is there.

● Family of Deceased: injustice has been done as burden will fall upon them. Their right to dignified life has also been violated.

● Villagers: their right to property was violated but they had no legal authority to do justice. Such cases will turn a democracy into mobocracy and rule of law will be threatened.

Note: Final action to be taken by DSP will come in the conclusion part of your answer. Case. Another example can be taken of the case 1 mentioned in ‘introduction of case study’ part. Part ‘a’ of that case (reporting poor quality of food by soldier on social media) is: - “What can be the repercussions of such incidents from different perspectives?”Its answer can be:

● Amit Kumar’s perspective: the case shows failure of leadership and communication channels. It may have serious repercussions on Amit’s career.

● Soldier’s perspective: Sovereignty and protection of state is the highest duty of every army personnel. Hence motivation level of army personnel, serving in difficult condition, has to be maintained. Basic necessity of food must be fulfilled to deal with physical labor and mental stress. Further when the internal communication channel is not working then one has no option but to seek help of outside sources.

● Army’s perspective: However, army has to preserve its discipline and integrity. This is important for its efficient functioning. Complaining directly in social media will set a wrong precedence of bypassing the formal channel and hamper the work culture of army. It also reduces the credibility and image of army in public domain. This also poses a risk of divulging other critical information of army operations. Also a soldier is supposed to be bound by call of duty and show fortitude in the interest of nation. This act of whistle blowing can also lead to a domino effect, which may result into an uncontrollable situation. Soldiers can also get discouraged to serve difficult postings.

● Nation’s perspective: Anti-national elements and terrorist organization from across the border may try to tap the internal discontentment and fissure in army. It is extremely important for national interest that army looks united and disciplined to outer public.

● Social perspective: Such acts coming in public may also discourage youth to join the army. Feeling of insecurity may creep in among people. It will also lead to injustice to people as the resources are not used by the government in optimal manner.




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II. Write different options available to you. Discuss pros and cons of each option and which one you’ll take? Case 3. Rameshwar successfully cleared the prestigious civil services examination and was excited about the opportunity that he would get through the civil services to serve the country. However, soon after joining the services, he realized that things are not as rosy as he had imagined.He found a number of malpractices prevailing in the department assigned to him. For example, funds under various schemes and grants were being misappropriated. The official facilities were frequently being used for personal needs by the officers and staff. After some time, he noticed that the process of recruiting the staff was also not up to the mark. Prospective candidates were required to write an examination in which a lot of cheating was going on. Some candidates were provided external help in the examination. Rameshwar brought these incidents to the notice of his seniors. However, he was advised to keep his eyes, ears and mouth shut and ignores all these things which were taking place with the connivance of the higher-ups. Rameshwar felt highly disillusioned and uncomfortable. He comes to you seeking your advice.Indicate various options that you think are available in this situation. How would you help him to evaluate these options and choose the most appropriate path to be adopted? (2014 paper, IV 250 words, 20 marks)Analysis: this is the most common type and also the easiest one. Body of your answer will simple contain the options available with you along with their pros and cons. Thumb rule for number of options is: - “Minimum Three, Maximum Four”. More than four options often lead to confusion and repetition and less than three will be inadequate to cover all dimensions. Like in this case, usually four options are available:a) Ignore the situation and continue doing your honest work.b) You also become corrupt like them.c) Resign from the organization d) Take the responsibility to change the work culture of organization. Note: complete answer is given in previous years’ model answers. III. Write pros and cons of different options given below and write which option you’ll take? Also suggest any other option (if any)? In these cases, options are already provided by the examiner and we have to evaluate them using different ethical approaches. Such case studies were quite common in first two ethics question papers of UPSC but now they are seldom asked. The paper is evolving and now the cases asked are trickier than before. Yet such cases may come. Case 4. A Public Information Officer has received an application under RTI Act. Having gathered the information, the PIO discovers that the information pertains to some of the decisions taken by him, which were found to be not altogether right. There were other employees also who party to these decisions. Disclosure of the information is likely to lead to disciplinary action with possibility of punishment against him as well as some of his colleagues. Non-disclosure or part disclosure or camouflaged disclosure of information will result into lesser punishment or no punishment.The PIO is otherwise an honest and conscientious person but this particular decision, on which the RTI application has been filed, turned out to be wrong. He comes to you for advice.The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options:i. The PIO could refer the matter to his superior officer and seek his advice and act strictly in accordance

with the advice, even though he is not completely in agreement with the advice of the superior.ii. The PIO could proceed on leave and leave the matter to be dealt by his successor in office or request for

transfer of the application to another PIO.iii. The PIO could weigh the consequences of disclosing the information truthfully, including the effect on

his career, and reply in a manner that would not place him or his career in jeopardy, but at the same time a little compromise can be made on the contents of the information.




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iv. The PIO could consult his other colleagues who are party to the decision and take action as per their advice.

Also please indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you would like to advise, giving proper reasons. (paper IV, Question 9, 2013, 20 marks| 250 words)Analysis: the options can be analyzed in this manner:A. Option 1: Refer matter to superior and seek adviceThe first option of referring the matter to the superior will make it easy to come out from a dilemma for the PIO and he’ll also get the support of his senior in defending the decision. But such action may lead to dissonance and guilt if the decision of superior is not in congruence with the morality of the PIO. PIO is a man of conscience which will never allow him to go with this option.B. Option 3: small manipulation The third option of weighing the consequences will be a planned loss of integrity. A little compromise will prevent his career from any risk but on the other hand will show absence of courage of convictions and fear of taking the responsibility. Moreover, deliberately hiding information is punishable under RTI act. Also, full information can be disclosed later on which can seriously damage the honest and conscientious image of the PIO. Corruption is addictive in nature. Thus doing the second wrong to hide the first wrong will push the IPO towards immoral behaviour in long run.C. Option 4: Try to escape from taking responsibility The forth option of consulting with the colleagues seems to be fine on surface, as they are also involve in the situation and they will also face the repercussions of the decision made by PIO. But acting solely according to their advice may again go against the conscience and honesty of PIO as the advice rendered may be unethical. It will also go against the principles of natural justice and the PIO may held responsible for the decision of others.D. Option 2: Transfer of caseThe second option of going on leave or transfer of case seems to be the ideal one as the situation also leads to conflict of interest. A person should not be a judge of his own case. The other PIO will be able to take the decision in a more objective and impartial manner. It will also save the PIO from any allegation of bias on the future. Note: Candidates can also present their analysis in tabular format or in pointers also. Variations in presentation again completely depends on their wisdom. IV. What steps you can take to resolve the situation? Such cases are usually based on attitude change and emotional intelligence part of syllabus. In such cases, comprehensive strategies have to be devised to bring about attitudinal changes among concerned entities. Case 5. You are recently posted as district development officer of a district. Shortly thereafter you found that there is considerable tension in the rural areas of your district on the issue or sending girls to schools.The elders of the village feel that many problems have come up because girls are being educated and they are stepping out of the safe environment of the household. They are or the view that the girls should be quickly married off with minimum education. The girls are also competing for jobs after education, which have traditionally remained in boys’ exclusive domain, adding to unemployment amongst male population.The younger generation feels that in the present era, girls should have equal opportunities for education and employment, and other means of livelihood. The entire locality is divided between the elders and the younger lot and further sub-divided between sexes in both generations. You come to know that in Panchayat or in other local bodies or even in busy crossroads, the issue is being acrimoniously debated.One day you are informed that an unpleasant incident has taken place. Some girls were molested, when they were en route to schools. The incident led to clashes between several groups and a law and order problem has




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arisen. The elders after heated discussion have taken a joint decision not to allow girls to go to school and to socially boycott all such families, which do not follow their dictate. (a) What steps would you take to ensure girls’ safety without disrupting their education?(b) How would you manage and mould patriarchic attitude of the village elders to ensure harmony in the inter-generational relations? Analysis: in such cases, one can simple start with ethical dilemmas and issues involved, and then both the parts can be answered separately. Detailed answer is given in previous year’s model answers (2015 Paper IV, 250 words, 25 Marks).Sometimes, strategies are asked instead of steps. In such case, one has to first write the broad strategies and then write specific steps under them. For example:Case 6. Now-a-days, there is an increasing thrust on economic development all around the globe. At the same time, there is also an increasing concern about environmental degradation caused by development. Many a time, we face a direct conflict between developmental activity and environmental quality. It is neither feasible to stop or curtail the development process, nor it is advisable to keep degrading the environment, as it threatens our very survival.Discuss some feasible strategies which could be adopted to eliminate this conflict and which could lead to sustainable development. (2014 Paper-IV, 250 words, 20 marks)Analysis: strategies here can be

● Endogenous as well as exogenous strategy ● Bottom-up rather than top-down strategy ● Strategy of sustainable development of 3P strategy.

Note: Detailed answer is given in previous year’s model answers.V. Ranking or order based questionsSuch a case has only been asked once by UPSC. But students must practice them as they prove to be very tricky under exam conditions. Case 7. There is a disaster-prone State having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash floods and earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often unpredictable. The magnitude of the disaster is always unanticipated. During one of the seasons, a cloudburst caused devastating floods and landslides leading to high causalities. There was major damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges and power generating units. This led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourists and other locals trapped across different routes and locations. The people trapped in your area of responsibility included senior citizens, patients in hospitals, women and children, hikers, tourists, ruling party’s regional president along with his family, additional chief secretary of the neighbouring State and prisoners in jail.As civil services officer of the State, what would be the order in which you would rescue these people and why? Give justifications. (2015, Paper IV)Analysis: in these cases, how you rank different entities is not important but how you’ll justify your rankings will decide the quality of your answer. Different candidates can provide different rankings and no ranking is superior to other ranking. All that makes a difference is your analysis part. Note: Detailed answer is given in previous year’s model answers.

2.3 Conclusion: Making the final DecisionThat’s the final part of your answer and it doesn’t mean that 2-3 line conclusion that candidates usually write. The conclusion part of your case study includes the final decision you make, after analyzing all the possible scenarios. Question that you ask from your self are:

● Considering all these approaches, which option best, addresses the situation? ● On what basis I will justify the option which has been selected by me?




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● How can my decision be implemented with the greatest care and attention to the concerns of all stakeholders?

For example, conclusion to the case 4 (PIO and RTI against him) given earlier in this unit can be:“PIO should also disclose the information completely without compromising on any information or content to his successor highlighting that the decision was taken in a bonafide manner and not in a malafide manner. Moreover, to err is human. A person should only be punished for intentional wrong doings. This will be taken into regard if the case is investigated in future. Thus, PIO must show the courage to take moral responsibility of his act.” In some cases, your final course of action is asked or what you will do to resolve the situation. In such cases, candidates have to write certain steps. For example, part ‘b’ of case 1 (What Amit should do to resolve the situation in best possible manner?) can be written as:“Since the complaints were registered regarding the poor food quality, the responsibility of failure lies with Amit Kumar. He should convey the same to his superior authorities and should be ready to face any disciplinary action for the incident. As a commanding officer it is his duty to keep his officials motivated and also get the best possible service from them. It is his duty to protect the interest of soldiers and also to preserve organizational values. So the situation has to be resolved immediately. For this he can take following steps:i. An inquiry to pin the responsibility for bad quality of food.ii. Talk and counsel aggrieved soldiers and assure them of improvement in food quality and other basic

needs.iii. Setup anonymous complaint mechanism and proper grievance redressal means to prevent social media

usage. A complaint box in each unit can be established in this regard. Army website can also be used as army personnel can connect easily.

iv. Participation of soldiers can be initialized to understand their needs. v. More contact between senior and junior officers to break the communication gaps.vi. Regular internal audit of food and other basic needs of army.To pacify the situation, Clarification in media can be given that situation was a local problem. This will prevent any misconception about working of army among general public.” Similarly, the conclusion of case 2 can be:‘As the deputy superintendent of police (DSP), I must not give into the unjust pressure of the villagers. I will have to stay neutral, and see the situation from a holistic perspective. Both the parties involved must be given an opportunity to present their views, before arriving at any conclusion. The accused will be punished as per the law. Further, adequate steps needs to be taken to prevent such incidences in future.I will take following steps in the situation:(a) File FIR against the unknown accused villagers.(b) Ensure proper cremation of the bodies of the deceased thieves.(c) Form a committee for fair investigation of the case.(d) Taking strict action against the accused, based on the report of the committee.For preventing such incidents from happening in the future, I will take following steps:(i) A Gram Sabha meeting can be called and the conflict can be resolved in an amicable manner. Awareness

regarding law and repercussions of acts of violence can be created.(ii) Community policing can be started in which people from all strata of society will be involved.(iii) Focusing on attitude change of villagers through persuasion.(iv) Taking help of media, to highlight the case. It will act as a deterrent.Thus, action is required against the villagers as Justice by a mob is not the virtue of a vibrant democracy.’




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Case Analysis Worksheet 1. What are the key issues or problems of the case? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2. Stakeholders involved in the case. i) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ii) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iii) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. Brainstorm different options/steps/perspectives. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4. Evaluate the options/perspectives: Advantages Disadvantages • ----------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- • ----------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------- • ----------------------------- ------------------------------ ----------------------------5. Select the optimum solution. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6. Describe how the solution should be implemented.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2.4 Different Ethical ApproachesEthical/value dimension happens to be the most important aspect of case studies. Candidates must have strong understanding of these approaches in order to write good introductions and body of their case study answers. Conceptual clarity is must to apply these approaches and thus, it is advisable for the readers to first go through these approaches, which are mentioned in section A. In this part, a list of approaches has been given. It will help the students to do a fast revision and they will also learn how these approaches can be used in the analysis of the cases.




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Usually it has been seen that in most situations, one approach provides all the guidance needed in the time available for making an ethical decision. It is sometimes helpful, however, to use more than one ethical approach to increase the level of confidence in the rightness of the decision, especially when:

● The situation is complicated ● The decision will make a significant difference to a person or organization ● There are contrary points of view supported by what seem to be good reasons. ● In ethics as in politics, it is important to be confident but never certain.

Using several principles will increase the chances of generating new insights into why an action is right or wrong. As we all know that no ethical approach is completely ok and a counter perspective is available for it. But when we use these approaches together, it gives an opportunity for the strengths and weaknesses of the approaches to balance each other out.In most ethical situations multiple ethical tests will yield the same judgment of right or wrong. The only difference will be their reasons why the action is right or wrong. In some situations, however, the approaches will give different answers. When the approaches conflict, what is a person to do? If action being considered is ethical according to some of the principles and not ethical according to others, a person can go for the principle(s) which capture the most important features of the situation. For example, AFSPA; Utilitarian approach provides the best explanation to this law.A person must apply his common sense and experiences to identify which approach defines the situation in a best possible manner. Internal conversation with yourself will help you to reach a decision. For example, the rights approach focus attention on the importance of respect for the individual whereas utility focus more on outcomes. Now it will be on you to decide which approach defines the issue well and is more important than other. For example: controversy related to Jaitapur Nuclear plant. Now individual rights like Right to live a dignified life; Right to property; Right of self-determination are breached. Injustice is also there as few people have to suffer at the cost of others. Yet common good and utilitarian approach will support it. Secondly, since this exam is for civil services recruitment, at time of confusion, one can just put himself in place of a civil servant and think what will be the solution. UPSC is also looking for the officers who should serve the government rather than those who question the government. It may happen that your decision will deviate from your moral call but it is also a truth that UPSC will give more weightage to those who will be compatible for the system.For example, in government offices. reports are leaked many times or whistle blowing is there to expose a wrong act. But usually it has been seen that leaking the reports is preferred by civil servants as it is safer than whistle blowing. Your identity remains a secret. In whistle blowing you have to go according the system and within the system. Your report sometimes can get into wrong hands also. For a journalist, it is ethical as the aim of a journalist is to reveal the truth and facts. But for a bureaucrat, leaking the reports is an ethical dilemma between professional ethics and public interest. Under such situation the answer depends upon the individual. Both sides are correct and can be justified but one should go for professional ethics if something highly unethical is not there. If consequences are not very high than take a bureaucratic side because as a bureaucrat, you are the part of system and are recruited for helping the system rather than creating problems for it.The question of morality and ethics are easy to decide when time is good. But such conflicts take a tough stand when the going gets tough. Your sense of morality and substance of ethics are tested when you are challenged by difficult times. UPSC will look for such situations. It is also a fact that no decision is completely right or completely wrong. In exam also, you may face such situation but it not your decision but how well you have justified your decision or action plan that will fetch you good marks. This justification can be done by using these different approaches. Also one can take help of constitution to justify his decisions. Lives and teachings of few great people who have set precedents by their actions in the situation of ethical dilemma can also help us in reaching a conclusion.




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Different approaches:1. Utilitarian approach: this approach focusses on: - “Which option will produce the most good and do the

least harm?” one has to evaluate different options from short and long term perspective. One also see what kind of precedent is set by following a particular course of action.

2. Rights approach: it favors that option which best respects the rights of all who have a stake? A list of rights has been given below to help the candidates to identify them in different cases:

Some universally recognized rights that are seen as fundamental, i.e., contained in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the U.N. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, or the U.N. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, include the following:1. Right to self-determination 2. Right to liberty3. Right to due process of law 4. Right to freedom of movement5. Right to freedom of thought, speech and expression6. Right to freedom of religion 7. Right to freedom of expression8. Right to peaceful assembly 9. Right to equality10. Freedom to form associations or unions11. Right to reside or settle in any part of the territory of India12. Right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation.13. Right against exploitation 14. Cultural and educational rights15. Right to constitutional remedies 16. Right to vote (but above 18 years)17. Right to education 18. Right to privacy19. Right to bodily integrity 20. Right to health 21. Right to food 22. Right to government services 23. Right to marriage 24. Right of Self-Defense25. Right to Rest and Leisure 26. Right to Adequate Living Standard27. Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution 28. Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It29. Freedom from Slavery 30. Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment3. Justice approach: different criterions of fairness can be-

● Justice is speaking truth and not doing harm to others. ● Justice is treating people equally in equal circumstances and unequally in unequl circumstances. ● Doing good to friends and harm to enemies i.e. tit for tat approach ● Justice is the interest of the strong

4. Common good approach: the idea is to choose that option, which best serves the community as a whole and not just some members? Examples of some common goods are:

● An accessible and affordable public health care system, and effective system of public safety and security, ● Peace among the nations of the world, ● A just legal and political system, ● uUnpolluted natural environment, and ● A flourishing economic system. ● Trust between people and government ● Social capital ● Demographic dividend

5. Virtue approach: The character/virtue approach focuses on what kind of person or organization we aspire to be and secondarily on judging individual actions. We choose that option which leads a person to act as the sort of person he wants to be. Some of the important virtues are:




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1. Empathy 2. Compassion3. Dedication 4. Commitment 5. Objectivity 6. Tolerance 7. Impartiality 8. Fortitude 9. Prudence 10. Temperance 11. Justice 12. Charity 13. Optimism 14. Generosity 15. Altruism 16. Selflessness 17. Fraternity 18. Loyalty 19. Excellence 20. Honesty 21. Creativity 22. Leadership 23. Decency 24. Faithfulness 25. Integrity 26. Openness 27. Truthfulness 28. Efficiency 29. Economy 30. Effectiveness 6. Gandhi’s Talisman

7. Vivekananda’s approach

8. Kant’s Categorical Imperative

9. Profession based approach: every profession has a certain code of conduct which has to be taken into regard while resolving ethical dilemmas.




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10. National Interest approach

How to apply these ethical approaches?A case has been discussed below to help students understand how this approaches can be applied in different scenarios. Case: The marketing team presents a children’s cereal to brand manager with “Less Sugar” ad campaign for three of her brands. Large print and dynamic type on the package exclaiming “75% LESS SUGAR” will catch the parent’s eye and increase sales. Concerned about their children’s weight gain, parents will purchase the cereal. The carbohydrate content of the less sugar product, however, is the same as high sugar version, at best only10 fewer calories per bowl, so it offers no weight loss advantage. The brand manager’s immediate reaction is “This marketing campaign is unethical.” In this context, explain:a) Ethical issues involved in the case?b) Various options and their evaluation?c) How should she act in this situation?Answer: the case involves the most classic dilemmas which private sector players often face, i.e. profit vs. ethics. Other issues are:

● Profits of company vs. health of children ● Empathy and compassion towards children ● Justice to concerned entities ● Motivation of marketing team ● Trust between people and company

Stakeholders involved: ● Marketing team ● Brand manager ● Children ● cereal company and its employees ● Parents ● Society at large




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Options available: The alternatives are to use the “Less Sugar” campaign or not.

Evaluating the options1. The Utility Test: If they use the campaign, there is a high probability that the company will benefit in the short run from higher sales and profits and the marketing team will be rewarded. The parents will be happy because they think their children are eating a healthy product and the children will continue to enjoy their favourite brands. In the longer run, however, the children will continue to gain weight, their parents or the press may well discover the truth about the calorie count which will damage the firm’s reputation, and the society will incur higher health care costs from the long term effects of childhood obesity. Using deceptive techniques will also set a wrong precedent. If they don’t do the campaign, in the short run the company will have the costs of developing a new marketing approach and the marketers will be disappointed. The parents may continue to look for healthier breakfast options and the children will be disappointed. In the longer run, the children will be healthier, society’s costs will be lower, and the brand reputation will be untarnished.Thus, not doing the campaign has more net good than doing the campaign.2. The Rights Approach: Weight gain caused by this one item threatens the children’s right to health. Health is a right because without health it is difficult to maintain dignity and well‐being. The brand manager could also argue that the “less” campaign deprives parents of their right to self‐determination‐‐the right to choose what they value.But on the other hand, company also has rights to earn profits for the investment they have made. Also there is nothing illegal about it. 3. Kant’s categorical imperative: Are we making an exception for ourselves? What if everyone did it? What if they did it to us?These are some questions that can be asked under Kant’s deontological approach. We are all equal as humans, so whatever is ethical for me must be ethical for others in the same circumstances.We would not want to work in a world in which marketing aims to deceive since the real aim of marketing is to fulfil the customers’ needs. Nor would our firm and/or society want us to create a world in which marketing aims to deceive. imagine if some other company is using deceptive techniques to sell their products to our children. Someday, we’ll be on the receiving end. 4. The Justice Test: Is there a fair distribution of benefits and burdens? The firm gets profits from sales of cereal. Marketers get bonuses for increasing revenues. Customers give money and trust and get nutrition but with unwanted calories and health costs over their lifetime. The marketing plan is unjust because, even though they are equal parties in the exchange, the company gets the benefits and the customers take the burdens.5. The Common Good Test: Are we doing our part to look out for the common good in this situation? Since we all have access to the common good and benefit from it, we all have obligations to establish and maintain it.One part of the common good at risk here is the trust that customers have in business as a whole to provide safe and healthy products and services and not subjecting them to unknown risks. Without this trust, transaction costs rise steeply and economic and psychological wellbeing are damaged. The specific trust in marketing and advertising is also at risk. People buy the food industry’s products based on trust. The industry benefits by its profits and individuals benefit by having safe and healthy food that takes less time to prepare. Since our company benefits from this trust we should do what we can to contribute to it.6. Character or Virtue Test: Does this action represent the kind of persons we are or want to be? Does it represent our company’s reputation or vision of what it wants to be?” The company’s mission statement says that our products should be marketed responsibly and that our employees aim at ethical behaviour and sustainable results. The “Less Sugar” campaign does not fit these commitments.




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The mission statement also states that our company’s success depends on earning the trust of our customers. Focusing only on how creative this campaign is and how much revenue it will generate in the short run does not strike the proper balance with our long‐term success.Because it does not represent the character the marketers or the company aspires to be, the campaign should not be undertaken.

What shall be done?In the case of the “less sugar” marketing campaign, the brand manager could argue that: since all the ethical principles that she applied show the marketing campaign to be unethical, the company should not proceed with it. Using the insights gained from the various principles as to why the campaign was unethical, the marketers could design a new campaign or perhaps in this case a new product.

To concludeThus, what we have learned in this unit is that making good ethical decisions requires a trained sensitivity to ethical issues and a practiced method for exploring the ethical aspects of a decision and weighing the considerations that should impact the choice of a course of action. Having a method for ethical decision making is essential. When practiced regularly, the method becomes so familiar that one can work through it automatically without consulting the specific steps.

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Unit - 3 TypesofCaseStudies

In this unit, certain types of case studies have been discussed. Though UPSC has not mentioned any such categorization in the syllabus, yet, the exercise is fruitful, as it helps the candidates to prepare a broad idea in their mind. It will also help them to save time and control their anxiety during pressure situations.

This categorization has been made on the basis of case studies asked by UPSC till now. In fact, a loose trend has been observed over the years, in which certain cases are asked almost every year.

3.1 Case Studies Based on Public Sector EthicsThis is the first and quite obviously the most important type of case studies asked by UPSC. Since the exam is about public sector recruitment, more than 50% cases are related to ethical issues prevalent in public organizations. Some important value concerns in public sector are:1. Legality and rationality: Government organizations have to function within the limits set by the laws,

rules and regulations. Decisions should be based on rationality and logic rather than personal beliefs.2. Responsibility and accountability: Responsibility refers to the public servant’s adherence to public

will, whereas accountability denotes the specific methods and procedures to enforce the public servant’s responsibility.

3. Work commitment: an administrator should be committed to his duties and should perform his work with involvement, intelligence and dexterity. This also entails respect for time and fulfillment of promises made. Work is considered not as a burden but as an opportunity to serve and constructively contribute to society.

4. Excellence: an excellent administrator ensures the highest standards of quality in administrative decisions and actions and do not compromise because of convenience or ease. Excellence comes from the integration of efficiency, economy and effectiveness.

5. Fusion: A public official is expected to bring about fusion of individual organizational and social goals and should be committed to such fusion. For example, A district collector involved in rural development project not because for public service but for promotion will not be able to put his complete energy. In situation of conflicting goals, a concern for ethics should govern the choices made.

6. Responsiveness: A public official should respond effectively to the demands and challenges from outside as well as from within the organization. He should be adaptable to environmental transformation and yet sustained the ethical norms of conduct. People expect government to respond and that to in a timely manner to their problems. Government organizations are subject to political direction and control. In fact it is the machinery through which politician responds to the public interest (like registration of FIR in police stations).

7: Utilitarianism: while making and implementing policies and decisions, a civil servant should ensure that they lead to the greatest good (happiness, benefits) of the greatest number.

8. Compassion: A civil servant without violating the prescribed laws and rules should demonstrate compassion towards weaker sections of society.

9. National Interest: though universalistic in orientation and liberal in outlook, a civil servant, while performing his duties should keep in view the impact of his action on his nation’s strength and prestige. This automatically raises the level of service rendered and the products delivered.




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10. Justice: Justice means giving each person what he or she deserves or, in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due. Ethics originate from the sense of justice prevailing in a particular society for ex. A child slaps another child. Third child watching finds it unethical because he believes in social justice that every human is equal and has the right to live with dignity under article 21 which calls for protection of life and personal liberty.

11. Transparency: implies openness, communication, and accountability. Transparency is operating in such a way that it is easy for others to see what actions are performed. A common man is the most important stakeholder in the government organization as he is the one who is most influenced by policies and programs of the government. Therefore, he has the right to know.

12. Integrity: Administrative action should be based on honesty and power, positions and discretion should not be used for personal interest or any other ill legitimate interest.

13. Uniformity: government organizations have to be consistent and fair in their treatment.There could be many more ethical concerns added to the above list like benevolence, collegiality, courage, dedication, faithfulness, representativeness, truthfulness, selflessness, loyalty, privacy, constitutionalism, tolerance, sincerity, optimism, openness, lawfulness etc. However, the overall objective is to ensure good governance with the prime concern for ethical principles, practices, orientations and behavior. Also, these concerns are related to each other and violation of any one automatically leads to the violation of other concerns.Some of the dilemmas that are often seen are:

● Integrity versus Personal and Social well-being: this is the most recurrent dilemma as many times, a civil servant face conflict between his virtues and work culture of the organization. Like in cases where the civil servant is honest but his colleagues and seniors are corrupt.

● Truth versus Loyalty: whether a civil servant should remain loyal to the government or he should speak truth for the interest of the society. It is also a classic dilemma in case of whistle-blowing.

● Justice versus Mercy: whether a bureaucrat should remain objective and punish the culprits or show mercy towards them (for example, in the case of juveniles)

● Rule of law versus empathy and compassion: for example, an old lady who ask for help under a government scheme but doesn’t have required documents. Will you break law to resolve her problems, which seems to be genuine?

● Discipline versus Empathy: like what happened in the first case of last unit. Should empathy be shown towards the soldier who used social media to complain about the poor quality of food in army.

● Personal interest versus public interest: many times conflict comes between public and private interest. It is the situation of conflict of interest which can be resolved by using 6 R approach (Register, Restrict, Recruit, Remove, Relinquish and Resign)

The list is not exhaustive and there can be many more dilemmas like these. One can find them in the solutions given for assignments and previous years question papers. Some examples of public sector case studies are:Case study example 1: You have been working as a senior civil engineer in the Public Works Department of a city which is going through major developmental work. A large transport infrastructure is required in coming years to cop up the pressure of growing population. It includes further stretching of the metro rail service to the areas which are not covered yet. You have been given the responsibility of choosing the route through which metro will pass in an area. The most effective route (economical and serving major population) has been identified by you but this route requires the demolition of a famous temple for the construction of metro line. The second route will not be cost effective and will also serve less number of people than the first route. Analyse the situation from different perspectives and explain what decision you will take under such scenario.

(250 words, 20 marks)Case study example 2: A minister’s son was driving the vehicle in a very rash and erratic manner. The traffic constable on duty at a traffic intersection stopped the vehicle. Suspecting that the boy driving is




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possibly drunk, he calls the patrolling group. They came and subject the boy to breath analyser. The suspicion turns out to be correct. All this action took about one hour. In the mean while the boy was throwing tantrums and dropping names. He also made few calls and tried to slap the constable on duty. But the constable on duty remained undeterred. On the arrival at the police station, the SHO took the note of the situation but just before filing the case, he gets a call from his superior to release the boy without any arrest or fine. Analyse the situation from different perspectives and explain what action shall SHO take in midst of such a dilemma. (250 words, 20 marks)

3.2 Case Studies Based on Private SectorThis is also an important type as almost every year, at least one case study is asked from this category. Sometimes, cases are based on interaction between public and private sector or let’s say crony capitalism. Some important value concerns in private sector are:1. Responsibility and accountability towards the stakeholders which includes customers, employees,

managers, shareholders and the society.2. Transparency and disclosure: are important as all the stakeholders have the right to know the decisions

taken and how they are implemented. Performance and results known to all the stakeholders will lead to trustworthiness, credibility and participation.

3. Integrity, loyalty and honesty: are the human qualities which are required in every private organization.4. Commitment: towards the goals of the organization and towards the benefit of all the stakeholders.5. Statutory and legal obedience: It leads to trust and better relations between private and government

sector. Obedience to the laws has always been considered ethical.6. Responsiveness: Private organizations are needed to be responsive towards their clients and shareholders. 7. Quality of products and services: very important for every private organization as it secures and benefits

the interests of all the stakeholders. Providing quality below what the organization is claiming is always considered unethical by the society.

8. Excellence: integrating efficiency, economy and effectiveness. However, a private organization is more concerned with administrative efficiency rather than policy and service efficiency. For example, you are given the choice of making either cheap bread or alcohol. Private sector will go for alcohol manufacturing as it is more profitable even if it is not appropriate for the society.

Ethical dilemmas ● The most important dilemma in private sector is ethics versus profitability. Many times, a private sector

employee has to face thus dilemma to choose between what is most efficient and legal or what is ethical. For example, the less sugar marketing case that we discussed in the last unit.

● Another dilemma which often arises is economy versus ecology. ● Professionalism versus well-being ● Integrity versus well-being

Ethics in NGOsNGOs are also playing an important role today in the governance of the country. Sometimes cases are asked where NGOs are not performing their task. Some of the ethical concerns of NGOs are:1. Transparency 2. Integrity 3. Responsiveness 4. Equality 5. Dedication 6. Justice 7. Honesty 8. Accountability 9. empathy and compassion 10. Courage




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Some examples of private sector case studies are:Case study example 1: You are a new employee at a manufacturing unit of an MNC. You have got this job with great difficulty as nearly fifty candidates appeared for the job interview. The salary is good and your family is really happy for your achievement. However, after working for few days, you realised that some of the manufacturing processes in the unit are in gross violation of environmental norms and cause severe ground water depletion. If the company does not adopt such measures, then its manufacturing cost would go up and the unit might have to be shut down. You are in a state of dilemma and unrest. Analyse the different options available with you and explain what action you will take in such a situation. (250 words, 20 marks)Case study example 2: Shubham is the Managing Director of a leading pharmaceutical company in India. His company is known for its professionalism and is well appreciated for the high quality and low price at which it provides medicine to people. Shubham has come across a situation where one of the members of the Research and Development team, Anuj has come up with a drug which will be useful for the cancer patients and is also very cheap. However, soon Shubham discovered that the drug is based on a formula over which an international company already has a patent. It is definitely a case of intellectual property rights violation. The company which has the patent is selling the medicine at a very high price which makes it almost impossible for the poor people to buy it. As per law, Shubham’s company can sell this medicine (but only in the domestic market) even if it violates intellectual property rights.Analyze the situation Shubham is facing and explain what alternatives he has and which one you believe is the best course of action for Shubham? (250 words, 20 marks)

3.3 Case Studies based on Applied Ethics This again is a very important type. In fact, it in itself contains many categories of case studies which are related to different fields of applied ethics. Some of them are:1. Environmental ethics: it’s a favourite topic of UPSC and direct questions have been asked from this

field. Some key dilemmas are: ● Ecology versus economic development ● Profitability versus sustainability ● Humano-centrism versus bio-centrism

Case. Now-a-days, there is an increasing thrust on economic development all around the globe. At the same time, there is also an increasing concern about environmental degradation caused by development. Many a time, we face a direct conflict between developmental activity and environmental quality. It is neither feasible to stop or curtail the development process, nor it is advisable to keep degrading the environment, as it threatens our very survival.Discuss some feasible strategies which could be adopted to eliminate this conflict and which could lead to sustainable development. (2014 Paper-IV, 250 words, 20 marks)2. Bio-ethics: ethics related to the field of biotechnology and medical sciences. Many issues are there like

euthanasia, cloning, surrogacy, stem cell research etc. which have been in news for a very long time. Till now, no case regarding this topic has been asked but it will surely be asked. Details of this topic are there in section ‘A’ book.

3. Publication ethics: for example, recently a case happened in Delhi University in which IPRs were violated by photocopy shops. Some other issues are plagiarism, false data, deception etc.

4. Media ethics: many issues are involved like sting operations, paid news, media trials etc. 5. Sports ethics: like recent case of ball tempering by Australian cricket captain. 6. military ethics: involves issues related to just war theory. 7. Political ethics: like ethics related to horse trading and criminalization of politics. For example:Case. It is generally observed in the last few years that many MPs of Lok Sabha are ousted in every parliamentary session by the speaker for their alleged misbehaviour and continuous obstruction in the smooth




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functioning of the house. Such incidents are not only bringing down the respect of parliament in the eyes of people but are also a threat to democracy apart from wastage of taxpayers‟ money. Analyze this problem in detail from different perspectives and bring out — a) Why this tendency of misbehavior and obstruction by MP’s is increasing?b) What effects does it have on democracy and nation at large?c) What steps can be taken to avoid such incidents and which lead to smooth functioning of parliament?

3.4 Case Studies based on Individual Morality This again is an important category as every year, at least one case is asked from the perspective of an individual being. In such cases, the decision maker is a common citizen who comes in conflict with society, institutions or his own family. in some cases, his duty towards different segments of society is involved. In such cases, there is lots of innovation as freedom is available to the candidate to write things according to him. In these cases, Kant’s categorical imperative, lessons from the life of great leaders, sayings from religious texts, stories from different mythologies etc. are very important. These things provide a personal and unique touch to the answer which can lead to a good upward jump in marks.

Case. Nishant, one of your friends visited you one day in a state of confusion and restlessness. When asked, he told you about the problem he is facing. Nishant has found that many people from his neighborhood are having illegal electricity connections. They steal electricity by attaching a wire to the electricity poles, thus enjoying the benefits without paying for them. Such connections do not get caught as they can be removed easily whenever inspection is there by the electricity department. However, it is also true that these people are poor and they cannot pay for high rates of electricity prevailing in your city. When Nishant advised them to stop such activities, they warned him of dire consequences.Analyze the situation Nishant is facing and Indicate various options that you think are available to Nishant. How would you help him to evaluate these options and choose the most appropriate path to be adopted? (300 words, 25 marks)Case. You are aspiring to become an IAS officer and you have cleared various stages and now you have been selected for the personal interview. On the day of the interview, on the way to the venue you saw an accident




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where a mother and child who happen to be your relatives were badly injured. They needed immediate help.What would you have done in such a situation? Justify your action. (250 words, 20 marks)

3.5 Case Studies Based on Society These cases are based on social observations and are answered in a little different manner. Like their answers can be started with a certain fact or data from any credible source. These cases often involve strategies to bring about attitudinal changes among people. Some important dilemmas include:

● Individual rights versus social interest ● Equality versus equity ● Criterion for fairness ● Traditional values versus modern democratic values

Case. In our country, the migration of rural people to towns and cities is increasing drastically. This is causing serious problems both in the rural as well as in the urban areas. In fact, things are becoming really unmanageable. Can you analyse this problem in detail and indicate not only the socio-economic but also the emotional and attitudinal factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out why —a) Educated rural youth are trying to shift to urban areas;b) Landless poor people are migrating to urban slums;c) Even some farmers are selling off their land and trying to settle in urban areas taking up petty jobs.What feasible steps can you suggest which will be effective in controlling this serious problem of our country? (250 words, 20 marks)Case. Despite India’s rapid economic growth in recent years, begging is still amongst the biggest issues in India. Number of beggars especially in urban areas is increasing drastically. This is causing serious problems in many contexts. In fact, things are becoming really unmanageable. Analyze this problem in detail and indicate not only the socio-economic but also the emotional and attitudinal factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out why—a) Many people who can easily work and earn their living do prefer to beg for money.b) There are more beggars today than before.c) Giving money to beggars is right or wrong.What feasible steps can you suggest which will be effective in controlling this serious problem of our country? (250 words, 20 marks)

3.6 Case Studies Based on International Ethics International scenarios are full of ethical dilemmas. Again no case has been asked yet but it will be asked because of its importance in governance of country. In all the cases set in international context, certain dilemmas are common, like:

● Nationalism versus internationalism ● Duty towards citizens versus duty towards humanity ● National interest versus universal values like peace and fraternity ● Patriotism versus nationalism ● Patriotism versus empathy towards all humans

Case. You have been appointed as the chief advisor to the Prime Minister. The country has recently seen droughts in many states of southern India. In contrast, western disturbances have caused heavy rains in northern India leading to destruction of rabi crop. Demand of compensation is there from many sectors this putting extra pressure on the limited resources of the government.In this context, India’s neighboring country; Nepal has been wrecked by a deadly earthquake of high intensity leading to avalanches, landslides, aftershocks and lots of destruction and death. Nepal has asked for help and assistance from all quarters and India being a friendly nation is expected to respond first.




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The prime minister is in the state of confusion as resources are limited and domestic conditions are not very favorable. He has asked you for your advice in this matter. Explain the situation and the advice which you will give to the PM with reasons. (250 words, 20 marks)

3.7 Case Studies Based on Attitude Change and Emotional IntelligenceThis category cut across all other types of case studies. Such cases are easy to answer, provided candidates have proper understanding of attitude change and persuasion techniques. On has to focus on CAB components to devise a comprehensive strategy for bringing about behavioural changes among people. Such cases are important as they can be asked in question format also in section ‘A’. Like in 2017 Mains, a question on how to change negative attitude towards politics, was asked in section A. Case. You are the District Collector (DC) of a region with substantial tribal population. You have come across a problem which is often seen especially among the members of Vulnerable Tribal Groups (VTG). Children from VTG show high rates of drop outs from the government schools and daily presence of those who come to school is also low. This is happening despite of government providing every possible facility in the schools. VTG are generally shy, sensitive and reserve people and one reason which you found during the investigation is consistent bullying of VTG children by other students from different categories.What communicational, emotional intelligence and attitudinal strategies you can employ to reduce dropout rates and encourage VTGs to send their children to schools? (250 words, 20 marks)Note: answers to some of the cases mentioned in this unit are not provided. This has been done deliberately, so that students are encouraged to do some brain storming. It is also advisable for the candidates to first write answers for the cases given under ten assignments (next unit). Then, it will become easy for them to write the answers of cases under this unit and also to evaluate answers by themselves.

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Unit - 4 Case Study Assignments

Case Study Assignment - 11. You are posted as the District Development Commissioner (DDC) in a region which has high rates of

child mal-nourishment. For last few months, you have been receiving complaints regarding poor quality of food given under Midday Meal Scheme. Responding on the complaints, you found that most of the meals served failed the calorie test as per the criterion under the scheme. Some vendors supply poor quality deliberately as it is more profitable but many others don’t have the right knowledge of which food contains what nutrients. Calorie knowledge is also less among children and teachers.

Special instruments are required for exact calorie counts which are not available in abundance. Also limited suppliers are there and blacklisting them would completely stall the process.

Analyze the problem and explain various repercussions of it. Also explain what steps you can take in order to effectively resolve this problem. (250 words, 20 marks)

2. Sexual abuse of Children today has become one of the most pervasive social problems faced by Indian society, especially in urban areas. Its impact is profound because of the sheer frequency with which it occurs and because of the trauma brought to the lives of the children who have experienced this crime.

Even though most of these crimes happen randomly and are distinct from each other, there are certain commonalities. Most abused children belong to poor families who live in slums. Families of abused children and also the culprits are largely people who have migrated to the cities for better job opportunities. Analyze the problem and explain: (250 words, 20 marks)

a) What behavioral problems migrants face when they come to city and how these problems lead to anti-social behaviour?

b) What steps can be taken to increase the respect of law among people and stop this heinous crime against children.

3. Mr. Manish is heading the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion. A MNC specialized in making high end smart phones has approached his department to seek approval for importing second hand phones in India.

The brand of MNC is very popular among the people, but due to its high cost, only few are able to buy it. Many from middle class dream to own this brand but are not able to do so. The demand for pre-owned phones is very high in India, but since the MNC is not directly dealing in pre-owned phones, most of the sale takes place in grey market without any certification.

Overall conduct of MNC has been good with the government. Economically also, the decision to give approval seems correct but Environment Ministry, when asked for opinion, is raising concerns over import of such pre-owned certified phones. Based on this information, answer: (250 words, 20 marks)

a) Why environment ministry is raising concerns regarding import of second hand phones.b) Analyze the conflict present in the situation between Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion and

Environment Ministry. c) Explain the course of action that Mr. Manish shall take in such situation.4. You have been working as a chief medical officer in a rural district of Uttar Pradesh. The health department

of the state has asked you to implement a family planning project which involves free distribution of contraceptive pills and condoms in your district which has seen a large rise of population in the last two decades. However, the district is marred with low literacy rate and use of contraceptive techniques is considered tabooed and irreligious by the local population. Your administrative staff which includes a substantial number of local residents is also not very optimistic about the success of the project.




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What steps you will take in order to motivate your staff and persuade local people for the successful implementation of the project. (250 words, 20 marks)

5. Amit is a second year student in an engineering college. He belongs to a poor family and is the only hope for a bright future for his family. A fight has broken out between two groups of students on some minor personal issue in the college. Amit along with his friends is part of one of these groups. The fight has led to the destruction of college property and has brought bad name to the reputed college.

Amit has been caught red handed while damaging the college property by the administration but because of his good academic record has been offered a deal. If Amit admits his mistake and also becomes the witness against his friends, he will not be rusticated and only minor punishment will be given. However, severe punishment will be given to Amit’s friends who are the regular offenders and college administration is just looking for a chance to expel them from the college.

What shall Amit do in this situation? Analyze different options which Amit has and what decision will be the most correct one in this situation? Give appropriate reasons for the choice Amit shall make? (250 words, 20 marks)

6. Manoj Kumar has been appointed as the District Transport Officer of a region with high density of population. He is in-charge of issue of driving license for motor vehicles and registration of new vehicles. However, there are number of complaints regarding arbitrariness, corruption, delays etc in issue of licenses and registration. The matter is bringing lots of disrepute to the government and the seniors are asking Manoj to come up with a plan. Manoj has advised to establish Sevottam model of government of India to improve upon the services.

Explain how Manoj will implement this model in his department and also list out the problems he may face while executing the program? What impact such model can have on the overall functioning of the department? (250 words, 20 marks)

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Case Study Assignment - 21. You are the zonal head of an important urban area in northern India. Being the administrative head you

have the duty to implement all the directives given by your superiors and the court of law. The area under your jurisdiction has seen huge growth of illegal slums in recent times. These slums are providing low paid workers as well as cheap vendors of essential commodities like vegetables and eggs to the middle class urban households. But slums deface the beauty of the cities and spread lots of dirt and squalor in the vicinity. They are also breeding ground and hideouts for criminals.

A PIL was filed against these unauthorized slums and the court has ordered for the destruction of all illegal encroachments on public land. However, its winter season in the area and it’s also raining for quite some time.

A strong case is also made by the government authorities to remove these slums and their dwellers by force, even when the situation is not congenial. You are the enforcing officer. The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options:

(a) You would vacate the slum by using police force without any consideration for the inclement weather and contribution which the slum dweller makes.

(b) You will request your senior officer to wait till the weather becomes normal and an alternative place for settlement of the slum dwellers is designated with basic amenities.

(c) You will suggest your senior officers to make it compulsory for all the apartment builders to have provision of very low cost shelters for such shanty but important workers along with every apartment and allot it with the help of administration to identified workers based on some objective criteria.

Also please indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you would like to do, giving proper reasons. (300 words, 25 marks

2. You are posted as a senior bureaucrat in one of the union territories of India. The government of the union territory and the lieutenant governor has been locked in a bitter confrontation over the appointment and transfer of senior bureaucrats. The post of joint secretary of Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) has been vacant for some time and needs to be filled urgently. You have been appointed by the government and one of your batch mates has been appointed on the same post by the LG under the directions of Central Home Ministry.

Both of you have been ordered to take the charge and start working as the joint secretary of ACB which is the initiative of the union territory government. Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain the implications of such a standoff? What steps you can take on your side to resolve this situation? (250 words, 20 marks)

3 Amit Kumar has been appointed as a senior Superintendent of Police in one of the communally sensitive districts of Uttar Pradesh. A terrorist involved in a serial bomb blast case has been given capital punishment recently. A local communal organization has asked the police for the permission to carry out a procession on the day of execution of death penalty. The organization also wants the police authorities to allow the funeral prayers be held on the streets of locality where the terrorist used to live. The situation is very sensitive as many in the community to which the terrorist belong feels that justice has not been done to the terrorist. Such prayers are usually done at the place of burial itself. Amit has been asked to take the decision regarding the permission. Allowing such activities may lead to communal clashes and not allowing them can further fuel the negative sentiments of the community towards the government.

Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain what decision Amit should take under such scenario. (250 words, 20 marks)

4. You have been working as a district magistrate in a metropolitan city. It’s the month of June which often sees the development of dust storms in the city leading to very strong winds, poor visibility and dust particulate in air. These storms have the tendency to create many problems and chaos among the citizens




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through disruption of electricity supply and traffic jams. The city is highly populated with huge electricity demand and pressure on civic amenities.

a) What steps you must take in order to mitigate the problems created by these dust storms?b) What shall be your action plan in case of any such emergency? (250 words, 20 marks)5. Mass cheating in examinations is not a recent phenomenon in India, In fact in recent times it has become

organized. Recently Indian and foreign media featured prominently parents and relatives scaling school walls and buildings, to pass answer chits to students taking secondary school examinations in Bihar. It has dented India’s Image at global forum. With the advent of technology it has become more sophisticated. These rackets are run by Doctors, teachers, engineers, exam invigilators. In fact movies like Lage Rahe Munna Bhai had brought such issues into public notice still a stringent law to tackle the menace are a distant dream. Write your stand on the same and also suggest measures to tackle the menace. (250 words, 20 marks)

6. One of the many unintended consequences of the growth of internet and information technology is the increasing exposure of people towards pornography and adultery. This is causing serious problems in many contexts. Analyze this problem in detail and indicate not only the socio-economic but also the emotional and cultural factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out—

a) Why this tendency of watching pornography and cheating your spouse is increasing?b) What effects does it have on people across different age groups? c) What should be the role of government in this regard? What feasible steps can you suggest which will be effective in controlling this menace among juveniles?

(250 words, 20 marks)

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Case Study Assignment - 31. Sumit Kumar is working as the Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) in a state which is going to have state

elections in the next few months. This state also has a poor record of voting ratio as very few people actually come out and vote. The central election commission is worried about the increasing number of MPs and MLAs with criminal background in the parliament and assemblies and has directed all the CEOs to take action in this regard.

Sumit Kumar has been given extensive powers to adopt appropriate strategies to increase voting ratio and discourage criminal elements to enter the electoral process and make voters aware about whom they are voting for. The model if successful can be adopted in other states also and thus will do wonders for the career of Sumit Kumar?

In this context, analyst the ethical dimension of growing criminal elements in politics and suggest with reasons what strategies Sumit Kumar can use to address the given problems? (250 words, 20 marks)

2. Ramesh has earned a reputation of a brave army officer having soft corners in his heart. He’s a father of two teenage daughters and a 7 year old son, with a caring wife. He is posted in Kashmir as the commanding Officer of a unit specialized in search and capture of terrorists from civilian areas. Right now, he is standing in front of a house in a village in Tral area of South Kashmir, with two hard core terrorists of Hizbul Mujahideen trapped inside. Ramesh is leading from the front along with a J&K police constable assisting him in this nerve breaking operation. The prize catch is inside, with all escape routes sealed perfectly. As the order to storm the house was to be given, a yelling voice shattered the uneasy calm.

‘’Please don’t kill my son...’’ an old man with folded hands approached the officer. ‘’I will convince my son to surrender.’’ father of the trapped terrorist was on his knees. Ramesh is facing a very hard choice. To kill the militants or listen to the voice of a sobbing father?

It is biting cold out there and Ramesh has to decide fast, either way--to storm the house or allow the father to go inside to make last attempt to convince his terrorist son to surrender. Allowing the man to go inside can jeopardize the whole operation and will also increase the risk of life for all soldiers including Ramesh.

Analyze the situation and suggest what Ramesh shall do in such situation? Give reasons for your choice? (250 words, 20 marks)

3. You are the chairman of the administrative committee of IIT, Delhi. A trend has been noticed in the past few years that many students especially from the reserved category or government school background who cleared IIT JEE Exam with flying colors have failed in their first year only. Such students had to be expelled from the institute thus leading to wastage of highly sought after seats and also misery for the expelled students.

Some of the factors for this drastic degradation in academic performance are: Poor communication skills; Low confidence; Discrimination by general category students; Adjustment to the new environment etc.

Analyze the root causes affecting the performance of the students. As the chairman, what attitudinal and emotional strategies you can apply to reduce the rate of failures in the institute? (250 words, 20 marks)

4. A minister’s son was driving a vehicle in a very rash and erratic manner. The traffic constable on duty at a traffic intersection stopped the vehicle. Suspecting that the boy driving is possibly drunk, he calls the patrolling group. They came and subject the boy to breath analyzer. The suspicion turns out to be correct. All this action took about one hour. In the mean while the boy was throwing tantrums and dropping names. He also made few calls and tried to slap the constable on duty. But the constable on duty remained undeterred. On the arrival at the police station, the SHO took the note of the situation but just before filing the case, he gets a call from his superior to release the boy without any arrest or fine.

Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain what action shall SHO take in midst of such a dilemma? (250 words, 20 marks)

5. You are Superintendent of Police of district X. Numerous complaints regarding law and order situation are coming from different sections of society. Go through the problems enumerated below and provide a solution for the problems:




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a) Station Officer of one police station of district X is openly indulged in corrupt practices and is demanding money from every citizen to register First Information Report.

b) A big businessman of district X was embroiled with an argument with supporters of a ruling party MLA. During this heated argument, one supporter shot the businessman with his pistol. Due to this incidence, business community of the area is quite frightful and few business houses have closed their shops and left the district. (250 words, 20 marks)

6. You are a professor in a district college. You are also acting as an advisor for a college student, Abdul, in your department. Abdul is also editor of a college magazine, in which he contributes articles and essays. He asks you to proof read his essay before he submits it. You routinely cross check his work and discover that many parts of the work have been taken from the internet verbatim with no quotation marks or citations. What are you supposed to do? Analyze the situation and suggest a course of action to monitor the future behaviour of Abdul without irreparably damaging his career. (250 words, 20 marks)

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Case Study Assignment - 41. You are senior manager in one of a MNC. One day you receive a harassment complaint from one of your

female employee against Mr. X, a star performer of the software development unit. Mr. X is leading a major project of the company after which the company will be eligible to bag government contracts. On preliminary investigation you find that Mr. X is liable for the offence. At this juncture, serving a suspension notice to him or setting up a departmental inquiry will have serious repercussions on the project in particular and image of the company in general.

You have the following options. a) Ignore the issue as giving warning or initiating an enquiry will have repercussions on the company’s

image.b) Giving a warning to Mr. X.c) Assure the female for a stringent action so that she may remain quite till the completion of Project and

then initiating an action.d) Initiating an action against Mr. X as the act done by him should have zero tolerance What will be your stand in the above mentioned scenario? (300 words, 25 marks)2. You are Project Director of MNREGA in a district. Consider the following problems and give your

solutions:a) There have been widespread allegations by the opposition parties that the ruling party MLA and contractor

have siphoned money and no money was given to laborers.b) Muster roll of the laborers was not maintained well by the gram Panchayats due to which there was

anomaly between work done and payments given. Moreover, payments were given in the name of fictitious persons, whose identity cannot be verified.

c) Many persons of village who were in need of work were not given job card and work. In their places, other not very needy people were given work.

Also discuss the ethical issues involved in the given situation? (250 words, 20 marks)3. Domestic LPG is heavily subsidized by the Government of India and every cylinder that we use in our

kitchen carries a substantial subsidy. This translates to a huge annual subsidy burden on the Government, draining precious resources which otherwise could have been used in developmental activities. You have been assigned a duty to run a Nation Wide campaign to aware the abled citizen to give up the subsidy as it will benefit the poor and needy. How will you design and lead the campaign to ensure its success? (250 words, 20 marks)

4. You are working as the Human Resource Manager of an organization. Chief Executive Officer of the company has called a meeting to get your feedback on Vijay Singh, Head of Production. Vijay Singh is hardworking but very bossy type of person. Vijay is about five years from retirement. His department has a high turnover rate. There have been several complaints on company surveys about him from his department and from outside his department. But Vijay also is a talented person who adds a vast amount of needed knowledge and experience to the company. He is extremely dedicated to the company. He has been with the company for 35 years and he reports directly to the president. He even feels that HR should do a better job in screening people. What suggestions do you have for the Chief Executive Officer on how to deal with Vijay Singh and develop a personal improvement plan? (250 words, 20 marks)

3. You are a civil servant, living with your parents and wife. You have a part time domestic help who perform all important household works. You find that your mother and wife both ill treat her inspite of her hard and sincere work. Whenever, you raise the issue of ill treatment, both your mother and wife rebuke you and say that this is the only way through which domestic work is taken from someone. You are unhappy because of the conduct of your mother and wife. Analyze the situation from ethical perspectives and explain: (250 words, 20 marks)

a) What are the options available to you?




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b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would adopt, giving reasons.6. You are Sub Divisional Officer of the district electricity board. Numerous complaints are coming from

the ground level officials as well as public. Go through the problems enumerated below and provide a solution for the problems:

a) Numerous cases of power theft are coming from a slum area near the posh locality are coming before you. The local MLA and few officials are actively encouraging the slum people to do power theft in return of money.

b) Many people have tempered their electricity meters, due to which though they use all appliances their bills are coming less, thus creating loss to the electricity department.

c) The electricity wiring is broken due to recurrent storm in the district during July month. Due to this power supply is broken frequently. (250 words, 20 marks)

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Case Study Assignment - 51. It has been observed over a period of time, that many private hospitals in Delhi do not cater to the needs of

poor sections of the society. Under land allotment agreement between the government of Delhi and private hospitals, private hospitals are obliged to provide 25% of their beds to the patients from Economically Weaker Sections (EWS). In return these hospitals get huge concessions in land prices. However, hospital management argues that the hospitals don’t get enough patients from EWS category. Only when the EWS beds remain unfilled, then only they are allotted to those patients who have the capacity to pay for the expenses.

You are posted as the secretary to the Health Department of Delhi. The matter has been referred to you for your opinion. Analyze the situation and explain various reasons which have led to this situation and what steps you can suggest to resolve it. (250 words, 20 marks)

2. Drought has been declared in one of the states of India. People from different backgrounds are facing distress and economic hardships because of crop failure. For undertaking relief measures, funds are available with State Government in the form of State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).

For the distribution of funds in an optimum manner, all the District Collectors (DC) have been assigned the duty of identifying the effected people and making a list of beneficiaries. You are one of these DCs and as per the orders, you have made a list of all beneficiaries in the most scientific and objective manner, and have transferred it to the state government.

However, there is a problem. Money under SDRF is limited and all the beneficiaries cannot be covered in the first phase of distribution. You have been told to make a list of beneficiaries in order of most vulnerable to least vulnerable, and distribute funds accordingly.

The people facing distress under your area of responsibility include: ● Marginal farmers ● Big farmers having huge piece of land ● Farmers working on land leased from rich landlords ● Farmers belong to backward classes ● Tribals whose only source of income is farming and forest products ● Widows of farmers who have committed suicide ● Farmers involved in fishery and livestock ● Old age farmers who have no support system

As civil services officer of the State, what would be the order in which you would distribute funds among these people in different phases and why? Give justifications. (250 words, 20 marks)

3. Sunita is a brilliant student with lot of interest in biology and medical sciences. She wants to seek admission in medical stream in a private collage because she missed the cut off to get admission in government run medical colleges. Her father has sufficient wherewithal and he has no objections to pay the heavy fee structure for private medical education. However, Sunita’s grandfather as well as mother say that, what is the use of spending so much money on daughter as eventually she would go to somebody else’s family. It is better to keep money for her marriage or for their son’s requirement, who will look after the family.

Assess the attitudinal differences between father and daughter on one side and grandfather and mother on the other side and its repercussions on society. How Sunita can persuade her family to allow her to become a doctor? (250 words, 20 marks)

4. Government has passed a legislation to reduce the industrial sector’s total waste by 10 percent per year over the next five years. This reduction of waste will slow down environmental degradation and pace of rising global temperature. But a very big MNC had some problems with implementation of the law. Also there is resistance from within the government from various stakeholders as the legislation may hamper the growth of the economy. You are Commissioner of the area where MNC is located. You have the discretion to delay the implementation of legislation in your area of jurisdiction. MNC officials are putting




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pressure on you to not implement the legislation as their profits may dwindle drastically. MNC has offered you 10 % stake in project too. Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain what course of action would you undertake in this situation? (250 words, 20 marks)

5. A subordinate of yours who is multi-talented and experienced is dissatisfied with the job and pay scale. He offered his resignation to you over salary issues. You pacified him after talks with Personnel Department. Due to your efforts, the salary of your subordinate was enhanced. But you found that after enhancement, his work efficiency dropped. He is coming late and spends his time in gossiping. After 2 months, he again comes with same problem of salary enhancement and has offered his resignation, incase his salary is not enhanced. You somewhat feel that his cause is not justified. Analyze the situation and explain what course of action should you undertake and why? (250 words, 20 marks)

6. Yogesh bought a new car few days ago. It was his first car and he was very excited and careful about it. He used to drive it in a very sane manner. As Delhi’s road traffic is very high, the accidents do happen, sometime without anyone’s fault. Same happened with Yogesh; a car coming from opposite side collided with Yogesh’s car due to traffic signal failure. The collision resulted into partial damage of both the cars. Both the drivers started fighting with each other though passerby were calming them and making them realize that it was not any ones mistake and both can get the compensation by insurance value. But they kept beating each other and Yogesh overpowered another person and banged his head to the road. The person fainted and stopped responding. Everyone got feared and the ambulance and police were called. The person was admitted to the ICU as he had serious brain injuries. His survival chances are very low.

Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain how both of them would have behaved if they had possessed high emotional intelligence? (250 words, 20 marks)

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Case Study Assignment - 61. Government of Canada has recently made a formal apology in the House of Commons for the Komagata

Maru incident that happened way back in 1914. Such acts of apologies are not very rare in recent times and governments have been seen apologizing for the historical wrongs they have done in the past. Discuss the ethical and political dimension of such acts and explain what effect such acts can have on the sovereignty of a country. Also, distinctly bring out—

a) What is the significance such acts can have in international relations. b) Should such heinous crimes against the humanity can be forgiven or they shall be compensated. c) Why apology is considered as a sign of weakness by many people or government organizations who have

moral responsibility towards the citizens. (250 words, 20 marks)2. You are District Education Officer in the Tribal District of the Country. On survey of the district you

found a need of setting of schools in several zila panchayats as they have only private schools run by zila panchayats members. When you proposed the setting up of new schools to the zila panchayat, they denied the proposal citing land acquisitions concerns as it being a tribal district. But the real motive is that they have their own school and their business will be hampered. Convincing the gram sabhas for acquiring a village land seems tough job as many members of gram sabha are affiliated to zila panchayat.

a) What options do you have? Explore each option vis-à-vis constraints. b) What will be your course of action? (250 words, 20 marks)3. You are recently posted as Superintendent of Police in a Naxalite region which is frequent to ambush.

One day your team intercepts a message regarding the movement of Naxalites at certain stretch of the village. It is a common parlance that Naxalites give out such messages to misguide the forces but at many times such messages are authentic in nature. Moreover at times Naxalites use the villagers to shield their movements. During one such ambush in recent past many innocent people were killed by the forces and after the departmental enquiry your predecessor officer was dismissed from the services. Keeping such incidents in mind ignoring such interceptions is the best course of action, isn’t it? Or

a. Indicate various options available to you in this situationb. Analyze each option vis-à-vis constraints (250 words, 20 marks)4. A young social activist has become very popular within a short period of 5 years because of his honesty,

integrity, and other human values. He finds rampant corruption in government offices and mismanagement is rural development schemes, which affects the poor and marginalized section of the society. He notices that it is due to the nexus between bureaucracy, businessmen, politician and a section of media that has been managed by the nexus. The social activist having deeply influenced by Gandhian principles wants to correct the things. What steps and action he will take to…

(a) Unite the poor and marginalized so that they could raise their voice effectively.(b) Mobilize the public opinion against the managed media.(c) Compel the state government to take remedial measures in order to set things right.

(250 words, 20 marks) 5. You are Head of Personnel Department of the Municipal Corporation of an area. There are cases of ‘ghost

employees’ where money is withdrawn from finance department with fictitious names of employees. Media reports have alleged that local councilors and few officials are involved in the scam and the money was siphoned up by these two categories of people. Explain the situation from different perspectives and its repercussion on the overall system. What steps can you take to resolve the situation? (250 words, 20 marks)




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6. You are working as inspection manager in one of the automobile company which in not performing well in Indian Market. The company is in hurry to launch it most awaited foreign car variant in the country but launching the foreign prototype will make the car less competitive as the cost is very high. So during board meetings it was discussed that few of its essential safety features need to be taken out to make the variant suitable for low cost Indian Markets. On your intervention the board communicates you that this step is essential as the revenue graph of the company is diminishing and if not intervened in proper time, there might be the closure of the company very soon and everyone including you will lose the job. Elucidate the ethical issues involved in the case and what steps can be taken in this regard?

(250 words, 20 marks)

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Case Study Assignment - 71. You are District magistrate of a district. There is an ancient temple in your district, where only men are

allowed to visit. This tradition has been continuing since ancient time. However, recently, various women organizations and social activists have demanded to allow the entry of women in the temple. But, this demand is being severely opposed by elder male members of the district, as well as nearby districts.

The women groups have decided to lead a campaign to enter the temple on next Sunday. However, there are threats to this campaign from various quarters of the society.

(a) What are the various ethical issues involved in the case?(b) What will you do as District Magistrate, to control the situation? (250 words, 20 marks) 2. An officer of middle level marketing and sales management of a public sector oil company receives

frequent complaint about adulteration of diesel and petrol by some retailers of the area under his jurisdiction, despite his warnings in the past against such wrongdoing. Subsequently one day, he goes for an inspection of one such retailer who is known for his political connections as well as local bullies. While trying to carry out his official duty, he was first prevented from entering into the premises of the retailer and when he insisted he was allowed to enter. He was offered bribe for not carrying out his duty but he declined .Undeterred, he insisted that as the marketing officer he should be allowed to carry out his duties in the interest of the government firm which he represents. The musclemen of the retailer started abusing and roughing him up when he tried to inspect the facilities to ascertain adulteration. A brawl ensued. He was badly beaten up and fatally wounded. He lost his life while being taken to hospital.

In context of above situation, answers the following questions:(a) Despite his noble intention and dutifulness of the highest order, do you think that the officer handled the

case immaturely?(b) Had you been in his place, how would have you proceeded to carry out your duty?(c) What could be the solution for such problems of adulteration on long term basis? (300 words, 25 marks) 3. You are district commissioner of a Hilly district of the country. One day you got an advisory from the State

disaster Management Authority (SDMA) regarding the prediction of heavy rain falls in the coming weeks. As per the advisory note you have 7 days in hand to prepare for the coming crises. Along with the note, SDMA directs you to furnish the disaster preparedness of the district and specialization required thereof. (250 words, 20 marks)

(a) Discuss the ethical perspective involved in this case?(b) Explain your course of action regarding the upper mentioned case? 4. You are District Magistrate of a district. You get a report regarding, increasing drugs addiction cases

among youth of your district. This has also lead to increase in number of crimes. You are also informed regarding the nexus between drug traffickers and some local politicians. (250 words, 20 marks)

(a) What steps will you take to eliminate the drug menace from your district?(b) How can you motivate youth to participate in more productive work?5. There is an entrepreneur who has opened many factories in the rural areas for the manufacture of sanitary

ware. His initiative is not only providing good employment opportunities to rural people, but also affordable sanitary products which are being used in construction of toilets. However there are some cases of under payment of wages and few cases of employment of children below 14 yrs. You are labour enforcement officer of the area and in course of your routine inspection, you noticed these discrepancies. In this context, answer the following questions: (250 words, 20 marks)

(a) What are the options available to you?(b) Discuss the pros and cons of each option and finally choose the option which you consider best with

suitable justifications.6. As medical representative for a friend who lies dying in a hospital, you are asked whether you want life

support machine removed or not. Your friend could live indefinitely in a coma with support, but would die within 24 hours without it. Also no improvement in his health has been seen in the last 10 days. Hospital costs are Rs. 15000/day. You know that both you and several other friends are named in his will. Identify the dilemma you are facing in this case and what will your course of action? (250 words, 20 marks) nn




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Case Study Assignment - 81. Ramesh, a young staff worker is diagnosed with a debilitating chronic disease. The recurrence of the

condition results in his being absent from the office for extended periods of time. Ultimately, the work delegated to him goes on piling. This poses a dilemma for his superior, who, while wanting to be supportive of the suffering staff worker, has an obligation to the department head to be productive. Ramesh is the only child of his old parents. If he loses his job, his parents and family would also suffer along with him. What course of action should the superior of Ramesh take that does not undermine Ramesh, and yet, at the same time help him carry out his responsibilities? (250 words, 20 marks)

2. You are working as DM of a district where illegal mining of sand is rampant. Recently there was an accident between a truck illegally carrying sand and a government passenger bus. Many passengers died on the spot because of the accident. Ever since you assumed power, you are trying to curb this illegal mining of sand. Because of negligence and involvement of police officers at local level, illegal mining is going on in many parts of the district despite your efforts to curb it. These trucks which travel on narrow village roads, have not only damaged roads, they have also caused traffic problem for passenger vehicles frequently causing accidents.

The media and some people from a political party are protesting against you after the bus accident. They are saying that you are working hands in glove with the sand Mafia. There is also an accusation that you have some personal rivalry with the Superintendent of Police. Moreover, even local media is portraying you as someone intentionally allowing illegal sand mining in the district.

In this situation, what are your options? How will you deal with the accusations and what steps you can take to resolve the situation? (250 words, 20 marks)

3. Rajeshwar is a senior Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer working under the Ministry of External Affairs in Delhi. The ministry has organized an India-Africa summit which is an annual event for the last 7 years. Like every year, this year also, many foreign delegates from different African states have confirmed their participation in the event. The event is important for India’s economic growth and diplomacy in many contexts.

However, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has requested India to arrest and give them one of the African participants as he is prosecuted by ICC for war crimes and genocide in his country. India is not a signatory to ICC and as such is not bounded by the decisions of ICC. However, India has always criticized such crimes and has always been a good, moral state.

Rajeshwar has been asked to prepare the answer to be given to ICC in regard to their request. Analyze the situation and explain, with reasons, what answer Rajeshwar should give to ICC in this regard? (250 words, 20 marks)

4. There are four terrorist armed with deadly weapons who have entered into a religious place of worship and have killed 10 people, mostly woman and children and have made hostage other 20-25 people. They are demanding release of their four terrorist friends who have been captured by security force and are currently lodged in prison. There is also a demand for heavy ransom and safe passage for the four terrorists.

You are head of anti-terrorist operation cell and have been assigned the task of flushing the terrorist out and also negotiating with them. In this context, answer the following: (250 words, 20 marks)

(a) What are the options before you?(b) Evaluate merits/demerits of each option and finally suggest best course of action giving reasons?5. You are the administrative head of a municipal corporation. A famous scientist, leader and former

President of India who’s respected across all communities and is an international figure has died recently. In the meeting of the municipal corporation, a proposal has been raised to rename a road in the honor of this personality. This road has already been named after a famous but allegedly despotic king from the past who belonged to one of the minority communities of India and many believe that he was against the




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religious sentiments of majority community of India. The deceased personality belongs to the majority community.

However, this proposal has been condemned across many sections of the society for different reasons. Usually only new roads and roads which don’t have any specific name are given new names. In such scenario, you have been asked to prepare a report on various implications of renaming a road in the present context and give suggestions in this regard. Analyze the various merits and demerits of such exercise and explain what suggestions you will provide to the corporation. (250 words, 20 marks)

6. You are the regional head of a food and beverage company which has a huge brand value and is operating in many countries for over many decades. One day, the manager of your company’s Quality Control Team visits you and informs that due to some mechanical error, a toxic substance has been added to one of the food items which have now been delivered to the retailers. This substance has been banned by the food regulatory authority of the government. If this news comes out in open, it will be a huge setback for the brand and will bring embarrassment as well as strict government action against the company.

Calling back the whole stock will also lead to huge losses. The food article in question is fast selling and the present stock will not last for many days.

The decision and its responsibility are yours. Analyze the situation from different perspective and explain what action you will take to come out with minimum harm. (250 words, 20 marks)

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Case Study Assignment - 91. You are working as a Teacher. You have a student who is from a single parent family. The student must

work to attend college. However, the job is interfering with the student’s performance and several assignments have not been turned in. You have determined that a “D” is all the student can make when a counselor informs you that the student needs a “C” to qualify for an academic scholarship.’ What choices do you have and what will you do? Explain with reasons? (250 words, 20 marks)

2. You are a boss of a small private organization with nearly 40 employees. You are about to meet important clients who will be visiting your office shortly. But you get a call from your wife that your son who is suffering from autism is performing dance in his school, which is a very happy occasion for the family. The meeting which was scheduled is very difficult to be postponed. Moreover if the meeting is successful, your company benefits enormously in terms of new contracts. As for you, son’s performance is more important than the business deal. You ask your personal assistant to call the clients and tell them that you are unwell and the meeting can be held tomorrow.

Identify different personal and professional issues present in the case. Also examine whether what was done was right or not. If not then what could have been the best way to resolve the situation. (250 words, 20 marks)

3. Sahil kumar has been appointed as the District Collector of a rural area. A law and order situation has surfaced, where he, being assisted by police force, has to deal with a violent mob which is protesting against price rise of essential commodities, corruption in administration and forceful land acquisitions. Prohibitory order under section 144cr P.C has been issued by Sahil, but despite of his best effort, situation is not coming under control. The mob is not dispersing but people rather started stone pelting. Police had no option but to fire two rounds in air. The mob dispersed but unfortunately one of the bullet hits a passerby old man who was returning home after the daylong work in his field. He died on spot. On verification, Sahil found that he was the only earning member of a family of six.

Answer the following questions in context of the above incident: (300 words, 25 marks)(a) Do you justify the police firing? (b) What will be the best course of action to compensate the death of the old person?(c) In future if such situation arises, what should be the ideal way of dealing with it? 4. A factory producing lots of toxic waste is running in a locality which has high percentage of young

population. Many workers are employed in the factory. But the environment ministry is of the opinion that factory should be closed as it is causing air pollution leading to rampant respiratory infections in the area. However, final decision has been left on you. You are the head of Municipality of that locality. Explain the ethical issues involved in the case? What action would you take to restore environment as well as save the livelihood of the affected employees, if the factory is closed? (250 words, 20 marks)

5. Roads in a district X are not upto the mark and there are number of potholes on the road which are cause of the inconvenience to the commuters’ every day. The contractor who was sanctioned the tender of making the road by PWD department has been summoned many times by the department. But due to nexus between contractor, local politicians and officials, nothing concrete has been done to rectify the problem. You are the Chief Executive Officer of the Municipal body of this area. Identify the ethical issues involved in the case and what steps would you take to rectify the situation? (250 words, 20 marks)

6. You are in charge of rescue operations in a severely flood hit area. Thousands of people are stranded in deep waters in their homes without food and drinking water for 3-4 days. Because of rough topography and heavy rainfall, the rescue operation is slow. When your men reach stranded people, they heckle and assault your men out of anger. One of your team members is severely injured in these fights. Your team members request you to call off operation as they are scared of facing angry people and also they are angry about the behaviour of those stranded people. At the same time, media is writing negative news about your efforts.

In such circumstances, how will you manage the situation? For a person in your position, examine which qualities should be displayed during such situations? (250 words, 20 marks) nn




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Case Study Assignment - 101. You are the Vice – Chancellor of a very famous college University in India. There are many students

in the University, who are from a very poor socio-economic background (dalits). They complain you, that they are facing discrimination on grounds of caste. While another group of students, who belongs to ‘student wing’ of a political party, accuse dalit students of engaging in anti-national activities. Recently there were violent clashes between the two groups. You form a committee to enquire into the matters. But, one leader of the political party sends you a letter, demanding strict action against the dalit students, while no action against its student wing members.

Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain its repercussion on the society. Also explain what you can do to control the situation and establish a conducive environment in the campus? (300 words, 25 marks)

2. You are Head of District irrigation department and entrusted with responsibility to make and maintain canals in the district. District is drought prone and irrigation activities are very scanty. The reputation of the department is also dented by recent scam in irrigation department, whereby few engineers were caught red handed while taking bribe. Identify the ethical issues involved in the case. What steps would you take for the welfare of the district? Also give some suggestions by which reputation and prestige of the department can be restored? (250 words, 20 marks)

3. You have been appointed recently as the District Magistrate of an area which is known for its communal sensitivity. One day you come across a situation which may lead to communal clashes. A 21-year old upper caste girl eloped to marry a 25-year old dalit boy last week and now both of them are at police headquarters, asking for protection. A self-styled caste panchayat in the village had earlier ordered the Dalit man to send his wife back to her parents. But the woman has refused to leave her husband. The upper class community is fuming and the situation is very tense. As DM, you are ordered by the state home secretary to give counseling to the couple. (300 words, 25 marks)

a) What will be your advice to the couple?b) What repercussion such cases can have on the society?c) What action will you take as DM?4. You are the District Magistrate (DM) of a backward but fast growing district. State government along

with Central government has sanctioned formation of Special Economic Zone in your district which can lead to exponential growth in infrastructure and employment opportunities for the local people. However, many of your subordinates have started purchasing land in the district, and they are pressurizing you to make SEZ in their land only so that they can earn huge compensation out of the land selling to government. What are the issues involved in this case? What course of action would you undertake and why? (250 words, 20 marks)

5. An engineering firm has won a government contract to build a bridge of certain specifications and at a set price. Due to misestimating costs, if the firm builds the bridge as specified, the company will go bankrupt. However, if the firm uses inferior materials and reduces the safety factor in the bridge design, it can make a profit. Due to technicalities involved, it is difficult for anyone to notice inferior quality in short term. Government agencies also are not that capable to detect the quality. Infact, the firm can earn more profit in the name of repairs after few years. Explain what shall it do in such circumstances? Give reasons for your action? (250 words, 20 marks)

6. Last year, the validity of Haryana Panchayati Raj (Amendment) Act, 2015, was challenged in the Supreme Court. The new law requires that general candidates for Panchayat elections must have passed class X examinations while women and Dalit candidates need to have cleared class VIII and V respectively. The state government maintains that this amendment will lead to more capable persons being elected and would go a long way in ameliorating social and economic conditions of rural population. However, it has been challenged on the grounds of discrimination and rights violation. Analyze the situation and explain your opinion in this regard? Also, distinctly bring out— (250 words, 20 marks)

a) What is the role of education in the governance and leadership skills of a person?b) What can be the possible solution to resolve this situation such that it integrates the concerns of all? nn




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Unit - 5Solved Case Study Assignments

Case Study Assignment 11. You are posted as the District Development Commissioner (DDC) in a region which has high rates of child mal-nourishment. For last few months, you have been receiving complaints regarding poor quality of food given under Midday Meal Scheme. Responding on the complaints, you found that most of the meals served failed the calorie test as per the criterion under the scheme. Some vendors supply poor quality deliberately as it is more profitable but many others don’t have the right knowledge of which food contains what nutrients. Calorie knowledge is also less among children and teachers. Special instruments are required for exact calorie counts which are not available in abundance. Also limited suppliers are there and blacklisting them would completely stall the process. Analyze the problem and explain various repercussions of it. Also explain what steps you can take in order to effectively resolve this problem. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The situation presents the difficulty in implementing a socially important scheme when corruption is prevalent and people are less aware. It will have huge repercussion on health and learning abilities of children.

● If poor quality of food is continued to be served, then rate of malnourishment among the children will increase and enrollment and retention ratio will decrease.

● Right to education of children and duty of the parents to educate their children will not be fulfilled. ● Since the region is backward, social justice as promised in the preamble of our constitution will not be done. ● It may also widen the trust deficit between government institutions and people. ● Maintaining status quo about the act of cheating by vendors may encourage them to perform such acts

repeatedly. ● This would make it difficult for India to achieve the SDG 2 goal which calls for ending the hunger and

achieving the food securityAs the suppliers are limited, blacklisting them will reduce the supply of food which will make difficult for the district administration to run the scheme. Lack of special instruments for calorie count should not become a limitation for a civil servant. Dedication and spirit of service should be shown to solve the issue and preserve the probity of his/her office.As a District Development Commissioner, it is my duty to address the issue taking all stakeholders in the consideration –

● First, all vendors should be given strict warning to stop the adulteration of food and they must be informed of likely punishments under the law.

● Whole supply chain must be made transparent to identify the point at which adulteration happens. ICT can be used in this regard.

● Random audit of food inspector should be done. ● Citizen’s charter can be used in every school. Vendors have to give all the details including grievance

redressal mechanism. ● Awareness campaign and knowledge dissemination to make vendors and children aware of proper calories

requirement and which food shall provide the same. ● Graduates and teachers from nearby areas can be motivated to come and train vendors and educate

students on nutrition. ● Government channels which provide information on nutrition can be broadcasted in the school. ● Ethical training of vendors can arranged to inculcate in them the spirit of public service.




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● Social audit by village institutions like ASHA workers, SHG’s, NGO’s etc. must be done. Children families can be included, especially the mothers as food quality inspectors.

● Optimum utilization of the available instruments to identify and stop the poor quality food. I will also request the state government’s food department to make available the special instruments of identifying food quality.

● Some reward scheme can be launched for best service providing vendors. Children are the trustees of growth and prosperity of the nation. They must be given proper nutrition and health to take up this role in future. 2. Sexual abuse of Children today has become one of the most pervasive social problems faced by Indian society, especially in urban areas. Its impact is profound because of the sheer frequency with which it occurs and because of the trauma brought to the lives of the children who have experienced this crime.Even though most of these crimes happen randomly and are distinct from each other, there are certain commonalities. Most abused children belong to poor families who live in slums. Families of abused children and also the culprits are largely people who have migrated to the cities for better job opportunities. Analyze the problem and explain: (250 words, 20 marks)a) What behavioral problems migrants face when they come to city and how these problems lead to anti-

social behaviour? b) What steps can be taken to increase the respect of law among people and stop this heinous crime

against children. Answer : People migrate to cities in search of better job opportunities and aspiration of better standards of life. But, most of them end up living in slums. The slums are the underbelly of the cities, which provide an ideal ground for breeding of crime. The population density in slum is quite high, as compared to the available resources, leading to overcrowding and distress. This also acts as a driving force for crimes.The children living in slums face circumstances such as disruption in schooling, a dysfunctional family, lack of parental care and exposure to substance abuse. In such a case, children living in slums are not only vulnerable to crimes and violence but can also become part of organized crime rackets themselves.Migrants often face job insecurity, and financial stress pushes them towards crime. Though they may start with petty crimes, but soon they are engulfed into committing heinous crimes, including crime against children. In the slum, these criminals find easy targets, as the children here are most insecure. (a) Migrants face many behavioral issues when they move to cities.

● They are likely to face depression due to physical and financial stress. The job insecurity further adds to their daily woes.

● Feeling of relative deprivation. ● Lack of emotional intelligence often leads to fear of uncertainty. ● Prejudice leading to discrimination on the basis of region. ● They feel alienated in cities, as the sense of belongingness to the place is not there. ● When they come to the cities, they have big aspirations, but soon they realize about the hard realities

of the city life. This severe contrast between their dreams and actual reality makes them anxious and nervous. In such a state of mind, they are prone to crime including substance abuse.

● Most migrants suffer due to overcrowding due to which movement is restricted, privacy secluded, hygiene becomes impossible, rest and sleep difficult. Overcrowding may be due to children sharing a bed, increased physical contact, lack of sleep and lack of privacy

● Further, there is also negative behaviour conditioning in the slums, where they live. Most of the migrants generally end up in slums, which is a breeding place for crime and criminals.

● Sometimes even without any behaviour conditioning, they enter the field of crime, driven by the hard realities of city life. Unable to earn a decent living, they take to crimes to fulfill their needs.

(b) To deal with the situation a multi-pronged strategy needs to be implemented. To protect the children from the heinous crimes committed against, the root cause of the problem needs to be addressed. The




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problem stems from the vulnerabilities associated with unregulated migration and growth of slum. So, if the vulnerabilities of migrants are solved, then the problem will be resolved. But, the problem is deep rooted and we need to take both short-term and long-term measures in order to solve it.

In the short term, (i) We can organize awareness camps to increase respect of law among people. Many times they are simply

not aware of the laws and the consequences of its violation.(ii) NGOs can be roped in to reach out the slum people. A sense of belongingness needs to be instilled in them.(iii) Workshops must be conducted in slum areas for parents. They must be told the ways in which they can

ensure the safety of their children. (iv) Proper lightening of the areas with the provision of CCTV cameras.(v) Increasing the number of policemen in vulnerable areas. (vi) Strict enforcement of law and use of media to highlight the cases. In the long run:(i) Steps need to be taken to provide them social security, so that they no longer take to crimes because of

their vulnerabilities. (ii) Ensuring proper schooling of children living in slum, so that they can earn a decent living in future. (iii) Crèche facilities must be provided for the children of working women. (iv) Rehabilitating those who are victims of substance abuse, and trying to integrate them into mainstream of

society.(v) Developing low cost affordable urban housing for the poor slum people. This will help in providing them

a better quality of life, fulfilling some of their aspirations of city life. (vi) Integrating the concerns of the vulnerable migrant groups in urban planning.Uncontrolled emotions are key source of such problems. Thus, they should be taken into consideration during socialization of all individuals. 3. Mr. Manish is heading the Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion. A MNC specialized in making high end smart phones has approached his department to seek approval for importing second hand phones in India.The brand of MNC is very popular among the people, but due to its high cost, only few are able to buy it. Many from middle class dream to own this brand but are not able to do so. The demand for pre-owned phones is very high in India, but since the MNC is not directly dealing in pre-owned phones, most of the sale takes place in grey market without any certification.Overall conduct of MNC has been good with the government. Economically also, the decision to give approval seems correct but Environment Ministry, when asked for opinion, is raising concerns over import of such pre-owned certified phones. Based on this information, answer: (250 words, 20 marks)a) Why environment ministry is raising concerns regarding import of second hand phones.b) Analyze the conflict present in the situation between Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion and

Environment Ministry. c) Explain the course of action that Mr. Manish shall take in such situation.Answer : The case is concerned with a conflict between environmental values and economic development. It also takes into account rights of people to fulfill their aspirations and justice to those who suffer due to frauds in grey market. One should also have to take into account the long term harms which may occur in pursue of short term gains. a) The environment ministry is concerned because second hand phones can turn into hazardous electronic

waste, at the end of their life. Electronic devices contain many hazardous and toxic substances, which are not bio-degradable. They cannot be disposed-off like other bio-degradable waste. It will pose a huge health and environmental challenge for us.

Also, allowing this MNC will open the floodgates for import of other such pre-owned electronic devices. This can turn India into a dumping yard of electronic waste from all over the world. So, it is better to nip it in the bud itself.




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b) The conflict between Department of Industrial Policy & Promotion (DIPP) and Environment Ministry reflects the conflict between economic values and environmental ethics. DIPP is concerned mainly with the economic benefits of allowing the MNC to import pre-owned phones. It will give a boost to economic activities, as these phones are in high demand in India. Also, government will benefit by levying import duty on these phones. Further, allowing import of certified pre-used phones will also help in checking the grey market of such phones. Grey markets fall outside tax structure and many times customers suffer due to fraud as no billing is done. The act will also lead to more competition and aspirations of many people will be fulfilled.

The Environment ministry is concerned about the hazardous electronic waste that pre-used phones generate after end of their life. These electronic wastes have serious consequences for human health and environment, as these contain toxic non-biodegradable chemicals. Disposing this electronic waste in huge quantity can pose serious environmental challenges in the long run.

c) Mr. Manish should weigh the consequences of all the possible options before arriving at any decision. The various options available before him are:

(i) Allowing for import of pre-owned phones without any restrictions:(ii) Prohibiting the import of second hand phones(iii) Allowing import, but with Extended Producer’s Responsibility, to retake phones at end of its life.Considering the above options the third option is most appropriate. Sale of second hand phones is already taking place and government is not able to control it. Allowing imports with the condition of “Extended Producer’s Responsibility” will mitigate the problem of hazardous electronic waste dumping in India. At the same time, it will also allow people to fulfill their dreams of owning phone of that particular brand. It will also boost competition among manufacturers, to produce high quality phones at cheaper price.So, Mr. Manish can go for the third option. He needs to put in place, detailed guidelines for import along with the applicable conditions. Rules should also be made for taking action against those who violate the import regulations.4. You have been working as a chief medical officer in a rural district of Uttar Pradesh. The health department of the state has asked you to implement a family planning project which involves free distribution of contraceptive pills and condoms in your district which has seen a large rise of population in the last two decades. However, the district is marred with low literacy rate and use of contraceptive techniques is considered tabooed and irreligious by the local population. Your administrative staff which includes a substantial number of local residents is also not very optimistic about the success of the project. What steps you will take in order to motivate your staff and persuade local people for the successful implementation of the project. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : The case shows how superstition can create hindrance in the development process of the nation. It presents a situation where emotional intelligence, persuasion power, dedication and spirit of service of civil servant will be checked. Ethical issues involved are:Common good:

● stable and healthy population which is in the national interest ● trust between citizen and government agency should be increased for better governance ● efficient government institutions and work culture

Rights: ● Right to follow own religious beliefs and traditions ● Right to health of children ● Right to self-determination

virtues: ● Optimism and dedication on the part of officers of the medical office ● Commitment of government employees towards government policies and programs.




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Justice ● Injustice with the children who will not get better facilities and environment due to population explosion.

Burden will fall upon them. Utilitarian Approach

● Output will be better for public in long run I would take the following steps to motivate my staff:

● Internal meetings and training has to be conducted. Data and case studies must be presented to the staff to convince them of the problem of population explosion.

● They must be reminded of civil service values of public service and dedication and organisational values. ● I will begin the campaign myself to motivate my staff. ● Rewards and incentives based on performance can be introduced.

I would take the following steps to persuade local people: ● Comprehensive approach targeting CAB components of attitude. ● Local authorities like ASHA workers, SHG’s, NGO’s, gram panchayat, community leaders must be

involved and brought to the forefront for the campaign. ● Progressive religious leaders with liberal interpretation of religion must be encouraged to talk to people

on the problem of large rise in population. ● Street plays, local art form, advertisements etc can be used as persuasion tool for bring about attitudinal

change in people. ● Workshops and meeting must be organised in schools to bring cognitive change in children. ● The female officials or volunteers including ASHA workers should spread message to the females of the

district and to solve their queries. With this females can openly talk about their issues which they are facing and we can gather helpful information which may be useful for making this campaign successful.

● Social comparison in terms of controlled population and increase in literacy should be put in front of all the people by giving the example of other region.

● Easy accessibility and affordability of condoms and contraceptives in anganwadi centres etc. should be made available.

● For long term, the sex education should be provided to the students in the schools and colleges through various seminars so that in future they will give importance to the family planning.

Religion, low literacy and rationality often clashes with each other and makes the process of development slow in the society. This also makes the society vulnerable to the diseases like AIDS. It is a duty of the state to direct the society towards the right path and should deliver the people what they deserve. 5. Amit is a second year student in an engineering college. He belongs to a poor family and is the only hope for a bright future for his family. A fight has broken out between two groups of students on some minor personal issue in the college. Amit along with his friends is part of one of these groups. The fight has led to the destruction of college property and has brought bad name to the reputed college. Amit has been caught red handed while damaging the college property by the administration but because of his good academic record has been offered a deal. If Amit admits his mistake and also becomes the witness against his friends, he will not be rusticated and only minor punishment will be given. However, severe punishment will be given to Amit’s friends who are the regular offenders and college administration is just looking for a chance to expel them from the college. What shall Amit do in this situation? Analyze different options which Amit has and what decision will be the most correct one in this situation? Give appropriate reasons for the choice Amit shall make? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : Values and issues involved in the case:a) Temperance: Minor personal issues must be solved at the personal level and should not be allowed to

grow into a fight.b) Duty to safeguard one’s college from loss of property and reputation.




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c) Your own wellbeing versus Fraternity and loyalty towards friendship.d) Responsibility towards family e) Cooperation with college administration to expel regular offenders.f) Possible inner dissonance due to the decision.g) Educational institution as common good. Following are options available to Mr. Amit – i. Accept the deal – Merita) Cooperation with college administration in maintaining discipline. b) Hope of better future for the poor family.c) Acceptance of his mistake Demerita) Disloyalty towards friend. b) Crises of conscience for deceiving friends for whom he was fighting with others.c) May face hostility in future for breaking up the fraternity of student community.ii. Not accept the deal Merita) He will not lose his integrity which will be a lifelong asset. b) He will learn to defend what he fights for and fight only for what he can defend.c) Since he is a bright student he can find ways to complete his degree later and yet keep his values intact. Demerita) College may rusticate him too.b) Emotional suffering to the family which is already poor.c) Future of Amit and his family will suffer.d) Non-cooperation with college administration. Considering the above reasoning Amit should not accept the deal to – a) not lose his self-respect, dignity and integrity.b) learn to stand for what he believes.But since he has been caught red handed while damaging the college property, he must accept his mistake and should apologize for it. He should also show intellectual courage by facing the punishment for what he has done.The situation can also be used to reform his friends. He can persuade the college administration to give one more chance to his friends. He should also try to convince his friends to accept their mistake and face punishment for it. 6. Manoj Kumar has been appointed as the District Transport Officer of a region with high density of population. He is in-charge of issue of driving license for motor vehicles and registration of new vehicles. However, there are number of complaints regarding arbitrariness, corruption, delays etc. in issue of licenses and registration. The matter is bringing lots of disrepute to the government and the seniors are asking Manoj to come up with a plan. Manoj has advised to establish Sevottam model of government of India to improve upon the services. Explain how Manoj will implement this model in his department and also list out the problems he may face while executing the program? What impact such model can have on the overall functioning of the department? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : The word Sevottam means “Service Excellence”, emphasizing the idea of “Service”. It symbolizes the change in mindset within the Government, from administration and control to service and enablement. The overarching objective of Sevottam is to continuously improve the quality of public service delivery in the country.




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Manoj can implement this model in his department by following the seven basic steps for implementation of Sevottam. These are as under -i. Defining services and identifying beneficiaries – ‘services’ would include all expectation of citizens like

timeliness, responsiveness etc.ii. Setting standards and norms for each service. Like time taken and fee required for registration. iii. Developing capability to meet the set standards – training, manpower etc. iv. Performing to achieve the standards. Removing middleman.v. Monitoring performance against the set standards. CCTVs can be used. The whole process can be

computerized. Online anonymous grievance handling mechanism can be established. vi. Evaluating impact through an independent mechanism. Third party can be given responsibility in this

regard. vii. Continuous improvement based on monitoring and evaluation. Citizens can be asked to fill feedback

forms. Following are the problems Manoj can face in implementation of Sevottam model – a) Limitation of man power to meet the set standards and continuous monitoring.b) Absence of expertise to evaluate performancec) Negative attitude of staff towards the new systemd) Lack of training and infrastructure to understand and implement the new model.e) Corruption and nepotism in the system will stop him. Sevottam model can have huge impact on overall functioning of the department – a) Work culture will improve with the spirit of public service.b) Focus of public officers on individual performance.c) Better performing employees will be recognised and hard work and honesty will be rewarded. This will

motivate civil servants. d) Good governance. e) Trust and credibility between people and government will be established. In long term, Department can become a model to be followed by other departments.

nn




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Case Study Assignment 21. You are the zonal head of an important urban area in northern India. Being the administrative head you have the duty to implement all the directives given by your superiors and the court of law. The area under your jurisdiction has seen huge growth of illegal slums in recent times. These slums are providing low paid workers as well as cheap vendors of essential commodities like vegetables and eggs to the middle class urban households. But slums deface the beauty of the cities and spread lots of dirt and squalor in the vicinity. They are also breeding ground and hideouts for criminals. A PIL was filed against these unauthorized slums and the court has ordered for the destruction of all illegal encroachments on public land. However, its winter season in the area and it’s also raining for quite some time. A strong case is also made by the government authorities to remove these slums and their dwellers by force, even when the situation is not congenial. You are the enforcing officer. The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options:(a) You would vacate the slum by using police force without any consideration for the inclement weather

and contribution which the slum dweller makes.(b) You will request your senior officer to wait till the weather becomes normal and an alternative place for

settlement of the slum dwellers is designated with basic amenities.(c) You will suggest your senior officers to make it compulsory for all the apartment builders to have

provision of very low cost shelters for such shanty but important workers along with every apartment and allot it with the help of administration to identified workers based on some objective criteria.

Also please indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you would like to do, giving proper reasons. (300 words, 25 marks)

Answer : The situation in the above case is of illegal encroachments and justice to poor people. As an administrative/zonal head, I am facing the dilemma of whether I should act according to the law or my own conscience. Other issues in the above case:

● Right of the slum dwellers – right to dignity, livelihood, reside in any part of the country, right to health ● Common good - the cleanliness of the cities and the cities without criminal activities. ● Ethical governance - Destruction of slums without proper accommodation facilities in the unbearable

climate will be injustice to the slum dwellers in general and the old people and children in particular. ● My values and virtues – empathy and compassion towards the slum dwellers, courage and fortitude for

carrying out such activities, high emotional intelligence (a) vacate the slum by using police force. Merits:

● I will be in line with the directives of the court of law and seniors. ● Strong precedent will be set. It will deter the future encroachments activities. ● With police force it may be possible to catch the criminals in this process and police departments may get

more leads of other criminal activities in the city. Demerits:

● Without considering the cause of slum dwellers it will be injustice on them. It may lead to unfair distribution of benefits and burdens.

● Out of the poverty and no places to live some of the slum dwellers may be forced to get involved in illegal activities.

● The weather conditions may result in the severe health problems for the dwellers which will result in the surge of patients in the government hospitals.

● There will be hue and cry of human rights organisations and may tarnish government and my own image. This will erode social capital of government.

● It will also disturb the service of the local which is being provided by these slum dwellers.(b) request senior to wait and arrange for alternative place.




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Merits: ● It will avoid the slum dwellers to face severe weather conditions without shelter. ● In the mean time they can make some arrangements for them and I will try to contact some NGOs

to arrange for job opportunities in construction or domestic work and accommodation facilities to the vulnerable or weaker section of the society.

Demerits: ● It will be against the order of court of law and orders of seniors. ● If any larger criminal activity takes place which have linkage to these illegal slums, then I will be held

responsible with professional repercussion. (c) make it compulsory for all the apartment builders to have provision of very low cost shelters. Merits:

● This will not violate the right to livelihood of the workers ● Also they will get their own shelters without the fear of future destruction ● This will comply their right to dignity and decent life ● The small but important services to the local people will not be stopped ● There will not be any hue and cry of human rights commissions

Demerits: ● There is no surety that every builder will agree with such proposals and if they agree, it may pave the way

for corruption. ● Also the allocation shelters needs the transparency as the beneficiaries often not get their due shares. ● Objective criteria may apart some genuine workers from their right and they may succumb to the

harassment of the officials. ● Though the seniors accepted the suggestions and funds get allocated for this proposal, such infrastructure

will take time to being reality and in this time there may be increase in the illegal slums.According to me the second option is better but not enough. In addition I will take the following steps to solve the above situation:

● With the permission of seniors, I will ask for some more time from court of law by putting the facts of weather conditions and the rights of the slum dwellers. This won’t defy the order of court and won’t show my reluctance to act.

● Inclusion of these slum dwellers will be done in the schemes like Indira Awas Yojna or Housing for All. ● A plan will be prepared which will emphasis on the cleanliness of the cities. Through the participation of

the local people and the slum dwellers cleanliness drive like Swachh Bharat Abhiyan can be achieved. ● As a zonal head, with the cooperation of district collectors, heads of the villages and NGOs, I will try to

reduce this migration by providing the earning opportunities in the native places. This can be done through Self Help Groups which has percolated in the villages. It will also boost the vision of Make in India.

● With the Police Department of each district, the planning will be made to identify and catch the hidden criminals in the slums without harassment of the innocents.

As the urban cities are developing and the rural backwardness remains as it is, the problem of migration will be progressive in nature. There is a need of creating earning opportunities in the villages and other backward areas. This can be done with the help of Start Up program of government and make people entrepreneur rather than job seeker to make the vision of “New India” successful. Also the facilities like electricity, hospitals and education should be made easily accessible and affordable.2. You are posted as a senior bureaucrat in one of the union territories of India. The government of the union territory and the lieutenant governor has been locked in a bitter confrontation over the appointment and transfer of senior bureaucrats. The post of joint secretary of Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) has been vacant for some time and needs to be filled urgently. You have been appointed by the government and one of your batch mates has been appointed on the same post by the LG under the directions of Central Home Ministry.




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Both of you have been ordered to take the charge and start working as the joint secretary of ACB which is the initiative of the union territory government. Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain the implications of such a standoff? What steps you can take on your side to resolve this situation? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The given situation shows the lack of cooperative federalism and overlapping of powers of constitutional agent and the representatives and elected government. Other issues involves in the above situations are:

● Credibility of constitutional and government authorities which is a common good ● Conflict between legality of appointment and its rationality ● Political interest is dominating the public interest as the seat of the joint secretary of ACB is vacant from

months ● Injustice is being done to the citizens who are affected due to corruption activities which could be prevented

if the appointment has been done earlier. ● Efficiency and work culture of the organization ● Corruption may enhance due to non-functioning of ACB ● Lack of emotional intelligence

Different perspectives 1. Politically it is an issue of egoism which has been raised due to the clashing of egos of UT government

and LG. Instead of cooperation and welfare of society they are involved in their personal aspirations. Due to such standoff the trust deficit widens between state and the citizens.

2. In the context of Constitution, the very purpose of cooperative federalism remains only on paper. The tussle between both is defying the authority of the constitution.

3. When such important posts like joint secretary of ACB remains vacant it goes against the national interest. The discrepancies and the hype of cases of corruption may increase and which may result in the unfair distribution of burden leading to exploitation of common people.

4. The ambiguity in whose decision stands above preventing the institution from doing its duty. It may disrupt the relation between the bureaucrats and the government which is a loss of administrative capital.

I will try to resolve this situation with the help of following steps: ● First I will have a discussion with my batch mate. As we know each other from long time, we will have a

better understanding which might help in resolving this standoff. Consensus can be built if the intention (social interest) same.

● As a senior bureaucrat, I have good relations with my seniors thus I will take their suggestions to solve this issue.

● I may write to the Central and UT Government and tell them about the socio-economical loss due to this stand-off.

● Finally, if no solution is coming out and as the public interest stands for me above all, I will take the call of my conscience and start working as per the rules of the institution.

● I can also resign from the post but it will be against the Kant’s categorical imperative of duty. For a sustainable solution of such stand-off, I may ask an NGO or my family member to file a petition in the court and also with the Inter State Council for the hearing of this issue. As Supreme Court is the protector of the rights of the people, it will definitely find the solution to maintain smooth working of the public institution.3. Amit Kumar has been appointed as a senior Superintendent of Police in one of the communally sensitive districts of Uttar Pradesh. A terrorist involved in a serial bomb blast case has been given capital punishment recently. A local communal organization has asked the police for the permission to carry out a procession on the day of execution of death penalty. The organization also wants the police authorities to allow the funeral prayers be held on the streets of locality where the terrorist used to live. The situation is very sensitive as many in the community to which the terrorist belong feels that justice has not been done to the terrorist. Such prayers are usually done at the place of burial itself. Amit has been asked to take the decision regarding the permission. Allowing such activities may lead to communal clashes and not allowing them can further fuel the negative sentiments of the community towards the government.




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Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain what decision Amit should take under such scenario. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : The main idea of the case is sense of injustice may creep in the community which would break interdependence and social unity. It is an administrative challenge to not allow sense of deprivation and marginalization while respecting sentiments of all communities. Values and issues involved in the case:

● Rule of law ● Legitimacy of state ● Internal security and tough stand over terrorism ● Issue of death sentence: capital punishment cases more in case of particular community leading to a sense

of injustice ● Rights of organization to air their views by a procession ● Respect to the decision of judiciary ● Sentiments of people affected by the serial bomb blasts ● Virtues of Mr. Amit Kumar- He would not like to be seen as a person apathetic towards the community.

From the perspective of the communal organization, taking out procession is like raising their voice against the presumed injustice. They feel that, by accepting their demands, Police can generate some positive sentiments in their community. Procession as the form of expression is the constitutional right. But procession may raise emotional anxiety and there are chances of communal clashes as the communal organization will be organizing procession. Also no right is absolute and can be restricted on grounds of national security and law and order. From the perspective of Police, the situation is very sensitive. It is their duty to maintain law and order in such testing times. Police has to balance the requirements of maintaining law and order and the religious sentiments of a community. For the Police, the procession cannot be allowed, as it means support to a terrorist. It will mean dishonoring the lost lives of innocent people. Also, the funeral prayer may cause severe inconvenience to the general public. Though the Police are also willing to remove the negative sentiments of the community, but unreasonable demands cannot be accepted. This may also give chance to the terrorists to indoctrinate youth by showing them the dream of glorified death. Allowing the procession may also challenge the legitimacy of the state as glorification of the convict martyr will create negative sentiments for the government. From the perspective of common man, the procession doesn’t reflect well on the community, as it shows their support to a terrorist. There can be no justification whatsoever, to support a terrorist. The terrorist was convicted by due process of law. By calling it injustice, the community is also disrespecting our judicial system which may further lead to contempt of court proceedings. In my view Amit Kumar should allow prayer at the place of the resident of the convict but not the procession because:

● Gathering for prayer is easy to administer ● Administration should not appear to be completely apathetic to sentiments of the community. ● Allowing processions will set a wrong precedent. ● Care must be taken that inconvenience is not caused to other members of the locality.

In long term root cause of sympathy for the terrorist and feeling of injustice has to be identified and appropriate steps must be taken. 4. You have been working as a district magistrate in a metropolitan city. It’s the month of June which often sees the development of dust storms in the city leading to very strong winds, poor visibility and dust particulate in air. These storms have the tendency to create many problems and chaos among the citizens through disruption of electricity supply and traffic jams. The city is highly populated with huge electricity demand and pressure on civic amenities. a) What steps you must take in order to mitigate the problems created by these dust storms?b) What shall be your action plan in case of any such emergency? (250 words, 20 marks)




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Answer : The case highlights the duty of government towards disaster risk preparedness. It should involve all stakeholders and a multipronged strategy has to be adopted – a) Good governance - A policy on local level to deal with dust storm must be formulated.b) Kit to better cope up with dust storm like breathing mask, airtight goggles etc. must be made available at

reasonable price. c) A trained team with equipments must be prepared to handle any emergency like infrastructural breakdowns. d) Municipality must be equipped with fund and functionaries to reduce the free soil surface, plant trees in

and around the city to break the speed of dust storms.e) regular check of infrastructure like electric poles etc and replacement of weak and old ones. f) Timely forecast and broadcast of storm dust Informationg) Information dissemination of good practices like sealing of houses on receiving the message of dust storm. h) Stress on value of fraternity, altruism and empathy among citizens to help each other during the time of

emergency.i) Civil service value of public service, dedication and spirit of service mist be shown by officials in risk

management. j) Training the civilians to handle such situations. Action plan in case of emergency – a) The trained team will be immediately deployed. b) Dissemination of information through radio, television, mobile etc to ask people to remain inside their

home and travellers to quickly seek refuge in nearby building.c) First aid must be made available at all primary health centres and hospitals. d) Traffic information must be given in real time to avoid congestion.e) When the storm subside health of infrastructure should be checked and quick replacement to avoid

disruption of electricity supply etc.f) Learning from each incident and better preparedness should be made a continuous process. Prevention is better than cure. In long term, studies can be there regarding the cause of dust storms and how they can be stopped from happening. 5. Mass cheating in examinations is not a recent phenomenon in India, In fact in recent times it has become organized. Recently Indian and foreign media featured prominently parents and relatives scaling school walls and buildings, to pass answer chits to students taking secondary school examinations in Bihar. It has dented India’s Image at global forum. With the advent of technology it has become more sophisticated. These rackets are run by Doctors, teachers, engineers, exam invigilators. In fact movies like Lage Rahe Munna Bhai had brought such issues into public notice still a stringent law to tackle the menace are a distant dream. Write your stand on the same and also suggest measures to tackle the menace. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : cheating in exam is an act of deceiving self and the system. Ethical issues involved are:

● It gives unfair advantage to the one who cheats, thus leading to injustice. ● Others are put to unfair competition. This will tempt them to indulge in cheating behaviour, especially

when more value is given to marks today. ● Cheating kills the motivation to work hard. Quality of dedication, perseverance etc. are diluted. ● Dignity and self-respect is lost. ● The habit to cheat continues later in life and results in corruption and administrative inefficiency. ● Cheating not only affects the person but also erode the values structure of society by setting a wrong

precedent. ● Will be detrimental to economy and professionalism as inefficient people will join the work force. ● People will lose trust in education system and certification (common good will be destroyed)

Such acts of cheating are a national shame and must be stopped as soon as possible. Following steps can be taken to control this menace:




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● Values like dignity, truthfulness, self-respect, honor, honesty, which are violated by cheating, must be nculcated in students from the very beginning.

● Strict action must be taken against regular offenders and even against those who assist students to cheat. ● Students must be encouraged to acquire knowledge, innovate and not just run before marks. They must be

taught failure must be seen as an opportunity to learn and improve. One should not run away from failure and use unfair means.

● Parents should not put pressure on students to race for better marks. Children must choose their subjects on the basis of their aptitude.

● The exam pattern should be changed to inculcate innovation and creativity among students rather than cramming bookish information. Open book exams can be held at different levels.

● Students must be given freedom to choose the subjects they like and they must not be forced to study subjects in which they have no aptitude, so that they are not forced to cheat.

● Technological up gradation, strengthening school management, accountability of school authority etc. will also help.

Thus, a multi-pronged strategy is required to bring about attitudinal changes among people towards the act of cheating. 6. One of the many unintended consequences of the growth of internet and information technology is the increasing exposure of people towards pornography and adultery. This is causing serious problems in many contexts. Analyze this problem in detail and indicate not only the socio-economic but also the emotional and cultural factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out—a) Why this tendency of watching pornography and cheating your spouse is increasing?b) What effects does it have on people across different age groups? c) What should be the role of government in this regard?What feasible steps can you suggest which will be effective in controlling this menace among juveniles? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : The internet and information technology has reduced the human efforts a lot but left humans with number of challenges. One of the challenges is pornography which has affected not only adults but also children as the accessibility, affordability and anonymity provided by the Web have put adult content right at their fingertips. Socio-economic factors responsible for this:

● Technological development makes computer, mobile-pones cheaper. ● Increased awareness and need of the internet. ● Affordability and accessibility of internet in every corner of the society. ● Transition of the society. ● Ignorant behaviour of parents towards their children. ● Importance given to the social wellbeing of the children rather than ethical being.

Emotional and Cultural factors: ● Commodification of women. ● Change in the nature of family – from joint family to nuclear family. ● Content of movies and TV serials has been changed which affects the emotional component. ● Lack of process of discipline and imbibing values in the schools and colleges. ● Increase in the moral deficit. ● Lack of emotional intelligence.

a) Why this tendency of watching pornography and cheating your spouse is increasing?As adult content is available free of cost, it increases the number of people watching it. Also there are no regulations as such which can deter one from watching it. Along with this factor, more encouragement to this tendency may get from the movies which show intimate scenes. This may bring an emotional change in the human being and increases his/her desire to watch porn videos.




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Pornography is one of the factors which may lead to adultery. Adultery is extramarital sex that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds. Due to emotional and behavioral change and also increased desire and expectation caused by watching pornography, there are chances of cheating with spouse. When men used porn, they tended to report lower levels of sexual intimacy in their real-life relationships so there can be a tendency to withdraw emotionally from the relationship.b) What effects does it have on people across different age groups? It affects people of almost all age groups.

● For children, in a young age where the priorities of the children should be education or sports, they get addicted to the pornography due to easy accessibility. This addiction may change their behaviour and also attitude which will make them to look every opposite gender through the prism of pornography. This leads to the heinous crimes like rape and tarnish whole life of the both victim and accused. If children above age of 12 indulge in the unsafe sexual relationship, then they have suffer from the diseases like AIDS.

● For Adults, it can ruin marriages, lead to sexual addiction or other unhealthy behaviors, and encourage sexual aggression. This results into the divorce, domestic violence, marital rape, adultery, stalking etc. It may also lead to lower self-esteem, poorer relationship quality and lower sexual satisfaction among people. In recent years, adultery increases the crimes like acid attacks which may encourage the other victims of adultery to demonstrate the same activities.

● At the age more than 50 or 55, we came to the cases of sexual abuse of younger family members. So this is changing the very culture of the family and making the family of human being like the family of animals.

c) What should be the role of government in this regard?As it is a duty of the government to prevent the citizen from such dangers they have to take steps against pornography without violating the rights of the people. Government cannot prohibit as it will come under the right to privacy but only can regulate it. Thus at first the separate regulatory body should be set up by the government by enacting a law for the regulation of the pornography. Deviant pornographies must be banned on all IP’s. Sex education highlighting the ill effect of pornography must be made compulsory in schools and colleges. Campaign for parents to look after their children’s behaviour and activities keenly. Parents should have a talk with their wards to prevent them from the addiction of pornography.

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Case Study Assignment 31. Sumit Kumar is working as the Chief Electoral Officer (CEO) in a state which is going to have state elections in the next few months. This state also has a poor record of voting ratio as very few people actually come out and vote. The central election commission is worried about the increasing number of MPs and MLAs with criminal background in the parliament and assemblies and has directed all the CEOs to take action in this regard. Sumit Kumar has been given extensive powers to adopt appropriate strategies to increase voting ratio and discourage criminal elements to enter the electoral process and make voters aware about whom they are voting for. The model if successful can be adopted in other states also and thus will do wonders for the career of Sumit Kumar?In this context, analyse the ethical dimension of growing criminal elements in politics and suggest with reasons what strategies Sumit Kumar can use to address the given problems? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Politics is the means to serve people. Politicians had great respect and trust right from time of freedom struggle. But criminal elements in politics have eroded people’s trust in democracy. Further, the basic premise of a democratic setup is to hold free and fair elections. However, criminals use money and muscle power to rig electoral process. It is clearly against our Constitutional and democratic ethos. Ethical issues are as follows:

● Constitutional obligation of conducting free and fair election is not fulfilled. ● Faith and trust of people in constitutional institutions get eroded. ● Violation of spirit of constitutionalism ● Injustice to people as unequal distribution of benefits and burdens takes place due to high corruption. ● Loss of social capital and poor value structure of society as politicians are role models for most people. ● Law making power goes in the hands of corrupt. Law breakers become law makers. This reduces respect

for laws and propensity to follow them. ● Common good of trust between government and people is lost ● Politicians are custodians of economy. Safety and effective use of public funds get jeopardized. ● Motivation of younger generation to join politics gets diluted. ● Frustration and dissonance in public which may lead to unrest, disorder and anarchy ● Image of a nation internationally is defined by its higher institutions. Politicians with criminal background

malign nation’s image and Indian Diaspora also feels less confident and apologetic abroad. ● Good governance becomes elusive

In democracy people gets what they deserve. Mr. Sumit faces twin challenges. He has to ensure increase in voting percentage as well as reduce criminal elements from entering politics.For increasing voter’s percentage:

● First of all he needs to identify the reasons for the problem. Some of the possible reasons for low voting percentage can be threat of extremists, migration to other areas, poor road connectivity, illiteracy, lack of electoral awareness etc. So, once the main problem is identified, steps can be taken to solve the problem. This will automatically help in increasing the voting percentage.

● If the reason is threat from extremists, then adequate security arrangements can be put in place. Also, people can be made aware of their electoral rights and encouraged to participate in the process, without any fear. If the reason is migration of people from the district, in search of jobs, then arrangements can be made for electronic voting or postal voting. This will ensure their participation in the process.

● If the reason is poor connectivity, then number of booths can be increased, to ensure that they are located in remote areas as well. Even some special arrangements can be made for providing cheap transportation facility. If the reason is illiteracy and lack of electoral awareness, then comprehensive awareness programme can be launched. Further model booths can be setup, with all facilities for people, to encourage them to vote.




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● Use persuasive techniques and role modeling. Award and recognition to blocks and village where highest voter turnout is there. This will bring collective responsibility in public. Incentives in the form of development fund can be given to such blocks and villages.

For discouraging criminal elements: ● Writing letters to each family urging them to effectively use their power of franchise; look into background

of candidate and exercise the power given to them by the constitution. ● To make people aware about the high correlation between corruption and criminalization of politics. ● Media shall be encouraged to highlight the information provided by the candidates in their registration

form for fighting the elections. ● Campaign expenditure, hate speeches during elections, distribution of liquor, money or any such goodies

must be prohibited through strict measures. ● Strict criteria should be put in place for verification of registration forms and those politicians having

serious criminal cases or convictions, should be rejected. ● Also, Police patrolling and searches in the area will be intensified in order to check use of black money in

the election process. Extra police check posts can be setup on all major entry points of the district. Local intelligence can also be activated to get information about movement of money, liquor etc.

Politics without morality is a sin as per Gandhiji. Reforms to decriminalize politics is imperative for the survival of democracy. 2. Ramesh has earned a reputation of a brave army officer having soft corners in his heart. He’s a father of two teenage daughters and a 7 year old son, with a caring wife. He is posted in Kashmir as the commanding Officer of a unit specialized in search and capture of terrorists from civilian areas. Right now, he is standing in front of a house in a village in Tral area of South Kashmir, with two hard core terrorists of Hizbul Mujahideen trapped inside. Ramesh is leading from the front along with a J&K police constable assisting him in this nerve breaking operation. The prize catch is inside, with all escape routes sealed perfectly. As the order to storm the house was to be given, a yelling voice shattered the uneasy calm.‘’Please don’t kill my son...’’ an old man with folded hands approached the officer. ‘’I will convince my son to surrender.’’ father of the trapped terrorist was on his knees. Ramesh is facing a very hard choice. To kill the militants or listen to the voice of a sobbing father?It is biting cold out there and Ramesh has to decide fast, either way--to storm the house or allow the father to go inside to make last attempt to convince his terrorist son to surrender. Allowing the man to go inside can jeopardize the whole operation and will also increase the risk of life for all soldiers including Ramesh. Analyze the situation and suggest what Ramesh shall do in such situation? Give reasons for your choice? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : The case poses ethical dilemma to Ramesh. His national duty to neutralise terrorists, professional approach towards the mission, safety of the battalion on one hand and considering plea of old man on compassionate ground on the other. Other issues in above case are:

● Terrorists are threat to the nation and its people (common good). ● Ramesh’s responsibility towards the J&K police constables. His duty to catch terrorist alive. Killing is

always a last option. ● Virtue of Ramesh – courage and bravery. ● Emotional intelligence of Ramesh. ● Empathy and compassion towards father ● Feeling of injustice among people. Not listening to father may resolve the situation in short term, but in

long term, it may lead to more terrorists. Following the law and objectivity in such situation is important as one wrong step may lead to death of many more. Ramesh should take following steps in this above situation:

● Controlling his emotions, he should focus only on the terrorists.




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● As all escape routes are sealed perfectly, terrorists may be caught alive. This may provide some links to the officers or investigating agencies about further planning of this organisation. However such steps should be taken carefully as there may be chances of terrorists blowing themselves.

● Ramesh should try to make terrorists surrender with the help of that old man whose son is one of the terrorists. Here old man can appeal his son from outside which can affect the emotional component of his son and may surrender himself.

● Ramesh should also try to persuade the terrorists to surrender themselves. It is true that some risk will be involved, but is worth taking. Nature of internal security problems is different as killing the enemy is not always a good solution. 3. You are the chairman of the administrative committee of IIT, Delhi. A trend has been noticed in the past few years that many students especially from the reserved category or government school background who cleared IIT JEE Exam with flying colors have failed in their first year only. Such students had to be expelled from the institute thus leading to wastage of highly sought after seats and also misery for the expelled students. Some of the factors for this drastic degradation in academic performance are: Poor communication skills; Low confidence; Discrimination by general category students; Adjustment to the new environment etc. Analyze the root causes affecting the performance of the students. As the chairman, what attitudinal and emotional strategies you can apply to reduce the rate of failures in the institute? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : The case presents a matter of grave concern, where students from reserved category are expelled from IITs for poor performance in the first year. The situation needs to be analysed in details in order to find appropriate strategy to deal with it.Reasons for poor performance:

● Many of these students come from vernacular-medium backgrounds. It becomes difficult for them to suddenly study and comprehend subjects in English.

● Further, many of these students find it difficult to cope up with the academic work load. They find the course work needed in premier institutes to be too much for them to handle.

● Along with this, they also face difficulty in adjusting to the new academic environment. They are not accustomed to such environment, as there is lot of difference between earlier institutions and the IITS.

● Their poor communication skill and lack of confidence also acts as a hindrance for them. They are not able to communicate their problems to the professor. This slowly alienates them in class. They feel left out of the race, where most of the students are quick to learn and understand.

● Sometimes they also have to face discrimination by the general category students as tag of caste always remain with them. Their background affects their future prospects.

For reducing the level of failure among students from reserved categories, multi-pronged strategy is needed. As the Chairman, some of the steps which I would take are as follows:(i) Counselling sessions: A professional counsellor needs to regularly counsel and motivate these students.

Emotional intelligence of counsellors will be useful in this. It is important for them to understand the emotions of these students and regulate them, in order to keep them motivated.

(ii) Extra classes: Organizing extra classes for the weak students will help them in coping with the course work. These classes can be taken by seniors or Teaching Assistants, which will help in reducing the communication gap as well.

(iii) Language proficiency classes: This will help them getting conversant in English. This will ease their pressure and give them confidence to communicate.

(iv) Easing their course requirement or the semester. This will help them to focus on fewer subjects and perform better.

(v) Attitudinal change of fellow students towards reserved category students is needed. This will help in bridging the gap between students and removing the isolation of reserved category students. For this persuasion and influence techniques can be used.




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(vi) Taking background into consideration, while dealing with students. Background-neutral approach makes the students from reserved categories to feel isolated. Background considerations need to be integrated in the academic process, at least in the first year.

(vii) Strict monitoring on activities like ragging, caste based remarks, discrimination etc. So, these measures can help in reducing failure of students from reserved category, in the institute.4. A minister’s son was driving a vehicle in a very rash and erratic manner. The traffic constable on duty at a traffic intersection stopped the vehicle. Suspecting that the boy driving is possibly drunk, he calls the patrolling group. They came and subject the boy to breath analyzer. The suspicion turns out to be correct. All this action took about one hour. In the mean while the boy was throwing tantrums and dropping names. He also made few calls and tried to slap the constable on duty. But the constable on duty remained undeterred. On the arrival at the police station, the SHO took the note of the situation but just before filing the case, he gets a call from his superior to release the boy without any arrest or fine. Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain what action shall SHO take in midst of such a dilemma? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : The case presents the difficulty officials face in performing their duty in context of pressure from superiors. It also shows how powerful people try to circumvent the law and violate the doctrine of rule of law.Values and issues involved in the case:

● Integrity vs. social wellbeing of the SHO ● Respect for rules, laws and authority ● Safety of general public due to rash driving ● Courage and dedication of constable in performing his duty ● Integrity and probity of superior of SHO ● Rule of law and equality before law ● De-motivation to lower officials where their decisions are overruled ● Image and reputation of traffic police department ● Work culture of the department. ● Dignity and respect of minister ● Inner conscience vs. external authority

SHO would be in dilemma to either uphold rule of law and equality before the law or listen to the oral order of the superior. Both the choices have certain merits and demerits.From the perspective of the minister’s son, he might be thinking that being son of a minister gives him freedom to do whatever he likes. He may feel that, the matter is very small and it shouldn’t be blown out of proportion. But it will lead to injustice to people as unfair distribution of benefits and burdens will take place. From the perspective of the SHO, the boy has committed an offence and he must be booked under law. There is pressure from the higher authorities, to release the boy, but the SHO needs to perform his duty impartially. His honesty, integrity and dedication to services are at stake. Handling such pressure is part of duty of the SHO and he must deal with it effectively. Not filing the case will be against the established law. SHO won’t be able to answer his conscience. Credibility and image of traffic police department may also get tarnished when things will come in open. Work culture would be destroyed and other officials will be encouraged to misuse their office. A wrong precedent will be set. But the structure of the department remains stable only because orders from seniors must be adhered to. Hence SHO much balance his conscience, duty to uphold law on one hand with authority of superiors on other hand. From the perspective of the Constable, a case must be registered against the boy, as he was caught with sufficient proof. He is performing his duty by reporting the matter. If no case is registered, and boy is let off, he would feel de-motivated to work with honesty and impartiality. From the perspective of the Minister, his son should be released without any case registered against him. Though, it would mean misuse of his authority for his personal gains, but still he is trying to influence the




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process. It is also against his integrity as a minister. As a representative of the people, they should not set wrong examples. Considering these, the SHO should register a case against the boy, as letting him go would mean dereliction of duty. It would set a trend, which would go against the service rules of the police. Further, there cannot be selective imposition of law, depending upon stature of the person. Law should be imposed equally against everyone. Doing this will also help in motivating his juniors to work with full dedication to the public services. If he is forced to release minister’s son, then he must ask for a written order from superior and make it clear to others in the department that law is same for everyone. 5. You are Superintendent of Police of district X. Numerous complaints regarding law and order situation are coming from different sections of society. Go through the problems enumerated below and provide a solution for the problems:a) Station Officer of one police station of district X is openly indulged in corrupt practices and is demanding

money from every citizen to register First Information Report.b) A big businessman of district X was embroiled with an argument with supporters of a ruling party

MLA. During this heated argument, one supporter shot the businessman with his pistol. Due to this incidence, business community of the area is quite frightful and few business houses have closed their shops and left the district. (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer : As a Superintendent of Police it’s my duty to maintain the peaceful environment of the district. Following are ethical issues involved -

● Rights: violation of right to get services of government without corruption ● Justice: unjust behaviour of supporters of station officer and MLA and burden is shifted to the section of

businessmen who left the district. ● Value: integrity, probity in profession, accountability of MLA of ruling party, emotional intelligence of

the culprit, ● Common good – trust between police department and citizens, tolerant and peaceful society. ● Integrity versus well-being of SP

a) Taking money for registering FIR is against the law. Moreover, under Indian criminal law, the informant is entitled to get a copy of the first information report lodged by him at the police station free of cost. Also as he is indulged in the corrupt practices openly, it became demonstrative for his subordinates and open ways for further corruption.

Solution: At first the Station officer should be suspended as he is offender and should be punished for the exploitation of people. After suspension the fresh case should be launched against him for corrupt practices and transparent investigation should be ordered. This will deter others from involving in the exploitative and corrupt practices. Also there should be awareness campaigns for – how to file FIR and it is free of cost- with the help of other officials. Taking source from the Prevention of Corruption Act, first I will warn all the officials not to involve in the corruption. And simultaneously there will be a drive against the corruption done by any officials in the past time.b) In this, the fearful environment has been prevailing in the district which should be cleared as soon as

possible. Solution: FIR should be filed against the culprit. The investigation should be carried out how he has the pistol and how many such supporters carry it. Also the MLA should be summoned for further investigation. The assurance should be given to the business community and proper provision will be done for their security. The businessmen who have left the district should be pursued for coming back. It needs a confidence building measures as they are fearful of the environment and at present lack emotional intelligence and courage. In both situations I have to play a vital role. With my all courage and dedication I have to make the environment stable. Also by providing proper evidences against the culprit, he should be punished for attempting murder.




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By achieving this, the justice will be delivered to the businessmen and the workers who became jobless due to closure of the business houses. Abiding with the Constitution and as a civil servant, it’s my duty to defend the rights of the citizen and work for their welfare. Thus showing all integrity towards my profession, I have to warn MLA for not controlling his supporters. Also if I found, in the investigation, the MLA has some interest in these acts then without any ill-will and fear I will take strict actions against him.6. You are a professor in a district college. You are also acting as an advisor for a college student, Abdul, who is in your department. Abdul is also editor of a college magazine, in which he contributes articles and essays. He asks you to proof read his essay before he submits it. You routinely cross check his work and discover that many parts of the work have been taken from the internet verbatim with no quotation marks or citations. What are you supposed to do? Analyze the situation and suggest a course of action to monitor the future behaviour of Abdul without irreparably damaging his career. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Above case involves the issue of violation of Intellectual Property Rights. Abdul’s act can amount to cheating and as I am his guide, I can be held accountable for this violation. If it came in front of the public or the owner of the data which Abdul copied, he along with me can be sued for this act. This will damage carrier of both of us. Other issues:

● Abdul has diverted from the value of honesty and indulged in the act of cheating. ● It may lower my trust on Abdul for further work of college magazines. ● Also if I ignore his act it will be injustice with the other students as it will deny them right to equality. ● Status and reputation of college is a common good which can be damaged due to such flawed magazines. ● Lack of accountability on my part as I was responsible for cross checking and my earlier ignorant nature

may have encouraged him. ● Cheating may become the habit of Abdul and may get repeated in other endevours of life.

Keeping in mind that I am a professor of a college and also Abdul’s guide, I will take following steps:1. I will educate him of all the IPR related laws and ask him to strictly follow them.2. All the content in contradiction of IPR laws must be cancelled and must also be put down from the

institutions website. 3. As a guide, I will provide him some source which will not be in contradiction of laws.Students later have to be become a law abiding citizens apart from being hardworking. Following IPR laws will tech both the virtue.

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Case Study Assignment 41. You are senior manager in one of a MNC. One day you receive a harassment complaint from one of your female employee against Mr. X, a star performer of the software development unit. Mr. X is leading a major project of the company after which the company will be eligible to bag government contracts. On preliminary investigation you find that Mr. X is liable for the offence. At this juncture, serving a suspension notice to him or setting up a departmental inquiry will have serious repercussions on the project in particular and image of the company in general.You have the following options. a) Ignore the issue as giving warning or initiating an enquiry will have repercussions on the company’s

image.b) Giving a warning to Mr. X.c) Assure the female for a stringent action so that she may remain quite till the completion of Project and

then initiating an action.d) Initiating an action against Mr. X as the act done by him should have zero tolerance What will be your stand in the above mentioned scenario? (300 words, 25 marks)Answer: As an executive director, the present situation puts me in a dilemma where I have to choose between company’s profitability and efficiency or acknowledging the basic rights and self-respect of my women employees. Being very effective and hard working at work place does not make a person free from any kind of criminal liability. Following are other issues and values involved – a) Work culture of the organisation.b) Justice of the victim.c) Demonstrative effect to other employees.d) The issue comes under the act of sexual harassment at work place. a) Ignore the issue: Not taking any action would save the star performer of the company which will further

increase the profitability, brand value and efficiency of the company. However work culture of the organisation will suffer. Male employees will think that they can do anything

if they are efficient. Daniel Goleman asserts that 80% of success at work place is due to emotional quotient and 20% due to intelligence quotient. Such inaction will de-motivate other women employees thus reducing their efficiency or they may also leave the organisation thus loosing competent work force.

It will also be set a bad example in the society and will reinforce the stereotype that it is not good for women to work.

Such inaction will also hurt the dignity of victim and will take away her right to work. Sexual harassment results in violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality under articles 14 and 15 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and to live with dignity under article 21 of the Constitution and right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business under article 19(1)(f), which includes a right to a safe environment free from sexual harassment.

Also it will not be virtuous for me to go with the first option. I will be guilty in my own court of conscience. b) Giving a warning to Mr. X.: Giving warning seems to be correct initially as it is a middle course and

will pacify the situation without doing harm to my company. However, as per the details, my company is new in the market and any bad name or lenient handing may bring criticism. Secondly it is also against the law. If Mr. A is found guilty, a complaint should be immediately lodged with the local police under the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 that seeks to protect women from sexual harassment at their place of work.

c) Assure the female for a stringent action so that she may remain quite till the completion of Project and then initiating an action.




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Justice delayed is justice denied. Victim will keep suffering emotionally and psychologically until perpetrator is punished. Further, more such incident can happen before completion of the project. Victim out of feeling of injustice may complain to police and other authorities. In such case there would be loss of reputation to the company and government contract may never be given.

d) Initiating an action against Mr. X as the act done by him should have zero tolerance: This option seems to be most appropriate. A committee with appropriate women members should be constituted to investigate the matter within a specified time frame and Mr. A will be punished accordingly. Strict action against Mr. A will increase the motivation of all employees; more trust and openness will be there leading to increased work efficiency. My company will develop a good name in the market for its ethical conduct and it is also quite possible that I’ll get an even better employee as the replacement of Mr. A.

Individual employees are not bigger that the company. For long term interest of the company individuals must align themselves with the organisational value. 2. You are Project Director of MNREGA in a district. Consider the following problems and give your

solutions:a) There have been widespread allegations by the opposition parties that the ruling party MLA and

contractor have siphoned money and no money was given to laborers.b) Muster roll of the laborers was not maintained well by the gram Panchayats due to which there was

anomaly between work done and payments given. Moreover, payments were given in the name of fictitious persons, whose identity cannot be verified.

c) Many persons of village who were in need of work were not given job card and work. In their places, other not very needy people were given work.

Also discuss the ethical issues involved in the given situation? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Given situation shows the lack of accountability & transparency and presence of huge corrupt practices which involves public servants and the businessmen. This situation has been created due to not performing the duty by the respective person at each level. Also it is depicting the issue of nexus between the public representative and the businessmen. Ethical issues involve:

● Loss of probity in governance. ● Widespread corruption by the public representative which has been trickle down to the panchayat level. ● Absence of good governance on the part of officials at the Panchayat level ● Injustice with the poor people of the villages on whom the unnecessary burden has shifted ● Breach of trust of the poor people which is a common good. ● Violation of right to equal opportunity (Article 16 of Indian Constitution). ● Lack of Integrity and Probity in the public services. ● Values like Courage and fortitude on my part are at stake as the allegations are against the ruling party

MLA and the contractor. a) There have been widespread allegations by the opposition parties that the ruling party MLA and contractor

have siphoned money and no money was given to laborers.The thorough investigation should be ordered in this case with the help of Separate Investigation Committee. Those who are associated with the schemes such as the MLA, contractors under whose project the people are working and other public servant should be summoned for investigation. Siphoning of money should be registered under the Money Laundering Act and the Prevention of Corruption Act. The District SP should be given the responsibility of the case along with the investigation officers from Anti-Corruption Bureau. Those who are found guilty should be tried and punished according to the law. Also the guilty should be put on naming and shaming list which will set the deterrence and prevent such acts in other central schemes like MGNREGA as it is a PAN India schemes and has more chances of corruption.




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b) Muster roll of the laborers was not maintained well by the gram Panchayats due to which there was anomaly between work done and payments given. Moreover, payments were given in the name of fictitious persons, whose identity cannot be verified.

Not maintaining the muster roll is the root cause of this situation. The in-charge of muster roll should be summoned for the explanation of this poor governance. Also he/she should be tried for not performing their duty and encouraging the nepotism and corruption. According to the criteria of the beneficiary of the scheme, all people who are working under this scheme should be verified again in a phase manner. Also the survey of the district should be carried out for identifying the beneficiary for preparing a new record. This will filter the unidentified persons on whose name the payments have been released. It will help the administration for maintaining the muster and will be able to allocate proper beneficiary.c) Many persons of village who were in need of work were not given job card and work. In their places, other

not very needy people were given work.Here I have to take some quick measures as the persons are in a dire need of work. With the help of Below Poverty Line cards, those who need work in an urgent manner can be given temporary cards making them eligible for job. The selection of beneficiary should be done in such a manner that there should be only one person from a household till the survey of beneficiaries gets completed. It will help in identifying the people who are not eligible under the prescribed criteria. And the optimum utilization of the resources can be done. After completing the survey the permanent job cards should be issued only to the eligible persons. The notification should be provided to the officials for maintaining the musters in a digital form. Also the remuneration should be transferred to the bank accounts of the beneficiaries with the help of Jan-Dhan Account. This will also remove the loopholes and the middlemen who were diverting the people’s money. As a public servant, it is my duty to aware the people of their rights. For this purpose, there will be an awareness campaign about the scheme when the survey is being conducted. Also people should take stand in such situation. There is a need of social audit which will be done with the people’s participation. Also along with the social audit, I will try to encourage the people to participate in preparing the Citizen Charter. For a long term, under the Digital India Program of Central Government, the Unique Identification Code should be provided to each person under this scheme. This will reduce the involvement of the fictitious names and channelize the public money in the required direction. 3. Domestic LPG is heavily subsidized by the Government of India and every cylinder that we use in our kitchen carries a substantial subsidy. This translates to a huge annual subsidy burden on the Government, draining precious resources which otherwise could have been used in developmental activities. You have been assigned a duty to run a Nation Wide campaign to aware the abled citizen to give up the subsidy as it will benefit the poor and needy. How will you design and lead the campaign to ensure its success? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Above case demands the power of persuasion of government and its officials which would depend on the social capital. The value of empathy and compassion of citizens towards the poor section of the society will also be checked. Ethical issues involve:

● Fiduciary responsibility of government to effectively use funds at disposal. ● Right of the needy and poor people. ● Persuasion and leadership qualities in me as I have to lead the campaign and persuade the people. ● Emotional intelligence required in the citizens to appreciate the fact that there are more needy people. ● Behavioral and attitudinal change in the able people to help the poor. ● Trust and confidence in government that subsidy forgone will be effectively utilized. ● Social justice and equality

As said by Gandhiji, “The world has enough for everyone’s needs, but not everyone’s greed”, I have to persuade the able people to give up their subsidies for the sake of their own needy people. I will take the following steps for making this campaign successful:




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a) As I have to run a nationwide campaign, first I have to give up the subsidies I and my family members are enjoying (if any).

b) There should be a top-down approach for this campaign. I have to persuade the higher authorities, right from President to the Sarpanch of panchayat to give up the privileges they are enjoying from the taxpayer’s money. This will motivate the other people to give up their subsidies (role models).

c) Also as a part of persuasion I can urge people to follow the Gandhi’s Talisman which says that “Recall the face of the poorest and the weakest man whom you may have seen and ask yourself if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him.”

d) Various benefits of giving up LPG subsidy like reduced wood burning, less incidences of forest fire, women empowerment etc should be consolidated and popularized.

e) Celebrities and public figures should campaign for the same. This will affect the emotional component of the people leading to greater attitude formation.

f) Each school of the country should be directed to aware the children and their parents about the importance of this campaign. This will not only help in able parents giving up the subsidies but also the attitudinal change in the children for taking such initiative in the future.

g) A certificate of appreciation to each family giving up the subsidy can be given by a higher constitutional authority.

h) Illustration of successful stories must be popularized.i) Ranking of districts and states can be done. In long term, the government has to take some strong decisions by clearly stating the criteria for availing the LPG subsidies. The new initiative like linking of Aadhar number and transferring the subsidies in the account can be used for its better implementation.4. You are working as the Human Resource Manager of an organization. Chief Executive Officer of the company has called a meeting to get your feedback on Vijay Singh, Head of Production. Vijay Singh is hardworking but very bossy type of person. Vijay is about five years from retirement. His department has a high turnover rate. There have been several complaints on company surveys about him from his department and from outside his department. But Vijay also is a talented person who adds a vast amount of needed knowledge and experience to the company. He is extremely dedicated to the company. He has been with the company for 35 years and he reports directly to the president. He even feels that HR should do a better job in screening people. What suggestions do you have for the Chief Executive Officer on how to deal with Vijay Singh and develop a personal improvement plan? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : The cases of bossy person often found in the organisation, it may be private or public. In such cases the issues of organization’s benefit and work culture clashes with each other. Here the need of change in attitude and behaviour of Vijay is important. But it has been 35 years as Vijay is working with company, the job seems difficult.Ethical issues involve:

● Ego and lack of humility on part of Vijay. ● Injustice to and loss of dignity of other employees, in spite of their good work. ● Right to fair treatment of other employees. ● Work culture is a common good. ● Satisfaction of other employees is important than one person for the future of organisation.

Following suggestion I will give to the CEO: ● To have a discussion with Vijay about his behaviour in the organisation. ● To add a protocol of humble behaviour with colleagues in the rules of organisation. ● Vijay should be made to check the complaint box every week and work on it. ● There is a need of making him realize that the organisation is the fruit of collective efforts and not of an

individual effort.




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A personal improvement plan: ● As Vijay want a better screening process of people, I will ask him for his suggestion to make him

comfortable with me. Socratic method can be used in this regard. ● Later I will have a discussion with him about the change in behavior of Ashoka and Angulimar with the

help of thoughts of Buddha. ● I will ask the employees who are frequently in his contact to give him very humble, compassionate and

graceful reply with whenever he uses his bossy attitude. ● I will also put the Gandhiji’s thought in front of Vijay that “Service without humility is selfishness and

egoism” and try to make him realize in spite of his talent people doesn’t have respect for him.As a Human Resource Manager, it is my duty to maintain the good work culture in the organisation. With dedication and wisdom I can solve this problem. With the help of the employees and CEO, the change can be made in the Vijay’s behaviour which will be win-win situation for all.5. You are a civil servant, living with your parents and wife. You have a part time domestic help who perform all important household works. You find that your mother and wife both ill-treat her in spite of her hard and sincere work. Whenever, you raise the issue of ill treatment, both your mother and wife rebuke you and say that this is the only way through which domestic work is taken from someone. You are unhappy because of the conduct of your mother and wife. Analyze the situation from ethical perspectives and explain: (250 words, 20 marks)(a) What are the options available to you?(b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would adopt, giving reasons.Answer : This case shows the issue of deep rooted prejudices in the mind of my mother and wife. Both mother and wife have stuck to the specific attitude towards the domestic help. Also their rationality is dominated by the prejudices, that is, they are under the veil of ignorance.Ethical issues involved:

● Lack of empathy and compassion in wife and mother. ● Lack of emotional intelligence. ● Unethical practices among educated Indians. ● Injustice with the domestic help or made as she is facing the burden of prejudices ● Right to dignified life of the domestic help is at stake. ● Ethical dilemma - conflicting priorities will create crisis of conscience for me. ● My values of courage and wisdom are at stake. ● Stereotypes and prejudice in Indian society.

(a) What are the options available to you? I have following options to cope up with this situation:

● I should remove the domestic help. ● I should maintain the status quo. ● I should break the prejudice of my family members using some innovative ideas.

(b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would adopt, giving reasons.1. I should remove the domestic help. Removing the domestic help is very easy for me and she will be

rescued from ill-treatment. However, this will be injustice to her as despite of her hard work and loyalty she has been removed and will shift the burden on her due to her unemployment. Also it will be against my rational behaviour as a civil servant and create crisis of conscience for me. The same behaviour will continue with the new domestic help.

2. I should maintain the status quo. As it is a household matter my wife and mother will deal with her. I won’t interfere, my family member will not rebuke on me. However it will be against the Kant categorical imperative which says that running away from the duty is cowardness. It is against the virtues of prudence and courage of civil servant. It may also lead to crises of conscience and integrity in civil services also require a civil servant to maintain ethics in personal relations.




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3. I should break the prejudice of my family members using some innovative ideas. As a civil servant, I have a best tool of persuasion to cope up with such situation. As my wife and mother are under the influence of prejudices this can be break only with the rational reasoning with them. Using my wisdom I will make them realize that not all domestic help are of same nature. They also have a right to dignified life. If they continue with such behaviour, domestic help can accuse them of misbehavior and exploitation.

● I will try to find some strength of the domestic help to improve her stature and make my mother and wife to appreciate her.

● I will ask them to show affection and love towards her and notice the improvement in performance and efficiency of her work.

● Also with the help of Gandhi’s Talisman I will try to realize them the importance of good behaviour with the poor section of society.

If my family members behave with her decently, she will also respect them and be more trustworthy for our family. It is a principle of give respect take respect. Breaking their prejudice is also good for them in other aspect of life. 6. You are Sub Divisional Officer of the district electricity board. Numerous complaints are coming from the ground level officials as well as public. Go through the problems enumerated below and provide a solution for the problems:a) Numerous cases of power theft are coming from a slum area near the posh locality are coming before

you. The local MLA and few officials are actively encouraging the slum people to do power theft in return of money.

b) Many people have tempered their electricity meters, due to which though they use all appliances their bills are coming less, thus creating loss to the electricity department.

c) The electricity wiring is broken due to recurrent storm in the district during July month. Due to this power supply is broken frequently. (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: The act of corruption along with the violation of law is prevailing in the above case. The elements of the government are involved in the act of theft and earning illicit money. Law makers have become the law breakers in this case. Ethical issues involve:

● Theft of government services is unethical and against the law. ● Electricity line is a common good. Disruption will affect many citizens. ● Lack of integrity on the part of public officials. ● Electricity is a common good and such act is destroying and diverting it to the other side. ● It is violating the right to equality of other people who are paying for the electricity. ● Corruption and poor governance. ● This will shift the burden on other people in the form of increased cost of electricity. ● Breach of trust by elected representative and public servants.

a) Cases of power theft in slum areas. The first step should be to stop the slum people who are indulging in this theft. The day-night petroleum with the help police officers should be ordered. Through this the culprits should be caught red handedly. This will spread message within the slum and act as the preventive measures for future theft. Also with proper investigation the FIR must be filed against those who are encouraging the act of theft of electricity. Local MLA may favor this for making a strong vote bank. He can be booked for violating the code of conduct of public representative and the oath taken by him while assuming this post.

The group consisting of slum people and the ground level officials should be made for keeping checks on the people who are indulged in this act. This will put the responsibility on the slum people which will prevent other from the act of theft.

b) Tempering electricity meters. Recent days this issue of tempering with electricity meters is increased. This is a result of domino effect which causing heavy revenue loss to the electricity board. The digital




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electricity meters should be provided to the people so that there will be no chance of tempering with it. Also there should be a study of electricity bills of the households for half year at least. This will provide

some credentials about the consumption of the electricity by household. If any sudden change in the bill observe, the household should be asked for its reasons. This will also imbibe the discipline in the people for using electricity properly.

(c) The electricity wiring is broken. I will ask to the officials of Electricity Board to prepare a report of the broken infrastructure of electricity. Based on that report the proposal should be sent to the electricity department of the state. Also with an immediate effect, the repairing of wiring of the areas consisting hospitals and schools should be carried out.

Long term solutions: ● Reasons behind such behaviour of the slum people should be studied and resolved. ● The respective officials should be made accountable if any revenue loss is observed. ● Social Audit should be done on regular basis which will save the social capital. ● The Citizen Charter should be designed in such a way that emphasis on the duties of the people rather

than rights. ● The infrastructure should be build which can tolerate the natural calamities like such storms for example

underground system of electricity. ● The use of solar power should be promoted for the slum people, which will also be affordable for them

and in line with the International Solar Mission.

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Case Study Assignment 51. It has been observed over a period of time, that many private hospitals in Delhi do not cater to the needs of poor sections of the society. Under land allotment agreement between the government of Delhi and private hospitals, private hospitals are obliged to provide 25% of their beds to the patients from Economically Weaker Sections (EWS). In return these hospitals get huge concessions in land prices. However, hospital management argues that the hospitals don’t get enough patients from EWS category. Only when the EWS beds remain unfilled, then only they are allotted to those patients who have the capacity to pay for the expenses. You are posted as the secretary to the Health Department of Delhi. The matter has been referred to you for your opinion. Analyze the situation and explain various reasons which have led to this situation and what steps you can suggest to resolve it. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Issues and values involved in the case:i. Respecting land allotment agreement.ii. Governance efficiency to enforce the agreement.iii. Right to affordable health care.iv. Social inclusiveness; empathy toward economically weaker section; responsibility of stronger section of

society toward weakerv. Integrity and public image of private hospitals.vi. Right of private hospitals to earn profit from vacant seats.Reasons which have led to this situationi. Inadequate dissemination of information about the provision.ii. Lack of motivation in private hospitals to complete the 25% target.iii. Psychology of poor against private hospitals.iv. Lack of compassion shown by hospital staff which keeps EWS away.v. Commercialization and lack of professional conduct in health sector.Steps to resolve the issue:i. Online tracking of EWS seats. If seats remain vacant then transfer of cases from other overburdened

private and government hospitals.ii. If private hospitals charge money from patients using vacant seat of EWS then part of the money should

be used for capacity building in government hospitals.iii. Information dissemination – taking help of ward commissioners, local bodiesiv. Persuading private hospitals to complete the target by award and recognition, strict action and fine in case

of voluntary non-compliance based on patient feedback.v. Informing poor people of their rights through citizen charters in every hospital. vi. Use of citizen’s chartervii. Frequent and surprise inspectionsviii. Strong grievance redressal mechanism. Thus, immediate action is required to uphold social justice and health of poor who can’t afford expensive treatments. 2. Drought has been declared in one of the states of India. People from different backgrounds are facing distress and economic hardships because of crop failure. For undertaking relief measures, funds are available with State Government in the form of State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF). For the distribution of funds in an optimum manner, all the District Collectors (DC) have been assigned the duty of identifying the effected people and making a list of beneficiaries. You are one of these DCs and as per the orders, you have made a list of all beneficiaries in the most scientific and objective manner, and have transferred it to the state government.




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However, there is a problem. Money under SDRF is limited and all the beneficiaries cannot be covered in the first phase of distribution. You have been told to make a list of beneficiaries in order of most vulnerable to least vulnerable, and distribute funds accordingly. The people facing distress under your area of responsibility include:

● Marginal farmers ● Big farmers having huge piece of land ● Farmers working on land leased from rich landlords ● Farmers belong to backward classes ● Tribals whose only source of income is farming and forest products ● Widows of farmers who have committed suicide ● Farmers involved in fishery and livestock ● Old age farmers who have no support system

As civil services officer of the State, what would be the order in which you would distribute funds among these people in different phases and why? Give justifications. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : This case brings out practical reality where economic constraint brings limitation on our empathetic and compassionate actions. It is the duty of state to serve every citizen equally but when resources are limited, the government has to develop a criterion to make a just decision. The State Governments are primarily responsible for taking necessary relief measures during natural calamities like drought. Government of India (GOI) supplements efforts of State Government with financial assistance and logistical support.The virtue of objectivity and impartiality will guide a civil servant to make the vulnerability list in the order of most vulnerable to least vulnerable. Following could be one such list:i. Old age farmers who have no support system: They are most vulnerable as they are neglected by

society and are left to fend for themselves. Due to old age they have certain degree of physical handicap to strive and find other means of survival. Their chance of being able to borrow money is also minimal.

ii. Widows of farmers who have committed suicide: Their source of income is now cutoff after suicide of their husband. There is also high emotional vulnerability attached. They have multiple responsibilities of children as well as in laws. Discrimination against widows is also rampant in society which calls for greater and early government support for them.

iii. Farmers working on land leased from rich landlords: They are in double repression due to reduced farm income caused by draught and lease that they have to pay for the land. If not helped, they will fall back into debt trap and their well-being will suffer in the long term. However, they can sustain for some time by doing other work.

iv. Marginal farmers: Mostly marginal farmers practice subsistence farming with no or little saving and hence their survival is in danger due to prevailing drought. But they don’t have to pay any lease and can wait a little longer than marginal farmers.

v. Tribals whose only source of income is farming and forest products. Tribals are most secluded class in our society. They are shy and less likely to seek or get help from main stream population. Drought will also affect forest produce and increase vulnerability of tribals. But yet they know how to survive such periods without much external help. Thus, they can wait for a little longer time than other vulnerable groups.

vi. Farmers belonging to backward classes: Their vulnerability is aggravated by social vulnerability in terms of financial and other help from the society.

vii. Farmers involved in fishery and livestock. Fishery and livestock provides hedge against drought. So such farmers are relatively less vulnerable.

viii. Big farmers having huge piece of land. Big farmers generally practice extensive farming and have high savings. So they have resilience against one or two seasons of droughts. These big farmers also assure food security in the state as they produce a large chunk of agricultural output. But this can be managed by the buffer stocks of the government.




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These farmers are also vulnerable as their loss due to crop failure will be highest. But being relatively well off they have social responsibility to share greater burden of the society. They also have better chance of getting loan from banks. The above order will change depending upon special schemes that government may be running or plan to bring in favour of certain class like monetary compensation to widow of farmers who committed suicide, interest subvention schemes, and special schemes for tribals or backward classes.Even those who may not get financial help from State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) should be given emotional support by local leaders and officials. 3. Sunita is a brilliant student with lot of interest in biology and medical sciences. She wants to seek admission in medical stream in a private collage because she missed the cut off to get admission in government run medical colleges. Her father has sufficient wherewithal and he has no objections to pay the heavy fee structure for private medical education. However, Sunita’s grandfather as well as mother say that, what is the use of spending so much money on daughter as eventually she would go to somebody else’s family. It is better to keep money for her marriage or for their son’s requirement, who will look after the family.Assess the attitudinal differences between father and daughter on one side and grandfather and mother on the other side and its repercussions on society. How Sunita can persuade her family to allow her to become a doctor? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Above case shows the deep rooted prejudices and discrimination against girl’s education. The case forces us to recall the age old saying, “beti paraya dhan hoti hai” (daughters are others asset). There is an assumption that the father has responsibility of spending in the daughter’s marriage. There is also a stereotype that only boys have a responsibility to look after their family.Attitude of Grandfather and mother:

● Father should not spend money on the daughter’s education which is injustice with the Sunita as she can’t explore her potential and achieve her dream.

● Sole responsibility of son looking after family is a stain on the dignity and respect of Sunita as a female. It is violating her right to dignified life.

● Such attitude encourages the gender discrimination and this can be carry forward by the Sunita’s brother in his future.

● Grandparents owe to imbibe good values in their grandchildren. This attitude is destroying the importance of this relation.

Attitude of Sunita and her father: ● Both have a positive attitude and thought process beyond the gender discrimination and prejudices. ● Sunita’s father does not compromise with her right to education and equality. ● Sunita’s desire to become a doctor is a sign of the progressive society. ● Such relation between father and daughter can be a torchbearer to other people.

A repercussion of grandfather and mother’s thought on society: ● Demonstration effect and bandwagon effect on the society. ● Re-enforcement of patriarchal attitude. ● Injustice to women. ● Skewed sex ration which may lead to other problems like rape, abduction, prostitution etc. ● Practices like illiteracy, dowry, domestic violence will continue.

Sunita should overcome this barrier with her courage and she should persuade her family members. With all humbleness she should talk with her grandparents. Most importantly she should talk with her grandmother about the glory of Savitribai Phule, that how she lost her life by serving the plague victims. As there is an emotional attachment between females, this will help Sunita to influence her grandmother’s emotional component. She should take them to the hospitals and introduced them some female doctors who are serving the patients of her grandparent’s age. Also she has to break their prejudice of gender discrimination by giving them




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example of legendary Rani Laxmibai and the Marry Kom who are the glory and motivation for female empowerment. Also she has to explain them how former Prime Minister Indira Gandhi has served the nation with all her courage. 4. Government has passed a legislation to reduce the industrial sector’s total waste by 10 percent per year over the next five years. This reduction of waste will slow down environmental degradation and pace of rising global temperature. But a very big MNC had some problems with implementation of the law. Also there is resistance from within the government from various stakeholders as the legislation may hamper the growth of the economy. You are Commissioner of the area where MNC is located. You have the discretion to delay the implementation of legislation in your area of jurisdiction. MNC officials are putting pressure on you to not implement the legislation as their profits may dwindle drastically. MNC has offered you 10 % stake in project too. Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain what course of action would you undertake in this situation? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case is based on the conflict between economic development and environmental sustainability. Ethical issues involve:

● Environmental ethics vs economy of the country. ● My courage and integrity. ● Probity in governance and issue of crony capitalism. ● Short term profit vs greater good of the nation ● Right to clean environment of the citizens. ● Credibility of government’s legislation as it provides to reduce industrial waste in next five years. ● My duty to implement legislation.

Development of the country is an important fact in the growing world. But the development should not be done by stepping down environmental ethics or ignoring it.MNC’s perspective:

● The environmental restriction will hamper their growth and profit. ● This legislation may lead to low progress of MNC which can affect its employment policy. Also the

burden can be shifted to the employees in terms of reducing manpower by MNC.Government’s perspective:

● Emphasis on the environmental ethics. ● International promises in reducing the industrial wastes and maintaining cleaner environment in line with

Sustainable Development Goals. ● Increasing global temperature is of great concern for environment and it’s a duty of the state to provide

citizens their right to clean environment.My own perspective:

● As a civil servant, implementation of the legislation is my first duty. ● Maintenance of objectivity and the rule of law are my professional obligations. ● Also my social wellbeing, courage and integrity are at stake as I have been pressurized and on other hand

offered handsome money package. ● There are special obligations for me as a civil servant as I am responsible for managing resources entrusted

in me by the community or society. ● Also our Constitution provides under Article 51 A that it is a duty of a citizen to protect and improve the

natural environment.As the “Sustainable Development” is the pathway to the future we want for all, there should be a balance between the growth and development. Aesthetics are important, but not than internal peace, happiness and cleaner environment. I would try to balance this situation in the following ways:

● First I have to take all stakeholders on the board for the sustainable solution.




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● I will go for the suggestions of the various environmental activists and economists which may pave some path for solving this situation.

● I can’t succumb to MNC’s offer and pressure as it is against my integrity and if any wrong happens it will create crisis of conscience for me.

● MNC should find the solution of recycling the industrial waste and contribute to the society under the Corporate Social Responsibility.

● Participation of the local people is important for keeping environment clean through the tools like social audit.

● The Committee with the participation from the various stakeholders should be constituted for the review of implementation of the legislation and the work should be done on its recommendation for long term benefits.

If nothing comes out, then I have to implement the legislation as it is my obligation and that too without the ill-will with courage and prudence.5. A subordinate of yours who is multi-talented and experienced is dissatisfied with the job and pay scale. He offered his resignation to you over salary issues. You pacified him after talks with Personnel Department. Due to your efforts, the salary of your subordinate was enhanced. But you found that after enhancement, his work efficiency dropped. He is coming late and spends his time in gossiping. After 2 months, he again comes with same problem of salary enhancement and has offered his resignation, incase his salary is not enhanced. You somewhat feel that his cause is not justified. Analyze the situation and explain what course of action should you undertake and why? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Employees are the asset of an organisation. They must be respected and their grievances must be heard. But they also have the responsibility to be reasonable and loyal to their employer. Ethical issues involved:

● Dedication to work after getting a raise. ● Integrity and efficiency of subordinate. ● Work culture of the organization which is a common good. ● Credibility of my recommendation is at stake as I talked with Personnel Department to increase salary of

my subordinate. ● Right to equality of other employees. ● Golden rule of ethics: do to others what you expect others to do to you.

Following action should be taken: ● In this case I will ask him the reasons for his salary enhancement and the reports of the work done by him.

This will help me to show him that after increment of his salary, he compromised with the discipline of the organization and there is a steady fall in his efficiency.

● I will ask him for reasons of his lackadaisical attitude. May be he needs some other motivation to perform better.

● Incentives like ownership, freedom to be innovative and challenging assignment can be given to him. ● I will enquire into the overall work culture of the office. Organisational values must be inculcated in

employees through ethical training. ● I should not accept his enhancement in salary and resignation; instead I should make him clear about the

policies of organization. This will deter him from doing such acts again in the same organization or other. ● Also by acting strictly, I’ll will prevent the domino and demonstrative effect in the organization which will

be a long term greater good. ● I will request the Personnel Department for conducting the integrity survey in the organization. And

according to the survey, the Integrity Recognition Certificate should be provided. ● Also for a long run I will request organization to add separate column for integrity in the Annual

Confidential Report of organization. ● Also there should be the rational rewards system for employees which will increase their efficiency,

dedication, motivation and loyalty towards organization and punishment system which will act as a tool of checks and balances.




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● Also for me, I will try not to recommend quickly for anyone’s enhancement of salary or status in the organization, as it will be violation of right to equality of other employees and can be seen as nepotism or favoritism.

● Finally there should be a separate phone numbers for complaints against the staff members for e.g. IMF Integrity Hotline.

In organization there is a need of including professional values in its work culture. As employees are important for an organization to make a progress, he/she should be trained with the values like loyalty, professional ethics, commitment and dedication towards the organization. 6. Yogesh bought a new car few days ago. It was his first car and he was very excited and careful about it. He used to drive it in a very sane manner. As Delhi’s road traffic is very high, the accidents do happen, sometime without anyone’s fault. Same happened with Yogesh; a car coming from opposite side collided with Yogesh’s car due to traffic signal failure. The collision resulted into partial damage of both the cars. Both the drivers started fighting with each other though passerby were calming them and making them realize that it was not any ones mistake and both can get the compensation by insurance value. But they kept beating each other and Yogesh overpowered another person and banged his head to the road. The person fainted and stopped responding. Everyone got feared and the ambulance and police were called. The person was admitted to the ICU as he had serious brain injuries. His survival chances are very low.Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain how both of them would have behaved if they had possessed high emotional intelligence? Answer: In above case both the persons involved shows weak temperament and lack of emotional intelligence. With this, they have taken law into their hand without solving it peacefully.Ethical issues involved:

● Virtue of temperance and self-restraint as advocated by Plato and Aristotle. ● Lack of values like humility and mutual understanding. ● Materialism in our society. Cars are valued more than people. ● It may disrupt the social capital like brotherhood, harmonious society. ● Domination of vices like anger and hate. ● Use of muscle power led to the injustice with the injured person. ● It may change the perception of society by having the demonstration effect. ● Lack of persuasion or convincing power of the surrounded people. ● Poor governance as the traffic police was not present despite that the traffic signal was not working.

Different Perspectives of the case: ● From Yogesh point of view, he bought a new car and some kind of anger was supposed to be there.

Somewhere his over-excitement was also the cause of this violence. Now he has to face the law for beating the person. And his future may be behind the bars.

● From other person’s point of view, it was not his fault as traffic signal was not working. He was not ready to accept the mistake or appologise. If he died his family member will share the burden and it will be injustice with them.

● If any one of them has emotional intelligence then matter would have not sprung out of control. There was a need of positive attitude in both the drivers through which they can solve this issue in a peaceful manner. If they have high emotional intelligence, instead of fighting first they could have tool their vehicles away from the street as such vehicles lead to the traffic jam and other travelers have to suffer (shifting of burden). As there was a partial damage, it should not be dealt with beating each other. Instead with humility they can apply for insurance and get compensation. As said by Gandhiji, “an eye for an eye blinds the world” this was supposed to be happened with absence of emotional intelligence. They should have reminded the non-violence principle of Gandhiji which often gives us a peaceful solution. nn




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Case Study Assignment 61. Government of Canada has recently made a formal apology in the House of Commons for the Komagata Maru incident that happened way back in 1914. Such acts of apologies are not very rare in recent times and governments have been seen apologizing for the historical wrongs they have done in the past. Discuss the ethical and political dimension of such acts and explain what effect such acts can have on the sovereignty of a country. Also, distinctly bring out —a) What is the significance such acts can have in international relations. b) Should such heinous crimes against the humanity can be forgiven or they shall be compensated. c) Why apology is considered as a sign of weakness by many people or government organizations who

have moral responsibility towards the citizens. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Ethics not only operate at individual level, but also among the nations and between a nation and its citizens. As a nation, one should never forget the prejudice suffered by the Sikh community at the hands of the Canadian government in the past. An apology made will not erase the pain and suffering of those who lived through that shameful experience. But an apology is certainly not only the appropriate action to take, but also the right action to take.Ethical dimension

● Justice leading to Unity ● Values of Brotherhood, tolerance, forgiveness, humility, empathy , compassion ● Sense of closure to end dissatisfaction and dissonance among people ● National cohesion, fraternity among different communities ● Relieving oneself from being prisoner of the past ● Heeling touch ● International peace ● Courage to ask for forgiveness ; Honesty in accepting one’s mistake ● Respect for human life and dignity

Political dimension ● Helps to boost the political image of the incumbent party and person at office. ● Brings the Diaspora further close to the host country which then will contribute both politically and

economically. Eg – More Sikhs are giving service as minister in Justin Trudeau’s cabinet than in India. ● Develops soft power at world forums ● It is actually a political responsibility for the injustice done in the past ● Stability of country ; potential reconciliation ● Government gets moral authority to persuade the governments of other nations to do the same.

Sovereignty of a country ● When apology is forced and does not come from heart then sovereignty and autonomy is undermined. eg:

countries like Germany and Japan were forced to apologize after WWII. ● But if a country herself realizes the mistake and apologize for the past deeds then sovereignty and respect

for the country will increase. Eg: Australia apology to aboriginals and recent Apology offered by Canada for Komagata Maru incident has averted any international pressure and helped to strengthen sovereignty.

a) What is the significance such acts can have in international relations: ● Peace and progress - ● Friendship – eg: U.S and Cuba ● Precedence; social capital – eg - Obama hugging an old aged victim of the Hiroshima-Nagasaki Incident ● Cooperation and prosperity ● Universal brotherhood




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b) Should such heinous crimes against the humanity can be forgiven or they shall be compensatedDue to past crime people are in emotional and Psychological pain. Such suffering can only be heeled by sincere apology. Once such apology is asked for then forgiveness should be granted to bring a “sense of closure” in the hearts and minds of people, to stop being prisoner of the past, give chance to reconciliation and build social capital. Hence forgiveness apart from relieving others from guilt of culpability will also be self-serving.All the damage done in the past cannot be compensated. But compensation will provide immediate relief and can be used as complementary to apology. Eg: We accepted the historic wrong done to backward classes and agreed to give reservations to then in job and higher educational institutions.Hence apology followed by forgiveness is paramount for inclusive and healthy living of all sections. Compensation can be done depending upon capability of the country.c) Why apology is considered as a sign of weakness by many people or government organizations that have

moral responsibility towards the citizens. ● Traditionally and historically apology is associated with weakness. Weak is made to apologies by strong.

So it has become a Psychology to associate apology with weakness. ● Apology is acceptance of wrong doing; wrong policy, wrong understanding and wrong decision. This will

expose the lack of expertise and wisdom of individuals and government. This will also indirectly declare them weak and not fit to govern. Eg: If U.S and U.K apologize for Iraq invasion then it would be indirect acceptance of their weakness in ability to persuade compromise and make correct decision.

● Ego defensive ● Lack of intellectual humility

But this notion seems to be changing. Apology is increasingly seen in the light of courage, rather than shame; pride, rather than repentance; strength rather than weakness. So, even if history cannot be re-written, sincere apology could help in healing of festering wounds, rapprochement, and better international relations.2. You are District Education Officer in the Tribal District of the Country. On survey of the district you found a need of setting of schools in several zila panchayats as they have only private schools run by zila panchayats members. When you proposed the setting up of new schools to the zila panchayat, they denied the proposal citing land acquisitions concerns as it being a tribal district. But the real motive is that they have their own schools and their business will be hampered. Convincing the gram sabhas for acquiring a village land seems tough job as many members of gram sabha are affiliated to zila panchayat. a) What options do you have? Explore each option vis-à-vis constraints. b) What will be your course of action? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Above is a case of putting personal interest over inclusive social development. Land acquisition should not be an obstacle for the genuine development of a particular region. Some other issues involved in the case:

● Right to education of all children whether rich or poor ● Right to dignified life of all children ● Duty of state to provide free education to the children (DPSP) ● Legality behind land acquisition ● My virtues like leadership quality, persuasion power, probity and courage to do my duty ● Education as a common good

a) As a District Education Officer I have following options 1. Let the panchayat members run their schools as they want: With this the issue of land acquisition

won’t rise. Though they are running their business but educating the children. Also the administration and working between district and panchayat level will go smoothly and seems like cooperative federalism at local level.

However some of the students who cannot afford the private schools will be facing the injustice and the burden of illiteracy will be shifted on them. It will violate their Right to Education. State will be abdicating its responsibility. Also the wrong precedent will be set and will became barrier for future development.




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2. Establishing government schools at any cost: It will provide education to all who remained out of the private schools and increase the enrollment of the children. On the part of state it will be fulfilling of their duty under the DPSP and the Sarva Shikshan Abhiyan of Government. As I am a public servant, probity at work is important and so I will be in-line with civil services values.

However, it will affect the cooperation between ULG (Urban Local Government) and RLG (Rural Local Government). Also implementing agency will be panchyat and its members so they may not implement it in its full spirit. This is also against the Right of Panchayat to administer the tribal area according to their requirement (Panchayati Raj Institution Act) and Right to Property of Tribals as the land will be acquired forcefully.

3. Taking all stakeholders on the board and establish a collective project of education: As a District Education Officer I have to act according to the survey conducted as it is in the national interest. Taking all stakeholders on the board is my duty and it shows my temperance.

b) 3rd option will be my course of action: ● Under this the survey report will be made public so that awareness of need of government schools can be

spread. ● Gram sabha meetings can be called to generate awareness and persuading people to give land for

establishing schools. ● Participation of the members of panchayat will be made compulsory and the responsibility should be

given to them for establishing new schools. ● Reservations, say 25% of seats, will be proposed in the private schools for the poor or backward children. ● Under Panchayati Raj Institution Act, the final planning and devolution of funds is rest with District

Authority, so as a District Education Officer, I will proposed the mandatory clause for Panchayats to establish government schools with the help of government schemes like Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan.

● Also showing members of Panchayat their constitutional duty under DPSP will help to establish schools providing free education like Anganwadis.

As education to all is a duty of state and also the Sustainable Development Goal 4 (quality education) provides for it, I have to take efforts for establishing schools. Increase in literacy is in the national interest and also improve country’s human capital in long term. 3. You are recently posted as Superintendent of Police in a Naxalite region which is frequent to ambush. One day your team intercepts a message regarding the movement of Naxalites at certain stretch of the village. It is a common practice that Naxalites give out such messages to misguide the forces but at many times such messages are authentic in nature. Moreover at times Naxalites use the villagers to shield their movements. During one such ambush in recent past many innocent people were killed by the forces and after the departmental enquiry your predecessor officer was dismissed from the services. Keeping such incidents in mind ignoring such interceptions is the best course of action, isn’t it? Ora. Indicate various options available to you in this situationb. Analyze each option vis-à-vis constraints (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: In above case the credibility of information is a major issue for a Police Force to initiate an operation against Naxalites. Also due to experiences of previous episodes, now such messages became dilemma for them. However, it depends upon the source of the information whether to act or not.Other issues involved in the case:1. Credibility of intelligence gathering. 2. Right to life of villagers and Right to peaceful environment3. Emotional Intelligence on my part and my courage to face such situation 4. Leadership quality on my part to motivate my team members.a) I have following options available in this situation

● I will ignore the message ● I will follow it strictly ● I will check the source and follow the pragmatic strategy to tackle it




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b) I will ignore the message: This may avoid killing of innocent villagers and any disturbance in their area. It will also avoid the creation of fearful environment among the villagers. On the part of police force, they won’t be accused of killing innocents and their image will be clean. In short, status quo will be maintained.

However, this information may be true. If ignored, it can be a cause of major violence in the area. I’ll also loose a chance to catch the culprits. This will also create the fearful environment among the villagers and may costs their lives.

● I will follow it without any mercy as they are Naxalites and harmful to the society: This of course may kill people or naxalites about whom we got information. Also the unforeseen event which they were planning can be avoided. Innocent villagers will be safe and can live peacefully without the harassment from the naxalites.

However, I am not sure about the credibility of the information. It may be false and if yes, then it will again kill innocents and tarnish the image of police department. Villagers will lose faith in the Police which is the aim of Naxalites behind such misguiding messages. I and my subordinates will be held responsible for the irreparable damage to the society. At personal level, the guilt of killing innocents will be there for lifetime.

● I will check the source and follow a pragmatic strategy to tackle it: This will ensure me to plan my strategy to tackle this. Plan A and B will be prepared for both situations- credible and non-credible information. Defensive strategy will help us from the attack of naxalites if the information is true. The ‘No first attack’ strategy will be used as a first step and identifying them. It will deter us from attack if they are innocent villagers. Also, if they are naxalites but without arms and want to surrender this will be the reformative step from police department under the Surrender-cum-Rehabilitation Scheme of Left Wing Extremists in the affected States’.

Though this step will require high emotional intelligence on part of my team, I, as a leader, will try to motivate my subordinates to opt this strategy.

Also on the part of Police Department and as a Superintendent of Police I will try to inculcate the solution ‘SAMADHAN’ which is a proposed by MHA as a solution to left wing extremism.

4. A young social activist has become very popular within a short period of 5 years because of his honesty, integrity, and other human values. He finds rampant corruption in government offices and mismanagement is rural development schemes, which affects the poor and marginalized section of the society. He notices that it is due to the nexus between bureaucracy, businessmen, politician and a section of media that has been managed by the nexus. The social activist having deeply influenced by Gandhian principles wants to correct the things. What steps and action he will take to…(a) Unite the poor and marginalized so that they could raise their voice effectively.(b) Mobilize the public opinion against the managed media.(c) Compel the state government to take remedial measures in order to set things right. (250 words, 20 marks) Answer: Corruption always hampers the equal distribution of resources in the society and keep away justice which is a cardinal virtue of governance. Above case highlights strong nexus among the elements of the government and honest person’s reaction when exposed to the corrupt environment.Other issues involved in the case:

● Injustice to the poor and marginalized section of the society ● His empathy and compassion towards weaker section of the society ● Corruption, dishonesty, greed of the persons involved in the administration of the society ● Transparent and accountable administration which is a common good ● Influence of Gandhian principles on social activist ● His virtues like courage, fortitude and perseverance are at stake ● Behavior and attitude of the bureaucrats, politicians and businessmen




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(a) Unite the poor and marginalized so that they could raise their voice effectively. ● Making aware to the poor and marginalized people about their rights will help in awakening of the people. ● Benefits of transparent and accountable administration in their life will empower them and give further

opportunities to prosper. ● He can ask the people to use tools like RTI and expose the corrupt administration. ● Providing training to people regarding use of social audit and participation in election process.

(b) Mobilize the public opinion against the managed media. ● Complaint must be registered against fake news. ● He must ask people to be reasonable in their though process and should not take anything for granted. ● Using the social media platform, he can gather the public opinion. ● Also visiting the different media channels he can raise this issue at a national level. ● Different campaigns and street shows in schools and colleges will help him in gathering the public opinion. ● As he is a famous social activist he must have followers in a large number. he can channelized this public

energy towards this issue.(c) Compel the state government to take remedial measures in order to set things right.

● He should announce the non-violent campaign say Corruption Free India at state level projecting it as a dream of Gandhiji.

● Keeping Gandhi’s Talisman in-front of the people will charge people emotionally to stand against the corruption. For e.g. The campaign led by the Gandhian Anna Hazare which gathers whole of India

● Requesting state government for enacting a law against corruption and taking strict action against who are involved in such practices will prevent government from suppressing his campaign as it is a non-violent and Right of citizens to speak against mal-administration.

● He can use the Gandhian methods of fast unto death to compel government to take this issue seriously and set the things right.

State should find the lasting solution of the corruption. As Gandhiji said that ‘there is a lot in the world for everyone’s need but not everyone’s need’, as long as the greed is there the corruption will be there. Thus it needs a behavioral change in society.5. You are Head of Personnel Department of the Municipal Corporation of an area. There are cases of ‘ghost employees’ where money is withdrawn from finance department with fictitious names of employees. Media reports have alleged that local councilors and few officials are involved in the scam and the money was siphoned up by these two categories of people. Explain the situation from different perspectives and its repercussion on the overall system. What steps can you take to resolve the situation? (250 words, 20 marks) Answer: The above case highlights the fact that of the total sum devolved, only a small fraction is utilized for the public welfare. Leakages and corruption leads to siphoning off of most of the resources. Dishonesty and lack of integrity in public officials is a challenge in public administration.Other issues involved in the case:

● As a Head of the Department, my responsibility and credibility are at stake ● Unfair distribution of resources leading to injustice and shifting the burden on the genuine beneficiaries ● Work culture of the organisation ● Integrity and probity at work and in public life of few officials and councilors ● Right of the beneficiaries and the legitimate use of tax payers money ● Nexus of councilors and public servants

From the councilors’ and officials’ perspective: ● Corruption and siphoning of public money is illegal in nature and a punishable offence ● This will create domino effect and demonstration effect for other officials who are honest and working

with integrity ● Absence of any deterrence and presence of loopholes encouraging them for this siphoning ● From the perspective of overall system:




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● Such act makes whole system adaptable of corruption and thus everyone will indulge in this mal-administration.

● Government system may lose faith of the people which is a threat to democracy ● If not take preventing measures quickly, it will impossible to implement reform in such system ● From My perspective as a Head of Personnel Department ● As a public servant it is my duty to establish and maintain the transparent system of administration. ● My duty to change the attitude of the councilors and officials towards corruption ● My values of honesty and integrity at work and my perseverance which is require for the overall overhaul

of the system ● Courage and fortitude to face the local councilors as this will deter them from continuing their activities

I will take the following actions to establish the transparent and accountable system: ● Summoning and warning the officials whose names are mentioned in the report of media ● Proper investigation will be ordered in this case and the culprits will be punished which will create a

deterrence in the system ● E-transfer of money will be done for every beneficiary and other financial works of the department so the

transparent system can be established ● Biometric system for the withdrawn of money will be set up in the department. Through this whomsoever

is withdrawing money for the particular project will be recorded. ● Use of Aadhar must be made mandatory. ● Bi-monthly audit will be done and any discrepancies found will be addressed in a time-bound manner ● New Officials Charter will be prepared which will explicitly mentioned the transparent and accountable

system with the honesty, integrity and probity of the officials. ● Each official of the department has to disclose his income certificate at the department before getting the

salary. ● The digitalization of the system should be done for preventing the siphoning of the money and other

corrupt practices in the administration. This will also in line with the Digital India project of the Union Government.

6. You are working as inspection manager in one of the automobile company which in not performing well in Indian Market. The company is in hurry to launch it most awaited foreign car variant in the country but launching the foreign prototype will make the car less competitive as the cost is very high. So during board meetings it was discussed that few of its essential safety features need to be taken out to make the variant suitable for low cost Indian Markets. On your intervention the board communicates you that this step is essential as the revenue graph of the company is diminishing and if not intervened in proper time, there might be the closure of the company very soon and everyone including you will lose the job. Elucidate the ethical issues involved in the case and what steps can be taken in this regard? (25 words, 20 marks) Answer: The above case presents an ethical dilemma of interest of the company and self vs the interest of public at large. Other ethical issues involved in the above case are:

● Business ethics of the corporate ● Responsibility towards people and society in general ● Right to life of the people who will buy this car ● Personal interest vs public interest ● Company’s profit vs my ethical values like integrity and honesty ● My loyalty to the company vs morality ● Credibility of company in the market if the absence of safety features revealed ● Closure of company will affect my social well being ● Long term harm for short term gain. ● Injustice to the people as burden will fall upon them.




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Following steps can be taken in this regard: ● The removal of safety features is not a good option. So this must be avoided at any cost. ● I will try to convince the board members to drop this idea. Instead we can opt for reducing other luxurious

features of car to make it affordable for Indian Markets. ● As India has a major population of middle income group, the car can be designed keeping this middle

income market in the mind. ● As middle income group hardly buy the expensive cars, we can attract them towards our products and

there may be a huge response. ● If there are financial constraints then borrowing loan will capitalize the company to make cars in large

amount to supply in huge Indian market. ● Government collaboration is also an option. it may also result into the faith of the people. ● Also giving some freebees like lifetime accidental insurance may attract people to buy these cars.

There is a need of balance between the profit and the trust of the people in the corporate world. The profit of company increases with the increase in trust of the people. However, if the board members do not change their decision, then I must resign from the company and become a whistle blower.

nn




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Case Study Assignment 71. You have been recently appointed as the District Magistrate (DM) of a place which is known for a famous Hindu temple. Thousands of devotees visit temple every day leading to lot of revenue for government and business to locals through tourism. However, the women devotees are not allowed to enter the temple by the temple trust and touch the deity due to an age old tradition. It is said that the god whose idol is placed in the temple is a strict Celibate and will get angry if the idol is touched by a women. Fear is also there that the temple will lose its sanctity if women are allowed to enter the temple and touch the deity. In such circumstances, an NGO has approached you to get the permission to enter the temple. The NGO is known for its advocacy to women rights and is determined to fight against any kind of gender discrimination. The matter has also been there in the news. But the trust members are adamant in objecting women entry leading to lot of tension and police deployment. Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain what course of action you will take in this regard? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case represents conflict of rights between two different sections in the society. It is an administrative challenge to maintain the right and dignity of both the sections. Values and Issues involved in the case –

● Gender equality in modern democracy. ● Right to religion and faith given by the constitution of India. ● Greater good local economy from famous temples. ● Aspirations of women to come at par with men. ● Limitation on the government to interfere in the religious matter. ● Common good of peace and harmony. ● Virtues of the DM.

Perspective of temple trusti. Religious belief is a private matter. If god himself want to keep away from women then that should be

respected under freedom of religion.ii. Not allowing women in the temple is not tantamount to inequality as it’s a specific temple and there is

special reason for it. Nowhere it is said that women are inferior to men. Perspective of NGOi. Gender inequality practiced in any form is derogatory to the dignity of women.ii. Not allowing temple entry has larger repercussion of being looked down upon in society.Perspective of local economyi. If women are allowed then sanctity of temple will be lost. Temple visit by tourist will plummet and local

will suffer. Perspective of Local administrationi. If situation is not resolved amicably then both local peace and harmony and local economy will suffer.Course of action: The matter has to be resolved amicably as:i. State has limitation in interference in religious matter due to fundamental right to religion.ii. Even if NGO earns forceful entry of women, against the wish of temple trust and local population, spiritual

peace may still be elusive.iii. Local economy must be safeguarded.




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Hence following steps must be taken by the DM:i. Persuade temple trust to consider the demand of the NGO. Bring liberal religious leaders to have dialogue

with temple trust.ii. Suggest the NGO to take the matter slowly and persistently, as changes, especially in the matter of religion,

comes gradually. NGO must have healthy discussion and dialogue with local leaders. iii. Highlight example from other part of the country where in recent time temple entry for women has been

allowed.If consensus is established, he can allow the entry of women in the temple but may not allow women to touch the deity, for the time being. DM must invoke the tool adopted by Gandhi ji during freedom struggle – patience and persistence.2. An officer of middle level marketing and sales management of a public sector oil company receives frequent complaint about adulteration of diesel and petrol by some retailers of the area under his jurisdiction, despite his warnings in the past against such wrongdoing. Subsequently one day, he goes for an inspection of one such retailer who is known for his political connections as well as local bullies. While trying to carry out his official duty, he was first prevented from entering into the premises of the retailer and when he insisted he was allowed to enter. He was offered bribe for not carrying out his duty but he declined. Undeterred, he insisted that as the marketing officer he should be allowed to carry out his duties in the interest of the government firm which he represents. The musclemen of the retailer started abusing and roughing him up when he tried to inspect the facilities to ascertain adulteration. A brawl ensued. He was badly beaten up and fatally wounded. He lost his life while being taken to hospital. In context of above situation, answers the following questions:(a) Despite his noble intention and dutifulness of the highest order, do you think that the officer handled

the case immaturely?(b) Had you been in his place, how would have you proceeded to carry out your duty?(c) What could be the solution for such problems of adulteration on long term basis? (300 words, 25 marks) Answer: In the above case an officer discharging his duty with courage and conviction dies. It mainly happened due to the political affiliation of the business group which encourages abuse and violence against officials. However, the problems remained unsolved for which the officer lost his life and it may continue for long time. It shows that the official may have lacked emotional intelligence which is needed to solve the case.Other issues involved in the case:

● Profit vs business morality on the part of retailer ● Personal interest vs sustainable environment ● Politicization of business ● Duty as a public servant vs his well-being ● Lack of emotional intelligence and empathy on the part of musclemen while beating official ● Right of the people for clean fuel and environment.

(a) It is a duty of every public servant to investigate such issues of adulteration and fix it. In above case officer had to act because he had already warned some retailers about adulteration. His action was courageous and should be appreciated as he didn’t succumb to the offer of bribe.

However, noble intention needs patience to make it successful. Officer knows the presence of musclemen and the political connections of retailer. In such case he had to keep his emotional intelligence high. He should have been prepared before going for the inspection. Some police force or prior warning to the nearby police station could have been beneficial. Even when he was caught in the situation, instead of brinkmanship, he had to follow the attitude of statesmanship. He could have accepted the offer of bribe (to deceive the retailer), and then later on, he could have filed an FIR.

(b) Had you been in his place, how would have you proceeded to carry out your duty? If I would be there my strategy would be as follows:




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● First I would have taken my seniors into confidence before directly confronting the issue. ● As I know the adulteration is going since past times, I would have gathered all proofs against the retailer

and made a strategy with the advice of seniors. ● With the permission of seniors, I would have taken letter of investigation or search warrant from the

higher authority. This means the police force or the CRPF will accompany me in this activity. This would ensure maintenance of law and order and of course my safety too. Also for red handed proof one person from media will be there.

● The legal process should be followed. Thus with the help of police force the search of fuel would be done and the adulteration of fuel would be revealed. With this I would follow the objectivity of the law and also fulfill my duty.

● The revelation of adulterated fuel would be done through the adulteration devices which are readily available with the government and also in markets. So the manipulation of reports would be prevented.

● After getting done all the things the retailer’s premise should be sealed with the order of judiciary and retailer should be taken in to custody. This would create a strong deterrence and prevent other retailers from the act of adulteration.

(c) What could be the solution for such problems of adulteration on long term basis? ● The standard procedures for all the retailers should be issued and the legislation should be enacted

explicitly mentioning the adulteration as a punishable offence. ● Regular inspection of the fuel should be carried out by the independent officers with the requisite

preparations. ● High technology and robust sensors should be installed at the outlets of fuel for detecting adulteration. ● People’s Charter should be issued at every outlet so it will help in spreading awareness of people. Their

participation will make this campaign more successful. ● Simplified procedure of detecting adulteration of the fuel should be spread through advertisement among

the people so that they can identify it by themselves. ● Help line number and complaint mechanism should be set up for convenience of people. People can report

the cases of adulteration if any. This will makes people themselves inspector of adulteration and will result into the optimum utilization of resource.

Adulteration of fuel is diverting huge amount of resources in carrying out various illegal activities. This is against the national interest and the right of the people to clean fuel and environment. Also as a customer, they have a right to proper service in exchange of their money. So this is the duty of the state and all businessmen to provide them what they deserve.3. You are district commissioner of a Hilly district of the country. One day you got an advisory from the State disaster Management Authority (SDMA) regarding the prediction of heavy rain falls in the coming weeks. As per the advisory note you have 7 days in hand to prepare for the coming crises. Along with the note, SDMA directs you to furnish the disaster preparedness of the district and specialization required thereof. (250 words, 20 marks) (a) Discuss the ethical perspective involved in this case?(b) Explain your course of action regarding the upper mentioned case? Answer: The floods, due to high rainfall are common in the hilly areas. Above case shows the huge responsibility on me with lack of time, resources and specialization. (a) As a district commissioner, the responsibility of disaster management and reduction comes under me

(Disaster Management Act 2005). Thus to take an immediate and efficient actions is my legal duty. As a responsible citizen this legal duty becomes moral also, as I have a pre-information of the potential crisis. Also it is the test of my courage and the potential for the optimum utilization of resources.

Other ethical issues and stakeholders are as follows: ● Local residents – their Right to Life is in danger if proper mitigation plan is not prepared. ● Children and old persons – there vulnerability makes them difficult to handle such disaster and thus it is a

responsibility of the administration to evacuate them with utmost priority.




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● Domestic animals and other – animal too have a Right to Life ● Hospitals and Jails – these people also have to be evacuated if there location is prone to flood ● Right to livelihood of the people who would be evacuated ● Duty of the state to evacuate and establish residential camps for the victims

(b) Explain your course of action regarding the upper mentioned case? ● The first step should be the understanding the potential risk of crisis for that area. This can be known

through the Vulnerability Atlas prepared for each state. ● Next and important is to disseminate information about the disaster but with moderate language which

should not spread the fear in the public. Resources like NGOs, volunteers and local people participation will be carried out.

● Such disaster needs multi-disciplinary task and requires inputs from different specialized organizations for reducing the effect of disaster within such less time. So the cooperation between agencies like IMD, CRPF, Indian Army and local-self-government is important.

● Under DM Act 2005, District collector has the authority to ask for the team of Indian Army for reduction of disaster risk. So this should be done as a first priority. And their deployment with the local participation should be done.

● The evacuation of the residents along the river banks and hilly area should be done in mean time. The rehabilitation camps should be established and displacement of people should be carried out. This will reduce any loss of life.

● Animals can be displaced as much as we can in this time. The NGOs which works for animals should be contacted and asked for cooperation.

● With the help of head of Jails, prisoners should be taken to the nearby jails for time being. This will save their life.

Natural calamities are sudden event and do not give previous information. So the disaster mitigation plans should be prepared for the future risks. With the human and animal life, plans should also be prepared for the environmental damages like soil erosion. 4. You are District Magistrate of a district. You get a report regarding, increasing drugs addiction cases among youth of your district. This has also lead to increase in number of crimes. You are also informed regarding the nexus between drug traffickers and some local politicians. (250 words, 20 marks) (a) What steps will you take to eliminate the drug menace from your district?(b) How can you motivate youth to participate in more productive work?Answer: Criminalization of politics has led to a nexus between politicians and drugs traffickers. Youth are the trustees of growth and progress of the nation. However, drugs bring the career and the future of youth in danger and ultimately it is against the national interest. Ethical issues involved in the above case:

● Right to dignified life and Right to Health of the youth ● Right to pursue good carrier for youth ● Lack of empathy, compassion and morality on part of politicians and drugs traffickers ● My legal as well as moral responsibility to solve the case ● My leadership quality and courage to confront politicians and take the youth on right track ● Attitude towards drugs is positive which should be changed.

(a) What steps will you take to eliminate the drug menace from your district? ● As a first step the nexus between drug traffickers and politicians should be broken down. With proper

investigation and proofs, this should be disclosed publicly which will deter in some proportion the supply of drugs.

● The strong law should be made against drugs trafficking and the culprits should be punished in immediate manner to create deterrence.




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● Awareness campaigns like “Say No To Drugs” should be run in the schools and colleges to prevent the youths from drugs addiction.

● The drugs addicted youths should be counseled properly with the help of psychiatrics and the rehabilitation centers should be established with the help of NGOs.

● Training of the family members should be included in the rehabilitation centers. Because they are the one who can make a real change in the addicted person. Family support is very important.

● Apart from family and rehabilitation centers, the change in societal attitude towards youth after their rehabilitation courses should be positive. Social acceptance will make feel positive in their life.

● In schools and colleges, students or friends should help and support the youths. It will make their attitude strong towards pursuing good careers and they don’t feel low esteemed.

(b) How can you motivate youth to participate in more productive work? ● Motivation is that element which will divert youths’ minds from the drugs to involve in the productive

work. This should be done at rehabilitation centers itself. ● Identifying the attitude and aptitude of the youths with the help of psychiatrics and different programs in

which they are participating, the respective work should be allocated to them. ● Involving these addicted youth with others in the rehabilitation and reforming process will help them to

lead such campaigns as they have suffer through this menace. ● Stories of role models like Michel Phelps who addicted to alcohol and then re-invents himself and became

all time famous Olympiad should be taught to the youth at the rehabilitation centers. This will motivates them as such true stories affects the emotional component (CAB component)

● The simple exercise of Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) – what they earn by doing work and what they lost when they were addicted – should be carried out. The changes in their health and savings from earning will makes them feel happy and will have high self-esteem.

● Apart from external motivation, youth should be exposed with the fitness centers and Yoga campaigns. Youth should be given training for conducting various seminars about yoga and meditation.

Addiction of drugs or alcohol is destructing the human capital of our country. This may prevent us for optimum utilization of demographic dividend for the development of the country. In long term, sources of drugs internally and externally should be tracked and stopped. 5. There is an entrepreneur who has opened many factories in the rural areas for the manufacture of sanitary ware. His initiative is not only providing good employment opportunities to rural people, but also affordable sanitary products which are being used in construction of toilets. However there are some cases of under payment of wages and few cases of employment of children below 14 yrs. You are labour enforcement officer of the area and in course of your routine inspection, you noticed these discrepancies. In this context, answer the following questions: (250 words, 20 marks) (a) What are the options available to you?(b) Discuss the pros and cons of each option and finally choose the option which you consider best with

suitable justifications.Answer: Above case presents conflict between means and end. The end of employment generation and sanitation has wrong mean of child employment and violation of wage rights.Other ethical issues involved in the case:

● Right to fair wages of labors under Constitution and the Minimum Wages Act is being violated ● Child labour is against the law ● Right against Exploitation – Article 23 and 24 of Constitution ● Right to Education and Right to Health of the children which is a common good for country ● Short term profit vs greater good ● For me ethical dilemma is whether to follow objectivity of law or rationality in thought process.

(a) What are the options available to you?1. Act straight forward against the entrepreneur




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2. Don’t act against entrepreneur 3. Removal of under wage employment and child labour using middle path (b) Discuss the pros and cons of each option and finally choose the option which you consider best with

suitable justifications.1. Act straight forward against the entrepreneur Pros :

● It will remove child labor. Children may pursue their education and their health would also be ensured ● It will set a precedent for other entrepreneurs not to encourage child labour ● Entrepreneur when punished under Minimum Wages Act, will deter other from such legal violations and

exploitation Cons:

● It will hamper the production of sanitary products which is important for the healthy society ● Labour working in many factories would lose their jobs ● Children involve in factories may be doing job due to their poverty. They may involve in crimes due to

unemployment2. Don’t act against entrepreneur and maintain status quoPros:

● No one will lose the employment and hence it won’t increase the unemployment in the country ● Sanitary products will be properly supplied ● Children and other labors will not turn towards criminal activities

Cons: ● It will further encourage the under wage employment and plight of labors remain un-addressed as the

burden will be shifted on them ● It will create fearless environment for entrepreneur for recruiting more child labour as it is cheaper. ● Education and health of the children will be hampered which is against the Right to dignified life

3. Removal of under wage employment and child labour by imposing fine and giving strict warning to the entrepreneur

Pros: ● It will be win-win situation for both labour and entrepreneur ● It won’t hamper the production of sanitary products ● There will be no favorable environment for the child labour activities ● Labours will get what they deserve so the justice will be delivered ● Education and health of the children will be secured ● Good intentions with ethical means of the entrepreneur bear good fruits

Cons: ● Entrepreneur may accept my advice or not ● In-spite of warning, these activities may repeat again ● Such warnings may invite more exploitation for labours and children

The third option seems balanced. I would go for this. It ensures the continuation of the desired end with changes ethical mean. 6. As medical representative for a friend who is dying in a hospital, you are asked whether you want life support machine removed or not. Your friend could live indefinitely in a coma with support, but would die within 24 hours without it. Also no improvement in his health has been seen in the last 10 days. Hospital costs are Rs. 15000/day. You know that both you and several other friends are named in his will. Identify the dilemma you are facing in this case and what will your course of action? (250 words, 20 marks) Answer: The given condition in the case pretends the case of euthanasia. It is often a difficult to make such decision. It needs courage and high emotional intelligence.




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The ethical issues involved in the case: ● Right to Life of my friend includes Right on his body ● Monetary interest vs emotional attachment ● Rationality vs Morality ● My patience and expectations are at stake ● Guilt of decision if I choose to withdraw life support

As a friend definitely I would expect him to live. But rationality says that in such condition of coma, he might suffer with the silent pain. And it is my duty to relieve him out of this pain. However, the dilemma is that whether it is right or wrong, necessity or discretionary. Also the fact that I and other friends are named in his will. I may also be perceived as greedy and selfish by relatives. Thus there may be lifetime guilt of withdrawing friend’s life support. Following will be my course of action:

● It since only 10 days that there is no improvement in his health. But we have examples of much worse cases than this. So I will not choose withdrawing life support as the first option.

● Coordinating with his relatives and other friends I will try to come on one single decision after few days if there is no improvement in his health than earlier. This will somewhat fade my guilt as I’m trying in every possible way for saving his life.

● Also the multiple advices from various specialist doctors will be taken for ensuring about his health and recovery. This will help me in my decision making.

● If there is any chance of his recovery then that option should be tried. However this is always a difficult decision. But to take one finally, if all options are exhausted and he is suffering from pain, then with consensus with relatives and all friends, I may come to the decision of withdrawing his e support. Yes the guilt of the decision will be there but with some satisfaction also. Whatever he mentioned in his will for me and other friends will be invested in social work in his memory.

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Case Study Assignment 81. Ramesh, a young staff worker is diagnosed with a debilitating chronic disease. The recurrence of the condition results in his being absent from the office for extended periods of time. Ultimately, the work delegated to him goes on piling. This poses a dilemma for his superior, who, while wanting to be supportive of the suffering staff worker, has an obligation to the department head to be productive. Ramesh is the only child of his old parents. If he loses his job, his parents and family would also suffer along with him. What course of action should the superior of Ramesh take that does not undermine Ramesh, and yet, at the same time help him carry out his responsibilities? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case presents ethical dilemma where efficiency, profitability and equal sharing of work among employees is coming in conflict with compassion and empathy for an employee suffering from chronic disease. Other ethical issues involved in the case:

● Piling of the work – accountability of Ramesh and his superior ● Productivity of the work which is a greater good for department ● Dictum of ‘Work comes first’ vs ‘Health is Wealth’ ● Burden may shift on Ramesh’s old parents leading to injustice with them ● Excuse for Ramesh may lead to the domino effect for other employees

Keeping the situation in mind, I would take following steps to try to make win-win situation for Ramesh as well as department:

● As ‘Health is Wealth’ Ramesh’s treatment should go on. For this I will try to persuade the department to consider his case as a matter of empathy and give him some excuse.

● Piling of work also a matter of concern for department, so this should be distributed among other employees for time being by convincing them. This will show the team work and cooperative work culture. Also Kant has said that altruism is rational as it is irrational not to help others knowing that one day, you may also need their help.

● The work from home facility should be availed to Ramesh, so that he could complete his responsibilities. This will justify his work and salary to the head of the department.

● Whenever presence of Ramesh is needed the pick-up and drop facility should be given to him. So that he can attend the important sessions of the department. It will prevent him from feeling of low esteem.

● Such cooperation from the department may make Ramesh more loyal and he may do his work more efficiently.

● This will also makes him to take regular treatment to improve his health and complete his responsibilities towards his old parents. Thus the justice will be delivered.

● As his superior, if this happened, my dilemma would be resolved. Also it will explore my qualities of eadership and value of prudence.

● With resolving Ramesh’s case, I will try for reimbursement of his medical expenditure under Central Government Health Scheme. This will lower his financial burden.

For department as a whole and future such health issues of the employees, I will request the Department to implement standard health insurance policy for all. I will try to enroll every under the PM Jeevan Jyoti Yojana especially who are sole breadwinner for their family.istrict where illegal mining of sand is rampant. Recently there was an accident between a truck illegally carrying sand and a government passenger bus. Many passengers died on the spot because of the accident. Ever since you assumed power, you are trying to curb this illegal mining of sand. Because of negligence and involvement of police officers at local level, illegal mining is going on in many parts of the district despite your efforts to curb it. These trucks which travel on narrow village roads, have not only damaged roads, they have also caused traffic problem for passenger vehicles frequently causing accidents.




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2. The media and some people from a political party are protesting against you after the bus accident. They are saying that you are working hands in glove with the sand Mafia. There is also an accusation that you have some personal rivalry with the Superintendent of Police. Moreover, even local media is portraying you as someone intentionally allowing illegal sand mining in the district.In this situation, what are your options? How will you deal with the accusations and what steps you can take to resolve the situation? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case presents the challenge an honest officer face in corrupt system. It highlights the nexus between local officials, politicians and media which creates a wrong perception against me in the public. Apart from this, it is the test of my emotional intelligence and courage to face the adverse situation. Other ethical issues involved in the case:

● Sand and public roads are common good which is used and demanded for other purposes. ● Right to Life of the people is being threatened. ● Injustice with the victims and their families. ● My integrity vs my personal and social well being ● Excess sand mining is the threat to the environment which is a common good. ● Accusations against me and my portrayed rivalry with IPS damaging the credibility of the public institution. ● Trust of the people in government institution is at stake. ● Lack of integrity and loyalty in the local officials.

In such situation I have the following options:1. Leave the case and maintain status quo.2. Stick to the truth and objectively follow the case.3. I should use my emotional intelligence and with larger preparation and prudence continue the case. Accusation does create demotivation for honest officers. I have to deal with this by keeping my emotional intelligence high. I should take following steps – i. Yoga/meditation – to find inner peaceii. Listening to devotional songs – to calm myself. Gandhiji used to listen to bhajans to keep himself

motivated.iii. Taking inspiration from role models like Satyendra Dubey and S. Manjunath. iv. Cherish, follow, and take lessons from the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedomI should talk with the IPS officer and ask him to ignore the fake media reports and work with me in the interest of public and follow the motto of ‘Satyameva Jayate” (truth alone triumph).Above steps will give me some relief from the media portraying my wrong perception. But the work is not yet finish. I will try to resolve the situation in public interest and go with the 3rd option in the following ways:

● Due to the accident the public anger is at the peak. The quick compensation should be announced for the victims and their families.

● After this, the local officials should be caught red handedly and should be suspended. This will initiate the process of preventing other officials and fear in the sand mafia.

● As IPS officer is on my side, I will ask him to utilize every resource optimally to find the culprits. This can be done by finding first thread in the link of sand mafia.

● All the sand trucks and the sand mining sites should be inspected with the help of police force. If any discrepancies found, trucks’ license should be cancelled and the caretaker of the sand mining sites should be arrested and interrogated.

● For long term solution, the political backing of the sand mafia should be found and expose them to the public with Naming and Shaming.

● The damaged road of the villages shall be repaired and the travelling of heavy vehicles will be banned. This will be justice with the villagers and give them what they deserved.




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This will help me in removing wrong perception against me and the media persons will be held responsible for spreading fake news. Also my social well-being will be restored which will be good for my family too.3. Rajeshwar is a senior Indian Foreign Service (IFS) officer working under the Ministry of External Affairs in Delhi. The ministry has organized an India-Africa summit which is an annual event for the last 7 years. Like every year, this year also, many foreign delegates from different African states have confirmed their participation in the event. The event is important for India’s economic growth and diplomacy in many contexts. However, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has requested India to arrest and give them one of the African participants as he is prosecuted by ICC for war crimes and genocide in his country. India is not a signatory to ICC and as such is not bounded by the decisions of ICC. However, India has always criticized such crimes and has always been a good, moral state. Rajeshwar has been asked to prepare the answer to be given to ICC in regard to their request. Analyze the situation and explain, with reasons, what answer Rajeshwar should give to ICC in this regard? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: It is a case of international ethics. Credibility of the international organization is also at stake. There is huge dilemma for Mr. Rajeshwar as arresting and handing over of the participant to ICC is in line with nation’s morality. But Rajeshwar being a civil servant also has to take into consideration the nation’s economic and strategic interest. India being a developing nation need the support of African nations at international fora and for economic ties. The arrest will set a very wrong precedent. India has ancient tradition of “Atithi Deva Bhava” (Guest is equivalent to God). Arresting the African delegate will be tantamount to deceit of the guest. However we also have tradition of believing in “Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam” (The world is one family). Hence India has to show compassion with victim of war crime and genocide and culprit must be punished to bring justice. Rajeshwar should also take into account the advice of great statesmen Kautilya. According to him National interest must always take precedence over all morality. Rajeshwar should give the answer to ICC in following ways:1. India is a nation of Gandhiji which hails the value of non-violence and truth. Following this principle

India is firmly against the violent act of war crimes and genocide. This will be communicated formally and openly at international level.

2. As India-Africa Summit takes place every year since last seven years, if we arrest the one of the delegates, it will discredit India’s image and hamper relations with African Nation. So it is against the interest of India. However, if the charges are proved against delegate, then next time, he’ll not be invited or allowed to participate in the conference.

3. Also such act may prevent other nations to make any trade with us and establish new relations. The international trust and the credibility of India may be damaged.

4. With the sovereign law of the country, it does not permit us to arrest the require person. This is also against the international law of official immunity of the head of state or the foreign delegation.

With due respect, India cannot fulfill the request of ICC as it demand. However the support against such crimes will always be given by India. Also India can take the steps against such crimes whenever the things are in its capacity.4. There are four terrorist armed with deadly weapons who have entered into a religious place of worship and have killed 10 people, mostly woman and children and have made hostage other 20-25 people. They are demanding release of their four terrorist friends who have been captured by security force and are currently lodged in prison. There is also a demand for heavy ransom and safe passage for the four terrorists.You are head of anti-terrorist operation cell and have been assigned the task of flushing the terrorist out and also negotiating with them. In this context, answer the following: (250 words, 20 marks)(a) What are the options before you?(b) Evaluate merits/demerits of each option and finally suggest best course of action giving reasons?




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Answer: The case present a challenge face by security forces to release innocent citizens lead captive by terrorists without giving in to their demand. Ethical issues involved in the case with regard to the different stake holders:

● Injustice with the people died and their family members. ● Right to Life of hostages ● Duty of the state to rescue its citizens from any threat ● Lack of empathy and compassion on the part of terrorists ● Faith of the nation in its government which is a common good ● The motivation of the security forces who caught the four terrorists putting their life in danger ● My accountability and responsibility is at stake ● Value like courage and quality like leadership and emotional intelligence are required.

(a) What are the options before you?1. I would relieve the four terrorist and save the hostages2. I wouldn’t relieve the four terrorists and let them do whatever they want3. I would use all the defence tools of the country to make situation in our favour(b) Evaluate merits/demerits of each option and finally suggest best course of action giving reasons?1. I would relieve the four terrorist and save the hostages:Merits:

● This will be justice with the hostages ● State will complete its duty to keeps its citizens safe ● There will be less guilt for me as my decision saved the remaining hostages

Demerits: ● Four terrorists will be relieved and lead to the de-motivation of the security forces ● It will expose my in-efficiency to handle the situation ● Terrorist may not keep their promise of relieving the hostages and this will be embarrassment for the

department and further put the lives of the hostages in danger ● The credibility of the anti-terrorist cell and the prestige of security forces will be damaged at the

international level ● The released terrorists will kill more people in long term.

2. I wouldn’t relieve the four terrorists and let them do whatever they wantMerits:

● More information can be gathered from the terrorist which will be in the national interest ● It will show the terrorists that our government’s courage and it won’t bow in-front of them. Strong

precedent will be set. ● It may create fear among them and they may negotiate with security forces for surrendering themselves

Demerits: ● All remaining hostages may be killed which will be unjust to them and their families ● Public anger will rise and it will be a threat to the present government ● Public will lose faith in the security forces of the country ● Human right activists (national and international) may protest against the government which will tarnish

the country’s image in outer world3. I would use all the tools of negotiations as well as force to compel terrorists to surrenderMerits:

● This will make win-win situation for hostages, our government and anti-terrorist operation cell ● Justice will be delivered to the victims and their families ● It will raise the Indian status and make Indian position strong in resolving such threats successfully




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● Motivation and experience of the security forces will be increased and appreciated by the whole country ● The twin duty of the state – safety of the citizens and destruction of the threat – will be fulfilled

Demerits: ● Situation may not go as planned ● Terrorists may not surrender and use the act of suicide bombing ● There is no certainty of lives of hostages

This option seems me fit for this situation. Reasons for opting this option: ● As a head of the department, I have cooperation of RAW and ATS (Anti-Terrorist Squad). ATS has

specialization in such operations. ● Also as it is our own territory, we have some benefits in this operation. They can be compelled to surrender

or one of the officers can go empty hands in the religious place for negotiation with them.The state cannot afford to make short term gains at long term harms. If demands are accepted now, the situation will arise again. 5. You are the administrative head of a municipal corporation. A famous scientist, leader and former President of India who’s respected across all communities and is an international figure has died recently. In the meeting of the municipal corporation, a proposal has been raised to rename a road in the honor of this personality. This road has already been named after a famous but allegedly despotic king from the past who belonged to one of the minority communities of India and many believe that he was against the religious sentiments of majority community of India. The deceased personality belongs to the majority community.However, this proposal has been condemned across many sections of the society for different reasons. Usually only new roads and roads which don’t have any specific name are given new names. In such scenario, you have been asked to prepare a report on various implications of renaming a road in the present context and give suggestions in this regard. Analyze the various merits and demerits of such exercise and explain what suggestions you will provide to the corporation. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Name of roads not only has administrative implications, but also historic significance and emotional attachments. Changing the name of road may many positive as well as negative repercussions.Merits of changing the name:

● Memories of the famous scientist and the leader and former president respected among all community will be kept alive.

● The memory that India was once ruled by a despotic ruler will fade away. Sentiment of many who want a change in the name of the road will be respected.

● Hard work and service to the nation will be rewarded. ● Will act as an inspiration for others to work for their country.

But changing the name may be avoidable on following grounds: ● Name of the roads and buildings depicts history of the land. Changing the name could be seen as an act of

wiping out the history. ● Changing the name could be seen as an attempt to obliterate the name of ruler who represents a minority

community. It may also be perceived as majoritarianism as the naming is suggested after the person of majority community.

● Value of tolerance due to which we have rich diversity and stability in our society will be affected. ● There will also be a risk of portrayal of other minority rulers as despotic. ● Peace, harmony and social capital among people will be eroded. ● The exercise will have huge administrative cost as the name will be updated on all the government

documents. It may also cause confusion of addresses for people. ● It will set a wrong precedent leading to reoccurrence of such demands in future. ● We have many buildings and place name after British viceroys like lord Curzon etc. just because the ruler

was considered as despotic is not the valid ground to change the name of road.




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● Removing the name of minority ruler may be used as a tool by fringe groups to create an artificial sense of deprivation.

Considering the above reasoning, I’ll suggest the corporation to not change the name of the road. But if the corporation is of the view that name must be changed, than it must be named after a person of minority community to maintain peace and communal harmony. A leader who had always served his country cannot be disrespected by politicizing his name for just naming a road. 6. You are the regional head of a food and beverage company which has a huge brand value and is operating in many countries for over many decades. One day, the manager of your company’s Quality Control Team visits you and informs that due to some mechanical error, a toxic substance has been added to one of the food items which have now been delivered to the retailers. This substance has been banned by the food regulatory authority of the government. If this news comes out in open, it will be a huge setback for the brand and will bring embarrassment as well as strict government action against the company.Calling back the whole stock will also lead to huge losses. The food article in question is fast selling and the present stock will not last for many days. The decision and its responsibility are yours. Analyze the situation from different perspective and explain what action you will take to come out with minimum harm. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer : As regional head, the case presents a dilemma for me to choose between company’s interest and duty towards the general customers. Loyalty is a virtue and should be shown towards the organisation one works in and fraternity and caring for health of co-citizens is a constitutional value. If the batch is called back there is a chance of media sensationalizing the issue and company would have to pay the price for acting good.Issues and values involved:

● Rights of people to get informed. ● Transparency in business ● Image of private companies ● Duty of companies to maintain food quality ● Health of society as a common good ● Societal Justice ● Respect for the law ● Work culture of the company ● Virtues of Regional Manager like empathy and intellectual courage

From the perspective of Government, the company has put lives of many people at risk. The negligence can have serious consequences for the people in long term. Respect for the law has to be maintained. So, the guilty must be brought to book, under relevant provisions of the law. Taking suitable action against the company will also ensure that companies are extra cautious regarding the ingredients of the product, in future. Otherwise, there will be no deterrent for the companies.From the perspective of common man, they have the right to know the ingredients of the product they are consuming, and its consequences on their health. If they are not informed about the toxic substance, then their right to self-determination is violated. Also, it will breach the trust which they have on the company, thus destroying a common good. They won’t be able to make an informed choice in future. Injustice will be done due to unfair distribution of benefits and burdens. From the perspective of the company, informing the public will ensure that they are upholding the principle of honesty. They will also be able to accept the responsibility of their action and its consequences. However, it will also lead to significant economic loss, thus harming company employees and people who have invested in it. But, by not bringing the matter to light, the company will be violating the rights of its customer. It will also be breaking their trust and erode the social capital built over the years. And, if the matter comes to light by some other means, it will cause more embarrassment for the company, than otherwise. Allowing the stock to remain in the market is not only illegal but also harm its own customers.




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From the perspective of media, it is their duty to highlight such issues, if it is brought to light. It will help in creating public awareness. So, media should report fairly on the issue. Considering these, I would recall the whole stock. Though in the short term it will cause economic loss to the company, but in the long term it will help in building trust of customers. Though it will also attract negative media coverage, but, the company can defend itself, as it recalled the product. It will protect the common people from getting affected by the toxic substance. Their health and well-being will not be compromised for want of preventing economic loss. The emotional connect hence developed would be the best form of advertisement. General Manager should take following steps:i. Recall products from the area where toxic product was distributed and for that area come up with new

packaging so that new product is not rejected psychologically.ii. Company should inform the media and the government on itself to maintain the good image.iii. A public apology should be given to keep the trust and good will of people. Honesty will improve the social capital of company. Consumer trust will further increase. Hence honest and ethical path should be chosen by the company.

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Case Study Assignment 91. You are working as a Teacher. You have a student who is from a single parent family. The student must work to attend college. However, the job is interfering with the student’s performance and several assignments have not been turned in. You have determined that a “D” is all the student can make when a counselor informs you that the student needs a “C” to qualify for an academic scholarship.’ What choices do you have and what will you do? Explain with reasons? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case presents a dilemma to choose between objectivity and compassion for the student from single parent family.Following are other ethical issue involved in the case – a) Burden on children from single parent family.b) Social justice to single parent family.c) Virtue of impartiality and fairness of the teacher. d) Rights of other students.In such situation I have the following choices:

● Manipulate the grades for the sake of student ● Maintain the status quo and continue with the objective method of qualification ● I should go with the concept of unequal treatment in unequal circumstances and providing extra help to

him without disturbing the objectivityThe first two options compromise my integrity as a teacher. So I will go with the last option to sort out this issue. Reasons for choosing this option:

● As a teacher every student is equal for me. However, the student is not at the same level of other students, so some kind of extra help should be provided to him.

● This can be done through resolving his issues in completing the assignments and solving his queries, if any. This will make him more confident and he may study with more dedication.

● I may ask some students, on my personal level, to help him in sorting his problems. This will lower his burden and he’ll feel encouraged.

● If there is any suitable work for him in college itself, I will try to allocate him requesting the college administration. This will be win-win situation for him so that he can regularly attend college and earn money.

● Personal help, if needed, I will try to provide him giving extra time so that he can manage the assignments, his work and efforts on improving the grades.

Finally if he get the scholarship through his dedication and our collective support, it will be good for him and his family. Further the strong teacher-student relation can be encouraged in the college culture.2. You are a boss of a small private organization with nearly 40 employees. You are about to meet important clients who will be visiting your office shortly. But you get a call from your wife that your son who is suffering from autism is performing dance in his school, which is a very happy occasion for the family. The meeting which was scheduled is very difficult to be postponed. Moreover if the meeting is successful, your company benefits enormously in terms of new contracts. As for you, son’s performance is more important than the business deal. You ask your personal assistant to call the clients and tell them that you are unwell and the meeting can be held tomorrow.Identify different personal and professional issues present in the case. Also examine whether what was done was right or not. If not, then what could have been the best way to resolve the situation. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case presents the challenge of balancing the personal and professional life without compromising on ethical principles.




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Personal issues involved in the case: ● Encouragement to differently abled son. ● Right of son to get fatherly love and affection. ● Happiness in the family. ● Appreciating the effort of school administration in overall development of children.

Professional issues involved in the case: ● Professional ethics to take meetings on time. ● Profitability of the company ● Injustice with the employees if organization lose the contract ● Dishonesty and lying to client. ● It may de-motivate employee and trigger demonstration effect in the organization

Giving preference to the family and moreover if son is suffering from autism which is characterized by social interaction and communication, is a good decision. Presence of both mother and father is important for his motivation and encouragement of child. However, business meeting is also important and other employees of the company has stake in it as well.Hence both need to be balanced innovatively. In no case client should be lied as it is unethical and unprofessional. To balance and resolve the situation as a leader, the following would be the best way according to me:

● Honest reason for cancelling the meeting should be put forward. ● Affectionate component of the attitude of clients must be influenced to convince them to reschedule the

meeting. ● Some of them can be invited to program at school with the permission of school authorities to develop

personal rapport. ● In all possibility client will consider me to be compassionate and caring. These values are appreciated by

all. They will even more look forward to work with me and my company.Mahatma Gandhi said, “Honest is the best policy’. I should stick to the this preaching of mahatma. 3. Sahil kumar has been appointed as the District Collector of a rural area. A law and order situation has surfaced, where he, being assisted by police force, has to deal with a violent mob which is protesting against price rise of essential commodities, corruption in administration and forceful land acquisitions. Prohibitory order under section 144 Cr P.C has been issued by Sahil, but despite of his best effort, situation is not coming under control. The mob is not dispersing but people rather started stone pelting. Police had no option but to fire two rounds in air. The mob dispersed but unfortunately one of the bullet hits a passerby old man who was returning home after the daylong work in his field. He died on spot. On verification, Sahil found that he was the only earning member of a family of six.Answer the following questions in context of the above incident: (300 words, 25 marks)(a) Do you justify the police firing? (b) What will be the best course of action to compensate the death of the old person?(c) In future if such situation arises, what should be the ideal way of dealing with it? Answer: The concern in such situation is of maintaining the law and order situation and reducing the public anger. On both front there is a need of high emotional intelligence. Here mobocracy is dominating the methods of democracy.Some ethical issues involved in the case:

● Right of the people for transparent and corruption free administration ● Violation of Right to Property mentioned under Article 300A of the Constitution ● Injustice with the passerby old man and his family ● Violent act of the people which is threat to the social harmony (common good) ● Unethical practice of stone pelting against the democratic value of silent protest and against the Indian

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● Accountability of the administration for giving way to arise such situation due to their inefficient administration and poor governance

(a) Do you justify the police firing?They have fired after the previous warning to the people and when mob started stone pelting then the firing started that too only two rounds in air. Yes the bullet has hit the old man but it was not the intention. They have acted in the interest of peaceful society. They acted according the objectivity taught to them in their training. So here it is justified. However, though it was not the intention but their act killed the innocent person. Also there are many options like tear gas which have not been used. So somewhere they are accountable for the incident.(b) What will be the best course of action to compensate the death of the old person? His body should be delivered to his family with respect. And a handsome compensation should be provided on immediate basis. This will be some short term relief for family. Further, suitable job should be provided to the family members it they are adult under various government schemes or according to their potential. Also if there are members who are pursuing education, their education expenditure should be bear by government until they get self-dependent under the schemes like Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana and Education for All. It is not equal to the loss which they are facing but may give them some leverage to live a dignified life.(c) In future if such situation arises, what should be the ideal way of dealing with it? In such situation, the first step should be the maintenance of law and order. Following way may be ideal for resolving such situation:

● Warning to the mob should be given for calling off their violent protest. If the protest is silent then there should not be a single attack on the mob.

● All methods like tear gas, pepper spray, water cannon, etc. should be exhausted before going for firing. ● Stone pelting should be prevented by police force by using helmets and riots shield so their life should not

be at stake. ● And finally if any attack with weapons from the mob should be dealt with the firing. Thus the firing should

be a last resort of handling such situation.Further, police should adopt the preventive measures rather than curative. Any possibility of the gathering mob should be prevented with immediate measures. 4. A factory producing lots of toxic waste is running in a locality which has high percentage of young population. Many workers are employed in the factory. But the environment ministry is of the opinion that factory should be closed as it is causing air pollution leading to rampant respiratory infections in the area. However, final decision has been left on you. You are the head of Municipality of that locality. Explain the ethical issues involved in the case? What action would you take to restore environment as well as save the livelihood of the affected employees, if the factory is closed? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The sustainable development is the major issue in the above case. It pretends the conflict of environment vs livelihood. Following are the ethical issues involved in the case:

● Right to Health vs Right to Livelihood of the young population – polluted air will affect the health of young population and may lead to suffering of chronic respiratory disease in the young age. It is against the national interest and may increase disease burden of the country. Simultaneously, their livelihood is also important to fulfill their Right to Dignified Life.

● Injustice to the workers if the factory will be closed – Though health issues are there, but closure of the factory is not justifiable. This would leave number of workers unemployed and cause suffering of their family members. Unemployment in the region will be on rise.

● Duty of the state to provide livelihood opportunities and clean environment (common good) to its citizen – it is the Directive Principle of State Policy mentioned in the Constitution. So state has duty towards both the environment and livelihood of the people. This is also in line with the Sustainable Development Goals.




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● As a head of Municipality and a civil servant, it’s my responsibility to handle situation efficiently – as I have to make a decision, there should be fair justice with each stakeholder. It will also display my quality as an administrator.

Following steps I will take to resolve the given case if the factory will be closed:1. Whenever there is a closure of the factory the salary of that month will be ensured for the workers. This

will give them time to find other job if they want and pacify their anger.2. The workers will be registered under the government’s employment schemes like MGNREGA. Under

this if registered person do not get job within the 15 days of application he/she will be paid some amount. So the short term relief will be there.

3. In this time, I will talk to the owner of the factory to find the optimum utilization of the infrastructure of the factory for environment friendly business. This will give job opportunities to the young local population. Also if he has some idea of utilizing young people for cleaner business, it will be considered.

4. As a Municipality Head, I would implement the MGNREGA in the local area for cleaning of the environment which is polluted by the toxic from this factory. This will provide both time being livelihood to some people and cleaner environment to all.

5. Younger population would be encouraged to take benefits of government schemes like Start-Up and Entrepreneurship. This will make them self-sufficient and creator of employment rather than job seeker.

In this way I will try to create win-win situation for all stakeholders showing the qualities of public servant. 5. Roads in a district X are not upto the mark and there are number of potholes on the road which are cause of the inconvenience to the commuters’ every day. The contractor who was sanctioned the tender of making the road by PWD department has been summoned many times by the department. But due to nexus between contractor, local politicians and officials, nothing concrete has been done to rectify the problem. You are the Chief Executive Officer of the Municipal body of this area. Identify the ethical issues involved in the case and what steps would you take to rectify the situation? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case involved the corrupt practices carried out by the nexus of contractors, politicians and officials. Integrity, business ethics and the political morality are at stake in the above situation. Ethical issues involved in the given case:

● Loyalty vs greed of officials ● Honesty vs profit of contractors ● Personal interest of politicians vs public interest ● My value of fortitude and prudence are at stake ● Proper infrastructure is a common good, duty of the state and right of the citizen ● Injustice with the commuters in spite of paying proper taxes ● Wastage of taxpayer’s money due to sub-optimal utilization of resources.

Following Steps can be taken to resolve the situation:1. The tender with the contractor should be terminated and the road should be repaired with the help of other

contractor who is out of the net of politicians and officials. 2. I have to make surprise visits to the road sites and the material used will be tested with the help of specialists.

This will reduce the chances of using the adulterated or low quality material in the road building. Justice will be done to the commuters as the future inconvenience and it may prevent the unforeseen situations like accidents.

3. Officials having nexus with the network of politicians-contractors should be inquired and suspended for act of corruption and disloyalty with public institution.

4. The phase wise devolution of payment to the contractor should be done with the proper inspection of built road and its quality. This will make contractor responsible for his future payments.

5. The warrant against the former contractor should be ordered. If arrested the further information of the people involved in this fraud should be exposed publicly. This will set deterrence and prevent the creation of other such nexus.




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6. In long term, people participation shall be ensured through methods like social audit. The greed of the people is hampering the real growth of the country. This should be stop with the help of attitudinal and behavioral changes in the people particularly the young population of the country. 6. You are in charge of rescue operations in a severely flood hit area. Thousands of people are stranded in deep waters in their homes without food and drinking water for 3-4 days. Because of rough topography and heavy rainfall, the rescue operation is slow. When your men reach stranded people, they heckle and assault your men out of anger. One of your team members is severely injured in these fights. Your team members request you to call off operation as they are scared of facing angry people and also they are angry about the behaviour of those stranded people. At the same time, media is writing negative news about your efforts.In such circumstances, how will you manage the situation? For a person in your position, examine which qualities should be displayed during such situations? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case is based on effective utilization of emotional intelligence of rescue operation team in dealing with angry stranded citizens. Other ethical issues involved in the case:

● Feeling of being cared by the administration among the disaster hit people ● Frustration out of hunger and vulnerability ● Emotional intelligence among the stranded people. ● Compassion, dedication, spirit of service and spirt of forgiveness in the rescue operation team ● Injustice with the injured team member ● Credibility and efficiency of the rescue team ● My leadership skill and ability to keep my team member motivated.

I will try to manage the situation in following ways: ● The injured team member will be taken safely for his treatment at the first place. This will pacify the team

member and made them to change their decision. ● As their motivation is important and as a leader I will remind the member, who called me, about his duty

and the motto of his service “Saving Lives and beyond”. ● Also I will remind him the value of compassion which is the foremost value in such situation. ● As a leader I am accountable to media and the people, I will clarify them that our team is doing their best

at the behest of their own lives and ask them avoid negative news about our efforts. ● Also few additional members will be sent with one media reporter to catch actual situation. This will

increase the manpower of the team and it will disclose actual field situation to the people. ● Also the known face of the stranded people from the government will be sent to pacify the people and to

carry out rescue operation without any disturbance between rescue team and the people.As a leader, I have to display following qualities in such situation:

● As a leader my quality of motivating the team members is at the display. ● I should be in favour of my team when media is misrepresenting them. Thus the quality of responsiveness

and accountability should be shown in this case.Thus, my empathy and rationality towards both the stranded people and my injured team member will resolve the situation. It will help me to take right decision in right time.

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Case Study Assignment 101. You are the Vice – Chancellor of a very famous college University in India. There are many students in the University, who are from a very poor socio-economic background (dalits). They complain you, that they are facing discrimination on grounds of caste. While another group of students, who belongs to ‘student wing’ of a political party, accuse dalit students of engaging in anti-national activities. Recently there were violent clashes between the two groups. You form a committee to enquire into the matters. But, one leader of the political party sends you a letter, demanding strict action against the dalit students, while no action against its student wing members. Analyze the situation from different perspectives and explain its repercussion on the society. Also explain what you can do to control the situation and establish a conducive environment in the campus? (300 words, 25 marks) Answer: The case highlights political interference in the educational institution campuses. Although student politics is important to develop future leaders but as said by Gandhiji, politics must be embedded with principle. Other ethical issues involved in the case:1. Right against discrimination is being violated 2. Anti-national activities are against social interest3. Universities are sources of human capital and their duty is to develop leaders from all communities.4. Politicization of education 5. Social capital as a common good and tolerance is declining6. Injustice to the other students as the burden of two groups shifted on them1. From Dalit students’ perspective:-

● Their Right to Equality is being violated ● Also Right to Education is hampering as such discriminative environment disturbs the mental condition ● Such discrimination creates the feeling of hatred in the society and became a threat to peace and fraternity.

2. Perspective of ‘student wing’ belong to the political party ● Anti-national activities in the Universities should be prevented ● This may set wrong precedent for other Universities by creating domino effect ● As affiliated to Political Party and the responsible citizen, it is their duty to raise voice against such

activities ● Biasness against dalit students is unethical as they demanded action against them without proper

investigation and committee report3. Other students’ perspective:

● Without any involvement in the case, they are kept away from regular studies. ● Effect of such disturbance in the colleges affects their and their parent’s attitude towards such Universities ● Fearful environment in the University

4. My own ethical perspective: ● Pressure from the political wings challenged my values like courage and emotional intelligence ● My duty to maintain law and order with conducive environment in the University ● Presence of discriminative environment is challenging my leadership skills. ● My accountability to manage the institution ● Wrong precedent may set due to my miss-handling of the situation and may damage the prestige of the

UniversityIt’s repercussion on the society




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● It will disturb socio-religious harmony ● It may further pave way for anti-national activities ● Affect India’s image as a tolerant country at the international level

My course of action would be as follows: ● As a Vice – Chancellor, I should keep my value of non-partisanship as a highest priority. ● First step should be maintaining law and order in the University and restore the discipline. ● Both the groups will be summoned and warned about any further disturbance in the university so the

regular affairs can get started ● Without any consideration of the letter of student wing, the action against culprits will be taken based on

the report of the committee. This will show my un-biasness in resolving the issue. ● Anyone who found guilty will be dealt with strong action. This will set deterrence for other students from

involving in such activities. ● The separate Anti-discrimination Panel will be set up for preventing discrimination against any student in

the University. This will help in solving the plight of Dalit students. ● For new students, while their admission in the University, the Declaration will be signed mentioning

explicitly about preventing such activities. Politicization of education should be prevented. This will help students in focusing on their academics which is important as a human capital for the developing country. Also India has a vast religious diversity for which it is known for. To preserve this such act of discrimination should be avoided with attitudinal and behavioral changes in the society.2. You are Head of District irrigation department and entrusted with responsibility to make and maintain canals in the district. District is drought prone and irrigation activities are very scanty. The reputation of the department is also dented by recent scam in irrigation department, whereby few engineers were caught red handed while taking bribe. Identify the ethical issues involved in the case. What steps would you take for the welfare of the district? Also give some suggestions by which reputation and prestige of the department can be restored? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The given case pretends the lack of integrity in the officials of irrigation department and the involvement of corrupt practices. Also due to this, the undue burden is shifted on the people of the district and they might suffer because of the absence of basic necessity like water.Other ethical issues involved in the case:1. Credibility of the government institution and the faith of people in the public department2. Right of the people to get basic necessities which comes under Right to Life.3. My duty and courage to restore the faith of the people in the department. 4. Lack of probity in work and lack of compassion in officials 5. Water is a common good and should be provided to the people 6. Justice should be delivered to the last mileSteps for the welfare of the district:

● The survey of the district should be done to get exact situation of the water scarcity. ● According to the survey report, the equal distribution of water should be delivered with some regulative

conditions like timing and quantity of water on daily basis. ● Regular patrolling should be done if there is any leakage in the water supply system to prevent wastages

of water. ● For preventing loopholes, the separate order should be issued against any kind of corrupt practices and

discrimination of water distribution. ● For each ward, the People’s representative should be made accountable for any kind of dissatisfaction in

that area about water supply. ● Also people’s participation is necessary. So the Social Audit should be set in practice. This will involve

gathering of all complaints and their solution about water scarcity.




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● For long term, Citizen Charter should be prepared for the conservation of water. ● The practices like rain water harvesting, building tank should be use. This may reserve some water and

keep water table charged. E.g Aamir Khan’s Pani Foundation in Marathwada. ● Plantation of trees should be encouraged.

Government institutions are vehicle of the district administration and people’s faith is its fuel. Their faith should be preserved and the credibility of the institution should be maintained.

● Officials found of involved in the corrupt practices should be suspended and the domino effect must be prevented.

● Each should be made individually accountable for the task allocated to him/her. ● Officials should be sent to the field for personal experience of plight of the people. This may help them in

having compassion about these vulnerable people and also gathering various view points from the people. ● Special Complaint mechanism with help line number should be established. And the timely issue resolving

methods should be adopted. This will restore faith of the people in the institution.Monthly area wise review of the water scarcity should be done. This should involve participation of the people. This will keep the process transparent and help institution in maintaining its prestige.3. You have been appointed recently as the District Magistrate of an area which is known for its communal sensitivity. One day you come across a situation which may lead to communal clashes. A 21-year old upper caste girl eloped to marry a 25-year old dalit boy last week and now both of them are at police headquarters, asking for protection. A self-styled caste panchayat in the village had earlier ordered the Dalit man to send his wife back to her parents. But the woman has refused to leave her husband. The upper class community is fuming and the situation is very tense. As DM, you are ordered by the state home secretary to give counseling to the couple. (300 words, 25 marks)a) What will be your advice to the couple?b) What repercussion such cases can have on the society?c) What action will you take as DM?Answer: The deep rooted menace of caste discrimination is indicated in the case. It became an obstacle for the social institutions like marriage. Importantly, it is violating the Right to Life and Privacy of an adult. a) What will be your advice to the couple?As a DM, I will give following advice:

● First I should make them calm and try to reinforce their faith in law and order system and me. ● I will ask them not to fear as they have not done anything wrong. ● I will appreciate their step which will motivate them and keep them away from taking any wrong decision. ● With these efforts, I will also try to communicate their relatives or friends who are in their favour to make

them comfortable.b) What repercussion such cases can have on the society?

● Communal hatred may spread in the society ● In violation of Right to Freedom, the sense of fear my spread in the society which is a threat to the social

harmony ● If not stop, the self-styled panchayats may dominate and lead to the oppression of youth girls and boys. ● It can also result in the practices like child marriages and force-full marriages. ● Domestic violence may get encouragement from such issues. ● This may also involve the youths in the criminal activities due to disturbance of equilibrium of mental

state. ● Conformity in society which may lead to its stagnation.

c) What action will you take as DM? ● The first step should be the lowering the domination of self-styled panchayats. ● Protection to the couple will be provided for the time-being and their security will be ensured. ● The attitudinal and behavioral changes needed for the long term harmony in the society. This can be




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achieved through the role models and some legislation. ● Also in line with recent Supreme Court’s judgment, the strict implementation of law should be done. And

the volunteer organizations say ‘Youth’s Independence’ should be established with the participation of the youths from the various sections of the society.

● Liberal values and the value of tolerance should be taught in the schools and colleges so that the inherent changes can be brought.

Inter-caste marriage is an important element of the marriage institution. This should be preserved for the unity of the country. And the appeasement of the caste panchayat must be avoided.4. You are the District Magistrate (DM) of a backward but fast growing district. State government along with Central government has sanctioned formation of Special Economic Zone in your district which can lead to exponential growth in infrastructure and employment opportunities for the local people. However, many of your subordinates have started purchasing land in the district, and they are pressurizing you to make SEZ in their land only so that they can earn huge compensation out of the land selling to government. What are the issues involved in this case? What course of action would you undertake and why? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Government is the trustee of money of the people. Fiduciary responsibility of effective utilization of fund has to be completed done with utmost honesty. Following are the issues involved in the case:

● Honesty and probity of the officials ● Public interest vs personal interest ● Conflict of interest for officials ● Injustice with the people who will lose the best compensation of the land ● My leadership quality and persuasion power to make officials act with compassion ● Threat to the public faith in government’s development projects which is a common good ● Credibility and trust of people in government will erode if news comes out.

Following will be my course of action and its reasons:- ● Awareness of SEZ and about the compensation of land: this can be done through newspaper, TV and

Radio channels. Due to this people may avoid the land selling to the people other than government. ● Tracking and removing bottlenecks: some fraud people may purchase land in the name of government

from the locals. This can be done through keen field observation by the officials. It will save people from frauds.

● Naming and Shaming: those who found doing fraud of purchasing land should be named publicly. This will deter others from land purchasing.

● Keeping record of land owners at the time of announcement of the SEZ: this will be help full in tracking the names of the person who purchase land after such announcement and the nature of selling and buying can be found.

● Standard rule to prevent officials from purchasing land in that area: officials should not be allowed to purchase land from the projected area after the announcement of this project. Those who already have land in the designated area must be kept out form the project. This will avoid any actual or perceived conflict of interest.

● People’s participation: The locals should be involved in the awareness and query solving process of government. Through this the loopholes can be removed and the process can be made transparent.

● My interaction with the people: the real time experience and review of the process can be ensured. This will further strengthen the public faith in the government institutions. Also the subordinate officials will do their work with honesty and integrity.

5. An engineering firm has won a government contract to build a bridge of certain specifications and at a set price. Due to misestimating costs, if the firm builds the bridge as specified, the company will go bankrupt. However, if the firm uses inferior materials and reduces the safety factor in the bridge design, it can make a profit. Due to technicalities involved, it is difficult for anyone to notice inferior quality in short




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term. Government agencies also are not that capable to detect the quality. Infact, the firm can earn more profit in the name of repairs after few years. Explain what shall it do in such circumstances? Give reasons for your action? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Gandhiji said that business without morality is a sin. The case presents a situation where out of circumstances, the company may be tempted to indulge into corrupt business practices. Following are other ethical issues involves –

● Integrity of the process of awarding contract by the government. ● Social capital of the company ● Good governance ● Bridge as a common good. ● Safety of the passengers using the bridges. ● Company’s responsibility towards society

Following are the steps and its reasons an engineering firm should go with to achieve the win-win situation:

● The option of using the inferior materials should be excluded: This step will be in line with the business ethics and in the favour of firm’s future. Also this will ensure future public safety and prevent injustice to the public.

● Talk with government about status and potential business: At present, it should talk with the government authorities about the misestimating of the prices so everything will be transparent. However this may end up with losing the contract, but it won’t go bankrupt. And thus can find other opportunities.

● Government support: Firm should try to convince government authorities and put a balanced estimate of the project. This will strengthen government’s faith in the firm and government may offer them more contracts in future.

● Hybrid Annuity Model (HAM): Firm should adopt the HAM model in which government pays 40% of the total cost. This will prevent firm from becoming bankrupt. And the total revenue collection responsibility is of National Highway Authority of India (NHAI). So there is surety of getting return. This will be win-win situation for all stakeholders.

● Credibility of the firm: the firm should keep in mind about its credibility in the market. If any discrepancies found in the future, the firm may lose its prestige and status in the market. This will hamper their business and may result in to the bankruptcy. This also leads to the injustice with the employees of the firm.

6. Last year, the validity of Haryana Panchayati Raj (Amendment) Act, 2015, was challenged in the Supreme Court. The new law requires that general candidates for Panchayat elections must have passed class X examinations while women and Dalit candidates need to have cleared class VIII and V respectively. The state government maintains that this amendment will lead to more capable persons being elected and would go a long way in ameliorating social and economic conditions of rural population. However, it has been challenged on the grounds of discrimination and rights violation. Analyze the situation and explain your opinion in this regard? Also, distinctly bring out— (250 words, 20 marks)a) What is the role of education in the governance and leadership skills of a person?b) What can be the possible solution to resolve this situation such that it integrates the concerns of all?Answer: The Haryana Panchayati Raj (Amendment) Act, 2015 prescribe minimum educational qualification for panchayat elections. This move is to reform politics and usher in good governance.However inadvertent fallout of the move could be the disqualification of many genuinely capable leaders at panchayat level. There is no proven fact that illiterate or less literate people cannot become a good leader. Furthermore there would be injustice to those who have not been provided with enough educational opportunities by the state.Gram sabha and panchayat is a common good at village level and is the fundamental unit of our political structure. Improvement in panchayat should be done along with granting the right of people to contest election. For this change in rule to contest election must be complemented with right to education.




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a) What is the role of education in the governance and leadership skills of a person?Education leads to the attitudinal and behavioral changes in the individuals. Right from the schooling various values like equality, justice, fraternity has been taught to the students. Such values make them efficient when they involve in the public life. Educated people are aware of their rights and duties the balance of which is essential in democracy. Educated people are aware of the freedom struggle and cherish its values of non-violence and tolerance. The leadership skills with the value of truth and transparency can be evolved through education. Attitude formation is easier through role modelling. Educated individuals feel confident while performing various activities. This gives them courage to take responsibilities and face the difficult challenges in the public life.Thus education helps in overall development of individuals which is important for any people’s representative. This will give them the direction to lead the people in the right direction. b) What can be the possible solution to resolve this situation such that it integrates the concerns of all?The Act amended caused the furor in the public and this should be addressed considering the concerns of all stakeholders.

● According to the Article 326 of the Constitution election must be contested on the basis of adult suffrage. On this basis some time period should be given (say 5 years) for the actual enactment of this act.

● Most importantly the empowerment of the weaker sections like women and Dalits should be given priority to make them capable of this election criterion.

● Moreover the educated people may lack some leadership qualities and not capable of leading from the front. Thus the solution can be reservation of seats on the basis of education. 50% to 60% seats should be given to the participants who have minimum qualification. Remaining should be reserved in the previous format.

● Again for taking education there is no age limit. Those who want to contest elections they should pursue the minimum qualification in the given time period. This can be also done after the candidate wins an election.

● The rule shall be same for all. It should be implemented at state level also. ● Infrastructure must be established to provide good, affordable and effective education to all.

The Act is in favour of the development of the country in a particular direction. This will indirectly improve the socio-economic status of the society. The issues like sanitation and open-defecation need some behavioral changes and this can be achieved through the education. Also the Supreme Court gave its judgment that “basic education would enable the candidates to effectively discharge duties of the panchayat.”

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Unit - 6 Previous Years’ Model Answers

Section A1. What do you understand by ‘values’ and ‘ethics’? In what way is it important to be ethical along with

being professionally competent? (10 marks | 150 words)Answer: Ethics and values are related but different concepts. Ethics prescribe what is or is not considered appropriate behaviour in living one’s life. Standards such as honesty, truthfulness, fairness, and humaneness usually are used in making ethical judgments of rightness and wrongness in human behaviour.Values on other handcan be defined as those things that are important or valued by someone. Values describe what is important in a person’s life. Basically they are the standards on the basis of which we evaluate something or make judgement about how desirable or undesirablethings are to us.One can say that all ethics are values, but all values are not ethics. Values such as bravery, achievement are usually not ethics. We may have other type of values like aesthetic values, scientific values and constitutional values. Ethical values are called ethics. It is very important to be ethical in the performance of one’s duty. Competence without ethics is very risky. An unethical person can only bring harm to the society, because professional competency, devoid of an ethical base, can be effectively used to harm the organization and society - i. Public service: Good governance and ethical governance cannot be achieved without ethical consideration. ii. Work culture: Daniel Goleman asserts that 80% of success at work place is due to emotional quotient and

20% due to intelligence quotient. Without ethics at workplace and work culture, interpersonal relationship cannot be maintained.

iii. Social responsibility: ex. – a pharmaceutical company will not make medicine for diseases specific to poor tribals who are less in number as cost recovery will be low, without CSR in profession.

iv. Circumvention of law: Recently Supreme Court of India banned the sale of diesel vehicles above 2000CC in Delhi to curb pollution. A company with environmental value will follow the order. But lack of such values will result in circumvention. For instance, one Indian company came up with diesel SUVs of 1900 CC.

v. National interest: Many competent companies are involved in bribery and kickbacks in government tenders, evasion of taxes etc. that hurt the socio-economic development of the nation.

Hence we must follow the message of the quote by Samuel Johnson ‘Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful’.2. a) What do you understand by the following terms in the context of public service?

(5 terms X 3 marks each=15 marks |250 words) i. Integrity ii. Perseverance iii. Spirit of service iv. Commitment v. Courage of convictionb) Indicate two more attributes which you consider important for public service. Justify your answer.

(10 marks |100 words)

Civil Services (Mains) GS PAPER IV-2013 Solutions(Ethics, Integrity and Aptitude)




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Answer a) i. Integrity: Integrity means to be honest and consistent in thought, speech and action. It refers to the

quality of eliminating the gap between what we think, what we say and what we do. It is the integration of ideals, convictions, standards, beliefs and behaviour. A public servanthaving integrity is never influenced by temptations and pressures from outside (like corruption) as he or she would only respond to one’s conscience and the code of conduct followed in his organization. As per 2nd ARC, a civil servant with impeccable integrity must always work for public interest rather than personal interest in official working.

ii. Perseverance: refers to steady persistence shown by a civil servant in achieving a particular goal in spite of difficulties and discouragement. Perseverance leads to dedication, which happens to be an important value especially when work conditions are poor and often adverse.

Bringing socio-economic changes like reducing poverty, improving health condition, international negotiations etc. does take time. Hence perseverance is important value for a civil servant. Examples include personalities like Ashok khemka, Mahatma Gandhi etc.

iii. Spirit of service: it refers to the quality of the character that encourages one topursue the goals of the organization with diligence and devotion. The other values of love, sympathy, fairness, compassion and forgiveness are inherited in the spirit of service value. It’s an act of applying oneself intellectually, emotionally and physically towards the welfare of others irrespective of your own benefits and costs. It is important especially when there is scarcity of resources. For example recently DM of Manipur built road by pooling money by various stakeholders.

New emerging challenges like disaster management, migration to digital ecosystem, issues in cooperative federalism etc. with old, persistent and humungous problem of poverty and illiteracy calls for spirit of service to energize and transform our nation.

iv. Commitment: Commitment is the glue that bonds one with one’s goals. It involves dedicating oneself towards an organization or goal through a formal or informal obligation. Commitment brings joy, passion and zeal to work which is very important in civil services as the bureaucrats are not only involved in maintenance work but also in developmental work which requires more energy, hard work and persistence.

v. Courage of conviction: it refers to the attribute of the public servants to serve the society from the perspective of his convictions as well as from the perspective of organizational goals and objectives. It is the ability to stand for one’s decision even in adverse situation. Due to high level of political corruption, hostile work environment, non-cooperating citizens in militant or naxal prone areas etc., civil servants need to have courage of conviction to maintain their integrity and act on higher civil service value of public service. Examples include officers like Satyendra Dubey and S. Manjunath who gave their life to fight corruption in civil services.

b) Apart from the above qualities, a civil servant must have justice and compassion in his heart. Aristotle has said that it is in justice that the ordering of society is centered. Justice brings unity and cohesion in society. If a civil servant values justice, then only he’ll be able to take fair and ethical decisions. Like the principle of justice, ‘equals shall be treated alike but unequals shall be treated unequally’ will help the civil servant in giving equal consideration to everyone as well as special treatment to the deprived sections of society.

The value of compassion is in the roots of every ethical society. Only when a civil servant put others welfare and society’s development before his personal wellbeing, then only he’ll be able to serve people in the most appropriate manner. A desire to take action should be very strong to implement the policies of the government.

Note: One can also write prudence or temperance in place of compassion. Candidates can take cue from Plato’s four cardinal virtues.3. Some people feel that values keep changing with time and situation, while others strongly believe that

there are certain universal and eternal human values. Give your perception in this regard with due justification. (10 marks | 150 words)

Answer: Values are the yardsticks that help us to judge the things we see around us. Since every individual is different because of his genetic structure and environment, one can say that different individuals value different things and events. Values keep changing in degree and meaning with change in time, place or person.




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Since the moral principles and ethical standards differ with different society, itis inappropriate to regard values as universal and eternal. Thus, we see differentthings being appreciated or shunned in different societies to a varying degree. Like caste system is valued in Indian society but it may not be relevant in the European countries. Many values emanate from constitution and law of the land and keeps changing with them. Supreme Court of India has accepted living relation as part of marriage. Many countries are legalizing same sex marriages. Hence values and their importance may change with time. However, it is also true that with the advancement of civilization and with growing connectivity, there have been certain standards which are valued everywhere like honesty, trust, democracy and fraternity. UN Charter and universal declaration on Human Rights are based on the idea of ethical universalism only. But even these values can have different meanings in different contexts. For example, value of secularism is adopted by most democratic governments yet its meaning is different in France and India. The acceptance of a value might beuniversally valid, but its nature in a particular society varies according to thetimes and needs of the society. The main purpose of the values is to guidethe human beings towards happiness. Thus, the nature of values adapts withtime to ensure this aim of the human society. 4. What is ‘emotional intelligence’ and how can it be developed in people? How does it help an individual

in taking ethical decisions? (10 marks | 150 words)Answer: Emotional Intelligence refers to the capacity to be aware of, control, andexpress one’s emotions, and to handle interpersonal relationships judiciouslyand empathetically. It is the ability to understand the emotions of the othersand yours and act tactfully for mutual benefit. Development of emotional intelligence requires training of the mind in makingdecisions in different types of situations. To be emotionally intelligent, oneneeds to develop a self-realization. It is very important to know oneself andwhat affects us in different ways.It is important to have an exposure to the different emotionalsituations. By facing different kinds of emotional situations, we develop our ability to face different kinds of people and circumstances. In this regard, it isimportant to have an empathetic attitude towards others. We must be able to put our self in other person’s place and look the problems from his perspective. Only when we areable to understand and feel what others feel, can we communicate better.Emotional Intelligence is one of the main factors that decide the effectiveness of our decisions – a) Emotionally intelligent people can understand suffering of others. Hence he/she will keep away from

activities that cause pain and suffering to poor in invisible manner like financial corruption.b) In governance,EI can lead to better implementation of programs on poverty alleviation, tribal welfare,

farmer’s productivity etc., thus ensuring justice and inclusive growth. c) Emotionally intelligent person acts in an ethically just way, and acts in an empathetic way. Thus, he

ensures that the rights of the others are not violated.d) An emotionally intelligent person can take the decisions in accordance to the needs of time and

circumstances. Moreover, a person, who is emotionally intelligent, is aware of his values and principles. Such a person is not moved by materialistic short-term goals. Rather, his decisions are guided by the broader concerns.

e) Emotional intelligence leads to self-control which helps in behaving in an ethical manner during the time




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of aggression or anger. As we all know that most of the deviations from ethical behavior are shown during the time of war or grudge.

Great personalities like Gandhi ji, Jawaharlal Nehru, mother Teresa all have shown high EI. 5. a) What do you understand by the term ‘voice of conscience’? How do you prepare yourself to heed

to the voice of conscience? (10 marks| 150 words)b) What is meant by ‘crisis of conscience’? Narrate one incident in your life when you were faced with

such a crisis and how you resolved the same. (10 marks| 150 words)Answer : (a) Voice of conscience is the suggestion of our true moral self that guides uswhen we are faced with critical

situations. Conscience in itself is the voice of the Self, which says ‘yes or ‘no’ when we are involved in a moral struggle. It raises the voice of protest whenever anything is thought of or done contrary to the values.

A great significance is linked to thevoice of conscience because it has a pure ethical nature and is inherent in the humansoul. Our exterior nature might be misled by materialistic urges; but ourtrue self will always push us towards ethical conduct.

In order to integrate our actions with the voice of conscience, we must listen andreflect what is ethical for a given situation. We must not act in haste. Rather,we must reflect on our decisions, and evaluate why it is good/bad.

● One should also practice Yoga and meditation as it helps us to get linked with our inner self. ● As per Socrates, one should always try to enhance one knowledge as it will lead to education of conscience. ● Moral reasoning and moral courage are two most important attributes which must be developed to act as

per the voice of our conscience. Thus, one mustnever shun one’s voice of conscience, as, by doing so, one suppresses one’shigher self and degrades one’s soul. Only a self-reflective person can heed tothe voice of conscience.(b) Crisis of Conscience refers to the awkward situation when one’s actions arecontrary to one’s beliefs and

values. Sometimes, we are not able to act in theway that is in compliance to our values and principles. Either due to someexternal exigencies or material greed, we, sometimes, sidelines our voice ofconscience and act in a contrary way. This, if done for a material greed,degrades our human nature and suppresses our conscience. However, thereare also circumstances when, due to some external reasons beyond ourcontrol, we are not able to act according to our beliefs. Such situations createa feeling of guilt and shame.Again, it shows absence of moral courage and more priority to social wellbeing rather than moral integrity. Crises also happens when a person is not able to take a decision in situation of ethical dilemmas and moral tragedies.

Incidence from Life-during the time of Diwali, I took firecrackers to the school, which is obviously not allowed. However, because of the fear to get caught, I hide them in one of my classmate’s bag. Unfortunately, my classmate got caught during a checking drive and was reprimanded by the class teacher. I got so scared that I did not speak truth to the class teacher. Even though I wanted to save my classmate from getting punished for my wrongdoings, yet, I sidelined my voice ofconscience due to the fear of getting punished by the teacher.

6. Given below are three quotations of great moral thinkers/philosophers. For each of these quotations, bring out what it means to you in the present context: (each quote for 10 marks and 150 words=total 30 marks)

a) “There is enough on this earth for every one’s need but for no one’s greed.” — Mahatma Gandhi. b) “Nearly all men can withstand adversity, but if you want to test a man’s character, give him

power.” — Abraham Lincoln c) “I count him braver who overcomes his desires than him who overcomes his enemies.”— AristotleAnswer: 6. (a) By the given statement, Mahatma Gandhi tried to argue that we can lead ahappy and satisfactory life only by being content with what we have. Greed isthe source of all evil. It is the individual’s greed




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that makes two partiesconfronts each other in a cutthroat competition. Gandhi jialways condemned western commercialization and imperialism as disease largely because shows the greed for materialism. They believed in limitless expansion of capitalism and this result in exploitation of weaker sections.Even Bhagwad Gita has called greed a one of the six enemies of mind. Buddha also compare greed with poison. Mahabharata happened because of the greed of Duryodhana only. In the present context, this idea is very important, as there is an urgent needin the society for being content with what one earns through legitimatemeans. Greed knows no limits (ex. Vijay Mallya). That is why, we see greedy people runningafter their material urges endlessly, and compromising their core values. Thisis a sign of moral degradation of the individual as well as the society.Following Gandhi’s idea, we can construct a harmonious society, marked by peace and cooperation. Whereas, a society characterized by greedy peoplecan only face conflicts and wars. Environmental degradation, ecological imbalance, raising inequalities, raising crime rate are some manifestations of greed only. Being content with one’s earning is the foundation of cultivating a moral-ethical character. Thus, in today’s society it is a necessity to cultivate this valueamong the people, and more particularly among the public servants, as theyare responsible for bringing good to the society. 6. (b) Lincoln, in the given statement has argued that the real test of a man’s character istaken by giving him power and authority. Every man has been endowed with certain attributes that can help him in facing adverse situations. However, only a man of noble character is able to withstand the urges ofgreed and tyranny, even when he has enormous amount of power.In the present society, this argument holds great lessons for those who areresponsible to the people. Like many candidates from humble background clear civil services exam but later on, they forget about the needs of poor and become part of power elite.Power and authority provides a person with various options to further his self-interests. Anna Hazare movement against corruption in 2011 is also an example where many leaders showed their true character once they become the part of government. The present society has been suffering at thehands of such people, who come to power somehow, but are unable to resistthe compelling forces of wealth and authority.However, they are people like Arvind Kejriwal, actor Rajnikant, APJ Abdul Kalam, who remained humble even when they enough power to dominate the circumstances. 6. (c) Aristotle, through the given statement argues that it is easy to confront andovercome one’s enemy, but it is more difficult to confront the desires inside us.Confronting an enemy is a compulsion for an individual. However, to confrontone’s desires is a much difficult task, as it involves resisting the urges of thematerialistic pleasures. In Quran also, fighting the wrong present within us (higher Jehad) has been given priority over fighting the wrong present in your external world (lower Jehad). Gandhi ji also gave higher importance to fight the inner enemies like lust, greed, anger, hedonism before the threat present outside. In 1930s (after the communal award), he called for Indian society to first rectify inner problems and then fight against British imperialism. Often we ourselves become the biggest hurdle in our way to rightful living. The hedonistic instinct which psychologists like Sigmund Freud often talk about, keeps telling us to give more importance to our own pleasure and needs rather than the welfare of the society.Only a person of high morality and character can resist the temptations ofcrude desires. The present society faces an acute form of this problem. Evenhighly qualified people fail to resist the temptations of material gains andpleasures. This becomes a sign of their moral weakness.Thus, what is more difficult for an individual is to confront his own desires and interests,than to face his adversary. It takes a brave man to overcome his ego and correct himself before correcting others.




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7. “The good of an individual is contained in the good of all.” What do you understand by this statement? How can this principle be implemented in public life? (10 marks| 150 words)

Answer: Human beings are essentially social creatures. Interest of every individual is deeplylinked with that of society. Thus, when the society blooms the individualbenefits, while when the society decays, the individual suffers. Many philosophers like Plato and Kant have argued that the origin of the human society itself liesin the need to cooperate between different individuals. Thus, society is seenas a social mechanism to fulfil the needs of the various constituent parts.Gandhi ji for example always believed in the supremacy of ethical values and Sarvodaya (the good of all). Good for all is good for everyone. One should think about others before thinking about himself. The good of the individual is contained in the good of all.The philosophy of Sarvodaya is based on the concept of unity of existence i.e. the entire universe is permeated by the supreme god. It implies a perpetual fight against cruelty on human beings and animals. Such a principle can be implemented in the public life, only through educationand discipline. It is only when the individuals learn to cooperate and respectthe rights of the others, that social progress can be made. Thus, education,as a means to bring a transformation in how the people think, can be aneffective means.Policy of inclusive growth and sustainable development are also based on this idea only. Present problems of internal security, poverty and communalism are also the result of breach of this idea. Public culture shall be imbibed with the values of cooperation, compassion andfraternity. Only when the people have a benevolent attitude towards theirbrethren, can they see themselves as an integral part ofthe society.Thus, a strong ethical setup is required to integrate this idea with human actions in public life. 8. It is often said that ‘politics’ and ‘ethics’ do not go together. What is your opinion in this regard? Justify

your answer with illustrations. (10 marks| 150 words)Answer: The purpose of politics as well as ethics is overlapping that is to maintain balance between individual and the society and welfare of all. The main debate about this issue pertains to the choice of meansthat should be taken to pursue the ends. In this regard, it should be notedthat politics, without ethics, is purposeless. Politics, without an ethical base,will only become a mean to perpetuate oppression and exploitation.Though it is also true that in the era of coalition politics, criminalisation of politics and diverse demands and aspirations of people, it has become difficult for a politician to come in power and stay in power on ethical grounds. But, losing ethical grounds for the sake of power leads to the destruction of the basic objective of coming in power. It is only when politics is guided through an ethical framework that the goodof the society is produced. Otherwise, politics becomes, what people call, a’dirty game of power’.Gandhiji also acknowledged this deep connection between politics and ethics,and imbibed a deep spiritual spirit in his conception of politics. It is the morality which makes a difference between imperialism and democracy. Whereas, thepolitics of Hitler, which was devoid of any ethical grounds, became anexemplary of oppression and inhuman conduct.Thus, it shall be concluded that ethics and politics are intertwined at thefoundations. Without the companionship of one, the other loses shape andforce.

Section-BIn the following questions, carefully study the cases presented and then answer the questions that follow:9. A Public Information Officer has received an application under RTI Act. Having gathered the

information, the PIO discovers that the information pertains to some of the decisions taken by him, which were found to be not altogether right. There were other employees also who party to these decisions. Disclosure of the information is likely to lead to disciplinary action with possibility of




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punishment against him as well as some of his colleagues. Non-disclosure or part disclosure or camouflaged disclosure of information will result into lesser punishment or no punishment.

The PIO is otherwise an honest and conscientious person but this particular decision, on which the RTI application has been filed, turned out to be wrong. He comes to you for advice.

The following are some suggested options. Please evaluate the merits and demerits of each of the options:

i. The PIO could refer the matter to his superior officer and seek his advice and act strictly in accordance with the advice, even though he is not completely in agreement with the advice of the superior.

ii. The PIO could proceed on leave and leave the matter to be dealt by his successor in office or request for transfer of the application to another PIO.

iii. The PIO could weigh the consequences of disclosing the information truthfully, including the effect on his career, and reply in a manner that would not place him or his career in jeopardy, but at the same time a little compromise can be made on the contents of the information.

iv. The PIO could consult his other colleagues who are party to the decision and take action as per their advice.

Also please indicate (without necessarily restricting to the above options) what you would like to advise, giving proper reasons. (20 marks| 250 words)

Answer: The given case presents the test of integrity for a public servant. The PIO inpresent situation has to choose between – i. Personal and professional wellbeing or safeguarding the virtue of honesty and integrity. ii. Following the code of conduct and organisational values or loyalty towards and interest of coworkers.iii. Do small manipulation to escape legal action or preserve the integrity of the process of RTI.iv. Use pretext of his honest career so far to escape or take the responsibility of what he has done.Option 1: Refer matter to superior and seek adviceThe first option of referring the matter to the superior will make it easy to come out from a dilemma for the PIO and he’ll also get the support of his senior in defending the decision. But such action may lead to dissonance and guilt if the decision of superior is not in congruence with the morality of the PIO. PIO is a man of conscience which will never allow him to go with this option.Option 3: small manipulation The third option of weighing the consequences will be a planned loss of integrity. A little compromise will prevent his career from any risk but on the other hand will show absence of courage of convictions and fear of taking the responsibility. Moreover, deliberately hiding information is punishable under RTI act. Also, full information can be disclosed later on which can seriously damage the honest and conscientious image of the PIO. Corruption is addictive in nature.Thus doing the second wrong to hide the first wrong will push the IPO towards immoral behaviour in long run.Option 4: Try to escape from taking responsibility The forth option of consulting with the colleagues seems to be fine on surface, as they are also involve in the situation and they will also face the repercussions of the decision made by PIO. But acting solely according to their advice may again go against the conscience and honesty of PIO as the advice rendered may be unethical. It will also go against the principles of natural justice and the PIO may held responsible for the decision of others.Option 2: Transfer of caseThe second option of going on leave or transfer of case seems to be the ideal one as the situation also leads to conflict of interest. A person should not be a judge of his own case. The other PIO will be able to take the decision in a more objective and impartial manner. It will also save the PIO from any allegation of bias on the future. PIO should also disclose the information completely without compromising on any information or content to his successor highlighting that the decision was taken in a bonafide manner and not in a malafide manner.




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Moreover, to err is human. A person should only be punished for intentional wrongdoings. This will be taken into regard if the case is investigated in future. Thus, PIO must show the courage to take moral responsibility of his act. 10. You are working as an Executive Engineer in the construction cell of a Municipal Corporation and

are presently in-charge of the construction of a flyover. There are two Junior Engineers under you who have the responsibility of day-to-day inspection of the site and are reporting to you, while you are finally reporting to the Chief Engineer who heads the cell. While the construction is heading towards completion, the Junior Engineers have been regularly reporting that all construction is taking place as per design specifications. However, in one of your surprise inspections, you have noticed some serious deviations and lacunae which, in your opinion, are likely to affect the safety of the flyover. Rectification of these lacunae at this stage would require a substantial amount of demolition and rework which will cause a tangible loss to the contractor and will also delay completion. There is a lot of public pressure on the Corporation to get this construction completed because of heavy traffic congestion in the area. When you brought this matter to the notice of the Chief Engineer, he advised you that in his opinion it is not a very serious lapse and may be ignored. He advised for further expediting the project for completion in time. However, you are convinced that this was a serious matter which might affect public safety and should not be left unaddressed.

What will you do in such a situation? Some of the options are given below. Evaluate the merits and demerits of each of these options and finally suggest what course of action you would like to take, giving reasons. (20 marks |250 words)

i. Follow the advice of the Chief Engineer and go ahead.ii. Make an exhaustive report of the situation bringing out all facts and analyses along with your own

viewpoints stated clearly and seek for written orders from the chief Engineer.iii. Call for explanation from the Junior Engineers and issue orders to the contractor for necessary

correction within targeted time.iv. Highlight the issue so that it reaches superiors above the Chief Engineer.v. Considering the rigid attitude of the Chief Engineer, seek transfer from the project or report sick.Answer: The case presents following ethical dilemma – a) Timely service delivery vs Quality service delivery.b) Going with the self-judgement or obedience to superior’s judgement. The case also involves following issues and values – a) Flyover as a public good. b) Loss of life, resource and trust & faith in government in case of accident due to faulty construction design.c) Lack of spirit of public service, dedication and diligence in public servants in public service delivery.d) Courage and prudence in the executive officer to handle the situation.e) Optimal utilization of public resources. As per first option, following the advice of the Chief Engineer and going ahead means that I am following the orders as per organizational hierarchy. This may save me from adverse action in the future if anything unfortunate happens. Moreover, the project should also be completed in time. But since I am convinced that this is a serious matter, which might affect public safety and should not be left unaddressed, ethically I should not let the issue go out of hand. This will be serious breach of my official duty and professional ethics. Moreover, accepting oral advice of chief engineer can put me in a problem in the future, as onus of responsibility will come on me.Going with second option of making an exhaustive report of the situation bringing out all facts and analyses along with your ownviewpoints stated clearly and seeking for written orders from the chief Engineer means that I will be putting all my concerns on writing and asking for the senior’s orders on the given issue. Here I will be fulfilling my duty to address the issue to the senior. But here I am not taking an independent stand. I am fulfilling the duty of an employee but not of a publicservant because I am convinced about the seriousness of the matter.




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Calling for explanation from the Junior Engineers and issuing orders to the contractor for necessarycorrection within targeted time means that I will be taking an independent stand on the issue. Moreover, Junior Engineers have been regularly reporting that all construction is taking place as per design specification, so asking for explanation from them is necessary. At the same time, remedial measures like asking the contractor for necessary correction within targeted time can be helpful. But this action may delay the completion of the work.Highlighting the issue so that it reaches superiors above the Chief Engineer may bring the issue into the notice of higher authorities. Moreover, I will not be held liable for any delay or untoward incident happening in the future. But it may create speculation and can cause un-necessary harm to the institution. Moreover, the most important work is to ensure public safety, so immediate necessary steps need to be taken. So, remedial measures need to be taken without waiting for anyone’s order so that any further loss can be avoided.Considering the rigid attitude of the Chief Engineer, seeking transfer from the project or reporting sick can save me from any adverse action if any unfortunate incident happens in the future. But it is totally unethical on my part to risk the public safety at any cost, be it my job. Moreover as a public servant, I should handle these situations in an intelligent manner so that public safety, which is of prime importance, shall never be compromised.One cannot ignore long-term harm for short-term benefit. Ignoring the problems will only increase them in future. I should prepare a comprehensive report and should send it to all concerned authorities. For the time being, written orders must be given to junior engineers to make the necessary rectifications. 11. Sivakasi in Tamil Nadu is known for its manufacturing clusters on firecrackers and matches. The

local economy of the area is largely dependent on firecrackers industry. It has led to tangible economic development and improved standard of living in the area.

So far as child labour norms for hazardous industries like firecrackers industry are concerned, International Labour Organization (ILO) has set the minimum age as 18 years. In India, however, this age is 14 years.

The units in industrial clusters of firecrackers can be classified into registered and non-registered entities. One typical unit is household-based work. Though the law is clear on the use of child labour employment norms in registered/non-registered units, it does not include household-based works. Household-based work means children working under the supervision of their parents/relatives. To evade child labour norms, several units project themselves as household-based works but employ children from outside. Needless to say that employing children saves the costs for these units leading to higher profits to the owners.

On your visit to one of the units at Sivakasi, the owner takes you around the unit which has about 10-15 children below 14 years of age. The owner tells you that in his household-based unit, the children are all his relatives. You notice that several children smirk, when the owner tells you this. On deeper enquiry, you figure out that neither the owner nor the children are able to satisfactorily establish their relationship with each other. (25 marks | 300 words)

a) Bring out and discuss the ethical issues involved in the above case.b) What would be your reaction after your above visit?Answer: The case involves various ethical issues as follows – i. Child labour and violation of child rights – child labour is a very severe problem in India and the world.

It hampers physical, mental, emotional and spiritual development of children. They are denied the right of happy childhood. Their constitutional right to get education is also denied. Fundamental duty of parents to provide education to their children is also not fulfilled.

ii. Economic development of backward region – No doubt employment of children is illegal and immoral. However, laws must be implemented such that local economy is not hurt.

iii. Respect for the law of the land - As per the recent regulations of the government of India, employing children below 14 years of age is completely banned in all occupations and processes. Employment of children as domestic help and at road-side eateries, restaurants and tea stalls was banned in 2006.




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iv. Injustice to children as the burden of economic development will fall upon them but the benefit will be shifted to other members of society.

v. Demographic dividend as a common good will also get destroyed if this thing is allowed to continue. vi. My virtues of empathy and compassion towards poor children will also get compromised which may also

bring crises of conscience. b) Following action can be taken by me to curb the practice of child labour:

● Information dissemination – n Awareness of tough laws against child labour could act as a tool of persuasion, by creating fear. n Information about Right to education, midday meal scheme etc. where government provides free of

cost services would encourage parents to send children to schools. ● Law enforcement –

n Licenses of all units of manufacturing clusters of firecrackers and matches should be reviewedthoroughly. n Look for details of all employees of these units like birth certificate, aadhar card or any other age proof. n If there is absence of birth certificates or any other age-proof certificates, then age should be confirmed

through appropriate medical examination. n Those employees who are found to be less than 14 years of age should be either sent to their parents

or orphanages. All of them should be provided with education and health facilities. n Those employers who are found guilty should beprosecuted as per law. Moreover, their licenses

should be cancelled. Strict warning should be issuedregarding the same. n Orders should be issued to concerned authorities to go for regular inspections.

● Skill development - vocationaltraining courses provided by government must be implemented and made available to all students. This will incentivise them to acquire training and get better job instead of engaging in premature employment.

● Proper mechanism, using e-governance, should be put in place to regulate the concerned sector. ● Persuasion –

n Awareness programs for the parents to be launched regarding various schemes of government for children. n Highlighting the long term benefit of educating children. n Social influence through institutions like gram sabha, ASHA workers, office of BDO etc to educate

children. Children are asset of nation. They are trustees of growth and prosperity. They must be given the opportunity to prepare them for this role by rescuing them form child labour. 12. You are heading a leading technical institute of the country. The institute is planning to convene an

interview panel shortly under your chairmanship for selection of the post of professors. A few days before the interview, you get a call from the Personal Secretary (PS) of a senior government functionary seeking your intervention in favour of the selection of a close relative of the functionary for this post. The PS also informs you that he is aware of the long pending and urgent proposals of your institute for grant of funds for modernization, which are awaiting the functionary’s approval. He assures you that he would get these proposals cleared. (20 marks | 250 words)

a) What are the options available to you?b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option which you would adopt, giving reasons.Answer: The case study presents various ethical dilemmas in the given situation – i. Maintaining the integrity of the process of recruitment or short-term benefit of getting the grant for the

institute cleared.ii. My professional responsibility as the head of the institute to work for the interest of the institute or

professional ethics of fair and equal treat of all the candidate applying for the post.a) I have following options available with me:i. Accept the offer given by PS.ii. Discuss the matter with my colleagues and act according to their advice. iii. Reject the offer and filing complaint against the PS.




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b) Accepting the offer given by PS will lead to sanction of funds and modernisation of institute which will further increase my wellbeing. But it will lead to the destruction of professional ethics of honesty, objectivity and impartiality. It will also be injustice to candidates applying for the post. Such decision will bring incompetency in organisation as a professor without merit will be selected. It will go against the principles of teaching and will also affect the ethical values of students of the institute. An institute is born not by infrastructure but by great teachers. Second option or discussing the matter will again lead to ambiguity and confusion as I am are the final decision making authority. But one can use this option to see the ethical framework of your colleagues and subordinates. A wrong thing will remain wrong even if it is supported by the majority. The last option of rejecting the offer seems to be the most correct in present situation. I’ll say a clear no to the PS of senior functionary and will ensure that all the selections are made strictly on the basis of merit. Further a written complaint will be sent to the head of the fund releasing department regarding how funds are deliberately delayed to the institute and the kind of unprofessional demands we are getting from his department. I’ll also bring the event under the light of ethical committee of the department so that I can curb any such practices and hence, discourage all such similar incidents from happening in the future.Technical research institutes were said to be temple of modern India by our first Prime Minister Pt. Jawaharlal Lal Nehru. Hence its sanctity must be maintained by keeping it free of any form of corruption. 13. As a senior officer in the Finance Ministry, you have access to some confidential and crucial information

about policy decisions that the Government is about to announce. These decisions are likely to have far-reaching impact on the housing and construction industry. If the builders have access to this information beforehand, they can make huge profits. One of the builders has done a lot of quality work for the Government and is known to be close to your immediate superior, who asks you to disclose this information to the said builder. (20 marks| 250 words)

a) What are the options available to you?b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option which you would adopt, giving reasons.Answer: Following are issues and values involved in the case - i. Probity in governance for socio-economic developmentii. Work culture in the Ministryiii. Favoritism and nepotismiv. Fairness and justice to all builders and contractorsv. Abiding by the oath of secrecyvi. Pressure of corruption for the seniors to honest officersvii. Professional wellbeing of the senior officerviii. Value of courage and fortitude of the senior officer.ix. Ethical governancea) Different options available with me in this case are:i. Complying with the orders and disclosing the informationii. Requesting the senior to ask someone else to disclose the informationiii. Asking senior to give orders in writingiv. Saying no to the order as well as taking steps to prevent your senior to disclose the information to the

builder b) Complying with the order will let me win the confidence of my senior thus increased chance of timely promotions and good remarks in performance evaluation. Since builder has done quality work for the government, it can be given as a reward which will also motivate him to further increase his quality. It is also my duty to follow the orders of my senior. However, taking such action is strictly against the professional ethics of public service and will also go against the foundational values of objectivity and impartiality. It will




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also go against my oath of secrecy. Builder has got his reward for good quality work by getting the contracts and it is highly possible that leaking of information will lead to speculations, rumours and increase in property rates thus benefitting the builder but increasing the cost for common people. Requesting the senior to ask someone else will free me from any obligation without making any harm but there is not much difference between doing the wrong thing and letting others to do wrong things without taking any action. I will also lose opportunity to improve the work culture of the ministry. As per Kant’s categorical imperative one has to act as per one’s moral duty in every circumstance.Asking the senior to give orders in writing will again free me from the obligation as my senior will never do it. Such written order will be like signing your own death order. But it is highly possible that my senior will ask someone else to disclose the information. The last option of saying no to the order seems to be the most appropriate. I’ll further take steps by filing a complaint to the ethics committee of the department thus ensuring action against my superior and further setting precedence that any kind of favouritism will be dealt with strict action. I must ensure that the integrity of myself and my institution is maintained. 14. You are the Executive Director of an upcoming InfoTech Company which is making a name for itself

in the market. Mr. A, who is a star performer, is heading the marketing team. In a short period of one year, he has

helped in doubling the revenues as well as creating a high brand equity for the Company so much so that you are thinking of promoting him. However, you have been receiving information from many corners about his attitude towards the female colleagues; particularly his habit of making loose comments on women. In addition, he regularly sends indecent SMS’s to all the team members including his female colleagues.

One day, late in the evening, Mrs. X, who is one of Mr. A’s team members, comes to you visibly disturbed. She complains against the continued misconduct of Mr. A, who has been making undesirable advances towards her and has even tried to touch her inappropriately in his cabin. She tenders her resignation and leaves your office. (20 marks | 250 words)

a) What are the options available to you?b) Evaluate each of these options and choose the option you would adopt, giving reasons.Answer: As an executive director,the present situationputs me in a dilemma where I have to choose between company’s profitability and efficiency or acknowledging the basic rights and self-respect of my women employees. Being very effective and hard working at work place does not make a person free from any kind of criminal liability. The issue also comes under the act of sexual harassment at work place, which is against law. a) Various options available with me are: i. Not taking any action against Mr. A and accept Mrs. X resignation.ii. Giving a warning to Mr. A and asking Mrs. X to forgive him.iii. Asking for a written complaint from Mrs. X and taking strong action against Mr. Ab) The first option of not taking any action would save the star performer of the company which will further

increase the profitability, brand value and efficiency of the company. Resignation given by Mrs. X will cool down the Situation for the time being and things will go smoothly.

However, work culture of the organization will suffer.Male employees will think that they can do anything if they are efficient.Daniel Goleman asserts that 80% of success at work place is due to emotional quotient and 20% due to intelligence quotient. Such inaction will de-motivate other women employees thus reducing their efficiency or they may also leave the organisation thus loosing competent work force.

It will also be set a bad example in the society and will reinforce the stereotype that it is not good for women to work.

Such inaction will also hurt the dignity of Mrs. X and will take away her right to work. Sexual harassment results in violation of the fundamental rights of a woman to equality under articles14 and 15 of the Constitution of India and her right to life and to live with dignity under article 21 of theConstitution and




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right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business underarticle 19(1)(f), which includes a right to a safe environment free from sexual harassment.

Also it will not be virtuous for me to go with the first option. I will be guilty in my own court of conscience. The second option of giving warning seems to be correct initially as it is a middle course and will pacify

the situation without doing harm to my company. However, as per the details, my company is new in the market and any bad name or lenient handing may bring criticism. Secondly it is also against the law. If Mr. A is found guilty, a complaint should be immediately lodged with the local police under the SexualHarassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 that seeks to protectwomen from sexual harassment at their place of work.

Also the attitude of Mr. A is completely wrong as I have received regular information about his conduct w.r.t to all female employees. His action of physically assaulting Mr. X is also a big crime which cannot be forgiven at any cost.

Thus the third option seems to be most appropriate. A committee with appropriate women members should be constituted to investigate the matter within a specified time frame and Mr. A will be punished accordingly. Strict action against Mr. A will increase the motivation of all employees; more trust and openness will be there leading to increased work efficiency. My company will develop a good name in the market for its ethical conduct and it is also quite possible that I’ll get an even better employee as the replacement of Mr. A.

Individual employees are not bigger that the company. For long-term interest of the company, individuals must align themselves with the organizational values.

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Previous Years’ Model Answers

Section - A1. (a) All human beings aspire for happiness. Do you agree? What does happiness mean to you? Explain

with examples. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Happiness is an abstract and subjective idea. In psychology, happiness is a state of positive or pleasant emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy.However, in philosophy, it a state of mind or a way of doing things. It has been equated with ‘living a virtuous life’ by many ancient Greek philosophers. Western philosophy has often called happiness as the summon bonum of human life i.e. the highest purpose of life is happiness. Indian philosophy also says that moksha is the only source of true happiness. It is of such fundamental importance to the human condition that “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness” were deemed unalienable rights by the United States Declaration of Independence. Thus, all individuals do aspire for happiness.Happiness is a fuzzy concept and can mean various things to various people. To me it means the followings – i. Possession of moral value – like honesty, integrity, spirit of sacrifice etc. gives a sense of possession and

happiness.ii. Freedom to act as per my conscience – and coercively higher authority does not impose a corrupt act on me. iii. Absence of inner dissonance and crisis of conscience – keeps me inherently happy.iv. Helping others when in need - makes be immensely happy. Eg- giving charity, serving hungry animals

with food, helping a friend to shift to new place etc.Happiness leads to, High self-esteem, optimism, freedom from stress, depression and anxiety, integration with society. Hence, we should deliberately find our happiness in the happiness of others. (b) What does ethics seek to promote in human life? Why is it all the more important in public

administration? (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: It is ethics, which differentiate humans from beasts:

● Wellbeing, emotional, mental, psychological and physical, of all human beings. ● Happiness in life - Being fair, honest and ethical is one the basic human needs and thus its fulfilment leads

to higher self-esteem and low dissonance. ● Ethics promotes credibility and hence trustworthiness - an individual who is believed to be driven by

moral values is respected in the society. ● Social cohesion and unity – developed by justice and tolerance ● Greater enforcement of law. Often ethics succeeds law in safeguarding the society. ● Ethics promote ability to take decisions more quickly as it assists making choices. ● Ethics promotes higher order thinking and good for all. ● Ethics helps in achieving higher goals of life i.e. self-realization.

No government can get to the long distance without embracing ethical behavior. Ethics brings probity and good governance. It is the essence of true democracy and bring excellence in government activities. On the other





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side, the biggest manifestation of loss of ethics in public administration is corruption. Other repercussions can be:

● Nepotism. ● Lawlessness ● Loss of trust in the administration ● Rise in inequalities ● Decrease in 3 E’s: efficiency, economy and effectiveness ● Destruction of work culture

Thus, the consequences of loss of ethics are powerful enough to shape the destiny of an individual or any organization. SecondARC in its report on ethics in governance has said that apart from the requirement of ethics in government and private sector, there is need for ethics in every profession, voluntary organization and civil society structure as these entities are now vitally involved in the process of governance. Finally, there should be ethics in citizen behavior because such behavior impinges directly on ethics in government and administration.2. (a) In the context of Defence services, ‘patriotism’ demands readiness to even lay down one’s life in

protecting the nation. According to you, what does patriotism imply in everyday civil life? Explain with illustrations and justify your answer. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: In civil life, patriotism generally does not demand lay down one’s life but it does entail a lot of compassion, altruism and duties for the development of one’s nation and society-

● To abide by the Constitution and uphold its principle. ● To pay regular taxes to support the government in its welfare effort. ● To fight corruption even if that means loss in professional and personal life and corruption holds back the

socio-economic development of the nation. ● To be compassionate towards every section of people and animals to develop a cohesive and value-laden

society. ● To put the interest of weak, vulnerable and needy before one’s own interest.eg- helping an accident victim

even if one gets late for own personal work. ● To have dedication and spirit of public service. Teachers, medical practitioners etc. must be ready to serve

in remote areas. ● To abjure violence, biasness, prejudice and align oneself with the idea of democracy and values of

constitution. Thus, even an act of kindness towards poor or just keeping your environment clean by not littering is an act of patriotism because it serves the common goods of society.(b) What do you understand by ‘probity’ in public life? What are the difficulties in practicing it in the

present times? How can these difficulties be overcome? (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Probity in public life are the standards that society expects those elected or appointed to public office to observe and maintain in the conduct of the public affairs to which they have been entrusted. It includes:

● Having strong moral knowledge, which is in line with our constitution. ● Decency in dealing with public. ● Integrity ● Strong positive emotions like dedication and compassion.

These standards are what safeguard the nation from corruption by politicians and public officials who have been given almost unrestricted access to public resources together with the power to take decisions that impact on the lives of everyone and the nation as a whole.The absence of integrity and probity in public life is manifested in corruption which is a worldwide phenomenon. But its impact is strongest and most pervasive in developing states like India. Difficulties in practicing probity are:

● Lack ethical training due to which officials are equipped to deal external and internal corruption.




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● Poor work culture. ● No incentive to adopt probity. ● Less accountability and transparency encourages corruption. ● Increased materialism in society ● Increasing consumerism ● Discretion encourages arbitrary behavior. ● monopoly

These difficulties can be overcome through: ● Value education ● Ethical training ● Transformational leadership ● Strong oversight through Parliament, law enforcement, independent media and a vibrant civil society ● Decentralization and people empowerment ● Good governance ● Code of ethics and a sound work culture ● High level of tolerance and dedication ● Positive attitude and strong emotional intelligence

3. (a) “Integrity without knowledge is weak and useless, but knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful.” What do you understand by this statement? Explain your stand with illustrations from the modern context. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: The given statement by Samuel Johnson depicts the intrinsic relation between integrity and knowledge, both of which are essential components of governance and efficiency. Knowledge influences our behavior and action. Lack of knowledge makes us prone to poor decision making and despite of integrity we may indulge in unethical actions. For instance:i. Youths who are joining ISIS lacks proper knowledge and interpretation of religion. Even though they may

have integrity, they may do exactly as they believe, but their actions are deplorable.ii. Technical posts of strategic importance require secrecy to be maintained. People with integrity are most

preferable for such posts and instances like “Scorpene submarine data leak” can be avoided. But without the technical knowledge integrity will be useless for such appointments.

Knowledge without integrity is dangerous and dreadful and circumvention of law becomes easy and chances of getting caught also diminish. This creates a risky situation for society. For instance:i. After recent ban on selling of diesel vehicles above 2000CC in Delhi to curb pollution, Mahindra comes

with diesel SUVs of 1900 CC. This is a sheer disregard to environmental ethics and duty towards a common cause. Knowledge id used to get away with law.

ii. High profile corporate scams like Satyam scam happened due to information and knowledge to manipulate public fund for private gain.

iii. Insider trading takes place due to lack of integrity but access to information.Rajat Gupta case also highlights this relation.

Ashok Khemka, for example is a senior IAS officer of Haryana who recently unearthed irregularities in the Haryana seed development corporation. He had the knowledge of how the land deals occur in government functioning which helped him in recognizing the irregularities. However, the same officer would have used this knowledge for his profit if integrity would not have been there. He could have easily extorted money from the contractor thus making loss for the government and the state.(b) “Human beings should always be treated as ‘ends’ in themselves and never as merely ̀ means’.” Explain

the meaning and significance of this statement, giving its implications in the modern techno-economic society. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: The philosopher Immanuel Kant once said, “Act so as to treat people always as ends in themselves, never as mere means”. The idea here is that everyone, insofar as he or she is a rational being, is intrinsically




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valuable; we ought therefore to treat people as having a value all their own rather than merely as useful tools or devices by means of which we can satisfy our own goals or purposes. Other people are valuable not merely insofar as they can serve our purposes; they are also valuable in themselves.The significance of this lies in the fact that it gives highest consideration to a human life. It provides a maxim which can be very useful in making ethical choices. Stability and equality can be achieved in the society by following this principle.It is very important especially in the present society, which is dominated by technological innovations and neo-liberalism. Today, poor has become a tool for the rich to gain more. Recent Saradha scam for example shows how poor people were used as means. Workers welfare, proper rehabilitation of displaced tribals, welfare of old-aged etc. will be ensured in treating people as an end. Administrative and political corruption also treat humans as a mean to achieve the end of hedonism. Similarly, technology should work for the mankind and not just for the profit. Development of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons, increasing cybercrime, and surrogacy, using poor to test new medicines etc. are some examples which have led to de-humanization of science and interest of few has overwhelmed the interest of the masses. 4. (a) Which eminent personality has inspired you the most in the context of ethical conduct in life? Give

the gist of his/her teachings giving specific examples; describe how you have been able to apply these teachings for your own ethical development. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: It is the life of Mahatma Gandhi, which has played a major role in shaping my morality. Gandhi jiwas a saint and a moral revolutionary who believed that peaceful solution of our problems was not only possible but was the only way to have a real solution. He had achieved a calmness of spirit and an integration of personality, which are reserved for the blessed few. He absolutely stuck to the cardinal concepts of truth, non-violence and non- accumulation. Gandhism is not merely a political creed, it is a message. It is a philosophy of life. He was a firm believer that morality lies not only in ends but also in means. For example, the ChauriChaura Incident which led to suspension of Non- Cooperation Movement.Gandhi ji has talked about seven deadly sins which have worked as a practical guide for me in day to day life. His talisman, which is based on the idea of ‘Sarvodaya through Antodaya’, is a heuristic to resolve ethical dilemmas of my life.I have applied his teachings by:

● Respecting every religion while practicing one of them ● Doing right things in right way ● To do moral reasoning ● Respect women and disadvantaged ● Helping others and raising voice when required in peaceful manner ● Rectifying my inner problems before questioning the world.

He showed me how I can integrate my value system with my conduct and live accordingly. A person should be known by his actions rather than his thoughts. The sense of morality and the substance of ethics are never frozen and one should keep on experimenting in order to test his morals and thus becoming better in the process. (b) There is a heavy ethical responsibility on the public servants because they occupy positions of power,

handle huge amounts of public funds, and their decisions have wide-ranging impact on society and environment. What steps have you taken to improve your ethical competence to handle such responsibility? (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: In post-independence era, civil servants have necessarily a very crucial role to play in national development. This gives them huge discretion and monopoly but with poor accountability and transparency. The only way to achieve success under such situation is to develop the ethical competence of civil servants who should be committed to the objectives of the state and have the empathy and tolerance to serve a diverse, huge and highly underdeveloped population.




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Some steps taken by me includes: ● Developing and maintaining professional knowledge and skills ● Understanding and respecting diversity of people and views around me ● Remain tolerant and peaceful in my conduct. ● Developing emotional intelligence by understanding the problems of different section of society. ● Learning persuasion techniques like presenting information in clear and comprehensive manner on issues

like climate change, corruption, gender equality etc. ● Practicing altruism and giving unconditional regard to people. ● Living a simple life with less materialism. ● Following a middle path while making decisions. ● Seeing everything from different point of views. ● Developing intellectual courage by strongly practicing what I believe in. ● Remaining open to new ideas and criticism. ● To behave with others, the way I expect others to behave with me. ● Positive attitude towards life and developing my emotional competence through introspection and humor. ● Being objective and dedicated towards my goals. ● Increasing self-awareness about environmental issues and also propagating them ● Reading good books and discussion with knowledgeable and experienced people.

5. (a) The current society is plagued with widespread trust-deficit. What are the consequences of this situation for personal well-being and for societal well-being? What can you do at the personal level to make yourself trustworthy? (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: Trust-deficit happens due to lack of integrity at different level like at individual, society or government. The high level of diversity of views and perceptions also makes Indian society more vulnerable to trust deficit among people thus leading to many negative repercussions like:

● Lack of social cohesion and value of fraternity as inscribed in the preamble. ● The society will become fractured and the fabric of humanity will be torn to shreds ● Mutual isolation and hatred among people; Poor communication leading to more trust deficit; Stereotypes

and prejudice at individual level ● Poor social capital ● Social cause like women empowerment, corruption, and political accountability gets weakened. ● Communal violence ● Diversion of resources to maintain law and order ● Ineffective government as every public organization as it is accepted only when it is trusted by people. ● Poor decision making and public policy ● Sub-optimal utilization of resources ● Stagnation of society

Every person like me can reduce this trust deficit by taking certain steps - ● First, making myself trustworthy by maintaining my integrity and being transparent. ● Developing tolerance for different people and views. ● If people are open with each other and communicate properly, the trust levels will improve. ● Stop being very suspicious and stop seeing conspiracies in every situation. ● Developing integrity and living an ethical life ● Showing empathy and compassion towards people ● Unconditional regard and altruism ● Considering everyone equal and staying away from regionalism, communalism, casteism and racism.

Following Kant’s categorical imperative will also help me remain truthful as it involves doing to others what you expect others to do to you.




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(b) It is often said that poverty leads to corruption. However, there is no dearth of instances where affluent and powerful people indulge in corruption in a big way. What are the basic causes of corruption among people? Support your answer with examples. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: Corruption often conjures up images of people getting rich. But in fact, corruption’s connections to poverty are far more numerous and pervasive. The links affect both individuals and businesses, and they run in both directions: poverty invites corruption, while corruption deepens poverty. Corruption both causes and thrives upon weaknesses in key economic, political and social institutions. Some basic causes are:

● Lack of Values – of integrity, dedication, spirt of public service in public life. ● Discretion and monopoly of government officials - for example corruption in allocation of natural

resources and giving licenses; dominance of public sector in banking and other services. ● Crony capitalism - businessmen funding elections and then earning profits later; Collusive corruption is

rampant. ● No transparency and accountability - government reluctant to come up with Jan Lokpal and trying to

amend RTI. ● Low education and awareness among masses - people having no information about their rights and

powers; poor understanding of government procedures and law. ● Corruption becoming a norm - it has become a part of culture and is no longer regarded as wrong. Low-

level officials themselves may have trouble earning an honest living. In poor societies, they are often underpaid, when they are paid at all, and must provide a stream of payments to patrons at higher levels. In such settings, bribery, extortion and theft become matters of survival.

● Less probability of getting caught and long delay in judicial process ● Demand for action against corruption is weak; civil society not proactive ● No incentive for integrity and probity in public life - honest bureaucrats like Ashok khemka are punished

instead of getting rewarded. ● Absence of ethical training. ● Lack of emotional intelligence in people to understand the socio-economic consequence on the national

and especially poor. ● Addictive nature and demonstration effect of corruption which leads to a chain reaction.

6. What factors affect the formation of a person’s attitude towards social problems? In our society, contrasting attitudes are prevalent about many social problems. What contrasting attitudes do you notice about the caste system in our society? How do you explain the existence of these contrasting attitudes? (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: Attitude refers to learned, enduring predisposition to act, think and feel in particular ways toward a class of people, objects, or an idea. It is a positive or negative evaluation of just about anything in our environment including social problems. Factors determining such attitudes are:a) Socialization which includes different agencies like school, family and tools adopted by them to pass on

the prevailing attitudes. b) Belief – e.g. - belief in caste-system, superiority of one’s religion give rise to intolerance in society. c) Experience - An attitude is a summary of a person’s past experience. d) Values – A person with values like honesty and integrity will exhibit zero tolerance for corruption. People

with empathy and compassion for animals and plants show environmental activism.e) Individual interest and function which attitude performs for a person holding it - Attitudes of an individual

toward tobacco may be very negative and same may not be true for an employee of a tobacco company. People in coal business may be in denial to the harmful impact of fossil fuel to the environment.

f) Awareness and communication among peopleg) Emotions related to social problemsDifferent people have different attitudes towards different social problems. Like in caste system, contrasting attitude was found even among Gandhi ji and B. R. Ambedkar. Gandhi ji had positive attitude as he looks it as an occupational division. Whereas Ambedkarji wanted complete annihilation of caste, as he found it to




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be based on birth. In present society, it is more based on utility. Those, who are being benefitted, will have positive attitude and those who are being harmed develop negative attitude towards caste system. People have contrasting views regarding such problems largely because of:i. Stereotypes and prejudice held by peopleii. Social and group conformity and reflectionsiii. Fundamental attribution erroriv. Just world hypothesis v. Judgments based on poor information base vi. Child rearing practices vii. Religious and educational base of a personviii. Personality characteristics like stubbornness, emotional competenceix. Environmental pressures 7. What does ‘accountability’ mean in the context of public service? What measures can be adopted to

ensure individual and collective accountability of public servants? (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: In governance, accountability is answerability, liability, and the expectation of account-giving. It is the acknowledgment and assumption of responsibility by a civil servant for actions and decisions taken by him in his official capacity. It also encompasses the obligation to report, explain and be answerable for resulting consequences. It is said that accountability is the Glue that Binds Commitment to Results.In public service, accountability is seen not only in regulatory terms but also in the context of propriety, ethics and efficiency. It also includes the responsibility which makes person accountable from within.Measures at individual level can be:a) Clear distribution of individual role and duties in the organisation.b) Written record of all the decisions taken by individuals.c) Use of ICT to record decisions so that no tampering or edit is possible at later stage. d) Administrative control through measures like internal audit and departmental committees.e) Bringing transparency in political and administrative control through personnel administration.f) Adopting modern evaluation techniquesg) Effective functioning of institutions like Jan Lokpal and NHRCh) Giving complete autonomy to vigilance organisations like CVC and CBIi) Code of ethics and code of conduct.j) Training in ethical governance to encourage transparency and self-declaration of informations.Measures at collective level can be:

● Parliamentary oversight through questions, resolutions and committees which are above party lines. ● Making financial control through budget and CAG more proactive ● Public opinion and vigilant civil society ● Social audit and RTI ● Effective use of press and media ● People participation like Panchayati Raj Institutions ● Bringing transparency through e-governance ● Passing acts like Whistle Blowers Act or False Claims Act. ● Citizen charters

8. We are witnessing increasing instances of sexual violence against women in the country. Despite existing legal provisions against it, the number of such incidences is on the rise. Suggest some innovative measures to tackle this menace. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: Sexual violence against women is any sexual act or attempt directed against a female’s sexuality using coercion, by any person regardless of their relationship to the victim, in any setting. It is a major social problem and violation of women’s human rights. Despite of several measures the violence is on the increase even in those urban zones which are relatively safer than other majority areas.




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Certain innovative measures which can be taken are:a) Community policing after giving appropriate training to volunteers.b) Making women learn techniques like karate for self defencec) Use of social networking sites to create awareness and vigilance.d) Value education

● Developing a culture where women are respected and considered equal. ● Organizational values of treating women equal to men.

e) Use of technology – ● GPS technology to connect public transport system. ● Use of mobile applications like panic button. ● Use of technology like installing CCTV cameras in public places. ● Techniques like knocking the door or pressing the doorbell of house by neighbors if noise of violence is

there.f) Special emphasis on vulnerable groups like adolescent girls and single women living alone.g) Laws on paper give little protection, if they are not enforced effectively. Strict enforcement and making

police accountable is what is required.h) In high-income settings, school-based programmes to prevent relationship violence among young people

can be initiated.i) In low-income settings, primary prevention strategies, such as community-based initiatives that address

gender inequality and communication and relationship skills can work effectively.j) Campaigns and persuasion –

● #Heforshe campaign ● Local constables’ meetings with women groups and ‘Rakhi celebrations’ etc. to motivate more the

authorities in protecting women. In long term, a change of attitude is required on part of every individual and group towards women, which can be done through gender sensitive socialization and education.

Section - BIn the following questions, carefully study the cases presented and then answer the questions that follow: 9. Now-a-days, there is an increasing thrust on economic development all around the globe. At the same

time, there is also an increasing concern about environmental degradation caused by development. Many a time, we face a direct conflict between developmental activity and environmental quality. It is neither feasible to stop or curtail the development process, nor it is advisable to keep degrading the environment, as it threatens our very survival.

Discuss some feasible strategies which could be adopted to eliminate this conflict and which could lead to sustainable development. (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: Ethical consideration in developmental process can help resolve the conflict between developmental activity and environmental quality and sustainable development. Multiple strategies can be used in this regard like:

● Internal and external strategy: bring about attitudinal changes among people through targeting CAB components as well as bring changes in the environment through institutional mechanisms.

● Bottom-up strategy, instead of top-bottom strategy which includes small steps and involvement of local level agencies.

Following steps can be taken to implement above strategies:i. Convergence of economic and environmental value – conflict mostly arises due to variance in economic

values like productivity, profitability and environmental values. A larger concept of development with convergence of these values must to be developed.




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ii. Conservation as a value – must be inculcated our society just like honesty, punctuality, respect for elders etc in school and family. One can contribute towards the betterment of the environment, simply by living by the principle of “REDUCE, REUSE and RECYCLE”.

iii. Positive attitude towards environmental conservation – has to be developed in people using various persuasion techniques like social proof, dissemination of information like harmful impact of environmental degradation on farmers, fishermen, consumers and the new diseases that is taking its toll.

iv. Persuasion – campaigns with the joint effort of government, NGO’s and community participation. Environment protection Indices and ranking must be developed at national and international level to persuade states and nations to improve environmental performance.

v. The economics of ecosystem and environment – and their eco-services must be highlighted to clearly bring out the values of environmental conservation.

vi. Government policy and regulations – Good governance that would take into account the benefit of environment and vulnerability of people because of environment degradation. Regulations like mandatory use of fly ash in construction that would help both development and environment should be formulated and implemented. Carbon tax, Eco-sensitive zone, protected areas, EIA etc also encourages sustainable development.

vii. New technological development – like carbon sequestration, bioremediation, super critical thermal power plant etc must also be development to reduce the environmental cost of developmental activities.

Gandhiji once said, ‘I bowed my head in reverence to our ancestors for their sense of the beautiful in Nature’. We need to find that sense of the beautiful in the nature in our life too. Then there would be no conflict between development and environment protection. 10. Suppose one of your close friends, who is also aspiring for civil services, comes to you for discussing

some of the issues related to ethical conduct in public service. He raises the following points:i. In the present times, when unethical environment is quite prevalent, individual attempts to stick to

ethical principles may cause a lot of problems in one’s career. It may also cause hardship to the family members as well as risk to one’s life. Why should we not be pragmatic and follow the path of least resistance, and be happy with doing whatever good we can?

ii. When so many people are adopting wrong means and are grossly harming the system, what difference would it make if only a small minority tries to be ethical? They are going to be rather ineffective and are bound to get frustrated.

iii. If we become fussy about ethical considerations, will it not hamper the economic progress of our country? After all, in the present age of high competition, we cannot afford to be left behind in the race of development.

iv. It is understandable that we should not get involved in grossly unethical practices, but giving and accepting small gratifications and doing small favours increases everybody’s motivation. It also makes




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the system more efficient. What is wrong in adopting such practices? Critically analyze the above viewpoints. On the basis of this analysis, what will be your advice to your

friend? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer. The given arguments by my friend can be countered in following ways:i. By adhering to ethical principle one may face difficulties to oneself and cause problems for the familydue

to loss of opportunity for professional advancement and possible strained relation with others. However adhering to ethical principles has huge advantage:

a) There is a sense of possession and accomplishment. As Aristotle said that virtues, like happiness,must be desired for themselves.

b) Honestly is morally uplifting. It boosts dignity and self-respect.c) Followings ethics develops good will for self and family. It helps in role modeling and persuasion.d) There is no fear and anxiety of law enforcement agency. There is happiness in life.e) In case of arrest for unethical act there is huge embarrassment and loss of dignity for self andfamily.f) Person with integrity command respect develops trust in personal, social and professional sphere.He/she

is honored with more responsibilities and leadership opportunity. Eg: Gandhiji due to hisintegrity was recognized as leader by congress working committee.

g) We have to do our duty, ‘Nishkama karma’, irrespective of loss or gain from our actions.h) As per Immanuel Kant as human beings we have intrinsic rights and duties. It is our professional,organizational

and constitutional duty to adopt higher standard of moral conduct.ii. It often takes just one person to start a revolution. The one who takes the initiative is remembered bythe

world.a) Gandhiji said that “Nobody needs to wait for anyone to adopt just and humane course of action”.Same

message is reverberated in message of Rabindranath Tagore: “Tadi tor daksunekuenaaaashe, tabeeklechalo re” (If they answer not to your call, walk alone”).

b) Small minority having penchant towards ethical means do make a difference. Gandhiji’s non-violentmeans shaped the whole freedom struggle. Committed bureaucrats and politicians can singlehandedly create changes in the system.

c) Small minority, if organized, can effectively use persuasion and social influence to change attitudeof others. Eg: environmental movements to develop environmental ethics in governance (ex.Chipkoo movement).

d) By adopting ethical means one command huge moral authority. India as a nation has developed good will and soft-power due to ethical means in international ethics.

e) Whole is the sum of parts. For ethical functioning of the whole, each part, i.e. individuals must function ethically. Small minority is good enough to start with.

f) As per a Greek saying:- “let the evil come in this world, let it even dominate this world, but not through me.” If every person has same view than the wrong will never happen.

iii. Developmental activities may seem to get hampered by sticking to ethical means. But it is also true thatno real long term sustainable development can take place without ethical conduct.

a) Larger developmental goal of a nation can only be fulfilled by fulfilling the aspiration of the peopleas mentioned in the preamble – Justice, Liberty and Equality.

b) Farmer’s welfare and prevention of suicide; tribal welfare, minimization of displacement andrehabilitation; environmental conservation and balanced regional growth have to be considered forlarger developmental goals.

c) Developmental goals of a nation are dependent on good governance and ethical governance inwhich ethical means cannot be compromised.

iv. As per one school of thought, small corruption brings motivation and efficiency in administration andthis is the reason why corruption has lasted so long. When salary is not sufficient to live decent standard of life corruption may help in short term. However:




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a) Giving and accepting a small gift develops sense of indebtedness and desire to pay back. Thiscycle continues and give and take amplifies in magnitude and extent.

b) Corruption is addictive and has demonstrative effect, domino effect and bandwagon effect. It encourages others to indulge in corruption and one loses one’s authority to stop act of corruption.

c) Even small corruption destroys integrity and work culture. One must never forget that integrity is non-selective and non-negotiable.

d) Administration is like a large ship that can serve too many people. However even a small hole will sink the whole ship. Same is the case with corruption. An honest civil servant shall always stay on right path with dedication.

Thus, I would recommend my friend to just remain on right path even in adverse conditions. Being efficient is important but being ethical is of utmost requirement as when ethics are lost, everything is lost. 11. You are a no-nonsense, honest officer. You have been transferred to a remote district to head a

department that is notorious for its inefficiency and callousness. You find that the main cause of the poor state of affairs is the indiscipline of a section of employees. They do not work themselves and also disrupt the working of others. You first warned the troublemakers to mend their ways or else face disciplinary action. When the warning had little effect, you issued a show cause notice to the ringleaders. As a retaliatory measure, these troublemakers instigated a woman employee amongst them to file a complaint of sexual harassment against you with the Women’s Commission. The Commission promptly seeks your explanation. The matter is also publicized in the media to embarrass you further. Some of the options to handle this situation could be as follows:

i. Give your explanation to the Commission and go soft on the disciplinary action.ii. Ignore the Commission and proceed firmly with the disciplinary action.iii. Brief your higher-ups, seek directions from them and act accordingly. Suggest any other possible option(s). Evaluate all of them and suggest the best course of action, giving

your reasons for it. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The above case presents the problems an honest officer has to face in working with honesty and integrity especially when resistance is from within the organization. Following are other issues and values involved in the case – a) Lack of dedication and spirit of public service.b) Misuse of women protection lawsc) Loss of image for honest officers due to media trial.Under such situation:The first option would only encourage troublemakers and would make it impossible for me to affect any reforms and get the work done in the department. Moreover, by able to get their way by threatening me would affect my image negatively in state bureaucracy hence making me affect reform in any other departments too. It will also set a wrong precedent and will further encourage the employees to use wrong means against honest officers.However, ignoring the commission as suggested by second option will also send a wrong message among government employees and people at large. It will be contempt against a statutory authority thus leading to lowering of respect and dilution of power. It would also be counterproductiveespecially after negative publicity, as it would be interpreted negatively by commission, public and seniors.Briefing higher-ups and then acting accordingly will be like running away from your responsibilities. The seniors have shown confidence by making me head of such an inefficient and hostile department and they expect me to solve such issues aptly. Also, if seniors suggest going easy on trouble makers, then it won’t be conducive and correct way to proceed.I must follow the message inscribed in our national emblem, ‘Satya MevJayate’ - Truth Alone Triumphs. I must show courage and fortitude in discharging my duty and serving public good. Also as per Kant’s categorical imperative one has to act as per one’s moral duty in every circumstance.




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My course of action would be to inform my seniors about the situation and reason behind this false complaint as my action against troublemakers. A press conference (with permission from seniors) can be held to clear the air on my reforms initiative. I would also cooperate with the women commission to find the truth and in the meanwhile will proceed to take action against troublemakers according to investigation and procedures. A defamation case can also be filed against the women to create fear. To improve efficiency of department, I would begin reforms by informing all about my initiativesand implement the changes by empowering and increasing participation from subordinates. I would also institute ethical training courses for employees, performance based appraisal system and rewards to better performing employees to incentivize good performance to improve efficiency.12. Suppose you are the CEO of a company that manufactures specialized electronic equipment used

by a government department. You have submitted your bid for the supply of this equipment to the department. Both the quality and cost of your offer are better than those of the competitors. Yet the concerned officer is demanding a hefty bribe for approving the tender. Getting the order is important both for you and for your company. Not getting the order would mean closing a production line. It may also affect your own career. However, as a value-conscious person, you do not want to give bribe.

Valid arguments can be advanced both for giving the bribe and getting the order, and for refusing to pay the bribe and risking the loss of the order. What those arguments could be? Could there be any better way to get out of this dilemma? If so outline the main elements of this third way, pointing out its merits. (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: The case presents an ethical dilemma whether to do an act of corruption to advance the interest ofthe organisation or to safeguard personal and organisational value and abide by the law.i. Arguments for giving bribe to the officer for approving the tender.a) Specialized products meanlimited market for the product hence lower substitution for leaving the

government contract.b) Giving bribe may lead to higher public good due to selection of high quality of equipments and would be

beneficial for my career and sustain employment hence generating greater good.c) Concerned officer is demanding bribe due to his discretionary power in decision-making and the process

itself is opaque and does not promote accountability. d) Moreover, due to specialized equipment, there is lower awareness in public about the quality of equipment

manufactured by different manufacturers.ii. Arguments for not to give any bribe.a) Gandhiji’s concept of mean over endb) Corruption has - n Addictive effect n Demonstrative effect n Domino effect n Bandwagon effect.c) Culture of bribery develops which will hamper efficient clearance system/bidding/tender as a common

good.d) Satyamev Jayate, truth alone triumphs.e) It is against my right to be treated equally by government.f) Work culture, organizational value will be eroded. g) Opportunity to improve the system, Kant’s categorical imperative.h) John Rawl’s veil of ignorance – tomorrow the corrupt practices may be encouraged in our own organization/

bidding process i) Laws against bribery – Investigations in future will lead to penalization of all involved in my company

and may lead to blacklisting. j) Integrity of the process will be destroyed. Common good will be eroded.




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In such scenario, it is important that I listen to my conscience and do what is ethically correct. There is procedure for grievance redressal and making the officer do what is best for the organisation. I will take following action:a) Conveying our zero tolerance policy towards corruption to officer in strict wordsb) Submitting my quotation with all details of prices and quality.c) I will make public the quality and specifications of our product so that there will be pressure on officials

to not choose an inferior product. d) Let the officer take the decisione) If he decides in favour of another company, then I will file an RTI asking on what basis decision has been

taken.f) On basis of RTI, I will contact with the higher officials and will register my complaint including getting a

stay on the decision.Though, it may take some time to get the matter solved, but it will surely be a good development for the long term. Meanwhile, I can create brand awareness about my product, which would ensure that non-selection of branded good would not go unquestioned in public thus enforcing sort of social audit on the decision making.13. Rameshwar successfully cleared the prestigious civil services examination and was excited about the

opportunity that he would get through the civil services to serve the country. However, soon after joining the services, he realized that things are not as rosy as he had imagined.

He found a number of malpractices prevailing in the department assigned to him. For example, funds under various schemes and grants were being misappropriated. The official facilities were frequently being used for personal needs by the officers and staff. After some time, he noticed that the process of recruiting the staff was also not up to the mark. Prospective candidates were required to write an examination in which a lot of cheating was going on. Some candidates were provided external help in the examination. Rameshwar brought these incidents to the notice of his seniors. However, he was advised to keep his eyes, ears and mouth shut and ignores all these things which were taking place with the connivance of the higher-ups. Rameshwar felt highly disillusioned and uncomfortable. He comes to you seeking your advice.

Indicate various options that you think are available in this situation. How would you help him to evaluate these options and choose the most appropriate path to be adopted? (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: The above case presents a situation where an honest new recruit faces ethical dilemma and crisis of conscience in a corrupt system. Following are other issues and values involved in the case - a) Fear of loss of one’s integrity in a corrupt environment.b) Lack of civil services values of dedication, spirit of public services and integrity.c) Collusive corruption. Options available before Rameshwar are:1. Become a one of them as advised and ignore or even take advantage of these incidents2. Resign from government job and look for a private one3. Focus on his objectives and ignore the incidents till he gains power by working along with other

bureaucrats. Then bring about change once he is sufficiently powerful and has necessary support from his colleagues, seniors and juniors.

4. Become whistleblower to bring notice of government and media on malpractices going on in recruitment.The first optionwill give him a secure career but it will also make Rameshwar a corrupt public servant. However, this option is not correct:

● It will violate the right to equal opportunity of all candidates aspiring for the job in his department. ● Injustice will be done to people whose money is misappropriated by the department. ● It will be against the common good of just and legal system. ● It will bring incompetent people in the organisation who will have a positive leaning towards corruption. ● It will not be virtuous for Rameshwar as he there to serve the country rather than for self-interest.




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● It will be against the principles of utilitarianism. ● He should show courage to ‘Speak truth to power’.

The second and third option will be like running away from your duties towards your nation. A person who accepts corruption even for one time cannot fight against it in lifetime. Integrity is non-selective in nature. You cannot be right or wrong as per your convenience. Also there is no guarantee that Rameshwar will not find corruption in private sector. Also opportunity to improve the system must be taken as per Kant’s categorical imperative.The fourth option will give immediate gratification to Rameshwar but it is disruptive in terms of alienating seniors and other bureaucracy against him. In future he might be boycotted or isolated in work. Moreover, being whistleblower has no guarantee of stopping all the malpractices going on in the departmentIn such situation, I would suggest Rameshwar to go according to the legal governmental mechanism established for tackling corruption. He can:

● Complain to the departmental committee or directly to the head of ministry. ● He can also file complain to the vigilance commission or Lokpal which works as an autonomous

organisation. ● He can also suggest the candidates to file RTI for exposing the recruitment process. ● He can work at individual level by a making a note in the files regarding malpractices.

14. In our country, the migration of rural people to towns and cities is increasing drastically. This is causing serious problems both in the rural as well as in the urban areas. In fact, things are becoming really unmanageable. Can you analyze this problem in detail and indicate not only the socio-economic but also the emotional and attitudinal factors responsible for this problem? Also, distinctly bring out why—

a) Educated rural youth are trying to shift to urban areas;b) Landless poor people are migrating to urban slums;c) Even some farmers are selling off their land and trying to settle in urban areas taking up petty jobs. What feasible steps can you suggest which will be effective in controlling this serious problem of our

country? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Unplanned and sporadic Rural-Urban migration is reality of the Indian society which has resulted in many problems. Various push-pull as well as psychological factors plays their role in such migration. However, migration creates problems like elders, women and children in absence of male members are left to fend for themselves. Children are left bereft of paternal affection during growing age. Also institutions like schools and hospitals are less developed as working population has already migrated. Following are some reasons for migration – a) Reasons for educated rural youth trying to shift to urban areas are:i. Better employment opportunity in urban areas.ii. Less robust rural economy to safeguard from monsoon failure etciii. Aspiration among youth to get well paid job.iv. Less risk taking attitude and take entrepreneurship in villages itself.v. Negative attitude among the youth to take up farming using modern technology and developing supply

chain with nearby cities. vi. Less growth of SHG’s and FPO’s etc in villages. vii. Negative emotions and cognitions due to social practices like caste system, untouchability, women

exploitation and racism.viii. Contrasting attitudes towards gender, caste and class discrimination.ix. More independence in urban areas x. Prestige associated with urban lifexi. Role models are from urban areas only. b) Landless poor people are migrating to urban slums because -




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i. Exploitation and under employment in rural areasii. Distressed agrarian economy and low productivity.iii. Absence of small and medium scale industries in rural areas which can provide alternate employmentiv. Caste and patriarchal attitudes still big impediment to socio-economic mobility in rural areasv. Sense of perceived equality, independence and absence of evil social practices in urban areas.vi. Development and construction activities in urban centres presents a better employment prospects. vii. No emotions and attachment with rural environment. c) Even some farmers are selling off their land and trying to settle in urban areas taking up petty jobs

because: i. Fragmented land holdings and low rural credit supply make agriculture unattractive.ii. Need of educating children in urban areas to avail opportunities in expanding economy is being recognized.

To aid education, land is sold to raise funds.iii. Raising funds to shift to urban areas due to lack of infrastructure in rural areas like hospitals, schools and

electricityiv. Low level of income in agricultural sectorv. Perceived security of future even in petty jobs in urban centresvi. Fear that their land will be captured by others in their absence.vii. breaking of joint familiesSome feasible steps to control this problem are:i. Balanced regional development strategy by the government – like setting up of ancillary industry like

Food Processing Industries (FPI), Adoption of Rurban Mission, concept of smart villages along with smart cities etc.

ii. Setting up quality infrastructure like schools, hospitals, electricity, water supply, telecommunication, internet connectivity among others.

iii. Skill development to youths of rural areas to attract industries and companies like BPO’s etc. to rural areas with cost advantage.

iv. Employing SHG approach as in NRLM to generate self-employmentv. Increased investments to make agriculture economically productive.vi. Strict action against evil practices prevailing in rural areas.vii. Making emotional appeal to help develop one’s region and village.

nn




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Section A1. (a) What is meant by environment Ethics? Why is it important to study? Discuss any one environmental

issue from the viewpoint of environmental ethics .(150 words) (10)Answer: Environmental ethics is a branch of applied philosophy that deals with environmental values as well as issues surrounding societal attitudes, actions, and policies to protect and sustain biodiversity and ecological systems.Some of the important reasons to study environmental ethics are as follows:i. Sustaining growth and development – environmental ethics will help bring sustainable development

and avoid extreme climatic events which results in loss of crop, property and life.ii. Value of compassion - for wildlife will be developed in masses which is critical for environmental

conservation.iii. Empathy for poor - Poor like tribals, farmers, fishermen etc. are worst effected by environmental

degradation. Study of environmental ethics will highlight their problem.iv. Protection of Indian tradition – India has long tradition of living in harmony with nature. To protect and

promote the Indian way of life in present time study of environmental ethics is important.v. Constitutional values – Article 21 of Indian constitution gives right to life to animals as well. Study of

environmental ethics will help bring the spirit of constitutionalism into our life. vi. Societal attitude – making conservation a value in society like honesty, punctuality, integrity etc., study

of environmental ethics is important. Global warming is a serious issue faced by the world today. For this all countries have to join hands. Countries like India with much less per capita emission have shown tremendous responsibility to cut down the emission. Bigger economies have to use power of industrialization and emission with responsibility towards smaller island nation which will be much more affected by climate change. An empathetic and compassionate attitude towards wildlife, global common like Arctic and Antarctic and participation of various stakeholders like government, NGO’s, communities, researchers and scientists, private organizations etc. and lead to the historic Paris agreement. The same motivation and dedication is required to deal with more issues at the local level. This can be possible through the study of environmental ethics. 1. (b) Differentiate between the following: (10 marks) (200 Words)(i) Law and Ethics(ii) Ethical management and management of ethics(iii) Discrimination and Preferential Treatment(iv) Personal Ethics and Professional Ethics.Answer: (i) Law and Ethics: Laws are system of rules that are enforced through social institutions, in order to govern our behaviour. Laws are made by Legislature, or by executive (ordinances). It prescribes what one





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must do. Violation of law may involve penalty or punishment. Law can be enforced by various agencies or through court of law.Ethics are standards of right and wrong that prescribe what humans ought to do. There are various sources for ethical standards like the organization, profession, social norms, religion etc. Not adhering to ethical principles may or may not involve punishment. Ethics are enforced in an informal manner through processes like conformity, social reflections etc.Many a time laws emanate from ethics. For example, seats are reserved for women in public transportation as per law. Respecting women and offering them comfort is out India ethics as well. Sometimes laws and ethics and be conflicting as well. For example, Euthanasia is illegal in many countries. However, on compassionate ground to relieve the terminally ill patients from suffering one may argue to allow euthanasia. Similarly, removal of poor encroachers form public property during winter is legal by authorities but however may be immoral as they might have to alternative shelter. Goal of society must be to bring ethics and law in consonance through debate, discussion and persuasion. (ii) Ethical Management and Management of Ethics: Ethical Management refers to inclusion of ethical dimension in management of institutions like government, NGO’s and private firms. For example, considering the environmental impact of production, workers safety at workplace, gender balance of employees, consumer rights and grievance redressal among others. Management of Ethics refers to creating a code, norms or policy for members of society or institutions, to assure their compliance towards ethical behaviour. For example, formulating Code of Conduct for organization or profession like civil services, law etc.(iii) Discrimination and Preferential treatment: Discrimination is a negative concept, which involves denial of social participation of certain categories of people, based on prejudices and negative behavioral attitude. It violates the basic Human Rights of the individual. It is against the concept of social justice. Our Constitution prohibits any kind of Discrimination, like practicing untouchability is discriminatory.Preferential treatment on the other hand is a positive concept, which involves favoring certain sections of society that are at disadvantage and cannot compete at equal level. It may be for rectifying some historical disadvantages suffered by the community. It promotes social justice. Our Constitution provides for preferential treatment under certain circumstances. For example, Provisions related to reservation. (iv) Personal Ethics and Professional Ethics: Personal Ethics refers to the morals and values, which we hold as a standard for governing our personal sphere of life. They help in shaping our character.They determine our behavior and attitude in personal life. For example – honesty, respecting elders and women, compassion for animals etc.Professional Ethics involves adherence to code of conduct laid down at workplace. Organizational values and protocol takes precedence over personal views and opinion. They influence our professional career. For example integrity, punctuality, efficiency, hard work, etc. 2. Given out are two quotations of moral thinkers/philosophers. For each of these bring out what it means

to you in the present context.(a) “The weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.” (10) (150 words)(b) “We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid

of the light.” (10) (150 words)(a) “The weak can never forgive; forgiveness is the attribute of the strong.”Mahatma Gandhi has given this beautiful quotation. Forgiveness requires management of one’s negative emotion of anger, hatred, feeling of revenge etc. One needs to develop high emotional intelligence for restraint and tolerance. To overlook the loss to self and loved ones in the past and plan for better prospect that would come after forgiveness requires high mental caliber and vision. Nelson Mandela was wrongfully imprisoned, and could have come out bitter and angry. But instead, he came out grateful and empowered. Not because he was weak but because he was strong.




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Forgiveness is a value of immense importance in the present times –i. It helps people stop being prisoner of the past and grab opportunities for future development. Eg –

Australian government seeked apology from aborginals. ii. Better international relation. eg – rapprochement between U.S and Cubaiii. Better interpersonal relation. eg – due to anger in the spur of the moment is leading to more divorce rate;

street fights are due to less tolerance and forgiving behaviour. iv. Intergenerational perpetuation of violence. Eg – people in war prone areas who are affected by violence

can overcome hate only with apologies and forgiveness. (b) “We can easily forgive a child who is afraid of the dark; the real tragedy of life is when men are afraid of the light.”Child may fear darkness because darkness is filled with uncertainty. It’s a cognition related behavior. However, light brings certainty and truth in life. But tragically many men don’t have the courage to seek the truth because truth may require behavioral change and sacrificing on our profits. Sometimes the path of light and truth required hard work and dedication and we may have lackadaisical attitude to avoid that.The aptness of the quote in the present time becomes evident from the following examples – i. Despite evidence of global warming due to anthropogenic emissions many governments are still in denial

as cutting emissions may hurt them economically.ii. Various research and studies have proved that gender equality will considerably enhance economic growth

of a nation. Still glass ceiling and prejudice towards girl’s education exists due to loss of jobs by male. iii. Civil servants know how corruptions adversely affect socio-economic development of our nation. But

many choose to avoid the reality and try to adapt to the system rather than endeavor to change it.A civil servant must have fortitude and courage of conviction to choose to walk on the path of light and truth. 3. (a) Mere compliance with law is not enough, the public servant also has to have a well- developed

sensibility to ethical issues for effective discharge of duties. Do you agree? Explain with the help of two examples, where (i) an act is ethically right but not legally and (ii) an act is legally right, but not ethically. (10) (150 words)

Answer: Public servants not only perform managerial job but also formulate policies, rules and regulations. They also discharge judicial functions many a times. Hence compliance or objectivity is not enough. Sensibility to ethical issues for effective discharge of duty is imperative. Public servants must have “common touch” as famously said by Rudyard Kipling. It helps as follows:i. Better interpretation of law and its enforcementii. Ethics fill the gap which is left by law. It caters to the dynamic nature of administration.iii. Better understanding of needs of people.iv. Effective and holistic approach towards problem solving.v. Bridging the gap between people and administration.vi. Better policy formulation and implementation.vii. Optimum utilization of available resources.So, both compliance with law and ethical sensibility are needed for a civil servant. However, there are situations when only one of them is fulfilled.(i) Ethically right, legally wrong: A forest officer may allow some poor tribal people to make use of some

wood for personal use like house construction on compassionate ground. However, this would be in violation of the forest laws.

(ii) Legally right, Ethically wrong: Legally it may be right for army personnel to conduct raid and even kill a suspect in states where AFSPA is applicable. But ethically it is wrong. It involves depriving the citizens their basic human rights including their right to get justice from the court of law.

So, for effective public service delivery, a public servant must be ethically sensitive along with complying with the law.




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(a) How do the virtues of trustworthiness and fortitude get manifested in public service? Explain with examples. (10) (150 words)

Answer: ‘Trustworthiness’ and ‘fortitude’ are two cardinal virtues of public service.‘Trustworthiness’ refers to complete reliability and dependability. It helps in developing social capital and effective implementation of public programs and policies. The public servants must enjoy the trustworthiness of the people at all times for better service delivery to vulnerable and poor. Virtues of trustworthiness manifests in public service as follows –i. Transparency – through Citizen’s Charter, RTI act, use of digital technology for auctioning of resources etc.ii. Accountability - regular internal and external audits.iii. Decentralization and people’s participation – in social audit, planning at the level of gram sabha,

citizen’s feedback on policy issues etc.iv. Responsiveness – immediate help of the citizens in need both at home and abroad. The present foreign

minister, for instance even respond to the twitter plea. ‘Fortitude’ refers to mental strength and courage that allows someone to face danger, or pain. Public servants must be ready to face any circumstance in the service of thepeople. Fortitude may manifest in public service as follows:i. Working tirelessly in disaster hits areas. ii. When the resources are less, even then dedication can meet the aspiration of people. A stellar example is

Naga IAS officer building 100-km road in Manipur without government help through crowd sourcing. iii. Posting in adverse situation where climate in tough or people are not cooperating in insurgency areas etc.iv. There could be resistance to work for a honest officer form within the organisation. 4. (a) “Social Values are more important than economic values”. Discuss the above statement with

examples in the context of inclusive growth of a nation. (10) (150 words)Answer: Social Values are the standards of social behavior derived from social interaction and accepted as constituent facts of social structure. Economic value is the worth of a good or service as determined by people’s preferences and the tradeoffs they choose to make. Social values are more important for the inclusive growth of a country than the economic values. Economic values tend to drive the growth more lopsided which could breed corruption and inequality. Only economic value focused on efficiency and productivity will have adverse impact on society including micro and small industries, small farmers, environmental. It kills the social consciousness of people and their sense of social responsibility. It tends to increase the consumption for greed than for need. There is no equitable distribution of resource. In the present context, one can realize this as a consequence of the ‘consumerism’. The effective implementation of public policy demands a value based approach. According to the welfare economist A.K.Sen, the growth of any society is counted based on the freedoms the citizens enjoy. The same is reflected in the Preamble to the constitution of India and the DPSP.Social values help ushering in a ‘socialistic’ pattern of society in which ‘justice – social, political and economic, will inform all institutions of national life’. (b) Some recent developments such as introduction of RTI Act, media and judicial activism, etc., are

proving helpful in bringing about greater transparency and accountability in the functioning of the government. However, it is also being observed that at times the mechanisms are misused. Another negative effect is that the officers are now afraid to take prompt decisions.

Analyze this situation in detail and suggest how this dichotomy can be resolved. Suggest how these negative impacts can be minimized. (10) (150 words)

Answer: Any participatory approach has its limitations, but it can’t be an excuse for an opaque system. RTI and activism through different institutions has led to: -i. Helped in unearthing many scams like 2G, Coal block allocation, etc.ii. Bringing greater degree of transparency and accountability and building social capital and trustworthiness. iii. Increasing participation of citizens in governance process.




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However, they have also led to some negative repercussions like: i. Misuse of these provisions for vested interests and personal gain.ii. Interference and pessimism in decision making process of public servantsiii. Reluctance on part of officers to take bold decisionsThere is a need to resolve the dichotomy between the need for transparency and accountability and protecting honest civil servants from undue harassment. It can be done by i. Providing Monitoring mechanisms for ensuring transparency in program implementation.ii. Providing adequate Safeguards to officers such autonomy and accountability can be balanced.iii. Encouraging officers to take decisions by rewarding them for success.iv. Defining standard operating procedure and Code of Conduct for officersv. Encouraging voluntary disclosure of information vi. Value education for allvii. Encouraging participation of people in governance through trust building measures.viii. penalty for those who use measures for personal interests. ix. Bringing media under regulations through propagating positive values.x. Judiciary can restrict itself in crossing the boundaries by coming out with norms for judicial activism. In this way, the dichotomy can be resolved and the negative impact can be minimized.5. Two different kinds of attitudes exhibited by public servants towards their work have been identified as

the bureaucratic attitude and the democratic attitude. (a) Distinguish between these two terms and write their merits and demerits. (b) Is it possible to balance the two to create a better administration for the faster development or our

country? Answer: Bureaucratic Attitude – The attitude of public servants to strictly follow decision making process according to the laid down rules and guidelines is the Bureaucratic attitude. Some basic attributes of this attitude involves objectivity, neutrality, secrecy, elite approach etc. Meritsi. Strict compliance of standard operating procedure.ii. Quick decision making due to less public consultation.iii. It is easier to fix responsibility of decisions because of hierarchical decision making process.Demeritsi. Red-tapism, as there is no urgency in achieving targets.ii. They are opposed to changes in the system, leading to stagnation. iii. Less effective service deliveryiv. Apathy towards common peoplev. Reduces trustworthiness and credibility of public servants. Democratic Attitude – The attitude of public servants to encourage participation of people in decision-making process and delegate authority to other members of the team. It involves values like compassion, tolerance, commitment, responsiveness etc.Merits i. It ensures participation of people in governance.ii. It improves effectiveness of public service delivery as it is demand driven.iii. It allows flexibility in program designing and implementation.Demeritsi. Since it involves wider consultation, so it may be time consuming.ii. It becomes difficult to arrive at wide consensus on certain issues.iii. It slows down decision making process.




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Yes, it is possible to balance the two. It can be achieved by following methods:i. Demarcating separate areas: In certain areas of governance, we need democratic attitude of Bureaucrat

and in other areas we need bureaucratic attitude. These should be demarcated. For Example – Areas having larger public interface requires democratic attitude. Like in case of field posting. Whereas areas needing quicker decision making needs bureaucratic attitude. Like in day to day functioning of administration at higher levels.

ii. Laying down of Guidelines with provisions for flexibility: Guidelines and standard operating procedures should be issued at macro level while at micro level there should be provisions for flexibility. This will ensure bureaucratic attitude at macro level and democratic attitude at micro level.

In this way both these can be balanced for creating a better administration for faster and inclusive development of the country.6. Today we find that in spite of various measures like prescribing codes of conduct, setting up vigilance

cells/commissions, RTI, active media and strengthening of legal mechanisms, corrupt practices are not coming under control.

(a) Evaluate the effectiveness of these measures with justifications. (b) Suggest more effective strategies to tackle this menace. Answer: The effectiveness of any measure to control corruption depends on how far the mechanism is popular, simple and people are educated about using them effectively. It also depends on the inculcation of corresponding values. The present initiatives have met with limited success in curbing corruption. The main reasons are:(i) Code of Conduct – They have been defined comprehensively, but lack enforcement mechanism. Use of

legal language and different interpretations make them of little use. Lack of revision is another problem.(ii) Vigilance cells/commissions – The have been effective in unearthing many corruption cases, but due to

lack of autonomy and limited powers they have not been able to make much difference. CBI for example was recently referred as a caged parrot by the Supreme Court.

(iii) RTI, Active media – they have been successful in unearthing many scams like 2G scam, Coal block allocation scam etc. But they are also misused sometimes. Also killing of RTI activists pose a challenge. This has limited their effectiveness.

(iv) Legislative measures – Though with time amendments have been done to curb various types of corrupt practices, but implementation is weak. This provides loopholes to the corrupt people.

To tackle this menace, we need to take following steps.(i) Changing attitude of people: We need to change attitude of both the bribe giver and taker, through

methods of social influence. Social proof, liking, reciprocity etc can play a significant role in this.(ii) Strict implementation of law and passing new laws like whistle blowers protection bill.(iii) Inculcating values: We need to focus on inculcating positive values in children, who are our future

generation. Role of family and school is very important in this. Also we need to protect them from negative impact of internet and social media.

(iv) Mid-career Training: It will help in keeping them motivated and dedicated towards service.(v) Comprehensive performance appraisal mechanism: Performance appraisal of public servants should

be conducted by neutral observers, along with the present hierarchical mechanism.(vi) Leading by example: Public servants must lead by example so that they can motivate their sub-ordinates. So, by following these steps, along with the present mechanism, we can curb the menace of corruption.7. At the international level, the bilateral relations between most nations are governed on the policy of

promoting one’s own national interest without any regard for the interest of other nations. This leads to conflicts and tensions between the nations. How can ethical consideration help resolve such tensions? Discuss with specific examples.

Answer: Foreign policy of a country is governed by a number of factors like economic, political and strategic interests. Countries try to promote their national interest at the cost of interest of other nations. Colonialism,




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World wars, bio-prospecting, more recently tension among littoral states of South China Sea etc. are some of the examples.However, such an approach has led to conflicts and tensions between the countries. Approach that Indian constitution adopts along with our tradition of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam and principle of ‘Pansheel’ can act as guidance for International discourse. Article 51 of Indian constitution directs the state to promote international peace and security, maintain just and honorable relations between nations, foster respect for international law and treaty obligations in the dealings of organized peoples. Such ethical considerations in the foreign policy can help resolve tension in the following manner:(i) Principle of Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam: i.e. the world is one family will help understand the concerns

of Small Island Nations in climate change negotiations. Countries will also come together to solve the problem of refugee crisis. Countries will develop shared responsibility to solve problem of the world.

(ii) Principle of peaceful co-existence (Panchsheel): can help avoid tussle between neighboring countries like north and South Korea.

(iii) Respect for international law and treaty obligations – China recently did not accept the ruling of UN-backed international tribunal, U.S threatens to pull out of Paris agreement. Respect for international laws and treaties will help to balance domestic and global interest.

(iv) Promote international peace and security – responsible use of nuclear energy, not stockpiling arms, not differentiating between good and bad terrorism etc

(v) Respecting Humanity: Instead of dividing people among various identity groups and then discriminating among them, we need to see the larger picture. We need to ensure basic human rights for everyone. We should strive to improve quality of life of people around the world.

So, for the progress of humanity and for preserving our planet for future generations, we must include these ethical considerations in our foreign policy.8. Public servants are likely to confront with the issues of ‘Conflict of Interest’. What do you understand

by the term “Conflict of Interest’ and how does It manifest in the decision making by public servants? If faced with the conflict of Interest situation, how would you resolve it? Explain with the help of examples.

Answer: Conflict of interest in the public sector arises when official duties, public interest, and personal interest are taking priority one above the other.It may directly or indirectly compromise the performance of the public servant.There are various ways in which it manifests in the decision making process. (i) Public interest v/s private interest(ii) Public interest v/s interest of family or friends(iii) Public interest v/s interest of particular communityFor resolving conflict of interest, following steps can be taken:(i) Keeping Public interest above private interest: A public servant should always work in public

interest. In situations involving conflict of interest he should take a principled stand. (ii) Making voluntary disclosure: A public servant should voluntarily declare in situations involving

conflict of interest. It will help in taking suitable steps for avoiding the conflict.(iii) Register: where details of the conflict of interest are declared and registered. (In low-risk situations this

single strategy may be sufficient.)(iv) Restrict: where restrictions are placed on the officer’s involvement in the matter.(v) Recruit: where a disinterested third party is used to oversee part or all of the process that deals with the

matter.(vi) Recuse/remove from the situation/case: often done by judges to resolve conflict of interest.(vii) File noting: Public servants should always mention the reason for taking particular decision, in the

files. This ensures greater degree of transparency and accountability.




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(viii) Identifying “risk-areas”: It will help in providing clear-cut guidelines to the public servants, in order to tackle conflict of interest in those situations.

(ix) Developing Organizational culture: It will help in addressing such situations in a better manner. It will also help in motivating public servants to disclose the potential conflict of interest.

So in this manner conflict of interest situation can be tackled, for providing efficient public service.

Section - B9. A private company is known for its efficiency, transparency and employee welfare. The company though

owned by a private individual has a cooperative character where employees feel a sense of ownership. The company employs nearly 700 personnel and they have voluntarily decided not to form a union.

One day suddenly in the morning, about 40 men belonging to a political party gate-crashed into the factory demanding jobs in the factory. They threatened the management and employees, and also used foul language. The employees feel demoralized. It was clear that those people who gate-crashed wanted to be on the payroll of the company as well as continue as the volunteers/members of the party.

The company maintains high standards in integrity and does not extend favors to civil administration that also includes law enforcement agency. Such incidents occur in public sector also. (20 Marks) (250 Words)

(a) Assume you are the CEO of the company. What would you do to diffuse the volatile situation on the date of gate-crashing with the violent mob sitting inside the company premises?

(b) What could be the long-term solution to the issue discussed in the case?(c) Every solution/action that you suggest will have a positive and a negative impact on you (as CEO), the

employees and the performance of the employees. Analyze the consequences of each of your suggested actions.

Answer: The case presents a serious problem of mob pressure and violence and decreasing public morality. Following are other issues and values involved in the case – i. Good work culture and worker’s welfareii. Sense of ownership among employees for efficiency.iii. Apolitical working environment.iv. Difficulty a private organisation might face in dealing with mob pressure when it does not extend favors

to civil administration and law enforcement agency. (a) As the CEO of the company, I would take the following steps to diffuse the volatile situation: -(i) Use of Emotional intelligence - To tackle such volatile situation it is important to use ones’ emotional

intelligence, to appraise the situation in a better manner. I will call the leader of mob, and will try to manage and regulate his violent emotions. This may help in bringing the situation under control.

(ii) Informing Police - Since the situation involves law and order problem, I will inform the police about it. If issue is resolved peacefully then fine, otherwise police may take suitable action.

(iii) Persuasion techniques - I will use certain persuasion techniques like taking help of the political leader as on his direction they will agree to leave.

(b) The long term solution would include developing public morality, safety and security at factories and companies and politics with principle and more job opportunity in our country. Following are certain steps in this regard.

(i) Ethical training of party workers by political parties.(ii) Democratic values within political organisations to develop democratic attitude of its members. (iii) More employment generation and entrepreneurship opportunity.(iv) Security agencies like CISF must be made available in emergency situations.(v) Guidelines by government and private companies’ federations to keep workplace apolitical. (vi) AS CEO of my company I would take following steps for safety of my company –




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a) I will get court orders, for police protection of our factory. It will help in keeping the mob away from our factory in future.

b) I will also put additional barriers at the main entrance of the factory and use ICT technology like CCTV cameras.

c) Further I will issue strict guidelines regarding recruitment policy of the company. This will sensitize the people regarding our organizational values.

d) I will also take help of media, to make the issue public. It will help in preventing any such attempt in future.(c) Evaluation of the consequences: (i) Option 1: Getting Court orders for police protectionMerits

● It will boost the morale of employees, as there will be a sense of security. ● It will help in maintaining the performance of the company at highest standards. ● I will also be able to work with full dedication for the company.

Demerits ● It may increase cost of company due to extra security requirements.

(ii) Option 2: Putting additional barriersMerits

● It will also boost morale of employees because of a sense of security. ● Performance of company will remain at highest standards.

Demerits ● Will cause some inconvenience to employees who commute on daily basis.

(iii) Option 3: Issuing guidelinesMerits

● It will instill a sense of confidence among the employees. ● Our organizational values will be clearly spelt out for everyone.

Demerits ● It may not be that much effective for outside people.

(iv) Option 4: Taking help of mediaMerits

● Will sensitize outside people regarding our organizational valuesDemerits

● May also annoy the political party concerned.10. You are the Sarpanch of a Panchayat. There is a primary school run by the government in your area.

Midday meals are provided to the children attending the school. The Headmaster has now appointed a new cook in the school to prepare the meals. However, when it is found that the cook is from Dalit community, almost half of the children belonging to higher castes are not allowed to take meals by their parents. Consequently the attendance in the school falls sharply. This could result in the possibility of discontinuation or midday meal scheme, thereafter of teaching staff and subsequent closing down the school. (20 Marks) (250 Words)

(a) Discuss some feasible strategies to overcome the conflict and to create right ambience.(b) What should be the responsibilities of different social segments and agencies to create positive social

ambience for accepting such changes? Answer: The case presents the serious problem of deep rooted caste discrimination prevalent in our society. Following are other issues and values involved in the case – i. Effect of caste discrimination in education of children. ii. Difficulty in implementing important government programs on ground.iii. School as potential institution to eliminate caste discriminations.




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iv. Various ways in which caste system is holding back our development. (a) At the root of the problem lies the caste discrimination prevalent in the village. So for overcoming

the conflict and creating the right ambience following strategies can be implemented:(i) Use of social influence and persuasion techniques - to Change attitude of people. For example, social

proof, reciprocity, liking, dissemination of information, breaking stereotypes etc. can be used. Meeting with patents of children can be organised with responsible member to bring attitudinal change in them.

(ii) Inter- community cultural festivals: The barriers dividing society into various segments can be overcome only when there is more interaction among people. Festivals provide an opportunity to bring people closer.

(iii) Defining shared goals: Village should work together for achieving certain shared goals. Defining such goals like in education and health sector can help in ensuring collective effort of people.

(iv) Education of children - and its importance for the whole family must be highlighted to bring change in thinking.

(v) Leading by Example: As Sarpanch of the village, I will lead by example. I will sometime try the food at the school. It will help in influencing people, and bringing change.

(b) The various social segments and agencies like family, school and Gram Sabha have certain responsibilities for creating right ambience.

(i) Responsibility of Social segments: People must promote shared values like equality, fraternity, justice etc. It is our responsibility to respect every individual in the manner we expect respect from others. We need to persuade people for attitude change if they discriminate against anyone.

(ii) Responsibility of Social Agencies: Law enforcement agencies must ensure proper enforcement of laws which prohibit discrimination. Also Civil servants need to remain proactive in order to detect early warning signs of such discrimination and take corrective steps. They should also launch various awareness campaigns in this regard. They should lead by example, which will help in influencing people.

So, for bringing social change and creating right kind of ambience, above steps can be taken. 11. One of the scientists working in the R & D laboratory of a major pharmaceutical company discovers

that one of the company’s bestselling veterinary drugs. B has the potential to cure a currently incurable liver disease that in prevalent in tribal areas. However, developing a variant of the drug suitable for human beings entailed a lot of research and development having a huge expenditure to the extent of Rs. 50 crores. It was unlikely that the company would recover the costs as the disease was rampant only in poverty stricken area having very little market otherwise. (20 Marks) (250 Words)

If you were the CEO, then(a) Identify the various actions that you could take;(b) Evaluate the pros and cons of each or your actions. Answer: The case involves ethical dilemma of choosing between – i. Profitability of the company Vs welfare of poverty-stricken tribal populationii. Economic values of efficiency Vs social value of empathy and compassioniii. Loyalty and allegiance to the company Vs listening to one’s own conscience. a) The various actions which can be taken are –i. Using the CSR fund of the companyii. Taking support of Governmentiii. Raising money through equity marketiv. Collaborating with foreign companyv. appealing common people through media and NGO’s for collaboration and funds through sale of productsb) Evaluation of the options: a) Using the CSR fund of the companyMerits –i. No extra financial burden on the company




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ii. Utilization of CSR fundiii. Company taking social responsibility. Demerits –i. Possibility of negative image of the company as what should have been done naturally is being done

through CSR fund. b) Taking support of governmentMeritsi. It will solve the funding issue.ii. Poor people will benefit. Justice will be done to them.iii. Government machinery can be utilized for better service delivery.Demeritsi. It will put Subsidy burden on government.ii. Company’s ownership of product will be dilutedc) Raising money through Equity marketMeriti. It will solve the problem temporarily.ii. Poor people will benefitDemeritsi. Investors may lose money in future. ii. My company might come under severe financial stress.d) Collaborating with foreign companyMeritsi. Not just poor of India, but of whole world will benefit.ii. The problem can be solved in holistic manner.Demeritsi. Issues of Intellectual property rights may hamper this collaboration.ii. Foreign company may sell the drug at higher prices.e) appealing common people through media and NGO’s for collaboration and funds through sale of

productsMerits i. 4.1 Pool for social activities will be createdii. 4.2 Good publicity of company will be done.iii. 4.3 Increase in sales and profits which then are transfer to the projectDemeritsi. It may also decrease the sale as price of company’s products will be increasedii. may take a long time to collect necessary fundsConsidering all the above three options, I will go for the first option, of using CSR fund. Gandhiji said ‘business without morality’ is a sin. Hence, the issue cannot be neglected. However fiscal prudence also must be taken into account and balance of economic and social value must be achieved. 12. There is a disaster-prone State having frequent landslides, forest fires, cloudbursts, flash floods and

earthquakes, etc. Some of these are seasonal and often unpredictable. The magnitude of the disaster is always unanticipated. During one of the seasons, a cloudburst caused devastating floods and landslides leading to high causalities. There was major damage to infrastructure like roads, bridges and power generating units. This led to more than 100000 pilgrims, tourists and other locals trapped across different routes and locations. The people trapped in your area of responsibility included senior citizens, patients in hospitals, women and children, hikers, tourists, ruling party’s regional president




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along with his family, additional chief secretary of the neighboring State and prisoners in jail. As civil services officer of the State, what would be the order in which you would rescue these people

and why? Give justifications. Answer: The case presents an ethical dilemma as some group of people will have to be rescued before others. As civil services officer of the State I will use emotional intelligence to manage my emotions so that I can be objective in identifying vulnerability of different groups and carrying out the rescue operations. I will follow the following sequence for rescue operation.(i) Ruling party’s regional president and his family(a) Since he has political linkages, he can be used for coordination purposes. He can also help in resource

mobilization.(b) Once vulnerable people are rescued, he and his family will be rescued.(c) He has a family with him, which include women and children.(d) Not many resources will be used to rescue just one family.(ii) Patients in Hospitals(a) They are highly vulnerable during disasters, because of their inability to take care of themselves. So they

should be rescued even before women and children.(b) Since their number is less and position known, it will be easy to evacuate them with less effort.(c) Doctors and nurses will be free to give first aid to rescued people. (iii) Senior citizensThey are valuable members of society, and cannot be left without help for too long. They are also vulnerable because of their old age and physical handicap. People have tendency to leave behind the old, thus priority shall be given to them.(iv) Women and children(a) Children are our future generation, and hence they must be rescued first of all.(b) Women and Children are highly vulnerable during disasters, not just physically but emotionally as well. (v) Prisoners in jail(a) They will be rescued now because they can also take advantage of the situation. (b) Since they are in jail, so their mobility is highly restricted. This makes them vulnerable in disaster situation.(c) Even though they are prisoners, but still they are human beings. So, they must be rescued, considering

their vulnerability.(vi) Tourists(a) Next I will rescue tourists, because they lack any means to tackle the disaster themselves. Also they know

very less about the local conditions. (b) But, since they are healthy, so they can wait till other more vulnerable people are rescued.(vii) Chief Secretary of the other state(a) He has been well trained to handle such situations. So he can wait till others are rescued.(b) Instead, he can also help, in rescue operation since he has experience in this regard. This is a part of his duty.(viii) Hikers(a) I will rescue them at last, as they have both the training as well as equipments with them, to deal with

challenging terrain.(b) They can easily wait till others are rescued.So, I will conduct the rescue operation according to above mentioned priority list. However, in some cases, simultaneous rescue mission can be launched for different categories, as they are not mutually exclusive. 13. You are heading a district administration in a particular department. Your senior officer calls you from

the State Headquarters and tells you that a plot in Rampur village is to have a building constructed on it for a school. A visit is scheduled during which he will visit the site along with the chief engineer and the senior architect. He wants you to check out all the papers relating to it and to ensure that the visit is properly arranged. You examine the file which relates to the period before you joined the department.




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The land was acquired from the local Panchayat at a nominal cost and the papers show that clearance certificates are available from the two of the three authorities who have to certify the site’s suitability. There is no certification by the architect available on file. You decide to visit Rampur to ensure that all is in order as stated on file. When you visit Rampur, you find that the plot under reference is part of Thakurgarh Fort and that the walls, ramparts, etc are running across it. The fort is well away from the main village, therefore a school here will be a serious inconvenience for the children. However, the area near the village has potential to expand into a larger residential area. The development charges on the existing plot, at the fort, will be very high and the question of heritage site has not been addressed. Moreover, the Sarpanch, at the time of acquisition of the land, was a relative of your Predecessor. The whole transaction appears to have been done with some vested interest. (250 words) (25 Marks)

(a) List the likely vested interests of the concerned parties.(b) Some of the options for action available to you are listed below. Discuss the merits and demerits or each

of the options:(i) You can await the visit of the superior officer and let him take a decision.(ii) You can seek his advice in writing or on phone.(iii) You can consult your predecessor/colleagues, etc. and then decide what to do.(iv) You can find out if any alternate plot can be got in exchange and then send a comprehensive written report.Can you suggest any other option with proper justification? Answer: Following are the issues and values involved in the case – i. Right to education of children is hampered due to corruption.ii. Violation of ‘integrity of the process’ during clearance to the plot for school.iii. Nepotism and favoritism as common form of corruption. (a) The likely vested interest of the parties involved are –(i) Grabbing the heritage land illegally by village and previous government authorities.(ii) The two certifying authorities, certifying the suitability of plot, for some monetary or in kind gains.(iii) Vested interest of Sarpanch, in keeping the area near village for residential purpose, instead of using it

for school. He might be considering the monetary gains which can be made by this.(iv) The predecessor providing undue advantage to Sarpanch, by misusing his authority.(b) Evaluation of the actions which can be taken.(i) Awaiting the visit of the superior officer and let him take a decision.Meriti. It will help in maintaining the line of hierarchy in decision making process.ii. Seniors will take a holistic view of the whole issue, considering the best available evidence.iii. It will help in solving the problem and punishing the guilty.iv. I will also perform my duty efficiently.Demeritsi. It will delay the solution of the problem. ii. It will be like transferring my duty to my seniors.(ii) Seeking his advice in writing or on phone.Meritsi. It will help in appraising the seniors, of the situation.ii. It will also help in quicker decision making.iii. I will perform my duties efficiently.iv. It may help in solving the issue before seniors visit the site.Demeritsi. Seeking advice will again be like shifting responsibility on seniors.ii. Getting written orders will delay the process of solving the issue.




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(iii) Consulting my predecessor/colleagues, etc. and then decide what to do.Meritsi. I can know about the exact reasons behind the decisions of predecessor.ii. I will have a democratic and legal approach towards problem resolution.iii. It will help in proving the wrongs done by predecessorDemeritsi. It may not help in solving the problem, because of the vested interest of the predecessor.ii. It will delay the decision making process.iii. I will have to bear the responsibility for the actions based on their advice.(iv) I can find out if any alternate plot can be got in exchange and then send a comprehensive written

report.Meritsi. It will help in solving the problem, as school cannot be constructed at present location.ii. Sending detailed report will help in appraising seniors on every aspect of the issue.iii. Standard operating procedure will be followed in resolving the issue.iv. I will perform my duty efficiently.v. Children will benefit if plot for school is near the village.Demeritsi. It may cause some delay in resolving the problem.Considering the above four options, I will go with the fourth option as it resolves the issue in a holistic manner, while maintaining the line of duty.14. You are recently posted as district development officer of a district. Shortly thereafter you found that

there is considerable tension in the rural areas of your district on the issue of sending girls to schools. The elders of the village feel that many problems have come up because girls are being educated and

they are stepping out of the safe environment of the household. They are of the view that the girls should be quickly married off with minimum education. The girls are also competing for jobs after education, which have traditionally remained in boys’ exclusive domain, adding to unemployment amongst male population.

The younger generation feels that in the present era, girls should have equal opportunities for education and employment, and other means of livelihood. The entire locality is divided between the elders and the younger lot and further sub-divided between sexes in both generations. You come to know that in Panchayat or in other local bodies or even in busy crossroads, the issue is being acrimoniously debated.

One day you are informed that an unpleasant incident has taken place. Some girls were molested, when they were en route to schools. The incident led to clashes between several groups and a law and order problem has arisen. The elders after heated discussion have taken a joint decision not to allow girls to go to school and to socially boycott all such families, which do not follow their dictate. (250 words) (25 Marks)

(a) What steps would you take to ensure girls’ safety without disrupting their education?(b) How would you manage and mould patriarchic attitude of the village elders to ensure harmony in the

inter-generational relations? Answer: The case involves the issue of ensuring safety of girls, without disrupting their education. It also involves ironing out the difference of opinion between the two generations. Following are other issues and values involved – i. High prevalence of crime against women in our society.ii. Compromising attitude of people with regard to girl’s education rather than ensuring safety to them. iii. Traditional division of gender roles and jobs being considered as exclusive right of males that often leads

to injustice for women (unfair distribution of benefits and burdens).




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iv. Right to education for girls. v. Law and order as a common good. Responsibility of state to provide equal opportunities to all. (a) Following steps can be taken for safety and education of girls:i. Security arrangements for girls – security personnel must patrol during odd times and strict and prompt

action to catch and punish the criminals. ii. Community support – younger generation who must be motivated to come out in support of girl’s

education and provide confidence to girls and their family. They must also keep a vigil on criminals and inform the authorities. Community policing can be started in this regard. Elders can be given the responsibility to take and bring back girls from school.

iii. Changing Socialization process - Gender stereotypes need to be broken by changing the socialization process of children. Child rearing practices can be modified. Boys should also be questioned for their conduct.

iv. Combat training - Girls can also be taught in self-defense techniques in school only. They can also be asked to move in groups.

v. Infrastructural improvements - Safety of girls in rural area is compromised because of lack of adequate infrastructure, like street light, toilet facilities etc. Bridging these gaps will help in providing a sense of security to girls. Constructing toilets, providing them cycles etc. are some of the steps.

(b) For managing and moldings the patriarchal attitude we need to use the following methods:i. Using persuasion techniques - Elder people must be persuaded with all due respect, in order to change

their attitude towards girl education. Sarpanch of the village can play a significant role in this, since his position has authority to influence behavior of people.

ii. Leadership skills - The situation requires leadership skill on my part to influence the attitude of elderly people. I can do it my demonstrating them the benefits of girl education, through various examples. It is a powerful method of social influence.

iii. Emotional intelligence - It also requires emotional intelligence on my part, in order to understand and manage the emotions of the village elders. This is crucial for success of other steps. The issue has lot of emotional component, which need to be managed properly.

iv. Attitude change - stereotypes and prejudice can be broken through adult education and dissemination of information regarding the benefits of girl education.

v. Role modelling – Educated girls from the area who have brought prosperity and fame to the family must be highlighted.

vi. Highlighting the benefits girls and women can avail from government schemes and policies – like standup India, scholarships etc. Educating the girls will make them self-dependent. They can generate more jobs rather than just taking up the share of boys. In long-term, it will also help in slowing down of population growth rate.

So, in this manner social change can happen, and ensure that there is inter-generational harmony.

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Section A1. a) Explain how ethics contributes to social and human well-being? (150 words, 10 marks)Answer. Ethics are like electricity. It is not apparent to naked eye but can be felt instantaneously in specific conditions and visible when power is switched on.Similarly, ethics play an implicit but important role in human life and society.

At individual level ● Ethics boosts dignity and self-respect. It foster respect from others and gives opportunity of leadership. ● It avoids inner dissonance, conflict and crisis of conscience. ● It improves spiritual and mental well-being. ● Ethics helps us to arrive at decisions more quickly as it assists making choices. ● Keeps control over hedonistic tendencies and Helps in achieving true happiness. ● Reduction in petty crimes like Jumping red light, Domestic violence, Crime against the aged, women and

children etc. ● They motivate people towards higher goals of life like self-esteem and self-realization.

At social level ● Individuals build up the social setup. Mother Teresa said if everybody cleans up his/her door step then

whole society will be clean. Clean environment can only be achieved by environmental ethics in society. ● Respect for women and their rights can solve the problem of gender inequality, malnourishment, female

child education. If all of us respect the right of others our own right will also be respected. ● Often ethics succeeds law in safeguarding the society. Technology, for example is growing at such a fast

pace that the by the time law comes up with a regulation we have a newer technology with new threats replacing the older one.

● It helps in bringing integration and stability to the society. ● It brings harmony at social level and enhances social capital and its utilization. ● Ethics help in the progress of society as it propagates values of equality, tolerance, liberty, justice, fraternity

and altruism. People think of social interest before private interest. ● Keeps control over regionalism, casteism, intolerance and apathy towards each other.

b) Why should impartiality and non-partisanship be considered as foundational values in public services, especially in the present day socio-political context? Illustrate your answer with examples. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: In the present socio-political context when there is tussle over reservation in education and employment, disagreement over core social values, interstate water dispute, displacement and resettlement for developmental project, increasing unemployment, loss of political ideology etc., public impartiality and political non-partisanship have become far more important.





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Implications of public impartiality ● It brings credibility and trustworthiness in the relation between public and government organisations. ● It enables a civil servant to ask appropriate questions, however grand the person or organisation with

which he is dealing.For instance, an enquiry into the financial standing of a multinational can often be less rigorous than a similar enquiry of a small firm. But a civil servant can never take anything for granted.

● It is a defense against the senior or public figure who might otherwise expect a civil servant to give them priority or special treatment.For example, a local businessman having close association with ruling party may ask you for the favour(giving him police protection).

● It helps the civil servant to maintain the queue i.e. treating people on first come, first serve basis. For example, all people are treated alike during present demonetization drive. It prevents injustice to those who belong to the lower rung of the society.

Implications of political non-partisanship ● Public confidence in the non-political character of civil services, ● Confidence of ministers belonging to any political party in the loyalty of their permanent civil servant.

For example recent demonetization is being opposed by opposition political parties but the scheme has to be made successful in all states even in states where they are in power. Any political affiliation by public servants, especially in emotionally charged environment, will derail the whole effort by central government.

● High morale of civil servants as promotions, transfers and other services conditions are based on merit and not on political considerations.

Infact it is the corrosion of these values which has led to corruption, injustice and absence of public service which is central to any administrative system.2. a) What do you understand by the terms ‘governance’, ‘good governance’ and ‘ethical governance’?

(150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Governance is defined as a manner in which power is exercised in the management of a country’s economic, human and social resources for maintenance and developmental functions. For example, government manages the mineral resource of our country and auctions it from time to time.When good is added as a prefix to governance, a value dimension is added, which includes both means and ends oriented values in context of democracy, profession, citizens, ethics and morality. Good governance thus is not only efficient use of nation’s resources but also includes regard for higher values of governance like human rights, justice, liberty and equality. For instance, online auctioning helps in maintaining transparency and fighting corruption. Good governance is inherently ethical in nature. Ethical governance denotes administrative measures, procedures and policies that fulfil criteria required for the ethically good or acceptable handling of public affairs, such as in public administration, public health care, education, and social security. For instance, if there is auctioning of a coal block and there has to be displacement of people then their rehabilitation is done in a manner in which their living style and standard are preserved as far as possible. Ethical governance thus implies:

● Concern for probity, justice, fairness, equality, and integrity on part of public officials. ● Prohibition of all forms of corruption and favouritism ● Accountability and responsibility of public administrators towards different entities

Gandhian concept of Ramrajya and trusteeship is based on ethical governance only. b) Discuss Mahatma Gandhi’s concept of seven sins. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: As per Mahatma Gandhi, there are seven things which destroy us. They are:1. Wealth Without Work: our tendency to earn more by doing less. Such tendency forces us to compromise

with our morals and takes shortcuts which ultimately lead to loss of integrity. 2. Pleasure Without Conscience: acting without the sense of responsibility that how it will affect others and

the society. putting a high-powered sports car in the hands of a teenager who is high on drugs.




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3. Knowledge Without Character: you are a doctor, but instead of curing patients, you are involved in running kidney rackets. Knowledge in wrong hands is very dangerous.

4. Commerce (Business) Without Morality (Ethics): will lead to concentration of wealth and rise in inequalities. Recent cases of Volkswagen emission scandal and Sahara group financial misconduct showcase repercussions of immoral business.

5. Science Without Humanity: human touch should always be there. All creations and innovations in sciences should be for the development of the society rather than for the destruction of humanity. Example developing nuclear weapons instead to peaceful use of nuclear technology.

6. Religion Without Sacrifice: religion teaches us tolerance and sacrifice. Every religion calls for empathy and compassion towards all. Social interest must be looked before self-interest. Religious fundamentalism today is on rise.

7. Politics Without Principle: political corruption and criminalization is largely a result of absence of ideology. It makes politicians opportunist in nature.

3. a) Analyze John Rawls’s concept of social justice in the Indian Context. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: John Rawls came up with his Theory of Justice to maintain a balance between distributive justice and efficiency. Rawls argues that a rational individual behind the veil of ignorance would only choose to establish a society that would at least conform to the following two rules:1. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty compatible with similar liberty

for others.2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that they are both: a) Reasonably expected to be to everyone’s advantage and b) Attached to positions and offices open to all.Rawls acknowledges that in the “real world” there are significant differences between individuals that under conditions of liberty will lead to social and economic inequalities.The second principle permits such inequalities and even suggests that it will be to the advantage of all, but only if they meet two specific conditions. Implications in Indian context:

● Indian constitution also calls for liberty and equality. But equal treatment is given only in equal circumstances. If special powers are given to certain people, then they should work for those who are deprived from the power.

● Reservation Issue: providing reservation leads to advantage for all sections even when huge inequalities are there. This is done to neutralize the effects of historical wrongs.

● Sustainable development: to maintain balance between economic, social and environmental development. ● Economy: monetary policy or present demonetization drive must be used to avoid concentration of wealth.

Thus, John Rawl provides us an opportunity to solve various matters of Indian socio-political setup in impartial and rational way. b) Discuss the Public Services Code as recommended by the 2nd Administrative Reforms Commission.

(150 words, 10 marks)Answer: 2nd ARC has suggested a comprehensive Civil Service Code that can be conceptualized at three levels. 1. At the apex level, there should be a clear and concise statement of the values and ethical standards

that a civil servant should imbibe. These values should reflect public expectations from a civil servant with reference to political impartiality, maintenance of highest ethical standards and accountability for actions.

2. At the second level, the broad principles which should govern the behaviour of a civil servant may be outlined. This would constitute the Code of Ethics. The Code of Ethics should include: integrity, impartiality, commitment to public service, open accountability, devotion to duty and exemplary behavior.




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3. At the third level, there should be a specific Code of Conduct stipulating in a precise and unambiguous manner, a list of acceptable and unacceptable behaviour and actions.

The Commission has stated that the Code should be enforceable through strict punishment and should be given a statutory backing by including it in the then proposed Civil Services Bill.Thus the commission has given importance to both code of conduct and code of ethics by integrating them thus neutralizing their limitations and uniting their strengths. Government also has taken an initiative to introduce a comprehensive code in all India services. 4. a) “Corruption causes misuse of government treasury, administrative inefficiency and obstruction in

the path of national development.” Discuss Kautilya’s views. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: As per Kautilya, honesty is not a virtue that would remain consistent lifelong and the temptation to make easy gains through corrupt means can override the trait of honesty any time. He also compared the process of generation and collection of revenue (by officials) with honey on the tip of the tongue, which becomes impossible not to taste. He realized the difficulty in catching the corrupt as he compared embezzlers to fish moving under water and the virtual impossibility of detecting when exactly the fish is drinking water. Based on such observations about the nature of human beings, he prescribed a strict vigil even over the superintendents of government departments in relation to the place, time, nature, output and modus operandi of work.Present context

● Rajiv Gandhi said that for every rupee sent to the common man, only 17 paisa reached him. ● According to CAG report 2G scam caused loss of 1.76 lakh crore to the exchequer. ● Most of the PSU’s are running in loss. ● Pity corruption in government offices make clearance very tardy process due to which NGO’s, startup’s,

and other ventures suffer temporal, financial, mental and emotional losses.People repose trust on government and empower it to guard the public fund. Corruption leads to dereliction of this fiduciary responsibility of government. It leads to erosion of trust, credibility and legitimacy of government. This creates disconnect between people and government machinery cause bottleneck in implementation of government programs and development initiative. Issue of land acquisition, tax payment, exercising right of franchise, disconnect of politics from youth etc arises. All these affect National development in long term. b) How could social influence and persuasion contribute to the success of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan?

(150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Social influence occurs when one’s emotions, opinions, or behaviours are affected by others in the society. It is a broad term that relates to many different phenomena like conformity, obedience and persuasion. Certain techniques are:

● Sense of alienation.......no toilet, no bride ● Defamation.... e.g. in a school in Kerala students say OD (open defecation) and ODF (open defecation

free) instead of absent and present respectively. This has led to initiative by families in the village. ● Religious guru help can be sought due to higher obedience and acceptance among people. ● In a village in Rajasthan children are asked to do patrolling in early morning and out of shame people have

stopped open defecation.Persuasion: is a technique of social influence to change the attitude of people. Certain methods which have been or can contribute to the success of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan are:

● Prime minister himself took the broom and cleaned the street. This led to idealized inspiration and contributed to the success of scheme.

● Involving celebrities to impact emotions - People try to replicate the celebrity activities eg: VidyaBalan campaign.




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● Showing videos of fly’s coming from contaminated areas to food and subsequent health problem caused can help people in understanding and drawing conclusion. Awareness led to the change in the cognitive component of attitude.

● Advertisements in which children spread the message of cleanliness and remind the elders of their duties ● Conservation and recycling can be enforced as a value using in our society using emotional intelligence

and persuasion. Last noble prize in biology was given for autophagy in which our body recycles the dead cells and uses it again in formation of new cells. This message can be spread and used to persuade people to keep environment clean by utilizing wastes and converting them to energy.

● Construction of household and community toilets to help people showcase their changed behaviour. 5. Law and ethics are considered to be the two tools for controlling human conduct so as to make it

conducive to civilized social existence. a) Discuss how they achieve this objective. b) Giving examples show how the two differ in their approaches. (150 words) Answer: A harmonious relation betweenLaws and ethics can lead to a pro-social human conduct thus leading to individual and social well-being.a) They achieve this objective as:

● They both set standards of right and wrong for individuals and society. ● They both have punishments in legal and social forms like defamation,

social censure of mis-behaviour etc. ● Both are formulated in such a way that human well-being is ensured.

So people are self-motivated to follow them. Eg: laws against rash driving are for safety of citizens. Value of honesty and integrity brings respect and dignity to individuals.

● Both helps individual to take decisions which are good for all. b) Difference in their approach1. Laws are rules developed by governments in order to provide balance in society and protection to its

citizens. Ethics are standards developed by society or organisations to judge what is right and what is wrong. Like sitting on metro seats reserved for women is both unethical as well as illegal.

2. Ethics are enforced through people’s awareness of what is right and wrong. Laws are enforced by governments to its people.

3. Ethics does not carry any direct and codified punishment to anyone who violates it. However, the law will punish anyone who happens to violate it.

4. Ethics are subjective, whereas laws are relatively objective. 5. Laws indicate what people must do while ethics indicate what they should do.Thus ethics brings permanent or long lasting change in us. It targets the attitude and emotional intelligence of people. Laws on the other hand try to ensure external behaviour without necessarily conditioning the internal values. 6. our attitudes towards life, work, other people and society are generally shaped unconsciously by the

family and the social surroundings in which we grow up. Some of these unconsciously acquired attitudes and values are often undesirable in the citizens of a modern democratic and egalitarian society.

a) Discuss such undesirable values prevalent in Today’s educated Indians. b) How can such undesirable attitudes be changed and socio-ethical values considered necessary in public

services be cultivated in the aspiring and serving civil servants? (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Attitudes and values are learned dispositions which are acquired by an individual from his/her family and other agencies through different techniques. a) Undesirable valuesi. Caste system – is deeply rooted in our society, even among educated Indians. Parents showing

discrimination towards certain caste can have considerable influence over children especially during their early years of life when most learning take place unconsciously.




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ii. Considering women as weaker sex. E.g. Patriarchal society giving more importance to male child. iii. Dowry: society showing high regard for fat Indian weddings. iv. Apathy in political affairv. Circumvention of laws – tax evasion and avoidance; financial crimes are done by educated people.

jumping red lights etc. vi. Lack of value of conservation – wastage of food in weddings, parties etc.; lack of recycling of waste;

excessive use of water and electricity etc.vii. Lack of Compassion – for animals, tribals, weak and vulnerable etc.viii. Lack of scientific temper – superstition etc.b) Ways to bring change in attitude and values:i. Targeting the cognitive component of attitude - family and other social institutions must inculcate good

values through democratic child rearing practices. Children must be encouraged to ask questions. ii. Developing emotional intelligence - to understand the suffering of others to develop empathy and

compassion for poor, tribals, Dalits and even animals. This will also help in not doing corruption as it hurts the poor most.

iii. Spending time with common people – like recently all secretaries were asked to visit and spend time in the district of their first appointment. Similarly, program like “Bharat Darshan” helps new civil servants in developing connect with the masses.

i. Even aspiring civil servants should study the problem and diversity of our nation. This can motivate them to appreciate the diversity and strife to solve the problems.

iv. Role modelling – leaders like Gandhiji, Subhash Bose, Lal Bahadur Shastri who dedicated their life for the nation and must be propagated among youths to keep them motivated.

v. Physical exercise and Yoga – to help bear the mental and emotional stress and maintain moral conviction and fortitude.

7. Anger is a harmful negative emotion. It is injurious to both personal life and work life. a) Discuss how it leads to negative emotions and undesirable behaviours. b) How can it be managed and controlled? (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: As per Mahatma Gandhi, anger and intolerance are the enemies of correct understanding. However, there’s nothing wrong with anger provided one use it constructively. a) Anger is not harmful for society but also for self.

● Anger destroys the objectivity, the power of rational thinking and does not allow emotional intelligence to function.

● It kills the values of forgiveness and magnanimity. ● It aggravates the virtual sense of deprivation and feeling of revenge.Then suffering of self is used to

justify undesirable behaviour. ● Vulnerable or weak like subordinates, wife, children etc. become the victim.

b) Managing, controlling and channelizing anger needs emotional intelligence on part of individual. ● Understanding your emotions and taking responsibility for them. ● Directing anger towards problems and not people. ● Identifying what makes one angry and pre-empting such situation. For instance, if getting late makes one

angry then task must be completed on time to avoid last minute rush. ● Doing physical exercises or yoga to endure mental and emotional stress. ● Developing emotional intelligence to understand others view attitude and behaviour. This will help in

understanding the situation and avoid frustration. ● At early stage, family and other social institutions must inculcate value of forgiveness, compassion,

sacrifice, magnanimity etc. ● Practical methods like fasting can be adopted to control on one’s anger. ● When anger rises, one must think of the consequences.




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It was Duryodhana whose anger led to the destruction of whole Kuru Empire whereas on other hand proper management of anger led Mahatma Gandhi win freedom for India. 8. “Max Weber said that it is not wise to apply to public administration the sort of moral and ethical norms

we apply to matters of personal conscience. It is important to realize that the state bureaucracy might possess its own independent bureaucratic morality.” Critically analyze this statement. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer. German sociologist Max Weber (1968) held that bureaucracy is the structure by which government can best execute laws at the functional level.Bureaucratic morality is supposed to have objectivity, impartiality and non-partisanship.In personal conscience empathy and compassion must be applicable always. But it may not be true in bureaucracy. If an old woman comes to avail the benefit of a social sector scheme but has no proper documents then officer in charge may not be able to honor her demand immediately due to objectivity, work culture, organizational hierarchy etc.Bureaucracy has to balance the conflicting rights of citizens like right of livelihood and protecting the culture of tribals and effort of state to take forward developmental projects. Such conflicts generally do not occur in personal domain. Hence Weber suggested to not mix personal conscience and bureaucratic morality.However, the stand of Max Weber has been contested now and it has been suggested that bureaucrats must be connected to masses with the string of empathy and compassion.Bureaucrats in developing countries are vulnerable to getting trapped in distancing confines of power elites.They must walk among the kings and yet not lose the common touch. This can only be done through morality. Bureaucrats today have great discretion which may often lead to corruption and nepotism. These tendencies can only be controlled through a judicious mix of both bureaucratic and personal morality. In developing countries societies remain in transition. There are conflicting rights of citizens; sense of alienation; sense of relative deprivation; e.g. – Demand of reservation in various parts of countries, environmental movements, issues of displacement and rehabilitation etc. In such situations bureaucrats need to be connected to masses to understand the problems, make process decentralized and expand the horizon of decision making and their implementation.

Section B9. A fresh engineering graduate gets a job in a prestigious chemical industry. She likes the work. The

salary is also good. However, after a few months she accidentally discovers that a highly toxic waste is being secretly discharged into a river nearby. This is causing health problems to the villagers downstream who depend on the river for their water needs. She is perturbed and mentions her concern to her colleagues who have been with the company for longer periods. They advise her to keep quite as anyone who mentions the topic is summarily dismissed. She cannot risk losingher job as she is the sole bread-winner for her family and has to support her ailing parents and siblings. At first, she thinks that if her seniors are keeping quiet, why she should stick out her neck. But her conscience pricks her to do something to save the river and the people who depend upon it. At heart she feels that the advice of silence given by her friends is not correct though she cannot give reasons for it. She thinks you are a wise person and seeks your advice.

a) What arguments can you advance to show her that keeping quiet is not morally right? b) What course of action would you advise her to adopt and why? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Issues and values involved in the case:i. River water as the common good of society.ii. Right to health of Villagers.iii. Work culture and Organisational value of chemical industry.iv. Value of courage of Engineering graduate.v. Ethical dilemma of choosing between justice to villagers and rights of her family.




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vi. Ethical dilemma of choosing between integrity and social well-being. vii. Environmental ethicsviii. Professionalism and responsibility of chemical industry towards society at large. a) I will put forward following arguments to convince her that keeping quiet is not morally right:

● Under such situations, a person can either adapt to the work culture or take the responsibility to change it. Acting against wrong is in itself morally uplifting.

● By keeping quiet she is failing to deliver justice to villagers which she can. Benefits are taken by the industry whereas burden will fall upon the villagers.

● She is also putting the future of her company in jeopardy. In short term, profits will be gained by the company. But in long term the news may get leaked to the concerned government authorities, leading to huge negative repercussions for all stakeholders.

● She is also not setting right example for other colleagues at work place. Doing wrong and accepting the wrong are equally punishable.

● She can show some courage and make her family proud. It will also increase her respect at work place. ● She will be guilty in her own court of conscience and this will create inner dissonance and guilt. For her

own emotional and mental well-being, she should not remain silent. ● Being a fresh graduate there is no dearth of opportunity for her.Also integrity is non-negotiable and non-

selective. Jobs will come and go but integrity once lost is difficult to regain. b) I will advise her following course of action:

● Do some ground research and come up with concrete report about number of people getting affected and the potential harm caused to health. This will increase her persuasion power and she will be taken seriously.

● Take the report to her immediate boss and invoke his/her conscience. If he doesn’t listen, then take it to senior management.

● Remind the company of corporate social responsibility and responsibility towards society. ● Trust and faith of people is required for the long term interest of the company. Once it is lost then sale of

company will be plummeted. ● Present a case study where companies lost business due to loss of confidence of people. ● Present the pertinent environmental laws and punishment for violation to instill fear as deterrent. ● If still the company doesn’t agree to treat the waste then she must leave the job, complaint to the concerned

authority and create awareness among people.She must not be worried about her job as even if continues with it, she will never achieve happiness and satisfaction.10. Land needed for mining, dams and other large-scale projects is acquired mostly from Adivasis, hill

dwellers and rural communities. The displaced persons are paid monetary compensation as per the legal provisions. However, the payment is often tardy. In any case, it cannot sustain the displaced families for long. These people do not possess marketable skills to engage in some other accusation. They end up as low paid migrant labourers. Moreover, their development goes to industries, industrialists and urban communities whereas the costs are passed on to these poor helpless people. This unjust distribution of costs and benefits is unethical.

Suppose you have been entrusted with the task of drafting a better compensation-cum-rehabilitation policy for such displaced persons, how would you approach the problem and what would be the main elements of your suggested policy? (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: The case presents the difficulty and necessity of balancing economic and social development. Following are major issues and values which must be taken into account while reaching a plausible solution:i. Virtues of empathy and compassion for marginalised and those who suffer displacement.ii. Proper rehabilitation and resettlement.iii. Social justice – the benefit and burden must be shared equally in society.




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iv. Inclusive developmentv. Social capital as a common goodvi. Right to dignified life for those who suffer for national development.My approach towards drafting a better compensation-cum-rehabilitation policy:

● To make social justice embedded in economic activity and development project. ● There should be holistic rehabilitation and resettlement program rather than just monetary compensation. ● To ensure that living standard of displaced people do not deteriorate. ● Local tradition and culture must be given due respect and effort must be made to preserve them.

Main element of the policy ● Mandatory social impact assessment along with environment impact assessment. Local people must be

integrated with the development which will happen through proposed project. ● Rehabilitation and resettlement process must begin before the permission for the project is granted. ● Company must use corporate social responsibility fund to rehabilitation and resettlement process. ● Skill development programs like “Hunar Se Rojgar”, “SeekhoAurKamao”, Skill India etc has to be run

for capacity building and increasing coping capability. ● People who face displacement must be provided all government facilities like PDS ration, Bank accounts,

Aadhar number etc. They must be protected from any kind of discrimination in their new home. ● They must be shown ways and means for employment opportunity. ● Social integration at new place must be ensured. ● Government and company must keep close contact with the migrants to help them with their further

problems and to give them a “sense of belongingness”.Displacement may become inevitable sometime for economic development but we need to ensure than the process remains fair, just and inclusive.11. Suppose you are an officer in-charge of implementing a social service scheme to provide support to

old and destitute women. An old and illiterate woman comes to you to avail the benefits of the scheme. However, she has no documents to show that she fulfils the eligibility criteria. But after meeting her and listening to her you feel that she certainly needs support. Your enquiries also show that she is really destitute and living in a pitiable condition. You are in a dilemma as to what to do. Putting her under the scheme without necessary documents would clearly be violation of rules. But denying her the support would be cruel and inhuman.

a) Can you think of a rational way to resolve this dilemma? b) Give your reasons for it. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: This case presents the difficulty in implementing socially important schemes without any exclusion. Following are other important issues and values involved:i. Objectivity in public serviceii. Rule of law and work cultureiii. Virtues of empathy and compassion for poor and destitute.iv. Right of genuine beneficiaries to avail social service schemes.v. Effectiveness and inclusiveness of government schemes.vi. Organizational and personal value conflict.a) The dilemma is to maintain rule of law and organizational value and work culture without compromising

on the personal value of empathy and compassion for the poor and destitute. To resolve the dilemma, I will follow the rule for the scheme. As per the rule old lady is not eligible for the scheme. Rules are made with proper reasoning and for greater good of society. It provides legitimacy and credibility of government bodies. Understanding this will help me resolve my dilemma.

However on personal level I will also try to preserve my own values to avoid any crisis of conscience and inner dissonance. I will help the old lady with some money for temporary respite and take adequate step to bring her under the fold of beneficiary of the scheme.




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This will ensure consonance between organizational and personal values.b) Objectivity is considered as cardinal value of civil servant. This helps in equal and impartial treatment of

all. This helps in not allowing any sense of relative deprivation to creep in. This is why following the rule can help in resolving ethical dilemma. It is the objectivity which makes bureaucracy legal and rational. Making exceptions can set wrong precedent for employees and opportunity for the corrupt.

Further the problem of exclusion has to be dealt with holistically. The issue of documentation has to be resolved for all of the likes of the old lady. Error in law must be rectified as laws are made for men; men are not made for laws. They are the means to achieve the ends of equality. For this systemic change is required. Discretionary approval of individual for the scheme will create more problems of error, nepotism and corruption.

12. You are a young, aspiring and sincere employee in a Government office working as an assistant to the director of your department. Since you have joined recently, you need to learn and progress. Luckily your superior is very kind and ready to train you for your job. He is a very intelligent and well-informed person having knowledge of various departments. In short, you respect your boss and are looking forward to learn a lot from him.

Since you have good tuning with the boss, he started depending on you. One day due to ill health he invited you at his place for finishing some urgent work.

You reached his house and before you could ring the bell you heard shouting noises. You waited for a while. After entering the house the boss greeted you and explained the work. But you were constantly disturbed by the crying of a woman. At last, you inquired with the boss but his answer did not satisfy you.

Next day, you were compelled to inquire further in the office and found out that his behaviour is very bad at home with his wife. He also beats up his wife. His wife is not well educated and is a simple woman in comparison to her husband. You see that though your boss is a nice person in the office, he is engaged in domestic violence at home.

In such a situation, you are left with the following options. Analyse each option with its consequences. a) Just ignore thinking about it because it is their personal matter. b) Repost the case to the appropriate authority. c) Your own innovative approach towards the situation. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer. In this case there is lack of integrity in the superior as his attitude and behaviour in public life and private life is different. Following are other issues and values involved in the case:

● Your personal integrity vs. Your social well being ● Good work culture at work place. ● Right of a woman to be treated with dignity and respect. ● Empathy and compassion for vulnerable women. ● Courage to bring justice against domestic violence. ● Balancing personal interest at office with moral responsibility of checking Boss’s behaviour at home.

a) Just ignore thinking about it because it is their personal matter: Ignoring the matter will avoid putting my boss in an embarrassing situation in front of me and others. It will also not affect my relation with him and not create any hurdle for me at work place. It will help maintain the prevailing good work culture at office.

However, I will be held guilty in my own court of conscience. I lose my integrity as I will not act as per my values of empathy and compassion. Sense of guilt may arise in me leading to inner dissonance and crisis of conscience. Also justice to my boss’s wife will not be done as my boss’s behaviour will remain the same. My value of courage will be compromised and this will affect me all through my career, especially when my boss knows that I can’t stand for my own values. The incident will also create a bad precedent for society in general.

b) Report the case to appropriate authority: This may act as deterrent and may change my Boss behaviour at home. This will preserve my value of courage, empathy and compassion. I may also be able to safeguard the rights of my boss’s wife.




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But there is no surety that this will bring endogenous changes in my boss. It may appear to be a short term solution to the problem. Since my boss is good in public relations, there is a hope that with proper guidance, he may improve in his personal relations. Complaint against him will publicize the matter leading to great embarrassment and also the degradation of relations between me and my boss. So I would not risk my relation with my boss without surety of justice for his wife.c) Your own innovative approach towards the situation: Lasting effect can come when change from

within is brought in my boss while maintaining his dignity. This will ensure healthy and sustainable relation between him and his wife. I will try following innovation approach:

i. I will narrate him some moral stories, informally, at work place, to bring attitudinal change in him.ii. I will invite him for some movie with persuasion power towards respecting women and changing attitude

towards them.iii. I will invite him at my own home with his wife and show how well I treat my wife. This may move his

conscience as he is a good person at work place.iv. I will try to find some strength and qualities in his wife which will make my boss more appreciative of

him.v. I will present some data of domestic violence in our country and how it is holding back socio-economic

development of our country. My boss is person with good aptitude, hopefully he will understand.13. ABC Ltd. is a large transnational company having diversified business activities with a huge

shareholder base. The company is continuously expanding and generating employment. The company, in its expansion and diversification programme, decides to establish a new plant at Vikaspuri, an area which is underdeveloped. The new plant is designed to use energy efficient technology that will help the company to save production cost by 20%. The company’s decision goes well with the Government policy of attracting investment to develop such underdeveloped regions. The government has also announced tax holiday for five years for the companies that invest in underdeveloped areas. However, the new plant may bring chaos for the inhabitants of Vikaspuri region, which is otherwise tranquil. The new plant may result in increased cost of living, aliens migrating to the region, disturbing the social and economic order. The company sensing the possible protest tried to educate the people of Vikaspuri region and public in general that how its Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) policy would help overcome the likely difficulties of the residents of Vikaspuri region. In spite of this the protests begin and some of the residents decided to approach the judiciary as their plea before the Government did not yield any result.

a) Identify the issues involved in the case b) What can be suggested to satisfy the company’s goal and to address the residents’ concern? (300 words, 25 marks)Answer. a) Issues involved in the case -

● Negative attitude of people towards development projects and change. ● Communication gap between corporate, government and local people which leads to protest and stalling

of project. ● Effort of government to develop underdeveloped regions through developmental projects. ● Lack of involvement of locals in clearance of projects. ● Need for widening the concept of development which is mostly seen in terms of only economic activity. ● Historical legacy of poor relations and apathy among society, government and private sector. ● Consciousness of people regarding social structure and opposition against migrants. ● Poor level of tolerance and trust among culturally diverse people. ● Bad precedents of non-inclusive development where local people are deprived from the fruits of growth

and natural resources. b) Companies goal and residents concern can be harmonized in following ways:1. Various persuasion techniques have to be used to remove the trust deficit and negative attitude of people:




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● Success stories of development of backward region due to coming of industries have to be narrated to people in the way that is easy to understand and draw conclusion.

● Since the project is supported by government, bureaucrats and local M.P’s, MLA’s and Panchayat leaders can use emotional intelligence to understand the concern of people and take steps to resolve them.

● Media can be effectively used to propagate the positive message and importance of the project.2. The company must use CSR fund and begin the social developmental work and develop some social

capital.3. The company can help in execution of various skill development projects run by government there by

developing capacity among locals for them to be less fearful of outsiders or changing socio-economic dynamics.

4. Government must appoint special officer to listen to the grievances of people. This will avoid the project getting delayed due to litigation and the region being denied the opportunity for development.

5. A more participative and transparent approach on part of company is required. A group of local residents chosen by people themselves can be given a position in company. They can have the power to be part of decision making and voting on local issues.

14. Saraswati was a successful IT professional in USA. Moved by the patriotic sense of doing something for the country she returned to India. Together with some other likeminded friends, she formed an NGO to build a school for a poor rural community.

The objective of the school was to provide the best quality modern education at a nominal cost. She soon discovered that she has to seek permission from a number of Government agencies. The rules and procedures were quite confusing and cumbersome. What frustrated her most was delays, callous attitude of officials and constant demand for bribes. Her experience and the experience of many others like her have deterred people from taking up social service projects.

A measure of Government control over voluntary social work is necessary. But it should not be exercised in a coercive or corrupt manner. What measures can you suggest to ensure that due control is exercised but well meaning, honest NGO efforts are not thwarted? (300 words, 25 marks)

Answer: The case presents the importance of NGO’s in social development and also difficulty in smooth functioning of even well-meaning NGO’s. Following are other issues and values involved in the case:

● Value of sacrifice and courage in Saraswati to leave a successful career in USA. ● Empathy and compassion for poor. ● Role of NGO in taking forward the Right to Education in rural areas. ● Bureaucratic layers in decision making. ● Poor work culture at government officials. ● Absence of respect of law and demand for bribe. ● Issue of good governance, responsiveness, quick clearance and maintaining the enthusiasm of NGO’s in

social sector initiative. ● Right of government to monitor the functioning of NGO’s. ● Unethical conduct on part on many NGOs leading to strict control by government.

Following steps must be taken to ensure that due control is exercised by the government over NGO’s and at the same time well-meaning and honest NGO’s are not thwarted:i. The trust deficit between government and NGO’s must be removed. This would be the first step in

making the functioning of NGO’s easier. This can be done by transparency and proactive declaration of NGO’s work by themselves.

ii. A voluntary acceptance of a code of ethics by all NGOs. iii. Involvement of local people in NGOs functioning. iv. Voluntary disclosure of funding and work done in every financial year by NGOs. v. Introducing the concept like “Right to clearance” for NGO’s as well as they play very important role




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in social sector. The prior investigation and analysis regarding NGO’s work must be completed in time bound manner.

vi. Work culture in government offices must be improved. Official must be made more responsive, objective, and competent.

vii. Government officials must be attached with masses with the string of empathy and compassion. This will enable them to be more responsive to social sector initiatives.

viii. Strict implementation of anti-corruption laws and check on demand for bribes. Grievance redressal mechanism against such cases.

ix. Use of ICT to tract the functioning of NGO’s by feedback from ground to obviate the detailed and delayed scrutiny of NGO’s proposal and yet keep due control.

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Section - A1. Conflict of interest in the public sector arises when (a) official duties, (b) public interest, and (c) personal interest are taking priority one above the other. How can this conflict in administration be resolved? Describe with an example. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Because of the multiple roles public servants play in their daily lives, they inherently possess many different interests and loyalties. At any given time, these interests may compete. Such conflicts are a part of life and are unavoidable. For example:

● When, a judge gives a ruling in a case which involves his son as one of the party. It involves actual as well as perceived conflict of interest. (happened with former CJI S.H. Kapadia in Vodafone case)

● When as a District Collector, you have to decide over circle rates of an area which also includes one of your ancestral properties.

● When your official duty calls for obeying your political boss but public interest requires going against his will.

Any such conflict can lead to feeling of injustice among citizens. Thus, civil servants not only have to remove the actual conflict of interest but also any kind of misperception created by the conflict of interest. This can be done through following strategies:

● Register – where details of the conflict of interest are declared and registered. (In low-risk situations this single strategy may be sufficient.)

● Restrict – where restrictions are placed on the officer’s involvement in the matter. ● Recruit – where a disinterested third party is used to oversee part or all of the process that deals with the

matter. ● Remove – where the officer chooses, or is requested, to be removed completely from the matter.

For example, a principal of a college may restrict or completely remove himself from the enrolment process of students as his son has applied for the seat. In long term, rules must be made and codified (in code of conduct) to avoid even a potential conflict that may arise in future. The primary goal of managing conflicts of interest should be to ensure that decisions are made – and are seen to be made – on proper grounds with transparency, for legitimate reasons, and without bias.2. Examine the relevance of the following in the context of civil service: (150 words, 10 marks) (a) Transparency (b) Accountability (c) Fairness and justice (d) Courage of conviction (e) Spirit of serviceAnswer: Given values are often considered to be foundational for any system of good governance.





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(a) Transparency – Transparency creates trust in administration and solves most of the problems of corruption. Citizen’s participation will increase effectively only if administration functions transparently. RTI act, social audit, citizen’s charter etc can become effective tool of good governance only if administration becomes transparent.

(b) Accountability – Accountability is the glue that binds commitment with the outcome. It is the essence of any democratic system. Accountability creates sense of duty. It ensures smooth governance from policy formulation to execution. Accountability reduces corruption and dereliction of duty in civil services. Target oriented programmes, essential for rapid growth and development of India, can only come with accountability.

(c) Fairness and justice – Fairness and Justice are constitutional obligations on civil servants. It is prerequisite for the credibility of the administration, acceptance of its decision and not allowing any sense of relative deprivation in any section of society. Fairness and justice must be the core values of civil services to deal with the issues like agriculture subsidy and modernization; tribal displacement and proper rehabilitation; temple entry, triple talaq and other issues of women; balanced regional growth etc to bring into reality the slogan of “Sab kaSaath Sab kaVikas”.

(d) Courage of conviction – is the ability to stand for one’s decision even in adverse situation. Due to high level of political corruption, hostile work environment, non-cooperating citizens in militant or naxal prone areas etc civil servants need to have courage of conviction to maintain their integrity and act on higher civil service value of public service. Examples include officers like Satyendra Dubey and S. Manjunath who gave their life to fight corruption in civil services.

(e) Spirit of service – spirit of service is dedication with high emotional component. It is important especially when there is scarcity of resource. For example recently DM of Manipur built road by pooling money by various stakeholders. New emerging challenges like disaster management, migration to digital ecosystem, issues in cooperative federalism etc. with old, persistent and humungous problem of poverty and illiteracy calls for spirit of service to energize and transform our nation.

Thus presence of these values is not a choice but a necessity for probity in governance. 3. Young people with ethical conduct are not willing to come forward to join active politics. Suggest steps

to motivate them to come forward. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer. In one old Hindi patriotic song it has been said addressing to the youth:“Ye deshhaitumhara, Netatumhi ho kal k” (This country is yours; you are the leader of tomorrow!)Youth are the trustees of national progress. Their positive attitude in active politics is important to meet this end. For this a comprehensive strategy covering all aspects (cognitive, affective and behavioral) of persuasion and attitude change must be targeted simultaneously. Following steps can be taken to motivate them to come forward:i. Youth parliament – must be conducted to instill interest in political issues and desire to become political

leader.ii. Role modeling – highlighting the stature and role of important leaders like Mahatma Gandhi, Netaji

Subhash Chandra Bose, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastrietc in nation building.iii. Use of Emotional intelligence – to rouse the feeling of patriotism and projecting politics and a mean to

express the value of the love for nation.iv. Healthy political debates – to involve more intellectual and rational youths.v. Electoral reforms which must include steps to curb corruption and criminalization in politics vi. End of dynastic politics – and merit based party position will attract more talent in politics. Students

with specific knowledge on society, economy, and political science etc must be given preferences and respect within the parties.

vii. Annual meeting of young M.P’s and MLA’s can be organized across the country by Election Commission to attract young talent in politics.

viii. Voters must also demand person of strong ethical conduct and integrity to become their representative. NOTA can be used in this regard.




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ix. Examples of foreign nation with young leaders heading their countries must be highlighted. x. Politics over religion, caste, reservation, language etc must be replaced by politics over development

and justice.xi. University elections need reforms like non involvement of political parties and strict vigilance over use

of money and muscle power. As it is said in the same song referred before:“Rakh do geek din tum sansarkobadal k” (One day you will change the whole world)Youth has always driven various segment of our society. Their energy must be channelized towards the right ends. 4. a) One of the tests of integrity is complete refusal to be compromised. Explain with reference to a real

life example. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Integrity has been derived from the word “integer” meaning “whole”. Integrity means wholesomeness of character i.e. unity in thought, speech and action. One of its key characters is that it is non-selective and non-negotiable in nature. Gandhi ji was one of the greatest examples of integrity we have seen in modern times:He always stressed on means over end. The means for freedom struggle adopted by Gandhiji were truth and non-violence. Gandhi ji called off non-cooperation movement, after the violence in Chauri-Chaura incident saying that the nation is still not ready for independence. The movement was at peak, British for the first time seemed weak, hope of independence was high, many leaders were not in favor of calling off the movement and Gandhi ji was well aware of discontentment that would prevail, still he called off the movement. Gandhi ji did not compromise with the basic principle of non-violence. Even during the time of Bhagat Singh’s execution, he remained firm on his idea of non-violence. This was done even when his most loyal follower, Pt. Nehru was not in the favour of his decision and the masses were criticizing him for inaction. Because of his integrity, millions trusted Gandhi; millions learned from him and counted themselves as his followers. Collectively, they became a force strong enough to gain political independence for India. b) Corporate social responsibility makes companies more profitable and sustainable. Analyze.

(150 words, 10 marks)Answer: CSR today is evolving into a core business function, central to the firm’s overall strategy and is vital to its sustainability and success in long term. It is a viable business choice as:

● CSR initiatives have a positive impact on attracting long term patient investment from capital market. Many institutional investors avoid companies or industries that violate their organizational mission, values, or principle. Like the share prices of companies like Infosys do not see much fluctuation as compared to companies’ low in CSR.

● CSR builds social capital of a company in society. It influences affectionate component of attitude and people develop positive attitude towards the goods and services of the company. This directly increases the profit of company. Biggest example in this case is of Tatas which spend most of the profits for social development.

● CSR can also be a tool of legitimization. For example, firms that have negative social performance in the areas of environmental issues and product safety use charitable contributions as a means for building their legitimacy. ITC use lots of funds to create health infrastructure largely because of its involvement in tobacco products.

● Such companies also enjoy good relations with the government which often helps them to get competitive edge over their rivals. Like after independence many mining projects were given to Tatas and Birlas through selective bidding.

● CSR creates a general sense of responsibility towards employees as well. This improves work culture of the company leading to greater employee satisfaction and attraction of more talent to the company. Attrition rate becomes less which is important for continuity. Microsoft and Wipro are good examples in this regard.




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Thus, CSR leads to win-win outcomes through synergistic value creation as it considers society as an important stakeholder in the company and people also revere it back through continuous support (like easy project clearance and land acquisition)5. (a) “Great ambition is the passion of a great character. Those endowed with it may perform very good

or very bad acts. All depends on the principles which direct them.” – Napoleon Bonaparte. Stating examples mention the rulers (i) who have harmed society and country, (ii) who worked for the

development of society and country. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Great ambition is the passion which generates loads of energy. It is natural to all humans. But if this energy is not channelized in the right direction using emotional intelligence and ethical conduct, change brought about could be destructive instead of constructive.Hitler had great ambition and leadership quality. However, his desire to take revenge from ‘Allied States’, reckless decisions, risking the life of soldiers and citizens of his state, lead to the destruction of his country.Duryodhana had again great desire to take the throne of Hastinapur. He was trained by the best and yet his envy and hatred towards Pandavas led to the destruction of Kuru Empire. His acts brought shame to his family and everyone had to pay the price of it. In Greek mythology, king Agamemnon’s ambition to defeat Troy using any sort of means led to thousands of killings and destruction. ‘Great’ is suffixed after the name of two rulers of India, Ashoka and Akbar. The reason is that both the rulers showed high emotional intelligence in governance. Both of them had great passion for territorial expansion. However, they adopted inclusive approach and gave equal rights to all citizens. They used mix of persuasion, diplomacy and coercion.Ashoka being a Buddhist never imposed Buddhism on his subjects. He in fact patronized other religions and sects. He enriched cooperation with neighboring states. Akbar came up with ‘sulh-e-kul’, peaceful co-existence of all religion.Both engraved spirit of tolerance in Indian society which still reverberates and helps India earn soft power.(b) “If a country is to be corruption free and become a nation of beautiful minds, I strongly feel there are

three key societal members who can make a difference. they are father, the mother and the teacher.” – A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. Analyse. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: Parents and teachers happen to be the most important tools of socialization and inculcate value education, motivation, right guidance, appropriate skills and innovation among the children. Mother is the first teacher of any child. Strong emotional attachment with mother makes a child more confident and innovative in later life. He’s able to question the wrongs of society and don’t take anything for granted. Values like respect for women, gender-equality, tolerance, care, conservation etc develops under the influence of mother which is important to deal with the issue of patriarchy, peace and harmony in society, sustainability, problems of old age etc. Gandhi Ji once said that he learned the technique of Satyagraha and fasting from his mother. Father is role model of most of the children. Qualities of leadership, responsibility, discipline etc are developed under influence of father. Child rearing practices often shapes the personality of a child. Democratic environment will help child to internalize the ethos of Indian constitution. Teacher increases the horizon of thinking and learning of a child. The spark for innovation, necessary for our socio-economic development, is provided by classroom learning under the influence of teacher. Values embedded in our history, constitutional values, professional ethics, skill required for employability etc., required for overall development of children are all taught by teacher.History has witnessed that how Chanakya converted an ordinary boy into a great king of Gupta Empire. Anandkumar’s super 30 is known for its success largely due to his mentoring capabilities. Thus correct aptitude under correct guidance, values and environment can bring about the magic that Indian society needs today.




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6. (a) How will you apply emotional intelligence in administrative practices? (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Success of any administrative system often depends upon the kind of relation it shares with its environment and Emotional intelligence (EI) is at the heart of every good relationship.

● Most of the foundational values for civil services i.e. tolerance, empathy, compassion, dedication and trust require strong level of emotional intelligence, so that these values can guide the behavior of a public servant.

● Social capital can be generated only if it has a strong backing of emotionally intelligent public servant. It can solve many internal security problems and may lead to harmony and stability.

● Administration is a group activity and emotions are the glue that holds the cells of the organism together. It can’t be done without high level of EI at all levels.

● Committed bureaucracy – to understand the philosophy of ruling party, civil servants need to have high EI. ● Administrators today play not only a role of manager but also a leader. As per Danial Goleman, “As much

as 80% of adult “success” comes from EQ.” ● Corruption: civil servants can keep themselves protected from corruption if they use EI to understand

the tremendous loss caused by acts of corruption to the nation. They are able to control their hedonistic instincts and become a role model for others.

● Keep oneself motivated – even when desired result is not coming, people in insurgent areas are not cooperating, adverse posting etc. Emotional intelligence helps to channelize one’s energy in positive direction and not get frustrated and dejected.

● Understanding culture of humble tribal folks – and being sensitive to their beliefs. This would result in ethical governance.

● Charles Darwin showed as early as the 19th century that emotions were adaptive in the evolution of human beings.

Neuro-scientific discoveries in the last decade show that rationality and emotions are not separate compartments in the brain. Rather they are inextricably woven into all cognition. Thus all learning has an emotional base. And administration has to learn consistently to predict, adapt and control its environment. (b) Strength, peace and security are considered to be the pillars of international relations. Elucidate. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: lgu'khyrk] {kek] n;k dks] rHkh iwtrk tx gS

cy dk niZ pedrk mlds] ihNs tc txex gSA

[Tolerance, forgiveness, mercy are revered by the world when the power of the force shines behind it]This stanza from Ramdhari Singh Dinkar explains how all attributes are complementary and supplementary to each other in international relations.

● Strength is sometime required to enforce the mutually agreeable decisions in the larger interest of all. For example, Pt. Nehru was a supporter of nuclear disarmament but as the same time he started the nuclear programme of India. He always believed that it’s of no use to talk about nuclear free world without having the nuclear power.

● Peace makes the environment amenable for discussion and cooperation. It boosts trade, commerce and people to people contact. Peace provides the foundation for development to take place. For example, unrest and wars in African region has led to its underdevelopment.

● Security is of prime importance in international relation as sovereignty is fundamental to existence of state. Security threats like terrorism, human trafficking, smuggling, refugees’ issues etc. strains relations with neighboring and other nations as international relation will strengthen only if national interest is protected.

Indian’s foreign policy is based on philosophies and principles like “Vasudevkutumbakam”, “Panchsheel, Nuclear doctrine, strategic alliances etc. to bring to the front our strength along with advancement of peace and security all around the world.




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7. (a) The crisis of ethical values in modern times is traced to a narrow perception of the good life. Discuss. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: Good life in modern times is generally perceived on the basis of hedonistic gains. We often adopt a self-centric and materialistic approach. When we associate our happiness less with the happiness and wellbeing of others then our affectionate and behavioral component of attitude is not aligned with larger social welfare.Bhagvad Gita also stress on this weakness of human nature which often ignores higher purusharthas of Dharma and Moksha largely due the craving for Kama and Artha. Today’s youth find pleasure in live-in relationships but they do not want to commit themselves to the institution of marriage. Most of the moral philosophers (Socrates, Plato) have equated good life with being virtuous but today youth is ready to compromise with their virtues for short term material gains. In fact, growing competition and scarcity of resources is not letting youth to get out of what Maslow called lower order needs and aim at higher need of self-realization. The problem of corruption is deeply entrenched because we are concerned with our own materialistic gain and not about the loss suffered by the people due to act of corruption.Environmental degradation, loss of wildlife, global warming etc get apathy of most of us because we fail to expand our limits of good life to include the joy of clean environment, compassion for animals and sense of responsibility of protecting our planet.Karl Barth said that joy is the simplest form of gratitude. Gandhi Ji propagated “good of one in good of all” through his idea of Sarvodaya. Hence we need to develop our emotional intelligence, values of compassion, to feel the joy from our actions which benefit others as well. (b) Increased national wealth did not result in equitable distribution of its benefits. It has created only

some “enclaves of modernity and prosperity for a small minority at the cost of the majority.” Justify. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: The preamble puts equality of opportunity and status as aspiration of citizens and government. Unfortunately, India’s growth has been more non – inclusive and unjust in nature.i. Traditional sector of Indian economy like agriculture, handicraft, small and medium industries remain

either unviable or unprofitable. This is happening even when majority of the population is involved in these sectors.

ii. Tribal areas, hilly region and N-E India remain underdeveloped. Yet all kinds of luxuries can be seen in few developed cities.

iii. There is huge rural-urban divide. Slum dwelling in cities is growing.iv. Due to near “jobless growth” in last two-decade unemployment has increased. v. India’s Gini coefficient is also high.vi. Most of the benefits of natural resources are enjoyed by the top 10% whereas burden shifts upon the last

10% of the society. Recent data shows that top 1% have 22% percent of total income of India which is even more than what was there during British times (21% in 1930’s).

vii. India has seen highest growth in number of millionaires even when the country houses highest number of under nourished and uneducated in the world.




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Some recent measures of government are also targeted towards the resolution of this anomaly only. Inclusive growth as the core component of planning, slogans like “sabkasaath, sabkavikas”, 2% compulsory CSR funding by private sector, decentralization etc. are some of the examples in this regard. Thus, from British Raj to Billionaire Raj, things have not changed much for the masses as majority still waits for their development which was promised to them after independence. 8. (a) Discipline generally implies following the order and subordination. However, it may be counter-

productive for the organization. Discuss. (150 words, 10 marks)Answer: Discipline means obedience, respect for authority, and observance of established rules. It is a much emphasized quality in the work culture of any organization but any extreme application may have unintentional consequences. By strictly adhering to denominated roles, it increases efficiency in an organization helps it to achieve its objective. Also following the laid out chain of command and hierarchy with discipline allows for smooth flow of vital information and the decisions taken, between all the levels of an organization. Especially in sectors where the time factor is critical and sensitive information is involved, discipline assumes even important place. This can be seen in military & police services where a strict adherence to discipline through following orders and subordination is imbibed in the work culture.However, in some cases strict adherence to discipline may be counterproductive.

● An unquestioning subordination leads to perpetuation of wrong decisions and policies made by the top brass, due to lack of courage and alternative view point provided by subordinates.

● Secondly, following the order without taking into account the merits of such an order may in fact cause harm both to the organization and larger society. This is all visible in the case of complacent bureaucracy remaining silent during caste and communal riots on the orders of political bosses.

● Too much discipline can also lead to moral corruption as under such situation, your conscience has no role to play. Following commands indiscriminately like what happened in Hitler’s Germany may lead to irreparable damages.

● Too much discipline can also kill creativity and eccentricity which is important for developmental tasks as they require innovation.

So a better approach would be allowing for freewheeling discussion on an issue by involving all levels of organization concerned so that well deliberated decisions are made. Once such decisions are made a strict emphasis on discipline in carrying out the decisions with periodic appraisal can be a better approach. (b) Without commonly shared and widely entrenched moral values and obligations, neither the law, nor

democratic government, nor even the market economy will function properly. What do you understand by this statement? Explain with illustration in the contemporary times. (150 words, 10 marks)

Answer: The above statement emphasizes on the need for bringing endogenous changes in the individual attitude and behavior. Bringing about external changes in form of new law, constitution or regime will have very limited impact if internal changes also don’t happen simultaneously.Child labor, by law, is prohibited in India, yet we encounter many children working as labor in our daily life. Law was found to have limited impact because there is no moral unanimity in our society on the ill effects of child labor. Government is not able to implement SC verdict on Jallikattu or prevalence of un-touchability still shows that people have not internalized the values of our constitution. Due to lack of democratic values, notions of democratic government are bent by people in power to cater to vested interests in the society. This is visible in spoils system in appointments, protection extended to anti-social elements that have muscle and money power practiced by democratic governments. The lack of business ethics among the industry and of probity in bureaucracy is leading to crony capitalism in the economic sector. This is seen in the 2G spectrum scam, Coal block allocation scam which saw subversion of free market tools. Sahara scam, Sardha scam and fraud by Vijay Mallya show that every reform is superficial without individual morality. Thus external tools of behavioral control work best only when they are supported by endogenous changes in moral and ethical framework of individuals and society respectively.




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Section - B9. You are an honest and responsible civil servant. You often observe the following: (a) There is a general perception that adhering to ethical conduct one may face difficulties to oneself

and cause problems for the family, whereas unfair practices may help to reach the career goals. (b) When the number of people adopting unfair means is large, a small minority having a penchant

towards ethical means makes no difference. (c) Sticking to ethical means is detrimental to the larger developmental goals (d) While one may not involve oneself in large unethical practices, but giving and accepting small gifts

makes the system more efficient. Examine the above statements with their merits and demerits. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Such kind of questions often haunts an honest civil servant who is not only fighting from an external hostile and corrupt environment but also from internal desires of hedonism. (a) By adhering to ethical principle one may face difficulties to oneself and cause problems for the family due

to loss of opportunity for professional advancement, making extra money and possible strained relation with others. However, adhering to ethical principles has huge advantage:

i. There is a sense of possession and accomplishment. As Aristotle said that virtues, like happiness, must be desired for themselves.

ii. Honestly is morally uplifting. It boosts dignity and self-respect.iii. Followings ethics develops good will for self and family. It helps in role modeling and persuasion.iv. There is no fear and anxiety of law enforcement agency. There is happiness in life.v. In case of arrest for unethical act there is huge embarrassment and loss of dignity for self and family.vi. Person with integrity command respect develops trust in personal, social and professional sphere. He/she

is honored with more responsibilities and leadership opportunity. E.g.: Gandhiji due to his integrity was recognized as leader by congress working committee.

vii. We have to do our duty, ‘Nishkama karma’, irrespective of loss or gain from our actions.viii. As per Immanuel Kant as human beings we have intrinsic rights and duties. It is our professional,

organizational and constitutional duty to adopt higher standard of moral conduct.(b) It often takes just one person to start a revolution. The one who takes the initiative is remembered by the

world. ● Gandhiji said that “Nobody needs to wait for anyone to adopt just and humane course of action”. Same

message is reverberated in message of Rabindranath Tagore: “Tadi tor daksunekuenaaaashe, tabeeklechalo re” (If they answer not to your call, walk alone”).

● Small minority having penchant towards ethical means do make a difference. Gandhiji’s non-violent means shaped the whole freedom struggle. Committed bureaucrats and politicians can single handedly create changes in the system.

● Small minority, if organized, can effectively use persuasion and social influence to change attitude of others. E.g.: environmental movements to develop environmental ethics in governance (ex. Chipkoo movement).

● By adopting ethical means one command huge moral authority. India as a nation has developed good will and soft-power due to ethical means in international ethics.

● Whole is the sum of parts. For ethical functioning of the whole, each part, i.e. individuals must function ethically. Small minority is good enough to start with.

● As per a Greek saying: - “let the evil come in this world, let it even dominate this world, but not through me.” If every person has same view than the wrong will never happen.

(c) Developmental activities may seem to get hampered by sticking to ethical means. But it is also true that no real long term sustainable development can take place without ethical conduct.

● Larger developmental goal of a nation can only be fulfilled by fulfilling the aspiration of the people as mentioned in the preamble – Justice, Liberty and Equality.




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● Farmer’s welfare and prevention of suicide; tribal welfare, minimization of displacement and rehabilitation; environmental conservation and balanced regional growth have to be considered for larger developmental goals.

● Developmental goals of a nation are dependent on good governance and ethical governance in which ethical means cannot be compromised.

(d) As per one school of thought, small corruption brings motivation and efficiency in administration and this is the reason why corruption has lasted so long. When salary is not sufficient to live decent standard of life corruption may help in short term. However:

i. Giving and accepting a small gift develops sense of indebtedness and desire to pay back. This cycle continues and give and take amplifies in magnitude and extent.

ii. Corruption is addictive and has demonstrative effect, domino effect and bandwagon effect. It encourages others to indulge in corruption and one loses one’s authority to stop act of corruption.

iii. Even small corruption destroys integrity and work culture. One must never forget that integrity is non-selective and non-negotiable.

Administration is like a large ship that can serve too many people. However even a small hole will sink the whole ship. Same is the case with corruption. An honest civil servant shall always stay on right path with dedication. 10. You are aspiring to become an IAS officer and you have cleared various stages and now you have been

selected for the personal interview. On the day of the interview, on the way to the venue you saw an accident where a mother and child who happen to be your relatives were badly injured. They needed immediate help.

What would you have done in such a situation? Justify your action. (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: Conflicting priorities in life pose challenge to an individual’s emotional intelligence and the strength of his/her ethical framework. The case presents an ethical dilemma to me where I have to choose between my personal well-being by attending the interview and social and personal responsibility of helping my relatives who are accident victims.Leaving my relatives may help me achieve my dream and enter the most coveted services of India. As an IAS officer I can serve more people as compared to the present situation. Philosophers like Bentham and schools like Egoism may support me in this regard. Going for the interview and final selection will enhance my social recognition as well as prestige of my family. Since stakes are high, my relatives will also understand my decision.But any such action may lead to a crisis of conscience. It may also be unjust as I’ll enjoy the benefit but burden will fall upon the relatives. It’ll also be against my virtues of empathy, altruism and integrity. It will also set a bad precedent for the society and may reduce social capital (common good) in long term. A per Kant’s categorical imperative also, running away from duty it not right. Humans should always be treated as ends rather than means. Also I can’t afford to make it a universal principle. Thus, I have to use my emotional intelligence and take a prudent decision. Aristotle has said that moral actions are mean between two extremes of excess and deficiency. I have to control my excessive emotion of love and affection for my relative and not allow any deficiency of sense of social and moral responsibility. Hence I would take following measures:

● If any of my family members are with me, they can attend to my accident victim relatives and I may head for my interview.

● If I have my mobile phone with me I can arrange for some help and ambulance. In the mean while I’ll attend to my relatives and provide first aid with the best of my abilities. When help comes then I can leave for my interview.

● Since UPSC interview will be held in city, there would be some ‘good Samaritans’. I can take their help for speedy admission to hospital and responsibility thereof. I can convince bystanders to help by telling them about recent Good Samaritan guidelines and also cash reward Delhi government has announced recently. I can also provide reward from my pocket. With this, I can quickly move for interview.




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● If no help can come forth then I would assume all the responsibilities myself. The purpose of clearing civil service interview is to earn an opportunity for public service and if I help accident victim relatives, I already did public service!

My career prospects would be temporarily diminished, but I can definitely work harder next year. Doing this good work will also make me ethically stronger, a prerequisite for any aspiring IAS. Buddhism says that “compassion is the root of all dharma”, this will be my conviction in facing this situation. Simultaneously I may try to communicate with the UPSC about my condition and seek postponement of my interview. Some may call this decision irrational but as Kant has said, altruism is rational as it is irrational not to help others knowing that someday you also will need their help. 11. You are the head of the Human Resources department of an organization. One day one of the workers

died on duty. His family was demanding compensation. However, the company denied compensation because it was revealed in investigation that he was drunk at the time of the accident. The workers of the company went to strike demanding compensation for the family of the deceased. The Chairman of the management board has asked for your recommendation. (250 words, 20 marks)

● What recommendation would you provide the management? ● Discuss the merits and demerits of each of the recommendations.

Answer: The case presents an ethical dilemma to choose between objectivity and compassion. Basing decision on objectivity and rule of law, compensation must be denied but on compassionate ground it must be given. Following are other issues and values involved in the case:

● Value of fraternity among the workers. ● Workers safety at the work place. ● Feeling of injustice among workers. ● Accountability of administration for drunken worker getting inside the workplace. ● Threat of strike and Loyalty of the workers to the organization. ● Sound worker-management relation for higher productivity. ● Work culture as a common good.

Based on the above consideration I will make following recommendations:a) Give the compensation: Compensation will not put heavy financial burden on the company. It will express

management’s compassion for the workers leading to greater social capital. Loyalty and motivation of workers will increase and also their productivity. Any present and future threat of strike will also be averted.

However, fulfilling the demand for compensation my lead to more such demands in future and encourage lackadaisical attitude of workers. Discipline at workplace may be hampered as a bad precedent will be set. Work culture may also get destroyed because of such techniques of collective blackmailing.

b) Give fifty percent compensation: Grievance of workers may be satisfied partially by this option and it may also lead to a win-win situation for both the parties. Some relief will be there for the family of the deceased as it was not their fault.

However, this will not provide a permanent solution to the problem. Unprofessional attitude of some workers may still continue in future. Unjustified demands in future may also see a rise.

c) Ask workers to contribute in the compensation: This will allow the value of fraternity to get expression. This will also lead to combined responsibility of all the workers leading to check on each other in future. It may also provide a long term solution as a combined employees welfare fund can be created with contributions from both sides.

However, it may cause delays in the proceedings thus extending the strike. It may also bring negative publicity in media, damaging its social capital. Company can also be accused for putting undue burden on the workers.




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I will stress to the management to accept my first recommendation as it includes the acceptance of management’s fault as well to fail to stop drunken worker from entering the work place. Gandhiji said that corporate are trustees of workers. The decision that company takes must be in the spirit of this philosophy of Gandhiji.Apart from this long term measures have to be taken like:

● Ethical training of workers ● Gate check for alcohol consumption. ● Random check at work place. ● Safety audit. ● Improvement in worker-management relation through dialogues and events like social gathering etc.

12. You are the manager of a spare parts company A and you have to negotiate a deal with the manager of a large manufacturing company B. The deal is highly competitive and sealing the deal is critical for your company. The deal is being worked out over a dinner. After dinner the manager of manufacturing company B offered to drop you to the hotel in his car. On the way to hotel he happens to hit motorcycle injuring the motorcyclist badly. You know the manager was driving fast and thus lost control. The law enforcement officer comes to investigate the issue and you are the sole eyewitness to it. Knowing the strict laws pertaining to road accidents you are aware that your honest account of the incident would lead to the prosecution of the manager and as a consequence the deal is likely to be jeopardised, which is of immense importance to your company.

What are the dilemmas you face? What will be your response to the situation? (250 words, 20 marks)Answer: The case present following dilemmas for me on various fronts:

● Dilemma to choose between profitability of my company and justice to the accident victim. Not giving evidence will shift the burden on motorcyclist whereas benefit will be enjoyed by the company.

● To choose between loyalty towards company and virtue of truth. ● Career growth vs. empathy and social responsibility. ● To choose between my professional well-being by facilitating the seal of the deal and my integrity. ● Whether to cooperate with law enforcement officer and suffer potential personal and social loss. ● Egoism vs. altruism ● Internal satisfaction vs. external material satisfaction

Taking all things into perspective, I will cooperate with the law enforcement agency. I will base my decision on following consideration:i. To avoid any inner dissonance and crisis of conscience I must act ethically. Then only I can be happy

from within.ii. I will use Gandhi ji’s talisman to resolve the dilemma which says to act in the interest of the weak who in

this case is the accident victim.iii. As per Kant’s categorical imperative I have to treat humanity as an end and value the life of the accident

victim. It could have been my family member also in place of motorcyclist.iv. I will take decision as per John Rawl’s veil of ignorance. Tomorrow I or my family and friends could be

victim of rash driving. So it is in my own interest to cooperate with the authority.v. Rules like traffic rule cannot be enforced without citizen’s cooperation. It is my legal responsibility to

help enforce the rule by punishing the violators and creating deterrence.vi. My decision will help the accident victim get justice.vii. My virtue and integrity will be safeguarded.Along with this I will persuade my company to willingly accept my decision. My personal integrity may also increase managements trust in me and help me assume greater responsibility. Even if I have to face certain negative repercussions, I must accept them as somewhere I was also at fault. I failed to stop the manager from crossing the speed limit. 13. A building permitted for three floors, while being extended illegally to 6 floors by a builder, collapses. As

a consequence, a number of innocent labourers including women and children died. These labourers




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are migrants of different places. The government immediately announced cash relief to the aggrieved families and arrested the builder.

Give reasons for such incidents taking place across the country. Suggest measures to prevent their occurrence. (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: The case involves following ethical issues and values: ● Lack of respect for the law ● Safety of workers at the work place ● Value of money over value of life ● Exploitation of migrant workers ● Compensatory attitude of the government – cash relief to victim’s family, which is curative rather than

preventive. ● Responsibility of government to provide justice to workers.

Reasons for such accidents taking place across the country are as follows:i. Lack of respect for the law – building design and construction guidelines are violated very often. ii. Abdication of responsibility – by designer, engineers, contractors etc is also rampant. It is often said that

India today is led down by its professionals. iii. Lack of accountability – diffused accountability leads to less punishment and deterrence. Responsibility

of all is responsibility of none. Multiple agencies are involved. In most cases no action is taken to improve the overall procedure of passing building maps.

iv. Crony capitalism – nexus between politician, builders and bureaucrats.v. Poor law enforcement – lack of efficient policing and slow judicial process encourages illegal construction. vi. Less active citizens – less awareness in citizens; fewer complaints against illegal construction are made.Following steps can be taken to prevent such accidents –

● Clear guidelines and policy – regarding building designs and construction. It must include regular checks and authority to destroy the construction if approved design is not followed.

● Proper accountability – of builders & contractors, engineers, designers and authority giving the clearances etc.

● Rule of law – efficient police, speedy justice against violation of law. ● Regulation of real-state sector – registration of all builders, ensuring safety at construction site, audit of

quality of construction materials etc ● Use of ICT for monitoring – the height of buildings in the city. ● Awareness of workers – regarding the permissible height of buildings and encourage them to not work

at illegal sites ● Encouraging participation of citizens – through RTI and complaining to appropriate authority against

illegal construction.Gunnar Mrydal, a Swedish economist-sociologist has termed Asian economies including India as soft state that does not have motivation to legislate laws or enforce the already legislated laws and does not have any discipline in public life. We need to overcome such impression of “soft state” and stop illegal constructions in our nation causing huge social, economic, political and environmental losses.14. You are a Public Information Officer (PIO) in a government department. You are aware that the RTI

Act 2005 envisages transparency and accountability in administration. The act has functioned as a check on the supposedly arbitrarily administrative behavior and actions. However, as a PIO you have observed that there are citizens who filed RTI applications not for themselves but on behalf of such stakeholders who purportedly want to have access to information to further their own interests. At the same time there are these RTI activists who routinely file RTI applications and attempt to extort money from the decision makers. This type of RTI activism has affected the functioning of the administration adversely and also possibly jeopardizes the genuineness of the applications which are essentially aimed at getting justice.




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What measures would you suggest to separate genuine and non-genuine applications? Give merits and demerits of your suggestions. (250 words, 20 marks)

Answer: The case brings to light how a well-intentioned legislation like RTI act which acts as common good and tool for good governance can be misused. This situation highlights the fact that not only good intention but also good implementation is required. Following are some other issues involved in this case:

● Power without responsibility - for those who seek answers to their question through RTI but does not use it responsibly.

● Motivation of honest bureaucrats - may go down due to malafide RTI application. ● RTI as a tool for justice – will become less effective if misused.

I would suggest following measures to separate genuine and non-genuine applications:a) Stating the purpose for seeking information through RTI: Application with clear mentioned purpose

will be accepted. This will create some deterrence against frivolous applications. Like Maharashtra government asked PIOs to entertain only those applications which serves public interest. This will also reduce the paper work of already burdened administration.

However, the burden of proof for genuine purpose will come on applicants. This may harm well-intentioned applications as well. Further discretion and hence corruption may emerge from the side of PIO in segregation of genuine and non-genuine applications. Things will become very subjective which may even kill the essence of RTI act.

b) Allowing application only of those who are directly affected : Madras HC in 2014 gave a similar opinion that principle of locus standi must apply in RTI applications. This will surely reduce vexatious applications. “Surrogate applications” to further one’s own interest cannot be done.

However, this will hinder benevolent application on behalf of weak, poor, illiterates and those will less know-how of filing RTI applications. This will jeopardize the justice delivery and purpose of RTI act. RTI activism will also get hindered.

c) Putting in public domain a report highlighting the malafide RTI applications: A well-documented report with figures and charts, well-highlighted losses occurring due to misuse of RTI act can act as a tool of persuasion and build a sense of responsibility among citizens while filing RTI application. It will also create awareness about non-genuine applicants among RTI activists. There people would not judge immediately any bureaucrat on any revelation by any RTI activist. Unnecessary media trial can also be avoided. This will allay fear among the honest officers.

However, this may not mend the ways of those who put personal interest over public interest. Attitude change also requires some time to take place.

d) Voluntary disclosure of maximum information by government through different means: This has also been mentioned in the RTI act. It will automatically reduce the number of applications as administration no longer has to cater individuals. However, this step requires a change of ideology from secrecy to transparency and strong infrastructure.

Many 2nd ARC reports have stated transparency as a prerequisite for good governance. And RTI is one of the most potent tools to achieve it. Hence I would suggest to adopt third and fourth recommendation because it not only repose trust on sense of responsibility of citizens, but also shows noble intentions of bureaucracy to put citizens at the centre of governance process.

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