Case Law

Austria

OGH GRUR Int 1960 557 ndash SeeburgOGH 2 IIC 223 (1970) ndash AgfaOGH OBl (Aus) 1955 67 ndash NescafeOGH OBl 1957 87 ndash BrunswickOGH OBl 1974 84 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 90 ndash AgfaOGH OBl 1984 24 frac14 GRUR Int 1984 369 ndash LanvinOGH OBl 1991 257 frac14 GRUR Int 1992 467 ndash SpinnradOGH OBl 1995 170 ndash Forderband ndash Abstreifersysteme

Canada

Canadian Supreme Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Distributing Co v SeikoTime Canada Ltd

EFTA Court

Case E-297 Mag Instrument Inc v California Trading Company NorwayUlsteen [1997] EFTA Court Report 127

Case Ε-302 Paranova AS v Merck amp Co Inc and Others [2004] EFTA Court

Report 1

Joined Cases E-907 and E-1007 LrsquoOreal Norge AS v Per Aarskog AS andLrsquoOreal SA v Smart Club AS [2008] EFTA Court Reports 259

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

475

European Union

European Court of First Instance (Now European GeneralCourt)

Case Τ-6989 Radio Telefis Eireann v Commission of the European Communities[1991] ECR II-485

Case Τ-7089 British Broadcasting Corporation and BBC Enterprises Ltd vCommission of the European Communities [1991] ECR II-535

Case Τ-7689 Independent Television Publications Ltd v Commission of theEuropean Communities [1991] ECR II-575

Case Τ-19898 Micro Leader Business v Commission of the European Commu-nities [1999] ECR II-3989

European Court of Justice

Case C-181 Pfizer Inc v Eurim-Pharm GmbH [1981] ECR 2913

Case C-378 Centrafarm BV v American Home Products Corporation [1978]ECR 1823

Case C-768 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic[1968] ECR 423

Case C-874 Procureur du Roi v Benoıt and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR837

Case C-993 IHT Internationale Heiztechnik GmbH and Uwe Danzingerv Ideal-Standard GmbH and Wabco Standard GmbH [1994] ECR I-2789

Case C-1089 SA CNL-SUCAL NV v HAG GF AG [1990] ECR I-3711

Case C-1483 Sabine von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891

Case C-1574 Centrafarm BV and Adriaan de Peijper v Sterling Drug Inc[1974] ECR 1147

Case C-1603 Peak Holding AB v Axolin-Elinor AB (formerlyHandelskompaniet Factory Outlet i Loddekopinge AB) [2004] ECR I-11313

Case C-1674 Centrafarm BV and Adriaan de Peijper v Winthrop BV [1974]ECR 1183

Case C-2271 Beguelin Import Co v SAGL Import Export [1971] ECR 949

Case C-2467 Parke Davis and Co v Probel Reese Beintema-Interpharm andCentrafarm [1968] ECR 86 in the German version 76 in the Italian version 82 in

the Dutch version and 81 in the French version

Case C-2776 United Brands Company and United Brands Continentaal BVv Commission of the European Communities [1978] ECR 207

476 Case Law

Case C-3583 BAT Cigaretten-Fabriken GmbH v Commission of the EuropeanCommunities [1985] ECR 363

Case C-4070 Sirena Srl v Eda Srl and others [1971] ECR 69

Case C-4196 VAG-Heuroandlerbeirat eV v SYD-Consult [1997] ECR I-3123

Case C-4401 Pippig Augenoptik GmbH amp Co KG v Hartlauer Handelsge-sellschaft mbH and Verlassenschaft nach dem verstorbenen Franz Josef Hartlauer[2003] ECR I-3095

Case C-4586 Commission of the European Communities v Council of theEuropean Communities [1987] ECR 1493

Case C-4610 Viking Gas AS v Kosan Gas AS [2011] ECR I-6161

Case C-4902 Brasserie nationale SA (anc Brasseries Funck-Bricher etBofferding) Brasserie Jules Simon et Cie SCS and Brasserie Battin SNCv Commission of the European Communities [2004] ECR I-6129

Case C-5175 EMI Records Limited v CBS United Kingdom Limited [1976]ECR 811

Case C-5396 Hermes International (a partnership limited by shares) v FHTMarketing Choice BV [1998] ECR I-3603

Case C-5880 Dansk Supermarked AS v AS Imerco [1981] ECR 181

Case C-5908 Copad SA v Christian Dior couture SA Vincent Gladel and Societe industrielle lingerie (SIL) [2009] ECR I-3421

Case C-6194 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic ofGermany [1996] ECR I-3989

Case C-6288 Hellenic Republic v Council of the European Communities[1990] ECR I-1527

Case C-6397 Bayerische Motorenwerke AG (BMW) and BMW Nederland BVv Ronald Karel Deenik [1999] ECR I-905

Case C-7087 Fediol versus Commission [1989] ECR 1781

Case C-7600 P Petrotub SA and Republica SA v Council of the EuropeanUnion [2003] ECR I-79

Case C-7870 Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Groszligmeuroarkte GmbH amp Co KG [1971] ECR 487

Case C-9192 Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl [1994] ECR I-3325

Case C-10277 Hoffmann-La Roche amp Co AG v Centrafarm Vertriebsge-sellschaft Pharmazeutischer Erzeugnisse mbH [1978] ECR 1139

Case C-10689 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de AlimentacionSA [1990] ECR I-4135

Case C-11280 Firma Anton Deurourbeck v Hauptzollamt Frankfurt am Main-Flughafen [1981] ECR 1095

Case C-11502 Administration des douanes et droits indirects v Rioglass SA andTransremar SL [2003] ECR I-12705

Case C-11975 Terrapin (Overseas) Ltd v Terranova Industrie CA Kapferer ampCo [1976] ECR 1039

Case C-12709 Coty Prestige Lancaster Group GmbH v Simex Trading AG[2010] ECR I-4965

Case Law 477

Case C-13792P Commission of the European Communities v BASF AGLimburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV DSM NV DSM Kunststoffen BV Heurouls AGElf Atochem SA Societe Artesienne de Vinyle SA Wacker Chemie GmbH EnichemSpA Hoechst AG Imperial Chemical Industries plc Shell International ChemicalCompany Ltd and Montedison SpA [1994] ECR I-2555

Case C-14300 Boehringer Ingelheim KG Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KGGlaxo Group Ltd The Wellcome Foundation Ltd SmithKline Beecham plc Bee-cham Group plc SmithKline amp French Laboratories Ltd and Eli Lilly andCo v Swingward Ltd and Dowelhurst Ltd [2002] ECR I-3759

Case C-14481 Keurkoop BV v Nancy Kean Gifts BV [1982] ECR 2853

Case C-14996 Portuguese Republic v Council of the European Union [1999]ECR I-8395

Case C-16773 Commission of the European Communities v French Republic[1974] ECR 359

Case C-17398 Sebago Inc and Ancienne Maison Dubois amp Fils SA v G-B UnicSA [1999] ECR I-4103

Case C-18780 Merck amp Co Inc v Stephar BV and Petrus Stephanus Exler[1981] ECR 2063

Case C-19273 Van Zuylen freres v Hag AG [1974] ECR 731

Case C-20601 Arsenal Football Club plc v Matthew Reed [2002] ECR I-10273

Case C-23294 MPA Pharma GmbH v Rhone-Poulenc Pharma GmbH [1996]ECR I-3671

Case C-24400 Van Doren + Q GmbH v Lifestyle sports + sportswearHandelsgesellschaft mbH and Michael Orth [2003] ECR I-3051

Case C-24502 Anheuser-Busch Inc v Budejovicky Budvar narodnı podnik[2004] ECR I-10989

Case C-27080 Polydor Limited and RSO Records Inc v Harlequin RecordsShops Limited and Simons Records Limited [1982] ECR 329

Case C-27605 The Wellcome Foundation Ltd v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2008] ECR I-10479

Case C-28093 Federal Republic of Germany v Council of the European Union[1994] ECR I-4973

Case C-28105 Montex Holdings Ltd v Diesel SpA [2006] ECR I-10881

Case C-28602 Bellio Flli Srl v Prefettura di Treviso [2004] ECR I-3465

Case C-28798 Grand Duchy of Luxemburg v Berthe Linster Aloyse Linsterand Yvonne Linster [2000] ECR I-6917

Case C-29100 LTJ Diffusion SA v Sadas Vertbaudet SA [2003] ECR I-2799

Case C-29999 Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV v Remington ConsumerProducts Ltd [2002] ECR I-5475

Case C-30696 Javico International and Javico AG v Yves Saint LaurentParfums SA (YSLP) [1998] ECR I-1983

Case C-32408Makro Zelfbedieningsgroothandel CV Metro Cash amp Carry BVand Remo Zaandam BV v Diesel SpA [2009] ECR I-10019

Case C-32409 LrsquoOreal SA and Others v eBay International AG and Others[2011] ECR I-6011

478 Case Law

Case C-32782 Ekro BV Vee- en Vleeshandel v Produktschap voor Vee enVlees [1984] ECR 107

Case C-33505 Rızenı Letoveho Provozu CR s p v Bundesamt feurour Finanzen[2007] ECR I-4307

Case C-33795 Parfums Christian Dior SA and Parfums Christian Dior BVv Evora BV [1997] ECR I-6013

Case C-34187 EMI Electrola GmbH v Patricia Im- und Export and others[1989] ECR 79

Case C-34195 Gianni Bettati v Safety Hi-Tech Srl [1998] ECR I-4355

Case C-34804 Boehringer Ingelheim KG and others v Swingward Ltd andDowelhurst Ltd [2007] ECR I-3391

Case C-34995 Frits Loendersloot v George Ballantine amp Son Ltd etc [1997]ECR I-6227

Case C-35295 Phytheron International SA v Jean Bourdon SA [1997] ECRI-1729

Case C-35596 Silhouette International Schmied GmbH amp Co KG v HartlauerHandelsgesellschaft mbH [1998] ECR I-4799

Case C-37390 Criminal proceedings against X [1992] ECR I-131

Case C-37997 Pharmacia amp Upjohn SA v Paranova AS [1999] ECR I-6927

Case C-40503 Class International BV v Colgate-Palmolive Company andOthers [2005] ECR I-8735

Case C-44399 Merck Sharp amp Dohme GmbH v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2002] ECR I-3703

Case C-46708 Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores deEspana (SGAE) [2010] ECR I-10055

Case C-46993 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Chiquita ItaliaSpA [1995] ECR I-4533

Case C-48707 LrsquoOreal SA Lancome parfums et beaute amp Cie SNC andLaboratoire Garnier amp Cie v Bellure NV Malaika Investments Ltd and StarionInternational Ltd [2009] ECR I-5185

Case C-49507 Silberquelle GmbH v Maselli-Strickmode GmbH [2009] ECRI-137

Case C-52307 A [2009] ECR I-2805

Case C-55808 Portakabin Ltd and Portakabin BV v Primakabin BV [2010]ECR I-6963

Joined Cases C-2172 to 2472 International Fruit Company NV and othersv Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit [1972] ECR 1219

Joined Cases C-5580 and C-5780 Musik-Vertrieb membran GmbH and K-telInternational v GEMA ndash Gesellschaft feurour musikalische Auffeurouhrungs- undmechanische Vervielfeuroaltigungsrechte [1981] ECR 147

Joined Cases C-5664 and C-5864 Etablissements Consten SaRL andGrundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v Commission of the European Economic Community[1966] ECR 322 in the German version 458 in the Italian version 450 in the Dutch

version and 429 in the French version

Case Law 479

Joined Cases C-7194 C-7294 and C-7394 Eurim-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbHv Beiersdorf AG (C-7194) Boehringer Ingelheim KG (C-7294) and FarmitaliaCarlo Erba GmbH (C-7394) [1996] ECR I-3603

Joined Cases C-89 104 114 116 117 and 125 to 12985 A AhlstromOsakeyhtio and others v Commission of the European Communities [1988] ECR5193

Joined Cases C-26795 and C-26895Merck amp Co Inc Merck Sharp amp DohmeLtd and Merck Sharp amp Dohme International Services BV v Primecrown LtdKetan Himatlal Mehta Bharat Himatlal Mehta and Necessity Supplies Ltd andBeecham Group plc v Europharm of Worthing Ltd [1996] ECR I-6285

Joined Cases C-40009 and C-20710 Orifarm AS and Others (C-40009) andParanova Danmark AS and Paranova Pack AS (C-20710) v Merck Sharp ampDohme Corp and Merck Sharp amp Dohme BV and Merck Sharp amp Dohme [2011]ECR I-7063

Joined Cases C-41499 to C-41699 Zino Davidoff SA v A amp G Imports Ltd andLevi Strauss amp Co and Others v Tesco Stores Ltd and Others [2001] ECR I-8691

Joined Cases C-42793 C-42993 and C-43693 Bristol-Myers Squibbv Paranova AS (C-42793) and C H Boehringer Sohn Boehringer IngelheimKG and Boehringer Ingelheim AS v Paranova AS (C-42993) and BayerAktiengesellschaft and Bayer Danmark AS v Paranova AS (C-43693) [1996]ECR I-3457

Joined Cases C-44705 amp C-44805 Thomson Multimedia Sales Europe (C-44705) and Vestel France (C-44805) v Administration des douanes et droits indirects[2007] ECR I-2049

Opinion of the ECJ No C-178 [1979] ECR I-2871

Opinion of the ECJ No C-194 [1994] ECR I-5267

Finland

Berufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994 432 (Fin) ndash

MobilBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994

433 (Fin) ndash AdidasBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) NIR 1969 96 ndash Felicia

France

Cour drsquoAppel de Paris of 22061960 GP 1960 II 200

Cour de Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) Ing-Cons 1949 31 ndash Email-Diamant

Cour de Cassation of 17041969 ndash Korting GRUR Int 1971 276

480 Case Law

Cour de Cassation of 02121997 GRUR Int 1998 717 ndash Ocean PacificTribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 05031963 D 1963 367

Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 09071964 GP 1964 II 333

GATT

Canada ndash Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals WTDS31ABR (19x97)

Report of the Appellate Body Brazil ndash Measures Affecting Desiccated CoconutWTDS22ABR (1997)

Report of the Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and MeatProducts (Hormones) WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR (1998)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Measures AffectingAsbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products WTDS135ABR (2001)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Regime for the Impor-tation Sale and Distribution of Bananas WTDS27ABR (1997)

Report of the Panel Indonesia ndash Certain Measures Affecting the AutomobileIndustry WTDS54R WTDS55R WT DS59R and WTDS 64R (1998)

Report of the WTO Panel EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) WTDS26RUSA WTDS48RCAN (1997)

Report of the Panel adopted on 7 February 1984 (L5504 ndash 30S140) Canada ndashAdministration of the Foreign Investment Review Act

Report by the Panel adopted on 7 November 1989 (L6439 ndash 36S345) UnitedStates ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930

United States ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 GATT Doc L6439 of

16011989 BISD 45 1988ndash1989 p 345

WTO Appellate Body of 20041996 United States ndash Standards forReformulated Gasoline AB-1996-1 WTDS2ABR

WTO Appellate Body of 21021997 Brazil ndash Measures Affecting DesiccatedCoconut (AB-1996-4)

WTO Appellate Body of 25091997 European Communities ndash Sale and Dis-tribution of Bananas (WTDS27ABR)

WTO Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) (WTDS26ABR ndash WTDS48ABR) adopted on 13021998

Germany

BGH GRUR 1964 372 ndash MajaBGH GRUR 1968 195 r Sp ndash VoranBGH GRUR 1973 468 ndash CinzanoBGH GRUR 1973 518 ndash SpielautomatBGH GRUR 1975 206 ndash Kunststoffschaumbahnen

Case Law 481

BGH GRUR 1975 598 ndash StapelvorrichtungBGH GRUR 1976 579 ndash TylosinBGH GRUR 1980 38 ndash FullplastverfahrenBGH GRUR 1988 213 215 ndash GriffbandBGH GRUR 1990 678 ndash Herstellerkennzeichen auf UnfallwagenBGH GRUR 1952 521 ndash MinimaxBGH GRUR 1984 352 ndash CeramixBGH GRUR 1997 629 ndash Sermion IIBGH GRUR Int 1964 202 ndash MajaBGH GRUR Int 1984 240 ndash Valium RocheBGH GRUR Int 1997 925 ndash Mexitil IIBGH IIC 1997 132 frac14 GRUR 1996 271 ndash Gefeuroarbte JeansBGHZ 2 261 ndash TauchpumpensatzBGHZ 23 100

BGHZ 3 193 frac14 BGH GRUR 1959 232 ndash ForderrinneBGHZ 41 84 ndash MajaBGH ZIP 2000 289

LG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1964 146 ndash Revlon IIILG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1996 732 ndash Adidas ndash Import

LG Hamburg WRP 1993 716 ndash euroUberfeuroarbte ldquoLEVIrsquoS 501rdquoLG Karlsruhe GRUR 1999 343 ndash REPLAY ndash JeansOLG Dusseldorf GRUR 1964 207 ndash Revlon IIOLG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1965 204 ndash Revlon IVOLG Frankfurt GRUR 1963 30 ndash Maja IOLG Hamburg WRP 1994 122 ndash JeanseurouberfeuroarbungenOLG Koln GRUR 1998 54 ndash Mercedes-SternOLG Koln GRUR 1991 51 ndash Nachtreuroagliche Jeans-BleichungOLG Munchen GRUR Int 1996 730 ndash GT ndash ALL TERRAOLG Munchen WRP 1993 47 ndash Aufgearbeitete KupplungOLG Stuttgart GRUR Int 1998 806 ndash Fender ndash MusikinstrumenteOLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 1998 482 ndash AEG ndash ΒohrheuroammerOLG Stuttgart WRP 1995 248 ndash RolexOLGR Schleswig 2002 120

RG GRUR 1926 216 ndash Singer (II)RG GRUR 1926 285 ndash LinotypeRG GRUR 1942 79 ndash SiemensRG Seufferts Archiv Bd 60 328 ndash VitelloRGSt 36 178 ndash Schnurlochosen mit ZellouloidumheuroullungRGSt 46 92 ndash Greurouneberger BrauseRGZ 103 359 ndash Singer (I)RGZ 133 326 ndash GummiteuroulleRGZ 161 29 ndash Zeuroahlerersatzteile (also Isaria)RGZ 50 229 ndash Kolnisch WasserRGZ 51 139 ndash DuotalGujakolkarbonatRGZ 51 263 ndash Mariani

482 Case Law

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

European Union

European Court of First Instance (Now European GeneralCourt)

Case Τ-6989 Radio Telefis Eireann v Commission of the European Communities[1991] ECR II-485

Case Τ-7089 British Broadcasting Corporation and BBC Enterprises Ltd vCommission of the European Communities [1991] ECR II-535

Case Τ-7689 Independent Television Publications Ltd v Commission of theEuropean Communities [1991] ECR II-575

Case Τ-19898 Micro Leader Business v Commission of the European Commu-nities [1999] ECR II-3989

European Court of Justice

Case C-181 Pfizer Inc v Eurim-Pharm GmbH [1981] ECR 2913

Case C-378 Centrafarm BV v American Home Products Corporation [1978]ECR 1823

Case C-768 Commission of the European Communities v Italian Republic[1968] ECR 423

Case C-874 Procureur du Roi v Benoıt and Gustave Dassonville [1974] ECR837

Case C-993 IHT Internationale Heiztechnik GmbH and Uwe Danzingerv Ideal-Standard GmbH and Wabco Standard GmbH [1994] ECR I-2789

Case C-1089 SA CNL-SUCAL NV v HAG GF AG [1990] ECR I-3711

Case C-1483 Sabine von Colson and Elisabeth Kamann v Land Nordrhein-Westfalen [1984] ECR 1891

Case C-1574 Centrafarm BV and Adriaan de Peijper v Sterling Drug Inc[1974] ECR 1147

Case C-1603 Peak Holding AB v Axolin-Elinor AB (formerlyHandelskompaniet Factory Outlet i Loddekopinge AB) [2004] ECR I-11313

Case C-1674 Centrafarm BV and Adriaan de Peijper v Winthrop BV [1974]ECR 1183

Case C-2271 Beguelin Import Co v SAGL Import Export [1971] ECR 949

Case C-2467 Parke Davis and Co v Probel Reese Beintema-Interpharm andCentrafarm [1968] ECR 86 in the German version 76 in the Italian version 82 in

the Dutch version and 81 in the French version

Case C-2776 United Brands Company and United Brands Continentaal BVv Commission of the European Communities [1978] ECR 207

476 Case Law

Case C-3583 BAT Cigaretten-Fabriken GmbH v Commission of the EuropeanCommunities [1985] ECR 363

Case C-4070 Sirena Srl v Eda Srl and others [1971] ECR 69

Case C-4196 VAG-Heuroandlerbeirat eV v SYD-Consult [1997] ECR I-3123

Case C-4401 Pippig Augenoptik GmbH amp Co KG v Hartlauer Handelsge-sellschaft mbH and Verlassenschaft nach dem verstorbenen Franz Josef Hartlauer[2003] ECR I-3095

Case C-4586 Commission of the European Communities v Council of theEuropean Communities [1987] ECR 1493

Case C-4610 Viking Gas AS v Kosan Gas AS [2011] ECR I-6161

Case C-4902 Brasserie nationale SA (anc Brasseries Funck-Bricher etBofferding) Brasserie Jules Simon et Cie SCS and Brasserie Battin SNCv Commission of the European Communities [2004] ECR I-6129

Case C-5175 EMI Records Limited v CBS United Kingdom Limited [1976]ECR 811

Case C-5396 Hermes International (a partnership limited by shares) v FHTMarketing Choice BV [1998] ECR I-3603

Case C-5880 Dansk Supermarked AS v AS Imerco [1981] ECR 181

Case C-5908 Copad SA v Christian Dior couture SA Vincent Gladel and Societe industrielle lingerie (SIL) [2009] ECR I-3421

Case C-6194 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic ofGermany [1996] ECR I-3989

Case C-6288 Hellenic Republic v Council of the European Communities[1990] ECR I-1527

Case C-6397 Bayerische Motorenwerke AG (BMW) and BMW Nederland BVv Ronald Karel Deenik [1999] ECR I-905

Case C-7087 Fediol versus Commission [1989] ECR 1781

Case C-7600 P Petrotub SA and Republica SA v Council of the EuropeanUnion [2003] ECR I-79

Case C-7870 Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Groszligmeuroarkte GmbH amp Co KG [1971] ECR 487

Case C-9192 Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl [1994] ECR I-3325

Case C-10277 Hoffmann-La Roche amp Co AG v Centrafarm Vertriebsge-sellschaft Pharmazeutischer Erzeugnisse mbH [1978] ECR 1139

Case C-10689 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de AlimentacionSA [1990] ECR I-4135

Case C-11280 Firma Anton Deurourbeck v Hauptzollamt Frankfurt am Main-Flughafen [1981] ECR 1095

Case C-11502 Administration des douanes et droits indirects v Rioglass SA andTransremar SL [2003] ECR I-12705

Case C-11975 Terrapin (Overseas) Ltd v Terranova Industrie CA Kapferer ampCo [1976] ECR 1039

Case C-12709 Coty Prestige Lancaster Group GmbH v Simex Trading AG[2010] ECR I-4965

Case Law 477

Case C-13792P Commission of the European Communities v BASF AGLimburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV DSM NV DSM Kunststoffen BV Heurouls AGElf Atochem SA Societe Artesienne de Vinyle SA Wacker Chemie GmbH EnichemSpA Hoechst AG Imperial Chemical Industries plc Shell International ChemicalCompany Ltd and Montedison SpA [1994] ECR I-2555

Case C-14300 Boehringer Ingelheim KG Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KGGlaxo Group Ltd The Wellcome Foundation Ltd SmithKline Beecham plc Bee-cham Group plc SmithKline amp French Laboratories Ltd and Eli Lilly andCo v Swingward Ltd and Dowelhurst Ltd [2002] ECR I-3759

Case C-14481 Keurkoop BV v Nancy Kean Gifts BV [1982] ECR 2853

Case C-14996 Portuguese Republic v Council of the European Union [1999]ECR I-8395

Case C-16773 Commission of the European Communities v French Republic[1974] ECR 359

Case C-17398 Sebago Inc and Ancienne Maison Dubois amp Fils SA v G-B UnicSA [1999] ECR I-4103

Case C-18780 Merck amp Co Inc v Stephar BV and Petrus Stephanus Exler[1981] ECR 2063

Case C-19273 Van Zuylen freres v Hag AG [1974] ECR 731

Case C-20601 Arsenal Football Club plc v Matthew Reed [2002] ECR I-10273

Case C-23294 MPA Pharma GmbH v Rhone-Poulenc Pharma GmbH [1996]ECR I-3671

Case C-24400 Van Doren + Q GmbH v Lifestyle sports + sportswearHandelsgesellschaft mbH and Michael Orth [2003] ECR I-3051

Case C-24502 Anheuser-Busch Inc v Budejovicky Budvar narodnı podnik[2004] ECR I-10989

Case C-27080 Polydor Limited and RSO Records Inc v Harlequin RecordsShops Limited and Simons Records Limited [1982] ECR 329

Case C-27605 The Wellcome Foundation Ltd v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2008] ECR I-10479

Case C-28093 Federal Republic of Germany v Council of the European Union[1994] ECR I-4973

Case C-28105 Montex Holdings Ltd v Diesel SpA [2006] ECR I-10881

Case C-28602 Bellio Flli Srl v Prefettura di Treviso [2004] ECR I-3465

Case C-28798 Grand Duchy of Luxemburg v Berthe Linster Aloyse Linsterand Yvonne Linster [2000] ECR I-6917

Case C-29100 LTJ Diffusion SA v Sadas Vertbaudet SA [2003] ECR I-2799

Case C-29999 Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV v Remington ConsumerProducts Ltd [2002] ECR I-5475

Case C-30696 Javico International and Javico AG v Yves Saint LaurentParfums SA (YSLP) [1998] ECR I-1983

Case C-32408Makro Zelfbedieningsgroothandel CV Metro Cash amp Carry BVand Remo Zaandam BV v Diesel SpA [2009] ECR I-10019

Case C-32409 LrsquoOreal SA and Others v eBay International AG and Others[2011] ECR I-6011

478 Case Law

Case C-32782 Ekro BV Vee- en Vleeshandel v Produktschap voor Vee enVlees [1984] ECR 107

Case C-33505 Rızenı Letoveho Provozu CR s p v Bundesamt feurour Finanzen[2007] ECR I-4307

Case C-33795 Parfums Christian Dior SA and Parfums Christian Dior BVv Evora BV [1997] ECR I-6013

Case C-34187 EMI Electrola GmbH v Patricia Im- und Export and others[1989] ECR 79

Case C-34195 Gianni Bettati v Safety Hi-Tech Srl [1998] ECR I-4355

Case C-34804 Boehringer Ingelheim KG and others v Swingward Ltd andDowelhurst Ltd [2007] ECR I-3391

Case C-34995 Frits Loendersloot v George Ballantine amp Son Ltd etc [1997]ECR I-6227

Case C-35295 Phytheron International SA v Jean Bourdon SA [1997] ECRI-1729

Case C-35596 Silhouette International Schmied GmbH amp Co KG v HartlauerHandelsgesellschaft mbH [1998] ECR I-4799

Case C-37390 Criminal proceedings against X [1992] ECR I-131

Case C-37997 Pharmacia amp Upjohn SA v Paranova AS [1999] ECR I-6927

Case C-40503 Class International BV v Colgate-Palmolive Company andOthers [2005] ECR I-8735

Case C-44399 Merck Sharp amp Dohme GmbH v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2002] ECR I-3703

Case C-46708 Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores deEspana (SGAE) [2010] ECR I-10055

Case C-46993 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Chiquita ItaliaSpA [1995] ECR I-4533

Case C-48707 LrsquoOreal SA Lancome parfums et beaute amp Cie SNC andLaboratoire Garnier amp Cie v Bellure NV Malaika Investments Ltd and StarionInternational Ltd [2009] ECR I-5185

Case C-49507 Silberquelle GmbH v Maselli-Strickmode GmbH [2009] ECRI-137

Case C-52307 A [2009] ECR I-2805

Case C-55808 Portakabin Ltd and Portakabin BV v Primakabin BV [2010]ECR I-6963

Joined Cases C-2172 to 2472 International Fruit Company NV and othersv Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit [1972] ECR 1219

Joined Cases C-5580 and C-5780 Musik-Vertrieb membran GmbH and K-telInternational v GEMA ndash Gesellschaft feurour musikalische Auffeurouhrungs- undmechanische Vervielfeuroaltigungsrechte [1981] ECR 147

Joined Cases C-5664 and C-5864 Etablissements Consten SaRL andGrundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v Commission of the European Economic Community[1966] ECR 322 in the German version 458 in the Italian version 450 in the Dutch

version and 429 in the French version

Case Law 479

Joined Cases C-7194 C-7294 and C-7394 Eurim-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbHv Beiersdorf AG (C-7194) Boehringer Ingelheim KG (C-7294) and FarmitaliaCarlo Erba GmbH (C-7394) [1996] ECR I-3603

Joined Cases C-89 104 114 116 117 and 125 to 12985 A AhlstromOsakeyhtio and others v Commission of the European Communities [1988] ECR5193

Joined Cases C-26795 and C-26895Merck amp Co Inc Merck Sharp amp DohmeLtd and Merck Sharp amp Dohme International Services BV v Primecrown LtdKetan Himatlal Mehta Bharat Himatlal Mehta and Necessity Supplies Ltd andBeecham Group plc v Europharm of Worthing Ltd [1996] ECR I-6285

Joined Cases C-40009 and C-20710 Orifarm AS and Others (C-40009) andParanova Danmark AS and Paranova Pack AS (C-20710) v Merck Sharp ampDohme Corp and Merck Sharp amp Dohme BV and Merck Sharp amp Dohme [2011]ECR I-7063

Joined Cases C-41499 to C-41699 Zino Davidoff SA v A amp G Imports Ltd andLevi Strauss amp Co and Others v Tesco Stores Ltd and Others [2001] ECR I-8691

Joined Cases C-42793 C-42993 and C-43693 Bristol-Myers Squibbv Paranova AS (C-42793) and C H Boehringer Sohn Boehringer IngelheimKG and Boehringer Ingelheim AS v Paranova AS (C-42993) and BayerAktiengesellschaft and Bayer Danmark AS v Paranova AS (C-43693) [1996]ECR I-3457

Joined Cases C-44705 amp C-44805 Thomson Multimedia Sales Europe (C-44705) and Vestel France (C-44805) v Administration des douanes et droits indirects[2007] ECR I-2049

Opinion of the ECJ No C-178 [1979] ECR I-2871

Opinion of the ECJ No C-194 [1994] ECR I-5267

Finland

Berufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994 432 (Fin) ndash

MobilBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994

433 (Fin) ndash AdidasBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) NIR 1969 96 ndash Felicia

France

Cour drsquoAppel de Paris of 22061960 GP 1960 II 200

Cour de Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) Ing-Cons 1949 31 ndash Email-Diamant

Cour de Cassation of 17041969 ndash Korting GRUR Int 1971 276

480 Case Law

Cour de Cassation of 02121997 GRUR Int 1998 717 ndash Ocean PacificTribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 05031963 D 1963 367

Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 09071964 GP 1964 II 333

GATT

Canada ndash Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals WTDS31ABR (19x97)

Report of the Appellate Body Brazil ndash Measures Affecting Desiccated CoconutWTDS22ABR (1997)

Report of the Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and MeatProducts (Hormones) WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR (1998)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Measures AffectingAsbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products WTDS135ABR (2001)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Regime for the Impor-tation Sale and Distribution of Bananas WTDS27ABR (1997)

Report of the Panel Indonesia ndash Certain Measures Affecting the AutomobileIndustry WTDS54R WTDS55R WT DS59R and WTDS 64R (1998)

Report of the WTO Panel EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) WTDS26RUSA WTDS48RCAN (1997)

Report of the Panel adopted on 7 February 1984 (L5504 ndash 30S140) Canada ndashAdministration of the Foreign Investment Review Act

Report by the Panel adopted on 7 November 1989 (L6439 ndash 36S345) UnitedStates ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930

United States ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 GATT Doc L6439 of

16011989 BISD 45 1988ndash1989 p 345

WTO Appellate Body of 20041996 United States ndash Standards forReformulated Gasoline AB-1996-1 WTDS2ABR

WTO Appellate Body of 21021997 Brazil ndash Measures Affecting DesiccatedCoconut (AB-1996-4)

WTO Appellate Body of 25091997 European Communities ndash Sale and Dis-tribution of Bananas (WTDS27ABR)

WTO Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) (WTDS26ABR ndash WTDS48ABR) adopted on 13021998

Germany

BGH GRUR 1964 372 ndash MajaBGH GRUR 1968 195 r Sp ndash VoranBGH GRUR 1973 468 ndash CinzanoBGH GRUR 1973 518 ndash SpielautomatBGH GRUR 1975 206 ndash Kunststoffschaumbahnen

Case Law 481

BGH GRUR 1975 598 ndash StapelvorrichtungBGH GRUR 1976 579 ndash TylosinBGH GRUR 1980 38 ndash FullplastverfahrenBGH GRUR 1988 213 215 ndash GriffbandBGH GRUR 1990 678 ndash Herstellerkennzeichen auf UnfallwagenBGH GRUR 1952 521 ndash MinimaxBGH GRUR 1984 352 ndash CeramixBGH GRUR 1997 629 ndash Sermion IIBGH GRUR Int 1964 202 ndash MajaBGH GRUR Int 1984 240 ndash Valium RocheBGH GRUR Int 1997 925 ndash Mexitil IIBGH IIC 1997 132 frac14 GRUR 1996 271 ndash Gefeuroarbte JeansBGHZ 2 261 ndash TauchpumpensatzBGHZ 23 100

BGHZ 3 193 frac14 BGH GRUR 1959 232 ndash ForderrinneBGHZ 41 84 ndash MajaBGH ZIP 2000 289

LG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1964 146 ndash Revlon IIILG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1996 732 ndash Adidas ndash Import

LG Hamburg WRP 1993 716 ndash euroUberfeuroarbte ldquoLEVIrsquoS 501rdquoLG Karlsruhe GRUR 1999 343 ndash REPLAY ndash JeansOLG Dusseldorf GRUR 1964 207 ndash Revlon IIOLG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1965 204 ndash Revlon IVOLG Frankfurt GRUR 1963 30 ndash Maja IOLG Hamburg WRP 1994 122 ndash JeanseurouberfeuroarbungenOLG Koln GRUR 1998 54 ndash Mercedes-SternOLG Koln GRUR 1991 51 ndash Nachtreuroagliche Jeans-BleichungOLG Munchen GRUR Int 1996 730 ndash GT ndash ALL TERRAOLG Munchen WRP 1993 47 ndash Aufgearbeitete KupplungOLG Stuttgart GRUR Int 1998 806 ndash Fender ndash MusikinstrumenteOLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 1998 482 ndash AEG ndash ΒohrheuroammerOLG Stuttgart WRP 1995 248 ndash RolexOLGR Schleswig 2002 120

RG GRUR 1926 216 ndash Singer (II)RG GRUR 1926 285 ndash LinotypeRG GRUR 1942 79 ndash SiemensRG Seufferts Archiv Bd 60 328 ndash VitelloRGSt 36 178 ndash Schnurlochosen mit ZellouloidumheuroullungRGSt 46 92 ndash Greurouneberger BrauseRGZ 103 359 ndash Singer (I)RGZ 133 326 ndash GummiteuroulleRGZ 161 29 ndash Zeuroahlerersatzteile (also Isaria)RGZ 50 229 ndash Kolnisch WasserRGZ 51 139 ndash DuotalGujakolkarbonatRGZ 51 263 ndash Mariani

482 Case Law

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Case C-3583 BAT Cigaretten-Fabriken GmbH v Commission of the EuropeanCommunities [1985] ECR 363

Case C-4070 Sirena Srl v Eda Srl and others [1971] ECR 69

Case C-4196 VAG-Heuroandlerbeirat eV v SYD-Consult [1997] ECR I-3123

Case C-4401 Pippig Augenoptik GmbH amp Co KG v Hartlauer Handelsge-sellschaft mbH and Verlassenschaft nach dem verstorbenen Franz Josef Hartlauer[2003] ECR I-3095

Case C-4586 Commission of the European Communities v Council of theEuropean Communities [1987] ECR 1493

Case C-4610 Viking Gas AS v Kosan Gas AS [2011] ECR I-6161

Case C-4902 Brasserie nationale SA (anc Brasseries Funck-Bricher etBofferding) Brasserie Jules Simon et Cie SCS and Brasserie Battin SNCv Commission of the European Communities [2004] ECR I-6129

Case C-5175 EMI Records Limited v CBS United Kingdom Limited [1976]ECR 811

Case C-5396 Hermes International (a partnership limited by shares) v FHTMarketing Choice BV [1998] ECR I-3603

Case C-5880 Dansk Supermarked AS v AS Imerco [1981] ECR 181

Case C-5908 Copad SA v Christian Dior couture SA Vincent Gladel and Societe industrielle lingerie (SIL) [2009] ECR I-3421

Case C-6194 Commission of the European Communities v Federal Republic ofGermany [1996] ECR I-3989

Case C-6288 Hellenic Republic v Council of the European Communities[1990] ECR I-1527

Case C-6397 Bayerische Motorenwerke AG (BMW) and BMW Nederland BVv Ronald Karel Deenik [1999] ECR I-905

Case C-7087 Fediol versus Commission [1989] ECR 1781

Case C-7600 P Petrotub SA and Republica SA v Council of the EuropeanUnion [2003] ECR I-79

Case C-7870 Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft mbH v Metro-SB-Groszligmeuroarkte GmbH amp Co KG [1971] ECR 487

Case C-9192 Paola Faccini Dori v Recreb Srl [1994] ECR I-3325

Case C-10277 Hoffmann-La Roche amp Co AG v Centrafarm Vertriebsge-sellschaft Pharmazeutischer Erzeugnisse mbH [1978] ECR 1139

Case C-10689 Marleasing SA v La Comercial Internacional de AlimentacionSA [1990] ECR I-4135

Case C-11280 Firma Anton Deurourbeck v Hauptzollamt Frankfurt am Main-Flughafen [1981] ECR 1095

Case C-11502 Administration des douanes et droits indirects v Rioglass SA andTransremar SL [2003] ECR I-12705

Case C-11975 Terrapin (Overseas) Ltd v Terranova Industrie CA Kapferer ampCo [1976] ECR 1039

Case C-12709 Coty Prestige Lancaster Group GmbH v Simex Trading AG[2010] ECR I-4965

Case Law 477

Case C-13792P Commission of the European Communities v BASF AGLimburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV DSM NV DSM Kunststoffen BV Heurouls AGElf Atochem SA Societe Artesienne de Vinyle SA Wacker Chemie GmbH EnichemSpA Hoechst AG Imperial Chemical Industries plc Shell International ChemicalCompany Ltd and Montedison SpA [1994] ECR I-2555

Case C-14300 Boehringer Ingelheim KG Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KGGlaxo Group Ltd The Wellcome Foundation Ltd SmithKline Beecham plc Bee-cham Group plc SmithKline amp French Laboratories Ltd and Eli Lilly andCo v Swingward Ltd and Dowelhurst Ltd [2002] ECR I-3759

Case C-14481 Keurkoop BV v Nancy Kean Gifts BV [1982] ECR 2853

Case C-14996 Portuguese Republic v Council of the European Union [1999]ECR I-8395

Case C-16773 Commission of the European Communities v French Republic[1974] ECR 359

Case C-17398 Sebago Inc and Ancienne Maison Dubois amp Fils SA v G-B UnicSA [1999] ECR I-4103

Case C-18780 Merck amp Co Inc v Stephar BV and Petrus Stephanus Exler[1981] ECR 2063

Case C-19273 Van Zuylen freres v Hag AG [1974] ECR 731

Case C-20601 Arsenal Football Club plc v Matthew Reed [2002] ECR I-10273

Case C-23294 MPA Pharma GmbH v Rhone-Poulenc Pharma GmbH [1996]ECR I-3671

Case C-24400 Van Doren + Q GmbH v Lifestyle sports + sportswearHandelsgesellschaft mbH and Michael Orth [2003] ECR I-3051

Case C-24502 Anheuser-Busch Inc v Budejovicky Budvar narodnı podnik[2004] ECR I-10989

Case C-27080 Polydor Limited and RSO Records Inc v Harlequin RecordsShops Limited and Simons Records Limited [1982] ECR 329

Case C-27605 The Wellcome Foundation Ltd v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2008] ECR I-10479

Case C-28093 Federal Republic of Germany v Council of the European Union[1994] ECR I-4973

Case C-28105 Montex Holdings Ltd v Diesel SpA [2006] ECR I-10881

Case C-28602 Bellio Flli Srl v Prefettura di Treviso [2004] ECR I-3465

Case C-28798 Grand Duchy of Luxemburg v Berthe Linster Aloyse Linsterand Yvonne Linster [2000] ECR I-6917

Case C-29100 LTJ Diffusion SA v Sadas Vertbaudet SA [2003] ECR I-2799

Case C-29999 Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV v Remington ConsumerProducts Ltd [2002] ECR I-5475

Case C-30696 Javico International and Javico AG v Yves Saint LaurentParfums SA (YSLP) [1998] ECR I-1983

Case C-32408Makro Zelfbedieningsgroothandel CV Metro Cash amp Carry BVand Remo Zaandam BV v Diesel SpA [2009] ECR I-10019

Case C-32409 LrsquoOreal SA and Others v eBay International AG and Others[2011] ECR I-6011

478 Case Law

Case C-32782 Ekro BV Vee- en Vleeshandel v Produktschap voor Vee enVlees [1984] ECR 107

Case C-33505 Rızenı Letoveho Provozu CR s p v Bundesamt feurour Finanzen[2007] ECR I-4307

Case C-33795 Parfums Christian Dior SA and Parfums Christian Dior BVv Evora BV [1997] ECR I-6013

Case C-34187 EMI Electrola GmbH v Patricia Im- und Export and others[1989] ECR 79

Case C-34195 Gianni Bettati v Safety Hi-Tech Srl [1998] ECR I-4355

Case C-34804 Boehringer Ingelheim KG and others v Swingward Ltd andDowelhurst Ltd [2007] ECR I-3391

Case C-34995 Frits Loendersloot v George Ballantine amp Son Ltd etc [1997]ECR I-6227

Case C-35295 Phytheron International SA v Jean Bourdon SA [1997] ECRI-1729

Case C-35596 Silhouette International Schmied GmbH amp Co KG v HartlauerHandelsgesellschaft mbH [1998] ECR I-4799

Case C-37390 Criminal proceedings against X [1992] ECR I-131

Case C-37997 Pharmacia amp Upjohn SA v Paranova AS [1999] ECR I-6927

Case C-40503 Class International BV v Colgate-Palmolive Company andOthers [2005] ECR I-8735

Case C-44399 Merck Sharp amp Dohme GmbH v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2002] ECR I-3703

Case C-46708 Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores deEspana (SGAE) [2010] ECR I-10055

Case C-46993 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Chiquita ItaliaSpA [1995] ECR I-4533

Case C-48707 LrsquoOreal SA Lancome parfums et beaute amp Cie SNC andLaboratoire Garnier amp Cie v Bellure NV Malaika Investments Ltd and StarionInternational Ltd [2009] ECR I-5185

Case C-49507 Silberquelle GmbH v Maselli-Strickmode GmbH [2009] ECRI-137

Case C-52307 A [2009] ECR I-2805

Case C-55808 Portakabin Ltd and Portakabin BV v Primakabin BV [2010]ECR I-6963

Joined Cases C-2172 to 2472 International Fruit Company NV and othersv Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit [1972] ECR 1219

Joined Cases C-5580 and C-5780 Musik-Vertrieb membran GmbH and K-telInternational v GEMA ndash Gesellschaft feurour musikalische Auffeurouhrungs- undmechanische Vervielfeuroaltigungsrechte [1981] ECR 147

Joined Cases C-5664 and C-5864 Etablissements Consten SaRL andGrundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v Commission of the European Economic Community[1966] ECR 322 in the German version 458 in the Italian version 450 in the Dutch

version and 429 in the French version

Case Law 479

Joined Cases C-7194 C-7294 and C-7394 Eurim-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbHv Beiersdorf AG (C-7194) Boehringer Ingelheim KG (C-7294) and FarmitaliaCarlo Erba GmbH (C-7394) [1996] ECR I-3603

Joined Cases C-89 104 114 116 117 and 125 to 12985 A AhlstromOsakeyhtio and others v Commission of the European Communities [1988] ECR5193

Joined Cases C-26795 and C-26895Merck amp Co Inc Merck Sharp amp DohmeLtd and Merck Sharp amp Dohme International Services BV v Primecrown LtdKetan Himatlal Mehta Bharat Himatlal Mehta and Necessity Supplies Ltd andBeecham Group plc v Europharm of Worthing Ltd [1996] ECR I-6285

Joined Cases C-40009 and C-20710 Orifarm AS and Others (C-40009) andParanova Danmark AS and Paranova Pack AS (C-20710) v Merck Sharp ampDohme Corp and Merck Sharp amp Dohme BV and Merck Sharp amp Dohme [2011]ECR I-7063

Joined Cases C-41499 to C-41699 Zino Davidoff SA v A amp G Imports Ltd andLevi Strauss amp Co and Others v Tesco Stores Ltd and Others [2001] ECR I-8691

Joined Cases C-42793 C-42993 and C-43693 Bristol-Myers Squibbv Paranova AS (C-42793) and C H Boehringer Sohn Boehringer IngelheimKG and Boehringer Ingelheim AS v Paranova AS (C-42993) and BayerAktiengesellschaft and Bayer Danmark AS v Paranova AS (C-43693) [1996]ECR I-3457

Joined Cases C-44705 amp C-44805 Thomson Multimedia Sales Europe (C-44705) and Vestel France (C-44805) v Administration des douanes et droits indirects[2007] ECR I-2049

Opinion of the ECJ No C-178 [1979] ECR I-2871

Opinion of the ECJ No C-194 [1994] ECR I-5267

Finland

Berufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994 432 (Fin) ndash

MobilBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994

433 (Fin) ndash AdidasBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) NIR 1969 96 ndash Felicia

France

Cour drsquoAppel de Paris of 22061960 GP 1960 II 200

Cour de Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) Ing-Cons 1949 31 ndash Email-Diamant

Cour de Cassation of 17041969 ndash Korting GRUR Int 1971 276

480 Case Law

Cour de Cassation of 02121997 GRUR Int 1998 717 ndash Ocean PacificTribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 05031963 D 1963 367

Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 09071964 GP 1964 II 333

GATT

Canada ndash Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals WTDS31ABR (19x97)

Report of the Appellate Body Brazil ndash Measures Affecting Desiccated CoconutWTDS22ABR (1997)

Report of the Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and MeatProducts (Hormones) WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR (1998)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Measures AffectingAsbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products WTDS135ABR (2001)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Regime for the Impor-tation Sale and Distribution of Bananas WTDS27ABR (1997)

Report of the Panel Indonesia ndash Certain Measures Affecting the AutomobileIndustry WTDS54R WTDS55R WT DS59R and WTDS 64R (1998)

Report of the WTO Panel EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) WTDS26RUSA WTDS48RCAN (1997)

Report of the Panel adopted on 7 February 1984 (L5504 ndash 30S140) Canada ndashAdministration of the Foreign Investment Review Act

Report by the Panel adopted on 7 November 1989 (L6439 ndash 36S345) UnitedStates ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930

United States ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 GATT Doc L6439 of

16011989 BISD 45 1988ndash1989 p 345

WTO Appellate Body of 20041996 United States ndash Standards forReformulated Gasoline AB-1996-1 WTDS2ABR

WTO Appellate Body of 21021997 Brazil ndash Measures Affecting DesiccatedCoconut (AB-1996-4)

WTO Appellate Body of 25091997 European Communities ndash Sale and Dis-tribution of Bananas (WTDS27ABR)

WTO Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) (WTDS26ABR ndash WTDS48ABR) adopted on 13021998

Germany

BGH GRUR 1964 372 ndash MajaBGH GRUR 1968 195 r Sp ndash VoranBGH GRUR 1973 468 ndash CinzanoBGH GRUR 1973 518 ndash SpielautomatBGH GRUR 1975 206 ndash Kunststoffschaumbahnen

Case Law 481

BGH GRUR 1975 598 ndash StapelvorrichtungBGH GRUR 1976 579 ndash TylosinBGH GRUR 1980 38 ndash FullplastverfahrenBGH GRUR 1988 213 215 ndash GriffbandBGH GRUR 1990 678 ndash Herstellerkennzeichen auf UnfallwagenBGH GRUR 1952 521 ndash MinimaxBGH GRUR 1984 352 ndash CeramixBGH GRUR 1997 629 ndash Sermion IIBGH GRUR Int 1964 202 ndash MajaBGH GRUR Int 1984 240 ndash Valium RocheBGH GRUR Int 1997 925 ndash Mexitil IIBGH IIC 1997 132 frac14 GRUR 1996 271 ndash Gefeuroarbte JeansBGHZ 2 261 ndash TauchpumpensatzBGHZ 23 100

BGHZ 3 193 frac14 BGH GRUR 1959 232 ndash ForderrinneBGHZ 41 84 ndash MajaBGH ZIP 2000 289

LG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1964 146 ndash Revlon IIILG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1996 732 ndash Adidas ndash Import

LG Hamburg WRP 1993 716 ndash euroUberfeuroarbte ldquoLEVIrsquoS 501rdquoLG Karlsruhe GRUR 1999 343 ndash REPLAY ndash JeansOLG Dusseldorf GRUR 1964 207 ndash Revlon IIOLG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1965 204 ndash Revlon IVOLG Frankfurt GRUR 1963 30 ndash Maja IOLG Hamburg WRP 1994 122 ndash JeanseurouberfeuroarbungenOLG Koln GRUR 1998 54 ndash Mercedes-SternOLG Koln GRUR 1991 51 ndash Nachtreuroagliche Jeans-BleichungOLG Munchen GRUR Int 1996 730 ndash GT ndash ALL TERRAOLG Munchen WRP 1993 47 ndash Aufgearbeitete KupplungOLG Stuttgart GRUR Int 1998 806 ndash Fender ndash MusikinstrumenteOLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 1998 482 ndash AEG ndash ΒohrheuroammerOLG Stuttgart WRP 1995 248 ndash RolexOLGR Schleswig 2002 120

RG GRUR 1926 216 ndash Singer (II)RG GRUR 1926 285 ndash LinotypeRG GRUR 1942 79 ndash SiemensRG Seufferts Archiv Bd 60 328 ndash VitelloRGSt 36 178 ndash Schnurlochosen mit ZellouloidumheuroullungRGSt 46 92 ndash Greurouneberger BrauseRGZ 103 359 ndash Singer (I)RGZ 133 326 ndash GummiteuroulleRGZ 161 29 ndash Zeuroahlerersatzteile (also Isaria)RGZ 50 229 ndash Kolnisch WasserRGZ 51 139 ndash DuotalGujakolkarbonatRGZ 51 263 ndash Mariani

482 Case Law

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Case C-13792P Commission of the European Communities v BASF AGLimburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV DSM NV DSM Kunststoffen BV Heurouls AGElf Atochem SA Societe Artesienne de Vinyle SA Wacker Chemie GmbH EnichemSpA Hoechst AG Imperial Chemical Industries plc Shell International ChemicalCompany Ltd and Montedison SpA [1994] ECR I-2555

Case C-14300 Boehringer Ingelheim KG Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma KGGlaxo Group Ltd The Wellcome Foundation Ltd SmithKline Beecham plc Bee-cham Group plc SmithKline amp French Laboratories Ltd and Eli Lilly andCo v Swingward Ltd and Dowelhurst Ltd [2002] ECR I-3759

Case C-14481 Keurkoop BV v Nancy Kean Gifts BV [1982] ECR 2853

Case C-14996 Portuguese Republic v Council of the European Union [1999]ECR I-8395

Case C-16773 Commission of the European Communities v French Republic[1974] ECR 359

Case C-17398 Sebago Inc and Ancienne Maison Dubois amp Fils SA v G-B UnicSA [1999] ECR I-4103

Case C-18780 Merck amp Co Inc v Stephar BV and Petrus Stephanus Exler[1981] ECR 2063

Case C-19273 Van Zuylen freres v Hag AG [1974] ECR 731

Case C-20601 Arsenal Football Club plc v Matthew Reed [2002] ECR I-10273

Case C-23294 MPA Pharma GmbH v Rhone-Poulenc Pharma GmbH [1996]ECR I-3671

Case C-24400 Van Doren + Q GmbH v Lifestyle sports + sportswearHandelsgesellschaft mbH and Michael Orth [2003] ECR I-3051

Case C-24502 Anheuser-Busch Inc v Budejovicky Budvar narodnı podnik[2004] ECR I-10989

Case C-27080 Polydor Limited and RSO Records Inc v Harlequin RecordsShops Limited and Simons Records Limited [1982] ECR 329

Case C-27605 The Wellcome Foundation Ltd v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2008] ECR I-10479

Case C-28093 Federal Republic of Germany v Council of the European Union[1994] ECR I-4973

Case C-28105 Montex Holdings Ltd v Diesel SpA [2006] ECR I-10881

Case C-28602 Bellio Flli Srl v Prefettura di Treviso [2004] ECR I-3465

Case C-28798 Grand Duchy of Luxemburg v Berthe Linster Aloyse Linsterand Yvonne Linster [2000] ECR I-6917

Case C-29100 LTJ Diffusion SA v Sadas Vertbaudet SA [2003] ECR I-2799

Case C-29999 Koninklijke Philips Electronics NV v Remington ConsumerProducts Ltd [2002] ECR I-5475

Case C-30696 Javico International and Javico AG v Yves Saint LaurentParfums SA (YSLP) [1998] ECR I-1983

Case C-32408Makro Zelfbedieningsgroothandel CV Metro Cash amp Carry BVand Remo Zaandam BV v Diesel SpA [2009] ECR I-10019

Case C-32409 LrsquoOreal SA and Others v eBay International AG and Others[2011] ECR I-6011

478 Case Law

Case C-32782 Ekro BV Vee- en Vleeshandel v Produktschap voor Vee enVlees [1984] ECR 107

Case C-33505 Rızenı Letoveho Provozu CR s p v Bundesamt feurour Finanzen[2007] ECR I-4307

Case C-33795 Parfums Christian Dior SA and Parfums Christian Dior BVv Evora BV [1997] ECR I-6013

Case C-34187 EMI Electrola GmbH v Patricia Im- und Export and others[1989] ECR 79

Case C-34195 Gianni Bettati v Safety Hi-Tech Srl [1998] ECR I-4355

Case C-34804 Boehringer Ingelheim KG and others v Swingward Ltd andDowelhurst Ltd [2007] ECR I-3391

Case C-34995 Frits Loendersloot v George Ballantine amp Son Ltd etc [1997]ECR I-6227

Case C-35295 Phytheron International SA v Jean Bourdon SA [1997] ECRI-1729

Case C-35596 Silhouette International Schmied GmbH amp Co KG v HartlauerHandelsgesellschaft mbH [1998] ECR I-4799

Case C-37390 Criminal proceedings against X [1992] ECR I-131

Case C-37997 Pharmacia amp Upjohn SA v Paranova AS [1999] ECR I-6927

Case C-40503 Class International BV v Colgate-Palmolive Company andOthers [2005] ECR I-8735

Case C-44399 Merck Sharp amp Dohme GmbH v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2002] ECR I-3703

Case C-46708 Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores deEspana (SGAE) [2010] ECR I-10055

Case C-46993 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Chiquita ItaliaSpA [1995] ECR I-4533

Case C-48707 LrsquoOreal SA Lancome parfums et beaute amp Cie SNC andLaboratoire Garnier amp Cie v Bellure NV Malaika Investments Ltd and StarionInternational Ltd [2009] ECR I-5185

Case C-49507 Silberquelle GmbH v Maselli-Strickmode GmbH [2009] ECRI-137

Case C-52307 A [2009] ECR I-2805

Case C-55808 Portakabin Ltd and Portakabin BV v Primakabin BV [2010]ECR I-6963

Joined Cases C-2172 to 2472 International Fruit Company NV and othersv Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit [1972] ECR 1219

Joined Cases C-5580 and C-5780 Musik-Vertrieb membran GmbH and K-telInternational v GEMA ndash Gesellschaft feurour musikalische Auffeurouhrungs- undmechanische Vervielfeuroaltigungsrechte [1981] ECR 147

Joined Cases C-5664 and C-5864 Etablissements Consten SaRL andGrundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v Commission of the European Economic Community[1966] ECR 322 in the German version 458 in the Italian version 450 in the Dutch

version and 429 in the French version

Case Law 479

Joined Cases C-7194 C-7294 and C-7394 Eurim-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbHv Beiersdorf AG (C-7194) Boehringer Ingelheim KG (C-7294) and FarmitaliaCarlo Erba GmbH (C-7394) [1996] ECR I-3603

Joined Cases C-89 104 114 116 117 and 125 to 12985 A AhlstromOsakeyhtio and others v Commission of the European Communities [1988] ECR5193

Joined Cases C-26795 and C-26895Merck amp Co Inc Merck Sharp amp DohmeLtd and Merck Sharp amp Dohme International Services BV v Primecrown LtdKetan Himatlal Mehta Bharat Himatlal Mehta and Necessity Supplies Ltd andBeecham Group plc v Europharm of Worthing Ltd [1996] ECR I-6285

Joined Cases C-40009 and C-20710 Orifarm AS and Others (C-40009) andParanova Danmark AS and Paranova Pack AS (C-20710) v Merck Sharp ampDohme Corp and Merck Sharp amp Dohme BV and Merck Sharp amp Dohme [2011]ECR I-7063

Joined Cases C-41499 to C-41699 Zino Davidoff SA v A amp G Imports Ltd andLevi Strauss amp Co and Others v Tesco Stores Ltd and Others [2001] ECR I-8691

Joined Cases C-42793 C-42993 and C-43693 Bristol-Myers Squibbv Paranova AS (C-42793) and C H Boehringer Sohn Boehringer IngelheimKG and Boehringer Ingelheim AS v Paranova AS (C-42993) and BayerAktiengesellschaft and Bayer Danmark AS v Paranova AS (C-43693) [1996]ECR I-3457

Joined Cases C-44705 amp C-44805 Thomson Multimedia Sales Europe (C-44705) and Vestel France (C-44805) v Administration des douanes et droits indirects[2007] ECR I-2049

Opinion of the ECJ No C-178 [1979] ECR I-2871

Opinion of the ECJ No C-194 [1994] ECR I-5267

Finland

Berufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994 432 (Fin) ndash

MobilBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994

433 (Fin) ndash AdidasBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) NIR 1969 96 ndash Felicia

France

Cour drsquoAppel de Paris of 22061960 GP 1960 II 200

Cour de Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) Ing-Cons 1949 31 ndash Email-Diamant

Cour de Cassation of 17041969 ndash Korting GRUR Int 1971 276

480 Case Law

Cour de Cassation of 02121997 GRUR Int 1998 717 ndash Ocean PacificTribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 05031963 D 1963 367

Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 09071964 GP 1964 II 333

GATT

Canada ndash Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals WTDS31ABR (19x97)

Report of the Appellate Body Brazil ndash Measures Affecting Desiccated CoconutWTDS22ABR (1997)

Report of the Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and MeatProducts (Hormones) WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR (1998)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Measures AffectingAsbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products WTDS135ABR (2001)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Regime for the Impor-tation Sale and Distribution of Bananas WTDS27ABR (1997)

Report of the Panel Indonesia ndash Certain Measures Affecting the AutomobileIndustry WTDS54R WTDS55R WT DS59R and WTDS 64R (1998)

Report of the WTO Panel EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) WTDS26RUSA WTDS48RCAN (1997)

Report of the Panel adopted on 7 February 1984 (L5504 ndash 30S140) Canada ndashAdministration of the Foreign Investment Review Act

Report by the Panel adopted on 7 November 1989 (L6439 ndash 36S345) UnitedStates ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930

United States ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 GATT Doc L6439 of

16011989 BISD 45 1988ndash1989 p 345

WTO Appellate Body of 20041996 United States ndash Standards forReformulated Gasoline AB-1996-1 WTDS2ABR

WTO Appellate Body of 21021997 Brazil ndash Measures Affecting DesiccatedCoconut (AB-1996-4)

WTO Appellate Body of 25091997 European Communities ndash Sale and Dis-tribution of Bananas (WTDS27ABR)

WTO Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) (WTDS26ABR ndash WTDS48ABR) adopted on 13021998

Germany

BGH GRUR 1964 372 ndash MajaBGH GRUR 1968 195 r Sp ndash VoranBGH GRUR 1973 468 ndash CinzanoBGH GRUR 1973 518 ndash SpielautomatBGH GRUR 1975 206 ndash Kunststoffschaumbahnen

Case Law 481

BGH GRUR 1975 598 ndash StapelvorrichtungBGH GRUR 1976 579 ndash TylosinBGH GRUR 1980 38 ndash FullplastverfahrenBGH GRUR 1988 213 215 ndash GriffbandBGH GRUR 1990 678 ndash Herstellerkennzeichen auf UnfallwagenBGH GRUR 1952 521 ndash MinimaxBGH GRUR 1984 352 ndash CeramixBGH GRUR 1997 629 ndash Sermion IIBGH GRUR Int 1964 202 ndash MajaBGH GRUR Int 1984 240 ndash Valium RocheBGH GRUR Int 1997 925 ndash Mexitil IIBGH IIC 1997 132 frac14 GRUR 1996 271 ndash Gefeuroarbte JeansBGHZ 2 261 ndash TauchpumpensatzBGHZ 23 100

BGHZ 3 193 frac14 BGH GRUR 1959 232 ndash ForderrinneBGHZ 41 84 ndash MajaBGH ZIP 2000 289

LG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1964 146 ndash Revlon IIILG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1996 732 ndash Adidas ndash Import

LG Hamburg WRP 1993 716 ndash euroUberfeuroarbte ldquoLEVIrsquoS 501rdquoLG Karlsruhe GRUR 1999 343 ndash REPLAY ndash JeansOLG Dusseldorf GRUR 1964 207 ndash Revlon IIOLG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1965 204 ndash Revlon IVOLG Frankfurt GRUR 1963 30 ndash Maja IOLG Hamburg WRP 1994 122 ndash JeanseurouberfeuroarbungenOLG Koln GRUR 1998 54 ndash Mercedes-SternOLG Koln GRUR 1991 51 ndash Nachtreuroagliche Jeans-BleichungOLG Munchen GRUR Int 1996 730 ndash GT ndash ALL TERRAOLG Munchen WRP 1993 47 ndash Aufgearbeitete KupplungOLG Stuttgart GRUR Int 1998 806 ndash Fender ndash MusikinstrumenteOLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 1998 482 ndash AEG ndash ΒohrheuroammerOLG Stuttgart WRP 1995 248 ndash RolexOLGR Schleswig 2002 120

RG GRUR 1926 216 ndash Singer (II)RG GRUR 1926 285 ndash LinotypeRG GRUR 1942 79 ndash SiemensRG Seufferts Archiv Bd 60 328 ndash VitelloRGSt 36 178 ndash Schnurlochosen mit ZellouloidumheuroullungRGSt 46 92 ndash Greurouneberger BrauseRGZ 103 359 ndash Singer (I)RGZ 133 326 ndash GummiteuroulleRGZ 161 29 ndash Zeuroahlerersatzteile (also Isaria)RGZ 50 229 ndash Kolnisch WasserRGZ 51 139 ndash DuotalGujakolkarbonatRGZ 51 263 ndash Mariani

482 Case Law

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Case C-32782 Ekro BV Vee- en Vleeshandel v Produktschap voor Vee enVlees [1984] ECR 107

Case C-33505 Rızenı Letoveho Provozu CR s p v Bundesamt feurour Finanzen[2007] ECR I-4307

Case C-33795 Parfums Christian Dior SA and Parfums Christian Dior BVv Evora BV [1997] ECR I-6013

Case C-34187 EMI Electrola GmbH v Patricia Im- und Export and others[1989] ECR 79

Case C-34195 Gianni Bettati v Safety Hi-Tech Srl [1998] ECR I-4355

Case C-34804 Boehringer Ingelheim KG and others v Swingward Ltd andDowelhurst Ltd [2007] ECR I-3391

Case C-34995 Frits Loendersloot v George Ballantine amp Son Ltd etc [1997]ECR I-6227

Case C-35295 Phytheron International SA v Jean Bourdon SA [1997] ECRI-1729

Case C-35596 Silhouette International Schmied GmbH amp Co KG v HartlauerHandelsgesellschaft mbH [1998] ECR I-4799

Case C-37390 Criminal proceedings against X [1992] ECR I-131

Case C-37997 Pharmacia amp Upjohn SA v Paranova AS [1999] ECR I-6927

Case C-40503 Class International BV v Colgate-Palmolive Company andOthers [2005] ECR I-8735

Case C-44399 Merck Sharp amp Dohme GmbH v Paranova PharmazeutikaHandels GmbH [2002] ECR I-3703

Case C-46708 Padawan SL v Sociedad General de Autores y Editores deEspana (SGAE) [2010] ECR I-10055

Case C-46993 Amministrazione delle Finanze dello Stato v Chiquita ItaliaSpA [1995] ECR I-4533

Case C-48707 LrsquoOreal SA Lancome parfums et beaute amp Cie SNC andLaboratoire Garnier amp Cie v Bellure NV Malaika Investments Ltd and StarionInternational Ltd [2009] ECR I-5185

Case C-49507 Silberquelle GmbH v Maselli-Strickmode GmbH [2009] ECRI-137

Case C-52307 A [2009] ECR I-2805

Case C-55808 Portakabin Ltd and Portakabin BV v Primakabin BV [2010]ECR I-6963

Joined Cases C-2172 to 2472 International Fruit Company NV and othersv Produktschap voor Groenten en Fruit [1972] ECR 1219

Joined Cases C-5580 and C-5780 Musik-Vertrieb membran GmbH and K-telInternational v GEMA ndash Gesellschaft feurour musikalische Auffeurouhrungs- undmechanische Vervielfeuroaltigungsrechte [1981] ECR 147

Joined Cases C-5664 and C-5864 Etablissements Consten SaRL andGrundig-Verkaufs-GmbH v Commission of the European Economic Community[1966] ECR 322 in the German version 458 in the Italian version 450 in the Dutch

version and 429 in the French version

Case Law 479

Joined Cases C-7194 C-7294 and C-7394 Eurim-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbHv Beiersdorf AG (C-7194) Boehringer Ingelheim KG (C-7294) and FarmitaliaCarlo Erba GmbH (C-7394) [1996] ECR I-3603

Joined Cases C-89 104 114 116 117 and 125 to 12985 A AhlstromOsakeyhtio and others v Commission of the European Communities [1988] ECR5193

Joined Cases C-26795 and C-26895Merck amp Co Inc Merck Sharp amp DohmeLtd and Merck Sharp amp Dohme International Services BV v Primecrown LtdKetan Himatlal Mehta Bharat Himatlal Mehta and Necessity Supplies Ltd andBeecham Group plc v Europharm of Worthing Ltd [1996] ECR I-6285

Joined Cases C-40009 and C-20710 Orifarm AS and Others (C-40009) andParanova Danmark AS and Paranova Pack AS (C-20710) v Merck Sharp ampDohme Corp and Merck Sharp amp Dohme BV and Merck Sharp amp Dohme [2011]ECR I-7063

Joined Cases C-41499 to C-41699 Zino Davidoff SA v A amp G Imports Ltd andLevi Strauss amp Co and Others v Tesco Stores Ltd and Others [2001] ECR I-8691

Joined Cases C-42793 C-42993 and C-43693 Bristol-Myers Squibbv Paranova AS (C-42793) and C H Boehringer Sohn Boehringer IngelheimKG and Boehringer Ingelheim AS v Paranova AS (C-42993) and BayerAktiengesellschaft and Bayer Danmark AS v Paranova AS (C-43693) [1996]ECR I-3457

Joined Cases C-44705 amp C-44805 Thomson Multimedia Sales Europe (C-44705) and Vestel France (C-44805) v Administration des douanes et droits indirects[2007] ECR I-2049

Opinion of the ECJ No C-178 [1979] ECR I-2871

Opinion of the ECJ No C-194 [1994] ECR I-5267

Finland

Berufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994 432 (Fin) ndash

MobilBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994

433 (Fin) ndash AdidasBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) NIR 1969 96 ndash Felicia

France

Cour drsquoAppel de Paris of 22061960 GP 1960 II 200

Cour de Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) Ing-Cons 1949 31 ndash Email-Diamant

Cour de Cassation of 17041969 ndash Korting GRUR Int 1971 276

480 Case Law

Cour de Cassation of 02121997 GRUR Int 1998 717 ndash Ocean PacificTribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 05031963 D 1963 367

Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 09071964 GP 1964 II 333

GATT

Canada ndash Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals WTDS31ABR (19x97)

Report of the Appellate Body Brazil ndash Measures Affecting Desiccated CoconutWTDS22ABR (1997)

Report of the Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and MeatProducts (Hormones) WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR (1998)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Measures AffectingAsbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products WTDS135ABR (2001)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Regime for the Impor-tation Sale and Distribution of Bananas WTDS27ABR (1997)

Report of the Panel Indonesia ndash Certain Measures Affecting the AutomobileIndustry WTDS54R WTDS55R WT DS59R and WTDS 64R (1998)

Report of the WTO Panel EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) WTDS26RUSA WTDS48RCAN (1997)

Report of the Panel adopted on 7 February 1984 (L5504 ndash 30S140) Canada ndashAdministration of the Foreign Investment Review Act

Report by the Panel adopted on 7 November 1989 (L6439 ndash 36S345) UnitedStates ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930

United States ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 GATT Doc L6439 of

16011989 BISD 45 1988ndash1989 p 345

WTO Appellate Body of 20041996 United States ndash Standards forReformulated Gasoline AB-1996-1 WTDS2ABR

WTO Appellate Body of 21021997 Brazil ndash Measures Affecting DesiccatedCoconut (AB-1996-4)

WTO Appellate Body of 25091997 European Communities ndash Sale and Dis-tribution of Bananas (WTDS27ABR)

WTO Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) (WTDS26ABR ndash WTDS48ABR) adopted on 13021998

Germany

BGH GRUR 1964 372 ndash MajaBGH GRUR 1968 195 r Sp ndash VoranBGH GRUR 1973 468 ndash CinzanoBGH GRUR 1973 518 ndash SpielautomatBGH GRUR 1975 206 ndash Kunststoffschaumbahnen

Case Law 481

BGH GRUR 1975 598 ndash StapelvorrichtungBGH GRUR 1976 579 ndash TylosinBGH GRUR 1980 38 ndash FullplastverfahrenBGH GRUR 1988 213 215 ndash GriffbandBGH GRUR 1990 678 ndash Herstellerkennzeichen auf UnfallwagenBGH GRUR 1952 521 ndash MinimaxBGH GRUR 1984 352 ndash CeramixBGH GRUR 1997 629 ndash Sermion IIBGH GRUR Int 1964 202 ndash MajaBGH GRUR Int 1984 240 ndash Valium RocheBGH GRUR Int 1997 925 ndash Mexitil IIBGH IIC 1997 132 frac14 GRUR 1996 271 ndash Gefeuroarbte JeansBGHZ 2 261 ndash TauchpumpensatzBGHZ 23 100

BGHZ 3 193 frac14 BGH GRUR 1959 232 ndash ForderrinneBGHZ 41 84 ndash MajaBGH ZIP 2000 289

LG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1964 146 ndash Revlon IIILG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1996 732 ndash Adidas ndash Import

LG Hamburg WRP 1993 716 ndash euroUberfeuroarbte ldquoLEVIrsquoS 501rdquoLG Karlsruhe GRUR 1999 343 ndash REPLAY ndash JeansOLG Dusseldorf GRUR 1964 207 ndash Revlon IIOLG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1965 204 ndash Revlon IVOLG Frankfurt GRUR 1963 30 ndash Maja IOLG Hamburg WRP 1994 122 ndash JeanseurouberfeuroarbungenOLG Koln GRUR 1998 54 ndash Mercedes-SternOLG Koln GRUR 1991 51 ndash Nachtreuroagliche Jeans-BleichungOLG Munchen GRUR Int 1996 730 ndash GT ndash ALL TERRAOLG Munchen WRP 1993 47 ndash Aufgearbeitete KupplungOLG Stuttgart GRUR Int 1998 806 ndash Fender ndash MusikinstrumenteOLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 1998 482 ndash AEG ndash ΒohrheuroammerOLG Stuttgart WRP 1995 248 ndash RolexOLGR Schleswig 2002 120

RG GRUR 1926 216 ndash Singer (II)RG GRUR 1926 285 ndash LinotypeRG GRUR 1942 79 ndash SiemensRG Seufferts Archiv Bd 60 328 ndash VitelloRGSt 36 178 ndash Schnurlochosen mit ZellouloidumheuroullungRGSt 46 92 ndash Greurouneberger BrauseRGZ 103 359 ndash Singer (I)RGZ 133 326 ndash GummiteuroulleRGZ 161 29 ndash Zeuroahlerersatzteile (also Isaria)RGZ 50 229 ndash Kolnisch WasserRGZ 51 139 ndash DuotalGujakolkarbonatRGZ 51 263 ndash Mariani

482 Case Law

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Joined Cases C-7194 C-7294 and C-7394 Eurim-Pharm Arzneimittel GmbHv Beiersdorf AG (C-7194) Boehringer Ingelheim KG (C-7294) and FarmitaliaCarlo Erba GmbH (C-7394) [1996] ECR I-3603

Joined Cases C-89 104 114 116 117 and 125 to 12985 A AhlstromOsakeyhtio and others v Commission of the European Communities [1988] ECR5193

Joined Cases C-26795 and C-26895Merck amp Co Inc Merck Sharp amp DohmeLtd and Merck Sharp amp Dohme International Services BV v Primecrown LtdKetan Himatlal Mehta Bharat Himatlal Mehta and Necessity Supplies Ltd andBeecham Group plc v Europharm of Worthing Ltd [1996] ECR I-6285

Joined Cases C-40009 and C-20710 Orifarm AS and Others (C-40009) andParanova Danmark AS and Paranova Pack AS (C-20710) v Merck Sharp ampDohme Corp and Merck Sharp amp Dohme BV and Merck Sharp amp Dohme [2011]ECR I-7063

Joined Cases C-41499 to C-41699 Zino Davidoff SA v A amp G Imports Ltd andLevi Strauss amp Co and Others v Tesco Stores Ltd and Others [2001] ECR I-8691

Joined Cases C-42793 C-42993 and C-43693 Bristol-Myers Squibbv Paranova AS (C-42793) and C H Boehringer Sohn Boehringer IngelheimKG and Boehringer Ingelheim AS v Paranova AS (C-42993) and BayerAktiengesellschaft and Bayer Danmark AS v Paranova AS (C-43693) [1996]ECR I-3457

Joined Cases C-44705 amp C-44805 Thomson Multimedia Sales Europe (C-44705) and Vestel France (C-44805) v Administration des douanes et droits indirects[2007] ECR I-2049

Opinion of the ECJ No C-178 [1979] ECR I-2871

Opinion of the ECJ No C-194 [1994] ECR I-5267

Finland

Berufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994 432 (Fin) ndash

MobilBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1994

433 (Fin) ndash AdidasBerufungsgericht Helsinki (Finnish Supreme Court) NIR 1969 96 ndash Felicia

France

Cour drsquoAppel de Paris of 22061960 GP 1960 II 200

Cour de Cassation (Belgian Supreme Court) Ing-Cons 1949 31 ndash Email-Diamant

Cour de Cassation of 17041969 ndash Korting GRUR Int 1971 276

480 Case Law

Cour de Cassation of 02121997 GRUR Int 1998 717 ndash Ocean PacificTribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 05031963 D 1963 367

Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 09071964 GP 1964 II 333

GATT

Canada ndash Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals WTDS31ABR (19x97)

Report of the Appellate Body Brazil ndash Measures Affecting Desiccated CoconutWTDS22ABR (1997)

Report of the Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and MeatProducts (Hormones) WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR (1998)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Measures AffectingAsbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products WTDS135ABR (2001)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Regime for the Impor-tation Sale and Distribution of Bananas WTDS27ABR (1997)

Report of the Panel Indonesia ndash Certain Measures Affecting the AutomobileIndustry WTDS54R WTDS55R WT DS59R and WTDS 64R (1998)

Report of the WTO Panel EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) WTDS26RUSA WTDS48RCAN (1997)

Report of the Panel adopted on 7 February 1984 (L5504 ndash 30S140) Canada ndashAdministration of the Foreign Investment Review Act

Report by the Panel adopted on 7 November 1989 (L6439 ndash 36S345) UnitedStates ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930

United States ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 GATT Doc L6439 of

16011989 BISD 45 1988ndash1989 p 345

WTO Appellate Body of 20041996 United States ndash Standards forReformulated Gasoline AB-1996-1 WTDS2ABR

WTO Appellate Body of 21021997 Brazil ndash Measures Affecting DesiccatedCoconut (AB-1996-4)

WTO Appellate Body of 25091997 European Communities ndash Sale and Dis-tribution of Bananas (WTDS27ABR)

WTO Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) (WTDS26ABR ndash WTDS48ABR) adopted on 13021998

Germany

BGH GRUR 1964 372 ndash MajaBGH GRUR 1968 195 r Sp ndash VoranBGH GRUR 1973 468 ndash CinzanoBGH GRUR 1973 518 ndash SpielautomatBGH GRUR 1975 206 ndash Kunststoffschaumbahnen

Case Law 481

BGH GRUR 1975 598 ndash StapelvorrichtungBGH GRUR 1976 579 ndash TylosinBGH GRUR 1980 38 ndash FullplastverfahrenBGH GRUR 1988 213 215 ndash GriffbandBGH GRUR 1990 678 ndash Herstellerkennzeichen auf UnfallwagenBGH GRUR 1952 521 ndash MinimaxBGH GRUR 1984 352 ndash CeramixBGH GRUR 1997 629 ndash Sermion IIBGH GRUR Int 1964 202 ndash MajaBGH GRUR Int 1984 240 ndash Valium RocheBGH GRUR Int 1997 925 ndash Mexitil IIBGH IIC 1997 132 frac14 GRUR 1996 271 ndash Gefeuroarbte JeansBGHZ 2 261 ndash TauchpumpensatzBGHZ 23 100

BGHZ 3 193 frac14 BGH GRUR 1959 232 ndash ForderrinneBGHZ 41 84 ndash MajaBGH ZIP 2000 289

LG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1964 146 ndash Revlon IIILG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1996 732 ndash Adidas ndash Import

LG Hamburg WRP 1993 716 ndash euroUberfeuroarbte ldquoLEVIrsquoS 501rdquoLG Karlsruhe GRUR 1999 343 ndash REPLAY ndash JeansOLG Dusseldorf GRUR 1964 207 ndash Revlon IIOLG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1965 204 ndash Revlon IVOLG Frankfurt GRUR 1963 30 ndash Maja IOLG Hamburg WRP 1994 122 ndash JeanseurouberfeuroarbungenOLG Koln GRUR 1998 54 ndash Mercedes-SternOLG Koln GRUR 1991 51 ndash Nachtreuroagliche Jeans-BleichungOLG Munchen GRUR Int 1996 730 ndash GT ndash ALL TERRAOLG Munchen WRP 1993 47 ndash Aufgearbeitete KupplungOLG Stuttgart GRUR Int 1998 806 ndash Fender ndash MusikinstrumenteOLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 1998 482 ndash AEG ndash ΒohrheuroammerOLG Stuttgart WRP 1995 248 ndash RolexOLGR Schleswig 2002 120

RG GRUR 1926 216 ndash Singer (II)RG GRUR 1926 285 ndash LinotypeRG GRUR 1942 79 ndash SiemensRG Seufferts Archiv Bd 60 328 ndash VitelloRGSt 36 178 ndash Schnurlochosen mit ZellouloidumheuroullungRGSt 46 92 ndash Greurouneberger BrauseRGZ 103 359 ndash Singer (I)RGZ 133 326 ndash GummiteuroulleRGZ 161 29 ndash Zeuroahlerersatzteile (also Isaria)RGZ 50 229 ndash Kolnisch WasserRGZ 51 139 ndash DuotalGujakolkarbonatRGZ 51 263 ndash Mariani

482 Case Law

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Cour de Cassation of 02121997 GRUR Int 1998 717 ndash Ocean PacificTribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 05031963 D 1963 367

Tribunal de Commerce de la Seine of 09071964 GP 1964 II 333

GATT

Canada ndash Certain Measures Concerning Periodicals WTDS31ABR (19x97)

Report of the Appellate Body Brazil ndash Measures Affecting Desiccated CoconutWTDS22ABR (1997)

Report of the Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and MeatProducts (Hormones) WTDS26ABR WTDS48ABR (1998)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Measures AffectingAsbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products WTDS135ABR (2001)

Report of the Appellate Body European Communities ndash Regime for the Impor-tation Sale and Distribution of Bananas WTDS27ABR (1997)

Report of the Panel Indonesia ndash Certain Measures Affecting the AutomobileIndustry WTDS54R WTDS55R WT DS59R and WTDS 64R (1998)

Report of the WTO Panel EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) WTDS26RUSA WTDS48RCAN (1997)

Report of the Panel adopted on 7 February 1984 (L5504 ndash 30S140) Canada ndashAdministration of the Foreign Investment Review Act

Report by the Panel adopted on 7 November 1989 (L6439 ndash 36S345) UnitedStates ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930

United States ndash Section 337 of the Tariff Act of 1930 GATT Doc L6439 of

16011989 BISD 45 1988ndash1989 p 345

WTO Appellate Body of 20041996 United States ndash Standards forReformulated Gasoline AB-1996-1 WTDS2ABR

WTO Appellate Body of 21021997 Brazil ndash Measures Affecting DesiccatedCoconut (AB-1996-4)

WTO Appellate Body of 25091997 European Communities ndash Sale and Dis-tribution of Bananas (WTDS27ABR)

WTO Appellate Body EC ndash Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products(Hormones) (WTDS26ABR ndash WTDS48ABR) adopted on 13021998

Germany

BGH GRUR 1964 372 ndash MajaBGH GRUR 1968 195 r Sp ndash VoranBGH GRUR 1973 468 ndash CinzanoBGH GRUR 1973 518 ndash SpielautomatBGH GRUR 1975 206 ndash Kunststoffschaumbahnen

Case Law 481

BGH GRUR 1975 598 ndash StapelvorrichtungBGH GRUR 1976 579 ndash TylosinBGH GRUR 1980 38 ndash FullplastverfahrenBGH GRUR 1988 213 215 ndash GriffbandBGH GRUR 1990 678 ndash Herstellerkennzeichen auf UnfallwagenBGH GRUR 1952 521 ndash MinimaxBGH GRUR 1984 352 ndash CeramixBGH GRUR 1997 629 ndash Sermion IIBGH GRUR Int 1964 202 ndash MajaBGH GRUR Int 1984 240 ndash Valium RocheBGH GRUR Int 1997 925 ndash Mexitil IIBGH IIC 1997 132 frac14 GRUR 1996 271 ndash Gefeuroarbte JeansBGHZ 2 261 ndash TauchpumpensatzBGHZ 23 100

BGHZ 3 193 frac14 BGH GRUR 1959 232 ndash ForderrinneBGHZ 41 84 ndash MajaBGH ZIP 2000 289

LG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1964 146 ndash Revlon IIILG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1996 732 ndash Adidas ndash Import

LG Hamburg WRP 1993 716 ndash euroUberfeuroarbte ldquoLEVIrsquoS 501rdquoLG Karlsruhe GRUR 1999 343 ndash REPLAY ndash JeansOLG Dusseldorf GRUR 1964 207 ndash Revlon IIOLG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1965 204 ndash Revlon IVOLG Frankfurt GRUR 1963 30 ndash Maja IOLG Hamburg WRP 1994 122 ndash JeanseurouberfeuroarbungenOLG Koln GRUR 1998 54 ndash Mercedes-SternOLG Koln GRUR 1991 51 ndash Nachtreuroagliche Jeans-BleichungOLG Munchen GRUR Int 1996 730 ndash GT ndash ALL TERRAOLG Munchen WRP 1993 47 ndash Aufgearbeitete KupplungOLG Stuttgart GRUR Int 1998 806 ndash Fender ndash MusikinstrumenteOLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 1998 482 ndash AEG ndash ΒohrheuroammerOLG Stuttgart WRP 1995 248 ndash RolexOLGR Schleswig 2002 120

RG GRUR 1926 216 ndash Singer (II)RG GRUR 1926 285 ndash LinotypeRG GRUR 1942 79 ndash SiemensRG Seufferts Archiv Bd 60 328 ndash VitelloRGSt 36 178 ndash Schnurlochosen mit ZellouloidumheuroullungRGSt 46 92 ndash Greurouneberger BrauseRGZ 103 359 ndash Singer (I)RGZ 133 326 ndash GummiteuroulleRGZ 161 29 ndash Zeuroahlerersatzteile (also Isaria)RGZ 50 229 ndash Kolnisch WasserRGZ 51 139 ndash DuotalGujakolkarbonatRGZ 51 263 ndash Mariani

482 Case Law

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

BGH GRUR 1975 598 ndash StapelvorrichtungBGH GRUR 1976 579 ndash TylosinBGH GRUR 1980 38 ndash FullplastverfahrenBGH GRUR 1988 213 215 ndash GriffbandBGH GRUR 1990 678 ndash Herstellerkennzeichen auf UnfallwagenBGH GRUR 1952 521 ndash MinimaxBGH GRUR 1984 352 ndash CeramixBGH GRUR 1997 629 ndash Sermion IIBGH GRUR Int 1964 202 ndash MajaBGH GRUR Int 1984 240 ndash Valium RocheBGH GRUR Int 1997 925 ndash Mexitil IIBGH IIC 1997 132 frac14 GRUR 1996 271 ndash Gefeuroarbte JeansBGHZ 2 261 ndash TauchpumpensatzBGHZ 23 100

BGHZ 3 193 frac14 BGH GRUR 1959 232 ndash ForderrinneBGHZ 41 84 ndash MajaBGH ZIP 2000 289

LG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1964 146 ndash Revlon IIILG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1996 732 ndash Adidas ndash Import

LG Hamburg WRP 1993 716 ndash euroUberfeuroarbte ldquoLEVIrsquoS 501rdquoLG Karlsruhe GRUR 1999 343 ndash REPLAY ndash JeansOLG Dusseldorf GRUR 1964 207 ndash Revlon IIOLG Dusseldorf GRUR Int 1965 204 ndash Revlon IVOLG Frankfurt GRUR 1963 30 ndash Maja IOLG Hamburg WRP 1994 122 ndash JeanseurouberfeuroarbungenOLG Koln GRUR 1998 54 ndash Mercedes-SternOLG Koln GRUR 1991 51 ndash Nachtreuroagliche Jeans-BleichungOLG Munchen GRUR Int 1996 730 ndash GT ndash ALL TERRAOLG Munchen WRP 1993 47 ndash Aufgearbeitete KupplungOLG Stuttgart GRUR Int 1998 806 ndash Fender ndash MusikinstrumenteOLG Stuttgart NJW-RR 1998 482 ndash AEG ndash ΒohrheuroammerOLG Stuttgart WRP 1995 248 ndash RolexOLGR Schleswig 2002 120

RG GRUR 1926 216 ndash Singer (II)RG GRUR 1926 285 ndash LinotypeRG GRUR 1942 79 ndash SiemensRG Seufferts Archiv Bd 60 328 ndash VitelloRGSt 36 178 ndash Schnurlochosen mit ZellouloidumheuroullungRGSt 46 92 ndash Greurouneberger BrauseRGZ 103 359 ndash Singer (I)RGZ 133 326 ndash GummiteuroulleRGZ 161 29 ndash Zeuroahlerersatzteile (also Isaria)RGZ 50 229 ndash Kolnisch WasserRGZ 51 139 ndash DuotalGujakolkarbonatRGZ 51 263 ndash Mariani

482 Case Law

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

RGZ 63 394 ndash Koenigs KursbuchRGZ 86 436 ndash autogenes Scheidverfahren

Holland

Hoge Raad (Dutch Supreme Court) GRUR 1957 259 ndash GrundigScarpino v Basic Trade Mark 23 EIPR N139 (2001)

Italy

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 979 (1957) ndashColgate

Corte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) Foro Italiano Part I col 1021

(1957) ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1958 580 ndash La Voce

del PadroneCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndashDura GlossCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1959 314 ndash PalmoliveCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash KnorrCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1961 199 ndash Remy

MartinCorte di Cassazione (Italian Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1965 377 ndash Brauns

Japan

Nagoya District Court AIPPI-Jap Group Int 1988 10 -BBS Trade MarksOsaka District Court 2 IIC 325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerOsaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC 325 ndash ParkerSupreme Court 29 IIC 334 (1998) frac14 GRUR Int 1998 168 ndash BBS Wheels IIITokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR Int 1986 420 ndash LacosteTokyo High Court GRUR Int 1995 417 ndash Japauto Products Co vs BBS

Kraftfahrzeugtechnik AG

Malaysia

Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v Sun Ocean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor 2 MLJ

317 (1988)

Case Law 483

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

South Korea

Korean Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191) 30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo

Sweden

Hochstes Gericht (Swedish Supreme Court) GRUR Int 1968 22 frac14 NIR 1968

404 ndash Polycolor

Switzerland

Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR Int 1998 520 ndash Chanel78 II BGE 165 frac14 GRUR Int 1953 42 ndash LuxBGH 105 II 49 ndash Omo86 II 270 frac14 GRUR Int 1961 294 ndash Philips

Thailand

Central Intellectual Property and International Trade Court Decision No 162542(1999) Supreme Court No 28172543 (2000)

United Kingdom

High Court FSR 1980 85 frac14 11 IIC 1980 372 ndash Revlon Inc v Cripps amp Lee LtdHigh Court RCP 1989 497 ndash Colgate Palmolive v Markwell Finance LtdZino Davidoff SA v MampS Toiletries Ltd (No 1) 2000 SLT 683 (OH)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

Zino Davidoff SA v AampG Imports Ltd (ldquosummary judgment procedurerdquo) 3 All

ER 711 (1999) frac14 2 Common Mark Law Rev 1056 (1999) frac14 30 IIC 567 (1999)

USA

A Bourjois amp Co v Aldridge 263 US 675 (1923)

484 Case Law

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

A Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2d Cir 1921)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 260 US 689 (1923)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 274 F 857 (DC New York 1920)

American Bourjois amp Co v Katzel 275 F 539 (2nd Cir 1921)

Apollinaris Co Ltd v Scherer 27 F 18 (CCSDNY 1886)

Bayer Corp v Custom Sch Frames LLC 259 F Supp 2d 503 (ED La 2003)

Bell amp Howell Mamiya Supply Co Corp v Masel Supply Co 548 F Supp

1063 (DC New York 1982)

Bourdeau Bros Inc v Intrsquol Trade Commrsquon 444 F 3d 1317 (Fed Cir 2006)

Caterpillar Inc v Nationwide Equip 877 F Supp 611 (MD Fla 1994)

Certain Agric Tractors Under 50 Power Take-off Horsepower 44 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1385 (US ITC Mar 12 1997)

Continental TV Inc v GTE Sylvania Inc 433 US 36 (1977)

CPC Intrsquol Inc v Blandito Food Distrib Corp 835 F Supp 636 (SD Fla 1993)Davidoff amp Cie SA v PLD Intrsquol Corp 263 F 3d 1297

El Greco Leather Products Co v Shoe World Inc 806 F 2d 392 (2d Cir 1986)Fender Musical Instruments Corp v Unlimited Music Ctr Inc 35 USPQ 2d

(BNA) 1053 (D Conn Feb 16 1995)

Fred Gretsch Mfg Co v Schoenig 238 F 780 (2nd Cir 1916)

Gamut Trading Co v United States International Trade Commission 200 F 3d775

Graphic Products Distributors Inc v Itec Corp 717 F 2d 1560 (11th Circuit)

Grupo Gamesa SA v Dulceria El Molino Inc 39 USPQ 2d (BNA) 1531

(CD Cal Apr 9 1996)

Hanover Star Milling Co v Metcalf 240 US 403 (1916)

Helene Curtis Inc v Natrsquol Wholesale Liquidators Inc 890 F Supp

152 (EDNY 1995)

Iberia Foods Corp v Romeo 150 F 3d 298 (3d Cir 1998)

K Mart Corp v Cartier Inc 486 US 281 (1988)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 877 F 2d 101 (DC Circuit)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 652 F Supp 403 (DDC 1987)

Lever Brothers Co v United States 981 F2d 1330 (DC Cir 1993)

Manufacturing Co v Trainer 101 US 51 (1879)

Martinrsquos Herend Imports Inc et al v Diamond and Gem Trading USA Co et al112 F 3d 1296 (5th Cir 1997)

Menendez v Holt 128 US 514 (1889)

Mishawaka Rubber amp Woolen Mfg Co v S S Kresge Co 316 US 203 (1942)

Montblanc ndash Simplo GMBH v Staples Inc 172 F Supp 2d 231 (D Mass 2001)

Original Appalachian Artworks v Granada Electronics 816 F2D 68 (2nd Cir

1987)

Osawa amp Company v B amp H Photo 589 F Supp 1163 (DC New York 1984)

Philip Morris Inc v Allen Distrib Inc 48 F Supp 2d 844 (SDInd 1999)

Societe des Produits Nestle v Casa Helvetica Inc 982 F 2d 633 (1st Cir 1992)US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin Parfums

Inc 155 F Supp 77 (DC New York 1957)

Case Law 485

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

US v Guerlain Inc US v Parfums Corday Inc US v Lanvin ParfumsInc 172 F Supp 107 (1959)

United States v Eighty ndash Three Rolex Watches 992 F 2d 508 (5th Cir 1993)

Warner-Lambert Company v Northside Development Corporation 86 F3d

3 (2d Cir 1996)

Weil Ceramics amp Glass Inc v Dash 878 F29 659 (3d Cir 1989)

486 Case Law

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

African Intellectual Prop-

erty Organization

(OAPI)1

Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks

Article 7 (4) of the Agreement Revising

the Bangui Agreement of March 2 1977

on the Creation of an African Intellectual

Property Organization (Bangui (Central

African Republic) February 24 1999)

National exhaustion

Albania Article 158 (1) of the Law No 9977 of July

07 2008 on Industrial Property (Ligj

Nr 9947 date 772008 Per Pronesine

Industriale)

National exhaustion

Andean Community2 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September

14 2000 of the Commission of the Andean

Community ndash Common Industrial Property

Regime

International

exhaustion

Andorra Article 16 (1) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei

de marques) of May 11 1995

Regional

exhaustion

Antigua and Barbuda Article 6 (3) of the Trade Marks Act of 2003

No 18 of 2003

National exhaustion

Argentina See F Aulmann in Mamudi S-S How to

cope when IP rights reach their limits

Managing Intellect Prop 60 61 (2005)

International

exhaustion

Armenia Article 14(1) (2) of the Law of the Republic of

Armenia on trademarks of July 1 2010

International

exhaustion

Australia Section 198A of Copyright Act of June

27 1968 (consolidated as of 1 June 2011)

International

exhaustion

(continued)

1Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad2Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

487

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Austria sect 10b (1) of Trademarks Protection Law of

July 7 1970 (Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Regional

exhaustion

Azerbaijan Article 25 (3) of the Law of the Republic of

Azerbaijan on Trademarks and Geograph-

ical Indications (Əmtəə nisanları və cografigostəricilər haqqında AzərbaycanRespublikasının Qanunu) of June 12 1998

National exhaustion

Bahrain Article 44(B) of the Legislative Decree

No 11 of 2006 in respect of Trade Marks

نوناق) مقر (11) ةنسل 2006 يف نأشتامالعلا (ةيراجتلا of May 28 2006

International

exhaustion

Barbados Article 7 of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of

December 21 1981

National exhaustion

Belarus Article 20 (5) of the Law on Trademarks and

Service Marks of February 5 1993 (ЗаконРеспублики Белакусь от 5 февраля 1993г 2181-XII о товарных знаках изнаках обслуживания)

National exhaustion

Belize Article 27 (1) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap

257 of June 22 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Benelux (Belgium Luxem-

bourg Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention

concerning Intellectual Property (Trade-

marks and Designs) of February 25 2005

(Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of

modellen)Convention Benelux en matiere

de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Regional

exhaustion

Bhutan Article 28 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

the Kingdom of Bhutan of July 13 2001

National exhaustion

Bosnia amp Herzegovina Article 51(1) of the Trademark Law (Zakon o

Zigu) of May 28 2010

International

exhaustion

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property

Act of April 24 2010

International

exhaustion

Brazil Article 132 (III) of the Law No 9279 of May

14 1996 (Lei da Propriedade Industrial n

9279 de 14 de Maio de 1996)

National exhaustion

Bulgaria Article 15 (1) of the Law on Marks and Geo-

graphical Indications (Закон за марките игеографските означения) of September

1 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Burundi Article 313 of Law No 113 of July 28th 2009

on Industrial Property in Burundi (Loi n

113 du 28 juillet 2009 relative a la

propriete industrielle au Burundi)

International

exhaustion

Cambodia Article 11 (c) of Law concerning Marks Trade

Names and Acts of Unfair Competition of

the Kingdom of Cambodia of February

7 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

488 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Canada ldquoMaterial difference rulerdquo ndash See Supreme

Court DLR 1984 161 ndash Consumers Dis-tributing Co v Seiko Time Canada Ltdsee Swanson T ldquoCombating Gray Market

Goods in a Global Market Comparative

Analysis of Intellectual Property Laws and

Recommended Strategiesrdquo 22 Houst J IntLaw 327 347ndash348 (2000) Peterman B

ldquoThe Gray Market Solution An Allocation

of Economic Rightsrdquo 28 Tex Int Law J159 181 (1993)

National exhaustion

Cape Verde Article 168 (1) of Decree-Law No 42007 of

20 August Industrial Property Code

(Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de Agosto

Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

National exhaustion

Chile Article 19 bis E of Law No 19039 on Indus-

trial Property (Consolidated Text by

Decree-Law No 3) (Ley N 19039 de

Propiedad Industrial (Texto Refundido

Coordinado y Sistematizado por Decreto-

Ley N 3)) of March 9 2006

International

exhaustion

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks

and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N 7978de Marcas y Otros Signos Distintivos) of

January 6 2000

International

exhaustion

Croatia Article 11 (1) (3) of the Trademarks Act

(NN 1732003) and Acts on Amendments

to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Regional

exhaustion

Cuba Article 47 (1) of the Decree-Law No 203 on

Trademarks and Other Distinctive Signs

(Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

International

exhaustion

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap

268 No 63 of 1962) as amended by Law

No 176 (I)2000

Regional

exhaustion

Czech Republic Article 11 (1) (2) of the Law No 4412003

Coll of 3 December 2003 on Trademarks

and on Amendments to Act No 62002 on

Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on

Amendments to Some Other Acts (Act on

Courts and Judges) in the Wording of Later

Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne

3 prosince 2003 o ochrannych znamkach

ao zmene zakona c 62002 o soudnıch

rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych

dalsıch zakonu (zakon o soudech a

soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch predpisu)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 489

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Denmark Article 6 (1) of the Consolidated Trademarks

Act No 90 of 28 January 2009 (Den

konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov nr 90 af

28 januar 2009)

Regional

exhaustion

Djibouti Article 154 (1) of the Law No 50AN096th L

on the Protection of Industrial Property

(Loi n 50AN096eme L portant protec-

tion de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

International

exhaustion

Dominican Republic Article 88 of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial

Property (Ley N 20-00 sobre Propiedad

Industrial) of April 4 2000

International

exhaustion

Ecuador Article 219 of the Law on Intellectual Property

(Consolidation No 2006-013) (Ley de

Propiedad Intelectual (Codificacion N

2006-013)) of May 8 1998

International

exhaustion

Egypt Article 71 of the Law on the Protection of

Intellectual Property Rights Law

No 82 2002 نوناق) مقر 82 ةنسل 2002رادصإب نوناق قوقح ةيكلملا (ةيركفلا ofJune 3 2002

International

exhaustion

El Salvador Article 28 of the Law on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Ley de Marcas y

otros Signos Distintivos) of June 6 2002

National exhaustion

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May

22 2002 (Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud

22052002 RT I 2002 49 308)

Regional

exhaustion

European Economic Area

(EEA)3Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008)

Regional

exhaustion

European Union4 Article 7 (1) of the Directive 200895EC of

the European Parliament and the Council

of 22 October 2008 to approximate the

laws of the Member States relating to trade

marks (Codified version) (2008) Article

13 (1) of the Council Regulation (EC) No

2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version)

(2009)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

3Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway4Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

490 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Finland Article 10a (1) of the Trademark Law No 7 of

January 10 1964 (as last amended by Law

No 1715 of 22 December 1995)

Regional

exhaustion

France Article L 713-4 (1) of the Intellectual Property

Code (Code de la Propriete Intellectuelle)

of July 1 1992

Regional

exhaustion

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property

of February 12 2009

International

exhaustion

Gambia Article 31 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1989

National exhaustion

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Geor-

gia February 2 1999

International

exhaustion

Germany Article 24 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and other Signs (as amended

22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber den

Schutz von Marken und sonstigen

Kennzeichen (Markengesetz ndash MarkenG)

(geandert am 22 Dezember 2010)) of

October 25 1994

Regional

exhaustion

Ghana Section 9 (6) of the Trade Marks Act 2004

(Act 664) of January 29 2004

International

exhaustion

Greece Article 128 (1) of the Law 40722012

(ldquoImprovement of the business environ-

ment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and

fishing matters and other provisionsrdquo) of

April 11 2012

Regional

exhaustion

Guatemala Article 37 of the Industrial Property Law (Ley

de Propiedad Industrial) of September

18 2000

International

exhaustion

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Indus-

trial Property Law (Decreto N 12-99-ELey de Propiedad Industrial) of December

30 1999

International

exhaustion

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (1) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks

Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

International

exhaustion

Hungary Article 16 (1) of the Act XI of 1997 as con-

solidated on January 1 2008

Regional

exhaustion

India Article 30 (3) (b) of the Trade Marks Act

December 30 1999

International

exhaustion

Iran Article 40 (c) of the Patent Industrial Design

and Trademark Registration Act of

October 29 2007

National exhaustion

Ireland Article 16 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

No 6 March 16 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal

Decree No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last

amended by Legislative Decree No 198 of

March 19 1996)

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

Appendix 491

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Japan See Osaka District Court 27021970 2 IIC

325 frac14 GRUR Int 1971 276 ndash ParkerTokyo District Court 07121984 GRUR

Int 1986 420 ndash Lacoste Nagoya DistrictCourt AIPPIndashJap Group Int 1988 10 ndash

BBS Trade Marks

International

exhaustion

Latvia Article 5 (2) of the Law on Trademarks and

Indications of Geographical Origin

(Likums par precu zımem un ģeografiskasizcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Regional

exhaustion

Lesotho Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Order

(Ordonnance sur la propriete industrielle)

of April 14 1989

National exhaustion

Liberia Article 43 (3) of the Industrial Property Act of

March 20 2003

National exhaustion

Liechtenstein Article 13 (4) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Trademark Protection Law) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of

December 12 1996

Regional

exhaustion

Lithuania Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

October 10 2000 No VIII-1981

(as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu

zenklu istatymas Nr VIII-1981

(su pakeitimais padarytais 2006

m birzelio 8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Regional

exhaustion

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019

Establishing Arrangements for the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (of July

31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019instituant un regime pour la protection de

la propriete industrielle (du 31 juillet

1989))

National exhaustion

Malaysia See Winthrop Products Inc amp Anor v SunOcean (M) Sdn Bhd amp Anor (PanadolCase) 2 MLJ 317 (1988) Chong J

ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Malaysiardquo in Heath C (ed) ParallelImports in Asia Kluwer Law international

The Hague ua 2004 pp 123 127ndash130

International

exhaustion

Malta Article 12 (1) (3) of Trademarks Act

(Chapter 416) of January 1 2001

Regional

exhaustion

Mauritius Article 40 (5) of the Patents Industrial

Designs and Trademarks Act 2002 of July

2 2002

National exhaustion

(continued)

492 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Mercosur5 Article 13 of the Protocol on Harmonization of

Norms on Intellectual Property in

Mercosur in Matters of Trademarks Indi-

cations of Source and Appellations of

Origin 460 Aug 5 1995

International

exhaustion

Mexico Article 92 (II) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty (Ley de la Propiedad Industrial) of

June 25 1991

International

exhaustion

Moldova Article 13 (1) of the Law on the Protection of

Trademarks No 38-XVI of February

29 2008 (Lege privind protectia marcilor

nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

National exhaustion

Montenegro Article 15 (1) (3) of the Law on Trademarks

(ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ) of November

30 2010

National exhaustion

Mozambique Article 124 (6) of Decree No 042006 of

12 April 2006 (Industrial Property Code)

(Decreto n 042006 de 12 de Abril 2006

(Codigo da Propriedade Industrial))

National exhaustion

New Zeeland Section 97A of Trade Marks Act of December

4 2002 (inserted on 31 October 2003 by

section 5 of the Copyright (Parallel

Importation of Films and Onus of Proof)

Amendment Act 2003 (2003 No 111))

International

exhaustion

Nicaragua Article 29 of Law No 380 Law on Trade-

marks and Other Distinctive Signs (Ley N

380 Ley de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of February 14 2001

International

exhaustion

Norway Article 6 (1) of the Trademarks Act (Act

No 8 of March 26 2010)

Regional

exhaustion

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May

10 1996 Enacting Provisions on Industrial

Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo de

1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones

sobre la Propiedad Industrial)

International

exhaustion

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on

Trademarks (Ley N 12941998 de

Marcas) of June 24 1998

International

exhaustion

Poland Article 155 (1) (2) of the Industrial Property

Law of 30 June 2000

Regional

exhaustion

Portugal Article 259 (1) of the Industrial Property Code

(consolidated as of 2008) (Codigo da

Propriedade Industrial (consolidado em

2008)) of March 5 2003

Regional

exhaustion

(continued)

5Member States Argentina Brazil Paraguay Uruguay

Appendix 493

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Republic of Korea

(South Korea)

See Supreme Court 10101997 (96 Do 2191)

30 IIC 459 (1999) ndash Polo see in detail KimB-I ldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in

Koreardquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 73 78ndash81 Liew Y-

H ldquoParallel Problems Parallel Imports

Are a Growing Concern in Koreardquo Man-aging Intellect Prop 95ndash96 (2009)

National exhaustion

Romania Article 38 (1) of the Law No 841998 on

Trademarks and Geographical Indications

(Legea nr 841998 privind marcile si

indicatiile geografice)

Regional

exhaustion

Russia Article 23 Trademark Law 3520-1 of

September 23 1992 as amended by the

federal law 166-FL on December 11 2002

National exhaustion

Rwanda Article 152 (1) of the Law No 312009 of

26102009 on the Protection of Intellec-

tual Property (Itegeko N 312009 ryo

kuwa 26102009 rigamije kuregera

umutungo bwite mu BYrsquoUBWENGE)

National exhaustion

Saint Kitts and Levis Article 9 (4) of the Marks Collective Marks

and Trade Names Act (Cap 1822) of

December 31 2002

International

exhaustion

San Marino Article 72 (3) of the Law on Industrial Prop-

erty of May 25 2005 No 79

National exhaustion

Sao Tome and Prıncipe Article 19 (3) of the Law No 42001 of

31 December 2001 on Industrial Property

(Lei n 42001 de 31 de Dezembro 2001

sobre a Propriedade Industrial) of

September 12 2001

National exhaustion

Serbia Article 40 (1) of the Law on Trademarks of

December 11 2009

International

exhaustion

Singapore Article 29 (1) of the Trade Marks Act

(Chapter 332) of December 11 1998

International

exhaustion

Slovakia Article 15 (1) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on

Trade marks (Zakon c 5062009 Zz o

ochrannych znamkach) of October

28 2009

Regional

exhaustion

Slovenia Article 50 (1) (3) of the Industrial Property

Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of 23 May 2001 as last

amended on 6 February 2006 (as in force

from 11 March 2006)

Regional

exhaustion

South Africa Article 34 (2) (d) of the Trade Marks Act

No 194 of December 22 1993 of

December 22 1993

International

exhaustion

(continued)

494 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Spain Article 36 (1) of the Law 172001 of

7 December on Trademarks (Consolidated

Text Including the Amendments Made by

Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal

Protection of Industrial Designs) (Ley

172001 de 7 de diciembre de Marcas

(Texto consolidado que incluye las

modificaciones introducidas por la ley

202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de proteccion

jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July

9 2003

Regional

exhaustion

Sri Lanka Article 122 (b) of the Intellectual Property

Act No 36 of 2003

National exhaustion

Sweden Article 12 (1) of the Trademark Act

(20101877) (Varumarkeslag

(20101877)) of September 12 2010

Regional

exhaustion

Switzerland See Schweizerisches Bundesgericht GRUR

Int 1998 520 ndash ChanelInternational

exhaustion

Tajikistan Article 28 of the Law of the Republic of

Tajikistan on Trademarks and Service

Marks (Қонуни Ҷумҳурии ТоҷикистонДар Бораи Тамғаҳои Молӣ Ва ТамғаҳоиХизматрасонӣ) of March 5 2007

National exhaustion

Thailand See Central Intellectual Property and Inter-national Trade Court DecisionNo 162542 (1999) Supreme CourtNo 28172543 (2000) Vichai AldquoExhaustion and Parallel Imports in Thai-

landrdquo in Heath C (ed) Parallel Importsin Asia Kluwer Law international The

Hague ua 2004 pp 95 98ndash100

International

exhaustion

Tonga Article 29 (3) of the Industrial Property Act

1994 (No 19 of 1994) (Ko E Lao Ki He

Ngaahi Koloa lsquoA E Ngaahi NgauersquoAnga)

of November 9 1994

National exhaustion

Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership

Agreement6

Article 103 (a) of Trans-Pacific Strategic

Economic Partnership Agreement

International

exhaustion

Turkey Article 13 (1) of the Decree-Law No 556 on

the Protection of Trademarks (556 Sayılı

Markalarm Korunması Hakkında Kanun

Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

National exhaustion

(continued)

6Member States Brunei Chile New Zeeland Singapore

Appendix 495

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provision ndash case-law ndash bibliography on

exhaustion of trade mark rights

Exhaustion of

Trade Mark Rights

Regime

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of

Rights to Marks for Goods and Services

(ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знаки длятоварів і послуг) of December 15 1993

International

exhaustion

United Kingdom Article 12 (1) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of

July 21 1994

Regional

exhaustion

United States Sec 42 Lanham Act Sec 526 Tariff Act και19 CFR sect 13323

National exhaustion

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of

September 25 1998 Establishing Provi-

sions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del

25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse

normas relativas a las marcas) of

September 25 1998

International

exhaustion

Vietnam Article 125 (2) (b) of the Law on Intellectual

Property No 502005QH11 of November

29 2005

International

exhaustion

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

African Intellectual Property

Organization (OAPI)7Annex III Trademarks and Service Marks Article 7 (4) of the

Agreement Revising the Bangui Agreement of March

2 1977 on the Creation of an African Intellectual Property

Organization (Bangui (Central African Republic) February

24 1999)

Albania Article 158 (2) of the Law No 9977 of July 07 2008 on

Industrial Property (Ligj Nr 9947 date 772008 Per

Pronesine Industriale)

Andean Community8 Article 158 of Decision No 486 of September 14 2000 of the

Commission of the Andean Community ndash Common Indus-

trial Property Regime

Andorra Article 16 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (Llei de marques) of

May 11 1995

Armenia Article 14(3) of the Law of the Republic of Armenia on

trademarks of July 1 2010

Austria sect 10b (2) of Trademarks Protection Law of July 7 1970

(Markenschutzgesetz 1970)

Barbados Article 7 (1) of the Trade Marks Act Cap 319 of December

21 1981

Belize Article 27 (2) of Trade Marks Act ndash Cap 257 of June 22 2000

(continued)

7Member States Cote drsquoIvoire Gabon Guinea-Bissau Guinea Equatorial Guinea Cameroon

Central African Republic Congo Mali Mauritania Benin Burkina Faso Niger Senegal

Togo Chad8Member States Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Peru

496 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Benelux (Belgium Luxembourg

Netherlands)

Article 223 (3) of the Benelux Convention concerning Intel-

lectual Property (Trademarks and Designs) of February

25 2005 (Benelux-Verdrag inzake de intellectuele

eigendom (merken en tekeningen of modellen)Convention

Benelux en matiere de propriete intellectuelle (Marques et

dessins ou modeles))

Botswana Article 82 (1) (b) of the Industrial Property Act of April

24 2010

Bulgaria Article 15 (2) of the Law on Marks and Geographical Indica-

tions (Закон за марките и географските означения) ofSeptember 1 1999

Cape Verde Article 168 (2) of Decree-Law No 42007 of 20 August

Industrial Property Code (Decreto-lei n 42007 de 20 de

Agosto Codigo da Propriedade Industrial)

Costa Rica Article 27 of Law No 7978 on Trademarks and Other Dis-

tinctive Signs (Ley N 7978 de Marcas y Otros Signos

Distintivos) of January 6 2000

Croatia Article 11 (2) of the Trademarks Act (NN 1732003) and Acts

on Amendments to the Trademarks Act (NN 762007 NN

302009 and NN 492011)

Cuba Article 47 (2) of the Decree-Law No 203 on Trademarks and

Other Distinctive Signs (Decreto-Ley N 203 de Marcas y

Otros Signos Distintivos) of December 24 1999

Cyprus Article 6 (7) of the Trade Marks Law (Cap 268 No 63 of

1962) as amended by Law No 176 (I)2000

Czech Republic Article 11 (3) of the Law No 4412003 Coll of 3 December

2003 on Trademarks and on Amendments to Act

No 62002 on Judgements Judges Assessors and State

Judgement Administration and on Amendments to Some

Other Acts (Act on Courts and Judges) in the Wording of

Later Regulations (Zakon c 4412003 Sb dne 3 prosince

2003 o ochrannych znamkach ao zmene zakona c 62002 o

soudnıch rozhodnutı soudcıch prısedıcıch a statnı

Rozsudek sprave ao zmene nekterych dalsıch zakonu

(zakon o soudech a soudcıch) ve znenı pozdejsıch

predpisu)

Denmark Article 6 (2) of the Consolidated Trademarks Act No 90 of

28 January 2009 (Den konsoliderede Varemaeligrker lov

nr 90 af 28 januar 2009)

Djibouti Article 154 (2) of the Law No 50AN096th L on the Protec-

tion of Industrial Property (Loi n 50AN096eme L

portant protection de la propriete industrielle) of June

21 2009

Dominican Republic Article 88 (1) of the Law No 20-00 on Industrial Property (Ley

N 20-00 sobre Propiedad Industrial) of April 4 2000

(continued)

Appendix 497

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

El Salvador Article 28 (1) of the Law on Trademarks and Other Distinctive

Signs (Ley de Marcas y otros Signos Distintivos) of June

6 2002

Estonia Article 16 (3) of the Trademark Act of May 22 2002

(Kaubamargiseadus Vastu voetud 22052002 RT I 2002

49 308)

European Economic Area

(EEA)9Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008)

European Union10 Article 7 (2) of the Directive 200895EC of the European

Parliament and the Council of 22 October 2008 to approx-

imate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

(Codified version) (2008) Article 13 (2) of the Council

Regulation (EC) No 2072009 of 26 February 2009 on the

Community trade mark (Codified version) (2009)

Finland Article 10a (2) of the Trademark Law No 7 of January

10 1964 (as last amended by Law No 1715 of

22 December 1995)

France Article L 713-4 (2) of the Intellectual Property Code (Code de

la Propriete Intellectuelle) of July 1 1992

FYROM Article 209 of the Law on Industrial Property of February

12 2009

Georgia Article 7 (2) of the Trademark Law of Georgia February

2 1999

Germany Article 24 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

other Signs (as amended 22 December 2010) (Gesetz uber

den Schutz von Marken und sonstigen Kennzeichen

(Markengesetz ndash MarkenG) (geandert am 22 Dezember

2010)) of October 25 1994

Greece Article 128 (2) of the Law 40722012 (ldquoImprovement of the

business environment ndash New corporate form ndash Trade Marks

ndash Realtors ndash Regulating maritime port and fishing matters

and other provisionsrdquo) of April 11 2012

Guatemala Article 37 (1) of the Industrial Property Law (Ley de Propiedad

Industrial) of September 18 2000

Honduras Article 98 of the Decree No 12-99-E Industrial Property Law

(Decreto N 12-99-E Ley de Propiedad Industrial) of

December 30 1999

Hong Kong (China) Section 20 (2) of Chapter 559 Trade Marks Ordinance (商標條例) of June 15 2000

(continued)

9Member States Member States of the European Union Iceland Liechtenstein Norway10Member States Austria Belgium Bulgaria France Germany Denmark Greece Estonia

United Kingdom Ireland Spain Italy Cyprus Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Nether-

lands Hungary Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Slovenia Sweden Czech Republic

Finland and Croatia

498 Appendix

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

Hungary Article 16 (2) of the Act XI of 1997 as consolidated on January

1 2008

India Article 30 (4) of the Trade Marks Act December 30 1999

Ireland Article 16 (2) of the Trade Marks Act No 6 March 16 1996

Italy Article 1bis (2) of the Trademark Law Royal Decree

No 929 of June 21 1942 (as last amended by Legislative

Decree No 198 of March 19 1996)

Latvia Article 5 (3) of the Law on Trademarks and Indications of

Geographical Origin (Likums par precu zımem un

ģeografiskas izcelsmes noradem) of June 16 1999

Liechtenstein Article 13 (5) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Trademark Protection Law)

(Gesetz uber den Schutz von Marken und Herkunft-

sangaben (Markenschutzgesetz)) of December 12 1996

Lithuania Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of October 10 2000

No VIII-1981 (as amended on 8 June 2006 ndash by Law

No X-651) (2000 m spalio 10 d Prekiu zenklu istatymas

Nr VIII-1981 (su pakeitimais padarytais 2006 m birzelio

8 d istatymu Nr X-651))

Madagascar Article 68 (1) of the Ordinance No 89-019 Establishing

Arrangements for the Protection of Industrial Property

(of July 31 1989) (Ordonnance n 89-019 instituant un

regime pour la protection de la propriete industrielle (du 31

juillet 1989))

Malta Article 12 (2) of Trademarks Act (Chapter 416) of January

1 2001

Moldova Article 13 (2) of the Law on the Protection of Trademarks

No 38-XVI of February 29 2008 (Lege privind protectia

marcilor nr 38-XVI sin 29 februarie 2008)

Montenegro Article 15 (2) of the Law on Trademarks (ЗАКОН О ЖИГУ)of November 30 2010

Nicaragua Article 29 (1) of Law No 380 Law on Trademarks and Other

Distinctive Signs (Ley N 380 Ley de Marcas y Otros

Signos Distintivos) of February 14 2001

Norway Article 6 (2) of the Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010)

Panama Article 100 (1) of the Law No 35 of May 10 1996 Enacting

Provisions on Industrial Property (Ley N 35 de 10 de mayo

de 1996 por la cual se dictan Disposiciones sobre la

Propiedad Industrial)

Paraguay Article 17 of the Law No 12941998 on Trademarks (Ley N

12941998 de Marcas) of June 24 1998

Poland Article 155 (3) of the Industrial Property Law of 30 June 2000

Portugal Article 259 (2) of the Industrial Property Code (consolidated as

of 2008) (Codigo da Propriedade Industrial (consolidado

em 2008)) of March 5 2003

Romania Article 38 (2) of the Law No 841998 on Trademarks and

Geographical Indications (Legea nr 841998 privind

marcile si indicatiile geografice)

(continued)

Appendix 499

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

States ndash union of states

Provisions regarding the exclusion of the applicability of the

exhaustion of trade mark rights rule

San Marino Article 72 (4) of the Law on Industrial Property of May

25 2005 No 79

Serbia Article 40 (2) of the Law on Trademarks of December

11 2009

Singapore Article 29 (2) of the Trade Marks Act (Chapter 332) of

December 11 1998

Slovakia Article 15 (2) of the Act No 5062009 Coll on Trade marks

(Zakon c 5062009 Zz o ochrannych znamkach) of

October 28 2009

Slovenia Article 50 (2) of the Industrial Property Act (ZIL-1-UPB3) of

23 May 2001 as last amended on 6 February 2006 (as in

force from 11 March 2006)

Spain Article 36 (2) of the Law 172001 of 7 December on Trade-

marks (Consolidated Text Including the Amendments

Made by Law 202003 of July 7 2003 on Legal Protection

of Industrial Designs) (Ley 172001 de 7 de diciembre de

Marcas (Texto consolidado que incluye las modificaciones

introducidas por la ley 202003 de 7 de julio 2003 de

proteccion jurıdica del diseno industrial)) of July 9 2003

Sweden Article 12 (2) of the Trademark Act (20101877)

(Varumarkeslag (20101877)) of September 12 2010

Turkey Article 13 (2) of the Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (556 Sayılı Markalarm Korunması Hakkında

Kanun Hukmunde Kararname) of June 24 1995

Ukraine Article 16 (6) of the Law on Protection of Rights to Marks for

Goods and Services (ЗАКОН Про охорону прав на знакидля товарів і послуг) of December 15 1993

United Kingdom Article 12 (2) of the Trade Marks Act 1994 of July 21 1994

Uruguay Article 12 of the Law No 17011 of September 25 1998

Establishing Provisions on Trademarks (Ley N 17011 del25 de septiembre de 1998 Dıctanse normas relativas a las

marcas) of September 25 1998

500 Appendix

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

About the Author

Lazaros G Grigoriadis

PhD Attorney at Law ndash Legal commentator

Faculty of Law

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (Greece)

Major Publications in Legal Magazines

1 The Application of EU Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Sector The Case

of Parallel Trade European Business Law Review 12014 pp 141ndash201 (Kluwer

Law International)

2 Exhaustion and Software Resale Rights in Light of Recent EU case law Journal

of International Media and Entertainment Law Vol 5 No 1 pp 111ndash127

(Forums on Communications Law and the Entertainment and Sports Industries

of the American Bar Association and the Donald E Biederman Entertainment

and Media Law Institute of Southwestern Law School)

3 Report from Greece A New Business Entity in Greek Company Law

The Private Company (PC) European Company Law 10 (2013) Issue 6

pp 213ndash215 [Kluwer Law International]

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

501

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

4 Comparative and Keyword Advertising and Trademark Protection in the Light

of EU and US Laws California Western Law Review Volume 44 Issue

2 Spring 2014 forthcoming (California Western School of Law)

5 The question of exhaustion of copyright with regard to a material copy of a work

made by a user of on-line services with the consent of the rightholder Some

considerations in the light of the decision of the Court of Justice of the European

Union in ldquoUsedSoft GmbH v Oracle International Corprdquo of 03072012 (Case

C-1282011) Dikaio Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 32013 pp 1107ndash1117 (Nomiki

Vivliothiki Publications) (in Greek)

6 Copyright and EU Fundamental Freedoms Some considerations in the light of

the decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union in ldquoFootball Associ-ation Premier League Ltd and Others v QC Leisure and Others (C-40308) andKaren Murphy v Media Protection Services Ltd (C-42908)rdquo Dikaio

Epixeiriseon kai Etairion 62013 pp 569ndash580 (Nomiki Vivliothiki Publications)

(in Greek)

7 Parallel Imports and EU Pharmaceutical Regulatory Law Armenopoulos 2013

pp 234ndash258 (in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki)

8 Parallel Trade in Medicines and EU Law Episkopisi Emporikou Dikaiou

42013 pp 807ndash832 (in Greek) (Sakkoulas Publications)

9 The Community legal framework for the protection against imports of counter-

feit and pirated products Hellenic Review of European Law 2009 pp 23ndash43

(in Greek) (Bar Association of Thessaloniki - Centre of International and

European Economic Law)

502 About the Author

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Index

A

Absolute territorial protection 35 62 63 131

134 139 314

Addition of the parallel importerrsquos trademark

379ndash382 402

Andean Community 60

Arbitrage 5 19

Article 7 (1) of Directive 200895EC 53

54 59 61 120 127 156 157 182

185 196 198ndash200 202ndash206 208

212ndash215 217 218 224 226

228ndash241 245ndash271 273ndash280 282

284ndash290 292 298 303 304 310

314 316 318 319 323 331 334

337 349 351 385 388 392 396

398 405 413 414 420 421 455

469 470

Article 13 (1) of Regulation (EC) 2072009 59

128 196 199ndash200 212 215 219

224 226 229 244 262ndash263 282

285ndash288 292 303 304 316 318

321ndash324 331ndash416 420 421 423

424 469 470 472 473

Artificial partitioning of the markets between

Member States 161ndash163 170 344

349ndash359 361ndash363 377 378 423

472

Authorised goods 3 33 442ndash444

B

Black market 6

Brazil 58 60 76 86 87 269 427 457ndash458

463 473

Law No 9279 of 14 May 1996 457

Burden of proof 128 319ndash324 379 414ndash416

risk of market partitioning 321ndash323

Bypassing the selective distribution network

405ndash408

C

Change 90 139 217 220 270 312 332

335ndash397 400 422 423 430ndash432

442 471 472

Change of the purpose of trademark law

259ndash262

Chicago School 35

China 77 86 269 311 427 452 463 473

Close substitute 16

Closure of national markets 22

Commercial agent 54 582

Commercial policy measure 276

Commercial promotion 32 398

Common market 59 127 129ndash132 135 137

140ndash142 161 173 175 182 184

195 196 202 232 252 254 273

310 314ndash316 355

Community trademark with a reputation 194

259

Comparative advantage 25

Competition 4 9 11 12 16 18 19 25ndash26 29

32 35ndash37 40 41 48ndash49 58 59 62

97 98 103 130ndash141 144 151 182

190 192 195 202 216 217 236

239 242 243 254 265 273ndash275

297 300 303 313ndash315 323 332

353 375 378 405 406 409ndash414

432ndash435 449

Competition law 87 405 406 410 411

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

LG Grigoriadis Trade Marks and Free Trade DOI 101007978-3-319-04795-9copy Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2014

503

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Concept of ldquoconsentrdquo within the meaning of

Articles 7 (1) of Directive 200895

EC and 13 (1) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009 (cont)cases of consent

breach of contractual provisions in the

trademark licence 297ndash303

combination cases of consent 291ndash303

forced sale of a trademarked good by

court order 296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

authorized (exclusive or selective)

distributor 295ndash296

marketing of a trademarked good by an

undertaking of the same group

293ndash294

marketing of a trademarked good by a

trademark licensee 294

expression of consent 286ndash290

scope of consent 283 290ndash291

Concept of ldquoputting on the marketrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

distribution free of charge of trademarked

items 224 420 469

donation of trademarked goods 221

importation of a trademarked good 354

356

internal transit 222 419 468

offer for sale of a trademarked good 217

placing non-Community goods under the

customs warehousing procedure

223

placing non-Community goods under the

external transit procedure 223

preparatory actions for selling a

trademarked good 221 419 468

sale of trademarked goods 218 221 244

419 468

sale of trademarked goods under reservation

of title 220 221 419 468

shifting of the profit or loss namely the

economic risk of any onward sale of

a trademarked good 54 180 219

transfer of ownership of a trademarked

good by way of security 221 419

468

transfer of the (actual) right of disposal of a

trademarked good 219 220

Concept of ldquotrademarked goodrdquo within the

meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

concept 221 285

distinction between goods and services 75

239 254

goods registered as trademarks 216

item of a trademarked product 216

items serving the provision of services 214

215

place where a trademarked product has

been manufactured 214

place where a trademarked product has

been put on the market 213 420

469

service marks 214ndash216

Concerted practice 135 406

ldquoConnection between the forms of commercial

userdquo (ldquoLehre vom Zusammenhangder Benutzungsartenrdquo) 51

Consumer 4ndash6 8 11 15ndash17 19 21ndash40

47ndash49 64 96 150 151 153 154

167ndash169 171 173 175 195 216

217 236 238 240 243ndash245 254

255 262 264 265 274 290 308

333 338 340 343 359 360 362

364 367 368 371 372 374 378

381 382 385ndash387 389ndash392 400

402 411 430 431 433 436

439ndash448 453 456

Consumer associations 16 255 391

Consumer confusionConsumer deception

26ndash27 32ndash34 430 440 443 446

447

Consumer information 16 34 38 173 372

402 446

Consumerrsquos per capita income 8 15

Consumer welfare 24 25 35

Copyright 29 37 41 52 79 86 111 132 135

137 138 147 179 191 197 250

264ndash267 317 412 413 429 433

449

Cost differentials 15ndash16

Cost of production 15 28

Cost of supply and processing rawmaterials 15

Counterfeit goods 6 46 75 431 436 452

D

Damage to or risk of damage to or unfair

exploitation of the reputation of the

trademark borne by parallel

imported goods

within the framework of the circumstances

under which the goods are marketed

401ndash404 408 423 472

within the framework of the independent

traderrsquos advertising 398ndash401 403

423 472

504 Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Decrease of the trademarkrsquos goodwill

(economic value) 34ndash35 40

Delimitation agreements 135 136

Demand structure 22ndash26

Differences in local demandndashDifferent

competition conditions 16

Different marketing strategies

pull strategy 17

push strategy 17

Different prices 5 7 14ndash18

Different quality 15 442

Directive 200895EC

Article 5 of Directive 200895EC 250 251

Article 6 of Directive 200895EC 196

Article 7 of Directive 200895EC 59 127

198ndash200 204ndash208 214 215 235

240 248 278 332 333 343 455

Directive 89104EEC

Article 5 of Directive 89104EEC 239

320 422 471

Article 6 of Directive 89104EEC 196

Article 7 of Directive 89104EEC

196ndash198 204ndash208 214 239 240

248 320 343 422 471

Distribution agreements 43 296 407

Doctrine of ldquocommon originrdquo [ldquoTheorie der

Ursprungsgleichheitrdquo in German]

contractual assignment 172 174 177

governmental act 172 174 177

Doctrine of Community exhaustion of rights

178ndash181

Doctrine of ldquoessential function of the rightrdquo

(ldquoLehre von der wesentlichen

Funktionrdquo in German) 171ndash172

Doctrine of ldquoexerciseexistence of the rightrdquo

[ldquoLehre von Bestand und

Ausubungrdquo in German] 143ndash146

Doctrine of specific subject-matter of the right

[ldquoLehre von dem spezifischen

Gegenstandrdquo in German] 147

Dominant position

abuse 137 138 140 317 318

holding a dominant position 452

Downstream market 217

Duration of protection

of other intellectual property rights 266

of trademark right 266

E

Economic efficiency 26 27 35 36

EEA Agreement 59 197 200 203 207 214

227 228 235ndash238 244ndash248 291

308 309 312 455 470

Effectiveness of investment 31

Effet utile

Articles 34 and 36 of the TFEU 6 55 115

127 130 132 133 139ndash144

152 169 172 173 183 189 190

198 206 229 236 242 267ndash268

271 274 281 282 303 311

317ndash321 324 333 339 341 349

378 407 410 413ndash415 420 422

469 471

provisions related to economic policies of

the EU 268ndash271 311 420 469

Efficient allocation of resources 25

End user 8 47 49 153 167 169 195 264

338 340 343 367 368 372 411

Essential function

copyright 264

patent 264

rewarding the proprietor of the right

(ldquoBelohnungsgedankerdquo in German)

265

trademark 45 47 64 132 151 154ndash158

160 161 165 168 171 172 175

177 195 224 290 292 355 356

364 368ndash370 411 431

Establishment of a minimum legal framework

for intellectual property protection

80

EU economic policies

balanced economic growth 270

convergence of the economic performances

of the Member States 112

full employment 270

price stability 270

EU primary law 133 198 206 215 226

271ndash280 316 318

Exchange rate fluctuations 13 18ndash20 22

ldquoincomplete pass throughrdquo of exchange

rates 18 19

Exportingsource country 4

Extension of the rules enshrined in Articles

7 (2) of Directive 200895EC

and 13 (2) of Regulation

(EC) 2072009

by the national court 307ndash312 409

by virtue of International Agreements

307ndash312

F

ldquoFortress Europerdquo [ldquoFestung Europardquo in

German] 269

Free riding

free riding on goodwill 29 30

free riding on services 29 31

French law on trademarks of 1964 191 195

Index 505

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

G

GATT 1994

Article III (4) of GATT 1994 80 109ndash110

Article XI of GATT 1994 103 107 109

Article XIX of GATT 1994 108ndash109

Article XXIV of GATT 1994 104

117ndash120 278 309

Article XX(d) of GATT 1994 98 107 108

111ndash117

Article XXVIII of GATT 1994 120 279

GATTWTO Law 76 105 123 199 207ndash208

241 249 271ndash280 308 420 468

469

Genuine product 364

German Law on trademarks of 1936 190 191

Goods of the entertainment industry 41

Gray market 3 4 6 11 12 27ndash40 443 446

447

Gray market goods 3 12 23 29 33 34

37ndash39 46 90 445ndash449

I

Identical or similar products 192 411

Identifiable markets 7

Impairment 41 64 69 335ndash396 399 422 471

Importingdestinationtarget country 4

Improper use of rights 135

Independent trader 5 8ndash14 20 27 29ndash33

38ndash40 56 62 90 128 152 191

192 238 240 244 268 274 303

305 320ndash324 334 337 338 357

393 397ndash405 407 408 411 416

423 424 431 432 445 472 473

India 15 60 77 86 87 269 427 457 463 473

Trademarks Act 1999 (No 47 of 1999) 457

Industrial design right 41 135

Industrial development 24

Infringement of the contractual obligations 20

Innovation 23 96

Interbrand competition 18 32 41 62 300

Intermediate policies on the legality of parallel

imports 37ndash39

International Trademark TreatiesAgreements

Conventions 75

Intrabrand competition 11 12 25ndash26 35 40

41 48 58 62 97 134 139 243

300 432 434 435

Investments

related to research and development

(RampD) 23 24

related to the cost of sale of goods 23 385

Italian Law of 1942 191

J

Japan 60 77 112 255 269 427 443

455ndash457 463 473

L

Legal effects of Articles 7 (1) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

(re-)affixing the trademark 339

using the trademark in advertising 305

using the trademark in marketing 304ndash305

Legal effects of Articles 7 (2) of Directive

200895EC and 13 (2) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

financial remedies 409

principle of proportionality 409

Legality of non-price vertical restraints 25 35

36 48 130

Luxury products 47 149 164 166 167 260

261 306 338 371

M

Margin profits 11 12 15ndash17 24 243

Market power 17 22

Mark-up 16 18

Measures having equivalent effect 108 130

141ndash143 159 181 183

Mercosur 60 457 458

Monopoly 17 46 50 64 435

N

National trademark with a reputation 212

Non-price vertical restraints 35 36

Norway 77 82 203 235ndash238 245ndash247 427

454ndash455

The Trademarks Act (Act No 8 of March

26 2010) 455

O

Objective of trademark law 168

Overcapacity for a product 20

P

Parallel application of the TRIPs Agreement

and the GATT 1994 104ndash106

Parallel import

classification of parallel imports of

trademarked goods cases 41ndash44

506 Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

forms of parallel imports 6 42 157 347

356 358

issue of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked goods 42 48 49 62

63 91 123 133 139 189ndash193 201

207 232 271ndash278 311 312 342

430 467

proposed approaches for resolving the issue

of the legality of parallel imports of

trademarked products 45ndash61

Parallel importer 3 5 6 8 9 11 19 20 27

34 40 46 61 63 64 90 95 155

157 166 170 238 240 262 291

305 319 322 323 335 336

338ndash340 344 349 350 357ndash360

362 367ndash369 372ndash376 378ndash382

397 402 403 406 408 409 411

414ndash416 422 424 432 442 444

447 457 468 471 473

Parallel trade 3ndash5 7 8 12ndash14 18ndash29 39ndash42

49 56 58 60 64 65 95 97 98

104 108 113 123 131 132 135

138 140 142 150 164 167 168

182 189 202 223 242 243 260

266ndash270 282 315 316 319 338

340 341 357 375 377 378 382

404 408 410 413 434

Patent right 41 51 52 55 81 98 115 135

152 178ndash180 191 264 266 296

413 429 433 456

Pharmaceutical products 23 41 149

154ndash166 168 306 332 337 338

341ndash348 352 354 355 358ndash361

363 367ndash371 376 380 397

Pirated goods 6 242

Price discrimination 17ndash18 21ndash25 114

PrincipleDoctrineRule of Exhaustion of rights

[ldquoαρχή της ανάλωσης τoυδικαιωματoςrdquo (in Greek)

ldquoErschopfungsgrundsatzrdquo

(in German) ldquoepuisementrdquo

(in French) ldquoesgotamientordquo

(in Spanish) ldquoesaustaordquo

(in Portuguese) ldquoshomorironrdquo or

ldquoshojinronrdquo (in Japanese)]

advantages of the principle of exhaustion of

rights 51

concept 51

consent 51

legal effects 55 277 303ndash306

legitimate reasons for excluding the

applicability 391 422 471

putting on the market 53 204 217ndash303

419 468

typesregimes of exhaustion of rights

internationalworldwide exhaustion of

rights 60

national exhaustion of rights 58 112

113 115 116 450 451 453 455

458

regional exhaustion of rights 59 93 94

107 110ndash113 115ndash117 467

Principle of free movement of goods 63 131

140 143 174 232 237 251 256

257 260 276 300 334 365 367

Principle of national treatment 80 89

Principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

Principle of the General Elimination of

Quantitative Restrictions and

Equivalent Measures 103

Principle of the most favoured-nation

treatment 80 81 99 104 308

Principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

Production efficiency 26 27

Property right 4 6 7 28 29 41 51 52 55 57

59 60 76 79ndash83 85ndash88 91ndash94

96ndash99 105 114ndash116 118 127

130ndash135 137 141ndash146 152 159

180 191 193 197 217 227 228

231 233 238 242 244 248

263ndash267 284 288 296 297 308

309 318 409ndash414 421 449 456

470

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009

ldquoAmended Proposal for a Council

Regulation on the Communitytrademarkrdquo 256ndash258 300 342

ldquoAmended Proposal for a First Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 258 300 312 342

Commission Memorandum on the creation

of a Community trademark (1976)

252

Commissionsrsquo Explanatory Memorandum

to the Regulation on Community

trademarks 254

Index 507

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Putting on the market within the EEA within

the meaning of Articles 7 (1) of

Directive 200895EC and 13 (1) of

Regulation (EC) 2072009 (cont)Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a Council

Regulation on Community

trademarksrdquo 253ndash256 341

Commissionrsquos ldquoProposal for a first Council

Directive to approximate the laws of

the Member States relating to

trademarksrdquo 253ndash258 300 312

341 342

ldquoDraft Council Directive to approximate

the laws of the Member States

relating to trademarksrdquo of July 1979

253

ldquoDraft Council Regulation on the

Community trademarkrdquo of July

1978 253

internet sales 244

ldquoPreliminary Draft of a Convention for a

European TradeMarkrdquo (1964) 252

Protocol 28 to the EEA Agreement 197

200 203 227 228 244 247 308

419 455 468

Q

Quantitative restrictions 103 107 111 130

139 141ndash143 159 181 183 229

323

R

Rationale of patent law 51

RampD See Research amp Development (RampD)

Regulation (EC) 4094

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 4094 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 4094 196 197

Regulation (EC) 2072009

Article 9 of Regulation (EC) 2072009 244

Article 12 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

196

Article 13 of Regulation (EC) 2072009

199ndash200

Regulation (EEC) 12385 406

Regulation (EU) 3302010 406

Removal of the trademark 338 381ndash383 402

Removal or elimination of identification

numbers 376ndash379

Repackaging a trademarked good imported in

parallel

addition of new user instructions or

information 158 363

affixation of a new label to the original

packaging 338

alteration of the contents or the appearance

of the external packaging 158 338

conditions for the legality 273 346

replacement of the accompanying product

158 415

replacement of the packaging 159 338

359

Repair or reprocessing works

addition of a relevant indication 394

change in the colour or shade of a

trademarked good 391ndash395

change of the intended purpose or the basic

design of a trademarked good 387

deterioration in the quality level of a

trademarked good 387ndash389 391

392

extent of the works carried out 384ndash387

impact of the repair work on the functioning

of a trademarked good 389ndash390

importance of the replaced parts for the

goodrsquos operation 390

origin of the spare parts used for the repair

of a trademarked good 392ndash394

Replacement of the original trademark of a

good imported in parallel 348ndash350

355

condition for the legality 352 356 364

373 374 395 366 370

Resale price maintenance (RSP) 31

Research amp development (RampD) 23 24 28

31

Restriction of competition 315

Returns 35

Reward 51 179 180 264 265 413

Rule of reason 61 62

Russia 58 269 427 453 463 473

Trademark Law 3520-1 of September

23 1992 as amended by the federal

law 166-FL on December 11 2002

453

S

Second stock 10

Services

after sales services 23 24 27 29 31

before sales services 31

services non-relating to the production or

the distribution of goods 216

508 Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

services relating to the production or the

distribution of goods 216

Sherman Act 48 49 435

Single international enterprise 43 280 435

451

Socio-economic welfare 13 21ndash28 65 96

123 269

South Korea 427 458 463 473

Spare parts 41 196 385 386 392ndash394

Switzerland

1891 Swiss Trademark Law 453

Swiss Trademark Law of 1992 454

T

Taxation systems 15

Theory of Ramsey pricing 22

Trademark

advertising function (or ldquoinvestment

functionrdquo ldquoWerbefunktionrdquo in

German)

luxury products 164

pharmaceutical products 164

criterion for the protection 146 162 178

389 394

definitions of trademarks 335ndash337

distinctiveness 41

economic valuegoodwill 20 26 27 29

31 32 34ndash35 37ndash40 46 47 53 64

97 113 116 136 180 216 219

221 224 225 280 346 430ndash436

441ndash443 451 456

exhaustion of rights 51ndash61 63 65 81ndash89

92 94 99 110 113 117 127

178ndash181 202 220 221 230 236

254 256 260 281 294ndash296 305

429 450ndash455 458 467

guarantee function (or ldquoquality functionrdquo

ldquoQualitatsfunktionrdquo in German)

luxury products 167

pharmaceutical products 168

origin function [ldquoprimary functionrdquo or

ldquoessential functionrdquo or ldquomain

functionrdquo of trademarks

ldquoHerkunftsfunktionrdquo or

ldquoHauptfunktionrdquo in German]

Article 36 subparagraph 2 of the EEC

Treaty (now Article 36 of the

TFEU) 159 164

pharmaceutical products 154ndash158

repackaging of a good imported in

parallel 33 336 387 390

replacement of the trademark originally

borne bya good imported in parallel

306 332 359 363 364 415

principle of territoriality

[ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German] 50

principle of Universality

[(ldquoTerritorialitatsprinziprdquo in

German)] 50

reputation of trademarks 147ndash149 160

163ndash167 170 171 259 344 346

352 361 369ndash374 376 378ndash383

385 386 389ndash392 395 397ndash405

408 415 416 423 433 472

service marks 214ndash216

sign 35 41 42 75 91 190ndash195

Trademark law 4 35 37 40 45 46 49 50 53

54 56 58 63 64 75 76 91 113

127 133 167 168 173 189 190

198 199 207 216 217 219ndash221

233 239 248 255 256 263 272

289 293ndash296 300 303 305 319

331 332 405 406 409ndash411 433ndash

435 450ndash455 457 458 463 473

Trademark licensee 42 44 48 49 54ndash56 62

63 131 135 138ndash140 152 153

170 292 294 297ndash302 421 445

470

Trademarkrsquos functions 61 260

Trans-Pacific Strategic Economic Partnership

Agreement 60

TRIPs Agreement

Article 6 of the TRIPs Agreement 28 65

81ndash89 91 98 99 105 114ndash116 123

Article 7 of the TRIPs Agreement 96 123

308

Article 16 of the TRIPs Agreement 83 91

Articles 3 and 4 of the TRIPs Agreement

82 83 93ndash95 99

Preamble 79 80 83 88 89 91 92 96ndash99

105 106 308 309

preparatory work 96ndash98

Turkey 58 77 269 427 455 463 473

Decree-Law No 556 on the Protection of

Trademarks (of June 27 1995) 455

U

Unauthorized goods 3 4 8 25 29 31 36 38

Unemployment 36

Unfair competition law 32 37 40 192 202

303 332 406 409ndash414 433

Index 509

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index

Uniform Law of Benelux of 1962 191 192

195 201

Uniform pricing 13 22 23

Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade

Negotiations 76 85 88

USA

19 CFR 13321 (c) (1972) 437ndash444

19 CFR sect 13323 (a) (1) and (2) and sect 1332

(d) 439

ldquofirst sale doctrinerdquo 429ndash430

Sec 42 of the Lanham Act of 1946

likelihood of confusion 85 90 91

193ndash195 333 436 443 453

Sec 337 of the 1930 Tariff Act 444ndash450

Sec 526 (a) of the Tariff Act of 1930

ldquoauthorized usedrdquo exception 437 438

Cellar Bill 435

ldquocommon controlrdquo exception 437ndash439

ldquocommon ownershiprdquo exception

437ndash439

ldquogenuine goods statuterdquo 434

US common law

trademarkrsquos goodwill 34ndash35 39 40

431ndash433 441

trademarkrsquos origin function 45 46 61

150 224 231 259 262 333 397

399 430ndash431

US positive law 433ndash450

W

White market 6

World Trade Organization (WTO) 28 76 80

81 95 97 98 105 106 112ndash117

123 199 207ndash208 241 249 268

271ndash280 308 420 468 469

510 Index

• Case Law
• • Austria
  • Canada
  • EFTA Court
  • European Union
  • • European Court of First Instance (Now European General Court)
    • European Court of Justice
    • • Finland
      • France
      • GATT
      • Germany
      • Holland
      • Italy
      • Japan
      • Malaysia
      • South Korea
      • Sweden
      • Switzerland
      • Thailand
      • United Kingdom
      • USA
      • • Appendix
        • About the Author
        • • Major Publications in Legal Magazines
          • • Index