CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY, NORTHRIDGE

A COHPREHENS IVE Ai'TI'JOTATED BI"BLIOGRAPHY OF OUTDOOR

RECREATION FOR THE HANDICAPPED

A project submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of

Master of Science in

Recreation and Leisure Studies

by

Gerald Duane Lorenzetti

January, 1980

The project of Gerald Duane Lorenzetti is approved:

DavidE~Sterl~·, Dr. Rec.

California State University) Northridge

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEHENTS

The author ·would like to thank those people who helped

make this project possible. Thanks is owed first of all

to Jacquelyn (Jackie) Vaughan for her "much traveled"

efforts as the chairperson of my committee and chief

inspiration for the project. Thanks also goes to Dro Jean

Tague for her technical expertise in suggesting the arrange·

ment of citations for this bibliography so that readers

could comprehend it better. And as the third member of my

committee, Dr. Dave Sterle receives thanks for his time

and effort in making final suggestions on the project.

Thanks also goes to the following people for their

help: 1.) Betty Queen, Pat BenefiEol, Loretta Kornbluth,

Ann Dicus, Sharon Small, Sara Dell'olio, Charlie Smith,

Debbie Leasure, Peggy Callister, Coty Tuggle and their.

friends and animals for making the Recreation Grant

Office an amusing place to do the project during those long

summer days; 2) Jan Tolan for her \1\Tonderful job of editing;

3) Sue Jackson and Harilyn Hilkinson for their typing of

this project; 4) Dr. Byrne C. Fernelius for his friendship

and fine 'l.vork as chairman of the Recreation Department and

Dr. Isabelle \..Jalker for her great work as my graduate

acl'v:Lsor, She encouraged me to stay in the graduate

·urogram \vh<':n I didn't think I could make it. l. • ....

iii

Hy final thanks goes to Art and Errrrna Lorenzetti for

their help in supporting me throughout my graduate years.

Thank you one and all.

G. L.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments

Abstract

I. INTRODUCTION

Purpose . . . . . . . . Delimitations . . . . . . . Definitions . . . . . .. . Limitations . . . . .. . Collection of Sources . . . Treatment of Sources . . . . . .

II. GENERAL .

III. AGED

IV. CORRECTIONS & JUVENILE DELINQUENCY

V. DIABETES

VI. DISADVANTAGED .

VII. DRUG & ALCOHOL

VIII. EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED

IX. LEARNING DISABLED

X. l1ENTALLY ILL

XI. MENTALLY RETARDED

XII. PHYSICALLY DISABLED .

XIII. SENSORY IHPAIRED

XIV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

TABLE

iii

vi

1

2 2 3 8 8 9

11

37

47

52

55

56

66

68

75

87

100

107

1. Ge.ne-r.al Citations of Specific Disabiliti<::s ll

v

ABSTFACT

A COHPREHENSIVE ANNOTATED

BIBLIOGP~PHY OF OUTDOOR

P~CREATION FOR THE

HANDICAPPED

by

Gerald Duane Lorenzetti

Haster of Science in Recreation and Leisure Studies

This master's project was written for the purpose of

presenting a variety of literature about outdoor recrea-

tion for t:he handicapped. The project is in the form of

an annotated bibliography for easier selection of appropri··

ate information.

The outdoor recreation activity most cited in this

bibliography is camping. However, in recent years, other

outdoor reereation opportunities have been made available

to disabled people. Horseback riding, snow skiing,

11 0tJ.twm:-d Bound" adventures and airplane flying represent

just a few of these nevJ opportunities.

vi

The significance of this bibliography is tha.t.it

highlights these activities in magazine articles, books,

monographs, and agency guides to provide the reader with

sources for further information.

Two basic definitions were used to identify relevant

sources: 1) a handicapped individual was defined as a

person with a physical, mental, emotional or social impair­

ment which makes achievement unusually difficult and 2)

outdoor recreation was defined as any activity which helps

an individual gain a sense of appreciation and/or

exhilaration from his/her relationship to the natural

world. Aquatic activities such as swimming and skin .diving

were left out as outdoor recreation activities because such

activities represent a separate area of recreation.

The materials for the project were compiled over a

two-month period in the summer of 1979 at these library

resources of California State University, Northridge:

1) Recreation Grant Office; 2) Oviatt Library and 3) South

Library.

Two recommendations for this vmrk are: 1) updating

the bibliography yearly and 2) centrally locating the

collection of sources for the purposes of retrieval and

dissemination.

vii

I. Introduction

It has long been advocated that people of various

dis&bli.ng conditions have a right to experience positive

recreation and leisure pursuits just like their non­

disabled counterparts. Nesbitt (63:12) in fact, under­

scores this statement by adding the following rights to

recreation and leisure for handicapped individuals: 1)

to experience the normal range of individual experiences;

2) t:o experience independence and self-reliance; 3) to

experience normal peer relations; 4) to have atypical

needs met and 5) to have recognized that his/her needs may

be as great, if not greater, than the non-handicapped indi­

vidual.

Nesbitt also delineates the handicapped person's

rights as they relate to the out-of-doors (63:12): 1) to

appreciate his/her relationship to the natural \·mrld; 2)

to participate in a camping, outdoor or environmental

recreation experience; 3) to achievA growth and develop~

mental potentials through sustained quality camping experi­

ences and ft.) to participate in family camping experiences.

Numerous articles and ·books have been vrri tten i.n t:he

last forty years covering various aspects of outdoor

recreation, particularly camping, for the handicapped.

This bibliography contains over three hundred citations

and serves to h:i.ghlight the literature of the past as "'i7ell

as the literature which represents recent breakthroughs in

outdoor recreation for the handicapped. The rationale for

this bibliography is briefly explained below.

Purpose_

The purpose of this bibliography is to introduce the

reader to a variety of materials v;rritten on outdoor recrea­

tion for the handicapped. This bibliography should further

serve to give the reader an insight into basic research,

programming and administrative aspects of outdoor recrea~

tion for the handicapped.

Delimitations

The sources for this bibliography were delimited to

journal and magazine articles, books, monographs, agency

guides, governmental publications and bibliographies.

Outdoor recreation activities were delimited to the

following: camping, wilderness survival, rock climbing,

spelunking, flying, nature study, hunting, horseback

riding, scouting, fishing, snow skiing, cycling, and rec­

reational vehicles.

Handicapped populations were delimited·to the follow­

ing groups: Aged, Corrections and Juvenile Delinquency,

Diabetics, Disadvantaged, Dru8 and Alcohol, Emotionally

Disturbed, Learning Disabled, Mentally Ill, Mentally

Retarded, Physically Disabled and Sensory Impaired.

.2

Definitions

~3~_1· That special population of people 65 years of

age and over who may also be in retirement. These indivi·-

duals may have one or more of the follm-ving handicaps:

blindness, dc,afness, diabetes, physical handicaps or prob-

lems in. mobility.

~::::·~f?.:~tt~_ce... Those individuals who have lost a limb and

ean rt:;pLH.:e it \vith a prosthetic device.

AEha~~c. Those individuals \~io have experienced a

loss or impairment of the power to use words as a result

of brain lesion. Source: G. & C. Nerriam Company,

Vlebster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictiona~ (Springfield,

Nass~: G. & C. Merriam, 1969).

Asthmatics. Those individuals who have continuous

constricted breathing problems.

Blind. For the purposes of this bibliography, the

legal definition of blindness that is used for income tax

deduction purposes and other government assistance programs

will serve as the operating definition. This definition

reads as follows: Visual acuity for distant vision of

20/200 or less in the better eye, vlith best correction;

or visual acuity of more than 20/200, if the widest diame-·

ter of field of vision subtends an angle no greater than

20 degrees. Source: Thomas A. Stein and H. Douglas

SE'.~ssoms, Recreation and Special Popt:tlations, (2d ed. ,

Boston, Hass.: Holbrook Press, Inc., 1977), pp. 232-3.

3

lJr?..:.:tn _Damagedl.QJ.:sfu_nct:_!_~n/Igj.}!-:Eed. These terms all

refer to a brain injury or neurological impairment. The

injury to the brain may be due to such things as a physical

blmv, pressure, hormonal malfunction, chemical poisoning

or oxygen deficiency. Source: Scout Lee Gunn, Basi~

!e-r::rPi-nol~y__for _Therapeutic Recreation and. Other Action

Iher_::~J2i§_~, (Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing

Company, 1975), p. 3.

Cardiac Patients. Those individuals whose physical

abilities are limited because of dysfunctions of the heart.

~-:!br~l Palsy. A disability which results from dam­

age to the brain before or during birth and is outwardly

manifested by muscular incoordination and speech distur-

bances. Source: G. & C. Merriam Company, \-Jebster's

G. & C. Mer~iam, 1969).

Corrections. The corrections group is-composed of

adult individuals who have been judged by the courts and

socie·ty as guilty of wrongdoing and must serve a period

of time m.vay from society (incarceration) for rehabili-

tation.

2Y~t~c Fibrosis. An hereditary disease which appears

in childhood and involves generalized disorder of exocrine

glands. The disease is marked by deficiency of pancreatic

enzymes, respiratory symptoms and excessive loss of salt

4

i.Il the S'l;veat. Source: G. & C. Merriam Company, Webster:_~~

G. & C. Merriam, 1969).

Deaf. Those individuals who have experienced a partial

or total loss of hearing.

·D~~~lopmental Disabilities. Disabilities that become

evident in childhood, are expected to continue indefinitely,

constitute a substantial handicap to the affected indivi-

dual, ancl are attributable to mental retardation, cerebral

palsy, epilepsy, or other neurological conditions requiriLg

treatment. Source: Scout Lee Gunn, Basic TerminolQg_Y

for Th~~apeutic Recreation and Other Actipn Therapies,

(Champaign, Illinois: Stipes Publishing Company, 1975),

p. 1+.

Dia.bf'.tic.s. Those individuals who suffer from a dis-

order of carbohydrate metabolism vJhich is characterized

by inadequate secretion or utilization of insulin, frequent

urination, excessive amounts of sugar in the blood and

urine, thirst, hunger and loss of weight. Source: G. & C.

Merriam Company, \.vebs-t:.er' s Seventh New Collegiate Dictio­

na!L (Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1969).

Disa~vantage~. That group of people whose debilitating

conditions in the inner city or rural areas does not

provide them with the necessary economic, educational,

social or cultural opportunities to enjoy life to its

fullest.

5

~E~-~-Alcohg_l. That special population whose

· depE.mdenee on drugs and alcohol prevents them from func-

tioning at highest potential in society.

Emo~~onally Disturbed. The population of youth who

have lost or been denied the opportunity to experience

love, acceptance, belonging, success and friendship from

their parents and significant others and have developed

some fonTl of psychopathology as a result. Source: Thomas

A. Stein and H. Douglas Sessoms, Recreation and Special

Po_Eulati<?_e:s, (2d ed., Boston, Hass.: Holbrook Press, Inc.,

1977), pp. 232-3.

Handicapped Individual. A person with a physical,

mental, emotional or social impairment which makes achieve-

ment unusually difficult.

!!s:m9_philiacs. That population of people with a heredi­

tary tendency to uncontrollable bleeding. Source: G. & C.

Merriam Company, Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictio-

nary (Springfield, Hass.: G. & C. Herriam, 1969).

Juveni~e Delinquency. The juvenile delinquency group

is composed of youth who have been judged by the courts

and society as guilty of wrongdoing and must serve a

period of time called probation or may be incarcerated as

a rehabilitative measure.

~.ear."TT.ing Disable~. The population of children who

because of some disability are· not able to achieve ·well in

school.

Mentally Ill. That special population of adults who

have extreme or persistent difficulty in determining

appropriate or inappropriate behavior in a given situation.

This ta.kes into account variations in social norms and

values as \vell as a range of possible responses. Source:

Thomas A. Stein and H. Douglas Sessoms, Recreation a£1-_c!

~~~l P.QE~:ll.ations, (2d ed., Boston, Hass.: Holbrook

Press, Inc., 1977), p. 138.

Nentally Retarded. Those individuals who function

at a significantly subaverage general intellectual level.

This functioning exists concurrently with deficits in

adaptive behavior and is manifested during the develop­

ment period. Source: Herbert J. Grossman (ed.), Hanual

on Tenninology and Classification in Mental Retardation,

(Washington, D.C.: American Association on Mental

Deficiency, 1973).

Outdoor Recreation. Any activity which helps an

individual gain a sense of appreciation and/or exhilara-

tion from his/her relationship to the natural world.

P '1 • arap.Leglcs. Those individuals who are paralyzed

in the lower half of the body with involvement of both

legs. Source: G. & C. Merriam Company, vJebster's Seventh

~1e::?__9oll_e)!Liate Dictiona_£Y (Springfield, Mass. : G. & C.

Merriam, 1969).

Phys:Lc_ally Disabled. For the purpose of this biblio­

graphy, permanence of disability more readily defines this

7

population which includes the following: amputees,

asthmatics, cardiac patients, cerebral palsy, cystic

fibrosis, diabetics, hemophiliacs and paraplegics.

Senso-;-y Impaired. That special population vJh:i.ch is

impaired in full functioning vJith either hearing, speech

or vision.

Limitations

This project was limited both in the time utilized to

research the literature and in the number of library

facilities available to the author.

The materials were compiled over a two-month period

in the summer of 1979. The library resources of the.

California State University, Northridge, served as the

eources of literature review.

Collection of Sources

The majority of the materials were found in the

Grant Office of the Recreation Department of California

State University, Northridge, and the Oviatt and South

Libraries of California State University, Northridge.

Journal and magazine articles, books, monographs,

agency guides, governmental publications and other biblio­

graphies were reviewed and an annotated bibliography was

compiled. Sources were written in annotated form under

pre-selected categories.

8

The rationale used for deciding whether an activity

was outdoor recreation was if it had any relationship to

nature and the animal vmrld.

The reader of this bibliography ;;vill note that the

citations listed under the corrections and juvenile

delinquency, disadvantaged, drug and alcohol and learning

disabled categories are limited. The reason for a shortage

of materials on corrections and juvenile delinquency and

disadvantaged is that many authors in the past have not

classified these special populations as handicapped. TI1e

drug and alcohol category is small because this group of

people was.classified as handicapped only a few years

ago. Materials about the learning disabled population

are primarily related to camping activities.

Treatment of Sources

Citations were alphabetized under specific disability

groups and then numbered. Annotations were made on each

citation to give the reader an idea of the content of each

work. Uniqueness was the key to including citations within

this bibliography.

A general section was included in this bibliography

to cover sources which encompass more than one or all

disability groups in general. These citations were

numbered and listed alphabetically by author. Table 1

at the beginning of the general section identifies the

9

ci.tations vJhich include information, about specific.

disabilities.

10

II. General

Table 1

Citations of Specific Di~abilities -------·---------------------·----

ACED 8, 9, 58, 60, 75, 89, 95 --------·---------+---------------·-----·

APHASIC 77 --------------4-------------------·-·-------

BLIND 12, 43, 51, 58, 59, 68, 72, 78, 95

-----·-----------+------------------------CORRECTIONS 7, 24, 25, 41, 52 ---~-----------------+--------------·------

DEAF . 12, 72, 77, 89 -------·--·-----------+----------------·

DEVELOPHENTALLY DISABLED 6, 35, 72 ----------·-------------+---

DIABETES 36, 68, 72 _ ........ -------------~-------

DISADVANTAGED 7, 20, 27, 36, 68, 72, 73 -·--------------------f----

EHOTIONALLY DISTURBED

JlPIENILE DELINQUENCY

LEARNING DISABLED

6, 7' 13, 24, 29, 56, 68, 70, 73, 77, 79, 91

7, 2L~, 52

73, 79 ------------------------r-----------------------------

MENTALLY ILL 7, 52 -----------------------r------------------------·------

i'1ENTAI.LY RETARDED 1, 5, 6, 12, 13, 25, 29, 35, 41, 45, 46, 53, 56, 68, 70, 72, 73, 77, 96

---------------------+-------------------PHYSICALLY DISABLED 8, 9, 12, 13, 20, 27, 36, 43,

45, 46, 51, 53, 56, 58, 59, 60, 68, 70, 72, 75, 77' 78, 96

----··-·-------·----'-------------------

11

General

1. Ame:cican Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. The Best of Challlnge, Volum_e }I. ~..Jashington, D.C. : Americat1AI iance for HeaTth, Physical Education and Recreation, 1974.

A number of special interest articles dealing with outdoor recreation for the handicapped are contained within this volume. These articles focus on camping, swli~ming and scouting.

2. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Guide for Financial Assistance and P!oy~am~ort for Activities in Physical Education and Recreation for Imoaired, Disabled .ai1d Handical?~?~cl Paxti~ts: Innovation and Success Stories. Washington, D.C.: American All::Lance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation/Information and Research Utilization Center, May 1973.

Publication is designed to assist local communi­ties in fund-raising for facilities, equipment, supplies and manpower in programs such as camping and outdoor education for handicapped individuals. This publication describes effec­tive methods and successful ventures into funded programs.

3. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Homemade In"0-ovative Play Equipment for Activities in P"b_ysical Education and Recrea­,:tion for Impaired, Disabled and Handicaooed ~articipants. ~.Jashington, D.C. : A111erican Alli­ance for Health, Physical Education and Recrea­tion/Information and Research Utilization Center, May 1973.

Homemade and inexpensive equipment, supplies and adapted devices are described for use in camping and other programs for handicapped in­dividuals. Also described is equipment for use with program participants who are in large groups, have different interests, exhibit diverse abilities or who are in programs with limited budgets.

4. American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Involving Impaired, Disabled and

12

Handic:~ped Per_?ons__i.n R~ular CamE_R!o~~~m~. lilashington, D. C.: American Alliance for Health, Physical Education and Recreation/Information and Research Utilization Center, 1976.

This book is designed to aid camp personnel, recreation agencies and parents in involving people with handicapping.conditions into regular camp programs. Topics covered include: Recruitment of campers, orienting campers to camp life and to other campers and involving campers in camp activities. Emphasis is placed on the similarities between handicapped and non-handicapped campers.

5. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. The Best of Challenge. Washington, D.C.: American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation, 1971.

There are a number of special interest articles contained in this volume which deal ;;vith outdoor recreation for the handicapped with an emphasis on mentally retarded. Camping, · swimming and scouting activities are highlighted

6. Arslaner, Carol and others. ~Camping for Develo£­mentally Disabled and Ex~eptional Children; ~~lines for Estal?,lish~ng Day Camp Programs. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Department of Mental Health, Division of Mental Retardation Services, 1972.

This manual provides a small sampling of activi­ties that day camp personnel can use with a

·little imagination, creativity and resourceful­ness to enhance the enjoyment of emotionally and mentally handicapped participants. Sections cover the administration of a day camp, physi­cal activities, arts and crafts, music activi­ties and solving camp behavior problems. Appen­dices include application forms, materials lists, job descriptions, sample schedules, suggested references and recommended readings.

7. Arthur, Michael. "The Survival Experience as Therapy: .An Appraisal," Journal of Leisura­bili_!_y. Vol. 3, No. 3, July 197~flJ.

Article represents a review of other journal articles dealing with the wilderness survival

13

experience as a therapeutic-tool. Arthur looks at the effects of a wilderness survival experience on self-concept, recidivism and attitude changes. His conclusion discusses the "lasting effect" of such experiences.

8. Avedons Elliott M. "Outdoor Facilities for the Aged or Disabled," Parks a.nd Recreation. Vol. 1, May 1966, pp. 426-9 &~~-

Information is given on hmv to adapt the follow­ing areas for the aged and disabled: picnic areas, swimming pools, telephone.s, toilets and cafeterias.

9. Baker, Joan. "Extended Care Camping: A Process," Journal of Leis~rabili_!:Y· Vol. 5, No. 4, Cfctober 1978, pp~S-=9.

This article nresents the considerations and questions which must be answered in order to have a successful camp for those who need ex-

· tended care.

10. Barnett, Marian VJeller. Handicc:mned Girls and Girl · §_Eoutigg: · A Guide for ·Leaders. New York: Girl Scouts of America.

The merits of integrating handicapped girls with existing troops versus the merits of forming their own troops are discussed. The author presents the principles of adapting activities such as camping in order to meet the needs of specific handicapping conditions.

11. Bauer, Joseph J. Riding for Rehabilitation: A Guide for Handicapped Riders anciTiwir Instructors. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Canadian Stage and Arts Publications Limited, 1972.

This book is divided into t\<JO parts. In Part I, the author relates his experiences while over­coming a number of riding spills and his struggle to create riding programs for the dis­abled. Part II deals v;rith .technical problems that are associated with and for handicapped riders and their instructors. Equipment and methods employed by the author and his contem­poraries in Europe in the riding field for the handicapped are described in detail and docu­mented b~ seventy-eight factual photographs.

Specific chapters deal with all phases of riding including the instructor, horses, equipment, building and grounds. Considerations for children with all types of handicaps are dis­cussed as are riding and preventative therapy.

12. Beechel, J. Interpretation for Handicapped PersO_!lS: A Handbook for Outdoor Recreation Personnel. Seattle,· ~vashington: National Park Service, Pacific Northwest Region, Cooperative Park Studies Unit, College of Forest Resources, July 1975.

This very informative handbook helps to clarify the problems, limitations and needs of blind, deaf, deaf-blind, mentally retarded and non­aniliulatory individuals. Nature trails designed for use by the handicapped are described as well as the successful and unsuccessful design features which have been incorporated into these trails.

13. Bent, Sandra and Miller, Guion. Integrating Mentally Retarded Campers into a Camping Program and Facilitv Soecifica!ly Designed to Meet the Needs of th~ Physicalfy Ha~dicapEed. Wilmington, Delaware: Easter Sea Society for Crippled Children and Adults of Baltimore, 1969.

Findings of a two-year study reported that: 1) retardation was accepted by physically disabled campers as another disability and 2) the two groups could be integrated at almost all levels of activity except when emotionally disturbed retarded were involved.

14. Bickness, J. "Tall in the Saddle," Mental Health. Autumn 1970, pp. 29-31.

A horseback riding program which serves disabled customers is highlighted in this article. The author notes that riding promotes increased feelings of self-confidence and independence among disabled people.

15. Bott·, Kristine A., and Bannasch, Donald M. Guide­lines for Establis~ing an Outdoor Education­Program in ~ecJ.:ar-ECiucation. Ht. Clemens, Michigan: Macomb Intermediate School District, 1975.

15

This volume desc.ribes the E.S.E.A., Title III federally funded project "Discovery Through Outdoor Education," which involved over 3,000 special education students in outdoor education programs during the 1971-74 school years. Included is administrative information (e.g. insurance, transportation) and several hundred outdoor activities in a variety of areas (e.g. school subjects, rainy day activities, ecology).

16. Boy Scouts of America. These Our Brothers: A Guide to Scouting with theHanctfcaEPec{--North Brutls­\vick, Ne-.;v- Jersey: Boy Scouts of America, 1971.

Guidelines are presented for including handi­capped individuals in a scouting program.

17. Bruton, Gwen R. "Handicapped Children, Outdoor Education and Recreation at Camp Singing ~.Jaters,''" Special Recrea!=ion in Rural Areas. Iowa City, Iowa: Recreation Education Program, University of Iowa, 1978.

Description of the four-fold program of Camp Singing ·Haters includes: 1) food; 2) structured group living; 3) outdoor education and 4) recreational activities. Bruton shows how a nature program of experiential learning can reinforce vocabulary building.

18. Buchan, Susan C. "Camping for the Handicapped in Selected Camps in California," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 9, lst Qtr., 1975, pp. 38-41.

A study was made to determine the status of camping for the handicapped in California. Problems studied included: 1) kinds of settings available to handicapped campers--integrated, special or segregated; 2) camps or agencies in which the handicapped were being integrated with non-handicapped; 3) types of camps handi­capped persons attend--day, resident or trip; 4) extent to which handicapped campers were a part of camping programs and 5) opinions and attitudes of camping establishments toward serving handicapped campers. Major findings, conclusions and recommendations are included.

16

19. Burlingame, Alice Hessels. Hoe for Health. Birming­ham, Michigan: 3891 O.s.khiTrs Dilve, -48010, 1974.

This volume serves as a source of horticultural activities that can be used in recreational/ educational programs. Instructions are given in a "how-to" fashion. Specific sections of the book cover most disability areas and all age levels.

20. · Burpee, Jane. "Educational Camping Tours of Western Canada, Integrating Handicapped and Non­Han.dicapped Teenagers," Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapis~-~· Vol. 41, Summer 1974, p. 10.

A group of handicapped and disadvantaged able­bodied teenagers \vere provided a travel camping experience. The following purposes were estab­lished: 1) provision of a learning experience in Canadian geography; 2) integration of able­bodied and disabled in one group; 3) improvement in camper's self-help, travel and camping skills and 4) provision of an experience in group living.

21. Carroll, Arthur J. "Efforts to Adapt National Forest Recreation Areas for Use by the Handicapped," ~~erapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 7, 1st Qtr., 1973, pp. 4~5.

22.

23.

This article describes a plan for the improve­ment of national forest recreation areas for use by the handicapped. It is emphasized that an improvement for the handicapped is an improvement for everyone.

Chapman, Frederick M. the Handicatbed. Company, 19 .

Recreation Activities for New York: Ronald Press

The rationale for recreation for handicapped people is discussed as well as a design for programming and leadership techniques. Ideas and instructions are mentioned for nature and outdoor activities.

Dethlefs, Ted. "Modifications for Handicapped Persons in Outdoor Recreation," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 5, 2nd Qtr., 19IT, pp. =7~2~+-.---------

17

This article presents basic construction modifications of outdoor recreation facilities such as playgrounds, picnic areas and sports fields. Special-use facilities are discussed and notable recreation areas like Manrrnoth Lakes, California, are mentioned to give the reader an idea of trends in construction modifications.

24. Dickey, Howard L. "Outdoor Adventure Training," Journal of Physical Education and Recreation. Vol. 49, No. 4, April 1978, p. 35.

Thi.s article points to the relative successes that Out\vard-Bound type programs have had for juvenile delinquents, female convicts and emotionally disturbed children.

25. Eiler, John. "Inmates Work with Retarded," Hospital and Conununity Psychiatry. Vol. 23, February r972, p. 7.

A day camp program run by reformatory inmates and high school and college students from. Washington, D.C., for severely to mildly retarded children is described. Benefits of such a working relationship are discussed.

26. Fait, Hollis F. A~..§l?_ted Physical Education. Phila­delphia, Pa.: W. B. Saunders Co., 1960.

This is a very complete book on physical educa­tion activities that can be adapted to all types of handical_Js. Mr. Fait points out the conditions that lead to low physical fitness and shows hovl the handicauped fit into this picture and how they can ~vercome these obsta­cles. Each of the handicaps is explained i.n detail and a physical education program for each type of handicapped person is presented. A special section on camping is included.

27. Ford, Phyliss M. "Two Modern Challenges for Every Camp Director," Camping Magazine. Vol. 41, September/October 1969, pp. 18-19.

The integration of the disadvantaged and physically handicapped in a camp program is discussed as is the pre-camp training period for a smoother run program.

18

28. Your Camp and .t:l:~ Handi(a£ped: Child. --··Biad:word VJoods, Martinsville, Iil.diana:

29.

30.

American Camping Association, 1966.

This book provides useful guidelines for director and counselor in dealing with the handicapped.

Fowler, John. ... Ma_gazine. p. 37.

"These are Campers, Too," Camp_ing Vol. 39 ,_ Sept~1libe:r-_LOctober-r9157,

Camp Happy Hollow in Hichigan, a summer camp for mentally re·tarded and emotionally disturbed youngsters and adults, is described.

Garrison, Cecil. Outdoor Education, Prihciples ahd · Practice. Springfield·, Illinois: Cc a~cl~

Thomas ,-1966.

This is a basic text in outdoor education and camping which contains information on the following: 1) outdoor skills and knowledge; 2) weather forecasting; 3) outdoor cooking; L~) camp sanitation; 5) stars and planets; 6) rock identification and collection; 7) outdoor games; 8) nature crafts and 9) hazards in the outdoors. A section on outdoor recreation for the disabled is also included.

31. Garvey, J. H. "Touch and See," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 7, No. 11, November 1969, pp. 2~2.

Information is Dresented on the Touch and See Nature Trail at.the National Arboretum in \vashington, D.C. The facility and its compo-· nents are described.

32. Golden son, Robert M. Disab:i:.).i~y and Rehabilitation Handbook. New York: McGraw-Hi--rr,-Inc. , 19-nr:--

This is a very comprehensive book on the entire field of disability and rehabilitation. Part I lays the foundation for rehabilitation with chap­ters covering subjects such as independent living, ·education, employment, housing, architectural barriers, transportation, legislation, advocacy, financial aid and recreation. The recreation chapter include.s discussion on day camping, residential camping and scouting. Part II deals with information on the specific

19

disabilities. Part III involves extensive discussion on case histories, facilities and the rehabilitation professions. Part IV is a data bank with statistics, agency listings, bibliographies, a run-down on federal programs and other sources of information.

33. Gordon, Ronnie. The Des:!:f-2 __ of Pre-Sch_Q_~l The=:_r~u­ti.c Play_g_I._ound: An Outd<?or --rLearning Labora­tory,' !<-ehabili"tat~on Monograph 47. New York: Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, New York University Medical Center, 1972.

A special playground was designed to provide maximum opportunities for pre-school handicapped children to interact vlith an outdoor environment enabling them to experience a variety of learn­ing situations and peer relationships that would otherwise be difficult to achieve. Verbal descriptions, photographs and line diagrams of the areas and equipment on the playground are included.

34. Griffiths, Albert E. and Lucy 1-J. "Healing Through Horticulture," Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 3, No. 1, January~76, pp. 29-35.

This article discusses the benefits of horti­culture as a form of therapeutic recreation and physical therapy. The article also gives the reader an idea of programs for teaching horticulture-therapy techniques which have been developed at the university level.

35. Grosso, Clarence and Bain, Margaret. "A Little Bit of Everything for Everyone," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 9, February 1974, pp. 42-3.

Mentally retarded and developmentally disabled children and adults ~;-vere integrated with non­handicapped children in an eight-week day camp program in Troy, New York. A brief description of the program's organization and activities is contained in the article .

.36. Hagen, A., Jack, C. and Baker, G. "Three Camps for the Handicapped in Nova Scotia," Canadian Ca~~Z· Vol. 23, No. 3, 1971, pp. 23-~

This article is a presentation of programs at: 1) Camp Atlantic, Nova Scotia Diabetic Camp in

20

37.

Pictar County; 2) Camp Tidnish, Amherst Rotary Club Camp for underprivileged and disabled children and adults from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick and 3) VJestmont Day Camp for disabled childreh in Halifax.

Hall, Nancy F. and Oliver, Jack D. Handica£2~ Camper ~ation Proj,Et. Lansing, Micl1igan: Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults, Inc., of Ingham County, 1973.

Camp directors, counselors and parents evaluated the experience of integrating minimally to moderately handicapped children and youth into "regular" residential camping programs. Results indicated that the majority of handicapped children had successful experiences in peer group relationships in addition to enjoyjng the camp experience.

38. Ha·wkins, ·Donald E. and Littman, Karen G. Cam.£_~~ and_ Environmental Learning for Handica...EPecrJ?ersons. Washington, D.C.: George Washington University.

39.

This pamphlet discusses the benefits derived from camping and environmental learning for handicapped individuals and includes methods for increasing opportunities in this area.

___ , Vinton, Dennis A. and Cipriano, Robert. The Natural Environment and Human Developmept Implications for Handicapped Children in UrSin Settin~. Washington, D.C.: The Pinchot In­stitute and Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 1975.

The state-of-the-art in outdoor recreation for the handicapped is revie;,·7ed in the literature. The bibliography contains the following divi­sions: 1) the value of the natural environment in the growth and development of handicapped children; 2) programs, administration and evalu­ation of natural environment and 3) architec­tural modifications/barrier-free site design.

40. Hefley, Paula Diane and Sperling, Arnold. "Thera­peutic Recreation Through Horticulture," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 7, 3rd Qtr., 1973, pp. 31-4.

The authors show ho~1 horticulture can be of therapeutic value to any population involved in

21

various recreational therapy programs. Indoor and outdoor projects involving the growing of plants as well a.s those projects related to horticulture but not actually involving the growing aspect are indicated.

41. Hogle, C. Alan. "Lean on Me: A Unique Scouting Program," Chil~ren Today. . Vo 1. 1, No. 5, September/October 1972, pp. 7-10.

A scouting program is described which combines young boys from t-he Fairvie\v Hospital and Train­ing Center for the Mentally Retarded in Salem, Oregon and inmates from Oregon State Correc­tional Institution, a medium security prison on the outskirts of Salem.

42. Hunt, Valerie. Recreation for the Handica_E_ped. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1955.

Textbook contains a chapter about camping pro­·grams for the disabled. A chapter on scouting for the handicapped is also included.

43. Jessen, Larry. "Outward Bound for the Handicapped," Journal of Physical Education and Recreation. Vol. 47, No. 5, May 1976, p. 54.

This article describes an Oregon Outward Bound program which was adapted to meet the needs of five handicapped people. Three individuals had cerebral palsy, one was blind and epileptic and the last was the author who \vas a para­plegic on crutches. The accompaniment of a non-handicapped child psychologist helped make this a 'remarkable' mainstreaming effort.

44. Jones, Ron. The Acorn People. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press, 1978.

This is the story of a college athlete and physical education major who worked as a summer camp counselor at a camp for "special" kids with various disabilities. The two-week period proves to be an unforgettable and re­\varding time for Mr. Jones as he moves from an unprepared, angry counselor to an understand~ ing, loving provider for the five severely handicapped children with whom he shared the cabin. CBS television made a two-hour movie of this true story.

22

45. Kapurch, June A. "Camping Though Handicapped, 11

A.'neric~~ Journal of Nursing. Vol. 66, August 1966, pp. 1794-7.

Thirty-two moderately to severely physically and mentally disabled boys were placed in a. camp with non-disabled boys for eight two-week sessions. Results indicated that:. 1) there was a gradual breaking down of social barriers between physically disabled and non-disabled campers, but 2) the mentally retarded campers didn't adjust readily to organized activity and experienced greater difficulty in relating to the non-disabled group.

46. Klappholz, Lowell, ed. Physical Education for the !?_"!?:Y§ically Handiceu?_:eed and Hentally Ret_ard_t;d. New London, Connecticut: Croft Educational Services, 1969.

This publication contains twenty-seven reports on what local school systems have done to pro­vide services for physically and mentally .handi­capped students. Swimming and camping programs are among the topics discussed.

L~7. Knox, Gerald M. "Summer Camps for Handicapped Kids," Better Homes and Gardens. Vol. 53, Harch 1975, pp. 24 & 36.

This discussion of special and integrated camps was written for parents of handicapped children. A section on how to find a special camp is included.

48. Kronick, Doreen. "Making Exceptional Children a Part of the Summer Camp Scene: Camp Directors Can Help Handicapped Children Cope with Real Life by Assuring Success in the Camp Setting," Canadian Camping. Vol. 22, February 1970, pp. 20-4.

This article addresses itself to camp directors regarding the integration of disabled and ex­ceptional children into a normal camp. Dis­cussion follows on how this can be accomplished to the benefit of all campers and staff. Camp Tonekee in Canada is the setting.

2.3

40 "'. "You Can Hake. Exceptional Children Part of Your Regular Summer Camp," .9~!~8 Hagazine. Vol. 44, February 1972, p. 14.

Methods for successfully integrating handicapped children into "normal" camps are discussed.

SO, Leggett, Jowava M. "O.H.I. Conducts Seminars for Girl Scouts, 4-H, 11 Programs for the Handica12ped Booklet of the Office of Han~icapE_~d Individuals. Washington, D.C.: Department of Healtfi, Education and Helfare, No. 2, Harch/April 1979, pp. 4-6.

This is an account of seminars held in the nation's capital between Girl Scout, 4-H organizations and the Office of Handicapped Individuals to determine the extent to which handicapped people could participate in the organizations. The seminar programs included simulation exercises for non-handicapped people to get an idea of travelling in a wheelchair

-and question and answer sessions in conjunction with panel discussions on handicapped needs in legislation, programs and special meals for socialization purposes.

51. Lewis, Julie. "Skiing for the Disabled," Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 2, No. 4, October-r97s-:-­pp. 27-31.

This article points out how skiing can be enjoyed by all types of visibly disabled people. All sorts of competitive, socialization, challenge and travel values can be obtained

· by these skiers. The author explains the program that she and a friend put together for both adults and children in British Columbia.

52. Lowry, Thomas P. Campin~~~~· Its Uses in Psychiatry and Rehabilitation. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1974.

Camping experiences for young people with no visible problems, delinquent adolescents, mentally ill people and hard core institutional­ized individuals represents the range of con­tributions described by the 17 authors who submitted articles for this book. Camping therapy represents a specific body of knowledge, according to this book. The book also brings

to light an understanding of group processes, proper selection of staff and campers and the common practices of camping itself.

53. Lunan, Bert. "Fun for Handicapped Campers," Issues in Outdoor Recreation. Clayne R. Jensen---a:tlc1-Clark T-.-ThnrStenson~ eds. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Burgess Publishing Co., 1977, pp. 298-300.

This article describes the Little Grassy Facilities of Southern Illinois University, a camp which operates during the summer months for mentally retarded and physically disabled children. A variety of social activities of a camping nature are made available to the campers and educational experiences are provided as is the opportunity for social growth.

54. Hayberry, Robert P. "The Mystique of the Horse is Strong Medicine: Riding as Therapeutic Recreation," Rehabilitation Literature. Vol. 39, Nos. 6 & 7, June/July 1978.

The art of horseback riding is explored through history in this essay. Also discussed in the essay are: 1) what are the benefits and who can benefit from well~managed riding pro­grams; 2) \vho is not suited for riding programs and 3) \vhat is the rationale for these programs. The basic thought that this article seeks to advance concerns man's need for a controlled risk activity which is met through horseback riding. Handicapped people can achieve rea­sonable degrees of success in risk-taking with this activity and can also get euphoric feelings and a sense of love for the animal. The article also indicates that this activity is gaining a great deal of popularity in the United States.

55. McCowan, Lida L. It is Ability that Counts: A Training Manual on Therapeutic Riding fo!_ the Handicapped. Olivet, Michigan: The Olivet Press, Olivet College, 1972.

This publication is based on the author's experi­ence as executive director and head instructor of Chef£ Center for the Handicapped, Augusta, Michigan, as she provided the necessary leader­ship to develop therapeutic horseback riding

25

programs. Specific chapters deal with program organization, day-to-day administration~ selection of mounts and stable management, training of mounts and therapeutic riding.

56. HcGrath, Ray. "Environmental Resource Center: Making the Outdoors Available to the Handicapped," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vol. 44, No. 1, January 1973, pp. 46-8 & 66.

The program of Hempstead, New York, known as ANCHOR (Answering the Needs of Children with Handicaps through Organized Recreation) is described in detail. Special attention is given to participants, facilities, activities and administration.

57. Helwood Horticultural Training Center, Vosbeck, Vosbeck, Kendrick and Redinger. Plan and Pr~ram GreenHell State Park. AnnapoTis, Maryland: State of Maryland, Department of Natural Resources, 1975.

This study indicates how park facilities are constructed with the handicapped and environ­ment in mind, A number of innovative recrea­tional facilities and programs are planned and discussed, such as horseback riding for the handicapped.

58. Merrill, Toni. Activities for the Aged and Infirm: A Handbook for the Untrained \A!orker. Spring­field, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1967.

Aspects of personnel and planning are discussed. The leader, resident, program, facilities, resources and reports, evaluation and volun­teers are part of these processes. Activities are suggested for patients by category. These include: bed care patients, visually handi­capped, wheelchair residents, residents with some use of their hands and ambulatory resi­dents. Outdoor recreation, horticultural activities and trips are among activity areas discussed for the special populations mentioned above.

59. Hugford, Ann. "Cross Country Skiing for the Disabled in Nova Scotia," Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 6, No. 1, January 1.979, pp. 31-3.

26

The author talks about the need for organiza­tion and knowledge of physical needs of the disabled before a skiing program can get started. Huch attention is also given to helping the disabled skiers with transportation, finat1cing for equipment and training through 't-Jeekend clinics. Basically this article shows the enthusiasm that the author has for teaching a sport to a population that many people take for granted.

60. National Center for Law and the Handicapped. "A Statewide Comprehensive Plan: Illinois is Revamping Its Outdoor Recreational Resources," Amicus. Vol. 3, No. 3, May/June 1978, pp. 38-43.

Article deals with Illinois' attempt to provide a better means of delivery of recreation services to its senior citizen and handicapped populations. This federally funded plan has a timetable of five years and has six major goals specified in the article: 1) Staff Training; 2) Accessibility and Usability of Facilities; 3) Informing the Public; 4) Sites and Facilities Control Program; 5) Renovation of Existing Sites and Facilities and 6) Special Programs.

61. National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults. The Easter Seal Directory

1of

Resident Camps for Persons with Specia Health Needs. Chicago, Illinois: National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults, Spring 1977.

This directory lists resident camps for persons with special health needs throughout the fifty states. All pertinent information regarding these camps is listed.

62. National Recreation and Park Association. "Steps Toward Full-Service Park and Recreation Facili­ties," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 14, No. 4, April 1979, pp. 42-4.

A brief scan is made of a number of outdoor recreation facilities in the United States which have been made accessible to handicapped people. The primary ~oal of these facilities is to introduce handicapped people to life in

non-institutional environments. Steps on how to develop a nature center with any type of population are listed in this article.

63. Nesbitt, John A. and others. Training Needs and _Strategies in Caffi:ping for :the HandicaQE_~~.· Eugene, Oregon: University of Oregon Press, 1972.

~venty-eight position papers representing the works of participants at a conference on training needs in camping and outdoor recrea­tion for handicapped children in the United States make up this volume. General areas represented in these papers include: partici­pation and programs, philosophy, development of camps and programs, integration, operations and training.

6ft. Nierenberg, Linda and Berthold, Michael. Final Re12_ort: Hodification of New York StateParks for Disabled Individuals, 1977. Albertson,

.New York: New York State Office of Parks and Recreation, Human Resources Center, 1977. ·

This is a state-of-the-art paper which was developed by the Human Resources Center to assist the state in evaluating its public parks, recreational facilities and historical sites to determine the degree of work needed to make these facilities more accessible to the disabled population. The focus of the paper is on attitudes and mvareness, legislation which affects accessible recreation facilities, insurance cost factors in relation to barrier­free architecture and architectural barrier modifications as found in the literature.

65. Olszowy, Dr. Damon R. Horticulture for the Disabled and Disadvantaged. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1978.

This is a resource guide for occupational and recreational therapists and social \vorkers who use horticulture in rehabilitation programs for the disabled. This work is based upon pilot projects sponsored by various research centers. The physical and psychological characteristics of disabling conditions and their implications for horticulture are de­scribed . The text also lists and identifies

28

activities and projects that are adaptable to many handicapping conditions.

66. Ontario Research Council on Leisure. 11 Landscaping for the Handicapped: Strybing Arboretum," Recreation Review. Vol. 2, No. 4, 1972, pp. 21-3.

The need for a barrier-free natural environment for disabled persons is discussed. The follo\-ving programs and pamphlets are described within the article: 1) national park guide; 2) guide for outdoor recreation for the handi­capped; 3) comprehensive guidebook in the design of exterior facilities and 4) the Strybing Fragrance Garden with its braille markers system of identifying plants.

67. O~;ven, Betty H. "Hainstreaming at Dae Valley Camp," Journal of Physical Education and Recreation. Vol. 49, No. 5, May 1978, pp. 28-30.

This article describes thoroughly activities that are utilized at the camp as well as the method of mainstreaming used. The reader will note that the emphasis of mainstreaming is placed on the child's ability level rather than his/her classification of disability.

68. Palter, E. "Exceptional Children," Canadian Camping. Vol. 24, No. 2, 1972, pp. 10 & 18-19.

The article discusses how the following groups of exceptional children can fit into a camp setting: gifted children, mentally retarded, physically disabled, diabetics, people with allergies, perceptually disabled, emotionally disturbed and culturally enriched or culturally deprived children.

69. Pantzer, Barbara and Vinton, Dennis. Camping for the Handicapped Bibliography. Arlington, Virginia: National Recreation and Park Associa­tion, National Therapeutic Recreation Society, October 197Lt.

This volume is a comprehensive bibliography of camping activities for all disabled populations.

29

70. Peterson, Carol Ann. "The Right to Risk," Journal of Physical Education and Recreation. Vol. 49, No. li., April 1978, pp. 47-8.

This article questions the continuing practice of excluding handicapped persons from "high risk" activities. Societal attitudes, staff attitudes and architectural and physical barriers are brought to light in this discussion.

71. ·Richardson, Steven A., Ronald, Linda and Kleck, Robert E. "The Social Status of Handicapped and Non-Handicapped Boys in a Camp Setting," Journal of Special Education. Vol. 8, Summer ""f('\-"'7. .L":J7+, pp. 143-52.

72.

This article provides an examination of friend­ship and preferences of handicapped and non­handicapped boys in an extended camping session.

Rodney, Lynn S. and Ford, Phyliss H. Cam~ Adminis­_!:ration. Ne-vv York: Ronald Press, 1 71.

Chapter 16 of this book discusses special · considerations needed in camps where handicapped and minority children are involved. Activities to include each of these populations in a regular camp are suggested.

73. Shea, Thomas M. Camping for Special Children. St. Louis, Missouri: C. V. 11osby Company, 1977.

This very concise volume is divided up into three sections: 1) Introduction--in which special types of children are categorized and prescriptive teaching is explained; 2) six model camps are described and 3) behavior manage­ment and administration is considered. The appendices provide forms, additional ideas and readings for organizing a camp.

74. Shivers, Jay S. and Fait, Hollis F. Therapeutic and Adapted Recreational Services. Philadelphia, Pa.: Lea & Febiger, 1975.

This is a comprehensive textbook which covers the process of therapeutic and adapted recrea­tional services. Considerable thought is given to explanation of the following: 1) the differences bet\.;reen the treatment and community

30

settings; 2) the various disabilities; 3) psychology of illness and disability; 4) the rehabilitation process and 5) program~ing organi­zation and administration in therapeutic and adapted recreational services. Camping and nature-oriented activities are major program areas discussed in the book.

75. Snook, Leslie. Gardening for the Elderly and Handicapped~ndon, England: Pan Brooks, rg·o-r.

This book describes tec1miques of easy cul ti vat ion, even for people in \vheelchairs.

76. Special Study Institute. Outdoor Education for the Handicapped. Buffalo, New York: Faculty or­Professional Studies, State University of New York, College at Buffalo, 1973.

This document contains a description of the methods used to enhance the outdoor experiences of handicapped people already involved-in outdoor education programs. The authors had participated in a three-day seminar that explored ways to integrate the principles of outdoor education within prescribed state curriculum syllabi. -

77. Sternberg, Robert. "Structured Camping for the Exceptional Child," Recreation for the Ill and Handicapped. Vol. 10, No. L~, October 196b,pp :-5 & 21.

A summer camp outside the Baltimore, 11aryland, area is a camp for exceptional children (i.e., emotionally disturbed, mentally retarded, neurologically impaired, deaf and aphasic) with complete structure from beginning to end. Elements of the program are given in summary form.

78. Stone, Edward H. "There's a Wheelchair in the Woods," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 6, No. 12, December 1971, pp. 19~21 & 48-9.

The recreational needs of the handicapped, particularly the blind, are discussed. Of particular note in the.article are programs operating in the United States and designs of

camping areas and nature trails accommodating the disabled.

79. Stoudenmire, John. 11 Including Educational and Per­ceptual Training in a Therapeutic Camp for Emotionally Disturbed Children, 11 Theraplu~-i~ Recreation Journal, Vol. 11, 1st Qtr. , · 977, pp. 12-15.

This is an account of a therapeutic camp in Hississippi \¥here educational and emotional objectives operated to help youngsters with learning disabilities. A table gives examples of these objectives along with the appropriate activities. The article points out that chil­dren with emotional problems are also likely to have learning disabilities in the form of perceptual handicaps and sensory-motor diffi­culties.

80. United States Bureau of Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor Recreation Planning for the Handi~")ped. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Bureau of Outdoor· Recreation, 1967.

Limitations and needs of handicapped people are discussed along with what can be done to compen­sate for their disabilities. Camping, fishing and boating modifications are explored. Case histories are provided on the following: 1) a self-guiding nature trail in Aspen, Colorado; 2) camping for the disabled in San Francisco, California and 3) the adaptation of recreational facilities in Nev7 York State.

81. United States Department of the Interior, Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service. 1978 Nationwide Outdoor Recreation Plan, Ta~ Force Report: Recreation Needs orthe Handi­capped. U.S. Department of the Interior, Heri­tage Conservation and Recreation Service, 1978.

This particular report deals with the recreation needs of the handicapped in relation to legis-

. lation, policy, program and funding actions which must take place in the nationwide outdoor recreation plan so that these needs can be met satisfactorily. The following needs are addressed in this report: 1) accessibility of facilities; 2) accessibility of programs; 3) compliance; 4) consumer involvement; 5) training;

31 ~-

6) technical assistance; 7) research; 8) employment and 9) transportation. The Task Force asked that dialogue continue on these matters.

82. United States Forest Service. P~anninv a Facility fc:r the Handicapped: Mammoth Lakes Campground. San Francisco, California: U.S. Forest Service, 1971.

This pamphlet was written to serve as a planning guide for recreators v1ho wish to develop an outdoor recreation area similar to Mmnmoth Lakes Campground in Inyo National Forest. Financing, campground design, administration and design of special recreation facilities are items discussed.

83. United States Forest Service. The Development of Trout Pond Recreation Area for the HandicaJ2§ed. San Francisco, California: U.S. Forest Service.

This pamphlet describes Trout Pond Recreation Area for the Handicapped. The facilities, programs and site design are included in

}, . d . . t,~I.s es cr1.pt1on.

84. United States Forest Service. Planning a Facility for the Handicapped. San Francisco, California: U.S. Forest Service.

This pamphlet describes Pine Glen Campground in Inyo National Forest. The recreation area for the handicapped is described as to design, facilities provided and negative and positive aspects of these facilities are discussed.

85. United States National Park Service. The National Park Guide for the Handicapped. Washington, D.C.: National Park Service, 1972.

This guide gives a picturesque description of each of the national parks in the United States with information about accessibility delineated by handicap.

86. United States National Park Service. Access National Parks. 1-Jashington, D.C. : National Park Service, 1978.

33

This is an expanded version of the guide from 1972. Regional maps are included in this guide.

87. Unite.d States National Park Service. Trends. Vol. 11, No. 1, January/February/March--1974; Washington, D.C.: National Park Service.

This issue deals basically with adapting national forest recreation areas for use by the handicapped.

88. United States National Park Service. Trends. Vol. 11, No. 3, July/August/September 1974, Hashing­ton, D.C.: National Park Service.

This issue of the magazine discusses administra­t~ive needs to make existing facilities more easily accessible to the handicapped.

89. United States National Park Service. Trends. Vol. 15, No. 2, Spring 1978, Hashington, D.C.: National Park Service.

This particular publication contains articles which are of interest to national park personnel in terms of design standards, interpretative services to the deaf, senior citizens and people who speak a foreign language and accessibility. An article referring to a special-use trail should also be of interest to the reader.

90. van der Smissen, Betty and Joyce, Donald V. Biblio­g_~aphy of Theses and D~ssertations in Recrea.­_!:ion, Parks, Campi~ and Outdoor Educatioll:.· Washington, D.C.: National Recreation and Park Association, 1971.

This volume contains over 1,000 citations under the heading of therapeutic recreation services. An example of these are camping and outdoor education for handicapped people.

91. van der Smissen, Betty. Research Camping and Environmental Education. University Park, Pa.: Penn State HPER Series No". 11,· College of Health, Physical Education and Recreation, The Pennsylvania State University, 1976.

This volume represents proceedings from a national \vorkshop held at Penn State University

3 / <f

in late 1975 in which 250 leaders in the field of camping and environmental education attended. The volume is divided into two parts. Part I describes vmrk.shop presentations and Part II is a comprehensive bibliography. Specific presentations dealing with special populations in relation to camping and environmental educa.·­tion in Part I, Theme III, Enhanceme.nt of Individuals include: 1) Adventure-Oriented Programs: A Review of Research by Minoru Iida; 2) Therapeutic Camping as a Treatment Modality for the Emotionally Disturbed by Robert D. Lyman and 3) Self-Concepts of Special Populations by Herberta M. Lundgren.

92. Vinton, Dennis A. and others. Camping and Environ­~ental Educ§:tion for Handic_~_p_p_~d _Children and Youth. 1.Vashington, D.C. : Hawkins and As-sociates, 1978.

This publication represents an effort to trace the development of camping and environmental education for handicapped children and youth in the United States and to probe some of the educational, recreational and therapeutic aspects of these programs. Topics in the first part of the book include: 1) an historical perspective of camping for the handicapped; 2) philosophy and objectives of camping and environmental education; 3) an analysis of mobility and accessibility factors related to the provision of camping programs and q.) ser­vices and significant trends in program planning and implementation. An annotated bibliography with over 500 citations makes up a major portion of the book.

93. Walker, J. D. "Handicapped Camping in Alberta: A Five-Year Projection 1970-75," Canadian Camping. Vol. 23, No. 2, 1971, pp. 4-5 & 22-5.

This article discusses the means by which Alberta can meet the challenge of providing outdoor recreation in a camp setting for disabled children. Three areas include: 1) identifica­tion and placement of campers; 2) staff selection, training and development and 3) the coordination and administration of a continuing service.

94. Westover, Kathy. · '·'Camp Horizon," Po:L,~ter. Vol. 20, Spring 1976, pp. 76-9.

Concerns and considerations involved in planning a camp for handicapped children are discussed. C . f' . ff ampslte, lnances, eqtnpment, sta -, campers, program and evaluation are covered.

95. Whitney, Earle D. and Walters, George T. "Coopera­tive Camping," Recreation. Vol. 4-9, No. 6, J11ne 1956, pp. 291-2.

This article is an account of a recreation experience in which blind teenagers and older adults shared a campsite so that finances, staff and programming v1ere pooled together.

96. Wood, Torn. "The Farm Club Has Acres of Opportunity," ICRH Ne1vsletter. Vol. 3, No. 19, 1969, pp. 1 · &- 4.

A 7\-acre farm, jointly mmed by families of physically and mentally disabled youth, provides recre.at ional, physical, social and academic experiences throughout the year.

III. ~ged

97. Ammon, George B. Adventures vdth Older Adults in Outdoor Settings, Philadelphia, Pa.: United: Church Press, 1972.

This booklet is a tool for camping practitioners to use with senior citizens in a church camp setting.

98, Bone, Maurice D. "Retirement: Camping on the Good Life, 11 Perspective_on Aging. Vol. 3, No. 6, November/December 1974, p. 16,

This is the story of how a few individuals have adjusted to retirement from their first careers by developing a new field of endeavor for themselves,

99, Born, Ted J. "Elderly RV Campers Along the Lower Colorado River: A Preliminary Typology," Journal of Leisure Research. Vol. 8, No. 4, Drf6:]pp. 256-62.

This is an account of an interview schedule during the winter of 1973-74 with 580 elderly recreational vehicle campers in the Lower Colorado River basin. The interview schedule was utilized to determine the seniors' visitor habits in relation to five categories as follows: 1) per person annual income; 2) education of the man; 3) woman's total adult preretirement camping experience; 4) value of mobile quarters and tovl vehicle and 5) the percentage of the year the respondent lived in mobile quarters. Camping socialization 'tvas brought to light in this study.

100. Bm.ven, Georgene E. Summer is Ageless: Recreation Program for Older Adults. New York: National Recreation Association, 1958.

This is an illustrative guide of recreation programs for senior citizens with an emphasis on outdoor recreation.

101, Crawford, Robert ~J. "Day Camp for Oldsters, 11 Re·crea­tion, Vol. 45, No. 10, March 1952, pp. 560~1.

37

A picture story of a day camp for senior citizens in Oakland, California, seeks to demon­strate the success that the Oakland Recreation Department achieved with this "first-time thing." ·

102. Feehery, James H. Campi~ for Senior Citizens. Bradford vJoods, Martinsvile, Indiana: American Camping Association, 1966.

Philosophy, site and facilities, leadership, program services and administrative considera­tions are the content of this short but complete booklet.

103. Foster, Virgil. "Camping is for Older Adults," International Journal of Religious Education. Vol. 44, December 1967, pp. 6-7.

Organization of a camping program is discussed in terms of older people's concerns. Activi­ties center around discussion and other forms of socializing and the use of the natural setting.

104. Guerard, Ed. "Steps in Organizing a Senior Citizen Camp, 11 Cam12ing Magazine. Vol. 46, September 1973, pp. 2b & 30.

Camping for senior citizens is discussed in terms of facilities, menus, transportation, program, staffing and program initiation.

105. Hochheimer, Rita. "Hmv Senior Citizens Enrich the Camp Program," Camping Hagazine. Vol. 35, February 1963, p. 17.

106.

107.

The author, a senior citizen herself, describes a. camp program in which senior citizens worked as aides with underprivileged children.

Kaplan, Jerome. Recreation.

"The Maturing of Golden Age Camps," Vol. 46A, June 1953, pp. 175-6.

The content of a camp program for senior citi­zens and recruitment techniques are discussed.

"Old Age: -- Cam...E_ing Magazi_pe.

A New Frontier for Camping," Vol. 23, November 1951, p. 11.

This article discusses the rationale for in­viting the older camper to your camp. Camp

38

program content a.nd the benefits of camping to the aged are also discussed.

108. ___ · _____ . A Social Pro_gram for Ol_<ier _p~e~ple. Hinneapolis, Minnesota: University of Hinnesota Press, 1953.

This particular book provides the practitioner with the basics for setting up a recreation program for senior citizens. Particular atten­tion is paid to what to look for and how to train social group workers and volunteers. Suggestions are given for programming and participation. The author also provides his understanding of what resident care homes should do for the aged.

109. Katsanis, Andrew. "560 Apply for 120 Places in Camp's Pre and Post Camp Oldster Session," Camping Hagazine. Vol. 44, March 1972, --rz p. 1-.

The American Association of Retired People and the National Retired Teachers Assod_ation initiated a vacation holidays camp for senior citizens which took place before and after the regular children's summer camp season.

110. Lovell, Ann and Ransford, Ann. "Grandma's Gone to Camp," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 3, November 1968, p. 15.

A camp for a group of 100 campers averaging 75 years of age in Seattle is described. The effectiveness of this type of camp program is discussed.

111. MacArthur, James D. and Fillmore, Edgar R. "Access to Forest Recreation for Urban Senior Citizens," Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 5, No. 4, Octo­ber 1978, pp. 30-7.

A program involving urban forest research is described and pointed to as fulfilling the needs of senior citizens to whom these forest areas are most inaccessible. The concern here is to manage forest areas by way of four separate trail or visit designs so that seniors can get a comprehensive experience of forest life. Senior citizen needs in forest recrea­tion were compiled via four means: 1) review

39

of pertinent literature; 2). interviews with persons responsible for the planning or manage­ment of outdoor recreation facilities; 3) interviews with public agencies involved in planning activities for the elderly and 4) interviews with directors and members of a variety of senior citizen groups or Golden Age Clubs.

112. HcClain, Martha and Scholer, Elmer A. ''Two Experts View Camping for Older Adults," Camping !-faga~ne. Vol. 40, March 1969, pp~S-16.

These two authors discuss facilities and pro­gram aspects that are needed for senior citi­zens. The authors go into great detail describing location and geography of the site, the changes needed in facilities and program aspects with regard to the needs of the aged.

113. MacCullum, Marion. "Outdoor Recreation and the Senior Citizen," Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 5, No. 4, October 1978, pp. 16=~

This article addresses itself to the need to help senior citizens realize retirement as a major career in which they can learn new skills for a more productive leisure lifestyle. The Recreation Services to Special Groups section of the Alberta Recreation Parks and Wildlife Department provides pioneer courses as mentioned in the article to give seniors the opportunity to learn these ne\v skills at their own ability level. The leadership con~onent of the training is also mentioned.

114. Mader, Olga. "Industry and the Older Adult Horker," Recreation in Treatment Centers. Vol. 4, September 1965, pp. 16-18.

Industry is providing some recreational oppor­tunities to go along with some of the recreation agency activities. Camping was one activity mentioned.

115. Margolin, Lillian. "V.lhat Your Camp Can Do for the Older Adult," Camping Hagazine. Vol. 44, January 1972, pp. 10-~

The facilities, program and other considerations needed to turn a children's camp into a senior citizen's camp are discussed.

40

116, Moore, Samuel A. , J. "Outdoor Older Folk," Recreation. 1975, p. 59.

Smith, Julian.&Schuette, Fred Education-Outdoor Activities for ~ournal of Physical Education and Vol. 46, No. 9, NovernberTDecember

This article brings into question the need for outdoor education as an alternative source of activities to the sedentary nature of checkers or shuffleboard. A number of enjoyable activi­ties are suggested and the reader is alerted to some inherent difficulties in providing programs for senior citizens.

117. Ong, Henry and Coleman, Hary Lou. "For Adventure, Seniors Go Campir!.g," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 13, April 1978, pp. 44.-7. --

This article describes a couple of camps for senior citizens. One is a riverboat camp for which planning factors are discussed and the other is a camp nestled in the vmods 'ivhich hospitalized seniors attend and for which planning factors are also discussed. ·

118. Rerek, Hargaret D. "Senior Citizen Camping: An Innovative Program in Community Psychiatry," ~ournal of Bronx State Hospital. Vol. 1, No. 2, Spring 1973, pp. 85-7.

119.

This article describes a two-week camp program for the elderly. A major innovative feature of the program was the inclusion of psychiatric patients (both in- and out-patients) in a program designed for a normal elderly population and supervised by lay staff.

Smith, Dorothy and Smith, Jerry. Vagabonds," Modern Maturity. 1970, p. 11.

"They Love Being Vol. 13, No. 2,

The growing popularity of the recreational vehicle with senior citizens who enjoy camping is discussed in the article.

120. Williams, Arthur. Recreation in the Senior Years. New York: National Recreation Association, 1962.

This is a handy guide of program ideas for older people in centers, clubs, homes and

41

institutions. Emphasis is· placed on program, leadership, organization, facilities and finance. A special section on camping programs is included.

IV. Corr~etion_? & Juvenile Delinquency

1.21. Bavley, Fred. "New Horizons for Disadvantaged Youth, 11 Camti~-4aga.zine. Vol. 42, February 1970, pp. 1 & 3 .

A camping program was used to rehabilitate juvenile delinquents by emphasizing human relations and sensitivity training. The camp is discussed in terms of its effect on atti­tudes, behavior patterns and values.

122. . Prevention of Potential Juvenile -~)~fincfuency Through Ca!_!l_ping. Boston, 11assa­

chusetts: Kiddie Kamp Corporation, 1971.

Investigations using camping to prevent juvenile delinquency are reported in this book. The author concludes that camping is fairly effective in helping potential juve­nile delinquents with their problems.

123. . "Two Year Experiment Proves--Camp Can Cnange Camper r Attitudes' II Camping Magazine .. Vol. 44, July 1972, p. 18.

124.

This report is a follow-up study to the Kiddie Kamp project to further investigate the effec­tiveness of camping on rechanneling the energies of potentially delinquent boys.

Breed, Allen F. Recreation. '68-70.

"Mojave Desert Diary," Parks and Vol. 9, September 1974, pp. 40-3,

California Youth Authority took periodic trips into the wilderness with small groups of Youth Authority wards. The efforts paid off into a new and exceedingly successful venture.

125. Doppelt, Robert. "A Chance for Success and Involve­ment: An Outdoor Treatment Program," Journal of Leisurabilitz. Vol. 5, No. 2, April 1978, pp. 34-9.

This article-is a description of Lane County Juvenile Department (Portland, Oregon) Treat­ment Program which utilizes the outdoors to deter delinquent behavior in group experiences. The program relies upon three basic. beliefs: 1) methodology utilized by an outdoor program relies heavily on group decision-making and peer group pressure;. 2) participants should not be taken from their home environrrients for long periods of time and 3) a long-term follow--up program is necessary to support and reinforce "7hat has been previously gained. The three beliefs are expanded upon in discussion and the program evaluation indicates a uniquely and highly successful methodology and technique that has been developed in working with troubled youth.

126. Golins, Gerald L. "How Delinquents Suc.c.eed Through Adventure Based Education," Journal of Experi­ential Education. Vol. 1, No. 2, Fall 1978, p:p-:-- 26-9.

The author discusses hmv juveniles are able to change their behavior patterns for the better through a wilderness learning experience. Five elements are involved in this change process and discussed as to how they operate on indivi­duals: 1) game-like atmosphere; 2) organization of participants into a primary peer group; 3) use of the outdoors; 4) characteristic. nature of the problems posed and 5) style of instruc­tion. The author concludes that the juvenile's level of success can be measured only in rela­tion to how he uses his learned skills with the environment from which he has come.

127. Gonzales, Marie R. "Organized Camping, a Therapeutic. Tool for the Juvenile Delinquent:; Therapeutic. Recreation Journal. Vol. 6, 2nd Qtr., 1972, pp. 86-92.

Author advocates organized camping as a means of treating juvenile delinquency over the conven­tional custodial form of treatment. Camping, as the author states, may be most effective in putting a sense of responsibility upon the delinquent youth.

128. Griffiths, Keith S. and Beverly, Ro.hert F. "Current Research in the California Youth Authority,"

· E_::a1if0rhia Mental Health Research Digest. Vol. 8, l>Jinter 1970, pp. 3-19.

This report summarizes twenty-four projects directed by the California Youth Authority. Camps as rehabilitative experiences for juve­nile delinquents is one of the areas studied.

129. ·Hartinger, Walter. "Counseling in Camps," California · You~h Authori:!Y_Quarter1y. Vol. 15, Stunmer~~­l96z, pp. 33-6u ..

The effectiveness of counseling techniques w-ith juvenile delinquents in a camp setting is discussed.

130. Kelly, Francis J. and Baer, Daniel. Outward Bound Schools as an Alternative to Institlitiona:Iiza­tion for A~olescent Del1nguent Boys. Andover·, Massachusetts: Outward Bound, Inc., 1968.

An Outward Bound experience was used as an alternative to a training school experience for adolescent delinquent boys. The effect of the experience on reducing behavior problems was studied.

131. Kole, Delbert M. & Busse, HovJard. "Trail Camping for Delinquents," ~ospiJ::al and GommuniJ::_y Psychiatry. Vol. .:.0, Hay 1969, pp. 1""50-3.

The trail camping program of Youth Adventures in Portland, Oregon, a voluntary organization which provides juvenile diversion programs and facilities is described. Small group experiences, behavior modification techniques and activities rrJhich promote cooperation among the youngsters are some of the facets of the program.

132. Partington, John T. "Project ~vild: A Wilderness Learning Experience for High Delinquency Risk Youth," Journal of Leisurability. Vol. LJ.., No. 2, April 1977, pp. 34-41.

This article points out that this project was used to evaluate the personal and behavioral effects of a four-phase, transseasonal, wilder­ness, living-learning experience on "high

delinquency risk" youth. The study represents a more economic alternative method for the prevention and/or treatment of large numbers of disadvantaged adolescents and a design which avoids methodological shortcomings of previous research in this area.

133. Taylor, Farrell" "Outdoor Recreation for Women Offenders," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 7, 2nd Qtr., 1973, pp. 36-9.

This article describes an outdoor recreation prog~am connected with a correctional institu­tion for vmmen in Washington State and how certain environmental/emotional stimuli occurred to highlight a viable rehabilitation process.

V. Diabetics

134. Abbott, G. D. "Camp for Juvenile Diabetics: A Pilot Scheme," New Zealand Medical Journal. Vol. 69, May 1969, pp. 276-7.

Camp session for twenty diabetic children is described in which observations of diabetic control were made and reported to parents and physicians.

135. Alabama Hedical Association. "Camp Seale Harris: Two·-Heek Camp for Diabetic Children," Journal of J:.1edical Association of the State of Alaoama. Vol. 31, October 1961, pp. 132-4.

The·camp program for diabetic children run at Camp Seale Harris is described.

136. Dana, Rickard H. and Cocking, Rodney R. "The Effects of a Summer Camp Experience on Male Adolescent Diabetics," Rehabilitation Research and Practice Review. Vol. 2, Summer 1971, pp. 29-38.

The effects of a summer camp experience on self­concept, independence, self-reliance, compe­tence and personal responsibility of male adolescent diabetics were studied.

137. Engerbretson, David L. "The Diabetic in Physical Education, Recreation & Athletics," Journal of Physical Education an~ Recreation. Vol. 48, No. 3, March 1977, pp. 18-21.

A:r.ticle examines the complications of the disease in the three areas of physical partici­pation mentioned in the title. The recreational aspect is examined in terms of camping, wilder­ness adventure and hiking, and cautions the leader to be particularly observant of differ­ences between psychologically well-adjusted diabetics, newly diagnosed diabetics and long­term diabetics.

138. Etz,.;d.l.er, Donnell D. "Camping Opportunities for the Child with Diabetes Mellitus," Minnesota Medicine. Vol. 50, March 1967, pp. 433-7.

47

Article promotes the idea that diabetic children can gain great social benefits by attending camp with children who have the same disease.

139. and others. "'liJilderness Camping for ----TheiTiabetic," Diabetes. Vol. 14, No. 10,

1965, pp. 676-81.

Staffing, medical supplies, dietary management and activities for wilderness camping for juvenile diabetics are discussed in the article.

140. French, Robert E. and Sanders, Neal. "A Report of the Third Annual Kentucky Camp for Diabetic Children," Journal of the Kentucky Medical Associat~on. Vol. 67, October 1969, pp. 734-8.

This report shmvs that a camp near Lexington, Kentucky, for 50 diabetic boys and girls provided an experience with few medical problems. I .... Thile no severe insulin reactions occurred, there were mild reactions on a daily basis ·with slightly greater frequency in campers who had a lesser degree of glycosuria.

141. Gaspard, Nancy J. "Summer Camp for Diabetic Children," American Journal of Nursing. Vol. 63, June 1963, pp. 108-9.

The summer camp described here was a two-week teaching session for diabetic children. Lectures and testing were part of the program.

142. Geis, Dorothy P. "Nursing at Camp Needlepoint," Nursing Outlook. Vol. 15, May 1967, pp. 46-8.

Camp Needlepoint, a camp for diabetic children between the ages of 9 and 15, is described. The camp is divided into three 1-week sessions to help campers learn about their own physical needs.

143. Ginz.blrrg, Bonnie. "For a Diabetic, Isolation Ends," The Physician and Sports Medicine. Vo 1. 3, June 1975, pp. 83-5.

A summer camp for 7-15-year-old diabetic youngsters and a winter camp for 12-16 year olds are described in the article.

48

141+. Hodosi, Rezso. "Problems of Personality Development in Children Suffering from Diabetes and Experi­ences Gained During Their Stay in a Vacation Camp," Pszichologiai Tanulmanyok. No. 11, 1968, pp. 521-8.

This two-part study includes: 1) an analysis of the psychopathological factors affecting the personality of the· children at the onset of diabetes mellitus; particular phases of psychopathological process and their charac­teristics are recounted and 2) psychological problems diabetic children had in vacation camp; a longer stay in holiday camp was recom­mended since personality disturbances could be treated more effectively there.

145. Hunt, John A. "Canadian Diabetic Association­Services to Physicians, 11 Canadian Medical Asso­ciation Journal. Vol. 93, No. 12, 1965, pp. 669-70 .

. This descriptive list is provided by Canadian Diabetic Association to aid parents and · physicians in the care of their diabetic children. Traveling precautions and a list of camps for diabetic children are included.

146. John, Betty. "At the Point of a Needle: Camps for Diabetic Children," Today' s Health. -Vol. 35, June 1957, pp. 26-9.

The author's philosophy of the benefits of campinz for diabetic children is given as well as a listing of camps for diabetic children.

V~7. Kaye, Leo. "Camping Fun for Diabetic Youngsters," Today's Health. Vol. 44, June 1966, pp. 50-3.

A description of Camp Sweeney's program for diabetic children is provided in the article as is an outline of the camper's daily routine.

148. HcCrav;r, Ronald K. & Travis, Luther B. "Psychologi­cal Effects of a Special Su1nmer Camp on Juvenile Diabetics," Diabetes. Vol. 22, No. 4, April 1973, pp. 275-8.

This study evaluates a group of children (N=llO: 70 boys; 40 girls) with diabetes mellitus for self-esteem (Coopersmith Test of

49

Self-Esteem) and manifest anxiety (Children's Manifest Anxiety Score) before and after attending a special summer camp. Significant increases in self-esteem and decreases in manifest anxiety were found to be the case for both boys and girls. A comparative study between campers and diabetic children who did not attend camp shows that campers exhibited greater improvement in self-esteem and manifest anxiety than the latter group. Statistical significance was indicated only in the case of female self-esteem.

149. Parker, Jacquelyn A. "Camping for Children \vith Diabetes--a Diet Therapy Section Project," Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Vol. 53, November 1968, pp. 486-8.

150.

The planning, organizing, financing and opera­ting of a summer camp for diabetic children is described by members of the diet therapy section of the Utah Dietetic Association.

Prater, Barbara M. Summer Camp," Association. 584-7.

"Hhy Diabetic Children Go to Journal of the American Dietetic Vol. 55, December 1969, pp.

An investigation of the reasons for attending a diabetic camp and expectations from the experience was conducted among 74 diabetic children and 66 parents of diabetic children. "Seeing and meeting other young people with diabetes" ·was considered to be the most impor­tant reason for attending camp by 35% of the children and 54% of the parents.

151. Shipp, Joseph C. "A Florida Summer Camp for Diabetic Children: Value of Using an Existing Camp and of Affiliation with a University Medical Center," Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 184, April 27, 1963, pp. 312-4. -

The medical history and information needed for a diabetic child to attend summer camp are discussed.

152. Silver, Abraham A. "Camp Glyndon for Diabetic Chil­dren," Rehabilitation Record. Vol. 12, July/ August 1971, pp. 13-16.

50

This camp is described as a joint venture of the Haryiand and District of Columbia Diabetes Associations serving children with diabetes between the ages of 5 and 15 years. Campers go to camp because of their need for training in handling the disease. The program includes recreation, formal classes in self-care and counseling for emotional adjustment.

153. Stephens, John H. & others. "Gales Creek Camp--a Summer Camp for Diabetic Children," Northwest

· Hedicine. Vol. 65, 1969, pp. 643-5.

Observation of diabetic children in a sumrner camp can replace annual hospitalization for evaluation of changes affecting control. Factors to be observed are discussed.

154. Sussman, Karl E., Jensen, Hilliam K. and Vandenbergh, Richard. "Diabetic Summer Camps. Importance in Treatment of Juvenile Diabetics," Rocky Mountain Medical Journal. Vol. 63, 1966, pp. 57-9.

Psychological problems of juvenile diabetics, which a summer camp program can help to prevent or ameliorate are discussed. Several camps are discussed.

155. Hentvmrth, Samuel. "'t\1ha t You Should Know about Regular Camping Programs for Diabetic Children," Camping Magazine. Vol. 45, March 1973, pp. 44~5.

This article discusses the many considerations a parent must make in determining whether his/her diabetic child can attend a regular ·camp.

156. Wolfsohn, H. "Holiday Camp in Israel for Diabetic Children--Experiences, Challenges, Benefits," Clinical Pediatrics. Vol. 4, September 1965, pp. 551-9.

The history and development of summer camping services for diabetic children in Israel is presented. Social problems, regulation of

·diabetes, psychological problems and evaluation are also discussed.

51

VI. Disadvantag·ed_

1570 American Camping Association. "Research Shows Campers Improve Self-Concept, 11 Camping Magaziheo Vol. 44, November 1972, p. 12. --

This research project was conducted to evaluate the effect of camping on the self­concepts of 8-14-year-old underprivileged children. Harked positive imurovement of self-concept was found as a r~sult of the camp­ing experience.

158. Blume, Robert and Blume, Delorys. "Camping with Inner City Kids,'' Today' s Education. Vol. 60, March 1971, pp. 32-3.

The effects of a camping trip on first grade -disadvantaged children are discussed.

159. Boyd, Hary M. "Parks for All Seasons--And for All People," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 5, May 1970, pp. 22-3. --

The National Park Service, utilizing many projects in the nation's capital, has made many efforts to bring the parks to the urban poor. A camp for inner-city children is the main subject of this article.

160. Dillinger, ~lilliam C. "Outward Bound Adventures," National Wildlife. Vol. 7, June 1969, pp. 12-16.

This article gives an overview of the Outward Bound program for disadvantaged youth in the Watts community of Los Angeles. The author cites positive attitude changes in the youth as influenced by the program.

161. Gunsten, Paul H. "Supplement the Camp Program with Special Outdoor Experience for the Urban Camper,',' Camping Magazine. Vol. 45, February 1973, pp. 17-18.

This article reports on Camp Tapauungo, Main Idea, Inc. , and its supplementary activities to the camp program for underprivileged chil­dren. Milking program, produce picking and

52

farm visits help to further the learning experience for the youngsters. ·

162. Helgeson, Bee. "Months & Miles Bet~.veen," Parks and Reereation. Vol. 7, December 1972, pp. 20-2, ~a-2.

Fran Brewer, a member of the Peace Corps and recreation consultant, picks up street orphans and takes them to a Y camp. The camp serves children in three ways: 1) teaches them to read and write; 2) teaches them a vocation and 3) teaches children social development through recreation.

163. National Recreation and Park Association. "Fun Trips," Parks and Recreation 0 Vol. 8, June 1973, pp. 32-3.

Children, 5-7 years old, leave their familiar inner-city surroundings to go camping, fishing and boating.

164. Presidentls Council on Youth Opportunity. Campi~ Opportunities for Disadvantaged Youth. \.Vashing-· ton, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1971.

This complete guide designed for camp directors covers all aspects involved in pro­viding camping opportunities for disadvantaged youth.

165. Reid, Barbara. "~fuither Urban Environmental Education?" Journal of Environmental Education. Vol. 2, No. 1, Fall 1970, pp. 28-9.

The author makes a plea for incorporating an urban environmental ethic into the inner city curriculum. .She also states the importance of using the educational system as the means to helping the inner city child realize his/her place in the total ecological cycle.

166. Richards, C;'ltherine Vo Camping Opportunities for Disa~y '~taged Youth--A Planning and Coordinating Guide. Hashington, D.C.: Government Printing o££ic·.-c, 1971.

This is a guide to community planning, organiz­ing and coordination of camping opportunities for disadvantaged youth. The guide is based on

53

data provided from a national camping survey for disadvantaged youth completed in January, 1969.

167. Hhite, Joseph B. "Round Hill Exhibit Farm," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 7, September 1972, pp. 40-l.

Rm.md Hill is a unique educational facility because it is like an ordinary -vmrking farm. Disadvantaged children from the city get to see a farm as a learning experience in man's dependence on the land for food, shelter and comfort.

54

VII. Drug & Alcohol

168. Beals, Richard J. "'A Breath of Fresh Air'.Wilder­ness Experience for Methadone Clients," Drug Abuse: Modern Trends, Issues and Pers~"­tives. National Drug Abuse Conference-;-2nd, NewOrleans, La., 1975. New York, N.Y.: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1978.

The author talks about the Adventure Seminars of the Oregon Methadone Treatment Program in Portland,Oregon. The seminars represent a new technique in problem-solving for the clients, since many of them have had trouble in solving everyday problems. The program includes: mountaineering, v;rhite-water canoeing, wilder­ness appreciation and cross-country skiing. The uniqueness of each of these activities to the tre~tment of drug dependence is explained.

169. Lemieux, Charles. "Therapeutic Recreation for Alcoholics," Therapeuti~ Recreation Journal. Vol. 5, 1st Qtr., 1971, pp. 19-21 & 43.

This article describes an outdoor activities program for alcoholics which utilized fishing to a large extent as an alternative leisure activity to that of drinking alcoholic beverage~ The program took place in Northern \.Jisconsin and follow-up work is indicated in this article.

170. Ventura, Marlene R. & Dundon, Mike. "A Challenging Experience in Canoeing and Camping as a Tool in Approaching the Drug Problem," Journal of Drug Education. Vol. 4, Spring 1974, pp. 123-7.

Patterned after the Outward Bound program, this experimental program for drug addicts found · no significant changes in self-esteem. Prospec­tive researchers are cautioned about using standardized tests in measuring changes in self-esteem before and after survival camping as a "sleeper effect" may develop.

55

VIII. Emotionally Disturbed

171. Aldrich, Gordon J. and MacDonald, D. S. "An Experimental Camp for Emotionally Disturbed Boys," Journal of Chil_d Psychiatry. Vol. 2, Section 3, 1~, pp. 245-51.

A camp for emotionally disturbed boys betr,qeen the ages of 8 to 15 years using psychological consultation is described here. The authors reported that many campers grew in emotional health as a result of the camp experience.

172. Amsden, Robert L. "The Summer Camp as a Behavior Clinic," Mental Hygiene. Vol. 20, April 1936, pp. 262-8.

Camp Onawama in Michigan is described here as a camp program in which guidance techniques were used to improve the behavior of emotionally disturbed children.

173. Berube, Pierre. "Survival Campinz:;: A Therapeutic Modality," Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 2, No. 1, January 1975, pp. 14-20

Author discusses survival camping experiences as a means of teaching behaviorally, emotionally or mentally disturbed persons with low self­esteem behavioral alternatives that will help the people cope with their problems by seeing the problems in a different perspective. Four components of the camping program described include: 1) fear stress; 2) life stress; 3) skill development and 4) environmental manipula­tion.

174. Blanchard, Earl. "Programming for Disturbed Campers," Camping Magazine. Vol. 39, February 1967, p. 16.

Meeting the needs of the emotionally disturbed camper through cabin placement, structured programming and setting goals is discussed.

175. Blood, Robert 0. and Li.vant, Y.Jilliam P. "The Use of Space l.Jithin the Cabin Group," Journal o_f Social Issues. Vol. 13, No. 1, 1957, pp. 47-53.

p •

This article ·explores a way in which cabin group use of space can operate in treating emotionally disturbed campers. The major idea advanced by the study is that cabin members will arrange themselves spatially in ways that reflect and implement their social relationships. Further study is recommended.

176. Clark, Jonathan and Kempler, Hyman L. "Therapeutic Family Camping: A Rationale," Family Coordina­tor. Vol. 22, October 1973, pp~7-42.

Three families, each with at least one disturbed child, spent a weekend together in a camp setting. The behavioral experimentation that took place between the families impressed the authors of this article and the families them­selves so much that family camping gained some support as a potential adjunct to family therapy.

177. Clark, V. D. "A Camp Program for Extremely Dis­turbed Boys," California Youth Authority Quarterly. Voi. 18, 4th Qtr., 1965, pp. 32-8.

This article describes Camp Kilpatrick in the Santa Monica Hountains of California, a treatment camp for 12 to 16-year-old extremely emotionally disturbed delinquent boys. Inten~ sive group participation, individual education and interviews, large and small group counseling and programmed activi-ties are used to maximize comounication and interaction be­tween campers and staff.

178. Department of Recreation, Indiana University. Camp­ing for Emotionally Disturbed Boys. Bloomington, Indiana: Department of Recreation, Indiana University, 1961.

This booklet investigates camping programs for emotionally disturbed children.

179. Farmer, Kathleen. 11Mountains Move," Camping Journal. Vol. 12, November 1973, pp. 29-32.

Eight emotionally disturbed boys participated in an outdoor adventure in Snovr; Range. Effects of the experience on self-confidence and sense of accomplishment are discussed.

57

180. Gar lie, Norman W. & Ho2avorth, David. "Mountaineering as a Rehabilitative Training Experience for Selected Adolescents," Journal of Rehabilitation" Vol. 36, May 1970, pp. 38-90

The National Outdoor Leadership School's rugged mountaineering program is demonstrated to be highly therapeutic for selected emotionally dis­turbed patients from ~,Jyoming State Hospital in this account of the experience.

181. Gohler, Irene and Ohm$, Ute. "Riding: A Therapeutic Possibility for Neuro-psychiatry in Childhood?" isy'?hiatr~e, Neurolog}~ ai1~. Hed~zihische_ Psvcho­og~~. Vol. 26, No. ~, Apr~l 1774, PPo Z4B~

This is a report of training in horseback riding given to a group of six emotionally disturbed children 8-18 years old. Favorable therapeutic results were reported.

18.2. Gumprecht, Helmuth. "Coi111!1on Emotional Disturbances ·of Children at Camp," Nervous Child. VoL 6, April 1947, pp. 148-54.

The author refutes the argument that camp cannot be used for therapy with the emotionally dis­turbed.

183. Hagerty, Robert. "Emotionally and Socially Malad­justed Campers," Camping Ma?,;azine. Vol. 36, February 21, 1964, pp. 37-40.

184.

Author conveys the thought that every camp should take into account the needs and special challenges of the emotionally and socially maladjusted a

Hallowitz, Emanuel. Mental Hygiene.

"Camping for Disturbed Children," Vol. 34, July 1950, pp. 406-22.

This article relates the experiences of a child guidance agency in attempting to help its clients through a camping experience. Integration of the camp and agency, development of camp philo­sophy, implementation of philosophy and basic problems to be considered in planning a camp for disturbed children are items of discussion.

185. Herr, David E. "Camp Counseling with Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents," Excentional Children. Vol. 41, February 1975, pp. 331-2.

58

This article represents a study of the effects of a one-week camping experience with emotion­ally disturbed adolescents on the counselor's perceptions of the campers. Significant positive changes in attitudes were found as a result of the experience. Mr. Herr promotes the idea of a practical experience for any people who wish to work with emotionally disturbed so that they can obtain stable and realistic perceptions.

186. ·Hobbs, Tom R. & Shelton, George C. "Therapeutic Camping for Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents,"

· HoE?pital and Community Psychiatry. Vol. 23, October 1972, pp. 298-301.

Nine emotionally disturbed adolescent boys were taken on a five-day camping and canoe trip. Greater proficiency in handling problems of an interpersonal nature was considered the most important skill that the boys developed. Self­respect and self-reliance were additional benefits from the experienceD

187. Hughes, Ann H. & Dudley, Harold K. "An Old Idea for a New Problem: Camping as a Treatment for the Emotionally Disturbed in Our State Hospitals," Adolescence. Vol. 8, Spring 1973, pp. 43-50.

-Camping is pointed to as a successful rehabili­tation technique with emotionally disturbed people who do not benefit from hospital place­ments. The article also indicates that camping may be a traumatic experience for other patients.

188. Jensen, S. E., McCreary-Juhasz, A., Brmvn, J. S. & Hepinstall, E. M. "Disturbed Children in a Camp Milieu," Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal. Vol. 13, Noo Z1-, 1968, pp. 371-3.

Assessment and values of camping as a treatment experience for nonhospitalized emotionally dis­turbed children is the subject of this article. Twenty-t\•JO subjects were divided into groups of three or four each with their own counselor and a highly structured program was developed which gave subjects a little time for free play.

189. Kolodny, Ralph L. and Burns, Virginia M. "Specialized Camping for a Group of Disturbed Adolescent Girls," Social V.Jorko Vol. 1, April 1956, p. 81.

59

A "case study" of an organized camp for disturbed girls is presented here. Procedures followed in camp and reasons for their use are explained.

190. Krumboltz, John D. and Thoresen, Carl E., ed., Behavioral Cotmseling: Cases and Techniques. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1969.

This book contains several articles on behavior management techniques which have been success­fully used in therapeutic camps for emotionally disturbed youth.

191. Loughmiller, Campbell. Wilderness Road. Austin, Texas: Hogg Foundation for Mentai Health, University of Texas, 19650

A year--round program for disturbed boys in a primitive setting is described in terms of the campers, setting, facilities, staff, education, grouping and treatment.

192. Lumley, S. "A Camp for Problem Campers," Canadian ~ampi-ng. Vol. 19, Noo 3, 1967~ pp. 100::-r& 105.

The program and staff at Frontier Forest Camp are presented in this article. Games and activities are used as the only accessories to the functions of diagnosis and treatment for emotionally disturbed boys.

193. Middleman, Ruth and Seever, Frank. "Short-term Camping for Boys with Behavior Problems," Social vJork. Vol. 8, April 1963, pp. 88-950

A two-week camp program in "tvhich group experi­ence was used to help hostile-aggressive boys become more responsible in their behavior is the main topic of discussion. The program staff and camper reactions are also discussed.

19Lt·o Morse, William C. "Problems of Therapeutic Camping," Nervous Child_. Vol. 6, April 1947, pp. 211-24.

195.

Some of the problems of therapeutic camping, including camper orientation, repeat campers and camper rejection by members of child's cabin are featured by use of case histories.

and Wineman, David. "Group Interviewing ~n a Camp for Disturbed Boys," Journal of Social Ts~ties. Vol. 13, No. 1, 1957, pp. 32-9.

60

Methods of dealing with intolerable behavior in disturbed boys in the camp setting are discussed in the article.

196. O'Donnell, James. "Snow Trek," Parks and Recreation. Vol. 8, April 1973, pp. 50-l & 55.

Twelve teenagers took a one-week hike in sub­zero temperatures in the Idaho mountains. The group consisted of emotionally disturbed youngsters from the Children's Home of Idaho. The hike '"'ras very successful and therapeutically important. The group's capacities for teamwork, cooperation, relationships with adults and camping skills were greatly strengthened.

197. Pugh, Sally. "Emotionally Disturbed Inservice Patients Go to Camp," Recreation for the Ill a~d Handicatped. Vol.- 8, No. 4, October 19D4, pp. 5-b & 1 .

This article represents the thinking behind .the summer camp of the Ellen Steinberg Division of Child Psychiatry at Jewish Hospital of St. Louis. The rationale for providing a camping experience for emotionally disturbed youth is briefly explained. The program itself is presented in step-by-step form.

198. Rawson, Harve E. "Behavior Modification in a Summer Camp Setting," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vol. 44, No. 3, March 1973, pp. 76-8.

A residential short-term camp for emotionally disturbed children is described. Camping's enjoyable nature as well as the high degree of environmental control are used to bring about behavioral changes. The success of behavior modification is pointed to by the author.

199. Rickard, Henry C., ed. Behavioral Intervention in Human Problems. New York: Pergammon Press, Inc., 1971.

Chapter 6 of the book discusses camp programs for emotionally disturbed in terms of philoso­phy, framework, staff, behavior modification, self-control techniques, interviews for evalua­tion, parental counseling and follow-up.

61

200. , and others. "Problem-solving Attitudes o:tehildren in a Recreation Camp and in a Therapeutic Camp," Child Care Quarterly. Vol. 4, Sunnner 1975, pp. 1.01-7.

The problem-solving attitudes of 30 boys whose chronological ages were 7-14 in a recreation camp and 53 boys whose chronological ages were 7-17 in a therapeutic camp for emotionally disturbed children were compared. Results of the experimental study are reported.

201. Robb, Gary H. "A Correlation Betv.Jeen Socialization and Self-Concept in a Summer Camp Program," }herapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 5, 1st Qtr., 1971, pp. 25-9.

Article explains a summer camp program for emotionally disturbed children in Salt Lake City, Utah. This study deals specifically with the effect that socialization has upon self-concept. The article contains tabular

·information shmving the significance of the tests administered to the children when · socialization and self-concept were measured independently.

202. Ryan, James L. & Johnson, Dale T. "Therapeutic Camping: A Comparative Study," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 6, 4th Qtr. , 1972, pp. 178-80.

203.

This is the study of a summer therapeutic camp in North Carolina and the emotional effects it had on two groups of adolescents and hospital staff members. The participants were studied as to their levels of depression, hostility and anxiety before, during and after the camping experience. Results showed that campers and staff experience mood changes during and after camp trip and that depression, hostility and anxiety increase upon return to the institution.

& vJilkes, Cynthia. "An Outdoor Therapeu­tic Program for the Disturbed Youth of Georgia,n Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 8, 2nd Qtr., 1974, pp. 79-81.

This article describes an outdoor therapeutic program which would serve as an alternative to

62

traditional institutionalization for the treatment of Georgia's disturbed youth. The article indicates hovl extensive an exploration of the U.S. therapeutic progralTh"'Tling and literature was undertaken to give a task force a strong basis.

20Li-. Shniderman, Craig M. "Impact of Therapeutic Camping, 11

Social Hork. Vol. 19, May 1974, pp. 354-7.

The author assesses the effectiveness of a therapeutic camp for. disturbed boys which provides counseling and intervention techniques. The California test of personality was used as an instrument to measure this effectiveness. Data showed no difference between campers and non-camper personality. However, parents were impressed with their child-campers newly acquired social behavior.

205. Smith, Bert K. The \vorth of a B_s>_y. Austin, Texas: Hogg F01mdation for Men~Health, University of Texas.

A residential camp program for emotionally disturbed boys uses an approach of creative listening, non-judgmental attitudes and empathe­tic unlearned love. Evening campfires serve as group therapy sessions.

206. Stepanik, J., Novak, T. & Teplik, T. "Utilization of Holiday Camps for the Recognition and Amendment of Problem Children," Psychologia a Patopsychologia Dietata. Vol. 6, No. 4, 1971, pp. 343-53.

This article describes the establishment of holiday camps for boys up to the age of 15 years with behavior disorders. Efforts were made at intensive reeducation of the boys and diagnosis of their problems. The diagnostic possibilities of this setting are also discussed.

207. Stoudenmire, John. "Similarities Between Children's Behavior at Home and at a Therapeutic Summer

· Camp, 11 Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 12, 2nd Qtr., 1978, pp. 35-7.

This is the study of twenty-six 7-12~year-old emotionally disturbed children who attended Camp Climb-Up, a two-week therapeutic summer

63

208.

camp in Mississippi. Children were studied to see what similarities existed between their behavior at home and their behavior at therapeutic summer camp. Two periods of time were compared: 1) parent's ratings of child's pre-camp home behavior and counselor's ratings of child's behavior at beginning of camp and 2) parent's ratings of camper's pre-camp behavior and counselor's end-of-camp ratings. Results are provided in article.

Time, Inc. "Camp to Help the Disturbed: Anchorage, New York," Life Magazine. September 8, 1958, pp.~~-101.

Ranaop­Vol. 45,

This article describes therapeutic activities -v;rhich can be used in a camp program to help emotionally disturbed children.

209. Verven, Nicholas, Schwabb, Edleff and Young, Robert. "The Training of Counselors for a Treatment Camp," Journal of Social Issues. Vol. 13,

.No. 1, ~pp~4-61.

This article describes Camp \..Jediko in New Hampshire, a treatment camp for 9-14-year-old emotionally disturbed children who were referred from clinics and social service agencies. Group therapy, psychodrama and regular camp activities were part of the program. Staff make-up and the orientation week are also described in the article.

210. Winter, W. D. and \.-Tinter, L. M. "Therapeutic Camp­ing: An Experiment in Group Living," Corrective Psychiatry & Journal of Social Therapy. Vol. 12, No. 6, 1966, pp. 449-58

This is a descriptive account of a summer camp for emotionally disturbed boys. Two distinctive features of the camp were: 1) deliberate mixture of boys with various sorts of problems; a) acting out; b) retarded and c) schizophrenic and 2) a concern for staff interrelationships as related to treatment. The staff policy was to be open and honest with children and parents and to use group therapy and reality-oriented demands. Positive behavior changes were attributed to the summer camp experience.

6/ q

211. Zweig, Franklin. :rhe Use of Camping as an Integrated Phase of the Treatment Process of Handica~ Children. Bradford 1,Joods, Martinsville, Indiana: American Camping Association, 1962.

This was the first ACA Research Grant Recipient. The work represented a case study on the use of camping as part of the therapy for emotionally and socially handicapped chil­dren.

65

·rx. Learning Disabled

212. Academic Therapy Publications. Third Annual Directo~f Facilitie~. for the Learni~ Disabled--1970. San Rafael, California: Academic Therapy Publications, 1970.

Summer camps are among the agencies listed in this volume for learning disabled. These agencies are listed alphabetically by state. Name and address of camps are given as well as available treatments and age limitations.

213. Arronson, Harren. "Recreation and Physical Educa­tion in the Special Education Environment," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 6, 1st Qtr., 1972, pp. 11-13 & 35-6.

Author discusses program design, development and dissemination of results of selected federally funded projects. A summer camp program in Colorado specializing in learning disabled children is mentioned.

21tL Jensen, S. E. "In a Summer Camp--Children with School Adjustment Problems," Canada's Mental ?ealth. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1969, pp. 33-5.

This summer camp is situated in the mountains of Vancouver Island and deals mainly with children who have been achieving poorly in school, although it was estimated that they had average or better intellectual potential.

215. Kronick, Doreen. A Directory of Summer Camps for Children with Learning Disabilities. Pittsburgh, Pa. : Association for Children with Learning Disabilities, 1970.

This directory of resident camps serving learning disabled children includes informa­tion for parents about the resident camp experience available to the children.

216. Lachney, Morgan E. "A Summer Camp Experience for Learning Disability Children," Pointer. Vol. 20, Spring, 1976, pp. 70-4.

66

A remedial surrrrner camp for learning disabled children in Ontario, Canada, is described. The program was both educational and recrea­tional. Various camp activities and their values to the child are discussed.

217. Mondschein, Diane. "They Can: Camping," Academic Therapy Quarterly. Vol. 2, No.2, 1966-7, pp. 100-3 & 126.

218.

Camping experience for educationally handicapped children is deemed as a practical approach in their education and socialization process.

Schleifer, Maxwell J. "Case History: I Run Now?" Exceptional Parent. May/June 1973, pp. 31-5.

\\There Can Vol. 3,

This case historv revolves around the attitudes of a 15-year-old~learning disabled boy, his parents and a counselor as to the boy's running a~:v-ay from a summer camp program.

219. Zwaig, Harilyn S. "A Successful Camp Experience for the LD Child," Academic Therapy. Vol. 9, Summer 1974, pp. 445-9.

Camp program for learning disabled children is presented. Behavioral changes resulting from the experience are discussed.

67

X. Mentally Tll

220. Ackerman, Ora R. & Smith, B. K. "Patients Go Camping in Indiana and in Texas," . :Hen tal Hospitals. Vol. 10, June 1959, pp. 16-18.

These stories show how mental patients and hospital staff experience the democratic process in the camping environment. Individual con~ents on the sense of freedom for both patients and staff highlight the articles.

221. and others. "Group Camping as a Thera-· -----peutic Experience \vith Psychiatric Patients-­

Part I," Recreation for the Ill & Handicapped. Vol. 3, No. 3, July 1959, pp. 8-10 & 13.

222.

223.

This article describes a five-day group camping experience for two groups of psychiatric patients. Twenty men represented one group and twenty women represented the other group served by Evansville State Hospital. The selection process of the campers, activities and schedules are also described. The key mode of operation of the camp was that the patients could move around as freely as possible as long as an organized activity was not in session.

"Evaluation of Group Camping as a Thera­peutic Experience with Psychiatric Patients-­Part II," Recreation for the Ill & Handicapped. Vol. 3, No~, October 1959, pp. 6 & 16.

Group camping is evaluated here in the form of a pilot study.

& Grubb, Allen. "Organized Camping in America: Therapeutic Camping with Adult Psychiatric Patients," Recreation in Treatment Centers. Vol. 11, September 1963, pp. 39-40.

This is the summary of a five-year study of a residential camp for psychiatric patients from Evansville State Hospital, Indiana.

68

224. Acuff, Sidney H. "Camping, Transition Bet\veen Hospital and Home for the Adult Mentally Ill," Journal of He9-lth, Physical Education -~ ~ecreation. Vol. 32, No. 5, May 1961, pp. 24-5 & 62.

An experimental program begun in 1955 by the Tennessee Eastern State Hospital in Knoxville used camping as a means of easing transition between the institution and community for adult psychiatric patients. Daily camp routine and the advantages of camping as a preparation for discharge are described.

225. American Camping Association. "Patients Enjoy Camping Stay," Camping Hagazine. Vol. 39, February 1967, p. 31.

A two-week camp at H. E. Buth Foundation Camp for 80 mentally disturbed patients from Terrell State Hospital in Texas is described.

226. Arthur, Thomas E., Phillips, George McK. , and .

227.

Thomas, Susan B. "Camping by Objectives," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 10, 4th Qtr., 1976, pp. 132-8.

This is the report of camping excursions in Maryland for hospitalized mental patients in which staff and participants made an effort to attain specific outlined goals within the framework of the camping experience. The study shmvs how progress was made in the use of resources to achieve stated objectives and how necessary it was to realize other objectives could be attained.

Barker, B. \v. & Weisman, Camping for Chronic of Rehabilitation. p. 26.

H. N. "Residential Hental Patients," Journal Vol. 32, July/August 1966,

Maryland State Hental Hospital utilized camping activities for 50 of its chronic mental patients. A sizable .number of the patients were able to leave the hospital as a result of the camp experience.

69

228. Bernstein, Arthur. "Hilderness as a Therapeutic Behavior Setting," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 6, 4th Qtr., 1972, pp. 160-1 & 185.-

This article points out hmv wilderness stimuli can be a more therapeutic means of behavior modification than urban or institutional stimuli. The suggested population for a program using this type of treatment is young chronic schizophrenics.

229. Blatt, Vivian M. "Vista Workers Camp with Patients," Hospital and Community Psychiatry. Vol. 20, June 1969, pp. 18"2-3.

A camping experience for chronically mentally ill patients in West Virginia is described. Vista workers helped plan and carry out this program and patient improvement was seen as a result of the program.

- 230. Holzworth, William, Grot, James and Hippensteel, Ned. "Effects of Day Camp on Adult Psychiatric­Inpatients," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 7, 1st Qtr., 1973, pp. 37-40.

A pilot study was done to see if adult psychiatric inpatients could practice certain reality-oriented skills in a day camp setting and to see if practicing such skills could be satisfying.

231. Jerstad, Lute and Stelzer, John. "Adventure Experiences as Treatment for Residential Mental Patients," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 7, 3rd Qtr., 1973, pp. 8-11.

This is the study of how adventure experiences differ from survival experiences and how the adventure model was used as a successful treatment module for residential mental patients.

232. Keith, Bill. "Adult Ex-Psychiatric Patient Survival Camping," Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 5, No. 4, October 1978, pp. 3-7.

This article describes a survival camping program in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, for institutionalized adult patients. The objective of the program was to break down the rigid

70

antisocial behaviors of the patients and to help create behaviors which can lead to more normal, integrated lives. The sunrrner camp program is fully detailed in this article and the effectiveness of the camp on a long­term basis is discussed.

233, Landesberg, Adele and Koch, Lorraine. "Psychiatric Nursing in a Unique Environment," Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health Services. Vol. 7, July 1969, pp. 164-8.

This is an account of the day camp program of Hillside Hospital in Glen Oaks, New York, a private psychiatric hospital for mental patients who can function in an open-door situation. A group of patients planned and implemented the pror;ram \<Tith hospital staff as consultants. A small degree of success was seen between learned social skills from camp and their application to hospital environment.

234. Heiss, Reinhilde, Lichte-Spranger, Wiltrud and· Petersen, Peter. "Chronic Hental Patients Shape Their Vacation: The Group Approach to the Democratic Style of the Social Psychiatrist's Contribution to Extramural Therapy," Praxis der Psychotherapie. Vol. 16, No. 3, June r971, PP· 142-52.

The possibilities of therapeutic vacations with moderately disturbed chronic psychiatric patients are discussedo Accumulated data of vacation camps, sociological assumptions underlying group intervention and actual preparation and procedures involved in vacation experiences are also discussed.

235. Minnard, Christopher and Hall, F. Zenaide. "Sunnner Camp for Continuous Treatment Patients,"

·Recreation for the Ill and Handicapped. Vol. 9, No. 1, January 1965, pp. 3-4 & 12.

A summer camp for continuous treatment, mentally ill patients is described in outline form. The planning, choice of campers, daily routine, patient reaction and reconnnendations are fully explained in this report. The initial staff assignments are also indicated in outline form so as to inform the reader of how to properly plan for the camp.

71

236. Orbach, Charles E.- "Camping Experiences for Psychiatric Patients from a Day Care Hospital," Journal of Psychiatric Nursing. Vol. 4, No:-b," 1966, pp. 571-85.

Four different rating scales were used to evaluate movement during three camping periods: 1) dependency; 2) involvement; 3)_ resistance and 4) isolation. Results showed that most patients derived positive benefits from the camping experience.

237. Ortego, M. J. and others. "Psychiatric Patients at Camp," NursiEA_ Mirror. Vol. 118, April 24, 1964, pp. 75-8.

A five-day camp was the setting for a case study of the effects of camping on behavior and attitudes of mental patients. There were fourteen patients from a long-term ward and their behavior after the trip was described as less aggressive with little need for sedatives. An improvement in mental state, however, v.Jas not apparent from the camp experience.

238. Polenz, Douglas and Rubitz, Frank. "Staff Percep­tions of the Effect of Therapeutic Camping upon Psychiatric Patients' Affect," Therapeu­tic Recreation Journal. Vol. 11, 2nd Qtr., r977, pp. 70-3.

This study represents a first look at psychia­tric patients' affect to therapeutic camping activities with the inclusion of staff percep­tions. Patient self-ratings and staff ratings are compared at three different periods of the camping trip to check for discrepancies.

239. Reitman, E. Edward and Pokorny, Alex D. "A Day Center Goes Camping," Hospital and Community Psychiatry. Vol. 17, June 1966, pp. 181-3.

A one-week therapeutic camping experience for patients from Houston VA day treatment center is described. The camping trip extends beyond the program of the center and emphasizes social skills and new experiences.

72

240. Shank, John. "Therapeutic Recreation Through Contrived Stress," Therapeutic Recrea"!=ion Journal. Vol. 9, 1st Qtr., 1975, pp. 2r-='5.

Project I.N.S.I.T.E. (In Nature, Self-Improvement Through Effort), an adapted version of an Outward Bound program at HcLean Hospital in Massachusetts is described. The program helps participants to control understandable stress by asking the participants to enter into situations that contrast their normal living experiences. Participants attempt to push themselves further than they believe they can. Program contingencies are included.

241. Shaver, Phillip R. and Scheibe, Karl E. "Transforma·· tion of Social Identity: A Study of Chronic Mental Patients and College Volunteers in a Sunnner Camp Setting," Journal of Psycholog_y. Vol. 66, No. 1, 1967, pp. 19-37.

The 'mental illness' concept is defined in this study as a state -,vhere patients have. degraded social identities. In the program utilized here, camper-patients become highly involved in real functional roles and at the same time become disinvolved from subordinate and dehumanizing positions within the mental hospital.

242. Slosky, Ronald J. "vJilderness Experience: A Therapeutic Hodality," Dissertation Abstracts International. Vol. 34, No. 7-B, January 1974, p. 3510.

A wilderness backpacking trip is used as a means of growth in self-esteem and self­confidence and to decrease feelings of depen­dency and helplessness. The therapeutic process is accelerated for psychiatric day care patients.

243. Tuttle, Lois P., Terry, Douglas and Shinedling, Hartin M. "Note on Increase of Social Inter­action of Hental Patients During a Camp Trip," Ps~chological Reports. Vol. 36, No. 1, Fe ruary 1975, pp. 77-8.

A mountain camping trip was used as a therapeu­tic tool to increase the social interaction of twenty-five mental patients.

73

244-. \~eisman, Haxwell N. "Camping as Therapy for Chronic Mental Patients," Current Psychiatric Therapies. Vol. 6, 1966, pp. 323-35.

The history, organization, principles and ideas on camping for chronic mental patients are presented.

245. Winter, William D. & Louise H. "Clinical Experiences with Therapeutic Camping," Adolescence. Vol. 3, No. 10, 1968, pp. 203-16.

Six case studies in a therapeutic camping program illustrate boys who were and weren't helped. In general, psychopathic and chronic schizophrenics were not helped but all other diagnostic groups were including organics.

XI. Men~ally Reta!:ded

246. Albert, Russell. "A Concentrated Program of Outdoor Education for Educable and Trainable Retarded," Therapeutic Recreation Journal_. Vol. 3, 3rd Qtr., 1969, pp. 25-8.

This is a report of a concentrated program of outdoor education for educable and trainable retarded youth ages nine through seventeen. The intent of the program was to give the children an appreciation of the outdoors beyond recreational and social activities.

2L~7. Allen, Robert M. "A Note on Mixed Summer Camping with Retardates and Nonretardates," Training School Bulletin. Vol. 54, November 1957, pp. 50-1.

The author talks about his experiences at a four-\veek camping session \'7here he mixed five retarded youngsters (3 boys and 2 girls, 8-12 years old) with five non-retarded young­sters (3 boys and 2 girls, 7-12 years old). A number of interesting incidences were reported bet\.veen campers from both the retarded and non-retarded populations and the counselors. Dr. Allen concludes that retardates and non-retardates should be kept segregated.

248. Amen, Ruth M. Programs for Retarded Girls: Group Work and L~isure Time Programs for Mentally Retarded Children and Adolescents. vJashington, D.C.: Children's Bureau, Social and Rehabili­tation Service, 1968.

Expansion and advancement of the Camp Fire Girls program to include the mentally retarded is discussed. Resident summer camps are among the services mentioned.

249. Ass6ciation for the Help of the Retarded. Selected Papers--First Annual Institute on Camping with the Hentally Retarded. New York: Association for the Help of the Retarded, 1963.

75

Presentation-of eight papers covers topics such as basic issues of camping for the mentally retarded, day and residential programs and integrated and segregated programs.

250. Baker, Bruce L. "Camp Freedom: Behavior Modifica­tlon for Retarded Children in a. Therapeutic Camp Setting," American Journal of Orthops~­chiatry. Vol. 43, No. 3, April 1973, pp. 18-27.

A comparison is made of the progress of twenty­five retarded children who attended Camp Freedom, an experimental summer camp based on principles of behavior modification, with a matched group of fifteen retarded subjects who did not attend camp. The results seem to favor camping and behavior modification as beneficial practices.

251. Bateman,· Barbara. "A Pilot Study of Retarded Children Attending Summer Day Camp," l1R/ Mental Retardation. Vol. 6, February 1968, ~p. 39-44. .

A number of mentally retarded children from four summer day camps were given a battery of tests before and after their camping experience. Changes in attitudes of counselors and parental appraisal of the experience were also obtained. Results suggest that many mentally retarded children can benefit from summer day camp and that the benefits are related to the type of program offered.

252. Bogardus, La Donna, ed. ~ing ~lith Retarded Persons. Nashville, Tennessee: Board of Education of the United Methodist Church, 1970.

This work is a compilation of church camp leaders' experiences with mentally retarded persons in the out-of-doors. This manual describes the why, what and how of the camp setting which helps make it a distinctive learning environment.

253. Boy Scouts of America. Scouting for the Mentally Handicapped. North Bruns1;vick, New Jersey: Boy Scouts of America,. 197 5.

This very concise manual is for scouting leaders who work with mentally retarded boys.

76

The guide helps leaders to adapt the scouting program according to the mental age, needs and abilities of the boys involved.

254, Brannan, Steve. "Outdoor Education: Stimulus for the Nentally Retarded," Oregon Education. Vol. 43, December 1969, pp. 8--12.

A special summer camping program involving forty educable mentally retarded youngsters was conducted by teachers of EMRs from Portland State University. Camping experience made teaching and learning more meaningful and pro­vided students w·ith greater motivation by applying their school learning to practical outdoor situations. The education-recreation concept is recommended for training special and regular educators.

255. Burnes, Alan J. & Hassel, Leonard. "A Pilot Study in Evaluating Camping Experiences for the Mentally Retarded," Hental Retardation.

256.

Vol. 4, No, 4, 1966, pp. 15-17.

This study promotes the idea of the "companion model" or counselor-peer with camper as a means of giving the mentally retarded youngster an increase in his/her social competence, This camping experience which took place in l1assachusetts was undertaken as a pilot study in evaluating camping experience for mentally retarded by using the Cain-Levin Social Competency Scale, The subjects were measured as to their skills in: 1) communications; 2) social; 3) initiative and 4) self-help. Results are provided for other practitioners to replicate,

Canadian Association for for the Retarded in Mental Retardation, pp. 23-5.

Retarded Children, "Camps Canada," Deficiehce Mentale/ Vol. 18, No. 1, 1968,

This article states that camps for mentally retarded in Canada allow individuals to function as independently as possible in a permissive environment which emphasizes active recreation, nature study and crafts.

77 ~1

257" Canadian Association for Retarded Children~ "Summer Programmes 1969 Across Canada," Deficie'nce Mentale/Mental Retardationo Vol:- 19, Noo -·4, ~, pp. 6-9 & 34.

This article indicates how park and recreation boards are cooperating with associations and agencies in the planning, coordination and integration of recreational programs. Listings of swimming, day-camp programs and residence camps in Canada are made available.

258. Carlson, Bernice and Ginglend, Davido Recreation for Reta·rded ~eenagers and Young Adults. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press, 19680

259. Day,

Chapter 13 refers especially to nature interests and hobbies and Chapter 15 has a small section on camping with regard to the mentally retardedo This is a very general but concise program book for recreators who work with retarded indivi­duals.

Hyam Io and Archer, Catherine Mo L. The Tntegration_of Trainable Mentally Retaraed Children into Regular Residential Camps, Summer 1975. Part 2: ·Evaluation, Recommenda­tiohso Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ontario Association for the Mentally Retarded, 19750

Evaluation results of a demonstration project on integration of trainable mentally retarded children into regular residential camps are presented. Methods, findings and recommenda­tions are included.

260. Endres, Richard. "Northern Minnesota Therapeutic Camp," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation . Vo 1. 4 2 , No . 5 , Hay I 9 71 , pp. 75-60

261.

This article describes a year-round camping and education facility designed primarily for the mentally retardedo Site design and the responsibilities of the various personnel are highlighted.

0 "Winter Camping with the Mentally Retarded at Camp Confidence," Journal of Health, rhysical Education and Recreationo Volo--43, No. 1, January 1972, pp. 86-90

78

The winter camping program of Camp Confidence in Minnesota is described. The author discusses the purpose of the program as fostering social interaction among campers and assisting them to gain self-confidence.

262. "Scrounging at Camp Confidence," Journal of Health, Physical Education· and Recreation. Vol. 43, No. 6, June 1972, pp-:-72-3.

The author states how one can get the help of local organizations to finance his/her camp program for retarded children.

263. Flax, Norman and Peters, Edward. "Retarded Children at Camp "~;vith Normal Children," Children. Vol. 16, November 1969, pp. 232-7.

The performance of educable mentally retarded children in an integrated camp was studied. Various findings on group participation, aggression, belongingness and comfort were. reported.

264. Freeberg, lUlliam. "Recreational Camping for the Retarded," Recreation in Treatment Centers. Vol. 5, September 1966, pp. 8-11.

The author states his case for a well-planned and conducted residential camping program for mentally retarded children and all the values to be derived from the experience.

265. Ginglend, David & Gould, Kay. Day Camping for the Mentallv Retarded. New York: National Association for Retarded Children, 1962.

This book is a broad exploration of day camping for the retarded. The book deals with organization, staffing, operation, evaluation and home-community camp relationships for the campers. Appendices include: budget, job descriptions, forms and bulletins. A bibliography is included.

266. Gordon, Eleanora C. & Stewart, Bonnie M. "Riding Programs and Hental Retardation," Challenge. Vol. 11, No. 2, December 1975/January 1976, pp. 1 & 3.

79

The authors present their case for a riding program for mentally retarded persons with only minor physical impairments. Stress is made on creating programs v.1hich are therapeutic as well as recreational so that such items as coordination, balance and muscle tone can be measured as well as seeing the emotional growth that retarded individuals can gain. The authors also list features which are necessary for a well-run riding program for the mentally retarded.

267. Gordon, Sol & Golub, Risa S .. Recreation and Sociali­zat·ion for the Brain Injured Child. New Jersey Association for Brain Injured Children, Central Jersey Section, 1966.

This book was published for parents and specialists who plan and organize therapeuti­cally oriented recreational and socialization programs for brain injured children. Authors state the difference between retarded and brain injured children. The thoughts of several outstanding specialists in the field have been compiled and the subject matter includes: 1) organization and administration; 2) a guide to activities such as swiwming and summer day camps and 3) counseling of parents to help them understand their children's needs. Individuality of the child is stressed as a means of success, and mainstreaming is the overriding philosophy of the book. Readers are encouraged to try some original things after reading about the games and activities described in this volume.

268. Gorman, V. & Clark, A. J. "Camping for Hentally Sub-Normal Patients," Nursing Times. Vol. 60, June 1964, pp. 840-1.

This article describes the arrangement of sleeping areas, facility design and overall organization of a camp for the mentally retarded.

269. Gray Alvin. "Scouting," Recreation's Role in the · Rehabilitation of the Henta1ly Retarded.

Larry L. Neal, ed., Eugene, Oregon: Rehabili­tation Research and Training Center in Mental Retardation, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1970, pp. 59-60.

80

This article describes the value of the scouting program for mentally retarded boys. The author describes his o~m program for mentally retarded and "normal" boys as a program of social and recreational activities. The author also gives leaders interested in starting a scout troop with mentally retarded boys places to look for sponsors.

270. Herb, Harilyn. "Habilitative Camping," Recreation's }.tole in the Rehabilitation of the Hentally Retarded. Larry L. Neal, ed., Eugene, Oregon: Rehabilitation Research and Training Center in Hental Retardation, University of Oregon, Eugene, 1970, pp. 53-4.

This article defines habilitative camping for retarded children and places emphasis upon looking at retarded children as people with abilities and not disabilities. The planning factors are presented in auestion form and ask camp instructors if retarded children can gain a sense of independence.

271. Hourcade, John. "Effect of a Summer Camp Program on the Self-Concept of Hentally Retarded Young Adults," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 11, 4th Qtr., 1977, pp. 178-83.

This study explores the effect of a summer camp program on the personal and social adjustment in mentally retarded young adults. The personal adjustment components that were studied included: 1) self-reliance; 2) sense of per­sonal worth; 3) sense of personal freedom; 4) feeling of belonging; S) withdrawing tendencies and 6) nervous svstems. Social adjustment components studied included: 1) social standards; 2) social skills; 3) anti-social tendencies; 4) family relations; 5) school relations and 6) community relations. Experimental and control groups were utilized for this study. Hethodology and results are also reported.

272. Jacobs, O'Neal. "~,Jith the Handicapped ~·Je Can Do-­and \.Je Do It, n Tnstructor. Vol. 79, October 1970, pp. 70-1.

The author describes a day camp program for mentally retarded children ·which operates five days a week from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. The program

81

co~ers all activities usually presented at a day camp and is adapted to the abilities of the campers. Special features include cooking, grooming, health and safety, entertainment and visits from experts in nature study.

273. Keck, S. Annette and others. Day Camping for the · TraTnable and Severely 1-1entall y Retarded:

Guidelines for Establishing D~Camping ·Programs. Springfield, Ill.: Illinois State

Department of Mental Health, April 1970.

This resource manual offers guidelines for establishing day camping programs for trainable and severely retarded children. Program structure, organization, evaluation and other administrative concerns are also covered in the manual. The appendices include sample schedules, application forms, job descriptions, a list of materials and additional ideas for field trips and in-camp activities.,

274. Kronick, Doreen. "Regular Camp, Special Camp or No Camp," Academic Therapy Quarterly. Vol. 4, 3rd Qtr., 1969, pp. 207-11.

Parents of children with brain dysfunction are given advice to help them decide the type of camp which will be most suitable for their children. After selection of the camp is made, additional advice is given to help parents aid their child's adjustment to the camping situa-tion. ·

275. Kunz, Joe H. nAn Institutional Approach to Camping for the Hentally Retarded," Recreation in Treatment Centers. Vol. 5, September 1966, pp. "30-2.

The Muscatatuck State Hospital and Training Center in Indiana runs a resident camping pro­gram for mentally retarded children. Total treatment of the child and development of his/ her self-esteem and potential are the main purposes of the program.

276. Lainoff, Harold H. "An EHR Camper Steps Up to Staff," Camping Magazine. Vol. 40, September I October 1968, p. 23.

Q" vL

This story re1ates the experiences of an EMR camper as he took on staff responsibilities at Camp Hav1thorn in Missouri vJith an integrated group.

"EMR Campers Gain from Regular Camp," ~ih_g Magazine. Vol. 41, February 1969, p-:-24.

This article provides a discussion of objectives and preparation for integrating E}ffi campers into a regular camp setting. The author believes staff should be trained in the follow­ing areas: 1) philosophy and purpose of integration; 2) techniques of leading groups and 3) understanding mental retardation.

278. Lefebvre, Claudette B. "The Comparative Effects of Three and Six Heek Periods of Residential Camping on Physical Fitness and Adaptive Behavior in Children and Youth with Brain Dysfunction Syndrome," Dissertation Abstract InternationaL Vol. 33, No. 1-A, July 197T, pp. 200-1.

The author compared the effects that three-and six-week camping programs had on the physical fitness and adaptive behavior of non-institutionalized children with brain dysfunction syndromes. Both groups increased in physical fitness and adaptive behavior measures and decreased in personality and pehavior disorder levels. The six-week campers had a significantly greater improvement in adaptive behavior than the three-week campers.

279. Litchfield, Robert. "Ralph Finds a Home," Deficience Mentale/Mental Retardation. Vol. 17, No. 2, 1967, pp. 11-13.

Tranquille School in Tranquille, British Columbia, enacted three client-inspired proj~cts: 1) planting a garden with the help of eighty-three severely retarded males; 2) building a park near the school and 3) raising a steer for a spring barbecue. These staff­directed activities proved to be beneficial for both the students and the staff.

280. Malloy, June R. "Survival Program for E'MR, an Outdoor Education Tech..11.ique," ERIC-CRESS Newsletter. Vol. 6, Summer 1971, pp. 1-2.

83

This article-describes a survival program for EHR students which was adapted from a survival course at Brigham Young University.

281. Martin, Hilliam B. "Overnight Camp Aids Retardates," Gamp"ing Ma__gazin~. Vol. 44, September 1972, p. 20.

An overnight camp sponsored by Ea.st Carolina University is sho~1 to be beneficial to the teachers and the mentally retarded campers.

282. Hurray, Alex L. & Hilkinson, Paul F. "Retarded Children and Integrated Camping," Journal ·of LeisU:rahility. Vol. 3, No. 4, October 1976, pp. 34-~

This article establishes guidelines that have been developed for the consideration of inte­grating mentally retarded children into regular residential camping and related recreation activities. The article in its conclusion suggests a support system that would prepare the child, parent and organization involved for more integration in general and for integrated camping in particular.

283. Oliver, James N. "The Kennedy-Sponsored Camps for Mentally Retarded Children," Teaching___§-nd Training. Vol. 3, No. 3, 1965, pp. 83-7.

Programs of the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation sponsored day camps for mentally retarded children and youth are described.

284. Ontario Association for the Hentally Retarded. The Integration of Trainable Retarded Children into Regular Residential Camps, Summer 1975. Part 1: Planning,· Implementation. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Ontario Association for the Mentally Retarded, 1975.

Procedures involved in the planning and imple­mentation of the Ontario Association for the Mentally Retarded's project on integration of TMR children into regular camps are outlined. Historical background, developmental steps, staff training, selection of campers and recommendations for the final phase of the project are included.

285. Roberts, Marilyn H. "A Camping Program for Hental1y Retarded," Recreation for the Ill and Himdi­·cc>~pped. Vor:---2, No.3, July 1958, pp. 3-5 & 13.

A summer camp program for mentally retarded in Columbus, Ohio, is described. Several organizations cooperated by pooling staff, program ideas and campers to provide a more comprehensive recreation experience for all concerned. The schedule, method of incentives, means of recruiting and selecting campers and benefits of the camp experience are also men­tioned.

286. Scharman, Russ & Woolstenhulme, Ron. "Freezurtoz: A Winter Camping Experience," Challenge. Vol. 9, No. 2, November/December 1973, pp. 1 & 12.

This is the story of Camp Freezurtoz, a cooperative venture that was undertaken by the Idaho State School and Hospital Recreation Department to provide \.vinter camping for their mentally retarded teens. Independence in activities of daily living was stressed by staff members to that the residents would get more enjoyment in the experience. Pictures of this uniaue experience appear in the article.

287. Trageton, Marta and Thorstein, Nils. "Fjellheimen Leirskole: An Experimental School Camp for the Mentally Handicapped." Perspectives on Outdoor Education ... Readings. George ·H. Donaldson and Oswald Goering, eds., Dubuque, Iowa: William C. Bro~m, 1972, pp" 202-6.

This is a description of a publicly funded ~vinter-summer seasonal camp for mentally retarded youngsters in Norway. Facilities, site design, administrative organization and program of activities are briefly described.

288. Vancon, Nancy. "Space to Grow," Rehabilitation Around the ~·Jorld. Vol. 21, No. 5, 1970, pp. 10-15.

An outing by 30 mentally retarded children in Washington National Forest in Virginia is described.

85

289. Velde, Frank. "New Camping Horizon for Albertans," Sourna1 O'f Leisurahility. Vol. 5, No. 4, October 1978, pp. 8-12.·

This article discusses Camp Adventure, a co-educational camp of Boys' and Girls' Clubs of Calgary. This particular camp represents a tion-specialized, non-categorical approach to integrating retarded with non-retarded children. Program components are given in the context of the guidelines.

290. Wood, Tom. "Detroit Hasn't Forgotten Adult Retardates' Needs," TCRH Newsletter. Vol. 3, No. 21, 1969, pp. 1 & 3.

This article discusses the year-round community recreation program, day camping program and residential camping program for older teen and adult mental retardates as created by the Detroit Parks and Recreation Department.

291. Wyatt, Hilliam J. & Hunt, Sharon K. "Using Parents as Evaluators of a Therapeutic Recreation~l Camping Program for the Retarded," Therateutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 10, 4th Qtr., 976, pp. 143-8.

This article discusses the values of having parents as program evaluators for therapeutic recreational camping. The article also includes an example of the form that parents had to fill out containing items having to do with camper enjoyment, health and desire to return to camp. A concern for accountability in the delivery of leisure service systems is also expressed.

86

i

XII. Physically Disabled

292. American Association for Health, Physical Education and Recreation. "Camp Hidden Valley," Journal of Health,· Physical Education and Recreatron:­Vo1. 42, No. 5, May 1971, pp. 73-4.

293.

The program of Camp Hidden Valley, ·where inte­gration of disabled and non-disabled campers takes place, is briefly described. Camp design is the only program area which is altered to give Hidden Valley its uniqueness. Ramps are used for accessibility on the campgrounds.

American Camping Association. Caron Standards vJith - ~ ~-

Interpretations for the Accreditation of Orga-· · nized Camus. Bradford Hoods, Martinsville,,,_ indiana: ·American Camping Association, 1972.

Standards for ACA accreditation are cited~ Part II-c, added April 1974, contains camp standards for camps serving physically handi­capped persons.

294. American Camping Association. "Camping for the H.andicapped," Camning Nagazine. Vol. 38, November/December 1966, p. 29.

This is a report on the use of a national park area for a residential camp by Charlottesville, Virginia Kiwanis Club. The camp was conducted for six days for twelve physically disabled children, aged 5 to 12 years.

295. American Camping Association. "Ingenuity Brings Camp to More Kids, 11 Camping Hagazine. Vol. 40, No. 7, September/October 1968, p. 13.

296.

This article discusses the building of two­story camp facilities so that the building can be entered on ground level on both floors. Heating a swimming pool and providing ramps for wheelchairs are other topics of discussion.

Ayrault, E. v.J. Helpin the Handican ed Teena Mature . N ew--,;-;Y;-"-o-r.,........:""---A.--s_s_o_c-.i-a-:t-i.-o~n......_n:P-r_e_s_s-,~1"""*"7'r

87

The problems of the disabled teenager are discussed. Included in the book is a directory of resources such as agencies, special camps and colleges with facilities for the disabled.

297. Blackwood, Bill. "Flying: Changing Your Plane," Stiorts 'n Spokes. Vol. 4, No. 4, November/ December 1978, p. 11.

This wheelchaired flight instructor talks about the procedure one must go through to convert a sailplane for use with hand controls. He also explains the Federal Aviation Administration procedures needed to modify any airplane from its original type certification.

298. Boy Scouts of America. · Scouting for the Physically Handicapped. North Brunswick, New Jersey: Boy Scouts of America, 1976.

This manual is for scouting leaders v-Jho work with the physically handicapped. An explanation is made as to how to adapt programs and activi­ties to meet the physically handicapped boy's needs.

299. Britten, Anthony F. H., Allen, Donald H. & Morse, Doreen. 1'Hemophiliacs at Summer Camp," Journal of the American Medical Association. Vol. 213, August 3, 1970, p. 873.

This letter discusses a pilot study in which fifteen hemophiliac boys attended a private boys' camp in Maine with boys without dis­abilities. Several campers improved their health as a result of the experience.

300. Burehard, Hank. "Hunters Hit the Woods," Sports 'n Spokes. Vol. 4, No. 6, March/ April 1979, pp. 18-19.

Special hunts meeting the wildlife needs of disabled individuals is the subject of this , article. The author describes the features that have been added to the trails to make them more accessible to disabled hunters as well as the requirements that hunters must meet to be able to attend the special hunts. The thoughts of the hunters as they get involved in their hunting are also discussed.

88

301. Campbell, Robert A. and others. "C/F Kids Make Good Campers--the Congenitally Nalformed XV," Northwest Medicine. Vol. 67, Hay 1968, pp. 458-61.

A sunnner camp program held at Hount Hood Kiwanis Club Camp for cystic fibrosis children is discussed. The children demonstrated easy adaptability to the camping situation and tolerated vigorous outdoor activityo

302. Carter, Joan L. "Camping Together: Handicapped and Non-Handicapped Girl Scouts," Exceptional Child~en. Vol. 2l, October 1954, pp. 2-4.

Fifteen able-bodied and three physically handi­capped girls 9-10 years old camped together in an experimental project. Program activities, group experiences and staff relationships were assessed during the project. The project, by most observers, was deemed a successful venture.

303. Cobb, Michael D. "Skiing is for Everyone," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 9, 1st Qtr., 1975, pp. 18-20.

This article describes a ski program at Greek Peak International Ski School in Virgil, New York, for amputees.

304. Conger, Jerryo "ATV Update," Sports 'n Spokes. Volo 3, No. 4, November/December 1977, pp. 13 & 15.

This article represents an up-to-date look at the new products on the all-terrain vehicle scene.

305. Crase, Nancy, "Flying and the Hand Control Pilots," S~orts 'n Spokes. Vol. 1, No. 2, July/August 1 75, pp. 5-6 & 14.

This article familiarizes the prospective wheel­chair pilot with the necessary requirements for obtaining a license to operate a hand-control private aircrafto The probable questions that a prospective pilot might ask are brought up and answered.

89

306. . "Flying: Hand Controlled Pilots Hulti­ply:-r" Sports 'n S~" Vol. 2, No. 6f·March/ April I977, p. 17.

This section of the magazine deals with disabled individuals \.IJho have learned to fly private planes by use of hand controls only"

307. . "Nifty New Stuff," Sports· 'n Spokes. Vol. 1, No. 5, January/February 1976, p. 13.

308.

The 'Para-Brute' motorcycle and the Wheelchair Vagabond are described. The latter is a handy guidebook for the wheelchair camper.

"People in Sports: Bill Blackwood: A Former Navy Pilot Gets Back into the Cockpit as an Instructor," Sports 'n Spokes. Vol. 4, No. 5, January/February 1978, pp. 19-21.

This is the story of Bill Blackwood, a former Navy pilot who developed paraplegia from a training flight accident. The article shmvs hmv Qe has adjusted his lifestyle. ·

309. Crawford, Mary C. "Provide the Handicapped with a Rich Camp Experience," Camping Nagazine. Vo 1. 28, December 1956, p. 18.

This short article offers the camp director and prospective camp counselors some practical suggestions as to how a camping experience can be made fun and rewarding for physically handicapped campers.

310. Croucher, Norman. Outdoor Pursuits for Disabled People. London, England: Disabled Living Foundation, 1974.

This book discusses open-air recreation activi­ties for physically disabled individuals giving particular attention to items such as safety, insurance, competition and prosthetic devices. Activities which are of particular interest include: spelunking, gliding, shooting, bicycling, orienteering, snorkeling, rock climbing and aquaplaning.

90

311. Davies, Lynn & Hitt, Peter A. "Camping and the Handicapped in Canada, 11 Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 1, July 1974, pp. 9-14.

The authors surveyed the availability of camping services for handicapped children in Canada and also looked at the possibilities of integrating facilities for disabled and non-disabled children. Staffing and financial needs were also cited.

312. Dibner, Andrew· S. "Semi-Integrated Camping for the Physically Handicapped Child," Rehabilitation

·Psychology. Vol. 20, Summer 19TI, pp. 84-93.

Forty-five 8-16-year-old disabled boys were compared with a non-disabled group of boys concerning their gain in self-concept following a camp experience. Some of the findings were as follows: 1) the disabled boys showed greater gains in self-concept than their non­disabled counterparts; 2) counselors who worked primarily with non-disabled boys showed improved attitudes toward disabled boys and 3) counselors "tvho -vmrked primarily with disabled boys shm.;red less positive attitudes at the end of the camping period. Suggestions for training counselors are presented.

313. Dibner, Susan Schmidt and Dibner, Andrew S. Inte­gration or Segregation for the Physically--­

. Handicapped Child? Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1973.

This two-year study dealing with integrated and segre8ated camping for the physically disabled resulted in the following findings: 1) condi­tions of voluntary segregation brought about primarily cooperative behavior; 2) in integrated situations, overt competitive behavior is brought out and 3) both cooperative and competitive behavior are beneficial when balanced, but detrimental when the other is not present.

314. Factor, Dr. Eli. "Super ATV for Quads," Sports 'n Spokes. Vol. l~, No. 3, September /October 1978, pp. 14-15.

The Super Tryke is described in this article by Dr. Eli Factor, president of the Wheelchair

9J..

Hotorcycle Association. All the advantages it has to the handicapped individual in terms of ease of operation and hauling, cost and ride comfort are mentioned.

315. Farmer, Charlene. "A Study of Five Land and V.Jater Conservation Projects in Regard to Accessibility and Usability for the Physically Handicapped," Therapeutic Recreation Journal. Vol. 10, 1st Qtr., 1976, pp. 27-30.

This study was conducted to ascertain if selected projects funded by the Bureau of Outdoor Recreation met minimum standards of accessibility and usability to the physically handicapped. The rationale for the study -vvas that because disabled people represent a large part of the U.S. human resources (1 of 7 people in U.So is disabled), they are of great economic significance to the entire country and deserve their "fair share" of the conserva­tion projects. Five projects from the state of Georgia were reviewed in this study according to a thirteen section checklisto Summary, conclusions and recommendations are included.

316. Gale, J. R. "Tidnish--'A Special Kind of Camp,'" Rehabilitation in Canada. Vol. 13, 1966, pp. Zi.-5 & 32.

This is a description of Amherst Rotary Club's Camp Tidnish, a camp which is used exclusively by disabled children. The youngsters receive instruction in activities such as swimming, and organized gameso Entertainment, trips and nature study are included in the program"

317. Goodwin, Henry E. and Gross, Elmer A. "How Handi­capped Campers Can Fit into Regular Programs," Camping Magazine 0 Vol. 30, December 1958,

318.

pp. 18-19.

This is a description of a regular camping pro­gram and hov-7 physically handicapped youngsters can participate with non-handicapped youngsterso The major philosophy advanced here is that activity is therapeutic.

Hagel, Susan. "Snowmobiling, 11 Sports 'n Stokes. Vol. 4, No. 6, March/April~9 1 pp. -7.

92.

This article points out how snovnnobiling can be a safe and enjoyable sport for the disabledo

319. Hanks: Susan B. "Trailer Adaptations for the Wheelchair User," Physical Thera?Y· Vol. 54, No. 11, November 1.974, pp. T~

A physical therapist from Oregon talks about the detailed but inexpensive adaptations that wheelchair users can make or have made on their trailers so that they can enjoy recreational vehicle camping.

320. Holden, Raymond H. "Changes in Body Imagery of Physically Handicapped Children Due to Summer Camping Experience," ~errill-Palmer Quarterly. Vol. 8, No. 1, January 1952, pp. 19-26.

The effects of a sunnner day camp and summer residential camp on the body image of children with physical disabilities were investigated. Body image changes occurred in all camping groups. Behavior changes were found to corre­late with changes in body imageo

321. Hyatt, Rick. "Hunting on ~fueels Prohibited!" Journal of Leisurability. Vol. 5, No. 4, Octo­ber 1978, pp. 38-9.

This article notes the frustrations a wheel­chair person can encounter v1hen participating in the sport of hunting.

322. Kelly, Robert H. "A Trail for Everyone," California Parks and Recreation. Vol. 33, No. 3, June/ July 1977, p. 21.

This is the story of a wilderness trail in the California Sierra foothills which is accessible to wheelchair people. The efforts of John Olmsted are documented.

323. Kinoy, Sarah Jane. "An Experiment in Education," Criplled Child. Vol. 18, No" 6, April 1941, PPo 52-4 & 166.

This article describes a Crippled Children's Summer Horne in Oakhurst, New Jersey) and some of the creative activities used in this camp for the crippled child to help him develop his interest in the outdoors and independence.

93

Some of these activities include:. 1) building an old shack into a play house; 2) gardening; 3) predicting the weather; !+) building lean-tos; and 5) building a miniature model city.

324. Martin, Charles J. "People in Sports: Bruce Jennings: A Coast to Coast Bike Ride," S~ort·s 'n Spokes. Vol. 2, No. 6, March/April 1 77, pp. 7-9.

This is the story of the 3,000-mile bike ride of Bruce Jennings, leg amputee, who overcame several medical adversities to attempt this feat.

325. Miller, Arthur G. "Physically Handicapped in Camp," · Camping Magazine. Vol. 38, January 1966,

pp. 26-8.

Guidelines are presented for camp directors in selecting physically handicapped children who could be integrated into a regular camp.

326. National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults. Easter Seal Standards for Camps !)erving the Physically Handicapped. Chicago, Illinois: National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults, 1973.

This booklet presents camp standards pertaining to site, health, safety, administration, personnel and program for camps serving the physically handicapped.

327. National Easter Seal Society, Task Force on Special Camping. Easter Seal Guide to Special Camping Programs. Chicago, Illinois: National Easter Seal Society for Crippled Children and Adults, 1968.

This guide is to be used as a companion to the American Camping Association Standard Report for Accreditation of Organized Camps. The guide covers the following areas: 1) philosophy; 2) aims and objectives; 3) administration and camp site selection; 4) legal matters; 5) insurance; 6) budget and finance; 7) building and facilities; 8) admission and follow-up procedures; 9) personnel; 10) health and safety and 11) programming and activities. Appendices include sample forms and records used

94

in special camping and U.S.A. Standards_ Insti­tute Specifications for making buildings and facilities accessible to and usable by the physically handicapped.

328. National.Recreation Association. "Ranch Camp," Recr·eation. Vol. 56, Narch 1963, pp. 125-6.

Double G Ranch near Soddy, Tennessee, is the subject of this article. The ranch is described as·a facility which can accommodate 126 campers of varying physical disabilities and is available on application to southern chapters of nationally accredited youth health organiza­tions.

329. New York Department of Conservation and the State Council on Parks and Outdoor Recreation. Outdoor Recreation for the Physically H~pdi­capped: A Handbook of Design Standards. New York: New York Department of Conservation and the State Council of Parks and Outdoor Recreation, 1967.

The needs and guidelines to develop outdoor recreation facilities usable by physically handicapped individuals are cited.

330. Park, Leslie D. "Camping for Severely Disabled Adults," Journal of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. Vol. 29, No. 3, Harch 1958, pp. 22-3.

331.

This article describes a camping ·project for severely disabled adults conducted by United Cerebral Palsy of Illinois.

Pomeroy, Janet. Recreation for the Physicallt . ·Handicapped. Ne,..7 York: Macmillan Co., 964.

Types of physical handicaps, incidence, atti­tudes, objectives and the values of recreation are discussed. The organization and operation of a recreation program is considered. Outings, trips and day camping are among the activity areas described.

332. Psy-Ed Corp. "How Different is My Child?, Summer Time, Camp Time," Exceptional Parent. Vol. 1, February/March 1972, pp. 36-9.

Suggestions are given to parents of disabled children concerning whether to send their child to summer camp. How to find and evaluate camps is also discussed.

333. Rrmchmann, Bori. "People in Sports: Dave Fowler, 11

S;eorts 'n Spokes. Vol. 2, No. 4, November/ December 1976, pp. 10-12.

This is the story of an amputee who teaches downhill skiing to other amputees in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania. The method of three track skiing is briefly explained.

334. Robb, Gary M. "Camping for the Physically Handi­capped: A Rationale and Approach," Rehabili­tation Literature. Vol. 34, No. 5, Hay 1973, pp. 130-3.

The author talks about the attitudinal barriers that a number of camp directors have regarding placing handicapped youngsters with non­handicapped youngsters in regular camps. ·In addition, Robb indicates that the difficulties with placing handicapped youngsters in summer camps include: 1) programmatic difficulties; 2) mobilization problems; 3) medical considera­tions and 4) personnel inadequacies. Camp Allen, Inc., in New Hampshire is outlined in the article and how it deals with the basic difficulties is demonstrated.

3350 Scherr, Merle So "Role of Summer Camp in Rehabili­tation of the Asthmatic Patient," Reivew of All~rgy. Vol. 22, February 1968, pp. 169-75.

This article represents a review of rehabilita­tion programs for asthmatic patients. The treatment concept used is an eight-week summer camp program at Bronco Junction. The purpose of the camp is to prepare asthmatic children for "normalcy" through medical allergy treatment, physical conditioning and camping activities.

336. Schoenbohm, W. B. Planning and Operating Facilities for· Crippled Children. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1962.

This is a general book on building and operating facilities for physicq.lly disabled children. Selection of an architect, site selection and

96

337.

alterations of facilities are discussed. A section on camps is included.

& Hovik, Lawrence. "Building Camp Facilities for the Handicapped," Recreation. Vol. 52t March 1959~ pp. 94-6.

This article points out the necessary consi.dera­tions one needs to make in building camp facilities for the physically handicapped. Site selection, program content, participant and staff data and architectural considerations are the items mentioned here. Camp Courage in Minnesota is the facility highlighted in this article.

338. Sears, Bradford.G. "Blueprint for Successful Camping," Crippled Child. Vol. 14, April 1947, pp. 8-11.

Selection of a campsite with considerations for topography and .. vegetation is discussed.

·Discussion is also made contrasting the central­ized and decentralized camp styles.

339. Sellwood, John J. "Camping for the Physically Handicapped," Journal of the Association for Physical and Hen tal Rehabilitation. Vol. 9, March/April 1955, pp. 53-5.

340.

The organization, programming, sites and financ~ of recreational and therapeutic camps for the physically handicapped are discussed.

. "Camping for Cardiac Children," --_,.....,,.....---.--r Camplhg Magazine. Vol. 30, January 1958, pp. 20-3.

An experimental camp program for cardiac children is described. The program concentrates on providing rest and relaxation without giving the feeling of unnecessary restriction.

341. Spencer, Steven M. "These Kids Go Camping on Crutches," Saturday Evening Post. Volo 226, June 12, 1954, pp. 28-9, 108 & 113.

This is a human interest story of Camp Daddy Allen in the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania. The program is presented through camper anecdot~s of experiences and pictures.

97 ' .

342. Stadnyk, Sue and Bindschadler, Nancy. 11A Camp for Children with Cystic Fibrosis," American Journal of Nursing. Vol. 70, August 1970, pp. H591-3.

This article discusses a camp that is designed to meet the special pulmonary regimens and dietary restrictions of children with cystic fibrosis. Staffing, daily program, benefits and activity considerations are also discussed.

343. · Stein, Thomas A. "Some Affective Outcomes Accompanying a Camping Experience of Physically Handicapped Adults," Rehabilitation Literature. Vol. 24, No. 7, July 1963, pp. 194-wo:---

34L~.

345.

The effects of camping on the interests, activities and self-acceptance of physically handicapped adults were studied. No change in self-acceptance occurred. There was little carry-over of newly learned socially acceptable behavior from camp activities to the horne environment. No change in patterns of interest was found and no change in social participation resulted from the camping experience. The authors concern for pre-camp counseling of campers is also indicated.

Thompson, Horton. Recreation.

"Cerebral Palsy Day Camp," Vol. 54, March 1961, pp. 141-2.

A day camp playground for cerebral palsy children in Nassau County, New York, is described here. The project provides combined outdoor camping and playground services the year-round.

United Cerebral Palsy Association. ~_Camping for the Cerebral Palsied. New YorK.: United Cerebral Palsy Association.

The manual describes the important considera­tions that one must take into account when set­ting up a day camp program for individuals with cerebral palsy.

346. United States Ski Association. Kick the Handicap: Learn to Ski. Chicago, Illinois: United States Ski Association, Central Division) Arnputee Skiers Committee, 1976.

Handicapped ski club information and handicapped ski programs around the United States are

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highlighted in this volume. A history of handicapped skiers, equipment needed, training films, people to contact and lists of handicapped skier competitions around the country are also mentioned in this work.

347. Van Orden, H. E. Bud. "Hhere There's a Will, There's a Way," Rehabilita-tion Record. Vol. 14, No. 3, May/June 1973, pp. 36-9.

This article is a description of Camp Will-A­Way, a camp designed for physically handicapped, in Fort Yargo State Park, Georgia. Camp construction began in 1965 as a federally funded demonstration projecto The camp is considered a regional park for the handicapped because it is within a day's drive of sections of four other southern states.

348. White, A. S. and others. The Easy Path to Gardening. London, England (25 Berkeley Square, WIX6AB): The Reader's Digest Association Limited, 1972.

This .book lists sources of adaptations and considerations for gardening by the physically impaired. The book also provides information on tools, equipment, facilities and appropriate plant information.

3L~9. Winters, Jim. National Amputee Skiers Association: National Amputee Ski Technique. Carmichael, Ca.: San Juan Unified School District.

This is a very complete manual on ski techniques for amputees and post-polio victims. A history of amputee skiing and a discussion of the National Amputee Skiers Association is also presented. A check sheet to observe and record the progress of the skier is also provided.

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· XIII. Sensory Impaired

350. Ackley, Michael. "Deaf Children 'Hear' About Nature's Honders," California Parks and Recreation. Vol. 30, No. 5, October/November 1974, p. is.

This is the story of a young man in Berkeley, California, who as East Bay Regional Park District naturalist and interpreter ~.vith U.C. School for the Deaf in Berkeley teaches nature to deaf children through sign language.

351. Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf, Inc. "Summer Camps for Deaf Children," Volta Review. Vol. 64, No. 4, April 1962, PPo 192-90

This article lists seventy camps which.specialize in providing camping services to deaf children. Integrated camps are also indicated in this articleo

352. American Foundation for the Blind. "Summer Camping Programs for Visually Handicapped Persons," New Outlook for the Blind. Vol. 70, No. 3, March 1976, pp. 121-40

This article lists over fifty summer camps in twenty-nine states that serve the visually impaired. Camp sponsors and age groups accepted are included.

353. Bean, Margaret A. "Camp Lighthouse," American Journal of Nursing. Vol. 72, Mayl:972, pp. 950-

Camp Lighthouse, sponsored by the New York Association for the blind, is described in the article. The recreation program provides two­week and three-week intensive camping experiences to legally blind groups of teenagers and adults in hopes of providing the teens necessary skills to live in peace with sighted people.

354. Boy Scouts of America. Scouting for the Deaf. North Brunswick, New Jersey: Boy Scouts of P..merica, 1973.

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This is a very complete guidebook for scout leaders working with deaf boys. The main concern of the book is in helping the deaf boy participate with a group composed largely of hearing boys. The major emphasis for the deaf boy scout is to advance through the ranks by using an easily understandable means of non-verbal communication with his cohorts.

355. Boy Scouts of America. Scouting for the Visually_ Handicapped. North Brunswick, New Jersey: Boy Scouts of America, 1977.

This is a comprehensive manual for scout leaders who work with visually impaired or blind boy scouts. Other publications about scouting for the visually handicapped are available on cassette, in braille, on records and in large print.

356. Brett, James J. "Pathways for the Blind, 11 Conserva­tionist. June/July 1971, pp. 13-16.

Pennsy Oerwood Braille trail is briefly described in the article. Questions to stimulate hikers' thoughts about man's relationship to nature are included.

357. Case, Maurice. "Camping for Blind Adults," Recreation. VoL 46A, Hay 1953, pp. 104-6.

358.

The author describes the program of Camp Light­house in New York for the visually handicapped. He talks about adapting programs to the needs of this special population and considerations that the general public need to make \vith visually impaired people.

. Recreation for Blind Adults. Spring­----~f~i-e~l~d, Ill.: Charles C. Thomas, 1966.

The effects of blindness on adults, programs and the administrative technicalities of these programs are discussed. Nature outings are among the activities discussed. Administrative concerns are also expressed.

359. Conference of Executives of American Schools for the Deaf, Inc., and Convention of the American Institute of the Deaf, Inc. "United States Deaf Skiers Association and Summer Camps for

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Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children," American AhhaTs· of the Deaf. Volume 120, No. 2, April r975, pp. 234-7.

The purposes of the United States Deaf Skiers Association are briefly stated and contact information to obtain further information about deaf skier programs is given. Summer camps for deaf and hard of hearing children are also listed alphabetically by state with the inclu­sion of a Canadian camp.

360. Cornacchia, T. and Spenciner, L. "Camp Program for Preschool Children with Auditory and Visual Handicaps," Education for the Visually Handicapped. Vol. 1, October 1969, pp. 88-9.

This report concerned introducing eight dual handicap children into a normal camp. Special one-to-one counseling was used in order to test 'tvorking theories on adjustment and develop­ment.

361. Finefrock, James A. "Leading the Blind into the lililderness," California Parks and Recreation. Vol. 33, No. 5, October/November 1977, pp. 22 & 25.

This is the story of a wilderness trip in Point Reyes, California, where five blind people went backpacking and river-rafting in a test of courage.

362. Halliday, Carol and Kurzhals, Ina W. Stimulating Environments for Children \.fuo are Visually Impaired. Springfield, I1lo: Charles C. Thomas, 1976.

This book is designed for people 'tvho care for, work with and teach visually impaired children. The book deals in large part with the outdoor environment and offers guidelines to positive development so that visually impaired children can better feel their own worth through these various positive learning experiences.

363. Herbert, E. L. "Hearing Impaired Children in Community Recreation and Camping Programs," Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 0 Vol. 23, November 1958, pp .- 610-2.

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Tnis was a five-year demonstration project designed to integrate the deaf, hard-of-hearing and aphasic children with hearing youngsters in year-round recreational and social programs. After three years, it was indicated that handi­capped children benefit from integrated recrea­tional experiences and that public recreation agencies should employ specialists to facilitate the integration.

364. Higdon, Hal. "Michigan's Remarkable Summer Speech Camp," Today's Health. Vol. 46, May 1968, pp. 34-i:

This camp established a therapeutic community where people with speech problems could experience success more often.

365. Hutchins, Jane M. "Camping for Blind Children," Camping Magazine. Vol. 25, March 1953, p. 23.

The leadership experiences of an activities ·director at Camp Allen in New Hampshire ar.e highlighted in this article. The author makes some very exciting discoveries about blind people.

366. Kempter, Richard. "Some Effects of Sighted Teens in a Camp for the Blind," Journal of Rehabili­tation. Vol. 35, May/June 1969, pp. 2~~

This is a report of a pilot project sponsored by the New York Association of the Blind, where two sighted campers attended a three-week resident camp session with fifty partially sighted and totally blind teenagers. Blind teens tended to focus adversely on their blind­ness with the presence of the sighted campers. The author, however, does advocate integration as a continuing practice to help the blind feel comfortable among sighted people.

367. Lewis, Robert B. "A Self-Guiding Nature Trail for the Blind," Outdoor Recreation Plannin for the Hahdicappe . Has l_ngton, D.C. : Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, April 19670

This report serves as an introduction to the braille trail near Aspen, Colorado. The report gives some insight into the meaning of the "other senses to the blind."

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368. Hiller, Oral 0. "Blind Skiing: Cross Country," Journal o'f Ph ·sical Education ahd Recreation. VoT. 47, No. !, February 1976, p. 63.

369.

This is a presentation of a cross country ski program for blind people as designed by blind musician and recording artist from Norway, Erling Stordahl. The Race For Light in Summit County, Colorado, was a cooperative effort between Norwegian and American agencies .

. "Blind Skiing: Downhill," Journal of --..,--,~;;:;h"'y_,·-s,...,ical Education and Recreation. Vol. 47, No.

· , February 1976, pp. 64 & 66.

BOLD, Inc., (Blind Outdoor Leisure Development) is a nonprofit publicly supported corporation which wishes to create a national program to rehabilitate the visually handicapped through downhill skiing. Aspen, Colorado, operates as the official headquarters for BOLD and a listing of the number of ways an interested group of people can form a local BOLD club is provided by the agency.

370. Nesbitt, John A. & Howard, Gordon K. Program Development in Recreation Service for the Deaf-Blind. Iowa City, Iowa: Recreation Education Program, College of Liberal Arts, University of Iowa, 1974.

371.

Outdoor recreation is discussed in this project funded by a grant of the United States Govern­ment. The volume itself calls on recreators to be advocates for seeking the necessary funds to help develop recreational programs which are tailored to the needs of deaf-blind people. Chapters IV and V have specific arti­cles dealing with examples of outdoor education/ camping/nature programs and activities for the deaf-blind population.

Rehabilitation Services Administration. for Nature," Rehabilitation Record. January/February 1968, pp. 20-1.

"A Feeling Vol. 9,

This is a brief description of Roaring Fork Braille Trail in Colorado's ~~ite River National Forest, a model of outdoor areas designed for blind and sighted persons.

104 ~ .

372. Resnick, Rose. "The Specialized Camp as Preparation for Integration," New Outlook for the Blind. Vol. 66, December 1972, pp. 374-6. ·

Adaptions of normal camping situations, including specially trained staff and barrier-free design, are discussed in terms of providing camping experiences for blind children.

373. Rotter, Paul. "Camping is for Deaf Children," · Volta Review. Vol. 61, No. 5, May 1959,

pp. 209-ll & 227.

Author discusses the values of sending a deaf or hard-of-hearing child to summer camp. He also discusses the considerations parents should make as to which camp to send their child to since "this is a hearing world." A small resource list is also given.

374. Schvmrtz, Jonathan R. "Survey of Nature Trails for the Visually Impaired," Journal of Visual

·Impairment and Blindness. Vol. 71, No. 2, February 1977, pp. 54-61.

The author surveyed 100 interpretive nature trail administrators and 184 certified orienta­tion and mobility instructors who work with the blind to get their opinions on the use of the special nature trails. The general finding was that trails should be constructed which would integrate visually impaired and sighted patrons rather than segregate them. Survey data is presented.

375. Spinelli, Antonio and Earley, James. "Dual Nature Trails Use Both Braille a~d Printed Markers for Use of Visually Handicapped Campers," Camping Magazine. Vol. 44, March 1972, p. 19.

This article discusses the use and program for Hale Camping Reservation's nature trail, which is used by visually impaired.

376. Svaldi, Vincent F. and Romig, D. A. "A Busy and · Exciting Summer for the Visually Handicapped

Youth," Education for the Visually Handicapped. Vol. 1, December 1969, pp. 124-6.

This is a description of a program for fifty blind secondary students at the Texas School

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for the Blind, including some camping and outdoor recreation programs.

377. Sykes, K. C. "Camp Challenge: Program for Parents and Their Pre-School Children with Visual Handicaps," New Outlook for the Blind. Vol. 68, October 1974, pp. 344-7.

106

The program created here allows parents to attend lectures on caring for their pre-school children with visual handicaps while the children receive instruction from trainee teacners. Recruitment, prograrrrming and evalua­tion are discussed as well as the informal aspects of camp.

378. Twersky, Jacob. "A Part of My Life," Recreation. Vol. 46, June 1952, pp. 137-8.

A man blind since birth relates the importance of the camping experience to his life.

379. Williams, Chester T. and Coltoff, Kay. "Sharing Responsibility for an Integrated Day Camp," Ne~v Outlook for the Blind, Vol. 59, No. 3, 1965, pp. 100-3.

An example of interagency cooperation and utilization of community resources in providing day camping services for multiply handicapped blind children is described in terms of the cooperative planning, administration, activities, staff and positive values.

380. Woodward, Everett W. "Camping: Motivation·in Communication Skills for Speech Impaired Children," Journal of Health, Ph sical Education and Recreation. Vol. 32, No. 3, May June l 1-,­pp. 26-7.

The goals and procedures of a camp for children with speech impairments are described.

XIV. Gonclusio'ns and Reconunendations

A review of the literature reflects a recent increase

of outdoor participatory opportunities for the disabled.

In the past, camping was the major form of outdoor recrea­

tion made available to disabled individuals. The change,

however, can be illustrated by stating examples of current

literature. Examples of new opportunities are: 1) juve­

nile delinquents and the emotionally disturbed in "Outward

Bound" and similar wilderness survival programs; 2)

amputees and blind people in snow skiing competitions;

3) paraplegics controlling sailplanes with the use of hand

controls; 4) horseback riding activities for the mentally

retarded and 5) combining different disability groups

into one type of activity. An example of this is inmates­

and retarded on a camping excursion.

Another conclusion this author arrived at with regard

to a review of the literature was that more basic research

is being done on the effects that certain outdoor recrea­

tion activities have on the disabled participantso If one

were to look specifically at all the camping citations

listed in.this bibliography and noted the dates, one

would find that literature from the 1930's to about the

early 1960's was limited to human interest stories. From

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the l960;s on, one would see that recreation is becoming

more research-oriented than it has been in the past.

The following recommendations are made for future

consideration: 1) this bibliography should be updated

yearly; 2) this type of information should be published

for professionals working with the disabled; 3) an annotated

list of audio-visual materials on the same subject should

be compiled; 4) the collection of all sources found in

the bibliography should be centrally located for the

purposes of retrieval and dissemination; 5) these materials

should be incorporated into the existing outdoor curriculum

at California State University, Northridge, and 6) these

materials should be incorporated into the existing thera­

peutic recreation curriculum at California State University,

Northridge.

The author hopes that this bibliography has been both

educational and inspirational to its readers and that the

recommendations will be followed.

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