AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF DISTRICT MUZAFFARNAGAR

T H E S I S SUBMITTED FOR THE DEGREE OF

Bottor of $t|ilo!8(opt)p IN

Ancient Indian History & Archaeology

BY

OM PRAKASH SRIVASTAVA

Under the Supervision of

Professor R. C. Gaur

CENTRE OF A D V A N C E D S T U D Y DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH ( INDIA)

1991

iytr"rj ;

16 .'997

T4797

CENTRE OF ADVANCED STUDY TELEPHONE : 5546

DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY ALIGARH MUSLIM LMVERSFTY ALIGARH, U.P.

T h i s i s t o c e r t i f y t h a t t h e t h e s i s

e n t i t l e d 'AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF DISTRICT

MUZAFFARNAGAR• i s t h e o r i g i n a l work of the

c a n d i d a t e and i s s u i t a b l e for submiss ion t o

t h e examiner and f o r t h e award of t h e Fh.D,

d iagree .

M (Prof. R . c . 'Gaxor) S u p e r v i s o r

IN THE MEMORY OF

MY PARENTS

( L a t e ) SHRI K . P . SINHA

&

( L a t e ) SMT. SHAKUNTALA SINHA

P R E P A C E

Tne present thesis entitled 'An Archaeological Study

of District Muzaffamagar* deals with the village to village

survey of the district \inder the scheme of survey of

Antiquarian Remains. Originally sponsored by the Archaeo­

logical Survey of India, New Delhi. The purpose of the

present study is to fulfil the aims and objects of the

village to village survey scheme through which a detailed

survey account of the archaeological sites and monuments

of historical importance could be founds It has been my

endeavour to throw light on the past history and culture

of the area in general. A meticulous study of findings

comprising coins, sculptures, terracottas, ceramics and

other objects of archaeological interest provide a vivid

and lucid picture from the proto-historic period to the

advent of the Britishers in India.

I have tried my best to fulfil the aims and

objectives of the aforesaid scheme. In search of the sites

of archaeological and architectural importance I have

travelled widely from village to village. During the

course of my e3<ploration in the area under study 149

archaeological sites have been discovered out of them -

have already been reported. My effort has been to reveal

: 11 t

the remains of a l l cu l tura l periods as far as possible of

t h i s region on the basis of material collected from here.

I have collected a lo t of the fragments of basins, bowls,

dishes, jars^vases and vessels etc^ belonging to Late

Harappan, OCP, PGW, NBPW, Black Slipped red ware of early

and h i s to r i c and medieval period with the help of these

material an attempt has been made to assess the Impact of

t h i s d i s t r i c t on Indian a r t , h i s tory and archaeology and

to measure i t s contribution to the main stream of Indian

culture and c iv i l i z a t i on .

For the convenience of the study the work has been

divided into s ix chapters each dealing with a par t icular

aspect . The chapter I deals with the 'General ' aspect

such as demarcation of boundary and administrative sub­

division i . e . t a h s i l , and block. I t a lso deals with the

geographical structure of the d i s t r i c t i . e . physical

features , geology, flora, fa\ana and places of in te res t .

The chapter I I on 'History' deals with the h is tor ica l

backgroxind of the d i s t r i c t on the l i t e r a r y sources as

well as the archaeological sources.

According to the t r ad i t i on of Shukratal the history

of the area i s pushed back to the Mahabharat period. The

presence of Late Harappan pot te ry a t various s i t es of

: iii :

Muzaffamagar further pushed back antiquity of the district

to the first half of the 2nd mille^ium B-C«

Under chapter III on 'Cultural Sequence 6c Material

Evidence* deals with the tield work which provides a brief

description i.e. approach, cultural assemblage and other

cultural finds of all the 149 archaeological sites.

The effort has been made to describe these sites

tahsil and block wise alphabetically. However, photographs

of mounds and antiquities related to these sites are

attached accordingly.

The chapter IV on 'Chronology & Details of Cultural

Equipments' deals with the chronology of the district and

the illustration of the line drawings of the pottery found

in the district.

The chapter V on 'Monuments Sc Other Structural

Remains' deals with the monuments and other structures

viz. stepped well, mazar, baoli, satia, tanks etc. Some

building of pre-medieval and medieval period are still in

good state of preservation and some are in bad condition.

The details of these have been given tahsil and block

wise alphabeticaly however, where ever necessary with

photograph.

: iv s

A useful chart recording the names of the sites

(archaeological and architectural) with their location

approach, river and nature as well as other details have

been given in the appendices to provide an idea of

archaeological richness of the region at a glance. The

thesis is illustrated with necessary line drawings and

photographs to provide exact idea and significance of

artifacts and architectural ranains and raonxjments. A

useful bibliography has been attached in the end.

In the concluding chapter •Conclusion* the purpose

and the result of the present study has been given briefly.

Here I want to add good qualities and fact are given by

me as far as possible correct but for all lapes, if there

is any I stand fully responsible for the same for which I

crave the indulgence of the readers.

For reaching many of the villages specially in the

khadar area <there was no approach road or conveyance

facility consequently there was no alternative left to walk

on foot. Inspite of all these tedious conditions I carried

on my work and surveyed the whole district even in the

sultry heat of june and rainy August. I got the fullest

cooperation with the local people whereever I approached.

I take this opportvinity to expr&ss my deep sense of

gratitude to ray research supervisor Professor R.C. Gaur

for his invaluable help, encouragement and guidance inspite

of his serious illness. I have had the liberty of approachin

him anytime in the department or at his residence and he

ungrudgingly provided all possible help and gave me a lot

of time to ejcplain the details. Without his personal

interest and encouragement, the present work could not have

been con^leted. I am further grateful to Mrs. Kamala Gaur,

the wife of my supervisor for providing me all possible

facilities and refreashment whenever she saw me tired

during the course of my work.

I am extremely greatful to Shri B.K. Thaper &

Shri J-P# Joshi, the former Director General, Shri M.C- Josh

the present Director General, Shri C.B. Tribedi, Superin­

tending Archaeologist, Ejcploration and Ejqjedition, all of

the Archaeological Survey of India, New Delhi, for allowing

me to explore the archaeological sites of the district

Muzaffamagar, xinder the supervision of Professor R.C. Gaur.

To facilitate the work a fellowship has been awarded

to me by Archaeological Survey of India under the village

to village survey scheme of the Central Government for

which I shall remain under obligation to the authorities of

the survey.

: v l :

I am extremely g r a t e f u l to P ro fesso r K.A. Nizami

and Professor I r f an Habib, former chairmen. Professor

Jamiruddin S iddiqui , t h e p r e s e n t Chairman, Department of

His tory , Aligarh Muslim U n i v e r s i t y , Aligarh for t h e i r

help and encouragement th roughout .

I want t o ejqpress my g r a t i t u d e amply t o Dr. Makkhan

La i , the Deputy D i r e c t o r of Archaeology-Section, Aligarh

Muslim Univers i ty , Al iga rh , fo r providing me a l l f a c i l i t i e s

during the course of my work, I remain beholden to him.

I am g ra t e fu l t o my t e a c h e r s , p a r t i c u l a r - l y

Dr. M.P. Singh for t a k i n g pa in t o provide a l l help in

wr i t i ng the h i s t o r i c a l bacground of the region re la ted to

medieval pe r iod . Besides t h i s , I received a l o t encourage­

ment from him. My s i n c e r e thanks a re a l s o due to my other

teacher Prof . M.D.N. Sahi f o r he lp ing me in various ways.

My respec t fu l thanks a re due t o Dr. Z.A. Desai, the I-EISAA

Direc tor Epigraphy, Archaeological Survey of India , Dr. A.K.

Sr ivas tava , the then . D i r e c t o r , Government Museian, Mathura

and Sh. R.C. Sharma, t he then . D i r ec to r , S ta te Museum,

Lucknow, now Di rec to r , Ind ian Museiom, Ca lcu t t a , were kind

enough t o provide me the necessary information re la ted to

my work, I am a l so thankfu l to Mr. S .p . Yadav, Curator,

: v i i :

Government Museum, Muzaffamagar* for allowing me to take

some photograph of the meseum co l l ec t ion .

I would l ike to take th i s opportunity to express

my grati tude to the d i s t r i c t au thor i t i e s pa r t i cu la r ly to

Shri Prabhat Chandra Chaturvedi and Shri J . S , Mishra,

the former and present D i s t r i c t Magistrates respectively

of Muzaffamagar d i s t r i c t , for providing me a l l f a c i l i t i e s

to concL\A.(J:the e:q)loration work. They were kind enough to

issue necessary ins t ruc t ions to the Tahsildars and the

Block Development Offices of the d i s t r i c t to help me.

They a l l were very cooperative thoughout especial ly

Mr. Dhara Singh, B.D.O. Jansa th .

I have no words to express my feelings to my

brother-in-law Sh. Shankar Nath Sinha, Sviperientending

Archaeologist, Northern Circle , Agra, of Archaeological

Survey of India, who not only helped me a t every stfcge but

i n i t i a t e d me to the s\ibject. My brothers and s i s t e r s and

Sh. R.N. Sinha (Retd.) I .A.S.-of Aligarh Development

Authority Aligarh, always took keen i n t e r e s t in my work.

I am grateful to a l l of them for t h e i r encouragement.

I would like to e:q>ress my thanks to the staff of

the Research Library, Department of History and Mualana

t v l i i s

Azad Library, Cent ra l L ib ra ry , Aligarh Muslim Unive r s i ty ,

Aligarh for t h e i r kind cooperat ion and ready a s s i s t a n c e .

I want to express my thankful to my co-fe l lows and

colleagues Mr. Mokhtar Alam, Salauddin, Danish,Zahid

and many o t h e r s .

I am a l so thankful t o Mr. H.S. Sharma fo r h i s typing

my t h e s i s so c a r e f u l l y .

I am obliged to Sh. shyam Mohan Garg, Manager,

Mahavir Dharmshala, Muzaffamagar for p rov id ing me free

accommodation. During the course of my e x p l o r a t i o n , I

received help from a number of persons of va r ious v i l l a g e s .

I v i s i t e d , I want t o thank them, p a r t i c u l a r _ l y Mr. A. Khan

of Kairana, Dr. P.K. Sr ivas tava of Shamli, Ravi Datta

Tyagi of Niamu, Shekhu of Kandhla, (Late) Mantri Kabul

Singh and Asharam of Shahpur, J a i Prakash of Khatau l i ,

Mr. Siddiqui of Bhokerheri , (Late) Hakim J a l i l Ahmad Khan,

Rashid Ahmad, Akram Shamshi a l l of Budhana Bhola Ram of

Jansa th and o t h e r s .

I am obliged t o Mohd. A. Alvi and Mohd. Zameer Ahmad,

Tech. Ass t t s . for p repa r ing the po t t e ry drawing and Mr. Aftab

Habib, Cartographer of t h e department f o r p repa r ing the map

included in the t h e s i s . Mr. H. Haider my sen io r colleague

have helped me in va r ious ways.

: ix :

I want to take this opporttmity to express my sincere

respect to my elder brothers Sh. Satish Chandra Srivastava

Ex. IDAS and Sh. Ashok Kimiar Srivastava, Journalist, UNIVARTA,

for helping me throughout financially and otherwise.

In the end I may add that this work is due to the

inspiration of my father who could not see the fulfilling

his wishes and passed away before the work would be completed.

I want to record my deep sense of gratitude to my parents

(Late) Sh. Keshav Prasad Sinha and (Late) Smt. Shakuntala

Sinha, without those blessings and encouragement this work

could not have been completed.,I therefore, dedicate this

thesis in memory of my parents.

Last but not the least I want to express my

indebtness to my wife ant. Vandana Srivastava for helping

me throughout the work along with the responsibilities of

two little kids Milan & Sunyog and to shoulder the whole

burden of the family without giving me any botheration.

(O.P. Srivastav) Department of History Aligarh Muslim Univers i ty Aligarh-202 002.

Date: 28 November, 1991

: X :

ABBREVIATIONS

Aln

AN

A r i f

AGCI

AI

ASIAR

CAI

CASIR

C.

EH

H

IHQ

lAR

JUPHS

JASB

JNSI

LH

MW

MBH

NBPW

OCP

PH

PGW

Am>i-A]<barl

A]d3ar Nama

Tarlkh-i-AKbari

Ancient Geography of I n d i a of Ciuinln gham

Ancient I n d i a

Arcnaeolog lca l Survey o f India-Annual Reports

Coins of Ancient I n d i a by Cunnlngnam, A.

C\uuiinghain*s Archaeo log i ca l Survey of India Reports

Circa

Early H i s t o r i c a l

H i j r i

Indian Historical Quarterly

Indian Archaeology - A Review

Journal of the United Provinces Historical Society

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal

Journal of the Nianismatic Society of India

Late Harappan

Medieval Ware

Mahabharatha

Northern Black Polished Ware

Ochre Colour Pottery

Pre Harappan

Painted Grey Ware

s XI s

Puratattva

RV

RW

S&K

Tusuk

8 Bulletin of Archaeological Society of India,

t Riq Veda

: Red Ware

s Snxing & Kushana

: Tusuk-i-Jahangiri

•The full names of the authors, and other details, are

given in the Bibliography.

S XII *

LIST OP ILLUSTRATIONS

Map. 1 I Districts Muzaffamagar (Showing roads, rivers & other important places)

Map. 2 : Tahsil: Muzaffamagar (Showing archaeological sites)

Map. 3 : Tahsil t Jansath (Showing archaeological sites)

Map. 4 : Tahsil t Budhana (Showing archaeological sites)

Map. 5 : Tahsil i Kairana (Showing archaeological)

Map. 6 : Western Uttar Pradesh (Showing archaeological sites on the tributaries of Ganga & Yamxina)

Map. 7 s District* Muzaffamagar (Showing all the archaeological sites)

Table 1 : Administrative Units of district Muzaffamagar

Table 2 i District: Muzaffamagar (List of LM sites)

Table 3 t District Muzaffamagar (List of OCP sites)

Table 4 » District* Muzaffamagar (List of PGW sites)

Table 5 : District: Muzaffamagar (List of NBPW sites)

Table 6 : District: Muzaffamagar (List of EH sites)

Table 7 t District: Muzaffamagar (List of MW sites)

Table 8 t District: Muzaffamagar (List of all the archaeological sites)

i XIII J

PLATES

PLATE I

PLATE II

PLATE III

PLATE IV

PLATE V

PLATE VI

PLATE VII

PLATE VIII

PLATE IX

PLATE X

PLATE XI

PLATE XII

PLATE XIII

PLATE XtV

PLATE XV

PLATE XVI

A. B.

A.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. 6.

Al. 2.

Bl. 2.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A. B.

A« Terracotta beads and wheels Terracotta beads

Stone objects

Terracotta indeterminate objects Terracotta objects

Terracotta dabbers Terracotta skin rubbers and handles

Terracotta animal figurine Terracotta animal figurine

Terracotta human figurine Stone plague

Terracotta balls Pottery discs

Khanjahanpur motind Niamu mound

Stone male head Sandstone disc Stone image of a lady Stone image of scxne diety

Silver coins Copper coins (Pulus)

Terracotta bangles Silver coin

Coin moul and seal Reverse

Kushana brick Lakhauri bricks

Mirapur mound Moloheri moxind

Copper coins (Barla) Stone slab

Inchauli mound Johra mound

i XIV I

PLATE XVII

PLATE XVIII

PLATE XIX

PLATE XX

PLATE XXI

PLATE XXII

PLATE XXIII

PLATE XXIV

PLATE XXV

PLATE XXVI

PLATE XXVII

PLATE XXVIII

PLATE XXIX

PLATE XXX

PLATE XXXI

PLATE XXXII

PLATE XXXIII

PLATE XXXiV

PLATE XXXV

A. Khokni moxmd

A. T»C« thali, beads, animal figurine, tortoise bone etc.

A. Mubara}q>ur mound B . Nawla motind

A. Kailapur-Jasmor mound B • complete Storage J a r

A. Kailapur-Jasmor mound B* Kailapur-Jasmor mound

A, Ukavli and Datana-Antiqxi i t ies B • Humped b u l l

A. Kaithora mound B • Sikereda moxmd

A. Sikereda - A n t i q u i t i e s B» Terracot ta d i s c s

A. Tisang moimd

A. Stone-Lady drxanmer B. Stone-Image of a lady

A» Stone-lady holding, her left leg B. Stone-another view

A. Stone-Image of four figure on each side

B. Stone-Image of a lady (broken)

A. Bahramgarh & Husainpur Kalan Antiquities B* Sikri mound

A* Bahramgarh mound B* Chaudheri mound

A. Jaula mound B. Kutubpur-Datana moiond

A. Kutubpur-brick & pottery B* Clay lumps with reed marks

A« MahalJana mound B. Shikarpur mound A. Toda - Antiquities B. Chaudheri & Sikri-Antiquities

A. Ounger mound B* Harya Khera

: XV s

PLATE XXXVI

PLATE 3C30CVII V

PLATE XXXIII K

PLATE XXXIX

PLATE XL

PLATE XLI

PLATE XLII

PLATE XLIIi

PLATE XLIV

PLATE XLV

PLATE XLVI

PLATE XLVII

PLATE XLVIII

PLATE

PLATE L

PLATE LI

PLATE LII

PLATE LIII

PLATE LIV

PLATE LV

A. Plaque

A. Kamajniddinnagar moimd

A. Toda motmd B. Ukarall mound

A. Purbal lan moimd B • Ano'ther view

A. Varahraj

A, Stone - Shiva - Parvati B. Stone - Balrama

A. Thakurdwara B. Shakumbhari Devi - Temple

A. S a t i a B. Temple - Lord Rama

A. Bawandwari B . Temple/Tank

A. Ja in Temple B« A b u i l d i n g complex

A. Bhairon Temple B. Temple - Lord Hanisaan

A, Temple - Lord Rama & Krishna B. Temple - Lord Shiva

A, Inscription B. Brick

A. Darwaja B. Maqubara

A. Temple Kaliji B. Fortress A. Fortress B. Another view

A. Sarai B. Tank

A. Rang Mahal B* Side v iew

A« Tomb B* Inner view

A* Navagazapir B. K l l l i Darwaja

t XVI t

PLATE LVI

PLATE LVII

PLATE LVIII

PLATE LIX

PLATE LX

PLATE LXI

PLATE LXII

PLATE LXIII

PLATE LXIV

PLATE LXV

PLATE LXVI

PLATE LXVII

PLATE LXVIII

PLATE LXIX

PLATE LXX

A. Temple Kalljl

A. TanV^emp^e B . Bui ld ing conplex

A. Dazwaja B. Building complex

A. Mazar of Latif Shah B, General view - Siddheshwar temple

A. Nandi B. Lord Hanuman

A. P a i n t i n g B. Panch-mukh Shivalingam

A. Bao l i B. Another view

A, Mazar o£ Saif Khan B. Mazar of Muhammad Khan

A« Mosque-Shahjahan^period B. Inscription

A. Garib Das - Mazar B. Nilkantheshwar - Temple

A. Garhi - Kakrauli B. Mosque - Sikrl

Av Building ccxnplex B. Stone, Image of mirror looking girl A« Jama Masjid« Kandhla B. Building complex, Shahpur

A. Tonb B. Chaupal

A. Temple Shukartar B. Ganga Mandir

t X V I I :

LINE DRAWINGS

1. Late Harappan Per iod

F ig . 1 Bhamti Khera-1: Cup-on-stand

F ig . 2 Bowls

F ig . 1-2 Basins

P ig . 1 Di sh-on-Stand

F ig . 1 Storage J a r s

F ig . 1 Troughs

F ig . 1 Vases

F ig . 1 Goblet/Ringed base/Beaker

2 . Cchre Coloured P o t t e r y Per iod

F ig . 1 Bowls

F ig . 1-2 Basins

F ig . 1-2 Vases

F ig . 1 Vessels

F ig . 1 Ringed base

3 . Painted Grey Ware Per iod

F ig . 1-2 P a i n t i n g s of PGW

Fig . 1-7 Bowls

P ig . 1 Basins

F ig . 1 Dishes

« XVIII t

4• Early His to r ic Per iod

F i g . 1-2 Bowls

F i g . 1-2 Basins

F i g . 1 Handis

F i g . 1 Lids

F ig . 1 P a r a i s

F ig . 1 Storage J a r s

F ig . 1-5 Troughs

F i g . 1-5 Vases

F i g . 1 Vessels

F i g . 1-2 Miniature po ts

5 . Medieval Period

F ig . 1 Bowls

F i g . 1-3 Basins

F ig . 1 Glazed Wares

F ig . 1 . . . . . . . . Handis

F ig . 1 Lids

F ig . 1 P a r a i s

F i g . 1 Storage J a r s

F ig . 1 Troughs

F i g . 1-5 Vases

F i g . 1 Vassels

C O N T E N T S

CHAPTER PARTICULAR PAC£

I .

PREFACE

ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

EXPLORATION CHARTS

I . ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES & OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

I I . MONUhENTS & OTHERS STRUCTURAL REMAINS

GENERAL

I I . HISTORY

I I I . CULTURAL SEQUENC3: & MATERIAL EVIDENCE

IV. CHRONOLOGY & DETAILS OF CULTURAL EQUIPMENTS

V. MONUMENTS & OTHER STRUCTURAL REMAINS

( i )

(X)

tXJ.1)

V I . CONCLUSION

(558)

(594)

1

48

100

280

459

546

GLOSSARY

BIBLIOGRAfHY • • • •

614

616

CHAPTER I

G E N E R A L

The principal town In the Muzaffamagar district

for the last many centuries has been Its headquarters,

Muzaffamagar. The district was founded in the reign of

Shahjahan about 1633 AD at the site of an old town known

as Sarot or Sarwat. Abdul Muzaffar Khan a minister of the

emperor Shahjahan, received from him in Jaglr forty villages

pargana Khataull and Sarwat, along with the title Khan-

i<-Jahan Shah-Jahani. Sarwat was the chief town in his

possessions but it was almost deserted at that time.

Muzaffar Khan laid the foundation of a new town there.

It was completed by his son, Saiyid Abdul Mansur, after

his death in 1645 A.D. He named the new town Muzaffamagar

a£-ter his father • The name did not remain restricted to

the town only In course of time the district also came to

be called Muzaffarnagar.

The present district of Muzaffarnagar, from

geographical point of view* Is situated in the western

part of the Uttar Pradesh and it also frcms the boundary

with Haryana State in the west* The district is almost in

the centre of the Meerut division and it is situated in

the upper < oab of the Ganga and the Yamuna bet%reen the

district of Saharanptxr on the north and Meerut on the

south. The district Muzaffarnagar lies between Lat. 29°

11' N. and 29° 43* N. and Long. 77° 04'E. and 78° 07*E.,

on Saharanpur - Delhi section of Northern Railway passing

through Muzaffarnagar^ Meerut and Ghaziabad.

The district Muzaffarnagar is bounded on the north

by the district Saharanpur and on the south by the district

Meerut. The Ganga river separates it on the east from the

1. Atkinson, E., Statistical, Descriptive and Historical Account of the"North-western provinces. Vol III, (Allahabad 1876), p. 600; cf. Saxena, Dr. B.P., History of Shahiahan of Delhi (Allahabad 1958), pp. 77-82; Tripathi, R.P., Rise and Fall of Mughal Empire (Allahabad 1960), pp. 424-25, 431-32; Nevlll, H.R., Muzaffarnagar; A Gazetteer Vol. Ill of the District Gazetteers of the United Provinces of Agra and Gudh (Allahabad 1920) pp. 167-68.

d i s t r i c t Bijnor and the Yamtma r iver on the west from

the d i s t r i c t Kamal of Haryana Sta te .

The d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar i s roughly rectangular

in shape. I t s extreme length from east to west i s about

98 km. while the extreme breadth from north to south i s

about 58 km. The average length and breadth are about

84 km. and 50 km. r e s p e c t i v e l y .

According t o the Central S t a t i s t i c a l Organisation

and area about 4# 245 sq.km. in 1971 and stood 42nd in the

s ta te in respect of area. The agency of the State Board

of Revenue, however, reported the area as 4,271.1 sq. km.

which i s l i t t l e higher, because of the employment of a

somewhat faulty method of ca lcu lat ion . According to

census of India 1981 the d i s t r i c t covered an area of 2

about 4,176.01 sq. km. . The d i s t r i c t i s siabject to

f luv ia l action of the Ganga and the Yamuna giving r i se to

1 . There has been no j u r i s d i c t i o n a l change in the d i s t r i c t during the decade. The di f ference in the area figures i s due to revised calculat ion of area done by the Board of Revenxae. According t o Central S t a t i s t i c a l Orgaujisa-t ion the area of d i s t r i c t in 1971 was a l so 4,245 sq.km. Varun, D.P., Uttar Pradesh D i s t r i c t Gazetteers; Muzaffamagar (amcknow 1980) pp. 74-75? cf. Janganana 1971« Uttar Pradesh Granth Mala 21; Prathmik Janganana Saraangrah (Hindi) (Lucknow 1972), p . 4 .

2 . Census of India 1981, Uttar Pradesh, Series 22, D i s t r i c t Census Handbook: Part XIII X Vi l lage and Town Directozry, D i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar, (Luclcnow) p . 3 .

frequent changes in i t s area •

The rural area of the d i s t r i c t are made up of 1,078

revenue v i l l a g e s out of which 927 are inhabited and rest

of 151 are uninhabited. There are 18 tovms in the d i s t r i c t

v i z ; Bhokerheri^ Jansath, Jhinjhana, Kairana« Kandhala,

Khatauli, Miranpur, Muzaffamagar, Un, Purkazi, Shahpur,

Shaxnli* Sisauli^ and Thana-Bhawan. There are no forests in

the d i s t r i c t . Scrawling over an area of 4,617.63 hectares

Kairana of Kairana t a h s l l i s the larges t v i l l a g e in the

d i s t r i c t . Basikalan occupying an area of 11.74 per cent

of Budhana t a h s i l i s the smallest v i l l a g e in the d i s t r i c t .

A revenue v i l l a g e occupies an average sprawl of 372.55 2 hectares .

The rate of growth of population of t h i s d i s t r i c t

corresponds with the cotintry*s trend, which i s characterised

by a steady increase in every decade. According to census

1981> the population of t h i s d i s t r i c t was 22,74,487

(12,34,213 males and 10,40,274 females) of which 17,80,502

persons and 4,93,985 persons belonged to rural and urban

area respect ive ly . The rate of growth was 26.20 during the

1. The area covered by the present D i s t r i c t of Muzaffamagar l i e s in the upper doab of the Ganga and Yamuna, which have ex i s t ed since the date of Rigvedas Tripathi, R.s . History of Ancient India (Delhi I960) pp. 28-29.

2 . Census of India l 98 l , Uttar Pradesh, Series 22, Dis tr ic t Census Handbook! Part XZII A Vil lage and Town Directory, D i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar, (Lucknow) p . 6.

the decade 1971-81. I t was higher than the s ta te average

of 25.49^.

In 1981, the density of the population of the

d i s t r i c t was 545 per sq.lan*^ as conqpared to 377 per sg.laa,

of the s t a t e . The density of the population I s greater

because of b e t t e r so i l f e r t i l i t y . The d i s t r i c t has a place

of Ijnportance In the s ta te for good harvest of wheat,

sugercane and potato, as I t i s one of the d i s t r i c t s

located in the doab of the r ivers the Ganga and the Yamxuia. 2

The high f e r t i l i t y of doab i s a natural marvel .

The sex r a t i o posit ion of the d i s t r i c t a t the census

1981 was found to be 843 females per 1,000 males, which was

considerable lower than the s ta te average of 885.

The percentage of l i t e racy ra te among males and

females in the d i s t r i c t a t the census 1981 were 40.72 and

17.50 respect ively. The percentage of l i t e racy rate in the

t o t a l population was 30.10 as compared to the s ta te average

of 27.16.

1. Census of India 1981, Uttar Pradesh, Series 22, Dis t r ic t Census Handbook; Part XIII Av Village and To*m Directory, D i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar, (Lucknow) p . 1 .

2 . The density of the population in t h i s d i s t r i c t has increased largely since 1901; Vanona, D.P., Uttar Pradesh Gazetteerst Muzaffamagar (Lucknow 1980) p . 46.

According t o census 1981, corrantmlcation f a c i l i t i e s

as ref lected by the location of a railway stat ion or pro­

v i s ion of a bus stop or both are avai lable in 35.49 per

cent of the v i l l a g e s of the d i s t r i c t * The d i s t r i c t

Muzaffarnagar i s connected by metalled road with d i s t r i c t

Saharanpur, Meerut, Bijnor, Delhi e t c . However the d i s t r i c t

i t s e l f has a net of roads and s t r e e t s . The d i s t r i c t head­

quarters i s connected by the metalled road with t a h s i l

Kairana, Budhana and jansath while one road l inks i t with

Roorkee. The countryside of Kairana t a h s i l in most exten­

s ive ly covered with 43.20 per cent of i t s v i l l a g e s e i ther

having a railway stat ion or a bus stop or both. Budhana and

Jansath are almost equally placed in t h i s respect . Muzaffar­

nagar t a h s i l occupies the lowest pos i t ion with 24.38 per

cent of i t s v i l l a g e s having communication f a c i l i t i e s .

The v i l l a g e s that are approachable by metalled road make

62.60 per cent of the v i l l a g e s of the d i s t r i c t . The rural

s ide of the Jansath t a h s i l i s most ex t ins ive ly covered

with as much as 73.39 per cent of i t s v i l l a g e s connected

by road. The v i l l a g e s approachable by metalled road of

Budhana t a h s i l make the l eas t proportion of 43.84 per

cent .

! • census of India 1981, Uttar Pradesh, Series 22, Dis tr ic t Oensus Handbook: Part XLII A v i l l a g e and Town Directory, D i s t r i c t Muzaffarnagar, (Lucknow) pp. 7-8 .

The region under the present archaeological survey

i s s t r i c t l y confined to the area corresponding to the

present d i s t r i c t of Muzaffamagar. The d i s t r i c t contains

four t a h s i l s (sxib-divisions), viz*# Kairana, Muzaffamagar,

Budhana and Jansath. The tahs i t Muzaffamagar i s s i tuated

almost in the centre of the d i s t r i c t .

For a tovirist the countryside of the d i s t r i c t

Muzaffamagar present an uninteresting topography,

notwithstanding the d i s t r i c t containing a few of the

monument noted for architectural n i c e t i e s . Gausgarh and

Moma mosqxoe are in refinement. Remarkable architectural

places are located a t Majhera, Jansathm Miranpur and Kairana

Similarly, the mosque at Jhinjhana, Kairana and Thana-Bhawan

are splendid in s c a l e . Quite a few of the places in the

d i s t r i c t are loaded with h i s tor ica l s ignif icance espec ia l ly

a f ter 1857, in that the d i s t r i c t took a ral ieant part . Such

places include Shamli, Thana-Bhawan and Harhar.

Among the other v i l l a g e s of archaeological interes t

Doonger, Banti Khera, Kutubpur Durganpur, Pxirbalian,

Huzur Nagar, Issopur, Nawla Tikola, Mtabaralqpur, Sikreda^

- Dabble, Kailapur, Numagar, Rohana Kalan, Jasala, Alamgirpuz

Khanjahanpxir, Badhai Kalan, Kulheri e t c .

8

T O P O G R A P H Y

This region forms part of the Upper Gangatic Plain .

The natxiral d iv i s ions of t h i s d i s t r i c t are very much

influenced by the flows of the r ivers Ganga and Yamtina.

The rivers have constantly changed t h e i r course; consequn-

t l y the area of the d i s t r i c t has been a f fec ted . The great

changes in Ganga resulted in the formation of Khadar.

During seventies r iver Yamuna too has changed i t s d irec ­

t ion towards west in the neighbouring (Haryana s t a t e ) • With

the result v i l l a g e Manglore, Ahatmali, Jadie l and Jamalpur

of Haryana s tate have come into t h i s d i s t r i c t .

The d i s t r i c t may generally be described as an

a l luv ia l plain . However, the inter ior surface i s s l i g h t l y

\indulating due to nisnerous minor watersheds that separate

subsidiary drainage l ines* The d i s t r i c t has a general slope

from north t o south, the heighest point above sea - l eve l in

the central part being 251*55 m* near the v i l l a g e of

Rohana Kalan, on the Meerut-Saharanpur road c lose to the

northern border of the d i s t r i c t * The l e v e l along the

eastern Yamuna Canal in the western part of the d i s t r i c t

1* Singh, R*L*(Ed), India A Regional Geography. (Varanasi 1987) pp. 131.32.

2* Census of India 1981, Uttar Pradesh, Series 22, D i s t r i c t Census Handbook: Part XIII A v i l l a g e and Town Directory, Dis tr ic t Muzaffamagar, (Lucknow) p* 2 .

3 . Spate, 0*H*K*, India and Pakistan, A General and Regional Geography: (London, 1957), pp* 34, 496-501; cf Census 1961, OP. c i t . , p . 5 and Nev i l l , H.R., o p . c i t . . p . 13.

district are very similar to those of Meerut, Saharanpur

road. Thus, while the general shape of the district is

from north to south, there is another and greater declivity

from the north-east comer toward? the centre, the hieghest

point in the district being on the high bank of the Ganga^,

Muzaffamagar consists of a central elevated tract,

flanked on either side by the low lying land or Khadar of

the Ganga and the Yamuna. The Ganga Khadar is precarious

tract of moist land with scanty cultivation, but generally

covered the course grass and occasional patches of tamarisk •

The Ganga Khadar is chiefly valuable as a grazing ground.

The Yamuna Khadar is less swampy •

The chief rivers of the district; the Ganga, the

Kali the Hindon and the Yamuna have played an important role

in the fashioning the topography of the district.

1. For knowing detailed topographical change in the district see vanan, D.P. Uttar Pradesh; District Gazetteer. Muzaffamagar (Luc}aiow 1980) pp. 3-4; cf. Nevill, H.R. op. cit. p»13.

2. In the recent years much of the waste land has been brought under cultivation.

3. Millor, J.O., Final Report on the Settlement of the Muzaffamagar District, Nprth-Westem Provinces (Allahabad, 1892), P. 2; cf. The Imperial Gazetteer of India (Moram to Nayagarh) Vol. XVIII (New Delhi, 1907-09), p« 83.

10

However^ the district is provisionally devided into four

fairely distinct tracts^:

1. Ganga Khadar Tract

2* Ganga Canal Tract

3 . Kali-Hindon Doab

4 . The Western Tract

1. Ganga Khadar Tract: On the extreme east of the

district is Ganga Khadar, containing the whole of the

paraganas of Gordhanpur^ and portions of paraganas

Pur-Chhapar« Bhokarheri and Bhuma Sambhalhera• This

tract is bounded on the west by the old high bank of the

Ganga. The width of the Ganga Khadar is greatest towards

the north, where it covers 20 tan. Moving southword the

tract gradually narrows until in the vicinity of Bhokerheri 2

the Ganga cooies quite close to the high bank •

The chief revers flowing though the tract are the

Salomi and the Banaganga which generally change their

course. On the whole the Khadar presents a broad far-

stretching tract of level country with patches of

cultivation.

1. Nevill, H.R., op. cLtj pp. 9-13.

2. Vartin, D.P., op. cit. p. 4.

11

2 . Ganga Canal Tract t I t i s a l so known as the eas ter

upland t r a c t . This t rac t h i l e s between the high bank of

the Ganga canal and the Kali Nadi (west) • As the name

indicates i t i s traversed from north to south-west for

i t s ent ire extent by the man Ganga canal. The tract

covers the paragnas of Khatauli^ Jauli-Jansath, and major

portions of the paraganas Pur-chhapar/ Muzaffamagar,

Bhokerheri and Bhuma-Sambhalhera.

The most prominent physical feature of the t r a c t

i s the presence of sand, which occixzes in the b e l t s of

h i l l o c k s with a direct ion from north to south, and

occasionally transverse ridges in the north and a l e v e l

sandy plain in the south. However, outside the sandy b e l t

the s o i l i s generally good loam except in the neighbour­

hood of the Kali Nadi^.

3 . Kali-Hindon Doab 't This t ract i s a l so klnwn as the

Central tract , i s high through out and i s naturally of

a f i r t i l e character. Here the water-table i s very

low^.

1 . Varun, D.P,; op. c i t . , pp. 4 -5 .

2 . Ibid, p .

12

The low land o£ the Kali river is often xancuturable owing

to its swampy character. However, the northern portion

of the low land of the Hindon is also swampy, but southern

portions contains considerable tract of cultivated land.

4* The Western Tract : This tract lies between the Hindon

and the Yamuna. This tract comprises the entire tahsil of

Kairana, parts of pargana Charthawal, Baghra, Shikarpur,

Budhana and the paragana of Kandhla. It is transversed

by the Krishni and the Katha flowing from north to south.

The land between the Hindon and the Krishni is of a

generally uniform character owing to the absence of sand .

The north-western portion of the tract, comprising

the paragana of Bidauli and parts of paragana Jhinjhana

and Kairana is separated by the Katha river from the rest

of the district. The south-%*ester portion of the tract

is a delevel plain of good soil, except in the vicinity

of the Yamuna.

13

R I V E R S

The Ganga on the eas t and the Yamxina on the west

from the boundaries of the d i s t r i c t and are the only

navihable r ivers within or adjoining i t . Both have a

para l l e l course from north to south. The Gan^a zrecedes

yearly more and more towards the eas t , cutt ing avay the

v i l l a g e s from the d i s t r i c t Bijnor side and adding them

into t h i s d i s t r i c t . Similar l o s s by dilxivion i s caused 2 by the Yamuna on the west •

The r ivers and streams of the d i s t r i c t are included

in the river system of the Ganga and the Yarnxona. The chief

tr ibutar ies of the Ganga are the Kali Nadi (East), the

saloni and the Banaganga. Among the tr ibutar ies of Yamxina

the important ones are the Katha and the Hindon. The la t t er

i s Joined by the Krishni in the d i s t r i c t Meerut and the

Kali Nadi (west) in t h i s d i s t r i c t .

Three r ivers traverse the d i s t r i c t in fa ir ly

para l l e l course from Saharanpur to the Meerut border. In

the west Kali Nadi flows* past the town of Muzaffamagar«

1. As a result of the eastward flxirial action of Ganga in the period between 1842 and 1900 a t o t a l of 31 v i l l a g e s were taken out of Hijnor and added to t h i s d i s t r i c t . Varun* D.P*» op c i t « , p . 2*

2 . Between the years 1841 and 1861, because of the change in the course of the Yamuna s i x v i l l a g e s were separated from t h i s d i s t r i c t and added t o the d i s t r i c t Kamal, Ibid, p . 2 .

14

the Hindon Nadl i s about 16 Ions, f u r t h e r west and about

18*5 Ions, s t i l l fur ther west i s the Krishni Nadi. Towards

t h e southern boundary t h e s e r i v e r s converge . The Hindon and

Kali Nadi u n i t e a few }ans* south of t h e border and Krishni

J o i n s t h e i r u n i t e d strain scrae d i s t a n c e lower down. In

a d d i t i o n t o t h e s e a small stream c a l l e d the Katha cros se s

t h e north-west of the d i s t r i c t and f a l l s i n t o the Yamuna .

The f o l l o w i n g r i v e r s f lows in t h i s d i s t r i c t :

GANGA i

The Ganga f i r s t touches t h i s d i s t r i c t near the

v i l l a g e of Balawala in paragana Gordhanpur* The Ganga flows

i n the d i s t j c i c t south-westward a s f a r a s the v i l l a g e of

Chandpuri where i t i s Joined by the Banganga. I t then takes

a s o u t h - e a s t e r l y course alongwith the e a s t e r n boundaries

of paraganas Bhukerheri and Bhuroa Sambhalhera. The Ganga

l e a v e s t h i s d i s t r i c t near the v i l l a g e o f Khera in the

paragana Bhiima-Sambhalhera.

KALI NADI (EAST) t

The r i v e r has i t s o r i g i n i n the Antwara lake on

the western border of paragana J a u l i - J a n s a t h between the

Ganga canal and much sandy z l d g e . I t f lows through paragana

J a u l i - J a n s a t h and Khatauli and l e a v e s the d i s t r i c t t o enter

1 , Of. Millor# J . O . , OP. c i t . , p p . 1 - 2 .

15

district Meerut. The river at first £lows in an ill defined

channel* but ultimately becomes the main artexrial line of

drainage for the whole of the eastern doab as far south

as KannauJ in district Farrukhabad where it joins the Ganga«

This river (Kali Nadi« east) is generally called

Nagln probably because of its serpentine course •

SALONI :

The Saloni e n t e r s t h e d i s t r i c t i n the extreme north

t o paragana Pur chhapar and f lows south-eastward t r a v e r s i n g

paragana Pur Chhapar* Gordhanptir and BhuJcerherim meeting

the Ganga a t some d i s t a n c e towards n o r t h - e a s t of Bhukerheri.

BANAGAMGA :

This tributary of Ganga enters into this district

near the village of Kanewali in paragana* Gordhanpur .

Plowing through the paragana in a southerly direction it

joins the near Chandpur.

YAMUNA :

The Yaroxjna f i r s t touches the d i s t r i c t in the

extreme north-west of paragana B idau l i about 4 km. north­

west of Bhari Mustaffabad. I t has an i r r e g u l a r coxirse

1 . Formerly t h i s r i v e r entered i n t h i s d i s t r i c t near Gordhanpur about 6 km« %fest of Kanewali . Varan* D.P.* OP. cit«> p . 8 .

16

along the western boxmdarles of paraganas B i d a u l i , Kalrana

and Kandhla^ separat ing t h i s d i s t r i c t from d i s t r i c t Kamal

of Haryana s t a t e . Near Nevada i t i s Joined by the Katha

and then takes a sharp t i i m towards the w e s t . The Yamuna

l e a v e s t h i s d i s t r i c t near v i l l a g e of I s sopur i n paragana

Kandhla.

KATHA t

This stream, which r i s e s i n the d i s t r i c t Saharanpur,

e n t e r s t h i s d i s t r i c t near Mxindait in paragana Jhinjhana.

The v i l l a g e s l y i n g a long the Katha on the both s i d e s

s u f f e r s t o a great e x t e n t fran the f l o o d s of t h i s r i v e r

which r e c e i v e s the c o n t e n t s of s e v e r a l drainage c u t s .

HINDON :

The Hindon e n t e r s t h i s d i s t r i c t a t the v i l l a g e of

Badha Khera in paragana Charthawal. Fol lowing southward

the r i v e r t r a v e r s e s the i>aragana of charthawal, Baghra,

Shikarpur, and Budhana. The r i v e r i s used for ne i ther

i r r i g a t i o n nor nev iga t ion*

KRISHNI s

This river enters the district from the district

of Saharanpur, near the village of Chandalna In the

extreme north of paragana Thana Bhawan. It traverses

17

•the paragana of Thana Bhawan^ Shamli and Ksuadla. The river

generally flofws high banks of broken and uneven revines

and has pract i ca l ly no Khadar (low land) . The river leaves

t h i s d i s t r i c t a t the v i l l a g e of Baral .

KALI NADI (West) i

The Kali which is also kno«m as Kali Nadi (west)

to distinguish it from the Kali Nadi (east) or Naqin enters

the district near the village of Rohana in paragana Muzaffar-

nagar. The Kali Nadi (West) leaves this district at the

village of Kurthal.

L A K E S

In Muzaffamagar d i s t r i c t there are a few lakes

worth mentioning except the marshy land of Ganga Khadar.

The most important i s the Mamour lake in t a h s i l Kairana

of the d i s t r i c t .

G E O L O G Y

Geologically, t h i s d i s t r i c t forms a part of the

Indo-Gangatic alluvlm which cons i s t s of sands of various

grades. The mineral found in the d i s t r i c t are Kankar and reh.

18

C L I M A T E

The climate of t h i s d i s t r i c t I s generally healthy

Being c lose to Taral area, the extent of cold during winter

I s much more than In the plains* So I s a l so the temperature

during siffiuner not as much waxm. The rains largely occures

dviring mansoon season* Winter rains are very low in t h i s

d i s t r i c t *

Looking upon the ent ire area fr«n i t s physical

aspect, i t may be said that the climate of the d i s t r i c t

i s nearly uniform in nature and whatever are the variat ions

are due to the s o i l s and the course of the rivers Ganga

and the Yamuna*

S O I L

A part from minor peculiarities of situation, the

soils possess the same genetal characteristics throughout

the district* Good ordinary loam or dumat land is locally

known as rausll? stiff clay soil# Is called dakar, while

the low-lying parts yielding rice are called dahar. Besides

these, there is a hard and stiff soil, which has at one

time been the bed of 1hils known as debar or lot. Bhur or

bhudda is the usual name for all light dry soils which

have a larger proportion of sand* High ridges of sand are

19

locally called ohur and are usually not f e r t i l e .

F L O R A

The d i s t r i c t of Muzaffamagar forms par t of the

northern subtropical decldous type of vegetation division,

but as i t i s devoid of extensive na tura l vegetative cover

i t i s not possible to a t tach botanical labels to i t s

fores.

The t r ee s generally found in the d i s t r i c t are

amaltas (Cassica f i s i u l a ) , arjun (Terminalia arj\ina),

ashok (Pelyalthie longi fo l ia ) , am (Mangifera indica) ,

amrood (Psidixan guajavd), aonla (Emblica o f f i c ina l i s ) ,

babool (Acacia a rab ica) , bargad (Ficus bengalensis), bel

(Aegle marmelos), bur (Zizyphs mauratiana), Cheonkar

(Prosopis spicigera) , dhak (Butea monosperma), gular

(Ficus glomerata), gol mohar (Donax r eg i a ) , eucalyptus

hybrid (Various eucalj^tus species), imli (Tamarindus

indica), jamun (Syzygixim cumini), kanji (Pongaraia pinnata),

khair (Acacia catechu), khajoor (Phoenix sy lves t r i s ) , neem

(Azadlrachta indica) , naspati (Pyrus species) , bara nimbu

(Citrus medica), pakar (Ficus lacor) , papita (Carica

papaya), pipal (Ficus r e l ig iosa ) , s i r i s (Albizzia lebbeck),

1. Varun, D«P., op« c i t « , p . 87,

20

s l s s soo (Dalbergla s i s soo) , v l l a y a t i babook (Prosopis

j u l i f lora , and reonj (Acacia leucophloea) .

Among the shrubs which generally grow in the khadar

t rac t s are arusa (Adhatoda vas i ca ) , ber (Zizyphus mauratiana),

bhang (Cannabis sa t iva) , jhar beri (Zizyphus frut icosa) ,

kareel (Capparis decidua), karonda (Carissa spinarum),

makoh (Zizyphus oenoplia), and Si l ihani (Artmesia scoparia) .

The climbers found here are dudhi-bel (Val lar is solanocea),

hins (Capparis Zeylanica), and makoh (Zizyphus oenoplia) .

The grasses growing in the d i s t r i c t ch ie f ly in khadar t r a c t s ,

are dab (Desmostachya bipinnata), dxib (Cynodon dactylon),

kans (Saccharum spontane\sn), moonj (Erianthus munja), and

patera (Typha elephantiana)•

F A U N A

The field of wild life in the district is gradxially

dwindling. The tigar (Panthera tigris) and leopard which

were met with in this district till the beginning of this

present cent\iry have practically disappeared. The Nilgai

(Boselaphus tragocamelus) is found in the Khadar area.

Among camivora Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena), fox and jalkal

(canis aureus) are found in annall numbes. During winter

monkeys ax« sometime seen. Wild pigs (Suo porcinus), also

21

fotuid in -the Khadar of the Ganga, damages the crops. Sheeps«

goats, horses donkeys* ponies, buffalows cows, bullocks,

dogs, camels and occasionally elephants are found among

domesticated animals. The Indian black buck (Antilope

cervicapra) the hogdeer, and the apotted deer, which inhabit

the ravined tract, are found in small herds.

BIRDS :

The birds of the d i s t r i c t c a l l for l i t t l e mention,

as mostly the same species occxir as are foxind in other

plain d i s t r i c t s of Uttar Pradesh,

REPTILES t

The majority of the snake species found in the

district is non-poisonous except the cobra, the common

krait. The crocodile, the muggar, and the turtle are

found in the Ganga and the Yamxina. The chameleon and

house lizzard are common everywhere. Among amphibians,

frogs are in abundance.

About 30 species of fish are fotand in the district.

In the fisheries, catla (catla catla), rohu (Labeo rohita),

kursa (Labeo gonius), bata (Labeo bata), pungussia (Labeo

pungussia), karaunch (Labeo calbasu) etc. are cultured.

22

AOMINISTRATIVE CHANGE S

To know the early history of the district Muzaffar-

nagar no adequate literature is available. However^ it

may be sxsnnerised fran Buddha literatxire that the area

of the district in the 6th century B.C. was framing a

part of Kuru Mahajanpada^. The archaeological findings

conjecture that the district was dominated by the Mauryas«

Shun gas and Kushanas between the 3rd century B.C. and 1st

century A.D. In the 7th century A.D. it was included in

the principalities under the kind Harsh',

During the Muslims, the area formed part of Delhi

Sultanate and was ruled by Mohammad Ghori and Mohammad

Tughlaq respectively. Towards the later half of the 14th

century, Saiyids of Barha influenced the local history of

the district^.

In the Mughal period, Babar, passed down the doab

through this district in his fifth expedition. During

Akbar's reign, the area covered by the present district of 4

Muzaffarnagar, falls in the Subah of Delhi and was devided

1. Rapson, E.J. (Ed),' The Cairibridoe History of India,Vol. I (Delhi, 1962), p. 153; cf. Raychaudhxiri, H.C., Political History of India. (Calcutta, 1953) pp. 21-23.

2. Tripathi, R.S. op. cit., p. 314.

3 . Atkinson, E. op^ c i t « , p . 589; cf . Nev i l l , H.R« op. c i t . pp. 160-61.

4 . Province in the pre-Bri t i sh days.

23

I n t o the xinlts of revenue a d m i n i s t r a t i o n c a l l e d Mahals »

wi th t h e except ion of paragana Khandhala which lay i n the

Sirkar^ of De lh i , the d i s t r i c t was governed by the sirKar

of Saharanpxir*

Owing t o the changes whidi have been taken p lace in

the boiuidaries of pargana f o r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e purposes the

e x i s t i n g paragana r e p r e s e n t s the AWoari Mahals only in name.

The Akbarl paragana of Kairana and Banat c o n s t i t u t e the

p r e s e n t paragana of Shamli. The paragana of Jau l i -Jansath

and Shikarpur are made up of o ld parganas of Jau l i and the

p o r t i o n s of two o ld AJdaari paraganas of Soron-Palri and

Khudi r e s p e c t i v e l y . Bhuma and Sambhalhera were separate

parganas* Bhuma i s now inc luded w i t h Sambhalhera as one

pargana. The pargana Thana-Bhawan was known as Thana»Bhiro

a t t h a t time . The pargana of Muzaffamagar and Gordhanpur

were known as Sarwat and Tughlaqpur a t t h a t time r e s p e c t l -

v e l y • Later on t h i s was changed t o Muzaffamagar i n the

1 . Unit of land (comprising s e v e r a l v i l l a g e s ) under separate engagement of payment of revenue.

2 . A sub^divis ion of the Subah; a d i s t r i c t i s the p r e -B r i t i s h days .

3 . Abul Pazal , Ain- i -Akbari ( t r a n s l a t e d i n t o English by H.S . Jarre t t ) Vol , I I , p p . 2 9 1 - 9 7 .

4 . Atkinson, E. op . c i t . < p . 440; For d e t a i l see Adminis­t r a t i v e D i v i s i o n a s g iven by Atkinson, E. in h i s monograph.

24

empire of Sahajahan.

Since the time o£ Akbar down to 186l« the adminis­

t ra t ive boundaries have undergone considerable changes.

After the Br i t i sh occupation in 1803 the area comprising

the present d i s t r i c t of Muzaffamagar was assigned to

Saharanpur. Part of the d i s t r i c t was administered by the

Resident of Delhi xrntil* when ent i re axrea was divided into

northern and southern charges under the c o l l e c t o r ' s

stat ioned at Saharanpur and Meerut* In 1824 a sub-col lector

was created at Muzaffamagar with revenue Jurisdict ion

over the paraganas of Muzaffamagar, Baghra, Shamli,

Bidaul i , Jhinjhana, Charthawal, Khatauli, J a u l i , Pur-

chhapar* Gordhanpur« Bhokerheri« Jansath, Sorcm and

Lalukherl» In 1826 sub-col lector ship was converted into

regular d i s t r i c t . Since then further changes were of minor

importance. The Rajputs, Tagas and Bratonans are said the

early co lon i s t s of t h i s d i s t r i c t , t r a d i t i o n a l l y i t was

followed by J a t s .

1. Census of India l98 l , Uttar Pradesh, s e r i e s 22, Dis tr ic t Census Handbook: Part XIII A v i l l a g e and Town Directory, D i s t r i c t Muzaffarnagar, (Lucknow) p . i ; c f . Atkinson, E. op. d t . , pp* 441-42.

25

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DISTRICT MUZAFFARNAGAR

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26

ADMINISTRATIVE UNITS

The d i s t r i c t vrlth i t s headquarters at Muzaffamagar

i s divided into the following hierachy of administrative

units* At present the d i s t r i c t i s divided into four tahs i l s

(sxjb-dlvisions) • Muzaffamagar* Kairana, Budhana and Jansath

each comprising a tahs i l of the same name. Each tahs i l i s

divided into blocks (vikas-khand) as per d e t a i l s below:

1. Muzaffamagar ; Muzaffamagar, Charthawl, Baghra and

Purkazi•

2. Kairana : Kairana, Thana Bhawan, Un and Shamli.

3. Budhana : B\idhana, Kandhala and Shahpur.

4. Jansath : Jansath, Moma and Khatauli.

The urban area of the district consist of 18 towns out

of which 5 are administered by Municipal Board and remaining

13 by Town Area Committee, In this way district has fotir

tahsils and fourteen blocks. A brief account of each is

given below:

27

MUZAFFARNAGAR (TAHSIL)

Muza£faznagar« t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of t h e d i s t r i c t and

t h e t a h s i l , l i e s In l a t . 29® 2 8 ' N . and 77° 4 1 ' E . n e a r t h e

l e f t bank of t h e r i v e r k a i l . I t I s connec t ed by m e t t a l e d

r o a d s w i t h Saharanpur i n t h e n o r t h , B l j n o r i n t h e e a s t ,

Meexrut i n t h e sou th and w i t h P a n l p a t i n Haryana s t a t e i n

t h e w e s t . Other roads r a d i a t e from i t , t o Kaircuia on t h e

w e s t , Budhana on the s o u t h - w e s t and J a n s a t h on t h e s o u t h ­

e a s t . The D e l h l - R a j p u r ^ u s s o o r i e road p a s s e s t h rough t h e

midd le of t h e town. Muza f f amaga r Rai lway S t a t i o n l i e s on

t h e Saharanpxir-Delhi s e c t i o n of t h e Nor the rn Ra i lway ,

Muzaf famagar , t h e h e a d q u a r t e r of t h e d i s t r i c t and

t a h s i l i s connected by t h e m e t t a l e d r o a d w i t h t a h s l l

K a l r a n a , Bxidhana and J a n s a t h . However, t h e d i s t r i c t i t s e l f

h a s a n e t of roads and s t r e e t s . T a h s l l Muza f f amaga r

ccxnprises t h e b l o c k s of M u z a f f a m a g a r , Char thawal , Baghra

and P u r k a z i .

Muzaf famagar c o m p a r a t i v e l y i s a town of r e c e n t o r i g i n

and was founded i n about 1633 A.D. P r i o r t o t h a t d a t e t h e

a r e a was known a s Sarwat . M u z a f f a m a g a r s t a n d s on t h e s i t e

of an o l d town known a s Sarwat i n t h e d a y s A]d>ar. Alongwlth

! • Atkinson, E. :op« d t . . p . 600,

2B

the other parts of the district Sarwat was given as a jagir

to Muzaffar Khan, a Barha Saiyid, by Shahjahan, Muzaffar Khan

laid the fo\indation of a new town on the site of the old one

which was completed by his son Abdul Mansur Khan who named

it after his father . However, in 1826 Muzaffamagar was

converted into a regular district with the twon as its

2 headquarters •

MUZAFFARNAGAR (BLOCK) :

The central block of the tahsil and the district lies

between Charthawal and Baghra in the west and Purchapar,

Bhokerheri and Jansath in the east. To the east lies

paragana Khataxili of Jansath tahsil, and to the north

district Saharanpur* It is of an irregular shape, being much

wider in the south that in the north where its breadth is

hardly 3-5 Ions.

The block Muzaffamagar at present comprised 56

villages out of which 19 have yielded material of arch­

aeological interest. The antiquity of the block goes back

to, however, late Harapan and so the O.c.P. period. The

medieval architectural remains can be seen in this block

!• Ibid, p. 600; cf. Nevill H.R. op. cit.. pp. 160-163.

2. AtKinson, E. op. cit.. pp. 441-42; cf Nevill. H.R., op. cit., pp. 160-63.

29

at several p l a c e s . There are many mosquest and temples

and re s ident ia l buildings of pre-modem period. However,

among structural remains Bhairon ka Mandir i s the b iggest

temple of the town • Those of i n t e r e s t have been discussed

elsewhere in t h i s d i s s er ta t ion .

CHARTHAWAL (BLOCK) :

Charthawal, the headquarter of paragana as well as

of a development block of the same name, lies in lat. 29°

33* N and long 77° 36*E, The place is on the north-west

of Muzaffarnagar at a distance of 19 ktn. from it, and is

connected with it by a mettaled road leading to Thana

Bhawan. The Dedband branch of the Ganga canal on the west,

and tributary of the Kali Nadi (west) in the east, give a

pircutresque appearances as well as ample irrigation

facilities to this place. Charthawal is, now a small

agricultxiral town. However, the place was once the 2

headqiaarters of the AMIL .

The village charthawal being north west part of the

tahsil Muzaffarnagar is bounded on the north by Saharanpur

district, on its east is Muzaffarnagar block, on the south

1. Varun, D.P. op. cit., p. 283.

2. Nevill, H.R. OP. cit., pp. 239-43/ cf. Atkinson, E. OP. cit.. Vol. Ill, p. 665.

30

Baghra b lock and on the west Thana-Bhawan b l o c k . The Hindon

Nadi f lows north t o south i n the western par t of the

v i l l a g e hardly a t a d i s t a n c e of about 5 km. and on the

e a s t i s Kali Nadi a t a d i s t a n c e of about 9 km.

Charthawal has been a paragana f o r s e v e r a l c e n t u r i e s

and i s re ferred t o the Ain-i-A3cbari • However, s i n c e then

many changes have taken p l a c e .

Thjree f a i r s are he ld here every year: two of which

known a s the Ghat or Ghamoti and Devi f a i r s i n the Hindi

month cha i t ra (February/March) and the t h i r d c a l l e d the

f a i r of Chhariyan in the month of Bhadra (August) • The e a s t

one i s dedicated t o s a i n t Goga P i r , who i s honoured by both

the Hindus and Muslims.

The b lock i s cons iderably r i c h i n i t s c u l t u r a l

her igage , which ranges from the Late Harappan period

t o the l a t e medieval p e r i o d . There are two a n c i e n t temples

here , one dat ing back t o Jahangir ' s t ime and the other

about 500 years o ld • The o ther medival s t r u c t u r a l remain

inc lude tcxnbs, r e s i d e n t i a l p a l a c e s , temples f o r t s mosques

and remain of seven royal r e s i d e n t i a l bx i i ld ings made of

Lakhauri b r i c k s wi th in an e n c l o s u r e . There are 60 v i l l a g e s

1 , J a r r e t t , H . S . , The Ain-i-AMaari, V o l . I l l , p . 297.

2 . Varun, D . P , , op . c i t . , p . 275.

31

in this block out of which 22 appear of archaeological

interest. There have been discussed separately.

BAGHRA (BLOCK) :

Baghra, which l i e s in l a t , 29°28» N and long 77

35'£ and gives i t s name t o the paragana, i s a l so the

headquarters of a block. I t i s about 11 km. west of

Muzaffamagar near the birfurcat ion of Muzaffamagar-

Kairana and Muzaffarnagar-Shamli roads.

The v i l l a g e i s in south-west part of the t a h s i l .

I t i s bounded by Thana-Bhawan and Shamli in the west and

by Shikarpur v i l l a g e of Budhana t a h s i l in the south. In i t s

north l i e s Charthawal and in the eas t Muzaffamagar ,

I t i s a place of seme antiquity and was according to

local tradit ion held by Prithvi Raj, the great Chatanan

ruler of the kingdan of Delhi in the l2th century A.D.

Bagra was a paragana of Sxjbah Delhi dviring Mughal period,

a t l e a s t in Akbar's time i t was found as a Mahal. At a later

date a large portion of i t was included in Sardhana jagir^.

I t i s said that the royal physician (Hakim) of Jahangir,

Sheikh Hassan a l so known as Mxiqarrab Khan belonged to t h i s

1. Atkinson, E . , op. c i t . , v o l . I l l , p . 636; cf . Nevi l l , H.R. op. c i t . , vol» I I I , p . 167.

2 . I b i d . , p . 638; cf . J a r r e t t . M.H, op. c i t . . p . 296.

32

place. The name of the village is said to have been derived

from one king (Raja) Bagh, but nothing is loiown about this

block is very significant, the antiquity of which may go

back to the ochre colour pottery period. There are 59

villages in this block out of which 6 have yielded material

of archaeological interest. In a addition, the place has

several architectxiral remains including temples, mosques,

tanks, residential buildings, etc. of medieval period all

made of lakhauri bricks. Important finds and architectural

remains have been discussed separately.

PURQA2I (BLOCK) :

Pur or Purqazi l i e s in l a t . 29°39'N and long 77°

51*E in the north of the paragana Pur Chhapar, 25 ken.

North-west of Muzaffarnagar on Muzaffamagar-Roorkee road.

Baserah distributary of the Ganga canal flows between the

canal and the town.

Pur or Pxirqazi i s a large town north-east of the

t a h s i l which i s bounded on the north by the d i s t r i c t

Saharanpur to the south by Bhokerheri of Jansath t a h s i l ,

t o the eas t by d i s t r i c t Bijnor and to the west by Muzaffar­

nagar.

33

Pur chhapar was knovm as a paragana in the days of

Aldoar and formerly bore the name of Chhapar Khudda. The

name Pur Chhapar or Qazi ka Pur dates from the days of

Qazi Nizami, a Saiyld of Jansath, who settled at pur;

Tradition has it that Purqazi derives its name from Qazi

Nizami, in the reign of Parrukh Siyar. Afterwards it came

into the possession of Raja Ram Dayal of Landhaura ,

The other paragana which joined the former to form

an independent block in the extreme north-east of the

district is Gordhanpur. The whole paragana lies in the

Khadar of the Ganga and counsist of a swampy inferior

tract and during rainy season it is nut off from all

commun cation •

Gordhanpur represents a portion of old paragana of

Tughlaqpur, which was sxdosequently known as Nomagar from

the village of that name in paragana pur •

The block has highest number of villages 139 and

out of them 10 are of archaeological interest. Out of these

1. In due course Qazi-ka-pur became Pur-Kazi, cf. Alkinson, E.^ OP. cit,. p. 721.

2. Varxm^ D.P, op. cit«« p. 284.

3. In the extreme north-east of the block there is a broad sandy plain.

0 4

the site of Noomagar is of great interest which yielded

the ancient ceramics right from the O.C.P* (?) phase down

to medieval period. In addition to it, the place has

several architectural remains including temples, mosques,

residential biaildings etc. However, in the village purqazi

has two big mosquest, one of which is said to have been

built prior to and the other during the reign of Shahjahan ,

1. Varun, D«P«, op« cit., p. 284.

35

JANSATH (TAHSIL)

Jansath the headquarters of the development block

and the tahsil of the same name, lies in Lat 29° 20'N

and Long. 77° 51* E to the south of the road from

Muzaffamagar to Miranpur, at a distance of 22 Ian. frcan

the district headquarters. It is situated on a lew site.

Having sandy soil which is occasionally mixed with clay.

The town is girdled by the distributaries of the

Anupshahr branch of the main Ganga canal which run

around the circumference of the town. The southern

portion, known as Gartii is surrounded by the remains of

a brick wall.

According to local legends, the Pandava brothers

are said to have traversed this area in the course of

their wanderings during exile (agyatvasa). However, we

could locate any PGW site in the surrounding area. An

old temple, dedicated to Gyaneshwara, makes Jansath a

principal site for the local Hindu population who

congregate here on various festivals throughout the year<

The place is initially said to have been inhabited

by the Jats and the Brahmanas, but with the growing,

influence of the Saiyids in this area, it came to be

36

assigned as a revenue division or tappa to them during

the reign of emperor Farukh Siyar (1712-1719 A.D.).

It was during his reign that Jansath was formed out of

the Akbari pargana of Jauli, The Saiyids of Jansath

belong to the Tihanpuri branch who rose to prominence

during the reigns of Shahjahan and Aurangzeb.

It is also the site of a number of fairs held

annually. The chief fair held here is the Nasrullah

fair which runs from the second to the third Friday

in Jyaistha attended by an average of 3,000 persons.

Other fair are the Gaureshwari Mela, held on Chaitra

sukla 14, and the fair of 'Zahir Diwan', held in memory

of a popular saint in the last week of Bhadra.

JANSATH (BLOCK):

The central block of the tahsil Jansath is situated

between Khatauli and Mansurpur in the west and district

Bijnor in east. To the north lies tahsil Muzaffamagar

and to the south district Meerut. It is almost rectan­

gular in shape. I has an area of about 460.40 sq. km.

The block Jansath at present comprised 130 villages

out of which 24 have yielded material of archaeological

37

i n t e r e s t . The a n t i q u i t y of t h e b l o c k may go back t o t h e

L a t e Harappan p e r i o d . This b l o c k i s v e r y r i c h as f a r a s

medieva l a r c h i t e c t u r e i s c o n c e r n e d . Many med ieva l and

p r e - m e d i e v a l a r c h i t e c t u r a l remains can be seen i n t h i s

b l o c k a t s e v e r a l p l a c e s . There a r e many mosques and

t emples and r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s of p r e - m o d e m p e r i o d .

However, among s t r u c t u r a l remains Garh i i s t h e b i g g e s t

r e s i d e n t i a l complex of p r e - m o d e m p e r i o d . Those of

i n t e r e s t have been d i s c u s s e d e l s e w h e r e i n t h i s d i s s e r ­

t a t i o n .

KHATAULI (BLOCK);

The place lies in Lat. 29°42' N and Long 77°75'E.

It also gives its name to a pargana and traces its

origin as such (i.e. a pargana), to Akbar's times

though the town is of a comparatively later origin.

Situated at the crossing of the Muzaffamagar-

Meerut and Budhana-Miranpur roads, at a distance of

22 km. from the district headquarters, Khatauli is at

present a town of considerable importance. The main

Ganga canal flows to the west of the town and is

crossed by the railway and the main road, about 1 km.

38

to the north and by the Budhana road about 3 tan, to the

south-west. Ttie Northern Railway runs parallel with the

main road and has a station at a short distance east of

the town.

An old sarai (inn), dating back to the time of

emperor Shahjahan (1627-1956), with a Persian inscription

over the gateway, testifies to the antiquity of the

place; yet another building of the same period being a

mosque located in them mohalla Sarafan. Anong Hindu

temples of interest in the town may be mentioned four

large Jain temples dating back to the last century. A

Jain fair, known as the Uchhao Saranqian, is usually

held here in the month of Chaitra, the date depending on

varying ci reran stances. Yet another fair held here is

that of Zahir Diwan (a local saint) held during Bhadra

krishna paksha, attracting large number of people from

the neighbourhood.

The Khatauli block is considerably rich in its

cultural heritage which ranges from the Late Harappan

to the medieval period. The block has 113 villages out

of which 15 villages are of archaeological interest.

This block is equally important from architectural

point of view.

39

MORNA (BLOCK);

Moma, the headquarters of the development block

of the same name lies in 29°28' H and Long. 77°56" E

on the south side of the road fran Muzaffamagar to

Bijnor situated at 18 km from the tahsil headquarters.

It lies between the left main distributary and the

Belra left feeder of the Ganga canal. The place was a

seat of the Chatrauri branch of the Saiyids since the

days of Akbar. It continued to be the principal town of

the pargana till the mid-eighteenth century* but its

proximity to the Pathan fortress at Shukartal proved

fatal to its own existance.

A number of buildings tracing their origin to the

Saiyids are to be foundl here even today though in a

dilapidated state. Important among these is a mosque

ascribed to one Bidi Jhabbu, the wife of Nawab Husain

Khan, who lived during the reign of emperor Muhammad

Shah .

The whole area of the block falls in Ganga Khadar.

It's antiquity may go back to the Ochra Coloured Pottery.

The block has 77 villages out of which 11 have yielded

40

material of archaeological interest. The block is

equally important as far as architectural point of view

is concerned.

BUDHANA (TAHSIL)

Budhana, the headquarters of the tahsil and the

development block of the same name lies in Lat. 29°17'N

Long. 77°99*E. It stands on the right bank of the Hindon

riv^r, -which also forms its northern boundarys. To its

east, there is a low lying tract forming a portion of

the Hindon Khadar. It is 30 km south of the district

headquarters and 26 km west of Khatauli, with which it

is connected by a road. Another road runds west to

Kandhala, crossing the Shamli-Meerut road 5 km. from

this place.

In the reign of Akbar it was constituted as a

mahal. It was a strong hold of Begum Semaru of Meerut,

who became a leading figure of the imperical court in

the nineties of the eighteenth century. The tahsil

Budhana is almost rectangular in shape being comparatively

narrow towards west.

41

BUDHANA (BLOCK);

The block is considerably rich in yielding archaeo­

logical sites. It has yielded several sites ranging from

Late Harappan to the medieval period. The block has

54 villages out of which 15 villages are of archaeological

interest. There are several medieval and premodem

buildings also.

KANDHLA (BLOCK):

Kandhia, the headquarters of the pargana of the

same name lies in Lat. 29°41' N and Long 77°8l' E cxose

to the vest of the eastern Yamvma canal at a distance

of about 21 km. west of Budhana and af about 47 km.

south-west of Muzaffarnagar. Along the eastern side of

the canal a metalled road runs, linking Saharanpur and

Ba^hpat in district Meerut. Another metalled road, which

passes through the town connects it with Budhana and

Kairana. The northern and western side of the town are

embellished with orchards.

During the reign of Akbar it was constituted into

a mahal in the sirkar of Delhi. There is an ancient

tank called Suraj Kund where people come to bathe on

42

religious occasions. There is also an old Jain temple

here. The famous tomb of saint Maqdum Shah, built in

1706 A.D., still stands and people offer prayers here.

Centrally located is the old Jama mosque.

The block Kandhla has 59 villages out of which

6 villages are of archaeological interest which has

yielded Late Harappan, Ochre Colour Pottery, Painted

Grey Ware sites.

SHAHPUR (BLOCK):

Shahpur, the headquarters of the development block

of the same name l i e s in Lat . 29°22'N and Long 77°33*E.

I t i s s i tuated a t a distance of 9 km. fran Budhana, on

the Budhana-Muzaffamagar road passing by the side of

t h i s v i l l a g e .

The Shahpur block i s archaeologically very rich

which has yielded many Late Harappan Ochre Colour Pottery,

Painted Grey Ware s i t e s . I t has 51 v i l l ages out of which

6 are of archaeological i n t e r e s t .

43

KAIRANA (TAHSIL)

The town, which is the headquarters of the tahsil of

the same name/ lies in Lat. 27° 24* N, and Long. 77° 12' E.

on the metalled road from Muzaffamagar to Panipat. It

is located at a distance of about 49 Km frcan the district

headquaters on the low land ajoining the Zamuna.

The tahsil Kairana has four block viz. Thana Bhawan,

Kairana, Un and Shamli. The tahsil is bounded on the

north by the district Saharanpur, on the east by rahsil

Muzaffamagar, on the south by the tahsil Budhana and

on the west by the river yamuna which separates it from

the district Komal of Haryana state.

The antiquity of the place may go back to the reign

of emperor Shahjahan who bestowed the estate of Kairana

on his physician. Muquarrab Khan. Muquarrab Khan is said

to have errected many building in Kairana. Among the

building and monizments dating back to the medieval period,

may be mentioned the Baradari contructed by the aforesaid

Muquarrab Khan. However, the oldest in the town is a

mosque in the Mohalla Pirzadan.

There are 271 villages and 7 towns viz. Kairana,

Garhi Pukhta, Jalalabad Jhinghara, Un, Shamli and Thana

44

Bhawan in the tahsil. Several villages have yielded the

material of archaeological interest.

KAIRANA (BLOCK);

It is the central block of the tahsil Kairana which

is interected by the Katha wala. The Kairana block has

56 villages out of which many villages have yielded the

material of archoeological interest. This block is very

rich as far as medieval structures are concerned. It

contains many mosques^ temples, baradari, etc. of archi­

tectural value.

THANA BHAWAN (BLOCK) ;

Thana Bhawan the headquarters of development block

and pargana, lies in Lat. 29°35' N and Long. 77° 25* E.

situated on an elevated site lying between the river

Krishni on the east, and irrigated by the Jalalabad

distributary of the Yamuna canal on the west. Thana

Bhawan is located 18 Km. from Shamli and 32 Km. from the

district headqxiarters.

The pargana is known in the Ain-i-Akbari under

the name Thana Bhim, but the name Thana Bhawan has been

present name (Thana Bhawan) being derived at a later

45

stage from an old temple dedicated to the Goddess Bhawani,

which stands to the west of it and attracts a considerable

gathering in the month of Bhadra (August).

A number of buildings tracing their origin to the

Muslim period are to be fotmd here. Most of these have

gone have \indergone rather severe ravages of time. Among

these may be mentioned the mosque of Maulavi Saiyid-ud-

din, the tomb of Maulavi Sheikh Muhammad, etc.

The block has 58 villages out of which many have

yielded the cultures ranging from Late Harappan to

medieval period.

SHAMLI (BLOCK):

Farming the headquarters of the development Shamli

lies Lat. 29° 27' N and Long. 77° 19' E. It is located

at a distance of 11 Km. from the tahsil headquarters

and 38 Km. from the district headquarters, lying on the

mettaled road from Muzaffarnagar to Kairana. It is

boxinded on the east by the yamuna canal which flow at a

distance of about 1.5 Km. on this side.

The name of the town is originally said to have

been Muhammadpur Zanardan which formed a portion of the

46

z a g i r g r a n t e d by emperor Wahangir t o h i s physican Muqarrab

Khan. The z a g i r remained i n t h e f a m i l y of Muquarrab Khan

u n t i l l t h e r e i g n of Bahadur Shah. The town t h e n c e f o r t h

known a s Shamli o r Shyamli o r Shyam, a f o l l o w e r of Hakim

who b u i l t a b a z a r h e r e . I t s e rved a s t h e h e a d q u a r t e r s of

t h e p a r g a n a and s u b s e q u e n t l y as a b l o c k .

The b l o c k Shamli has 44 v i l l a g e s o u t of which many

v i l l a g e s have y i e l d e d t h e La te Harappan, P a i n t e d Grey

Ware s i t e s .

UN (BLOCK);

The Un block is situated almost in the centre of the

Kairana tahsil. It is bounded on north by Saharanpur

district, on the east tahsil Muzaffamagar on the south

block Kairana and on the west river Yamuna. The block is

about 60 Km away from the distt. headquarters.

The Un block has 113 villages out of which many

villages have yielded the material of archaeological

interest.

Table 1 : AdmiDistratiTe Units

47

Tahsil/ Development block

1

1. Kairana

Don

Thana Bhawan

Kairana

Sbamli

2. Muzaffarnagar

Charthawal

Bagheda

MuzafFamagar

Purqazi

3. Budhaaa

Kandhla

Budhana

Shahpur

4. Jansath

Morna

Jansath

Khatauli

Total

Area in sq.kms.

2

1,105.8

401.80

257.60

224.50

200.50

1.177.8

262.30

231.30

239.10

422.50

736.1

273.20

233.40

220.25

1,140.7

376.20

460.40

308.70

4.176.01

Nyaya Pancba-yats

3

31

10

8

6

7

34

7

8

9

10

21

8

7

6

29

9

9

11

115

Gram Sabbas

4

209

76

52

41

40

229

60

48

53

68

142

49

52

41

211

53

71

87

791

Number of A.

Revenue v , ^_ Total In

5

271

113

58

56

44

323

68

60

56

139

164

59

54

51

320

77

130

113

1,078

illages 1

habited

6

250

101

58

47

44

283

66

50

54

113

146

52

52

42

248

59

88

101

927

—»

7

7

3 .

4

4

18

CHAPTER-II

H I S T O R Y

(Ancient Period)

Por "the early history of the district, no adequate

literattire is available. Even though the exact dating of

literary sources is not possible, their chronological

sequence is generally agreed upon. It is reasonable to

place the evidence of Buddhist sources, like Jatkas and

some other Buddhist text, before that of sources like

epic of Mahabharata. The history itself goes back and

disappears into the mists of legend. While the earliest

records are gone and fragmentary artefacts and ruins are

almost completely mute. There is evidence of indicate that

49

Muzaffamagar has an ant iquity going back t o a t l eas t three

thousand years, as the d i s t r i c t has y ie lded so many Late

Harappan as wel l as Ochre Colour.Pottery s i t e s .

The coins and archaeological £indings conjecture

that there were settlements in and aroimd Muzaffamagar

from the time of the Late Harappan, Ochre Coloixr Pottery,

Painted Grey Ware and Northern Black Polished Ware cultures.

However, about the 6th century B.C. the d i s t r i c t seems to

have been es tabl i shed . The d i s t r i c t has encoimtered

evidences of material culture belonging to the Mauryan,

Sunga, Kushana, Gupta, Post-Gupta, Rajput and Delhi

Sultenate periods to Mughal per iod. This was suff ic ient

to confirm the local tradi t ion about the antiquity and

continviity of urban settlement in the area under study,

a t l e a s t at the s i t e s of Hastinapura and Purana Quila^,

The Ganga-Yamuna doab occupies a very s ignif icant

place in the p o l i t i c a l , cultural and economic history of

India . The area covered by the present d i s t r i c t of

1. Above conclusion i s based on the two zrenoxind archaeolo­g i ca l s i t e s v i z ; Hastinapur and Purana Qui la , which are not much away from the d i s t r i c t of Muzaffamagar. Hastinapur i s the d i s t r i c t Meerut while Purana Qxiila i s in Delhi . Hastinapur i s hardly 50 km away from the d i s t r i c t headquarters of Muzaffamagar.

2 . Gaur, R.C., Excavations at Atranlikherat Early c i v i l i z a ­t ion of the Upper Ganga Basin, (Delhi , 1983), p . 2 cf. Singh, R.L., India A Regional Geography, (Varanasi, 1987), p . 126.

50

Muzaffamagar l i e s in the upper doab of the Ganga and the

Yainijna, which have e x i s t e d s i n c e the date of Riaveda .

The reg ion was c a l l e d Madhyadesa, of which t h i s d i s t r i c t

formed a p a r t . According t o an o l d t r a d i t i o n ^ Muzaffar-

nagar formed par t of the kingdom of t h e Pandavas of the

Mahabharata fame. As gleaned from t h e Puranas and the

e p i c s , the e a r l i e s t known king who ru led over t h i s part

was probably Pururvas Ai la • His realm was devided between

h i s two sons, Ayu and Amavasu. The l a t t e r foxinded the

KanyakiAjja dynasty in the mid Gangetic doab. His great

grandson Yayat i , continued t o ru le over the e n t i r e

Madhyadesa » No h i s t o r y i s known a f t e r Y a y a t i ' s son Puru.

The d i s t r i c t was continued t o be ru led l a t e r on by Bharata

of e p i c fame who extended h i s t e r r i t o r y from Saraswati t o

the Ganga . The headquarters of the kindgcm a f t e r him was

s h i f t e d frcan Prat i shthan t o Hastinapura ,

1 . Tr ipathi , R . S . , History of Ancient I n d i a , (Delhi , i960) pp . 28-29? c f . Majumdar, R.C. , Ancient I n d i a , pp.65-66 .

2 . c f . Puri , H.N. , C i t i e s of Ancient Ind ia (Delhi 1966), p . 22; Atkinson, E . , o p . c i t . . V o l . I l l , p . 587 and N e v i l l , H.R., OP. c i t . , p . 117.

3 . Majumdar, R.C. and Pushalkar, A.D. (Bombay) (Ed), The History and Culture of the Indian Peop le , V o l . I , p.277,

4 . I b i d , v ide Variin D .P . , op . c i t . , p . 18 .

5 . Varun, D.P. O P . c i t . , p . 18 6. Rajchaudhuri, H.C., Political History of Ancient India

(Calcutta, 1953), p. 24.

51

For s e v e r a l c e n t u r i e s Hastinapura had been a very

s i g n i f i c a n t centre of the p o l i t i c a l and c u l t u r a l a c t i v i ­

t i e s ^ . The name of the Hastinapura i s f r e q u e n t l y referred

t o in the a n c i e n t t e x t s of Sanskr i t , P r a k r i t , P a l i and

Apabhransa, I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t Hastinapvira, the

c a p i t a l of the Kauravas, does no t r e c e i v e a s much not i ce

as Indapatta i n the Buddhist s o u r c e s . I t i s o n l y in a l a t e r

t e x t t h a t t h e r e i s a re ference t o Hatthinipura {noz 2

Hatthinapra) a s a c i t y of kindgdom of Kuru ; In Jain

sources , on the o ther hand, wh i l e there are re ferences

t o Ha;tthinaura, Hatthinapura and Hatthinagapura, tnere i s

no reference t o Indapatta or Indraprastha in any fcrm. But

a new name Gayapura (Gajpura) i s sometimes mentioned for

Hastinapura^. Panini and Greek Geographer Plotemy a l s o 4

r e f e r s t o i t Hastinagar •

However, of a l l the names three-Gajpura, Hastinapura

and Nagpura deserve s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n . Perhaps a large

1 . "Kuroh putros bhavath Hastl tadupaqya midam puram; Hastinapuramlt yahurenkashcharyasevidham**, VIvidha-Tlrthakalpa (Shantiniketan, 1955), p . 94 .

2 . Petavatthu, I I I . 6? Petayatthu Attheakatha, p . 201.

3 . Santi Suri , Uttaradhvayana«nlrvu3cti and Uttaradhvavana-v r t t l (Bombay) p . 109; c f . Mohan Lai Mehta and K. Rlshabh Chandra, Prakr i t Proper Names (Ahmedabad, 1970) , p . 227.

4 . c f . Purl , B . N . , C i t i e s of Ancient India (Delhi 1966) ,p , 22

52

number of elephants were once found in this region which

gave the name to the region as Gajapura, The king Hastin,

who is listed 51 in the dynastic list of the Puranas^,

gave the name Hastinapura to the region. After the

Mahabharata war when Nagas occupied the region, it became

2 known as Nagpura •

According to the Vedic texts the capital of the

kuru region was Asandivata which was probably identical

with Naga-Sahvyapura or Hastinapura, the latter repeatedly 4

referred to in the epics and Puranas •

Ancient Hastinapura was situated on the south-east

bank of the Ganga river. On its western end was Vamavarta

(modem Bamawa) a village in the tahsil Sardhana of the

1. Pargiter, F.E,, Ancient Indian Historical Tradition, Delhi 1962; pp. 112 & 146; Lai, B.B., Ancient India. Nos. lO&ll, p. 147-48; Nevill, H.R., op. cit.. Vol. IV, p. 147; and Mahabharata, Adiparva (Poona, 1926), 90-36.

2. Though Purana generally refer to this place as Hastinapura but Bhaqvat gives its name as Gaja-Sahvyapur (Bhag,l,8,45; 4,31,30;4,10,57), Mahabharata gives the name as Naga-Sahvyapur (Mbh.7, 1,8,14,16,20) and Nagpura (Mbh. 5,147,5) Jain texts call this place Gajpura frequently.

3. Vedic Index/ Vol. I, p. 72; Raychaudhury, H.C., Political History of Ancient India (Culcutta, 1953), p. 23; and Majximdar, S.N. (ed.), cimninqham's Geography of Ancient India (Calcutta, 1924), p. 701.

4 . Cf. Raychaudhuri, H . c , o p . c i t . . p p . 21-23; Lai, B . B . , OP; c i t . . pp . 147-49.

5 . Cf. N e v i l l , ,H.R. , op. c i t . . V o l . IV, p . 147; Prakash, Buddha, P o l i t i c a l and Soc ia l Movement in Ancient Panlab (From Vedic age upto the Maxirya period) {Delhi* 1964),

p . 18 and Dey, N.L. , The Geographical Dict ionary of Ancient and Medieval I n d i a . (New D e l h i . 1979) . n. 74 .

53

d i s t r i c ± Meerut and s i t u a t e d on the e a t e m bank of Hindon

Nadi . On northern end i t i s spread upto Sukratal in t a h s i l

Jansath of d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar^. Towards south i t

extended upto Pushpavati (modem Puth or Puda) on Ganga 2

and i n the south-west \:5)to Ahar , a smal l town in the

d i s t r i c t of Bulandshahar.

Kuru was the next renowned k ing of t h i s (Pauravas)

dynasty and the d i s t r i c t which came xinder h i s kingdom was

c a l l e d Kuru-desa « His s u c c e s s o r s became known as Kurus or

Kauravas . However* the term Kaurava was r e s t r i c t e d t o

Dhr i t rashtra*s son, Pandus* sons b e i n g c a l l e d Pandavas .

The Kurus occupied the Country "from the Si v i s and sxjb-

Himalyan t r i b e s on the north t o Matsya^ Sursena and South

Pancala on the South, and between North Pancala on the e a s t

and Marxjbhumi (the Rajputanas d e s e r t ) on the west ". 7

According t o Mahasutsona Jataka i t s e x t e n t was three

1 . Cf« Majtandar, S.N., op« c i t » . p . 3 7 7 . _ 2* Cf. Atkinson, E , , OT3. c i t . V o l . I l l , p . 582; Ja in , J . p ,

OP. c i t . , p • 2• 3 . Majumdar, R.C. , op. c i t . * p . 7 1 . 4 . P a r g i t e r , F . E . , Ancient Ind ia H i s t o r i c a l Tradit ion

(Delhi 1962) , pp . 7 6 - 2 8 1 . 5 . I b i d . 300 . 6 . Law, B . C . , Geographical Essays R e l a t i n g t o Ancient

Geography of" lndia (Delhi , 1926) , p . 132? Mahabharata. Adiparva, I 109, 1; 149, 5-15; I I 26 -32; I I I 83-204 v ide Raychaudhxiri, H.C., o p . c i t . , p p . 2 1 - 2 3 .

7 . Mahasutsoma Jataka, No. 537, Majxjmdar, S .N. , op . c i t . . p . 7 0 1 .

54

hxindred leagues.

The Kuru IdLngdpm, according to the epic tradition

was stretched from Sarasvati to the Ganga and there

territory appear to have been divided into three parts:

"Kuniksetra, the Kurus and Kuru-jangala (Adi P. cix 4337-40).

Kuruksetra, 'the cultivated land of the Kurus* comprised

the whole tract on the west of the Junona and included the

sacred region between the Sarasvati and Drsadvati (Vana

P. LXXXIII 5071-78 and 7073-76; Ramayana, Ayodhya K. LXX 12;

Megha, D.I. 49-50)..... Kuru-jangala, 'the waste land of

the Kurus* was the eastern part of their territory and

appears to have comprised the tract between the Ganges

and the North Pancala (Ram Ayodhya K. LXXII; Mbh. Sabha.

P. XIX 793-94) . The middle region between the Ganges and

Jxmma seems to have been called simply the Kuru* s cotintry ".

Mahabharata gives the following description of

KuruJcshetra; south of the sarasvati and north of the

Drishadvati . In Diwavadana, Hastinapura is described as

1. Law, B.C., op. cit., p. 132.

2. "Dakshina sarasvatya drlshadvatyuttarena cha; Ye vasanti Kurukshetre te vasanti trivishatape". ^South from Sarasvati and north from Drishadvati they who dwell in Kuruksheta live in paradise". Mahabarata, III 83, 4, 9.15; 25, 40, 52, 200, 204-208; Majtandar, S.N., op. cit., p. 382; and Raychaudhxiri, H.C., op. cit.. p. 21.

5S

a rich, prosperious and populous city^,

2

According to Taittiriya Avanyaka Kurukshetra had

Khandava vana in the south, Turghna in the north and

Parinah in the west.

On the basis of these accoxints it appears that the

Kuru kingdom roughly ccxnprised of Modem Thaneshwar, Delhi 3

and the great part of the upper Gangetic Doab •

According to Mahabharata, the city got its name after

the king Hastin of Paurava dynasty who is said to have

foxinded it. Literary evidence both Brahrainical and Jain 4

associates this place with king Hastin • It is also said

that it was the capital of Dushyanta and his son Bharat,

who were ancestors of kind Hastin. However, at that time

its name was not Hastinapura but Gajpura or Naga-Sahvyapura

or Asandivata. According to Prapanchsudani this place

also became known as Kururattam when some people of North

1. Divvavadana No. 435; also Law, B.C., op. cit., p. 29.

2. Vedic Index, I., pp. 167-70.

3 . Cf. Raychaudhuri, op . c i t . . p . 21-23; Law, B.C. , op. c i t . , p . 132 .

4 . Shatputramabhuna nabhisunah sunuhkurur^araph; Kurukshetramii kvatam res trametat ta dakhyaya;K\aroh pujtro S bhavath Hasti tadupagyamidampuram. Viv idha-Tirthavikalpa (Shantiniketan. I 9 3 4 i , p . 9 4 .

56

Kuru reg ion came and s e t t l e d down here during the time of

king Mandhata of Puranic fame . According t o another

t r a d i t i o n the foimder of K\xru kingdom was Kuru of Samvama

l i n e ^ . According t o Mahavastu-Avadana the c a p i t a l of the 3

Kururattam was Hastinapura, I t s e a r l i e r name was Asandivat .

Manu d e s c r i b e s the land between t h e two sacred r i v e r s 4

Sarasvat i and D r i s t a d v a t i , a s Brahmavarta • The name

Kurukshetra i n d i c a t e s a region which l a t e r on became the

name of a p a r t i c u l a r p l a c e .

Buddhist t r a d i t i o n records the e x i s t e n c e of Hastina­

pura p r i o r t o Buddha. In Anquttaranikaya Kuru i s referred

t o as a proninent Janpada in the l i s t of s i x t e e n Mahajanpadas.

In Bodhisat tva Vadana Kalplata Hastinapura has been mentlonec

a s the c a p i t a l of Kauravas and according t o L a l i t a v i s t a r a

1 . Prapanchsudani, I 1, 184; a l s o Law, B . C . , Tribes in Ancient I n d i a (Poena, 1943), p . 23 and h i s Geography of Buddhism (London, 1932) , p . 17 .

2 . Teshu t r i s h u Kumareshu la teshu kurulanqalam; KuravoStu kurukshetra trayametadavardnata. Manabharata, 1, 102, 1; 1, 102,22 and 1 ,191 , 9 .

3 . MahavastU"Avadana, I I I 361 . According t o i t the country was a l s o known as 'Kururattam* v i d e J a i n , J . P . op. d t . ^ p . 4 .

4 . Sa l e tove , B .A. , Ancient Indian P o l i t i c a l thought and I n s t i t u t i o n (Culcut ta , 1963) p . 176; Majumdar, S.N., op . c i t . , p . 3 8 3 .

5 . Bodhisattvavadana-Kalplata , I I I , 116-64, p . 9 vide Jain, J . P . , OP. c i t . , p . 4 .

6 . L a l i t a v i s t a r a , Chapter I I I v i d e Law, B . C . , op. c i t . , p . 29; and J a i n , J . P . , op . c i t . . p . 4 .

57

the king of t h i s place be longed t o the family l i n e of the

Pandavas.

I t appears that when the Aryan moved eastward they

s e l e c t e d Nastinapura for t h e i r f i r s t s e t t l e m e n t on accotant

of i t s s t r a t e g i c s i t u a t i o n in t h e Doab , Though we are not

c e r t a i n about the date of the f i r s t Aryan set t lement here ,

i t had grown a s an important town by the time of the

Mahabharata war.

The Hastinapur, which governed t h i s d i s t r i c t , was

the bone of content ions between the Kaxxravas and the

Pandavas. Af ter the Mahabharata war Yudhishthir became 2

the supreme i n the northena I n d i a , w i t h h i s cap i ta l a t

Hastinapur , The d i s t r i c t cont inued t o be a part of Kuru

empire under Par iksh i ta , grandson of Arjtona. His kingdom

COTiprised the present New D e l h i , par t of the eas t Ptanjab 4

and the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab •

1 . Marshal l , S i r John, Mohan-Jodaro and the Indus C i v i l i z a t i o (London, 1931)# p . 106.

2 . Majumdar, R.C. , op. c i t . 7 2 .

3 . The Mahabharata, Sabha Parva, c h - l 0 8 p . 372 .

4» Raichaudhuri, H.C., op . c i t « , p . 22; Majumdar and Pushalkar, op . c l t . p . 3 2 3 .

58

As Mahabharata states king Hastin was succeeded by

his son Ajamidha, who in turn was followed by Raksa,

Samvama, etc. respectively. During the time of Samvama's

son this city came into prominence. Though the kingdom

was lost temporarily by Janmejaya, it was regained by

king Pratip^,

It is regarded traditionally that at Shukartal of

Jansath tahsil of this district the sage Shukadera has

recited the Srimad Bhaqawata to Parikshita, By the time

of Nagas had became powerful and they created trouble

for Parikshita as well as for his son janmejaya, Histinapxira

passed through crises^ during their regime due to Naga's

invasion , janmejaya performed a major sacrifies, known

as Janmejaya Yalna, to which he invited certain Brahmans

to perform y l' ^ <i honoured them with lands . The

1, Pratipah shantanustat kulasyarthe tatha sthltahi Yatha devavrata bhishmah kulasyarthe shito S bhavata. Mahabharata, 148^ 2,

2, Pargiter, F,E,, op, cit,. p, 285,

3 , MajTomdar and P u s h a l k a r , o p , c i t « , p p , 324-25.

59

receipients by Janmejaya are said to be the Tagas of Pur,

Charthawal and Shikarpur^ of this district. However, the

successor of Janmejaya continued to hold the region till

Nichakshu. Before the city could regain its glory a great

deluge washed away a considerable part of the city during

the reign of Nichakshu. The trouble became more grave when

locusts destroyed the standing crops spread which was

followed by a spread of disease. These circumstances forced

Nichakshu to abondon his capital and the Kurus shifted it

to Kaushambi in the district of Allahabad. Excavations at

Hastinapur and Kaushambi confirms remarkably the literary

evidance .

Here it may be added that the recent explorations

have brought to light of a large ntamber of OCP sites in

the district. A few Harappan and late Harappan sites have

also been recorded. However* it has been discussed above

that the area came under the Aryans occuptation during the

1. Crooks, W., Tribes and Castes of North-Westem Provinces of India vol. IV (Calcutta, 1896), pp. 352-53, vide Varxin, D.P. op. cit., p. 19.

2. Adhisimkrishna-putro nichakshurbhavita nrapah Yo qangaya S phrite hastinapure Kaushamvyam vivatsyati. "When the Hastinapura carried away by the Ganga Nichakshu will abondon it and will dwell inKaushambi". Pargiter, F.E. op. cit., pp. 5, 65, cf. Ghosh, N.N., The Early History of Kaushambi* (Allahabad, 1935), p. 5.

60

l a t e r Vedic Per iod as i s a t t e s t e d by the PGW s i t e s .

On the b a s i s of Prof* L a i ' s excavat ion , the end

of the per iod I I (Painted Grey Ware phase) be long ing t o

Aryans which was washed away aroxind 800 B . C . , and PGW

se t t l ement approved a t Kaushambi immediately a f t e r .

I t appears tha t the c i t y remained in o b l i v i o n for

q u i t e a long t ime and reappeared again on the p o l i t i c a l

scene dxiring 6 th-5th century B.C. By t h a t time the

Kurus gradual ly gave up t h e i r monarchal form of government 2

and c o n s o l i d a t e d themselves in a republican cofederat ion . In t h i s way the d i s t r i c t became a part of Kurus Janpada,

3 be ing one of the twelve great rupblican s t a t e s .

In the middle of the 4th century B.C. in the

p r o c e s s of Magadhan expansion t h i s Janpada became the

p a r t of t h a t great kingdom. The Kxiru were overthrown by

1 . c f . Lai , B .B , op . c i t . Nos. 10 & 11 p . 149; Puri , B .N. , op . c i t . , p . 23; and Sharma, G.R,, Excavations a t Kaushambi 1957-59 (Allahabad, 1960) , p . 1 3 .

2 . Raychawdhuri, H.C., op . c i t . , p . 134.

3 . The twelve great repxiblican s t a t e s - V r i j i , Malla, Chedi, Vatsa , Kuru, Panchala, Matsa, Sursena, Asmaka, Avanti , Kamboja, and Gandhada; as w e l l a s four monarchal s t a t e s of Kasi Kosala, Magadha and Anga, f l o u r i s h e d in the s i x t h century B.C. Ib id , pp . 2 1 - 2 3 .

61

Mahapacbna of Nanda dynasty of Magadha. Pauranlc tradlon

affirms that he exterminated all the kshatriya families

and became the monarch of a vast kingdom extending frxsm

Punjab to Magadha, including this district .

In the later half of the 4th century (around

321 B.C.) Chandragupta Maurya*", who defeated the Nanda

king occupied the throne of Magadha. Obviously this

district continued to be part of the great empire too.

However, it appears that Hastinapura was not in

proninence during the time of Ashoka. Perhapas this

was the reason that why he preferred to instal his 3

pillar not at this place but in Meerut • Soon after

the death of AshoJca the Maryan power declined and the

deab fell into the hands of Greek invaders. But soon

Pushymitra Sxong (187-151 BC) liberated it from the A

Greeks •

1 . S a s t r i , K.AIN.: Age of the Nandas and Mauryas, (Patna 1952), p . 17.

2 . Majxandar, R.C., op . c i t . « p . 104.

3 . The p i l l a r was s h i f t e d t o Delhi by Pirozshah Tughalaq ( c . 1351-88 A .D . ) ; Atkinson, E . , op . c i t . , p .

4 . Lai , M., Settlementment History and Rise of C i v i l i ­za t ion in Ganqa-Yamuna Doab (From 1500 B.C. t o 300 A .D. ) , (Delhi , 1984) , p . 1 7 .

62

In 185 B . C . , the reg ion covering t h i s d i s t r i c t

came under t h e c o n t r o l o f Pushyamitra Siaaga. Perhaps

same s i t u a t i o n remained vmder the sionga* The Bacterian

Greeks over run i n Ind ia during h i s r e i g n , \inder

Demitrious and Menander r e s p e c t i v e l y • However, some 2

Bactr ian co ins which were found in t h i s d i s t r i c t

undoubtedly i n d i c a t e s t h a t Greek armies passed through

i t when they invaded t h e coxantry during the reign of

Pushyamitra Sunga, Not long a f t e r e s t a b l i s h e d themselves

a t Mathura a f t e r overpowring the Greeks during the f i r s t

h a l f of the f i r s t century B .C. The Sakas e s t a b l i s h e d

themselves i n the e n t i r e western Uttar Pradesh, A large

nianber of c o i n s of Rajuvula d i scovered a t various p lace s

i n the reg ion , p a r t i c u l a r l y in the western part of Uttar

Pradesh and Piinjab, are abtindant .

Since Hastinapura excavat ion has y i e l d e d co ins

of Mitra dynasty from the e a r l y l e v e l s of period I I I .

I t appears t h a t the reg ion of Muzaffamagar went under

1 . Tr ipathi , R . S . , o p . c i t . , p . 185; c f . Majumdar, R.C, OP0 c i t . , pp . 116-17 v ide Varuna, D.P, op. c i t . , p . 20

2 . N e v i l l , H.R., o p . c i t . , v o l . I l l , p . 157.

3 . Varxin, D .P . , o p . c i t . , p . 2 2 .

63

the rule of Mitra k ings of the Panchala reg ion a f t e r the

Mauryas and Sungas*

Subsequently the Panchala were replaced by the

Yaydheyas i n the beg inning of the f i r s t centxiry of the

c h r i s t i a n e r a . However, t h e c l a y s e a l and co ins

sugges t that Yodheya k ings have e x e r c i s e d t h e i r p o l i t i c a l 2

au thor i ty over t h i s reg ion . The Yodheya coins a l s o have

been found frcan the middle of t h e p e r i o d I I I of Hast ina-

pura •

Towards the c l o s e of the f i r s t century or in the

beginning of the second century the Kushanas occupied

t h e e n t i r e area of the western Ut tar Pradesh, The new

regime helped the propagation of Buddhism. Hastinaptir

excavat ion has y i e l d e d images of Maitreya Bodhisattra

and few other images during per iod IV of Hastinapura.

The region of Muzaffamagar was not f a r away frcsm the

anc ient kingdom of Sursena wi th t h e i r c a p i t a l a t Mathura

1 , Thaplyal, K.K, StxKlies i n Ancient Indian Sea l s , (Lucknow 1972), p . 2 1 .

2 , Majumdar, R,C., op , c i t . . p , 130 ,

3 , c f . Lai, B . B . , o p , c i t . . N o s , . 1 0 & 11 , pp , 149-50.

64

whidi had be cane a great centre of Buddhist a c t i v i t y .

The d i s t r i c t remained the par t of Kushana empire t i l l

t h e middle of the 3rd century A.D.

I t appears t h a t t i l l the re ign of Vasudeva of

Kushana dynasty t h i s area remained in prcmiinence.

However, by the and Kushana per iod , t h i s p l a c e once

again became i n s i g n i f i c a n t . Excavat ions of Hastinapur

has proved t h a t the s i t e was abondaned. In due coxxrse

of time a s o r t of f ore s t or wood land grew h e r e .

The whole Uttar Pradesh i n c l u d i n g t h i s d i s t r i c t

i n the middle of the 4th century A.D. wag under the

empire of Samudragupta. T i l l the beginning of 6th

century the d i s t r i c t continued t o form par t of the 2

Gupta empire .

In the beginning of the 6th century A.D. some

p a r t of the Gupta anpiire was conquered by a Huna 3

invador, Torman. The conquered coveres t h i s d i s t r i c t .

• 1 . Tr ipath i , O P . c i t . , p . 223; Majumdar, R.C. and

Pushallcer, A.D. (Ed) : His tory and Culture of the Indian People (Bombay 1951-60) , V o l . I l l , pp . 141-42.

2 . Majtimdar and Pusalker, op . d t . . V o l . I l l p . 168.

3 . Majumdar, R . C , op . c i t . , p p . 242 -43 .

65

After -the d e c l i n e of Gupta empire the region inc lud ing

t h i s d i s t r i c t came under the sway of Maulcharis .

With the r i s e of Vardhanas (606-647 AD) century

A .D. , Muzaffamagar and Hastinapur became part of Thane-

shwar and sxabsequently of Kannauj Idngdom. Though Huin-

t -Sang did not v i s i t , Muzaffamagar and Hastinapur, he

c e r t a i n l y v i s i t e d Thaneshwar and Shrugna, the other two 2

important places of the period .

It may be noted here that with the end of the

Vardhanas the region also lost it' s importance and nothing

definite is known even about Hastinapura, upto the middle

of 9th century A.D.

In the latter half of the 9th century A.D. when

the district became the pairt of the Gurjara-Pratihara

empire. The Patihara continured to rule over this district

till the beginning of the 11th century A.D. in 1018 A.D. 4

they were dominated by Mahmud of Ghazni • Though there

1. Tripathi, R.S. op. cit., pp. 289-90, 297.

2 . Cxmningham, A, The Ancient Geography of India (Varanasi 1963) pp . 277, 292; N e v i l l , H.R. op . c i t . , p . 157.

3 . Mishra, V.B. : The Gxirlara Prat iharas and Their Times (Delhi 1963) p . 24 .

4. Tripathi, R.S., History of Kanauj to the Moslem Conquest (Delhi 1959) pp. 284-86.

65

have been findings of a few s i l v e r coins of Bull and

Horseman type of Spalpatideva and Samantdeva of ohlnd,

of the Hindu Shahl dynasty of 9th century A.D. I t may be

worthwhile t o record that I a l so got a coin of Samantdeva,

alway the course of my explore of the dijstrtct from

the v i l l a g e Niarau , These coins does nbt indicate any

supermacy over Pratiharas but c lose contact between the

two royal fami l i e s . Latter on, before the possession of

Prathviraj t h i s d i s t r i c t became the part of the dcaninion

of Tanars of Delhi, upto 12th century A.D.

2 Prithviraj Chahman' (1178-92 A.D.) occupied the

kingdcxn of Delhi . Under him the eastern track of the

d i s t r i c t Khudi (old name of Shikerpur) and Baghra were

sea t s of petty rulers (Raja) subordinate to him. Prithvi­

raj l o s t h i s control over t h i s d i s t r i c t tarain when he

got defeated in the second b a t t l e of in 1192 A.D. with 4

Shihab-ud-din Ghuri .

1 . Brown, C.J.; The Coins of India, (London 1922) p. 53; Majumdar R.C., op. c i t . p . 300; Tripathi, R.S. op. c i t . , pp.340-41 vide Varun D.P. op. c i t . , p . 21 .

2 . cf . Imperial Gazetteer of India, Vol. XVIII, p . 85.

3 . Atkinson, E. , op. c i t . Vol. I l l , pp. 582-85.

4 . Tripathi, R.S.j op. c i t . p . 336.

67

The main s e t t l e r s then i n Muzaffamagar d i s t r i c t

and i t s v i c i n i t y were Brahmans and Rajput s . J a t s occupied

the whole southern port ion of the d i s t r i c t . At a l a t e r

date , GOO j a r s took p o s s e s s i o n of the poor t r a c t which

the J a t s had l e f t unoccupied.

(MEDIEVAL PERIOD)

Authent ic h i s t o r y of the area b e g i n s with the

Muslim conquest . Soon a f t e r the Slave Dynasty e s t a b l i s h e d

i t s ho ld a t Delhi and surrounding a r e a s around Delhi

i n c l u d i n g Muzaffamagar came lander Muslim occupat ion.

Since then Muzaffamagar remained a dependency of v i r i o u s

d y n a s t i e s which ruled a t Delhi and Agra u n t i l the f i n a l

d i s s o l u t i o n of the Muthal Empire.

Qutb-ud-Aibak, s t a r t e d c o n s o l i d a t i n g h i s hold

over h i s p o s s e s s i o n inc lud ing the area covered by t h i s

d i s t r i c t ^ . During the e a r l y p e r i o d of 13 century A.D.

j a t s have r i s e n i n t o prcxninence i n t h i s d i s t r i c t . They

gathered round one Vi ja i Rao of S i s a u l i and held meeting

i n 1201 A.D. a t V i l l a g e s Bhaju and Bhanera in Khap

B a l i y a n . A p o l i t i c a l organ iza t ion formed under Sarva Khap

1 . Habibullah, A.B.M.: The Fotmdation of Muslim Rule i n Ind ia , (Allahabad 1961), p . 82 , v i d e Vftrun, D.P. , OP. c i t . , p . 2 1 .

68

was t o p r o t e c t the t e r r i t o r i e s of Khaps from t h e i n v a d e r s .

However, i t i s not known how far they r e s i s t e d Qutb-ud-

Aibak, But as far a s I l t u t m i s h i s concerned, they acknow­

ledge t h e i r superinacy . In 1255 A.D, , the j a t s p r o t e s t e d

a g a i n s t imposit ion of t a x e s on r e l i g i o u s worship and

f e s t i v a l s ^ . In 1267 they again p r o t e s t e d but they were 3

dominated by Ghiyas-ud-din Balban .

4 Period 1 s t of Hastinapur has y i e l d e d a coin of

Ghiyas-ud-din Balaan (1266-87 A.D.) which t e s t i f i e s the

above f a c t . Some co ins of Balban have a l s o seen foxind

from the v i l l a g e Barala of t h i s d i s t r i c t . A l l the co ins

found from v i l l a g e Barala are housed in an Archaeo log ica l

Museum a t Muzaffamagar.

After s lave dynasty the d i s t r i c t became the part

of A l a u d - d i n - K h i l j i ' s (1296-1316 A.D.) empire^. Numismetic

1 . Prasad, Dr. Ishwari , His tory of Medieval I n d i a . (Allahabad 1928) p . 138; Habibullah, op . c i t . , pp. 9 2 - 9 3 .

2 . Pradhan, M.C., op . c i t . , pp . 254, 261-62.

3 . Haig, Sir W. (Ed), Cambridc?e His tory of India v o l . I l l (Delhi 1958), p . 7 3 .

4 . Cf. Lai, B .B . , op . c i t . , pp . 147-49 .

5 . Prasad, Dr. Ishwari , o p . c i t . p p . 182-199.

69

e v i d e n c e s confirms the above f a c t . Some s i l v e r coin of

Ala-ud-din K h i l j i have been found from Muzaffamagar

c i t y ^ . During the re ign of Ala-ud-din KhiJ.ji the Sarva-

Khap coxincil a t meeting he ld a t Shikarpur^, (Khap Baliyan)

dec ided t o p r o t e s t a g a i n s t f o r c i n g the l o c a l Hindus

peasantry t o pay one -ha l f of the g r o s s produce of t h e i r

land^, house t a x , and grazing t a x on a l l riiilch c a t t l e .

Ram Rao Rana, Khap Bal iyan and army l eader , conquered

the v i l l a g e shoron, a s trong hold of the Muslims, as

w e l l a s the a d j o i n i n g a r e a s . Soron, u l t i m a t e l y , became

the m i l i t a r y s tron hold of the Khap army and the seat of 4

the hered i tary v i z i r s of Khap B a l i y a n ,

I t i s e v i d e n t from the d i scovery of some co ins

i n the d i s t r i c t of Giyas-ud-din Tughlaq, the f i r s t ru l er 5

of Tughlaq dynasty t h a t h i s sway over t h i s d i s t r i c t .

During the re ign of Muhamad-Tughlaq (1325^51 A.D. ) , second

r u l e r of t h i s dynastry , the famous Jain t eacher and sa int

1 . Information r e c e i v e d from the State Museum U.P, v ide Varun, D . P . , op . c i t . p . 22 .

2 . Pradhan, M,C«, op . c i t . , p . 2 2 .

3 . Prasad, Dr. I shwar i , o p . c i t . p p . 208-9; Mujumdar, R.C. and Pushalkar, A.D. , His tory and Culture of Indian People v o l . VI, p . 2 3 .

4 . Pradhan, M.C., o p . c i t , p . 2 2 .

5 . Information r e c e i v e d from the State Musexxn, U.P. vide varun, D . P . , o p . c i t . , p . 2 2 .

70

j inaprabhusuri came t o Delhi and obta ined an order (farman)

frtan t h e king t o v i s i t Hastinapur alongwith h i s d i c i p l e s .

The v i l l a g e Tughlaqpur, probably named a f t e r Muhammad-

bin-Tughlaq, a l s o proves t h a t he e x e r c i s e d h i s author i ty 2

over t h i s d i s t r i c t as w e l l . The d i s t r i c t suffered a l o t

a longwith other p a r t s of the doab with heavy taxa t ion 3

under Muhammad Tughlaq during 1331-32 A.D. His successor

Pirozshah Tughlaq, was however, l i b e r a l . He t r i e d t o

l i g h t e n the f i s c a l burden on the c u l t i v a t o r s of t h i s doab

d i s t r i c t by reducing the land revenue demand and prov id ing 4

i r r i g a t i o n f a c i l i t i e s •

The f i r s t notable event connected with the d i s t r i c t

Muzaffamagar, in pers ian record, i s Taimuris march

through the d i s t r i c t in January, 1399 A.D, when he Jcil led

a l arge nianber of i n f e d a l i n h a b i t a n t s . In 1398-99 A.D.

the d i s t r i c t was overun by the invading hordes of Taimxir

from Central Asia . After the sack of Meerut, the conqueror

1 . Cf. J a i n , J . P . , Hastinapura (Hind i ) , (New Delhi 1955) p . 12 .

2 . N e v i l , H.R., op . c i t . , p . 332 .

3 . 2 iya-ud-din Barani: Tar ikh- i -F iruzhsah i , (Hindi t r a n s l a t i o n of e x t r a c t s by R i z v i ; TuqHTaq Kaleen Bharat, Part I pp . 4 0 - 4 1 .

4 . Haig, op . c i t . , p . 138; Habib, M. and Nizarai, K.A.; Conprehensive History of I n d i a . (1206-1526) p . 539 v ide Varun, D.P. op . c i t . p . 2 3 .

5 . Pande A.B. , The F i r s t Afghan Empire in India , (Calcutta , 1956) , p . 26 .

71

marched north-wards either through Pirozpur In pargana

Hastinapura of Meerut district or Pirozpur in pargana

Bhukerheri of the Muzaffarnagar district (towards Tughalaq-

pur in pargana Purchhapar)• While he was encamping there,

he heard that Hindus had assembled at forts of the Ganga.

Taimur then sent on a force of 500 horsemen to disperse

the enemy and marched with the remaining force to Tugh-

laqpur, soon information was received that a force of

Hindus was coming down the river in forty eight boats

with the intention of fighting. Taimur then himself 2

marched on horse with one thousand troop to crush them .

In his own words: "As soon as my braves saw the boats,

some of them rode their horses into the river and swam to

the vessels; then, seizing fast hold of the sides, they

defeated all the efforts of the Hindus to shake them off.

They forced their way into some of the boats, put the

infidals to the sword, and threw their bodies into the

river; thus sending them through waters to the fires of

1. Atkinson is inclined to think that the Pirozpur in Meerut is intended. Atkinson, E., op. cit.. Vol. Ill, p. 578.

2. Elliot & Dawson, the History of India- as told by its own historians (the Muhammadan period) (Allahabad, 1960), Vol. Ill, pp. 451-68; Cf. Atkinson, E,, op. cit.. vol. Ill, p. 578; Cf. Nevill, H.R., op. cit.. Vol, III, pp. 157-58.

72

the hell. Some o£ my men dismounted, and, proceeding to

the fort, assailed the enemy with arrows, but the vessles

were at length irested from their possession and were

brought with their contents to my presence".

After this fight Taimur returned to the Tughlaqpur

and then crossed the Ganga higher upto the Btjnor distirict.

Taimur left the region in a state of utter confusion.

However at that time Muhammad Tughlaq was at the throne

of Delhi but he has no power and influence. Many of the 2

chiefs of the doab and adjacent area were to defying his

authority.

The Sarva Khap council hald a meeting in 1403 A.D.

at Shikarpur in Khap Baliyan for ra i s ing an army to protect

Khap, areas and to a l so protect agr icul tural produce, l i f e 3

and property •

By t h i s time Shekhs, Saiyids and the Pathans had

occupied the region. I t would be woarthwhile to trace the ir

his tory In b r i e f .

1. Pande, A.B. op. c i t , p . 26. •

2. Majumdar and Pushalkar, op. cit.. Vol. VI, p. 121

3. Pradhan, M.C. op. cit.. p. 256.

73

No Mvihammadan se t t l ement of any impoirtance seems

t o have been made u n t i l the a r r i v a l of the S a i y i d s , The

Saiy ids of Barha who p layed important r o l e i n t h i s region,

are s t a t e d by t r a d i t i o n t o have s e t t l e d down i n the

d i s t r i c t seven g enera t ions before the t ime of AWbar .

Khizr Khan was the f i r s t notab le person t o gain

favour of Talmur. He was the son of Maliku-sh-shak Malik

Sulaiman, who was adopted in chi ldhood and brought up by

Malik Nasiru-1-Mulk Mardan Daula t . H i s t o r i a n s record he was

by descent a S a i y i d . Tarikh-i-Mubarak Shahi , the only

contemporary a u t h o r i t y for the Sa iy id dynasty a l s o records

t h a t Khizr Khan was a s a i y i d . While the conqueror was in

India , Khizr Khan submitted h imse l f for former's favour,

seme curious t i t l e s were given t o him, i n d i c a t i v e of h i s 4

f e a l t y t o Taimur. While in Tabakat-i-AWaari he i s referred

t o as R a y a t - i - a l i , the e x a l t e d imper ia l s tandards . Tar lkh- i -

Mubarak Shahi c a l l s him •Masanad- i -a l i« , the e x a l t e d throne .

1 . Cf. Cadel l , A. , o p . c i t . , p . 2 4 .

2 . E l l i o t fie Dawson, o p . c i t . . V o l . IV, p p . 4 5 - 4 6 .

3 . Cf. S ihr ind i , Tarjkh-i-Mubarak Shahi (Culcut ta , 1931) vide S.A.A. Rizvi (Hindi t r . ) Uttor Taimur Kalin Bhart, Part I (Al igarh, 1958) , p . 1 0 .

4 . Cf. Tabagal-i-Akfaari (Calcut ta , 1911) , p . 266, a l s o S.A.A. R i z v i , o p . c i t . , p . 6 3 .

74

In 1414 A.D. the d i s t r i c t passed i n t o the hands of S a i y i d s

when Khizr Khan, a deputy of Taimur, occupied the throne

of D e l h i . Although Khizr Khan had become a sover iegn , he

pro fe s sed h imse l f t o be stibordinate t o Tainiur and did not

a l low h imse l f t o be c a l l e d Badshah (king) • At the beg inn ing

of h i s r e i g n , the name of Tairaur was employed i n the c o i n s

and in the Khutba.Afterwards the name of Mirza Shah-Rukh

was used, u l t i m a t e l y Khizr Khan's name was introduced i n 2

the Khutba and prayers were o f fered f o r him . Badaoni and 3

Parishta more or l e s s a l s o corroborate the f a c t . H i s

statement has a backgroxmd. I t i s s a i d t h a t once Saly id 4

J a l a l - u d - d l n Bukhari Makhdxjm-i-Jahanian had honoured the

house of Malik Mardan with a v i s i t , and when food was

spread before h i s gues t Malik Mardan ordered Sulaiman t o

wash the great Sa iy ids hand. He re fused t o do so t e l l i n g

t h a t the work was u n f i t f o r him be ing a Saiyid . Thus

there can be no doubt of h i s be ing a S a i y i d .

1 . Varun D .P . , op . c i t . , p - 23 .

2 . Thomos, E . , Chronic les of the Pathan kings of Delhi (London, 1871) , p . 328 .

3 . E l l i o t & Dowson, OP. c i t . . Vo l . IV, pp . 45 -47 .

4 . He was a d i s t i n g u i s h e d Suhrawardi s a i n t of the Tughlaq per iod and e x e r c i s e d g r e a t in f luence over Firoz Shah, See A f i f . T a r i k h - i - F i r o z Shahi, p p . 514-16 .

5 . E l l i o t & Dowson, O P . c i t . . Vo l . IV, p . 46 .

75

Khizr Khan first appeared on the political area

of northern Hindustan as governor of Multan under Piroz

Shah . When Sarang Khan, the brother of Mullu IWaal,

besieged him in his own strong - hold at Multan in 798 A.H.,

he escaped from his imprisonment and sought refuge at

Biana, and when Taimur was on his way to Delhi, be

submitted himself to alien invader's mercy.

Khizr Khan was the successor of the chief of Multan

after Malik Sulaiman, with all its dependencies, frcm

Sultan Firoz Shah. On the I5th Rabi-ul-awwal, 817 (30th

May 1414 A.D.), he entered the fort of Sin, and posted 2

his army in the palace of Sultan Muhammad • Soon the people

of the city had become impoverished and needy, so he

provided facilities to them. By this kindness they all

became happy. He appointed Malikush-Shark Malik Tuhfa

Wazir and gave him the title of Tajul-Mulk. To Saiyid 3

Salira, the Chief Saiyyid , he granted ikta and sik of

Saharanpur. Thus he settled all affairs in order.

1. Thomas, E., op. cit., p. 328.

2. Elliot & Dowson, op. cit.. Vol. IV, pp. 46-48.

3. Cf. Cadell, A., op. cit., p. 24, The authority for the local history of the Saiyids are notes by Messers, Leeds, Blochmann and Cadell, the records of the board of Revenue and Local inquiries.

76

The district continued to be under the sway of the

sultans of Delhi and witnessed considerable political

activity under them . In the regn of Ibrahim Lodhi at later

date his authority became shaky and due to his policies his

nobles became disloyal. Babar, taking the advantage of the

situation, in later days during his fifth expedition had 2

passed down the doab though this district , reached

Panipat in 1526 A.D. He defeaded Lodhi s. Rema Sangram

Singh" , Khap leader fought the battle of Khanwa, but was

defeated by Babar. Thus the area incltiding this district

of Muzaffamagar passed under the sway of Babar.

After Babar, his son Hxaaayxin took over in (1530

A.D.) . Thus the area including the district Muzaffamagar 4

passed under the control of Humayxin as well .

Saiyids of Barha do not appear earlier than the

times of Akbar; but it appears that they occupied posts

1. Tripathi, R.R.: Rise and Fall of the Mughal Empire (Allahabad 1960) p. 28.

2. Nevill, H.R., OP. cit., p. 158.

3. Pradhan, M.C., op. cit., p. 257.

4. Pandey, A.B.i Later Medieval India (Allahabad 1963) p. 24.

11

of some importance \inder the Surs, because the a r r i v a l of

S a i y i d Mahmud i n Akbars Camp i s recorded by a l l h i s t o r i a n s

a s an event of importance •

During the Mughul per iod the Sd iy ids of Barha

occupied a prominent p o s i t i o n and p layed a s i g n i f i c a n t ro le

t o strengthen the Mughul Empire. For the h i s t o r y of the

Doab comprising modem d i s t r i c t o f Muzaffamagar during

the Mughul period, a h i s t o r i c a l account of the Saiyids of 2

Barha i s i n d e s p e n s i b l e . According t o Ain-i-A3cbari the

S a i y i d s of Barha during Atoars per iod formed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

e lement in the populat ion of the Muzaffamagar d i s t r i c t .

No accurate chrono log i ca l account i s ava i lab le about

the o r i g i n and h i s t o r y of the S a i y i d s of Barha, The Ain~i -

Akbart^, however, records " l ike the Sa iyy ids of Bilgrami,

Barha family t race t h e i r o r i g i n t o one Saiyyid Abul Parah

of Wasit * . However, t h e i r g e n e o l o g i c a l t r e e (Nasabnama)

1 . "Sayyid Mahmud was the f i r s t of the Barha Sayyids that he ld o f f i c e \inder the T imur io l e s* . He was with Sikandar Sur (Badsoni I I 18) i n Mankot, bu t s e e i n g that the cause of the Afghans was h o p e l e s s , he l e f t Sikandar and went over t o A]^ar ( t r . ) . Blochmajc:at^?3g5Kt?BeiMt)ari. (Delhi , 1965), vol. I., p. 42A. .t^^^— - ^ X .

2 . I b i d . Vol . I , p . 427 . ^)^^r^ Aoo Ne. ^ ^ . ^

3 . Ibid, Vol. I , p . 425. ^ "T^^.X<?-7 /i^'' The most renoxinced Musalman f a m i l i e s i n Njo';p1^em India inc luding the Sa iyy ids of Ba^j^a. and BeJ^rami and those of Khyrabad, Puttehpore, Huswa'Mtid' &f ^Aiiany other p l a c e s .

4 . E l l i o t , The Chronic les of Onao (Allahabad, 1869), p . 93; Tarikh-i-Sarha; I r v i n e . The Later Mughal (New Delhi , 1971), V o l . I & I I , pp . 2 0 1 - 2 .

78

was sneered a t , Jahangir In h i s Tuzuk t e l l s only about

the ir personal courage and nothing e l s e . However, they

clxing so firmly to t h i s d i s t i n c t i o n that some of them

even placed the word Saiyid before t h e i r t i t l e s which

they received from the Mughul Emperors as Saiyid Khan-

Jahan (Saiyid Abdul Muzaffar).

Their claim to be Saiyid have not firmly been

established, though t h e i r bravery and valour had become

a by-word. In the b a t t l e s they held front posit ion as the

Van (Harawal) and claimed to be the leaders of the onset.

Every Emperor from the times of Akbar gladly availed their

serv ices . They f e l t delighted in c a l l i n g themselves

•Hindustani*. Their mil i tary fame completely threw to

the backgroxjnd the renounced Saiyids of Amrohah, Mani3Q)ur,

the Khanzadas of Mewat and even royal fami l i e s Safawis .

According to family chronic les of the Saiyids of

Barha, Saiyid Abul Farah of Wasit owing to Hulagus invasion

came to India with h i s twelve sons in the time of Nasir-

ud-din Mohamud (1246-65) . I t i s said that Abul Farah remained

in India u n t i l the time of Sikandar Lodi (1488-1517 A.D.) .

After the death of Hulaque, Abul Farah returned to Persia

1 . Blochraann, op, c i t . « Vol. I , pp. 427-28.

2 . Ibid .

79

leaving h is four sons namely Saiyyid Daud, Saiyyid Abul

pazl , Saiyyid iRbul Fazail and Saiyid Najm-ud-din Husayn

in India. Subsequently they became the ancestors of the

four branches of the Saiyid family. They chose d i s t r i c t

Muzaffamagar as t h e i r home .

2 According t o Ain-i-Akbari the date of the arrival

of Abul Farah in India from Wasit i s do\jtbtful. I t i s

said that they weire in the time of I l tutmish, and had

emigrated to India as stated above due to the troiables

aris ing from Hulaqu*s invasion of Baghdad and the over­

throw of the Empire of the Khalifa. I t i s a l so said that

the son of I^nl Farah was in the service of Shababu-d-din

Ghori. But i t i s chronologically impossible. The oldest

inscription related with the Saiyids of t h i s d i s t r i c t i s

that on the tomb of Ibn-Salar Chhastrauri, the Salar

Auliya at Sambhalhera. I t i s dated 777 H. (»1375 A.D.) .

According to the loca l tradi t ion he was eighth in descent

1 . Irvine, op. c i t . . Vol. I & I I , p . 201; Blochmann, OP. c i t .^ Vol. I , p . 428.

2 . Ibid, Vol. I , p . 428.

f rcOT Abul Farah .

The etymology of Barhas appears t o be x incertain. 2 I t has been suggested that the word'Barha* i s der ived

frcOT the word 'Bahir* means o u t s i d e , as the S a i y i d s

preferred t o l i v e out s ide the c i t y of D e l h i . However, the v.

word appears to be the currupt form of the arable 'Abrar',

'the pure Saiyyids*. Other derivation is connected with the

twelvth number (i.e. Barah in Hindustani)• According to

another explanation the Saiyyids and Barha took this

inhabitance . It is also alleged that being Siah and the

followers of the twelve Imams, they came to be known as

Baraha. However, it is believed that during the reign of

Akbar and Jahangir the Saiyids of Baraha had obtained their

name from twelve villages in the Muzaffamagar district

1. The text of the inscription (Proc. A.s. Bengal, 1872, 166) runs as follows:

I The beginning of the building of this tomb was on 3rd Jumada I.

II After 777 years had passed away since the flight of the beloved prophet.

III (During) the reign Pirozshah of high fortune, whose throne is the highest heaven, the victorious, the praise-worthy.

IV Ibn-Salar, son of Husain, ordered this tomb of heavenly grandexir (to be built) .

V May God Almighty in his kindness and mercy receive him in the eternal mansionl •*

2. Atkinson, E., op. cit.. Vol. Ill, p. 590; Nevill, H.R., op. cit.. Vol. Ill, pp. 160-61; Blochmann, op-r cit.. Vol. I, pp. 426-28.

3. There is perhaps no town or village connected with them bearing the name of Barha, Cf. Irvine, op. cit.. Vol. I & II, p. 202.

81

which they h e l d . Both Tabqaa-i-AKbari and Tuzak-i-Jehangir

c l e a r l y refer t o t h i s .

According t o a t r a d i t i o n f o l l o w i n g r e p r e s e n t a t i v e s

of the c lans had arr ived a t the same time and s e t t l e d down

near P a t i a l a in the PanJab*

1 . Saiy id Daud who s e t t l e d in mauza Tihanpur.

2 . Sa iy id PbVil Fazl who s e t t l e d i n qusba Chhatbanura.

3 . Sa iy id Abul F a z a i l who s e t t l e d in mauza Kundli .

4 . Saiy id Najmuddin Husayn who s e t t l e d in mauza Jhujar.

From P a t i a l a the four brothers came t o Muzaffamagar

d i s t r i c t in Ganga-Yamuna Doab r e g i o n . The Kundhwals are

sa id t o have s e t t l e d a t Majhera; the Chhatbanuri s in or

near Sambhalhera; the Jaqneris in B idau l i and the Tihampuris

branch i n Dhasri and Kxanhera ,

The ch i e f p l a c e s where the Sa iy ids of Barha s t i l l

l i v e are Miranpur, Khatauli , Muzaffamagar, j a o l i , Tis-ha,

Bakhera, Majhera, Chataura, Sambhalhera, T i lang , Bi laspur,

1 . Ain~i-Akbari I , p . 390 v ide H.R. N e v i l l , o p . c i t , . Vo l . I l l , p . 161 .

2 . I r v i n e , op. c i t . . Vol . I & I I , p . 201 .

3 . For d e t a i l e d accoiint of t h e s e four branches se Ain, op . c i t . # Blochmann•

82

Moma, Sardhaoli« Kal la , Odha and Jansath, e t c .

A branch of J a o l i Saiy id i s sa id to e x i s t in P u m i a .

During the re ign of Aurangzeb, the Sa iy ids are sa id t o have

pro fe s sed Siinni t e n d e n c i e s .

The p o l i t i c a l overthrow of the Sadat-i-Barha under

Muhainmad Shah was fo l lowed by the d i s a s t r o u s f i g h t a t

Bhains i on the Khatauli road. In t h i s b a t t l e the Sa iy ids

were defeated by the i m p e r i a l i s t and they were forced t o

par t with t h e i r j w e l s and gold v e s s e l s which t h e i r ances ­

t o r s had c o l l e c t e d .

As already have been sa id frcxn the reign of AWaar

onward, the Sa iy ids of Barha kept themselves i n s e r v i c e s

of the empire and p a r t i c i p a t e d almost in a l l major ccxnpaigns

and d i s t i n g u i s h e d themselves by t h e i r courage and bravery. 2

The Kundliwals were f i r s t t o observe t h a t the Tihanpuris

be longing t o one of t h e i r branches under the two brothers

Saiyyid Abdullah and Saiy id Husain Al i Khan had s u c c e s s ­

f u l l y r a i s e d the family name of the Saiyyids of Barha t o

1 , Cf. E lphis tone , M., The History of India; the Hindu And Mohammadan per iods (Allahabad, 1966)/ p . 693 .

2 . In the twenty f i r s t year of Al<bars re ign the Barha Sayid were engaged a g a i n s t the Hindu rebe l in Ajmer,p.54.

In for th f i r s t year Saiy id J a l a l fought i n the Dakshin, p . 9 6 . In the war with Khuswn, Sai f Khan, son of Saiyid Mahmud,

d id e x c e l l e n t s e r v i c e having rece ived not l e s s than seventeen wounded. E l l i o t & Dowson, o p . c i t . . V o l . VI, pp . 267, 273 .

83

the zenith of its glory. However, their achievements

were not of a paramoiint nature and their, downfall was

so rapid that their descendants could not rdtain even

one tenth part of their old possession. The Chhatrauris,

too, had their time of distinction and downfall.

It will be better to sketch a brief account of

each branch.

TIHANPURI SAIYIDS

The eight descendant of Saihid Daud was Saiyid

Khan Qir (?) who had four sons.

1. Saiyid Umar Shahid - who settled in Jansath - a

village inhabited by the Jats and Brahmins.

2. Saiyid Chaman - who settled at Chatora in the pargana

Jaoli - Jansath. To his descendants belonged Saiyyid

Jalal.

3. Saiyid Huna - who settled at Bihari in Muzaffamagar.

He had six sons namely:

I Saihid Qutb - whose descendents occupied the village

of Bi la spur in Muzaffamagar district. Prcm this a

branch came Ratheri Saiyids.

1. The name of Umar shows that he at any rate was no Shiah. Blochmann, op. cit., Vol. I, p.

34

II Saiyid Sultan - whose descendants hold Sirdhaoli .

I I I Saiyid Yusuf - whose pos ter i ty i s to be found tn

Bihari and Wahelna (one M.S. reads Dubalna).

IV £c V Saiy id Jan and Saiyyid Man died c h i l d l e s s .

VI Sa iy id Nasiruddin - t o h i s descendants belonged

Saiyyid Khan - Jahan Shahjahani when regard as

t h e i r second founder of t h e i r f a m i l y .

His f i r s t son Saiyid Mansur i s s a i d t o have foxmded

Mansurpur and h i s descendants s t i l l ho ld Mansurpur and

Khataul i . His second son Muzaffar Khan (Sher-Jaman;

founded the town of Muzaffamagar where h i s descendant

s t i l l r e s i d i n g .

4 . Saiy id Ahmad - s e t t l e d at J a a l i - Jansath , where h i s

descendants s t i l l l i v e .

CHHATRAURI SAIYIDS

The Chhatarauri family of S a i y i d s , they were

descendants of Abul Fazl . They changed t h e i r name from

chhatbanuri t o chhatrauri and s e t t l e d a t Sambhalhera, To

t h i s l i n e belongedone Saiyid Pakhru-d-din who l i e v e d in

the reign of AKbar and because h i s i n f l u e n c e i n the

emperor's c o u r t .

85

Another branch of the same family took its abode

tander Saiyid Husain at Tiss. He had four sons:

!• Saiyid Sher Ali - who died without issue,

2. Saiyid Ahmad - killed in the war with Ratan Sen of

Chi tor, put two of his sons, who survived and his

descendants later on settled at Kailawadha and served

under Muhammad Shah.

3. Saiyid Taj-ud-din - whose son Saiyid Umar founded

Kakrauli and established Rauli-Nagla and Bera where

many of his descendants lived.

4. Saiyid Salar Auliya - left for Kaithora where he got

possession of the village on adopting son of the owner

of the village, a widow.

Saiyid Salar had two sons - first was Saiyid

Haidar Khan whose descendant Saiyid Kasim Shahamat Khan

settled at Miranpur, and the second was Saiyid Muhammad

Khan whose descendant remained at Kaithora in Miranpur,

Gadla and Bhupa, the members of the Haidar Khan's family

continued to live. Among those who remained at Kaithora

were Saiyid Nusarat-Yar Khan and Rukn-ud-daula who

attained high ranks during the reign of Muhammad Shah as

86

governs of Gujarat, Agra and Patna, They had twenty-e ight

v i l l a g e s in jacfirs in Ahmadabad, which remained in

p o s s e s s i o n of the family u n t i l 1850. The descendants of

Sa iy id Shahamat Khan were the on ly Barha Saiy id who

r e t a i n e d the t i t l e of Nawab.

The chhatrauris of Moma i n Bhukerheri rece ived

land-grants t o the west of the Kali Nadi in Charthawal.

Their o r i g i n a l hone in Moma i n due course turned i n t o

a p e t t y a g r i c u l t u r a l v i l l a g e .

The time of Muhammad Shah was a per iod of a r c n i t e c -

t u r a l a c t i v i t y a t Moma. A grand mosque was erec ted by

B i b i Jhabbu, wi fe of Nawab Hasan Khan, who was then a

Bakshl in 1725 A.D. and Rs. 9000 were spent on i t a s

r e v e a l e d by an i n s c r i p t i o n s t i l l a v a i l a b l e in the mosque .

In add i t i on , tomb of Saiyyid Miran Husain was a l s o b u i l t ,

The tomb of Ibn Salar e x i s t s a t Sambhalhera which was

1. Cf. A.S.B., July, 1873, p. 142.

2. The tomb of Saiyid Miran Husain at Majhera bears the following inscription. "O Lord, forgive our sins. We are our sinners and thou art forgiving. Thou art good, but we are wicked and have committed endless crime. The date of the death of Miran Saiyyid Husain, the god who was obtained pardon and forgiveness in the S Jumada II 1002" (9 March, 1592)•

87

bxailt by the a r c h i t e c t Daswandl in 1531-32 A.D. by the

order of Sa iy id Makhan son of Baha-ud-din.

JAGNERI SAIYIDS

Sa iy id Kara-ud-din, son of Najm-ud-din Hasan

Jagner i i s s a i d t o be s e t t l e d f i r s t a t Bidaul i in the

wes t of the d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar. Later on, Saiyid

Pakhr-ud-din one of the descendants of the Jagneri

branch migrated t o P a l r i i n pargna J a a l i . He purchased

p r o p r i e t a r y r i g h t s in the v i l l a g e of Pa lre , Chandauri

and Chandaura, Tuls ipur and Khiri which for a long time

remained i n t h e p o s s e s s i o n of h i s f a m i l y .

The l a s t head of the B i d a u l i family was Muhammad

Husain who h e l d an important o f f i c e i n the Oudh before

i t s annexat ion . His nephew was a Chakladay who had

saved the l i n e s of some f u g i t i v e s during the mutiny. They

were asked t o r e s i d e in B i d a u l i . Mehdi Hasan l a t e r on

t r i e d t o develop h i s e s t a t e .

KUNDLIWAL SAIYIDS

Las t ly we have the Kvmdliwals. Saiyid Abul Fazai l

w i t h h i s descendants s e t t l e d a t Majhera ( e a r l i e r Munjhera) •

88

The major part of the village is now contains ruins of

the buildings which once adorned the place. Though

several members of this branch had obtained honourable

employment under AWsar and his immediate successors,

none of them rose so high as the members of other branches

could do.

It has already been referred to that Saiyid

Mahmud had left the court of Slkandar Sur and went over

to the side of the Mughuls. He received "lagir" near

Delhi in the year 1561 A.D. He participated in the

struggle with the Saiyids of Amroha against Raja

Madhukar of Orchha. He died in 982 H. = 1574 A.D. and

was hurried at Majhera where his tanb still exists

contains an original Arabic inscription .

Other noticeable thing is that he and his four

brothers were known as 'Panch-Shahid'. Their descendants

1. J.A#S.B. XL 260 (Blochmann) "In the name of God, the merciful element. 0 God, bless the prophet, the faithful, the pure, the family of Hashim Muhammad and his frieds who were instructed in his manners. God is everlasting and praise worthy in all His doings the great Amir who is pardoned and rendered pure and has reached the vicinity of King, Saiyyid Mahmud Khan, a lord of dnan and the flag in his time, died - May God cover him with his pardon-on the night of the Thursday, 6th Jamada II 982 or (23 September 1574 A.D.)*.

89

in due course were divided i n t o a number of f ami l i e s .

They occupied d i f f e r en t p a r t s of the d i s t r i c t . Some of

them held p o s i t i o n s in the Delhi cour t .

During the reign of Akbar (1556-1605 A.D.) the

Saiyids of t h i s d i s t r i c t rendered s ingu la r se rv ice . The

d i s t r i c t was brought under the sway of AMsar, a f t e r the

second b a t t l e of Panipat in 1556 A.D., in which he was 2

helped by a prcaninent Barha Sa iy id , Mohammad Khan of

Kundliwal/ a r e s iden t of Majhera.

The a rea covered by the p r e s e n t d i s t r i c t of

Muzaffamagar f e l l in the Siibah of Delhi , with the

exception of paragana of Kandhala, dur ing Akbar' s

r e i g n . I t was decided i n t o u n i t s of revenue adminis t ra­

t i o n ca l l ed Mahals. The d i s t r i c t was governed by the

S i rka r of Saharanpur.

The Barha Saiyids of t h i s d i s t r i c t have helped

t o save the mighty empire of Delhi severa l times . Hasan

1 . For d e t a i l e d account see Ain- i -Akbar l along the D i s t r i c t Gaze t tee r .

2 . Atkinson, E . , op. c i t . , p . 59 .

3 . Ib id , p . 59 .

BO

Pakhr-ud-din, one of the Chhatrauri branch who resided

near Sambhalhera, enjoyed a t Akbar c o u r t . Saiyid Fakhru-

d-din who l ived in the reign of Akbar and because of

h i s inf luence in the emperor 's cour t , became a close

f r iend of Raja Ram Chand of Sambhalhera. When Ram Chand

died h i r e l e s s h i s proper ty and e s t a t e was looked a f t e r by

Saiyid Hasan Fakhru-d-din• The widow of the l a t e Raja

became so happy with h i s conduct and behaviour t h a t she

presented her whole proper ty as a g i f t t o hiro. The Saiyid

assianed possession of Sambalhera and the adjoining

e s t a t e s with the c o u r t ' s sanct ion .

I n t e r n a l autonomy and r e l i g i o u s freedom were

granted t o the khap counci ls xinder sarv khap by A)d>ar

thoughcer ta in mandates. The khap coxmcils were given

complete freedom in j u d i c i a l m a t t e r s , and t h e i r leaders ,

were recognised by the Delhi c o u r t . They had freedom to

carry out t h e i r soc ia l and r e l i g i o u s ftanctions in accor­

dance with t h e i r customs and laws. The l a z i a i . e . the 2

r e l i g i o u s tax was a l so abol ished . T h i r t y - t h r e e coins

of A]<bar' s reign have been found in t h e v i l l a g e of

Garhi^.

1. Ibid.» p. 597.

2. Pradhan, op. cit., p. 106.

3. Information received from the State Museum, U.P, vide Varun, D.P., op. cit«, p. 25.

91

After AMaar t h e d i s t r i c t came under the empire

of Jahangir (1605-1927 A,D.) , During h i s regime Barha

Saiyids rendered unique sejcvices. Sheikh Hasan i s one of

them who rose t o g r e a t eminence. Beside be ing a mighty

s o l d i e r he was a renowned surgeon. Sheikh Hasan was

awarded with the t i t l e Muqurrab Khan by Jahang i r and

svibsequent he became popular as Muqurrab Khan . A s i l v e r

coin of Jahangi r i s s u e d in 1623 A.D. has been found in 2

the v i l l a g e Sambhalhera of t h i s d i s t r i c t . There are

severa l monuments of J a h a n g i r ' s pe r iod which has been

described e lsewhere . However, Mtoqarrab Khan b u i l t a

la rge tank in Kairana Nurjahan, the queen apprec ia ted

i t very much . According t o a t r a d i t i o n Nxirjahan had

a r e s i d e n t i a l p lace in Numagar.

During the re ign of Shahjahan the Saiyids of

Tihanpuri branch have achieved the imper i a l favour.

1. Atkinson, E. op . c i t . p . 589.

2 . Information rece ived fran the S ta te Museum U.P. vide Varun, D.P. op . c i t . , p . 25'»

3 . The Tuzuk- i - Jahangi r i , Vol . , I I , p p . 111-12. cf. Nevi l l , H.R., op . c i t , p . 332.

92

Muzaffar Khan was honoured with the title of Khan-i-jahan.

He was also bestowed with the jagir of forty villages in

pargana Khatauli and Sarwat.

Muzaffamagar was foxonded in about 1633 A.D. Prior

to that date the area was laiown as Sarwat . Muzaffar Khan 2

laid a foundation of a new town at Sarwat , His son

Saiyid Abdul Mansur Khan completed it and named the new 3

town Muzaffamagar . In due course of time the town became

a full fledged district. The name of Saiyid Abdul Mansoor

Khan is preserved in the name of village Mansurpur^ in 4

paragana Khatauli .

A number of gold and silver coins of Shahjahan

have been found in Sambhalhera and Jansath • A number

of Mosque and Sarai have been constructed in the reign

of Shahjahan, However, these have been discussed else­

where.

1, Jarett, H.S,, op. cit. Vol, II, p. 297,

2 , At t h a t time the Sarwat was almost d e s e r t e d .

3 , Atkinson, E, , op, c i t , , p , 600.

4 , I b i d , pp, 702-03,

5 , Information received by Sta te Musexm, U.p, vide Varun, D.P, op, c i t . , p . 26.

93

The S a i h i d s of t h i s d i s t r i c t a l s o r e n d e r e d s e r v i c e s

i n t h e r e i g n of Aiiranjeb (1658-1707 A.D.) . They p a r t i c i ­

p a t e d i n h i s m i l i t a r y compaign a l s o . I n t h e p e r i o d of

Auranjeb , s e v e r a l mosque and f o r have been b u i l t .

(MODERN PERIOD}

Soon a f t e r t h e d e a t h of Aurangjeb , t h e T ihanpur i

b r a n c h of t h e Barha S a i y i d , who had been h o l d i n g away

s i n c e t h e 16th c e n t u r y , a g a i n r o s e t o p r o m i n e n c e .

I n t h e r e i g n of Bahadur Shah, two S a i y i d b r o t h e r s

Hasan and Husain were given j a g i r of Al lahabad and Pa tna

r e s p e c t i v e l y . The s i k h s made a p l a n t o invade t h e

a d j o i n i n g a r e a of t h e Pxinjab and De lh i . However, f i r s t

s i k h i n v a s i n occured \ander t h e l e a d e r s h i p of Bandu. A

l a r g e of s i k h s , c r o s s i n g t h e Yamiona, advanced i n t o

Saharanpur . They p l u n d e r e d a s f a r a s sou the rn and n o r t h e r

p a r g a n a s of M u z a f f a m a g a r . J a l a l - u d - d i n , t h e j a g i r d a r

of Saharanpur s i r k a r which, i n c l u d e d t h e p r e s e n t d i s t r i c t , 4

was then a t J a l a l a b a d in Muza f f amaga r .

1 . Atk inson, E , , o p . c i t , p . 6 8 6 - 8 7 .

2. Bum, R. (Ed), The Cambridge History of India, vol. IV (Delhi 1957), p. 396.

3. Nevill, H.R., op. cit.. Vol. Ill, 174.

4. Elliot, H.M. and Dowson, J., Later Muqhuls (Calcutta, 1959), p. 32; cf. Nevill, H.R., Saharanpur: A Gazetteer, p. 188.

94

In 1713 Farrukh Siyar was at the thorone of Delhi^i

Saiyid Hasan Ali Khan was named Saiyid Abdulla, besides

being elevated to the rank of vizir with the title of

Qutb-ul-Mulk, while his brother Saiyid Hussain Ali Khan 2

was appointed Mir Bak-shi , with the t i t l e of Amir-ul-

Mulk. However, the l a t e r was sx±>sequently t r ans fe r r ed t o

the Governorship of the Deccan 1774.

Mohammad Amin Khan a l i a s Itmad-ud-daula, received

the e s t a t e s held by the Saiyid b r o t h e r s , Hasan and Hussain.

His son Qmar-ud-din, however, was very h o s t i l e towards

the Saiyids of t h i s reg ion . His f i r s t e f fo r t was t o pos t

them as f a r as poss ib l e from the sea t of the imperial

a u t h o r i t y . Qmar-ud-din Khan sent Marhamat Khan t o occupy

the j a g i r of Tihanpuri Saihid Saif-ud-din a t Jansath,

b u t he f a i l e d . Qamar-ud-din sent another troops led by

Muhanunad Rohil la and three Saiyid of Chhatrauri b ranchv iz . ,

Azimullah Khan, Nusrat -yar Khan and Rukn-ud-daula Khan.

In t h i s b a t t l e Saif-ud-din was k i l l e d . This event gave a

severe blow to the Saiyid of t h i s reg ion . Ali Muhammad in re turn of h i s s e rv i ces , got the t i t l e of Nawab and the

1. Ibid, 164.

2. Pay master general,

3. Sarkar, J.N. Fall of the Mughal Empire, (Calcutta 1932), Vol. I, p. 49; Atkinson, E., op. cit.,Vol. ri pp. 82-83; Nevill, H.R. op. cit. pp. 165-166, 169.

95

r i g h t t o Naubat^» However, chhatrauri Saiy ids were granted 2

t w e n t y - e i g h t v i l l a g e s i n Ahmedabad in Gujrat .

In the succeeding few years Sa iy ids of t h i s region

migrated themselves t o Aonla« Lucknow e t c . and l e f t there

a n c e s t r a l p l a c e .

After the death of v i z i r Qamar-ud-din and h i s

emperor Mohammad Shah, the l a t t e r * s son Ahmad Shah

ascended the throne of De lh i , and appointed Safdar Jving

a s h i s z l z i r .

Safdar Jung on the adv i se of Martha a l i e s (Holkar

and Sindhia) concluded peace wi th the Pathans, in order

t o concentrate on Abdal i , In t h i s t r e a t y Maratha and

Safdar Jung, the former obtained a large t e r r i t o r y i n 3

Doab i n c l u d i n g t h i s d i s t r i c t •

In 1754 Ghazi-ud-din was the most powerful f igure

a t the emperlal c o u r t . He c r o s s i n g the Yam\ina, plendered

s evera l areas inc lud ing the properous t e a c t of the upper

1 . Having the K e t t l e drvim played on the a r r i v a l a t o f f i c i a l or p r i v a t e func t ion; Varxin D.P. op. c l t . p . 27.

2 . N e v i l l , H.R. OP. c i t . V o l . I l l , p . 169,

3. Sardesai, G.S,, New History of the Marathas. Vol. li, (Poona, 1944), p. 364.

96

doab. While proceeing further, he attacked emperor In h i s

camp at Sikandrabad. and raised Alaragir II to the throne.

He himself declared v i z i r in place of Intizan»-ud*-daula.

Taking the advantage of the s i tuation sikhs raided the

j a g i r of Najib Khan pushing farther to Shamli in Muza-

f famagar. Najib Khan appealed to Ahmad Shah Abdaliand

in response he sent h i s son Jahan Shah with a troop of

8,000 so ld i er s . But sikhs have withdrawn to Pxinjab

before Jahan Shah could reach Shamli.

In 1757 Abdali removed Ghazi-ud-din from v i z i r s h i p .

Ghazi-ud-din again entered the doab and plxondered the J at

e s t a t e s . Thereafter, he reinstated Ghazi-ud-din as v i z i r

and Najib-ud-daula the Mir Bakshi^.

Najib, t i l l h i s death in 1770 consolidated h i s

pos i t ion in t h i s region. His absence from the doab, mostly

owing to h i s participation in the court a f fa i r s at Delhi

opened the way to sikhs to raid in t h i s part . However,

sikhs ravages were f e l t rather severely in Mirapur and

Kandhla of t h i s d i s t r i c t .

!•» Sardesai, G.S., op. c i t . , p . 387; Srivastava, A.L., The Mughal Empire (Agra 1959) pp. 493-494.

97

After the death of Najib-ud-dula, his son Zabita

Khan took the charge of Delhi but in 1771 Mahadaji Sindhia

captured the Delhi. Zabita Khan took shelter in his

paternal jagir of Bhiwani Mahal, This contained three

strongholds viz. Pathargarh (later Najibabad in Bijnor)

on the left, Shukratal on the right of the Ganga and

Gausgarh. Both in Muzaffamagar, which was built by

Zabita Khan himself, the site is known by a big mosque of

fine proportions .

Moma, in tahsil Jansith, became the temporary

headquarter of Maratha and they raided Gausgarh, Shukratal

was also capture by Marathas (Mahadaji) in 1772# Zabita

Khan fled to Jat coutry and made a treaty with Nawab of

Avadh, which later proved fatal to the Rohillas. In 1776

with the help of sikhs Zabita Khan rebelled against the

emperor. The joint army of sikh emd Rohillas intercepted

at Budhana, and after a regreat to Baghra and Amimagar,

they sddenly swooped down on the imperial forces routing

them ccsnpletely . According to Pranlin, Zabita Khan was

1. Sardesai, G»S,t op. cit. Vol. II, p. 515; Navill, H.R. OP. cit. Vol. Ill, p. 177.

2. Nevill, H.R., op. cit vol. Ill, pp. 177-78; Keene H.G. The Fall of Moqhul Empire (Delhi 1907), p. 126.

S8

enthusiastic about this coalition that he even decided to

become a follower of Guru Nanak xmder the name of Dharam

Singh. Probably owing to this factor the proverb-'Ek guru

ke do chela, adha Sikh adha Ruhela* became, ture. Owing to

the blood battle between Zabita Khan and Joint army of

emperor and the Nawab of Avadh, Zabita Khan had to

relinquish his parental property at Muzaffamagar and

Saharanpxir the state was now administered by Sumroo,

(Sombre, the French noble) the Jamindar of Sardhan,

Meerut^,

In 1783, the entire upper doab was subjugated by

the sikhs under their leader Baghel Singh. The sikhs

marched into the doab and sacked Mirapur, a town situated

some 32 km. from Muzaffamagar. However, sikhs were

defeated in 1788 by Ghulam Quadir, the son of Zabita 2

Khan . In the same year Ghulam Qadir executed executed

by Marathas. After capturing Meerut the Marathas marched

northwards through the doab anneding this district. The

situation of Marathas became worse after the death of

1. Keene op. cit., p. 128; Nevill, H.R. op. clt.. p. 178.

2. Banerjee, B., Begum Sumro, (Calcutta, p. 12).

99

Madhoji Singhia, in 17^4. There was a c r i s i s of h i s ssucce­

s s i o n . Seeiing the s i t u a t i o n , s ikhs again launched an

a t t a c k on Marathas in 1795. At t h i s s t age , George Thomas,

t he I r i s h so ld i e r a r r ived and rescued them fron s ikhs . He

was a l so granted a ncxninal j a g i r by the Marathas.

No major change was not iced s ince then and gradually

the B r i t i s h came in power i n s p i t e of 1857 r e v o l t . Under

t h e i r r u l e , Muzaffamagar became the p a r t of the north

western provinces .

1 . Dharam Bhanu: History and Administrat ion of the North Waster Provinces (Agra 1957) p . 8 1 .

CHAPTER - 111

CULTURAL SEQUENCE & MATERIAL EVIDEMCE

The explorat ion and excavation in upper Ganga-Yamxma

doab have a f a i r ly good idea about the general chronology of

of archaeological cultxires and t h e i r geographical d i s t r i b u ­

t ion - The work already done has shown a dense consentHation

of Late Harappan, Ochre Colour Pottery/ Painted Grey Ware

and Northern Black Plished Ware s i t e s in the d i s t r i c t s of

Saharanpur* Meerut and adjoining areas* In order to assess

the archaeological p o t e n t i a l i t i e s of the adjoining

Muzaffamagar d i s t r i c t we took some exploration work. The

r e s u l t has he&a extremely aicouraging*

The Ganga-Yamuna doab occupies a very s ign i f i can t

p lace in the p o l i t i c a l * c u l t u r a l and economic h is tory of

1 G 1

India- However* not much i s Imown about the ancient history

of the regicai through the l i t e ra ry accoxaats* Therefore* i t

• i s ujorthvjhile to review the resul t of the chronological

sequaice and geographical s i tuat ion of the archaeological

s i t e s of the region irnder study i»e» d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar*

U«P» Archaeological explorations of this region have brought

several s i tes to l ight yielding Late Harappan» Ochre Colour

Pottery, Painted Gray Ware, Black-slipped, Northern Black

Polished ware. Red wares of h i s to r i ca l and medieval periods

along with various kinds of cul tural equipin«its» All these

evidences indicate tha t the region has beai active in

po l i t i ca l and cultural act ivi ty from ancient times* For the

aforesaid reasons i t i s necessary to bring out the cul tural

sequences of the d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar r ight fron the

proto h i s tor ic times to the early h i s to r ic period*

The d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar is rich in i t s cul tural

heritage* As already said* However, the sequence of

cultures from about the middle of the second millennium

~&>C* onwards is now known without any significant gap*

The various cultures of the doab area, however, identified

mainly with the help of d i s t inc t ive caramics and other-

associated cultural findings*

102

Hot efven a single s i t e is# however* has been tak«i

for excavation so far* nei ther by Archaeological Survey

of India no by any other inst i tut ion* Inspi te of the fact

tha t the several s i t e s in the d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar are

promising- The fact is that excavations have been carried

out in the neighbouring area viz Hulas, Baragaon ,

Alamgirpur* Allahpiar/ Hastinapur etc» in the d i s t r i c t s of

Saharanpur and Meerut which also forms the northern and

southern boundaries of the d i s t r i c Muzaffamagar respectively*

They have encountered the material culture belonging to

Late Harappan, Ochre Coloxir Pottery* Painte<i Grey Ware,

Northern Black Polished Ware# Black Slipped Ware, Red wares

of h i s tor ica l periods* I t is suff icient to confirm the

continuity of the settlements in the region a t least from

the proto-historic period*

Interesting archaeological s i t e s and associated

ar t i fac ts have been discussed below to bring out the

cultural sequence i t s geographical distribution*

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES & OTHER CULTURAL FINDS DISTRICT : MUZAFFARNAGAR

(U.P.)

103

In the present chapter it has been seen that there

are fairly good number of archaeological sites which have

the remains associated with the Late Harappan down to the

medieval period. In addition to these,associated cultural

finds have thrown valuable light on the archaeology of this

district. It was, therefore, felt necessary to describe

the details of the explored sites of the district.

All type of finds including architectural remains

from protohistoric period to the Late medieval periods

have been discussed to provide an idea of the cultural

evolution. Such regional studies may provide sufficient

information in reconstructing the correct cultural

personality of the area.

For convenience I have planned to work on the block

level the sites of which are mainly on the banks of the

main rivers viz., Ganga, Yamuna & Kali Nadi and their

tributaries viz; Katha Nala, Hindon.Krishri, Saloni etc.

There are' in all fourteen blocks and four tahsils in

the district. I am giving here below the description of

each site of the each block separately.

104

TAHSIL ; MUZAFFARNAGAR

BLOCK : CHARTHAHAL

1. ALAMGIRPUR

The village Alamgirpur is stretched in the north­

west direction on the border of the district Muzaffamagar

which divides it from the district Saharanpur. It is appro­

ximately 12 Km away from the Charthawal block headquarters

on the right side of the Thana Bhawan - Charthawal road.

To approach the site there is no direct route. One wishing

to visit the site may first go to the village Biralsi at

a distance of about 8 Km on Thana Bhawan - Charthawal road.

Fran there a kachcha approach road joins it and leads to

the site at a distance of about 4 Kn. The village Alamgirpur

lies towards north of the village Biralsi. The site lios

towards north-west of the village Alamgirpur. The moxond is

quite significant with an average hieght of 10 ft from the

surrounding area. The mo\ind is completely \ander cultivation

and farmers of the adjoining fields are levelling down the

mound gradually. It covers an area of about 200 x 150 sq.m.

Hindon Nadi flows towards east of the village hardly at

a distance of about 2.5 Km. The site is, however, cannot

be approached during the rainy season.

105 POTTERY

The earliest aramic of the site appears to be

Late Harappan. The collection of the pottery from the

site includes a few pieces of Late Harappan (?) which

may represent part of a big storage jars which has

rough surface below externally and upper part is well

polished which also black line on the red surface. The

pottery is not well baked. Another interesting piece

is an indeterminate shape which may be a piece of Goblet.

Its lower part has a big perforated hole which creates

doubt. Its lower part has gone away which has caused a

perforated hole in it. The piece has well corrugated

mark inside and smooth polished surface externally.

Another noteworthy thing is many pieces of thick

grey ware which may belong to Late Harappan or Ochre

Colour Pottery. A few sherds definitely belong to

Ochre Colour Pottery. Sane sherds are the pieces of

descoid base. Next in chronology come the sherds of

Ochre Colour Pottery. The Ochre Colour Pottery sherds

are rich which represents vases having out-turned or

collared rin, basins and many indeterminate shapes.

The pottery complex of this site has yielded the same

Ochre Colour Pottery characteristics which is ochrous,

porous - and unslipped.

106

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among other finds collected from the site follow­

ing deserve attention;

1. An interesting terracotta sqattish drum shaped bead

with a prominent hole. It has on both the sides around

central hole engraved circlet. It's middle body has

a pointed carrination, Unslipped; of early historic

period. (Diam. 4.3 cm) (PLATE IB-4) .

2. Fragment of a terracotta wheel, hub is visible,

unslipped; may be of Ochre Colour Pottery period

(PLATE IIIA-4).

3. Fragment of a stone pestle; of historic period,

2. ALIPURA

The village Alipura lies towards north-west of

the eharathawal block headquarters as well as the district

headquarters. It is about 15 Km away from the Charthawal

block on the right side of the Charthawal - Thana Bhawan

road. There is no direct route to reach the site. To

approach it, one may first go to the' village Biralsi by

bus or his own vehicle at a distance of about 8 Km and

107

fran there a Kachcha road joins it and leads to the site

at a distance of about 7 Km. The village Alipura lies

towards north of the village Biralsi.

Though the mound has been converted into an

agricultural field, however, potteries have been collected

from the slightly elevated portion of it. The site covers

an area of about 150 x 100 Sq.m. It is full of greyish

sand. Hindon Nadi flows towards east of the village at a

distance of about 3.5 Km. The site is, however, difficult

to reach during the rainy season.

Brick-bats are also scattered thete, however,

wedge shaped bricks generally used for making well have

been noticed. They generally measure 30 x 22/17x6 Cms.

having key marks. As the size indicates these bricks may

belong to Kushana period. (PLATE xill A) . According to

local people there was a well but at present no sign of

it is there.

POTTERY

The antiguity of the site may go back to the

Ochre Colour Pottery period of the upper doab. Among

Ochre Colour Pottery fragments of vases having out-turned

108

rein, basins, pieces of descoid bases, bowls, etc. were

foxmd. Red ware of later periods have also been colleted.

They include usual shapes. However, No antiquity was

found during the course of exploration.

3. BUDDHA KHERA

The village Buddha Khera stands on the right bank

of the Hindon Nadi which also forms its eastern boundary

It lies towards north-west of the Charthawal block head­

quarters at a distance of about 9 Km. The village Buddha

Khera lies on the right side of the Thana - Bhawan -

Charthawal road about 4 Km away towards north of village

Aldjargarh. The site is towards west of the village Buddha

Khera. It is a low motmd covered with grass and small

•^rees. It is difficut to approach the site during rainy

season.

POTTERY

The s i t e has y ie lded the ceramics of the Shxinga

and Kushana per iod and of medieval p e r i o d . A t iny bowl

has iocurved c i r c l e t s as decora t ion . No a n t i g u i t y was

encotintered.

109

4. BADHAI KALAN

The village Badhai Kalan stands on the right side

of the Kali Nadi which also foims its eastern bovmdary.

It is situated towards east of the Charthawal block

headquarters at a distance of about 5 Km. There is no

direct route to approach the site. However, one may first

go the village Badhai Khurd on the Charthawal - Chhapar

road at a distance of about 3.5 Km. From there on the left

side of the road a Kankar road bifercates to lead the site

situated a distance of about 1.5 Km. The village Badhai

Kalan is the boarder (northern) village of the district

Muzaffarnagar which separates it from the district

Saharanpur.

The moTond is almost towards north of the village

Badhai Kalan. It was originally a considerable high mound

but the major portion of it has been cut down by the

fanners of the adjoining fields. However, rest of it is

intact which is yellowish in colour and sandy in composi­

tion. The moxind covers an area of about 100x100 sq.m.

It is difficult to approach the site during the rainy

season.

no POTTERY

Apparantly most of the sherds appear to be of

Ochre Colour Pottery. Among these are ringed bases, basins

vases and storage jars. Other ceramics belong to Kushana

and medieval period which includes ususal shapes. It shows

that the site has been abandoned for a long period.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiguities collected from the site during

the course of exploration following are worth mentioning:

1. A terracotta indeterminate object, probably a gamesman

(?) . (PLATE 3A-1).

2. An indeterminate terracotta object looking like a

knob, may be of OCP period. (PLATE IIIA-3) .

5. BADH

The v i l l a g e Badh i s s i t ua t ed towards north-west

of the Charthawal block headquarters a t a d i s t ance of

about 10 Km. I t forms the western boundary of the

Charthawal block as well as the Muzaffamagar t a h s i l

headquar te r s . I t i s s i t u a t e d on the r i g h t s ide of the

Thana Bhawan - Charthawal road about 2 Km nor th of the

Ill

village Biralsi. The moimd has been badly damaged and at

present there is a school over it. The area of the moxind

is approximately 100x80 sq, mts, and is about 8 ft high

frcm the surrounding area. -Hindon Nadi flows towards east

of the village Badh at a distance of about 3.5 Km.

POTTERY

It is a medieval site which includes the fragments

of vases, handis, vessels, and other big pots. Most of

them are sturdy and some of them bear thick red slip.

No antiguity except a large size pottery disc and

a small terracotta ball, both of them belonging to medieval

period were foiand during the course of exploration.

6. CHARTHAWAL

The village Charthawal is situated towards north­

west of the District headquarters at a distance of about

17 Km on Muzaffamagar - Thana Bhawan road. Charthawal,

the headquarters of pargana as well of a development block

of the same name, lies in 29°33' N and 77°36' E, There

is no mound worth the name, however, it is alleged that

there was a mound there earlier. The area is completely

\inder cultivation. The village falls between the doab of

Hindan Nadi and Kali Nadi.

112 POTTERY

This site belong to historic period. Though no

antiquity was found during the course of exploration. The

pottery collected from the site represent red ware of

historic period which includes sherds of vases and lids,

etc. The sherds are sturdy and of medium fabric. A few

sherds have traces of slip.

7, DESALPUR

The village Desalpur stands on the right side of

the Kali Nadi which also forms its easteim boxindary. It

is an vininhabited village. The village Desalpur is

situated towards east of the Charthawal block headquarters

at a distance of about 8 Km on the right side of the

Charthawal - Chhapar road.

The site Desalpur has already been reported

earlier . However, my exploration confirms the earlier

result. Earlier this village (Desalpur) wras a part of

the village Baheri. That is why it is reported as Baheri.

The site is towards east of the village Baheri. It is a

low motind and is under cultivation.

1, Indian Archaeology 1963-64 -» A Review, p. 54.

113

POTTERY

The ceramics of this site are course Grey ware.

Red ware of Shvmga and Kershana and medieval period.

Usual wares of each were found.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities terracotta objects like ear

ring, fragmentary animal figurines, fragmentary plagues

with foot impression, dabbers and handles were found •

8. KASOLI

The village Kasoli stands on the left bank of

the Hindon Nadi which also forms its western boundary.

It is situated towards north. West of the Charthawal block

headquarters at a distance of about 7 Km. There is no

pucca road to approach the site. However, once may go

to the site via Chaukra. There is a brick paved link

road which leads to the site from Charthal. The site is

towards south-west of the village Kasoli. There is no

mound except sane elevated portion. The whole area is

under cultivation. Therefore, it is difficult to measure

the area of the site.

1. Indian Archaeology 1963-64 - A Review, p. 54.

114

POTTERY

A few sherds which look lik.3 OCP (?) were also

found. The remains of pieces include rims of vases and

lids. They all are plain. It appears probably that these

sherds faced a long water action.

Though the mound has almost become indistinct,

sherds of red ware of early historic and medieval periods

were picked - up from the slightly elevated part of the

site. Usual shapes were found. The pottery is, generally,

sturdy and treated with a wash. Other than pottery findings

were not noticeable.

9. KASYARA

The village Kasyara lies towards east of the

Charthawal block headquarters at a distance of about 6 Km.

on the right side of the Charthawal - Chhapar road. There

is another route to visit the site, one may first go the

village Luhari - a Late Harappan site on Muzaffamagar -

Thana Bhawan road from where a Kankar road leads to the

village Badhai Kalan via village Kasyara. The site lies

towards east of the village Kasyara. It is alleged that

there was a mound but at present it is rather a plain

and under cultivation. Kali Nadi flows on the left side

of the site. The village falls in Khadar, therefore, it

115

is difficult to approach the site during rainy season.

Due to standing crop it was difficult to measure the area

of the site.

POTTERY

This place was ancient one is proved by the finds

of red wares of early historic and medieval periods. The

pot sterds include rims of vases, basins, dishes etc.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiguities a small terracotta ball and a

big terracotta dabber having a hole on the top of the

handle, having slightly sagger base. (Upper diam<, 9

Cms and lower diam. 11 Cms); of early historic period.

(PLATE IVA-1).

10. KALYANA

The site is rich in its cultural heritage. The

village Kalyana stands on the right bank of the Kali

Nadi which also forms its eastern boxindary. It is

situated towards south-east of the Charthawal block

headquarters at a distance of about 6 Km, There is no

116

d i r e c t r o u t e t o approach t h e v i l l a g e Ka lyana . I t i s an

u n i n h a b i t e d v i l l a g e . To approach t h e s i t e one may go u p t o

v i l l a g e Dadhedu on Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r road and

from t h e r e i t s l e f t s i d e a Kachcha road g6es t o t h e s i t e .

The s i t e i s towards n o r t h - e a s t of t h e v i l l a g e Dadhedu.

The mound cover s an a r e a of a b o u t 100x80 sq .m. and i s

abou t 9 f t h igh from t h e surroxinding a r e a . However,

v i l l a g e r s a r e l e v e l l i n g down t h e mound g r a d u a l l y . Cn t h e

t o p of t h e mo\ind t h e r e i s a b u i l d i n g complex of l a t e

p e r i o d .

POTTERY

The earliest culture of this site may be represented

by the Plain Grey Ware of usual shape. Red ware of medieval

period are also available. Same of than may belong to the

early and late historic period. These include big jars

basins, vasee, etc.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiguities fragment of an indeterminate

animal representing front part was found. However, its

major portion is damged. Only front part survives which

is also mutiliated. It is well baked and bears bright

117

r ed s l i p ove r i t . A p o r t i o n of f r o n t l e g s a r e v i s i b l e .

Though t h e p e r i o d i s n o t de t e rmined , however, i t may

b e l o n g t o e a r l y raedival/Gupta p e r i o d . (PLATE VA-1),

1 1 . KULHERI

The village Kulheri stands on the left bank of the

Hindon Nadi which also forms its western boundary. It

towards west of the Charthawal block headquarters at a

distance of about 4 Kim. On Charthawal - Thana Bhawar road

where the rajwaha crosses the road, along with the rejwaha,

on the left side a newly built brick paved road leads

to the village. The village can also be approached via

Nagla Rai and Mahabalipur. The site is toward north of

the village Kulheri. It coversan area of about 200x150

sq.m. with a hight of about 10 ft from the ground level.

The major portion of the mound is intact, however, it is

disturbed by a village cart road which divides it into

two parts. It is also used as rubbish. The mound looks

sandy and yellowsih brown in colour. During the rainy

reason it is difficult to reach the site owing to

unpreserved road.

118 POTTERY

The s i t e i s c o n s i d e r a b l e i m p o r t a n t from a r c h a e o l o g i c a l

p o i n t of v i e w . Which h a s a r i c h c u l t u r a l d e p o s i t e . I t ha s

y i e l d e d t h e p o t t e r y - p i e c e s r ang ing from t h e Ochre Colour

P o t t e r y t o t h e Red ware of medieva l p e r i o d excep t Nor thern

Black P o l i s h e d ware d u r i n g t h e cour se of e x p l o r a t i o n . The

p o t t e r y i n c l u d e s f r agmen t s of scxne i n d e t e r m i n a t e shapes of

Ochre Colour P o t t e r y . However, t h e s e need c o n f i r m a t i o n .

Among o t h e r wares a r e P a i n t e d Grey V?are, P l a i n Grey Ware,

Black S l ipped and Red Ware of Shunga and Kushan and

medieva l p e r i o d . Among t h e p o t t e r y t y p e s of some sherd

of bowls and d i s h e s of P a i n t e d Grey Ware, some having

grey s l i p and b l a c k p a i n t i n g e x t e r n a l l y a r e p r e s e n t . Among

t h e p o t t e r y t y p e s of o t h e r w a r e / p e r i o d which i n c l u d e s

fragment of v a s e s , p e d a s t a l l e d bowls , d i s h e s , g l o b u l a r

p o t s , m i n i a t u r e p o t s and b a s i n , e t c . The l a t e r may be long

t o e a r l y h i s t o r i c p e r i o d and of med ieva l p e r i o d .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among t h e a n t i g u i t i e s c o l l e c t e d f r an t h e s i t e d u r i n g

t h e cour se of e x p l o r a t i o n , f o l l owing a r e worth ment ion ing :

1 . A t e r r a c o t t a l a r g e q h a t a (vase) shaped bead of which

lower p a r t i s p a r t i a l l y damaged. I t has a prominent

h o l e i n t h e c e n t r e . I t i s c r u d e l y made \ ins l ipped; of

medieva l p e r i o d . (PLATE lA-1) ,

113

2 . Fragment of a wheel (?)

3 . A. p o t t e r y d i s c .

1 2 . KHANJAHANPUR

The v i l l a g e Khanjahanpur i s s i t u a t e d , on t h e s o u t h ­

e a s t b o r d e r of t h e Charthawal b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a

d i s t r i c t of about 10 Km on Muzaf famagar - Char thawal road .

I t can e a s i l y be approached from d i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s

towards wes t a t a d i s t a n c e of about 3 Km on Muza f f amaga r -

Shamoli r o a d . The s i t e i s e a s i l y a p p r o a c h a b l e because i t

l i e s j u s t on t h e r i g h t edge of the a f o r e s a i d road a f t e r

c o s s i n g t h e Kal i Nadi b r i d g e . There i s a Kachcha road

l e a d i n g t o t h e s i t e . The v i l l a g e Khanjahanpur s t a n d s on

t h e r i g h t bank of t h e Kal i Nadi which a l s o forms i t s

e a s t e r n boundary . The s i t e i s p o p u l a r i l y known a s

D a l l o Devata Ka T i l l a . People of t h e a d j o i n i n g a r e a come

every t h u r s d a y f o r P o o j a .

The raoxond c o v e r s an a r e a of about 150x150 sq .m.

However, o r i g i n a l l y i t was a b i g mound. At p r e s e n t i t

i s approx ima te ly 18 f t . h igh f ran t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a .

A major p o r t i o n of i t has been l e v e l l e d down by t h e

farmers of a d j o i n i n g f i e l d s fo r t h e pu rpose of a g r i c u l t u r e ,

120

I n s p i t e of t h e l e v e l l i n g down t h e moxond by t h e owners of

t h e a d j o i n i n g f i e l d s i t i s s t i l l i n c o n s i d e r a b l e c o n d i t i o n .

On t h e top of t h e mound t h e r e a r e newly c o n s t r u c t e d

t emp le s which housed a few s c u l p t e r s of Shiva and Gonesha

found from t h e movind. Here arovmd a banyan t r e e t h e r e i s

a p l a s t e r e d b r i c k p l a t f o r m ove r which a Naga image has

been i n s t a l l e d . The p l a c e i s famous f o r Naga w o r s h i p . A

l o c a l legend t e l l t h a t t h e husband of a l o c a l king

Sanwaldeva ' s d a u g h t e r had d i e d due t o snake b i t e as he

t r i e d t o k i l l a s n a k e . However, he became a l i v e a f t e r

some days when h i s wi fe (newly m a r r i e d one) worshipped

Naga, t he God h e r e . (PLATE VI I I A) .

POTTERY

The site is very rich in its cultural remains. The

antiguity of the site goes back to the Ochre Colour

pottery culture. Next in chronology come Painted Grey

Ware which is present here in considerable amoxmt along

with Plain Grey Ware. The painting includes rim bands,

dashes, circlets etc. in black pigment. A few Plain Grey

Ware sherds have grooves. The red includes early historic

as well as medieval pottery. Pot sherds of terracotta

glazed ware and a few sherds having greyish core and red

121

surface belonging to medieval period have also been foxond,

A few brick-bats were also seen here.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

During the course of exploration following antiguities

were found:

1. Fragment of an indeterminate animal figurine probably

a lion. It is badly mutiliated. Its fore legs are

partly survives. It has yawning mouth? tale is also

partly visible. Unslipped; of Kushana period? (L-5 cm,

w-4 an) (PLATE VB-2) .

2. A terracotta disc of medieval period.

3. A terracotta ball of medieval period.

13. LUHARI

The village Luhari is situated towards east of the

Charthawal block headquarters at a distance of about 4 Kim.

on the left side of the Charthawal - Muzaffamagar road.

It is an easily approchable and rich site from archaeolo­

gical point of view. The site is in the vicinity of the

village Luhari which stands on about an half IQn of the

road side.

122

The motind was o r i g i n a l l y c o n s i d e r a b l e h igh b u t a t

p r e s e n t i t h a s been c u t dovm v e r t i c a l l y a lmos t from a l l

s i d e s by the v i l l a g e r s who have s e t t l e d ove r t h e r e .

I n s p i t e of t h e s e damages, t h e h i g h t of t h e mound i s s t i l l

app rox ima te ly 10 f t . from t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a . I t cove r s

an a r e a of abou t 100x100 s q . m. Some b r i c k - b a t s a r e s t i l l

seen i n t h e s e c t i o n . The s i t e f a l l s between t h e doab of

Hindon Nadi and K a l i N a d i .

POTTERY

The pottery complex of the site includes pieces of

vases, storage jars, pedastalled bowls. They all appear

to belong Late Harappan period. They all are xonslipped

therefore, they may be OCP sherds. After Late Harappan

new culture is represented after a long long gap by

Painted Grey and Plain Grey Ware sherds. They appears

the frgments of dishes and bowls. The sherd appear to be

of medium fabric and well levigated clay and after PGW

people the site again was inhabited by the medieval

period which is represented by thick grey ware and red

ware.

123 OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The site is equally rich in yielding the antiquities

which includes terracotta objects, stone objects etc.

Following deserve our attention;

1. A terracotta aricanut shaped bead having a groove

near the base^ partially damaged, ill fired,

blackish, may belong to early historic period.

(PLATE IB-5).

2. Fragment of an indeterminate terracotta animal figurine

representing rear part. Parly its hind legs are

visible. It has a fine slip and is well baked. Though

period is not determined, however, it may belong to

early historic period. (PLATE VB-5) .

3. Fragment of a terracotta human figurine, upper portion

missing, between the legs there is perhaps a seat

provided to sit on an animal, legs have incised mark

indicating nails, hande made, red, xinslipped, n:edieval

period (L-13 an, v;-13 cm) (PLATE VI-A) .

14. MAHMCODPUR

The village Mahmoodpur stands on the left banx of

the Kali Nadi which also forms its eastern botindary. The

124

village Mahoodpur is also known as Laker Sangha. It is

situated towards south east of the Charthawal block

headquarters at a distance of about 7 Kin on the left

side of the Charthawal - Muzaffamagar road. It is

equally distant from Muzaffamagar and can be approached

through the same road.

The site is significant in its cultural remains

which has yielded Late Harappan Ochre Colour Pottery,

Shvmga , Kushana and medieval pottery. The site is

towards north of the village Mahmoodpur. It is a low but

widespread mound which covers an area of about 200x150

sq.ra. and is about 6 ft. high from the surroianding area.

A major portion of the moiond has been utilized by the

farmers for the cultivation. Rest of the mound is intact.

It is sandy and loose in ccmposition. During rainy season

it is difficult to approach the site.

POTTERY

The pottery of the s i t e includes e a r l i e s t remains

reprented by Late Harappan ware in which broken pieces

of rims of big storage j a r s , pedastalled bowls, basins,

e tc have been found. Next in chronology i s represented by

125

Ochre Coloure Pottery which includes rims of bowls, both

deep and shallow, a few sherds are ill baked which looks

like dull red ware. The general characteristic of the

ware is porous and xinslipped. Generally of medixim fabric.

Generally the ware of both cultures are iinslipped. It is

significant to note that a big storage jar rim of the

Late Harappan Ware is slipped. One important sherd has

incised zig-zag design and vertical dashes in the upper

part in between two parallel circlets which is just below

groub. Cbligue dashes externally. All design has been done

externally on a unslipped surface. Other wares found fron

the site may belong to Kushana period. However, the site

has yielded the maximum numbers of the pottery of medieval

period which includes vases, bowls, basins and other

smaller pots etc.

OTHER CXJLTURAL FINDS

The site has yielded several antiquities which

includes terrecotta and stone objects:

1. A ghata (vase) shaped terracotta bead medium size. It

has a proninent hole in the centre. It is nicely made.

Neck part is carefully separated than the lower body.

Unstipped^ may be of Kushana/Late Mauryan. (PLATE IA-2)

126

2. A stone pes t l e pa r t i a l l y damaged, b lackish .

(PLATE II-6) .

3 . An indeterminate stone object having cant ies on a l l

sides, de l ibera te ly executed. Though period i s not

determined but i t may belong to ear ly h i s to r i c period.

(PLATE I I - l ) .

4 . A stone pebble with smooth surface, probably used on

a p e s t l e .

5 . Fragment of an indeterminate t e r r e c o t t a cyl indrical

object of Ochre Colour Pottery group (L-6 cm, Diam.-

4 cm) . (PLATE I I I A-6) .

6. Fragment of an indeterminate t e r r a c o t t a animal figurine.

I t i s badly muti l iated, however, i t s rear par t survives,

legs, t a i l , head missing, t races of s l i p are found,

h i s to r ica l (Gupta) period. (PLATE ^ A-2) .

7. Fragment of another indeterminate t e r r aco t t a animal

f igurine. I t i s badly mut i l ia ted. Only pa r t of i t s

four legs are v i s ib le and head i s missing though i t s

lower pa r t can be seen. Unslipped; of Kushana period.

(L - 4cm, H-2.5 cm) . (PLATE V B-3) .

8. Lower pa r t of a te r racot ta hxanan f igurine only a leg

and waist pa r t are extant, period not determined.

127

9. Upper part of a terracotta dabber with a hole at

the top of the handle (PLATE IV A-2).

10. Fragment of an terracotta skin nobber having packed

holes on one side. Early historic period (?).

(PLATE IV B-3) .

11. A terracotta ball, partially damaged; of Ochre

Colour Pottery group (?) (PLATE VII A-5)•

12. Leg of a terxacotta animal figurine.

15. NAGLA - RAI

The village Naglarai stands on the left bank of

the Hindon Nadi which also forms its western boxindary.

It is on the Charthawal - Thana Bhawan road at a distance

of about 2 Km towards west. The village Naglarai is linked

with a Kacheha approach road from the aforesaid road. The

site is towards north-west of the village Naglarai,

The nature of the mound is sandy and yellowsih

brown in colour. It covers an area of about 170x10 sq.m.

and is approximately 10 ft high from the surrounding area.

It is not approachable during the rainy season.

128 POTTERY

Therceramics of this site include Painted Grey

Ware, Plain Grey ware and those of early historic and

medieval periods. The fragments of spouled pots, bov/ls,

vases, knotted lids, footed-bowls or lids, etc. have been

found. Some of them particularly those of medieval period

have rope pattern decoration.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among other cultural finds collected from the site

during the course of exploration, follov/ing are of

interest:

1. Fragment of a sandstone pestle, probably of Painted

Grey Ware period.

2. A terracotta broken leg to some animal figurine.

Period not determined.

16. NIAMU

The site is significant and rich in its cultural

heritage. It stands on the right bank of the Hindon Nadi

which also form its eastern boundary. The village is on

the right side of the Charthawal - Thana Bhawan road after

crossing Hindon Nadi at a distance of about 8 lOn. To

129

approach the site one may first go by bus or his own

vehicle upto village AWDargarh, a distance of about 5 Km.

on the same road from there a Kachcha road joins it which

leads to the site.

The site is toward east of the village nearly on

the eadge of the Hindon Nadi. The mound has been badly

damaged by the villagers as they have utilized about

1/3 area of the mound for cultivation. Rest of the moud

is intonat and covered with grass. On the top of the mound

there are some trees. The area of the mouod is about

200x150 sq.m. and is about 12 ft. from the grotmd level.

The site is locally known as Saiyyidon ka Khera. It is

difficult to approach the site during the rainy season.

(PLATE VIII B ) .

POTTERY

The site appears an ancient site as the pot-

shards generally include specimen of Painted Grey Ware

and Plain Grey VJare. It's antiquity may go back to

the Painted Grey ware period. The exploration revealed

that there has been a break of occupation at the site.

1. Tripathi, Vibha. An Iron Age Culture of Northern India (Delhi, 1975), p. 129. ~"^—

130

The next group of ceramic may belong to the early

christian centuries and medieval period while in Painted

Grey ware usual shapes were found. The red ware of

historic and medieval period includes carinated handis,

storage jars, insennce burner, pedestalled bowls, vases,

etc.

POTTERY

The site has yielded a good number of antiquities

of terracotta as well as stone objects. Following deserve

our attention:

1. Fragment of a stone pestle.

2. Fragments of an indeterminate terracotta animal

figurine reprenting rear part fore legs, tail and

head missing. It's hind legs are partly damaged

traces of slip are found. Painted Grey Ware period

(PLATE IV B-4) .

3. A stone plaque depectiting Lord Vishnu, two hands

and upper part missing. Medieval period. (PLATS VI3) ,

4. A sandstone disc (Chakra) of an image of Vishnu

housed in a temple. Post Gupta period. (PLATE iz A-2) ,

5. A stone male head wearing a crown. It's face is badly

mutiliated. IX-X cent. A.D, Housed in a nearly

constructed temple. (PLATE ix B-1) •

131

6. A sea ted s t o r e image of some d i e t y . I t has a hal low.

Post-Gupta p e r i o d . Housed in above mention temple.

(PLATE IX B - 2 ) .

7 . Stone image of a lady in dancing pose . Lower p a r t

mis s ing . The lady wears amulets, necklace and g r i d l e .

Post-Gupta p e r i o d . (PLATE IX B-1) •

8 . A roxind s i l v e r coin of Shri Samantadeva (Late 9th

century A.D.)

( i ) Obv I A s i t t i n g b u l l probably Nandi and a legend

in Brahmi

( i i ) Rev : A horse r i d e r holding a s h a f t .

Weight : 2.335 gm.

Diam. : 1.8 cm.

(PLATE X A) .

17. PIPALSAH

The v i l l a g e P ipa l sah s tands on the r i g h t bank of

the Hindon Nadi which a l so forms i t s eas t e rn boundary.

The v i l l a g e i s on the l e f t s ide of the Charthawal - Thana-

Bhawan road a f t e r c ross ing Hindon a t a d i s tance of about

8 Km. I t can be approached by a meta l led road (Charthawal-

Thana Bhawan road) upto the v i l l a g e Aranch a t a d is tance

of about 5 Km. J u s t opposi te of t h i s v i l l a g e towards south

132

a Kachcha road j o i n s t h e main road which l e a d s s t r a i g h t

t o t h e s i t e .

The s i t e i s towards n o r t h - e a s t of t h e v i l l a g e

P i p a l s a h . I t i s i n t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e v i l l a g e . The movmd

c o v e r s an a r d a of abou t 250x200 sq .m. I t ' s n i g h t i s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y f t from t h e groiond l e v e l . The whole a r ea

of t h e moiind i s u n d e r c u l t i v a t i o n . The p o t - s h e r d s were

c o l l e c t e d frcxn t h e furrows of t h e f i e l d . The moxind i s

d i v i d e d i n t o t h r e e p a r t s and i s sandy i n n a t u r e . The

f a n n e r s of a d j o i n i n g f i e l d s a r e l e v e l l i n g down the moxind

g r a d u a l l y . Dur ing r a i n y season i t s approach road becomes

o u t of u s e .

POTTERY

From the archaeological point of view the site is

considerably significant and rich in its cultural heritage.

Though no antiquity was found from the site, the earliest

pottery of the site is Ochre Colour Pottei^^. Generally

all of them ware indeterminate shapes. Hov/ever, one sherd

appears of a vessel (handi type ?) , The second important

group was represented by the Painted and Plain Grey V.'are.

Scxne of the Plain Grey V/are sherds have grooves. A few

Black-Slipped ware and Brownish ware (due to firing effect)

133

were also noticed. These sherds v/ere generally of bowls.

Among the Plain Grey v;ares a few sherds representing

basins could come down to the early Northern Black

Polished Ware phase. However, no sherd or Northern Black

Polished ware was foxind during the course of exploration.

Among the red wares, fragments of vases, basins, bowls,

handis, etc. were found. Generally the pottery is ill

fired and of dull colour. However, a few of them are well

baked. A majority of them appear to belong to early

Christian centuries.

18. ROHANA KALAN

It is the border village of the district Kuzaffar-

nagar which stands on the right bank of the Kali Nadi. It

is situated tov/ards north-east of the Charthawal block

headquarters at a distance of about 15 Km on the left side

of the Charthawal - Chhapar road. It can easily be

approached from Muzaffamagar district headquarter at a

distance of about 15 Km on Muzaffamagar - Saharanpur road,

The site lies towards east of the village Rohana

Kalan and Saharanpur - Muzaffamagar railway line is

towards west of the site, of a distance of about half Km.

It is also an important mound of the tahsil which covers

134

an area of about 150x100 sq.m. and is about 12 ft. high

from the groxond level. Except the periphery which is

under cultivation the whole mound is intact. It is

covered with grass and some trees. A few Sadhu have their

hutment over it. Like the other mounds of the tahsil this

moxmd also looks sandy and brownish in colour.

POTTERY

The s i t e has y i e l d e d a v a r i e t y of p o t t e r y s h e r d s

i n c l u d i n g t h o s e of P a i n t e d Grey 'Ware, P l a i n Grey V/are,

B l a c k - s l i p p e d and r e d ware i n c l u d e s s h e r d s of h i s t o r i c

and medieval p e r i o d .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The f o l l o w i n g a n t i q u i t i e s were foxind dur ing t h e

c o u r s e of e x p l o r a t i o n .

1 , A t e r r a c o t t a a r i c a n u t shaped bead which has a small

carved c i r c l e on the base around the cen t ra l h o l e .

I t i s p a r t l y damaged. Unslipped. (PLATE I B-2) .

2 . Fragment of a t e r r a c o t t a d i sc har ing cresent l i k e

notches on e i t h e r s ide of the edges . Painted Grey

V/are per iod (?) .

135

3 . An i r r e g u l a r l y shaped t e r r a c o t t a b a l l . (PLATE VII A-6) .

4 . A b a d l y c o r r o d e d t e r r a c o t t a hiaman head , hav ing prominent

head g e a r , damaged, d u l l r ed , Mauryan p e r i o d .

1 9 . RASULPUR

The village Rasulpur stands on the right bank of

the Kali Nadi. Which also forms its eastern boxindary. It

is situated towards east of the Charthawal block head­

quarters at a distance of about 2.5 Km. There is a Kachcha

road between the Charthawal and village Rasulpur. There

is no mound worth the name, however, pottery was collected

frc«n the slightly elevated portion of the site. This site

is also lander cultivation.

POTTERY

I t i s an a n c i e n t s i t e which has y i e l d e d red ware

of e a r l y C h r i s t i a n e n t u r i e s and med ieva l p e r i o d . Usual

shapes were found . P o t - s h e r d s a r e " s t u r d y and of medium

f a b r i c . Some s h e r d s have t r a c e s of s l i p .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Some coppe r c o i n s were found among a n s i q u i t i e s

which b e l o n g s t o m e d i e v a l p e r i o d . P r o b a b l y Pulus of

AWDar's t i m e . Legend d e f a c e d . (PLATE X B) . A smal l

t e r r a c o t t a b a l l was a l s o foxind.

136

20. SAIDPUR KALAN

The village Saidpur Kalan stands on the right bank

of the Kali Nadi which also forms its eastern boxindary.

It is situated towards cost of the Charthav/al block

headquarters at a distance of about 3 Km on the left side

of the Charthawal - Chhapar road from v/here a Kankar road

bifurcates leading to the site. It is adjacent village of

the village Badhai Kalan - an CCP site towards north.

The site is towards east of the village Saidpur Kalan,

The mound is about 10 ft high from the ground level. It's

area is about 100x80 sq.m. This is also completely

under cultivation.

POTTERY

Though no a n t i q u i t y was found f r a n t h e s i t e ,

however/ t h e e a r l i e r c e r i m i c s of t h e s i t e i s Grey Ware

which i n c l u d e s b o w l s , v a s e s and b a s i n s e t c . A few

medium s i z e p o t - s h e r d s p r o b a b l y b e l o n g t o Nor the rn Black

P o l i s h e d Ware p h a s e . Red ware s h e r d s m o s t l y v a s e s and

b a s i n s be long t o Kushana a s w e l l a s m e d i e v a l p e r i o d .

2 1 . SIKANDARPUR

The v i l l a g e S ikanda rpu r s t a n d s on t h e r i g h t bank

of t h e Hindon Nadi which a l s o forms i t s e a s t e r n boundary .

137

It is situated towards west of the Charthawal block head­

quarters at a distance of about 7 Km. To approach the

site one may first go the village Akbargarh, crossing

Hindon Nadi at a distance of about 5 Km. on Charthawal -

Thana Bhawan road. Prom there a Kachcha road joins it

and lead to the site. The nature of the site is sandy and

brownish in colour. There is no mound but some elevated

portion can be seen, covers an area of about 50x50 sq.m.

It is also xinder cultivation. It is the adjacent village

of Niamu - a PGW site towards south.

POTTERY

The site is rich in its cultural heritage. I e

pottery of the site includes sherds of Ochre Colour

Pottery mostly indeterminates in shape. Painted Grey

Ware and Red ware of medieval period. In Painted Grey

Ware group mostly dishes and bowls were foxond and red

ware is mainly reprented by vases, basins etc.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities an irregular pottery disc

having the diametre of 5 an. (PLATE VII B-1) .

It's period is not determined. A terracotta bead was

also foxind*

22. SINGHALPUR

The village Singalpur is situated towards south-east

of the Charthawal block headquarters at a distance of about

8 Km. on the left side of the Charthawal - Muzaffamagar

road. There is no mound however, the potteries were

collected from the elevated part of the site. It covers an

area of about 80x60 sq.m. and is completely under cultiva­

tion. The village lies between the doab of Hindon Nadi

and Kali Nadi.

POTTERY

The site has yielded red ware of medieval period.

However, same of them may belong to the early christian

centuries. These are all well burnt and sturdy. Fragments

include the basins of various types and interesting apart

from usual shapes. Some sherds have the traces of slip.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Amon antiquities some terracotta objects were

found which are following:

1. Fragment of a terracotta handle of which handle end

has neetly made with a knob. It may be handle of

some incense burner, unstipped. Medieval (handle dia­

meter 5 cm, extand length 11 cm). (PLATE IV B-1) .

2. Another fragment of a terracotta handle broken. Only

knob survives. Unstipped. (PLATE IV B-2)•

139

TAHSIL : MUZAPPARNAGAR

BLOCK : BAGHRA

23. BXJDINA KALAN

The village Sudina Kalan stands on the right bank

of the Hindon Nadi which forms its eastern boundary. It is

situated towards south-west of the Baghra block headquarters

at a distance of about 16 Km. on the left side of Muzaffar-

nagar - Shamli road. From the village Dhobi a metalled

road goes to the village Sisaull via Budina Kalan.

The motind is toward west of the village Budina

Kalan at a distance of about one Km. The moxind is, however,

low with a height of approximately 10 ft from the ground

level. It covers an area of about 150x100 sg.m. Only a

small portion of the mound is intact and rest of 3/4 part

of the moxind is under cultivation. It is loose in composi­

tion and is full of sand.

POTTERY

No antiquity was found during the course of explo­

ration. However, the site appears of Late Painted Grey

Ware phase which is casually fovind. Among other ceramic

groups are Grey Ware, Black-slipped ware and associated

red ware of Northern Black Polished Ware phase. However*

140

no NBPW was found from the s i t e during the course of e x p l o ­

r a t i o n . The p o t - s h e r d s inc lude fragments of d i s h e s , bowls ,

b a s i n s , vases e t c *

2 4 . DHOLRA

The village Dhalra stands on the right bank of the

Hindon Nadi which also forms its eastern boundary. The

village Dholra is situated towards west of the Baghra block

headquarters. It lies on the right side of the Muzaffamagar-

Shamli road at a distance of about 14 Km. The site is

towards north-west of the village which is almost plain in

nature. Its area could not be measured due the standing

crops.

POTTERY

The s i t e has y i e l d e d red ware of Shiinga - Kushana

(?) and medieval per iod both s l i p p e d and uns l ipped . Some

of them have b l a c k p a i n t i n g over red s u r f a c e . Fragment

i n c l u d e s var ious t y p e s of v a s e s having intumed« out -

turned or co lared rim, p e d a s t a l l e d bowls , d i s h e s e t c .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among a n t i q u i t i e s not worth mentioning were found

except three t e r r a c o t t a b a l l s of d i f f e r e n t s i z e . (PLATE

VII A - 1 - 3 ) .

141

2 5 . DHANSANI

The v i l l a g e Dhansani s t a n d s on t h e l e f t bank of

t h e Hindon Nadi which a l s o forms i t s wes t e rn bounda ry . I t

l i e s towards wes t of t h e Bagura b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r a t a

d i s t a n c e of abou t 10 Km on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e Muzaf fa r -

n a g a r - Shamli r o a d . The movmd i s , however, low b u t sp read

i n a l a r g e a r e a . I t i s sandy and b l a c k i s h brown i n c o l o u r .

POTTERY

The site belong to historic period the sherds

include fragments of vases, basins, bowls, etc. Most of

them are all dull red and ill fired. Handis are also

available. Some vessels have groovs on the neck.

Among antiquity only a terracotta ball was found

during the course of escploration. (PLATE VII A-4) .

26. DHIHDHAOLI

It is the border village of the Baghra block

which separates it from Budhana block. It stands on the

left bank of the Hindon Nadi which also forms its

western bovmdary. It lies towards south - west of the

Baghra block headquarters at a distance of about 17 Km.

The is no direct route to approach the site. One wishing

142

to visit the site may first go to village Titawi by bus

or his own vehicle at a distance of about 10 Kin on

Muzaffamagar - Sharali road where towards south on the

left site a brick road joins it and leads to the site

hardly 7 Km away frcxn the village Titawi.

The site is towards east of the village Dhindhaoli

and covers an area of about 100x100 sq.m. with a height

of about 8 ft frcxn the surrounding area« It is divided

into two part by a village east road. Major portion of

the mound is intact but periphery is \inder cultivation.

The nature of the mound is slightly of canpdct earth

having yellowish - brown colour.

POTTERY

The site has yielded a large number of sherds

during the course of esqploration beginning from the NBPW

phase represented by the thick Grey Ware. However, no

NBPW was found. Associated wares including incurved bowls

are present. Vases with elliptical collar are available.

A few sherds appear to belong to Kushana period. A few

sherds bear black painting generally dashes over red

surface•

143

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities following objects deserve our

attention:

1, Fragment of a terracotta bangli faltish. (PLATE xiA-1) ,

2, Fragment of a terracotta bangle with groove

(PLATE XlA-2) .

3, An arlcanut shaped terracotta bead.

27. LADWA

It is the northern border village of the Baghra

block which separats it from Charthawal block. It lies

towards north-west of the Baghra block headquarter at

a distance of about 11 iOm on the right side of the

Muzaffamagar - Shamli road. To approach the site there

is a Kachcha road which joins it in the village Dhobra via

Jasoi.

The mound is just on the left edge of the Hindon

Hadi towards west of the village Ladwa. It is a low

mound which is slopy towards west and covers an area of

about 100x80 sq.m. with a height of about 6 ft fran the

surrounding area. The raoxind is divided into two parts by

main gullies. However, potteries were found equally on

144

both the mound. The faxms of adjoining fields are levelling

down the moiind* During the rainy season it is not easy to

reach the site.

POTTERY

Since a few sherds look ochurous the site may

belong to OCP period. However, nothing can be said without

excavation. But the second culture belongs to Painted Grey

Ware period. Scxne sherds of Plain Grey Ware may belong to

Mauryan period. Red ware of early Christian centuries are

present which contain bowls, basins, storage jars, etc.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The site is fairly rich in cultural finds. Following

are of interest:

1. Fragment of a terracotta small solid wheel. It is

broken, however# central hole is visible, Unslipped.

It may belong to Ochre Colour Pottery group.

(PLATE IA-6).

2. Fragment of a terracotta solid wheel, bigger in size.

Part of the central hole is visible. Unslipped.

Medieval. (Diam. 4,5 cm). (PLATE IA-4) .

3. A small pottery disc, partially damaged Painted Grey

Ware period (?) .

145

28. QAZIKHERA

The village QaziWiera is situated towards east of

the Bajhra block headquarters at a distance of about 4 Kn.on

right side of Bathra - Muzaffamagar road. The site is

towards south of the village Qazikhera and is completely

xinder cultivation. There is no mound except some elevated

portion. There is a t\abe*»well on the top of the mound. The

village falls between the doab of Hindon Nadi and Kali Nadi.

POTTERY

It is a medievals site which has yielded red ware

of medieval period during the course of exploration. The

pot-sherds include vessels, basins, storage jars etc.

Generally pot shereds are of medium fabric and dull red

ware.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities foiond during the course of

exploration, following a£e of worth interest:

1. A terracotta aricanut shaped bead having groove on

the base, slighly blackish (PLATE IB-6).

2. A pottery disc (PLATE VIIB-3).

146

TAHSIL : MUZAFFARNAGAR

BLOCK : MUZAFFASNAGAR

29. BADHERI

The v i l l a g e B a d h e r i i s s i t u a t e d towards n o r t h - e a s t

of t h e M u z a f f a m a g a r b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of

about 9 Km on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e M u z a f f a m a g a r - P u r k a z i

road . The s i t e i s towards wes t of t h e v i l l a g e B a d h e r i .

The mound i s v e r y low which cove r s an a r e a of about

100x80 sq .m . Towards wes t a t a d i s t a n c e of about 1.5 Km.

Kal i Nadi f l o w s .

POTTERY

The site appears medieval which has yielded dull

as well as sturdy red wares. An important type is an

elongated pot having a narrow mouth and flat rim. However,

a few sherds of vases with intumed and out-turned and

elliptical collared rim. Most of tnem are treated with

a wash. No antiquity was foxind during the course of

exploration.

30. JARODA

It is the southern border village of the district

headquarters as well as the block headquarters which

divides it frcxn the district Meerut. The village Jaroda

147

stands on the left bank of the Kali Nadi which also forms

its western boundary. It is situated towards south of

the Muzaffamagar block headquarters on the right side

of the Muzaffamagar - Meerut road at a distance cf about

7 Km. The site is in the vicinity of the village Jaroda.

The village is also known as Jaroda - Panda, There is

no moTind, rather a plain which is \mder cultivation.

POTTERY

It has yielded generally red ware of the late

phase. Some of them may belong to Late Gupta period.

Fragments of bowl, basins, Handis, etc. were foxind.

Generally they are treated with a wash,

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities a silver coin and a potterv

disc of medieval period were found during the course of

exploration. The details of the coin is given belcv:

Cbv. : Persian legend

Rev. : Persian legend

Weight; 10 gm

Diam. : 1,8 cm

{Pi^-rE XI B) ,

148

31. KANANHEBI

It is the eastern border village of the Muzaffar-

nagar block headquarters. The village is situated on the

left side of the Muzaffamagar - Bijnor road at a

distance of about 13 Km. towards east. The motmd is

canpletely under cultivation. It is full of sand and

looks brownish in colour.

POTTERY

The site appears of early medieval period. It has

yielded thick and sturdy red ware of utilitarian type.

A few pot-sherds have painting in black over red surface.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Following finds collected during the course of

exploration are of interest:

1. A stone ball; of medieval period.

2. Probably a terracotta coin mould. (PLATE XII AitB-1) .

32. LACHHERA

The v i l lage Lachhera i s s i tuated towards south

of the Muzaffamagar block headquarters a t a distance of

149

about 8 Kin. Thejre is no direct route to approach the site.

However* it can be easily approached from Puibalian* from

there it is hardly 4 Km. towards north. It stands on the

right bank of the Kali Nadi which also foims its eastern

boxindary. The moxmd is towards north of the village

Lachhera which is tatally occupied by the residential

houses. The height of the mound is approximately 9 ft.

high from the gro\and level. However, its area could not

be found.

POTTERY

The red ware of the medieval per iod were observed

a t the s i t e . However, no p o t t e r y was co l l ec ted from the

s i t e *

3 3 . MIRZAPUR

The village Mirzapur lies towards north of the

Muzaffamagar block headquarters at a distance of about

l-V Km. on the left side of the Muzaffamagar - Purkazi

road. It is an uninhabited village. The mound is almost

flattish covered with grass.

POTTERY

The s i t e has y ie lded red ware of medival per iod

which i s represented by usual shapes . No an t i qu i t y was foxmd.

! • Indian Archaeoloov 1963-64 - A Review, p . 54 .

150

34. MIRAPUR

The village Mirapur stands on the right bank of

the Kali Nadi which also forms it eastern boiandary. It

is the adjacent village of Semali, There is no direct

route to approach the site. However, one may go to the

village Purbalian in Shahpur block from there it is

about 4 Km north and can be approached via Molaheri. It

is about 5 Km. towards south from Muzaffamagar block

headquarters•

The site is towards east of the village on the

edge of the river and is known as Guphawale pir. There

four pirs in the village. The mazor which lies on the

top of the mound is one of them. Near the mazar there is

a newly constructed house and a hand-ptjmp. The mound

covers an area of about 200x100 sq.m. It is about 16 ft.

high from the ground level. The moiind is vertically cut

down and a section can be seen. Pot shared were collected

from this area also. However, periphery of the movmd is

xinder cultivation. It would be difficult to approach the

site during rainy season. (PLATE XIV A) ,

POTTERY

It is a Painted Grey Ware site. Here Mauryan ware

is also found. The painting includes on sherds generally

151

liner design. Associated red ware is also foxind. Some of

the pot-sherds have incised design. Usual shapes were

found. The pottery of Painted Grey Ware is well levigated

and of medi\3in fabric.

35. MIMLANA

The village Mimlana stands on the left bank of

the Kali Nadi which also forms its western boundary. It

is situated towards north of the Muzaffamagar block

headquarters at a distance of about 3.5 Km. on the left

side of the Muzaffamagar - Purkazi road. It is easily

approachable site which is also connected with a pucca

road to the district headquarters.

POTTERY

It is also a medieval site which includes the

sherds of vases, Handis, vessels, dishes etc. some of

them have incised decorative motifs. Generally they are

treated with a wash.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among other cultural finds following deserve our

attention:

152

1. Fragment of a terracotta leg of an animal (?) Medieval.

(PLATE IIIB-4).

2. Fragment of an indeterminate terracotta animal figurine

representing front part. It is probably a bull, one

horn and one ear is visible. Partially one by can also

be seen. Medival period. (PLATE VA-3).

3$. MOLAHERI

The village Molaheri is situated on the south of

the Muzaffamagar block headquarters at a distance of about

9 Km. and it is also 3 Km. away towards north of the village

Purbalian - an OCP site. The site is towards east of the

village Molaheri. There is no mound. However, on edge of

the fields sane elevated portion can be seen. The mound

covers an area of about 3 acre. Most part of the moxind

has been used for cultivation. There is a tube well

adjacent to moxond.

The village Molaheri stands on the right bank of

the Kali Nadi which also forms its eastern boundary. The

moxond is, however, very low. The nature of the mound, as

usually found in the tahsil is dark brownish and sandy.

During the rainy season it is not easy to reach the site.

153

There i s a n o t h e r raoxind towards n o r t h of t h e v i l l a g e

p a r a l l e l t o t h e K a l i N a d i . This mound i s a l s o under c u l t i ­

v a t i o n and c o v e r s an a r e a of abou t 4 . 5 a c r e . However, p o t

she rds were p i c k e d - up frcxn t h e furrows of t h e f i e l d

(PLATE XIV B ) .

POTTERY

The pottery from the site includes sherds of

Ochre Colour Pottery and of medieval period. Among Ochre

Colour Pottery fragments of vases and a few indeterminate

shape have been found. Red ware of medieval period has

the usual shapes. However, a few pot-sherd are grooved

and treated with a wash. No antiquity was found during the

course of exploration.

37. NARA

The village Nara previously known as Narvargarh

is situated towards southern part of the tahsil and block

Muzaffamagar where the boundaries of tahsil Budhana join

it. The site Is about 10 Km, away on the left side of the

Muzaffamagar - Meerut road. At a distance of about 8 Km

a Kachcha road joins aforesaid road. Which leads to the

site.

154

Though t h e s i t e h a s y i e l d e d t h e p o t t e r y of e a r l y

h i s t o r i c and m e d i e v a l p e r i o d i n c l u d i n g g l a z e d ware, a t

p r e s e n t t h e r e i s no mound h e r e and t h e a r e a has been

txirned i n t o an a g r i c u l t u r e f i e l d w i t h s l i g h t e l e v a t i o n

i n t h e c e n t r a l p a r t .

POTTERY

The s i t e i s r i c h i n y i e l d i n g t h e medieval r ed

ware of v a r i o u s t y p e s . Some of them may b e l o n g t o p r e -

raedieval p e r i o d b u t t h e same canno t b e de te rmined

wi thou t e x c a v a t i o n . Some of t h e p o t s were d e c o r a t e d with-

b l a c k p a i n t i n g o v e r r e d s u r f a c e w i t h g r o o v e s . Among t h e

p o t - s h e r d s a r e b o w l s , d i s h e s , b a s i n s , g l o b u l a r p o t s , e t c .

Among a n t i q u i t i e s a s t o n e b a l l was found wnicn

be longs t o med ieva l p e r i o d .

3 8 . PARAI

The village Parai is situated towards north­

east of the Muzaffamagar block headquarter at a

distance of about 14 Km on the right side of the

Muzaffamagar - Roorkee road. There is no mound worth

the name, however, potteries were collected fran the

elevated part of it^ Kali Nadi flows towards west of

the village at a distance of about 2.5 Km,

155

POTTERY

It is a medieval site which has yielded sturdy and

thick red ware, circular storage jars, bowls, basins,

etc. Glazed ware were also found. However, no antiquity

was found during the course of exploration.

39. RAI

The village Rai stands on the left side of the

Kali Nadi which also formes its western boundary. It is

about 12 Kins away towards north from the I-luzaffarnagar

block headquarters on the left side of the Muzaffamagar-

Roorkee road. It is one of the important sites of the

tahsil Muzaffamagar and was already reported in lAR

1963-64.

The site lies towards south-east of the village

Rai. The major part of the mound has been damaged by

the villagers for cultivation. The existent measures

approximately 100x120 sq.m. The height of the moxind is

about 11 ft. from the ground level. It not easy to

approach the site during rainy season.

POTTERY

The earliest ceramic of the site is Grey Ware

of NBPW phase. Though no NBPW was found, associated

156

p o t t e r y i n c l u d i n g s h e r d s of i n c u r v e d b o w l s , v a s e s wi th

e l l i p t i c a l c o l l a r e t c . were a v a i l a b l e . A few s h e r d s of

B l a c k - S l i p p e d ware were a l s o fotind. Among t h e r e d wares

b e l o n g i n g t o t h e Kushana p e r i o d have b l a c k p a i n t i n g over

r e d s u r f a c e .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The a n t i q u i t i e s c o l l e c t e d i n c l u d e a t e r r a c c z t a

d i s c and a t e r r a c o t t a s e a l i n g w i t h C ) 'in' l e t t e r of

Brahmi hav ing a d e c o r a t i v e curve l i n e b e l o w . (PLATE XIIAB-2)

I t may be added t h a t a p o t - s h e r d of t h i c k Grey Ware was

found e a r l i e r from h e r e b e a r i n g t h r e e Brahmi l e t t e r s .

4 0 . RAMPUR

This site is situated fiardly at a distance of

about 3.5 Km towards south along the left bank of Kali

Nadi. It is also towards north of Muzaffamagar block

headquarters at a distance of about 8 Km. On the left

1. Shri M.N. Deshpande (1962-63), his colleagues and students of school of Archaeology, explored an area from Muzaffamagar to Roorkee, a distance of about 60 Kms. and brought to light sites of different cate­gories yielding Ochre Colour Pottery. Painted Grey were. Black Slipped Ware, Northern Black Polished Ware, Red Ware of Sung-Kushana period and medieval Glazed Ware.

From the site Rai a thick Grey v are sherd with Brahmi script was obtained: Indian Archaeology 1963-64. A Review, p. 53, and Tripathi, Vibha, op. cit., p. 31.

157

side of the Muzaffarnagar - Roorkee road. The mound covers

an area of about 120x100 sq.in. and is a low mound having

a height of about 6 ft. from the ground level. This site

is also under cultivation.

POTTERY

This site has yielded sherds of Painted Grey Ware,

Plain Grey Ware and red ware of medieval period represen­

ting usual shapes of each group. The PGW sherds have

metalic sound and well levigated with medium fabric.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among other cultural finds following objects have

been foxind.

1. A terracotta animal figurine

2. A terracotta ghata (vase) shaped bead .

41. SARWAT

The s i t e i s e a s i l y approachable from Muzaffarnagar

block headquar ters and i s hardly 2.5 Kms. away towards

nor th on Muzaffarnagar - Saharanpur road . The s i t e has

y ie lded the p o t t e r y of l a t e h i s t o r i c and medieval per iod .

The e n t i r e moiind has been damaged and i n h a b i t e d . However,

po t - sne rds were co l l ec t ed from d i f f e r e n t p l a c e s .

1 . Indian Archaeology 1963-64 - A Review, p . 54.

158 POTTERY

Medieval a s w e l l a s p r e - m e d i e v a l p o t - p i e c e s were

c o l l e c t e d . A few of them have p a i n t i n g i n b l a c k on red

s u r f a c e . Fragments i n c l u d e b a s e s and r ims of v a s e s ,

h a n d i s , d i s h e s , e t c . Other than p o t t e r y f i n d s were n o t

n o t i c e a b l e . However, no a n t i q u i t y was found .

4 2 . SISONA

The v i l l a g e Sisona l i e s a lmos t towards n o r t h of

t h e Muza f f amaga r b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of

abou t 6 Km. on t h e Muzaf famagar - Roorkee r o a d . The s i t e

i s towards w e s t of t h e v i l l a g e S i s o n a . There i s a low

motind cove r ing an a r e a of about 80x60 sq .m. Ka l i Nadi

f lows towards w e s t of t he s i t e h a r d l y a t a d i s t a n c e of

about one km.

POTTERY

The earliest ceramic of the site belongs to the

late phase of FQM • Red Ware found may belong to NBPW,

Kushana and medieval periods. However, neither any NBPW

sherd nor any antiquity was found.

43. SHERNAGAR

The s i t e l i e s towards south-east of the Dis t r i c t

headquarters a t a distance of about 6.5 lOns. On the lef t

159

s i d e of M u z a f f a m a g a r - J a n s a t h road a t a d i s t a n c e of about

5 Kms, a Kachcha road j o i n s i t l e a d i n g t o t h e s i t e . There

i s no moiond n o r t h t h e name. However, p o t - s h e r d s were

c o l l e c t e d frcrn t h e e l e v a t e d p a r t of t h e s i t e . There i s no

r i v e r n e a r t h e s i t e .

POTTERY

Shemagar appears of medieval site. It has yielded

red wares along with terracotta Glazed Ware. Red ware

of various types generally cinade and bigger in size inclu­

ding vases, basins, bowls, etc. Some of them bear painting

in black over red surface. The glazed ware sherds have

white glazing and painted in black.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

During the course of exploration one terracotta

small ball and a stone ball comparatively bigger in size

were found.

44. SUJADU

The s i t e l i e s towards south of the Muzaffamagar

block headquarters hardly a t a distance of about 4 Sins.

Kali Nadi flows on the r ight side of the mound. I t is

approximately 6 f t high and covers an area of about

160

150x100 sq.m. However, farmers of the adjoining fields

are levelling down the mound gradually. The soil of the

mound is yellowish and slightly compact.

POTTERY

The site is rich in its cultural dQ50sit. The

earliest phase of this site goes back to the PGW phase

of the Doab. The sherds induce Painted Grey Ware, Plain

Grey Ware, Black Slipped and Red Wares of historic and

medieval periods. A few Grey Ware sherds appear to be

mended.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Besides one pottery disc (PLATE VIIB-3) two

terracotta balls one small in size and other slightly

bigger were foxond during the course of exploration,

(PLATE VII 8,5).

45. SANDHAWALI

The village Sandhawali is situated almost towards

south of the Muzaffamagar block headquarters at a

distance of about 5 Km. on the left side of the

Muzaffamagar - Meerut road. At a distance of about

161

4 Km. on the left side of the aforesaid road a kankar road

joins it which leads to the site. The mound is towards

south-west of the village Sandhawali. It is about 7 ft

height from the ground level and covers an area of about

50x50 sq.m. The mound is partially damaged. Kali Nadi flows

towards west of the village hardly at a distance of about

1.5 Km.

POTTERY

A few s h e r d s foxind f r an t h i s s i t e g i v e t h e i r

appea rance l i k e L a t e Harappan (?) b u t t h i s h y p o t h e s i s

shou ld be t a k e n t e n t a t i v e . However, some s h e r d s give

d e f i n i t e look of Ochre Colour P o t t e r y which i n c l u d e s s h e r d s

of f l a r e d rim j a r s and v a s e s and some l o o k i n d e t e m i n a t e i n

s h a p e s .

The s i t e i s a l s o v e r y r i c h i n y i e l d i n g i n t e r e s t i n g

medieva l p o t t e r y . However, some of them may b e l o n g t o p r e -

medieva l p e r i o d w i th i t s u s u a l s h a p e s .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among o t h e r c u l t u r a l f i n d s f o l l o w i n g t e r r a c o t t a

o b j e c t s were C o l l e c t e d .

1 . An i n d e t e r m i n a t e t e r r a c o t t a o b j e c t , p r o b a b l y leg of

an an ima l , may be of h i s t o r i c p e r i o d . (L 6 .8 cm)

(PLATE I I I B - 2 ) .

162

2. An indeterminate terracotta cylindrical object, may

be of Ochre Colour Period. (L - 5.5 cm). (PLATE IIIB-3).

46. SEMALI

The site lies towards the south of Muzaffamagar

block headquarters, at a distance of about 11 kms. The

Kali Nadi flows on the right side of the site, at a

distance of about 2 Kms, Though there is not mound except

slight elevation in the central part from where the

pottery had been collected. The mound looks slightly sandy

and brownish.

POTTERY

The s i t e a p p e a r s of medieva l p e r i o d . However a few

s h e r d s may b e l o n g t o p r e - m e d i e v a l p e r i o d . Fragments of

b a s i n s , s t o r a g e j a r s , bowls , m i n a t u r e p o t s , e t c . were

found. G e n e r a l l y g rooves o r chords d e c o r a t e t h e p o t t e r y .

However no a n t i q u i t y was fotind.

4 7 . WAHELUA

The site can be approached easily by Muzaffamagar-

Meerut road towards south at a distance of about 5 Kms.

from the District headquarters. At a distance of about

4.5 Kins, a narrow mettaled road joins it leading to the site.

163

The mound looks s l i g h t l y compact and da rk brownish,

The moxjnd i s a lmos t p l a i n .

POTTERY

I t i s a medieva l s i t e . A few s h e r d s may be long t o

p r e - m e d i e v a l pe i r iod . Mos t ly she rds a r e w e l l b u r n t . The

uppe r and lower p o r t i o n of t h e v a s e s , hand i s and o t h e r

v e s s l e s were c o l l e c t e d . No a n t i q u i t y was found.

164

TAHSIL : MUZAPFARNAGAR

BLOCK : PURKAZI

4 8 . BARLA

The v i l l a g e B a r l a i s s i t u a t e d towards sou th-wes t of

t h e P u r k a z i b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of about 7 Km.

on M u z a f f a m a g a r - P u r k a z i r o a d .

Though t h e r e i s no mound i n t h e v i l l a g e , i t appear s

a med ieva l s e t t l e m e n t . A l i t t l e d i g g i n g a t any p l a c e y i e l d

m e d i e v a l p o t t e r y . Scxne t ime back a co in hoard was found in

t h e v i l l a g e which y i e l d e d a l a r g e nvimber of copper co in of

S u l t a n Balban (PLATE XV A ) . These c o i n s a r e now p r e s e r v e d

i n t h e Government Museum, M u z a f f a m a g a r .

4 9 . CHANDAN

The village Chandan stands on the right bank of the

Salani Nadi, which also forms its eastern boundary. It is

situated towards east of the Purkazi block headquarters

at a distance of about 6.5 Km. There is no direct route

to approach the site. At a distance of about 3.5 Km. on

the left side of the Muzaffamagar - Roorkee road another

road joins it leading to the site. Except 2 VJxis., the

road is Kachcha. It is difficult to reach the site during

the rainy season.

165

The area of the mound, sitiiated on the right bank

of Salauni Nadi, is approximately 200x100 sq.m. The moTond

is divided into three parts by the rain gullies. Local

fanners are gradually converting the mound into an agricul­

ture fields. However^ major part of the mound is intact.

It is a low but widespread mound. It is difficult to

approach the site during rainy season.

POTTERY

The pottery of the site represents Cchre Colour

Pottery (?) as sane sherds look Ochrous. However, xinless

the site is properly excavated it would be difficult to

determine its age. The pottery of this group include

fragments of vases and some indeterminate shapes. This

site is earlier recorded as medieval period • Some pot

sherds of post historic period were also present. Usual

shape were found in this group.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities found from the site are a

terracotta bead and a terracotta ball.

1, Indian Archaeology, 1963-64 A Review, p. 54.

166

5 0 . DUHELI

The s i t e I s s i t u a t e d a lmos t towairds sou th of t h e

P u r k a z i b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 14 Kms,

on Deoband-Bi jnor r o a d . To reach t h e s i t e , one f i r s t has

t o go by bus u p t o B a r l a , a d i s t a n c e of abou t 7 y^s. on

Muzaf famagar -Roorkee road where Deoband-Bi jnor road

J o i n s i t .

The s i t e b e l o n g s to medieva l p e r i o d . P o t fragments

i n c l u d e u s u a l shapes of red w a r e . No a n t i q u i t y was found ,

5 1 . JAMALPUR

The s i t e i s s i t u a t e d towards s o u t h - e a s t of t h e

p u r k a z i b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of abou t 3 Kms

on r i g h t s i d e of t h e Purkaz i - L a k s a r r o a d . Sa lon i Nadi

f lows towards of t h e s i t e a t a d i s t a n c e of abou t 1.5 Km,

I t i s a med ieva l s i t e which h a s y i e l d e d u s u a l shapes 2

i n red ware .

5 2 . KHUDDA

The s i t e l i e s towards s o u t h - w e s t of t h e Pu rkaz i

b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 15 Kms. on t h e

1 . I n d i a n Archaeology 1963-64 - A Review, p . 5 4 .

2 . I b i d . I could collect no pottery from the sites.

167

right side of Muzaffarnagar - Roorkee road.

POTTERY

This site also appears to be of medieval period.

The red ware of the site includes pot sherds of dishes,

bowls, jars, etc. Generally they are treated with a wash.

No antiquity was found.

53. KAMHERA

The site lies almost towards south of the Purkazi

block, headquarters at a distance of about 14 Kms. on

Deoband-Bijnor road.

The site has yielded usual shapes in red ware of

medieval period •

54. NOORNAGAR

The village Noornagar stands on the right bank of

the Saloni Nadi which also forms its eastern botindary. The

village lies on the northern boxindary of the tahsil and

the district headquarters as well. The village Noornagar

1. Indian Archaeology 1963-64 <- A Review, p. 54. I could collect no pottery frcxn there,

2. It is alleged that the village Noornagar in the north­east of the Purchhapar was called after Nur Jahan who had a country seat there.

168

l i e s towards north-east of the Purkazi block headquarters

a t a distance of about 17 Km. There i s no d i rec t route

to approach the s i t e . However, on can reach the s i t e via

Chandan v i l l a g e . I t i s perhaps most important archaeolo­

gical s i t e of the t a h s i l .

I t i s s t i l l a large mound though i t has been consi­

derably damaged, however, i t measures approximately 200x

180 sq.m. I t i s about 12 f t . high from the surrounding

area . The mound i s divided into two par ts by a vi l lage

road. Farmers are cutt ing down the mound for cul t iva t ion .

The Salauni Nadi flows on the l e f t side of the moiond which

remains dry except in rainy season. During rainy season i t

i s not easy to e^jproach the s i t e .

This s i t e was explored for the f i r s t time in 1962-

63 by a team headed by Shri M»N. Deshpande. I t has then

yielded Painted Grey Ware, red ware of Sunga-Kushana period.

I t i s fa i r ly r ich in other finds l ike ter racot ta figurines,

beads, bone points , e t c . .

However, I could col lec t a few Ochrous sherds during

the course of exploration, but i t needs confirmation through

1. cf. Indian Archaeolocrv 1963-64 - A Review, p . 54. and Tripathl, Vibha, op. c i t . , p . 31.

169

excavation. Next in chronology is Painted Grey Ware which

yielded a variety of paintings on the pot-sherds and the

usual shapes of bowls and dishes. The painting includes

horizontal and vertical strokes, short, long, vertical and

oblique dashes, concentric circlets and wavy lines, etc.

Associated Plain Grey ware is equally rich. Sane of them

may come down upto the early phase of the NBPW. However,

no NBPW was found.

Among red wares jars with prominent grooves, vases

with typical grooves and collared rims, bowls, basins,

dishes, a few spouts and knobbed lids were foxond. Some

sherds have deep parallel grooves. Kiniature bowls are

also present.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The site was fairly rich in yielding other cultural

finds. Following are of interest:

1. Fragment of a stone pestle having a smooth surface.

May belong to PGW period. (PLATE II-4) .

2. An indeterminate terracotta object having a slightly

slanty transverse hold; It has wheel like thick circular

end. Unslipped of OCP period (?) , (PLATE IIIA-5) .

170

3. An indeterminate terracotta cylindrical object,

of OCP period. (PLATE IIIA-6).

4. A terracotta aricanut shaped bead. Probably of PGW

period. (PLATE IB-2).

5. An squattish terracotta ghat (vase) shaped bead, having

wide hole, neck part is nicely made. It has some traces

of slip also. Mauryan ? (PLATE IA-3) .

6. A terracotta female figurine with prominent bust.

7. A terracotta weight with three parallel lines.

8. A bone needle.

9 . T e r r a c o t t a beads of v a r i o u s s h a p e s .

1 0 . A t h i c k red ware shered w i t h g r a f f i t i mark .

5 5 . SHAKAPPUR

The s i t e l i e s towards t h e n o r t h e r n boundary of t h e

t a h s i l and d i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s , a t a d i s t a n c e of about

6 Kms. on Muza f f amaga r - Roorkee r o a d .

POTTERY

I t i s a medieval s i t e . However seme s h e r d s may belong

t o l a t e phase of h i s t o r i c p e r i o d . I t ha s y i e l d e d fragments

of d i s h e s , v a s e s , b a s i n s , j a r s , e t c . No a n t i q u i t y was found,

1 . I n d i a n Archaeology 1963-64 - A Review, p . 5 4 .

171

56. SUAHERI

The site lies towards east at a distance of about

3 Kms. from the Purkazi block headquarters on the right

side of Kuzaffarnagar-Roorkee road.

It is also a medieval site which has yielded

fragments of usual shapes of medieval period .

57. TUGHALAKPUR

2 The village Tughalakpur is situated a most towards

south of the Purkazi block headquarter at a distance of

about 12 Km. on Bijnor - Deoband road.

It is also a medieval site. Which as yielded the

usual shapes of red ware.

1. Indian Archaeolocrv 1963-64 - A Review, p. 54.

2. Ibid.

172

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173 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

T a h s l l : M u z a f f a m a g a r

Location Code 2 & Sl.No, 1

Village/Site

LH,

OCP,

EH.

OCP<

M

GH,

M

M

EH,

OCP,

GW,

EH,

EH,

GW,

M

EH,

M

Cultures

OCP,

. £ H ,

M

r EH,

B S ,

M

, M.

EH,

K,

M

EH,

M

O C P ( ? ) ,

EH,

GW,

OCP

OCP

M.

EH,

3

G

M

M

EH, M

M

M

EH, M

M

, PGW, GW,

, PGW, GW,

BS^

EH,

EH, M

M

1 . Alamgirpur

2 . A l i p u r a

3. Buddha-Khera

4 . Badhai - Kalan

5. Badh

6. Budina - Kalan

7. Badheri

8. Barla

9. Charthawal

10. Chandar

11. Desalpur

12. Dholra

13. Dhansanl

14. Dhindhaoli

15. Duhell

16. Jaroda

17. Jamalpur

18. Kasoli

19. Kaoyara

20. Kalyana

21. Kulheri

2 2. Khanj ahanpur

174

2 3 .

2 4 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

2 9 .

3 0 .

3 1 .

3 2 .

3 3 .

3 4 .

3 5 .

3 6 .

3 7 .

3 8 .

3 9 .

4 0 .

4 1 .

4 2 .

4 3 .

4 4 .

4 5 .

4 6 .

4 7 .

4 8 .

Kanamheri

Khudda

Kamhera

Luhari

Ladwa

Lachchara

Mahmoodpur

Mirzapur

Mirapur

Mlmlana

M o l a h e r l

N a g l a - R a l

Nlamu

Nara

N o o m a g a r

P i p a l o a h

P a r a i

QazlXhera

Rohana Kalana

Rasulpur

Ral

Rampur

Sa idpur

S ikanderpur

S l n g a l p u r

Sarwat

M

E H , M

M

L H ( ? ) , PGW/ GW/ EH, M

O C P , PGW, GW, EH, M

M

L H C ? ) , OCP, EH, M

M

PGW, GW, B S

M

OOP, M

PGW, GW, EH, M

PGW, Gw, EH, M

M

O C P , PGW, GW, NBPW, B S , E H , M

O C P , PGW, GW, B S , EH, M

M

M

PGW, GW, B S , EH, M

M

GW, M

PGW, GW, EH, M

PGW, GW, EH, M

O C P , PGW, GW

M

M

175

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.

55.

56.

57.

Slsona

Shemagar

Suj adu

Saudhawli

Semall

Shankarpur

Suaheri

Tughalaqpur

wahelna

GW, EH^ M

M

PGW, GW, BS, EH,

LH(?), OCP, M

M

M

M

M

EH, M

M

176

TAHSIL : JANSAIH

BLOCK : KHATADLI

$ 8 . AMBEBPUR

The village Atnbarpur stands on the left bank of the

Kali Nadi which also forms its western boundary. It lies

towards north - west of the Khatauli block headquarters at

a distance of about 7 Kms. There is no direct route to

approach the village. The site is towards north of the

village Amberpur. The place is known as Rukani Ke Per ka

Suncle. However, the whole area is \inder cultivation. Pot-

Sheeds were collected from the furrows of the field and from

the irrigation drainage. It is very difficult to approach

the site during the summer and rainy season because of

sandy soil - The exact area cannot be measured because of

the standing crops in the fields.

POTTERY

The site is represented by a rich variety of red

ware sherds. All of them except one belong to Late Harappan

period. The fragments of this ware include troughs, basins,

vases, bowls etc. One sherd of it has a parallel lines in

black on red, and as well incised decoration. Other pots

are also incised. The solitary piece of red ware may appear

177

to belong OCP which is of indeterminate shape. However, no

antiquity was found from the site.

59. BEGARAJPUR

It is the northern border village of the Khatauli

block headquarters at a distance of about 12 Km. The

village Begarajpur is situated on the left bank of the Kali

Nadi which forms its western boundary. The site can be

approached easily from the District headquarters at a

distance of about 12 Km. on Budhana - Muzaffamagar road.

The mound is under cultivation Adjacent to the mound there

is a huntment of a Sadhu, known as Ashram. The site is

towards east of the village Begarajpur. The area of the

mound is about 100x80 sq.m. There is no mound but some

elevated portion is there which is about 6 ft. high from

the surrounding area. Pot-sherds were picked frcxn the

furrows of the fields.

POTTERY

The site appears rich in yielding Ochre Colour Pottery

sherds. The fragments of this ware includes rims of vases,

bowls and basins. The entire pottery collected has turned

into porous due to water effect which suggested it being

178

a secondary deposite. From the pottery collection the site

remained abandoned for a long long period when ultimately

again inhabited by the people of medieval period. The

wares of this period inclxides fragments of rims of storage

Jars, vases, lids, bowls and incense burner. Sane sherds

have incised decoration and painting as well. The pottery

is generally xonslipped. It appears the site renained water

logged for a considerable period which has peeled off

all types of slips if there were any. However, no antiquity

was recorded from the site.

60* CHAWARI

The village Chawari is situated towards south east

of the Khatauli block headquarters at a distance of about

6 Km. It is an uninhabited village. The site is towards

east of the village Adampur Mochari, an adjacent village.

According to village people there was a mound but at present

no sign of mound is there. The area is flattened and under

cultivation. The area of the mound is about 100x80 sq.mts,

POTTERY

I t i s a medieval s i t e . The pottery includes usual

shapes of red ware of medieval period* Generally the

pottery found from th i s s i t e i s unslipped and of medixjm

fabr ic . No antiquity was found.

179 ei. HUSAIMPUR BOP ADA

The village Hu^alnput^ Bopada lies almost towards

north of the Khatauli block headquarters at a distance

of about 11 Km. It is sittxated on the left bank of the

Kali Nadi which also forms its western boundary. There

is no direct route to approach the site from Khatuli. The

site is on the Budhana - Muzaffamagar road. However,

one wishing to visite the site may go to village Khanupur

on Khatauli - Muzaffamagar road where it crosses the above

road. It is very difficult to measure the mound because of

the standing crops in the field. However, the mound is

slopy towards west and is situated towards west of the

village Husainpur Bopada, just on the edge of the road

side. There is a Crusher on the mo\ind. A new cons traction

is also going on the motind. It is also partly occupied by

the residential houses.

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y assemblage of the s i t e c o n s i t s of

Ochre Colour Po t t ery and Medieval red ware. Though ao

complete shapes have been found from the above wares.

There are fragments of v a s e s , bowls , l i d s and storage j a r s .

The medieval waxes are sturdy and w e l l baked and those of

Ochre Colour P o t t e r y are have become porous and powder

180

comes off which slightely rubbed of. Among antiquity one

large size stone ball was found.

62. INCHAULI

The village Inchauli stands on the left bank of the

Kali Nadi which also forms its western boundary. It is

situated towards west of the Khatauli block headquarters

at a distance of about 15 Kn on Budhana-Khatauli road.

The site is easily approachable because it is just on the

edge of the aforesaid road.

The mound covers or large area of about 300x200

sq. mts. In the middle of the mound there is a newly

constructed. Junior High School and two temples. By the

side of the moujid two old wells are also present. The

whole moxind is intact except a small portion which is

under cultivation. The concentration of the potteries are

on the western side of the mound (PLATE XVI A) •

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y c o l l e c t i o n inc lude Painted Grey Ware

and Red ware. The Painted Grey Ware i s represented by f ine

grey ware sherds having pa in t ing in b l a c k pigment on i t .

Through no complete shape has been p i c k e d - u p . They appear

181

to belong to dishes and bowls. However, the red ware sherds

are of Kushana period which includes fragments of knobbed

lids and vases etc* The site is of considerable area. No

antiquity was foxind fran the site.

e'S* JOHRA

Earlier, it was a part of the village Islamabad but

now it is an independent village at a distance of about

11 Km towards north of the Khatauli block headquarters.

It is on the right side of the Meerut - Muzaffamagar road.

The mound is about half kilometre west of the village

Johra on Mansurpur - Sikeda by pass. The area of the

mound is about 100x100 sq. mts and is about 6 ft. high

from the surrounding area. Locally the mound is known as

'Bitolewala Ulla'. It is because of the village wanan

raised cow dung cake heap to store it. The Kali Nadi flows

towards west of the site at a distance of about 2 iQn.

(PLATE XVI B) .

POTTERY

During the exp lorat ion I found on ly t i n y sherds of

Pa inted Grey Ware, however, e a r l i e r Pa in ted Grey ware

sherds have been c o l l e c t e d by o t h e r s . However, I have fovmd

nothing worth mentioning except the fragments of red ware

182

vases. Other sherds are too tiny to assure any shape from

them. No antiquity was found from the site.

64. KHANJAHANPUR

The village Khanjahanpur is situated towards north­

east of the Khatauli block headquarters at a distance of

about 6 Km. It is on the left side of the Khatauli - Jansath

road. The site is towards east of the village Khanjahanpur

at a distance of about half Km. Areawise the site is about

100x80 sq. mts. and is canpletely under cultivation.

POTTERY

It is a medieval site and usual shapes were found

which includes vases, lids, basins etc. However, no

antiquity was found.

65, KHOKNI

Earlier, Khokni was a part of the village Rasulpur

but now it is an independent village. The village Khokni

is situated towards east of the Khatauli block headquarters

at a distance of about 8 Km. It is on the Mirapur -

Muzaffamagar road. From the village Dahaur, on the right

side of the road a Kachcha road joins which leads to the

183

village Khokni. The mound Is very adjacent to the Kachcha

road and on the other side is a inazar. The mound is towards

west of the village Rasulpur. Areawise the site is about

200x100 sq.m. It is about 5 ft. high from the surrovmding

area. On the top of the mound there are some trees and

houses. The periphery of the mound is vmder cultivation.

Apart frcsn it the intact portion of the mound haa been

turned as graveyard and a spot for rxibbish. Kali Nadi flows

towards west of the site. (PLATE XVII) .

POTTERY

The pottery collection of the site is represented

by the Painted Grey ware sherds. Though no complete shape

has been found, the pottery is very fine and give metalic

sound. The wares varies in shades. It appears that the site

remained abandoned for a long period and untill the

medieval period people arrived there and settled down.

Their ware is red ware which is represented by shallow

basins.and fragments of big storage jars and big knobbed

lid etc.

6 6. MANDAWAR (KAILASH NAGAR)

It is the adjacent village of Inchauli - a Painted

Grey Ware site. The village Mandawar is at a distance of

184

about 12 Kin. from Khataull block headquarters on the left

side of the Budhana - Katauli road. It is an inhabited

village. The site is about one Km south of the village

Kailash Nagar. The mound is completely flaitened and tinder

cultivation. There is a tubewell on the site. Total area of

the mound is about 80x80 sq.mts. Lakhauri bricks were also

present along with potteries. Kali Nadi flows towards west

of the village Mandawar at a distance of about 2.5 Km.

POTTERY

It is also a medieval site which includes the sherds

of vases, vessels, Handis etc. However, some sherds may

belong to early historic period. No antiquity was recovered

from the site.

6-7. MANSURPUR

The village Mansurpur lies towards north of the

Khatauli block headquarters at a distance of about 12 Km.

The village is on the Budhana - Muzaffamagar road. One

wishing to visit the site may first go to the village

Khanupur on Muzaffamagar - Khatauli road where Budhana-

Muzaffamagar road crosses.

185

The s i t e i s i n the v i c i n i t y of the v i l l a g e . There i s

a f o r t r e s s of the l o c a l zamindar on the top of the moxind

who has thrown away a l l t h e p o t - s h e r d s . Therefore, nothing

i s found a t p r e s e n t . However, a few sherds of medieval

per iod were picked - \jp. Kali Nadi f lows towards west of

the v i l l a g e at a d i s t a n c e of about 2 Km,

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among a n t i q u i t i e s one t e r r a c o t t a animal was found.

1 . Fragment of a t e r r a c o t t a indeterminate animal f igur ine

which two hind l e g s a a t a i l are p a r t i a l l y i n t a c t .

Unslipped, i l l baked. Medieval p e r i o d . (PLATE XVIIIA-7) .

68 . MUBAflAKPUR

This s i t e i s very r i c h i n i t s c u l t u r a l assemblage

ranging frcxn Late Harappan t o medieval p e r i o d . The v i l l a g e

Mubarakpur i s s i t u a t e d towards south of the Khatauli block

headquarters a t a d i s t a n c e of about 3 Km. on Meerut -

Muzaffamagar road. The s i t e i s j u s t on the l e f t s ide of

the road towards north - e a s t of the v i l l a g e Mxobarakpur.

Meerut - Muzaffamagar Railway l i n e i s j u s t on the e a s t

of the s i t e . A rajvaha i s running towards west of the

mound. There i s no s i g n of mound t h e r e . However, i t i s

186

alleged that there was a big moxind. At present it is flatt­

ened and iinder cultivation. The pot - sherds are scattered

xiniformally in the whole area^ measuring 80x80 sq.mts.

However, no sign of brick bats are there. Kali Nadi flows

towards west of the village at a distance of about 14 I&n.

(PLATE XIX A) .

POTTERY

The pottery collection of the site is very rich.

Mainly the Late Harappan and Ochre Colour Pollery are

dominent. Both the wares yielded usual shapes of their

wares. So fare Ochre Colour Pottery is concern it is

very rich though. Only the fragments of ringed base, vases,

pedastalled bases, big storage jars and basins have been

found. It appears that the general pottery had other

shapes too. Some sherds of Painted Grey Ware and Grey ware

have also been collected and from Early historic to

Medieval period ware are present.

*&$. NAWLA

The village Nawla is situated towards north-west

of the Khatauli block headquarters at a distance of about

6 Km. It stands on the left bank of the Kali Nadi, which

187

also forms its western boundary. The moxind Is towards west

of the village Nawla. It covers a large area« however, it

is not intact. A small portion which is intact has been

turned as grave - yard and rest portion of it is under

cultivation. The mound has been turned into a stepped type

fanning. The mound is again disturbed by village cart road.

On the other side of the above road there is another moiind

which has yielded only Grey Ware. It is also under cultiva­

tion. There is no direct route to reach the site. One may

go first to the village Husainpur Bopada. On Budhana-

Muzaffamagar road. From there a village link road lead

to the site. However, a by pass road also leads to the

village Nawla from Ganga canal bridge. (PLATE XIX B) .

POTTERY

The site is represented by the sherds of Late

Harappan, Ochre Colour Pottery, Painted Grey Ware along

with associated wares and early painted Northern Black

Polished ware sherd. The site appears very rich in its

cultural remains though no complete shape has been found

in any ware. There are many such fragments which indicates

their shapes. The pottery of all the periods generally

appears of medium fabric and shapes include fragments of

188

vases, basins, storage jars and typical lid which has a

hallow hub. Fragments of dish - on - stand has also been

fotind in Late Harappan assemblage. Painted Grey Ware

includes some fragments of steel grey ware as well.

7Q. PALAfil (SADAT)

The village Paladi is situated towards north-east

of the Khatauli block headquarters at a distance of about

6 Km. The village is on the left side of the Mirapur -

Khatauli road. The site is situated towards west of the

village Palari and east of the Kali Nadi (Nagin). Areawise

it covers about 100x100 sq. mts. At present mound is

completely flattened and under cultivation. On the norther

side of the movind there is a mosque. Pot-sherds were

collected from the furrows.

POTTERY

The sherds found foxind from here comprises red

ware and g lazed ware of medieval p e r i o d . Other no t i ceab le

t h i n g i s the large nxmiber of Lakhauri b r i c k - b a t s s c a t t e r e d

on the mound. Among a n t i q u i t i e s one t e r r a c o t t a b a l l was

fovmd.

189 7 1 . RAMPUR

The v i l l a g e Rampur s t a n d s on t h e l e f t bank of t h e

K a l i Nadi and i t a l s o forms i t s wes te rn boundary* I t i s

towards n o r t h - w e s t of t h e K h a t a u l i b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t

a d i s t a n c e of about 8 Kn« The Dabbal v i l l a g e - a l a t e

Harappan s i t e i s about 2*5 Km away towards west of t h i s

s i t e - The v i l l a g e Rampur f a l l s on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e

Budhana - Kha t au l i road about 2 Ku away towards n o r t h

from t h e road#

The moxrnd i s measuring about 50x50 sq»m» i s l e f t

i n t a c t - The remaining p o r t i o n about 4 ac r e s in area i s

f l a t t e n e d and under c u l t i v a t i o n * The h e i g h t of t h e i n t a c t

p a r t of the- mound i s about 6 f t - from t h e surro\2nding area-

Along wi th t h e p o t t e r i e s a few b r i c k b a l s were a l so present-

POTTERY

The s i t e i s r e p r e s e n t e d by Medieval pe r iod which

h a s y i e l d e d f ragmai t s of b i g s t o r a g e j a r s and l i d s and &i

i m p o r t a n t t h i n g was foxmd# a fragment of a v o t i v e tank-

OTHER CUl/rURAL FINDS

1- Pragmei t s of a t e r r a c o t t a v o t i v e t a n k ? with a high

w a l l of vAiich one s i d e p a r t i a l l y i n t a c t - I t ' s per iod

canno t be determined- Extand l e n g t h and b read th i s

33 cm- and 9 cum-)

190 72• SQNTA

The v i l l a g e i s a l s o known as Abdul Nagar which l i e s

towards n o r t h of t h e K h a t a u l i b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a

d i s t a n c e of about 7 Km on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e K h a t a u l i -

Muzaf f a m a g a r rOad» The motand i s towards n o r t h - e a s t of t h e

v i l l a g e Sonta* The mound cove r s an a r e a of about 100x80

sq»m» and i s about 5 f t* h igh from t h e su r round ing area-

Due t o d is tur isance (digging) by t h e v i l l a g e r s t h e p o t ­

s h e r d s are found in pa tches* The moxand i s l o c a l l y laiown

as gonga* Ka l i Nadi flows towards west of t h e v i l l a g e

Son ta a t a d i s t a n c e of about 2» 5 Kin*

POTTERY

I t may be a e a r l y h i s t o r i c s i t e * However# r ed ware

of medieval pe r iod was foxind which inc ludes j a r s , b a s i n s ,

l i d s e tc* Glazed ware were a l s o foxind* No a n t i q u i t y could

b e t r a c e d frcan t h e s i t e *

191

TAHSIL : JANSATH

BLOCK : JANSATH

7 3. BHQOMMA

The village BhocJinma is situated towards south-east

of the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of about

15 Kn. One wishing to visit the site may first go to

Mirapur about 11 Kii away frcxn Jansath on Jansath - Meerut

road and from Mirapur onwards 4 Km towards south a pucca

road leads to the site. The site is conpletely under

cultivation and has sane elevated portion, Ganga cannal

flows towards east of the village hardly at a distance

of about 1.5 Km. Further towards south, at a distance of

about 4 Km. there is another site Kheri Sarai yielding

the same culture.

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y complex co l l e c t ed from t h i s s i t e

include Grey Ware, Black s l ipped and red ware of medieval

p e r i o d . Among Grey ware sane sherds have black t inqe

e x t e r n a l l y . They a l l toge ther appear t o belong ear ly

h i s t o r i c p e r i o d . I t i s a l ready a repor ted s i t e .

1 . Indian Archaeology 1962-63 - A Review p . 36. cf. Roy. T.N.. A Study of Northern Black Polished Ware An Iron Age Culture of Ind ia , (New Delh i ) , p . XXXIII.

*The s i t e has been reported as NBPW by TN Roy in h i s book e n t i t l e d 'An I ron Age Culture of I nd i a , (New Delhi, 1986) and a l so in P u r a t a t t r a No. 5# But I have not found even a s ing le p iece of NBPW from the s i t e during the course of exp lo r a t i on . However, NBPW i s not mentioned in lAR too from t h i s s i t e .

192

74. GOLA PUTTA

It is an uninhabited village. The site is locally

known as Putthe ka Jimqle, a newly inhabited village. The

village lies towards south of the Jansath block head­

quarters at a distance of about 4 Km.

The site is towards north-west of the village

gaon. A pucca road goes to the village from Jansath and

onwards a kachcha road leads to the site. The site

covers an area of about 100x100 sq.mt. The whole area

is slightly elevated and on the top of the moxind there

is a t Ibe-well and sane trees.

POTTERY

The site is represented by historical as well as

medieval wares. As usual the red ware are found here

which have seme incised design as well as medieval

Painted ware. The pottery is steardy and well baked.

Shape includes fragments of bowls, basins, vases lids,

etc.

75. JARWAR

The village Jarwar is situated towards north-east

of the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of about

193

12 Km. To reach the site one may first go to village

Khujera at a distance of about 6 Km from Janoath on

Jansath - Moma road. From Khujera on the right side of

the aforesaid road a Kharanja joins which leads to the

village Jarwar. However, it is difficult to approach the

site during rainy season. The site is towards east of

the village Jarwar. There is no moxond at present and the

area is vmder cultivation. However, the pot sherds were

collected from the irrigational drainage.

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y assemblage of the s i t e i s red ware

of Medieval p e r i o d . The fragments of vases , bas ins ,

Handis were co l l e c t ed from the s i t e . However, no an t i qu i t y

was picked-up from the s i t e .

7$ . JATWARA

The village Jatwara is on the Jansath-Moma road

at a distance of about 4 Km towards north-east of the

Jansath block headquarters. The village Jatwara is on the

right side of the aforesaid road, a kachcha road joins

which links the village. There is no movind except some

1. Indian Archaeology, 1962-63 - A Review, p. 36.

194

e l e v a t e d p o r t i o n . I t i s a l l e g e d t h a t t h e r e was a mound

b u t now i t h a s been t u r n e d i n t o an a g r i c u l t u r a l f i e I d •

During t h e cot i rse of c u l t i v a t i o n t h e f a n n e r s c leaned

t h e i r f i e l d s and threw away t h e s h e r d .

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y fovind f r an t h i s s i t e i n c l u d e coa r se

Grey Ware, r e d ware of e a r l y h i s t o r i c a l , h i s t o r i c a l and

medieval p e r i o d . Among grey ware f ragments of bowls were

found. Other ware r e p r e s e n t s w i t h v a s e s , b a s i n s , Handis

e t c . No a n t i q u i t y was foxond from t h e s i t e .

7 7 . KAITHORA

The site is rich in its cultural heritage. The

village Kailhora is situated south-east of the Jansath

block headquarters at a distance of about 12 Km. One

wishing to visite the site may first go to Mirapur and

1. Indian Archaeology 1962-64 - A Review, p. 36.

*The site has been reported as NBPW by TN Roy in his book entitled 'An Iron Age Culture of India (New Delhi, 1986) and Puratattva No. 5. But I have not found even a single piece of NHPW from this site during the course of my exploration. However, NBPW is not mentioned in lAR from this site.

195

onwards about 1 Kn a me-talled road leads to the village

Kaithora.

The site is locally known as Sonabaras Ka Tila,

It is on the left side of the Meerut- Mxizaffarnagar road.

A kachcha road joins it near the Govt. Hospital and the

site is just at the back of the hospital. The mound is

divided into two parks and both have beencconverted as

grave-yard. People are cutting down the mound for taking

the soil. Adjacent to the mound there is a temple and a

tank. The approximate height of the moxxnd would be 15 ft,

from the ground level. The area of the mound is about

200x150 sq. mts. (PLATE XXIII A) .

1. Indian Archaeology - 1962-63 A Review, p. 37; Indian Archaeology - 1965-66 A Review, p. e'er Tripathi, Vibna, op. cit, p. 31. Explorations conducted by Deshpande on the banks of the Burhi Ganga and Kali Nadi have revealed a number of PGW sites. Kaithora is one of the mounds known as Sonabaras (derived probably from Swamvarsha) . It has yielded the following four periods:

Period IV (Lowest): It yields small pieces of Red ware.

Period III: It yields Plain and Painted Grey Ware.

Period II : It shows Grey Ware with Red Ware Sherds.

Period I : It belongs to the Muslim period.

However, no NBPW has been mentioned.

196 POTTERY

The p o t t e r y of t h i s s i t e i s r e p r e s e n t e d by t h e

P a i n t e d and P l a i n Grey, ware and Black - s l i p p e d and red

ware of h i s t o r i c and Medieval p e r i o d s . I n Grey wares

g e n e r a l l y u s u a l shapes a r e found . I n r e d wares g e n e r a l l y

u s u a l shapes a r e found . I n r ed ware t h e s e i n c l u d e s

i n s e n c e b u r n e r e , p e d a s t a l l e d bowls , l i d s e t c . and i n

Black Sl ipped ware a v a s e w i t h s q u a t t i s h o u t tu rned rim

were found. However, no a n t i q u i t y was fo\ind dur ing t h e

e x p l o r a t i o n . I t i s a l r e a d y a r e p o r t e d s i t e .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

A n t i q u i t i e s of t h e s i t e a r e f o l l o w i n g :

1 . Fragment of a t e r r a c o t t a d i s h ( t h a l i ) p a r t l y broken,

p robably f o r b a k i n g a f l a t t i s h b r e a d . I t ha s fo r i t s

d e c o r a t i o n f i n g e r p inched sha l low c a v i t i e s a t t h e

edges , i l l baked g r i t t y c o r e , back p a r t i s b l a c k i s h

due t o c o n s t a n t u s e . Uns l ipped P a i n t e d Grey Ware

p e r i o d (?y I t s d i a m e t e r can n o t be m e a s u r e d .

(PLATE XVIII A-1) .

*The s i t e has been r e p o r t e d a s NBPW by TN Pay in h i s book e n t i t l e d 'An I r o n Age C u l t u r e of I n d i a (New D e l h i , 1986) and a l s o i n P u r a t a t t v a No. 5 . But I have not found NBPW from t h e s i t e d u r i n g t h e cou rce of my e x p l o r a t i o n .

197

2. An indeterminate terracotta object probably a base

of a pot (PLATE XVIII A-2) .

3. Probably part of a pottery disc. (PLATE xviIIA-3) .

4. A terracotta spout. (PLATE XVIIIA-4) .

5. Fragment of a tortoise bone. (PLATE XVIIIA-5) .

78. KAILAPUR - JASMOR

The site is rich in its cultural heritage. The

village Kailapur - Jasmor is towards south of the Jansath

block headquarters at a distance of 17 Km. There is no

direct route leading to village. One wishing to visite

the site may first go upto Mirapur on Muzaffamagar -

Meerut/ a distance of about 11 Kin fron Jansath. Fran

Mirapur towards north-east at a distance of about 6 Km,

a metalled load leads to the site. The village Kailapur-

Jasmor is on the Muzaffamagar - Bijnor road. The whole

area falls in Xhadar. Bhud can be seen on either side

of the road.

There are three motinds all the three one falls

towards east of the village Kailapur - Jasmor. Among

three moxinds two are east of the road and one is west

of the Muzaffamagar - Bijnor road.

198

Moxind (A) - It is situated on the east of rhe

Muzaffamagar - Bijnor road. There is a txibe well on the

road side. From there one may enquire about *Rudhesu Ka

Chak*. It is said that there was a huge mound which has

now turned into an agricultural land. The nature cf the

soil is yellowish sand. The approximate area of the mound

would be 250x250 sq.m. Pot-sherds were picked up from

the field. (PLATE XXA).

According to the village people i.e. Darshan Singh

while they were levelling down the moiind by the tractor.

He saw the series of storage jars. They have kept one

of them intact and pots-sherds and rims of the jars may

also be seen in the field. One complete storage jar is

in the possession of Darshan Singh (PLATE XXB) . In

addition to these pottery - pieces there were bricx bats

in considerable amount. A full vase is also found from

the same mo\and. Now excavation possibility is nil.

Mound (B) - About 1/2 Km towards north frca mound

(A) there is another mound measuring approximately 300x

250 sq.m. It is about 12 ft. high from the ground level.

Most part, of the mound has been damaged, however, small

portion of it is intact. The farmers of adjoining fields

199

a r e c u t t i n g down t h e motind f o r a g r i c u l t u r e p u r p o s e .

(PLATE XXl A) .

Mound (C) - I t i s a c r o s s t h e road and i s l o c a l l y

known as 'Mandava K h e r i ' . I t i s a l s o 12 f t . h igh and

measures about 300x250 s q . m . (mound XXI B ) . Here a l s o

farmers a r e c u t t i n g down t h e mound b u t a smal l p o r t i o n

i s i n t a c t . Apar t frcxn p o t - s h e r d s , b r i c k - b a t s a r e a l s o

s e e n . The b r i c k s i z e measures L 14 x W 9 .5 x T 2.5 Cms.

Apar t f ran above f i n d s a door-Jamb of s t o n e has a l s o

been found and i s l e f t i n t h e o u t - s k i r t s of t h e v i l l a g e

K a i l a p u r - J a s m o r .

POTTERY

The pottery assemblage from this site is very

rich which represents pottery fron the Late Harappan to

the Medieval period. The shape in each ware is of usual

type. The pottery assemblage is dominated by red wares

in which vases are found in planty. Some pot-sherds

also include traces of painting and incised designs.

Some big storage jars have applique rib pattern around

neck with decoration with thumb impressed rope pattern.

1. Indian Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p. 37.

20 Q

it

This s i t e i s a l r e a d y r e p o r t e d .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among o t h e r c u l t u r a l f i n d s f o l l o w i n g o b j e c t s

were found:

1 , One t e r r a c o t t a s p r i n k l e r , hav ing a h o l e on the t o p .

I t s r e a r p a r t i s b r o k e n . P r o b a b l y of Gupta p e r i o d .

2 . One t e r r a c o t t a a r i c a n u t shaped b e a d , b l a c k i s h .

Medieval p e r i o d .

3 , A smal l t e r r a c o t t a bead hav ing a wide h o l e . Medieval

p e r i o d .

4 . Fragment of a t e r r a c o t t a Humped B u l l - Hump i s

s l i g h t l y f l a t t i s h n e a r t h e neck and p a r t l y brccken .

There i s a stamped Chakra mark on t h e r i g h t ba.ck

s i d e of which only a p a r t i s v i s i b l e . On t h e s ide of

i t t h e r e i s a l e a f p a t t e r n . Hand made. I t i s s l ipped

b u t b a d l y c o r r o d e d . I t may b e l o n g t o Mauryan per iod

(L 10 Cm, Ht 5 Cm. ) (PLATE XXII-B) .

•The s i t e has been r e p o r t e d a s NBPW by TN Roy i n h is book e n t i t l e d 'An I r o n Age C u l t u r e of I n d i a (New Delh i , 1986) and P u r a t a t t v a No. 5 . But I have n o t fo\ind NBP sherds from t h e s i t e . lAR a l s o does n o t men t ion NBP from t h i s s i t e .

201

5. This door Jamb is lying in the outskirts of the village

Kairapur Jasmor. According to village people it was

unearthed frcan the mound (C), Known a Mandwa kheri.

(PLATE XXXVI).

A sand door jamb (height 12 ft, thickness 9.5 cm)

has been fovind fran the village while the farmers

were levelling down the mound. It has parallel chain

hanging throughout below which is depicted lady

figurine probably a diety in Abhay a Mudra and in

Tribhangi farm. One the side of which are two other

dieties. The piece appears to belong Late historic or

early medieval chert blade period. C. 9-11 A.D.

6. A complete storage jar of red ware has been found.

According to local people it was also vmearths from

the mound A while they were levelling down the moxind.

It is the height 8 ft. jar is 90.5 cm breadth 46 cm.

and diameter of the mouth is about 23.5 cm. It his

out going beaded rim below which is a nail press

rope pattern design. The pot has slightly feather

saggar base. The profile of the body is almost straight

ovalised. It is well baked and has been treated with

a wash. It may belong to Kushna period, (PLATE XXB)

7 . Scxne chert blades were also reported from the site.

1. Indian Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p. 36.

202

7 9 . KATIA

The v i l l a g e Katia i s s i t u a t e d towards nor th-eas t

of the Jansa th block headquar te r s a t a d i s tance of about

11 Km. The s i t e can not be approached during rainy season.

To approach the s i t e one may f i r s t go t o v i l l age Khujera

about 6 Km fron Jansa th b lock on Jansa th - Moma road.

Prom Khujera r i g h t s ide of the a fo resa id road a Kharanja

goes t o t he v i l l a g e Katia which i s about 4 Km away. The

s i t e i s towards south of the v i l l a g e K a t i a .

The s i t e covers an area of about 100x100 sq.mts .

I n s p i t e of the f ac t t h a t major p a r t of the moxind has

been damaged ye t i t seems a l a r g e moxind. I t i s about

11 f t . high from the surroxonding area» On the top of

the mound a Primary School b u i l d i n g i s t h e r e . In addit ion

t o the p o t t e r y , b r i c k - b a t s were a l so presen t in

cons iderable amoxint. Some of the l a rge broken bricks

measures i . e . extand length 6 and weadth 10 On.

There i s another moxind in the nor th ot the v i l l age

Katia a t a d i s t ance of about 1 Km. The s i t e i s loca l ly

known as Male Ka J u n g l e . The same c u l t u r a l assemblage was

foxind from t h e r e . There i s no mound a t present except

scxne e leva ted p a r t which i s covered by Male t r e e . Brick

203

b a t s were a l s o found t h e r e . There i s no r i v e r n e a r t h e

s i t e .

POTTERY

The pottery assemblage collected f rcxn the site

includes generally indeterminate shapes of Ochre Colour

Pottery and red ware of early historic period. The one

sherd of Ochre Colour Pottery indicates out turned rim

vase and other are indeterminate. The red ware historic

period includes vases with out turned rim and ill fired

Handis with broad mouth. Pieces of bowls are also found.

During the course of exploration no antiquity was foxind.

8Q. KHERI SARAI

The v i l l a g e Kher i Sara i i s towards sou th e a s t

of t he J a n s a t h b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of about

15 Km. There i s no mound b u t a s l i g h t l y e l e v a t e d a r e a .

Which i s xinder c u l t i v a t i o n . The s i t e i s l o c a l l y known

a s Mimlakher i .

POTTERY

The s i t e has y i e l d e d coarse Grey ware a long w i th

Black s l i p p e d , r ed ware of Shxinga - Kushana p e r i o d . The

204

p o t t e r y of each group i n c l u d e u s u a l s h a p e . No a n t i q u i t y

was found. I t i s a l r e a d y a r e p o r t e d s i t e

S t . KHARTAULI

The v i l l a g e K h a r t a u l i l i e s toward n o r t h - w e s t of

t h e J a n s a t h b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of about

7 Kim on t h e l e f t s i d e of t h e J a n s a t h ^ M u z a f f a m a g a r r o a d .

The s i t e i s towards s o u t h e r n s i d e of t h e v i l l a g e K h a r t a u l i

Because of t h e c u l t i v a t i o n i t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o

de te rmine t h e a r e of t h e mound.

POTTERY

The site appears to be of Medieval period which

includes fragments of red ware, basin, vases, handles

etc. I could not found any antiquity from the site.

et. MUJHERA

I t i s a Medieva l s i t e and f a l l s towards s o u t h ­

e a s t from J a n s a t h b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of

about 9 Km. I t i s on t h e Mirapur - Muza f famagar road .

The s i t e i s j u s t on t h e l e f t s i d e of t h e a f o r e s a i d

1 . Ind ian Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p . 37 .

*This s i t e ftas been r e p o r t e d a s NBPW by IN Roy i n h i s book e n t i t l e d 'An I r o n Age C u l t u r e of I n d i a ' (New De lh i , 1986), But I have n o t found NBPW from t h e s i t e .

205

road. It covers an area of about 100x100 sq.mts and is

about 4 ft height from the surrounding area. On the top

of the mound there are several structural remains made of

Lakhauri bricks.

POTTERY

The pottery assemblage is of red wares of Medieval

period. The sherds are shurdy and well backed. A few of

them are externally slipped. The shapes includes basins,

vases, storage jars, bowls etc. However, no antiquity was

found.

83 . MUKALLAMPUR

This village is near Kaithora hardly at a distance

of about 2.5 Km from Mirapur. The site can be approached

from Kaithora. The site is locally known as Dampur. The

site has yielded the red ware of Shxanga - Kushana and

medieval period as well.

84. MAHMOODPUR BANGAR

The village Mahraoodpur is situated towards north­

east of the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of

about 13Km. I t i s 2 K m east of village Mirapur. The

village Mahmoodpur Bangar is an tininhabited village. The

1. Indian Archaeology 1962-63 - A Review, p. 36^

206

site is towards east of the village Mahmoodpur and is xander

cultivation. There is a ttobe well on the mound and adjacent

to it there is a mazar known as Rahmatullah Pir. The

pottery was collected from the irrigational drainage. The

village has no pucca road, therefore, it is difficult to

approach the site. There is no mound except some elevated

portion. The area of the moxind is about 80x60 sq. mts.

POTTERY

The site has yielded a very few pottery mostly they

belong to medieval period. One interesting sherd has white

and green painint mark. One piece has elliptical rim and

looks like ochrous due to water action.

as". MAKKHANPUR

The village Makkhanpur is an xininhabited village

adjacent to the village Sambhalhera. It is situated towards

east of the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of

about 7 Km. It may be approached via Sambhalhera towards

south. The site is towards south of the village Sambhalhera.

There is no mound but an elevated portion having a height

of about 6 ft. from the surrounding area. On the eastern

side of the mound there is a Jhor (tank) . The mound covers

an area of about 100x80 sq. mts.

207 POTTERY

There are many tiny sherds scattered on the mound.

They apprantly appear medieval sherds. However, no sherd

could be collected. The site remained abandaned for a long

period. No antiquity was found from the site

86. MIRiffUR

The village Mirapur is situated towards south-east

of the Jansath block headquarter at a distance of about

11 Km. It is connected wish a metalled road. The site is

towards east of the village Mirapur. It is a low mound. One

the top of the mound there is a temple locally known as

Babarewali Mata Ka Mandir.

POTTERY

The site has yielded red ware of medieval period

which includes usual shapes. However, no antiquity was

found from the site.

8.7. NIZAMPUR

The village Nizampur is situated towards north-east

of the Jansath block headquarters. There is no direct

route leading to the village. One wishing to visite the

208

site may first go to Mirapur, a distance of about 11 Km from

Jansath. From Mirapur towards east about 7 Km. Total distance

from the Jansath block is about 18 Km. The Ganga river

flows towards east at a distance of about 6 Km fran the

village Nizampur.

The area of the site is about 250x150 sq. mts. The

height of the mound is approximately 8 ft. from the ground

level. The Lakhauri brick - bats are found scattered through­

out the mound. People are ploughing the field. On the mound

there is a well of Lakhauri brick having an outer diaraetre

of 5.10 mts. Some later construction is also seen. It is

out of use now. Around it there is an octagonal platefcrm.

Locally the mound is known as 'Hazzarpur Ka Khera.

POTTERY

The po t t e ry co l l e c t ed from here i s of red ware of

which many are s l i pped . The fragments of the po t s includes

rims of b ig s torage j a r s , pedas t a l l ed bowls, cord marked

f l a t b a s e s . Vases e t c . Some pieces are pa in t ed as well

which may belong t o Medieval pe r iod .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

One broken stone b a l l was found dur ing the course of

esqploration. (diam. 4 .5 cm). A p o t t e r y d i s c was a l so found.

209

88. PUTTHI IBRAKLMPUR

The village Putthi Ibrahimpur lies towards south­

east of the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of

about 16 Km. It is on the Muzaffamagar - Meerut road. One

wishing to visit the site may first go to Mirapur and onwards

to the village Putthi Ibrahimpur. There is a long row of

Bhur. On the top of the mound remains of some medieval

structure of which the brick-bats are scattered. It is

surrounded by a thick grove.

The area of the moxind is approximately 250x150 sq,

mts and the heighest point in about 25 ft. from the ground

level. Farmers of the adjoining field are cutting down the

mound for their agricultural use. The site is locally known

as Pullhi Ka Jungle.

POTTERY

The pottery collection from the site includes associa­

ted Grey Ware of Painted Grey V*are assemblage and red wares

of medieval period have also been picked - up. The sherds

are generally broken into pieces and no complete pot has

been found. However, Grey ware pieces give metalic sound.

Some sherds of historic period have also been found which

includes vases, basin and bowls etc. Scxne of them have tracs

210

of slip as well. It is a reported site . However, no anti­

quity was found during the course of exploration-*

89. RAMHAJ

The village Ramraj is situated towards south-east of

the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of about 18

Km and about 7 Km frcxn Hirapur. There is a metalled road

leading to the site fran Mirapur. The site is on the left

side of the road. The whole area falls in Khadar. It is a

low flattish but widespread mound. It has been divided by

rasine gullies. The village is also known as Samana.

POTTERY

I t may be an e a r l y h i s t o r i c s i t e . However, red ware

of med ieva l p e r i o d i s a l s o found which i n c l u d e s vases ,

b a s i n s , l i d s e t c . Scxne of t h e p o t - s h e r d have the t r a c e s

of s l i p . Among a n t i q u i t y one p o t t e r y d i s c of medieval

p e r i o d was foxond (PLATE VII B-4) .

9 0 . SIKANDAKPUR

The v i l l a g e S ikande rpu r l i e s towards e a s t of t h e

J a n s a t h b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of about 14 Km.

1 . I n d i a n Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p . 37

211

It is also about 3 Km away from the village Kailapur Jasmor

towards west. The site is towards north-east of the village

Sikandarpur. The area of the mound is approximately 150x100

sq. mts and is vinder cultivation.

POTTERY

The pottery assemblage of the site is of red ware

of Medieval period which are steardy and well baked. The

sherds include fragments of ribbed collared rim of a vase

and having traces of painting of horizontal lines. A few

sherds are of collared rim having painting inside the rim.

There are other shapes which includes vases and bowls.

However, no antiquity was found.

91.. SIKERERA

This s i t e i s very r ich in i t s cu l tura l remains

ranging f ran the Ochre Colour Pottery to the Medieval

period. The v i l l age Sikerera l i e s almost towards east of

the Jansath block headquarters a t a distance of about 3 Km

on Mirapur - Bijnor road from the v i l l age Kirapur. The

1. Indian Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p . 36.

212

v i l l a g e Mirapur i s about 11 Km f ron J a n s a t h b l o c k . The

v i l l a g e Si lcerera i s on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e Mirapur -

B i j n o r r o a d . The s i t e i s a b o u t 1.5 iSn n o r t h - e a s t of t h e

v i l l a g e S i k e r e r a . I t i s a v e r y l a r g e mound b u t i s xinder

c u l t i v a t i o n . I t s a r ea i s a b o u t 200x200 s q . m t s . and i s

15 f t . h e i g h t from t h e s u r r o u n d i n g a r e a . I t i s l o c a l l y

c a l l e d a Jandwara . I t i s v e r y d i f f i c u l t t o approach t h e

s i t e d u r i n g t h e r a i n y s e a s o n . The s i t e i s ve ry r i c h i n

y i e l d i n g t h e a n t i q u i t y a s w e l l . (PLATE XXIII B)

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y of t h e s i t e r e p r e s e n t s v a r i o u s c u l t u r e s

r i g h t from t h e Ochre Colour P o t t e r y t o t h e Medieval p e r i o d .

The p o t t e r y i s g e n e r a l l y wheel made and of red ware e x c e p t

t h o s e which belong t o P a i n t e d Grey Ware and B l a c k - s l i p p e d .

The f ragments i n c l u d e s r ims of s t o r a g e J a r s , v a s e s , b a s i n s ,

bowls l i d s e t c . Ma jo r i t y i s of medium f a b r i c and no t we l l

b a k e d . The p o t t e r y g e n e r a l l y l o o k s of d u l l red c o l o u r . In

t o t a l assemblage of t h e p o t t e r y t h e Ochre Colour p o t t e r y

s h e r d s a r e ve ry l i m i t e d i n nximber. However, medieval p o t t e r y

1 . I n d i a n Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p . 3 7 .

213

dominates. Associated with Painted Grey Ware, Black slipped

and red ware also have been fo\ind. It is a reported site .

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The site is very rich in yielding antiquities also.

Fdllowing objects foiind from the site deserve our attention:

1. Fragment of an indeterminate animal - It has two trans­

verse pin holes at the back rib. A small fale is

partially shown. Here is back portion there is another

hole. It has two squattish fore legs one hind leg of

left side intact and right leg is broken. It's ears

appears big and mouth is partly broken. It may be an

animal to be yolked in a toy cart. It is probably

slipped body as is indicated by its shine lustures.

Kushana period. (PLATE xxiVA-1) .

2. Fragment of a quartzite pestle - of which one end is

intact and part of its body also. It extand length is

10 Cm. and diam. 5 cm). (PLATE XXIV A-12).

3. Fragment of some terracotta object - its one end has

slightly sagger base, well finished and well baked. It's

*The site has been reported as NBPW by TN Roy in his book entitled 'An Iron Age Culture of India (New Delhi 1986) and also in Puratattva No. 5. But I have not foxind NBP during my course of e^qploration. However, lAR also not refers NBP against this site.

214

point part is broken and its extand length is 3.4 an.

Kushana period (PLATE XXIV A-2) .

4. Fragment of an terracotta animal representing rear portion.

Its one left leg is intact and other one is damaged. Other

part of it is missing and lonslipped. Kushana period.

(PLATE XXIV A-3).

5. A terracotta disc which has recent notches on both the

side fully as decoration. PGW period, (diam. 4 an).

(PLATE XXIV-A) .

6. One terracotta small ball (PLATE XXIV A) .

7. One terracotta large size ball, damaged (PLATE XXIV A).

3. One indeterminate terracotta object, probably a handle.

(PLATE XXIV A) .

9. Fragment of a miniature pot. (PLATE XXIV A) .

9 2. SAMBHALHERA

The village Sambhalhera is situated towards east of

the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of about 5 Km

on the left side of the Mirapur - Jansath road. A metalled

road starts from Sambhalhera which joins the Kirapur -

Jansath road. The site is towards north-west of the village

215

Sambhathera, near Jhorwall Masiid. There are two mazars

on the top of the mound and remains of some structure made

of Lakhauri bricks. The area of the mound is 80x50 sq. mts.

POTTERY

I t i s medieval s i t e and has y ie lded the usual shapes

of red ware . The pot -sherds are s turdy and genera l ly

\anslipped. No a n t i q u i t y was found fran the s i t e .

^ 3 , TIKAULA

The village lies towards south east of the Jansath

block headquarters at a distance of about 16 Km. on the

left side of the Jansath - Meerut road. It is about 4.5 Km

east of the village Mirapur.

There are two mounds in this village. Mound (A)

which is towards north-west of the village Tikaula. There

is no mound and crops are standing over it. There is a

txxbe well on the site. Lakhauri bricks bats are scattered

in the field. The pot-sherds were collected from the

irrigational drainage.

Mound (B) is towards north of the village at a

distance of about 1.5 Km. The site is surrounded by the

216

trees of Kikar. The area of the site is about 100x80 sq.

mts and is about 12 ft. height. Sane ashes are also seen

on the mound. However, it is difficult to approach the site

during the rainy season. It is also loiown as 'Foota Reral

POTTERY

The site (moxind A) has yielded red ware, of which

some have traces of slip and collared rim. Fragments of

pedastalled and simple bowls and spout have been found. It

appears from the assemblage that this site was a medieval

site.

The mound B has yielded the Grey ware of associated

Painted Grey Ware.

94 . TIYABPUR^

The v i l lage Tiyarpur i s s i tuated towards north­

east of the Jansath block headquarters. I t i s the adjacent

vi l lage of Nizampur. There i s no d i rec t route leading to

the v i l l age . One wishing to v i s i t the s i t e may f i r s t go

to the v i l l age Mirapur, a distance of about 11 Km frcxn

Jansath block. Prom Mirapur towards east about 11 Km. Total

distance from Jansath block i s about 22 Km. The Ganga r iver

1. Indian Archaeology 1962-63/ A Review, p . 37. cf. Tripathi , Vibha, op. c i t . , p . 32.

217

flows towards east at a distance of about 4 Km.

The site has been turned into an agricultural field,

It covers an area of about 100x80 sq. mts.

POTTERY

The pottery fOTind from here is rich collection of

Painted Grey ware of which many are painted. Though no

complete shape has been found but it appears fragments

belong to bowls and dishes. It appears that the site

remained abandaned for a long period xinless people of

Kushana period came here and settled down on the site. The

ware of Kushana period includds red ware vases and

pedastalled bowls. However, no antiquity was foxind during

the exploration.

95. TANDHERA

The village Tandhera is towards north-east of the

Jansath block headquarters at a distance of about 14 Km.

To approach the site one may first go to the village

Khujera on Jansath - Moma road. On the right side of the

village a Kharanja leads to the village.

The area of the mound is about 150x80 sq. mts. and

is about 5 ft. height. On the top of the mound there are

sane residential building. The village is difficult to

approach during rainy season.

2 1 8

POTTERY

The pottery assemblage of the site is of red ware

mostly of Medieval period. The sherds have traces of slip

as well. The shape includes fragments of vases, knobbed lid

and inturned bowls parai etc. No antiquity was fovinc.

96. TISANG

The v i l l a g e Tisang i s towards s o u t h of t h e J a n s a t h

b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 6 Km. A pucca road

goes up to about 5 Km and then onwards t u r n s i n t o a Kachcha

road which j o i n s t h e s i t e . I t i s a b i g mound cover ing an

a r e a of abou t 250x150 s q . m. The mound i s i n t h e v i c i n i t y

of t h e v i l l a g e towards n o r t h . The v i l l a g e p o p l e a r e l e v e l l i n g

down the mound r a p i d l y f o r a g r i c u l t u r a l u s e . Many people

began l i v e on t h e t o p of t h e moxmd. A newly c o n s t r u c t e d

temple and some r e s i d e n t i a l houses of t h e v i l l a g e r s can

a l s o be seen (PLATE XXV A) .

POTTERY

The concentration of the pot-sherds are in the

western side of the mound. At this site Plain Grey Ware

and Red Ware. Grey ware may belong to early historic period

and Red Ware is represented by different types of ba^ls,

basins and vases. Many of them are slipped and a few have

1. Indian Archaeology 1962-63 - A Review^ p. 37.

21S

traces of painting as well. A few pieces may be of pedas-

talled bowl. Some pots and pans may belong to early

historic and historic period. Most of the pots are well

backed and are of raeditim fabric. A few pieces are

decorated with incised design. However, a considerable

amount of the brick-bats are also present.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among other cultural finds following objects were

observed.

1. Fragment of a terracotta Net-sinker? its baked. It

is blakish. Its diametre can not be measured. Medieval

period? (PLATS XXXIV B-3) .

2. Fragment of an indeterminate terracotta animal figurine-

It may be a figurine of hvimped bull. Its hind part is

missing and mouth is shown by slit mark which has

squattish mouth. Blackish and ill baked; Medieval

period (L 6 C3n, Ht. 3.4 cm). (PLATE VB-II.

3. Fragment of a terracotta disc of which circular ends

has incised oblique notches. Blakish, Mauryan period.

Its diameter can not be measured. (PLATE XXIV-B) .

220

TAHSIL ; JANSATH

BLOCK : MORNA

97 . BHOAPUR

The village Bhoapur lies towards south-east of the

Morna block headquarters at a distance of about 3 Kia. A

kachcha road goes to the village from Morna. The site

is towards south of the village Bhoapur. It is a alleged

that there was a mound, however, at present it has been

flattened and under cultivation. The sherds were picked

up from the irrigational drainage.

POTTERY

The pot-sheirds include bowls, basins, Handis,

vessels, etc. of red ware. These pottery may belong to

the Shunga-Kushana and the Medieval period . However, no

antiquity was recorded during the course of exploration.

98. BHOPA

The village Bhopa lies towards west of the Mcma

block headquarters at a distance of about 10 Kin on the

Muzaffamagar - Bijnor road. The whole mound is under

cultivation and is almost flattened. However, sherds were

picked - up from the irrigational drainage.

1• Indian Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p. 36.

221

POTTERY

The pot-sherd comprises red wares of Medieval

period . ong potteries usual shapes were found.

However, no.antiquity was found during the exploration.

99, CHHACHARAXJLI

The village Chhacharauli is situated towards north

of the Moma block headquarters at a distance of about

3 Ktn. A kachcha road leads to the site frcxn Moma.

According to local people there was a tilla (mound) but

at present, however, so called mound has been converted

into an agricultural field.

POTTERY

2 The pottery collected from the site is the red

wares of Medieval period which includes usual shapes.

However, no antiquity was fovind during the exploration.

100. CHAUBNALA

The village Chaurwala lies towards south of the

Moma block headquarters at a distance of about 4 Kn

on the right side of the Moma - Jansath road. The site

1. Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Review, p. 53.

2. Ibid.

222

is towards east of the village Chaurwala. It is alleged

that there was a huge mound but at present no sign of

mound is there, art from pottery four sculptures were

found which belongs to Gupta period (?) and are housed

in Govt. Museum, Muzaffamagar, U.P.

POTTERY

The site is probably a Medieval site which is

represented by the fragments of vases, bowls, basins etc.

of red ware. A broken piece of an indeterminate object has

also been picked-up.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The site has yielded interesting stone scultures

which are housed in the Govt. Museum, Muzaffamagar.

1. It is a sandstone image of a dnmmer. The lady has

nice hair dress and wears an amulet and Kankan in

her both the hands. The drum is almost straight. The

left leg of the drxjmmer is slightly bent which stands

on a pedastalled. It wears below a transperent garment.

It has full grown two breasts. It may belong to early

historic period. C. 8th-9th A.D. (PLATE XXVI A) .

2. It Is a fine figurine of red sand stone of a lady which

is holding her left toe from the right hand. (PLATE XXVIIA)

223

She wears beautiful Kankan in her hands. She has full

grown two breasts she has a nice b\in and wears a

beautiful floral ear tops. The lady stands on a

peadstall (PLATE XXVII B ) .

3. It is a stone image of four figure on each side of

which one is of Ganesh. The figure is made of rcugh

sand stone of buff colour. The deity is sitting in

lalitasana on a padastall below which is depicted the

Goneshas vehicle rat. The figure belongs to early

historic. C. 8-10 A.D. (PLATE XXVIII-A).

4. A beautiful stone image of VI-VII centuries. She has

got good facial expression, raised head gear and

prcxninent breasts (PLATE XXVIII-B) .

5. This is an image of a beautiful lady, probably Laxmi

which is sitting on a lotus pedastalled. in Sukhasana.

The lady wears a beautiful jwellaries including a

torque and a close neckless. She has full grown breasts.

The hair dress is decorated with flowers on the right

of which a stylesed full blossomed lotus. Perhaps, the

image of Vishu lying on a snake bed? It belong to early

medieval period ^PLATE XXVI B) .

224

101. FIROZPUR

It is an uninhabited village and is about 5 Km far

from Moma biocK Headquarters towards north-east. A

metalled as well as a Kachcha road starts from Moma. The

site is towards east of the village Firozpur. The site is

locally known as 'Nilkantha Ka Tilla'. It is perhaps

because of the Nilkantheshwar temple which is constructed

over it. The mound is about 12 ft. height from the ground

level and covers an area of about 200x100 sq. mts. In

addition to the temple on the top of the mound there are

two mazars of Lakhauri bricks locally known as pir sahab

ka mazar. The whole area fall in the Khadar. It is

difficult to approach the site during rainy season.

POTTERY

The pottery assemblage of the site is of red wares

and all belong to Medieval period. The shapes include

vases, lids, bowls and chilams etc. Some sherds have

traces of slip as well. However, no antiquity was found

from the site.

102. KARI

The village kari lies towards south-east of the

1. Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Review, p. 53.

22

Mrona b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s , a t a d i s t a n c e of about 10 Km.

One wi sh ing t o v i s i t t h e s i t e may f i r s t go t o t h e v i l l a g e

Berha Sadat , from where a Kachcha l i n k road j o i n s i t .

The s i t e i s towards n o r t h of t h e v i l l a g e K a r i .

POTTERY

The site is rich in yielding the medieval red

ware of various types. Sane of the pots wfire decorated

with black painting over ired surface with grooves. Among

the pot sherds are bowls, basins, vases etc. No antiquity

was foxind during the course of exploration.

10 3» KHAI - KHERA

The v i l l a g e Khai - Khera l i e s towards sou th of

t h e Morna b lock h e a d q u a r t e r s which a l s o forms i t s

s o u t h e r n boundary . I t i s a b o u t 10 Km away from t h e b l o c k

M o r i n a . The v i l l a g e K h a i - K h e r a i s on t h e l e f t s i d e of t h e

Morna - J a n s a t h r o a d . The s i t e i s l o c a l l y known as

M i m l a k h e r i .

POTTERY

The s i t e has y i e l d e d t h e c o a r s e Grey wares and

r e d wares of Medieval p e r i o d . Among t h e shapes a r e v a s e s ,

1 . I n d i a n Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p . 3 6 .

2 . I b i d .

226

it

basins, l ids e t c . No ant iqui ty was fovind frcm the s i t e •

1 0 4 . KAKARAULI

The village Kakrauli towards saouth of the Moma block

headquarters at a distance of about 8 Km. on Jansatr. -

Moma road. The site is towards east of the village

Kakrauli. According to local people there was a huge mound

known as Bimlakheri. However, at present there is nc such

mound except some elevated portion. On the top of tr.e

mound there is a Intermediate School. It is alleged that

there was a well has been destroyed while cutting dcwn

the mound. Towards east at a distance of about 8 Km 3anga

Nadi flows. The area of the mound is approximately

200x100 sq. mts.

POTTERY

Generally red ware has been picked up fron the site

which may belong to early historic and medival pericd.

The ware is steardy and well baked. Some sherds have the

traces of slip as well. Generally pottery belong to

*The site has been reported & NBPW by Ti Ray in his book entitled 'An Iron Age of India (New Delhi, 1986) ar^ also in Puratattva. No. 5^ But I have not found any NBP sherd from the site.

227

Kushana per iod (?) . However, no a n t i q u i t y was encoiin-ered

during the course of exp lo ra t ion ,

105. SHUKKARTAR-BANGAR

The village Shukkartar Bangar is situated towards

north-east of the Morna block headquarters at a dis-=nce

of about 7 Km. There is a metalled road leading to tr.e

village Shukkartar. However, regular Bus serviceis -"r.ere

from Horna. The site is towards west of the temple Shuk-

Deva. There is a well on the top of the mound. The veil

is made of lakhaun bricks which may belong to the medieval

period. The nature of the soil is loose brownish sandy,

POTTERY

It appears to the an early historic as well as a

Medieval site . However, usual shapes of each are were

found from the site. No antiquity was recorded.

106. SHUKKARTAR - KHADAR

It is the neighbouring village of Shukkartar Hangar.

It also lies towards north - east of the Morna block head­

quarters at a distance of about 8 Km. There is a metalled

1. Indian Archaeology 1963-64 - A Review, p. 53.

228

road leading to the village Shukkartar - Khadar. The site

has yielded red wares of Shxinga-Kushand and Medieval period

as well.

107. SIKRI

The village Sikri lies towards north of the Morna

block headquarters at a distance of about 13 Km. There is

a metalled road which leads to the village Sikri. Buses

are also plying Morna to Bhoker - heri and Sikri. It is

the border village of the block Morna. The whole village

falls in the Khadar area.

The site is towards north of the village Sikri at

a distance of about one kilcanetre. The site is locally

known as Khole Ka Jungle. According to the local people

the name Sikri has been derived by the word ' Sikargarh' .

It is alleged that there were two wells of big bricks.

However, no sign of it is seen now a days.

The site Sikri, a large flat mound with an occupa­

tional deposite of about 4m. has yielded the pot sherds

of Painted Grey Ware. Grey ware red ware of Shxanga-

Kushana and of medieval period apart from a few sherds

1. Indian Archaeology 19 62-63 A Review, p. 36.

No pottery was collected from the site.

22S

of Ochre Colour Pottery. The whole mound is under cultiva­

tion. The area of the mound is approximately 200x200 sq.

mts. The concentration of the Painted Grey ware pottery is

in the south of the mound and the Ochre Colour Pottery on

the north. The soil of the moxind is yellowiSh-sandy. The

river Gang flows on the right side of the mound at a

distance of about 2 Km east. However^ Ganga canal flows

adjacent to the mound towards west. (PLATE xyJ-X B) ,

POTTERY

The pottery assemblage of the site is generally

Ochre Colour Pottery, Painted Grey ware. Grey VJare, Early

historic and Kushana ware. In Ochre Colour Pottery no

difinite shape has been found. However, fragments of

vases and big basins have been noticed. Among the Painted

Grey Ware many sherds have been picked up. No complete

shape has been noticed so far. They may be fragments of

bowls and dishes. A few sherds have traces of painting as

well. Red ware complex generally belong to early historic,

Shunga-Kushana and medieval periods. They include fragments

of lids, vases, basins, bowls etc.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Nothing important could be found among antiquities

during the course of exploration except one pottery disc

of Painted Grey ware (diam 4 cm) (Plate XXIVB and one terra­

cotta ball.

1. Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Review, p. 53.

230

> ,

.C-J V

-'•'I-

. / y ; t r A

( / I. v.. V \ \

231 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Tahsil ; Jansath

Location Code SI .No.

Village/Site Cultures

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

Amberpur

Begare jpur

Bhooma

Bhoapur

Bhopa

Chawari

Chhcharaul i

Chaurwala

F i r o j p u r

Go la -Pu t tha

Husainpur-Bopada

I n c h a u l i

J o h r a

J a rwar

Ja twara

Khanj ahanpur

Khokni

Ka i tho ra

Ka i l apu r - Ja smor

Ka t i a

K h e r i - s a r a i

K h a r t a u l i

LH

OOP, M

GVi, NBPW/ B S , M

EK, M

M

M

M

M

M

EH, M

OCP, M

PGW, GW, EH, .M

PGW, G\-^, E H , M

M

GW, NBPVv, EH, M

M

PGW, GW, M

PGrt, GW, B S , EH, M

L H ( ? ) , PGW, GH, B S , E , M

OCP, EH, M.

GW, NBPW, B S , EH, M

M

232

2 3 .

2 4 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

2 9 .

3 0 .

3 1 .

3 2 .

3 3 .

3 4 .

3 5 .

3 6 .

3 7 .

3 8 .

3 9 .

4 0 .

4 1 .

4 2 .

4 3 .

4 4 .

4 5 .

4 6 .

4 7 .

4 8 .

4 9 .

5 0 .

Kar i

Khai-Khera

K a k r a u l i

Mandawar

Mansurpur

Mubarakpur

Mujhera

Mukallampur

Mahmoodpur (Banger)

Makkhanpur

Mirapur

Nawla

Nizampur

P a l a r i

P u t t h i - I b r a h i m p u r

Rampur

Ram r a j

Sonta

S ikande rpur

S ike reda

Sarabhalhera

S u k a r t a r

S u k a r t a l

S i k r i

T i k o l a

T i y a r p u r Tandhera

Tisang

M

GV,', NBPW, £ K , M

E H , M

M

M

L H , O C P / PG'W, 3'W, E H , M

M

M

M

M

E H , M

L H , O C P , PTW, :IBPW, E H , M

E H , M

M

GW, M

M

E H , M

E H , M

M

O C P , PGW, GW, NBPW, B S , E H , M

M

E H , M

M

O C P , PGW, GW, B S , E H , M

GW, E H , M

PGl.', GW, E H , M

M

GW, E H , M

^''3 •U V '

TAHSIL t BUDHANA

BLOCK : BUDfiANA

1 0 8 . BUDHANA

The headquarters of the tahsil and the development

block of the same name lies in Lat. 29° 17' N and Long. 77°

99' E. It stands on the right bank of the Hindon river,

which also forms its northern boundary. It is 30 Kms south

of the district headquarters and is linked with metalled

road.

The site is in the vicinity of the Budhana village

which has been converted into a grave-yard and is locally

known as Kabraqah Ka tilla. Some medieval structure is

standing on it. The site is towards north of the village.

POTTERY

The potteiry belongs to Medieval period of which

usual shapes were found. No antiquity was encountered

during the course of exploration.

139. BAHRAMGARH

The village is locally known as Gafoorgarh. It is

the adjucent village of Shikarpur - an OCP site. This

village stands on the right bank of the Hindon river which

also forms its eastern boundary. It is hardly of a distance

234

of about 8 Kms from the Budhana block headquarters towards

north. The site is difficult to approach during rainy

season. However, a pucca road goes from Budhana to the

village Bahramgarh.

The site is towards east of the village Bahramgarh.

The mound is sloping towards the Hindon Nadi and is

completely iinder cultivation. Pot sherds were collected

from the furrow mark. However, the farmers pick out pot

sherds from the fields and throw out them as ware material.

The approximate area of the mound would be 100x50 sq.m.

The whole area of the village falls in Khadar and the

composition of the field is brownish sandy soil.

(PLATE XXX A) .

POTTERY

The pottery ccsnplex of the site include wares of

Late Harappan, Ochre Colour Pottery, Mauryan and of

Kushana period. The shapes in Late Harappan and Cchre

Colour Pottery are of usual types and so is the case

with the Mauryan and the Kushana periods also.

Among antiquity a terracotta broken ball, and two

indeterminate terracotta objects were found of which one

is probably a wheel (PLATE XXIX A 4-5) .

235

110. CHANDHERI

The village Chandheri is at a distance of about

2 Kms from Budhana block headquarters towards south. It is

connected with a metalled road from Budhana. The site is

on the right side of the Budhana - Ukavali road. The site

is towards west of the village Chandheri. It is alleged

that there was a huge mound, even to-day it is considerable

high from the ground level. People of the village have

cut down the mound for agriculture purpose. It is also

ccxnpletely disturbed. Adjacent to the mound there is a 4 - • -

t u b e - w e l l and a newly c o n s t r u c t e d t e m p l e . The s i t e i s

l o c a l l y known Rera . The a r e a of t h e mound i s about 100x80

s q . m t s . (PLATE XXX B ) •

POTTERY

The pottery from the site is very rich which is

represented by the Late Harappan pottery and Ochre Colour

Pottery. The shapes foxind frcxn the sites are of usual type

of Late Harappan culture. Among the Ochre Colour Pottery

the fragment of flared rim vases are prominent.

No antiquity could be recorded from the site.

111. HUSAINPUR KALAN

The village Husainpur Kalan is situated towards

north of the Budhana block headquarters at a distance of

236

about 4 Km. from there. A metalled road goes to the village

Husainpur Kalan. It is difficult to approach in the rainy

season. The site is in the vicinity of the village. The

approximate area of the mound would be 250x150 sq. rats.

Its height is about 12 ft. The site has been converted as

a graveyard. It is locally known as 'Hathi Ki Kabra*,

However, farmers of the adjoining fields are cutting down

the mound badly for making a village road.

POTTERY

The pottery complex found here includes generally

red wares. However, it may be noted down that a solitary

piece of Grey Ware was also picked - up from the site. The

Red Ware includes fragments of thick corded marked bowls,

vases, basins, etc. The ware includes slipped pices also.

It may belong to Early historic and medieval period.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among other cultural finds following deserve our

attention:

1. Probably a broken stone pestle (PLATE XXIX A-1).

2. A terracotta pottery disc. (PLATE XXIX A-2) .

3. A terracotta irregular shaped ball. (PLATE XXIX A-3).

237

112 . JAULA

The village Jaula is on the Budhana - Kandhala road

on the right side at a distance of about j Kms from the

Budhana block headquarters towards west. On the left side

of the road there is a school building and on the czher

side is the site. It can be seen from the road. It has also

been converted into a graveyard and the mound has teen cut

down by the villager for making a village road.

On one side of the site there is a newly constructed

temple, art from the grave-yard this site is also used

for bitas of cow dung cake. It is alleged that it was a

large moxind but now it would be about 8 ft. high from the

surroxonding area. The total area of the mound would be

about 250x250 sq. mts. and is divided by the village roads.

The site is situated in the central place of the dcab of

rivers Krishni and Hindon. (PLATE XXXI A)•

POTTERY

Pottery of the site has planty Grey Ware which

belongs to Early historical period and other wares aay

belong to historic and medieval period. The pottery

includes fragments of bowls, lids, vases, Handis, ere.

Sane sherds have the traces of painting also and a few

238

others are decorated with incised design. The pottery is

generally wheel made and a few are slipped as well, A

few Grey ware sherds have black slip on them.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The site has yielded following antiquities during

the course of exploration:

1. A terracotta wheel lite object (PLATE XXIX A-6) .

2. A stone piece. (PLATE XXIX A-7) .

3. Sout of a pot. (PLATE XXIX A-8) .

4. A terracotta small bead having a wide hole.

(PLATE XXiX A-9) .

113. KUTUBPUR DATANA

This village is popularily known as Datana. It is

about 8 Kms from Budhana block headquarters on Budhana -

Atali road towards south-east. The village Kutubpur

Datana is situated on the left side of the road which is

under repair.

The village falls in Khadar area. So the nature of

the soil is loose. It appears a prominent Painted Grey

Ware site. Along with Painted Grey ware a few sherds of

23S

Ochre Colour Pottery, an earlier has also been found which

includes several pieces of plaster with reed marks and

usual shapes of OCP ware as well.

There are two mounds one is on the north of the

village and other is towards east. The distance between

the two mound is about one Km.

Mound (A) is locally known as 'Kasaiyon Wal tilla'.

It is just on the right bank of the Hindon river. Cne can

see the river from the mound. This mound is also conpletely

under cultivation. There is a tree on the top of the mound

having a Kachcha platefarm around it. The composition of

the mound is loose and yellowish in colour. The area of

the mound is about 250x150 sq. mts. Its height is about

15 ft. from the river level. The site in turned into an

agricultural field which is ploughed even today. The site

is difficult to approach in the rainy season. (PLATZ XXXI B)

Mound (B) covers an large area of about 300x300

sq. mt. Its approximate height is about 8 to 10 ft. It is

also \inder cultivation. This mound has yielded red ware of

historical and medieval period.

POTTERY

This s i t e i . e . mound (A) i s very r i c h in y ie ld ing

Painted Grey Ware. Po t - sherds are found in abundance. The

24C

shapes of this ware includes pieces of generally bowls and

dishes as found at other well known Painted Grey Ware site,

The painting on them are of black pigment, which includes

concentric circle, liner design, dots and dashes and some

includes leafy motif (?) as well. The clay of the pottery

is well levigated, have smooth surface. Some associated

Black-slipped sherds also have been pieked-up during the

course of exploration. It may be further added thar Ochre

Colour Pottery sherd of the site includes plaster pieces

with reed marks and usual sherds of the pottery including

flared rim vases.

Mound (B) represent with the red ware pottery of

historical and medieval period. However, potteries were

not collected from the site.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities following objects were found.

1. Fragment of a baked brick of which one side is partly

survived, remains of base is plain and upper part has

finger made grooved - OCP period (PLATE XXXII A-1) .

2. Fragment of a big vase which is mat marked, having

husk particles, ill baked not well lavigated. Period

not determined.

241

3 • Another fragment of a vase, treated with a red wash

bearing finger mark. (PLATE XXXII A-2) .

4. A terracotta pottery disc. PGW period.

5. Clay l\3inps with reed marks, having had been used for

plastering purposes. A cavity indicates that probably

conplete reed was fixed into it OCP period. (PLATE

XXXII-B).

114. LUHSANA - RUKANPUR

The village Luhsana - Rukanpur lies towards north

of the Budhana block headquarters at a distance of about

3 Km. The village is linked with a metalled road. Vjhich

goes upto village Shikarpur. The site is in the north of-

the village Luhsana - Rukanpur. The site is completely under

cultivation and pot sherds was picked up from the fields

and furrows. It is alleged that there was a large mound

but now a days it is rather a plain and a txobe well is

standing on the slightly elevated part of the site. The

site covers an area of about 50x50 sq. mts.

POTTERY

The sherds of Late Harappan (?) ware have been

picked up from the furrow of the field. The sherds are

242

ateairdy and well backed and have traces of slip. It appears

that the site was originally prominent mound which has now

lost to us.

115. MAHALJANA

The v i l l a g e Mahal jana s t a n d s j u s t on t h e r i g h t s i d e

of t h e Hindon r i v e r . Ukaval i v i l l a g e - PGW s i t e , i s a d j a c e n t

t o i t which a l s o forms i t s n o r t h e r n b o u n d a r y .

The v i l l a g e Mahal jana i s a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t

6 Km frcOT t h e Budhana b l o c k h e a d - q u a r t e r s towards s o u t h ­

e a s t . I t i s on t h e Budhana-Ukaval i road on i t s l e f t s i d e .

The s i t e i s towards n o r t h of t h e v i l l a g e Maha l j ana . The

s i t e i s p o p u l a r l y known as ' B a r Ke P e r VJala Chak' . However,

Bar (Bunyan) t r e e i s no move t h e r e which t h e s i t e g o t i t s

name. There was a mound b u t now i t i s a p l a i n . P o t t e r i e s

were p icked up f ran t h e furrows of the f i e l d (PLATE XXXIII A)

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y complex from the s i t e i n c l u d e s L a t e

Harappan, Ochre Colour P o t t e r y a s w e l l a s med ieva l w a r e .

The shapes a r e u sua l as found a t o t h e r s i t e s . However,

among La te Harappan and Ochre Colour P o t t e r y f l a r e d rim

v a s e s and were found f r e q u e n t l y .

243 116. NAGWA

The village Nagwa is situated towards south-east

of the Budhana block headquarters at a distance of about

13 Km. The village stands on the right bank of the Kali

Nadi. The village Nagwa forms the southern boundary of

the Budhana block and district as well. A metalled road

goes to the village Nagwa which is under repair. The site

is towards north east of the village Nagwa. There is a

brick-paved link road between Nagwa and Atali. The site

is on the right side of this road. There is a Govt, tube

well on the same road. The way goes from there to the

site. The moxmd is flattened and under cultivation.

POTTERY

The pottery of this site represents Grey ware

along with the red ware of historical and medieval

period. The pottery of each group include usual shapes.

Among other cultural finds one terracotta disc was found*

having notches on the edges.

117. RIAWALI NAGLA

The village Riawali Nagla is situated towards

south east of the Budhana block headquarters accross

the river Hindon. It is about 7 Km away from the Budhana

244

and a m e t a l l e d road goes t o t h e v i l l a g e . The s i t e i s towards

s o u t h - w e s t of t h e v i l l a g e R i a w a l i . The moiind i s f l a t t e n e d

and unde r c u l t i v a t i o n .

POTTERY

The pottery of this site has yieldea the red ware

of early historic as well as medieval period. Usual shaps

have been in each group.

118. SKLKARPUR

The village Shikarpur is situated towards north

of the Budhana block headquarters at a distance of about

13 Km. It is connected with a metalled road from Budhana.

The village Shikarpur stands on the right bank of the river

Hindon which also forms its eastern boimdary. The site is

in the vicinity of the village Shikarpur and is disturbed

by a village road. The site covers an area of about

100x80 sq. mts. It is approximately 8 ft high from the

surrounding area. People have made their houses on the

top of the moxind. (PLATE XXXIII B) .

POTTERY

The pottery of this site generally is of red ware

of medieval period which includes fragments of dull red

24

ware vases and bowls. It is alleged that previously explored

had collected sane OCP sherds fran here, however, I have

found no such pottery* No antiquity was found during the

course of ejcploration.

1J9. SARAI

The village Sarai is situated towards west of the

Budhana block headquarters at a distance of about 7 Km.

It is on the right side of the Budhana - Khatauli road. A

Kachcha village road passes through right,side of the

aforesaid school which reaches to the site. A small portion

of the moxind is left intact and remaining part of it has

been turned into fields. The site lies between the doab of

the Hindon and Krishri. The area of the site is about

80x50 sq. mts. It has a slightly elevated portion.

POTTERY

Here red ware has been found which may belong to

Kushana period. The pottery is well baked and \anslipped.

Fragments of vases, bowls, handis etc. have been found.

A few sherds show affinity with Late Harappan ware.

However, it is doubtful. No antiquity was found during the

course of e:q)loration.

24e 12 0. SULTANPUR

The village Sultanpur is towards north-east of the

Budhana block headquarters at a distance of about 7 Km.

across the bridge. A metalled road. A metalled road goes to

the Shahpur block, on the same road at a distance of

about 4.5 Km on its left side there is a village Shah

Dabbar from there a Kachcha village road goes to the

village Sultanpur. It is situated on the left bank of the

river Hindon which forms its western boundary.

The site is towards west of the village Sultanpur.

The moxind is badly damaged by the farmer, however, even

then it is considerable high, -The area of the mound is

about 100x80 sq. mts. There are some trees on the top of

the mound. It is difficult to approach the site during the

rainy season.

POTTERY

The pottery collected from the site is of red

ware which generally belong to historic as well as

medieval period. The fragments of pedastalled bowls*

spouts, storage jars, basins, vases etc. have been found.

Some fragments have traces of slip. No antiquity was foxond.

247 121. TODA

The village Toda is situated towards west of the

Budhana block headquarters at a distance of about 6 Km.

on the right side of the Budhana - Khatauli road. The

site is just on the right side of the village road which

joins the Budhana - Khatauli road. The site is about 10 ft

height from the surroxinding area. A section is visible

which has been made by the villagers by scouping the

soil and rest part is turned into fields. On the top of

the mound there is a tube-well. It covers an area of

about 80x80 sq. mts. The nature of the soil is loose

yellowish sandy,

(PLATE XXXVIII A)

POTTERY

The pottery collected from the are mostly belong

to Late Harappan culture which includes thick base, basins,

vases, thumb nail pressed design mainly on rim around the

collar. Fragments of sponted basins has also been found.

Fragments of rim of big storage jars have also been found.

Besides these red ware of Kushana period have also been

picked up during the exploration.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

The site has yielded following interesting terracotta

objects:

248

1. Terracotta beads of different sizes. One of them is

blackist others are having traces of red slip,

(PLATE XXXIV A) .

2. Cne' terracotta ball and one terracotta disc was also

flow (PLATE XXXIV A) .

12 2* UKAOLI

The village stands on the right side of the river

Kindon which also forms its eastern boundary. To approach

the site a kachcha road links to the site from the village

Chandheri. The village Ukaoli is situated towards south­

east of the Budhana block headquarters at a distance of

about 3 I<m. The mound covers an area of about 250x150

sq. mts. and is about 22 ft high from the surrovmding

area. The mound is not intact as the farmer of the adjoining

fields are lavelling dovm the mound. It is towards east

of the village Ukaoli. To approach the site one can

enquire in the village about Punne Ka Chak where site is

under cultivation. (PLATE XXXVIII 3)

POTTERY

The po t t e ry assemblage from the s i t e yielded r i ch

va r i e ty of Painted Grey VJare which inc ludes remains of

24S

dishes and bowls and many sherds have painted design in

black pigment. It has some associated red ware also. The

remaining pottery appears to belong medieval period. This

means the site remained abandoned for a long period untill

medieval people come here and settled down. Tne red ware

of this site is the same as foimd at other medieval site

of the district.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities following terracotta objects

were foxind notworthy.

1. Fragment of an indeterminate terracotta animal figurine

probably a horse which mane is indicated by grooves

and a remains of fore legs are visible, ^FLATE XXII A-5

2. A terracotta ball. (PLATE XXI A-6).

3. An indeterminate terracotta objects. (PLATE x^ai A-7).

250

T;^SIL : BUDHANA

BLOCK : KANDHL&

123. DUNGAR

The village Dunger is situated towards east of the

Kandhal block headquarters at a distance of about 9 Km.

It stands on the left bank of the Krishni Nadi which also

forms its western bovindary. One wishing to visit the

site may first go to the village Rajpur-Chhajpur on

Budhana - Kandhla road and then turn to its left which

.leads to the site. On the site there is a tiibewell and

also there is a temple adjacent to the site.

The mound covers an area of about 50x50 sq. mts

which is a plain without any elevation. Arovmd it there

are cultivated fields. Adjacent to it there is a low

lying land which has also yielded Ochre Colour Pottery

sherds which perhaps was washed away secondary deposite?

(PLATE XXXV A) .

POTTERY

The area appears very rich in pottery yielding.

Sherds of Late Harappan and Ochre Colour Pottery have

been found in abundance. The shapes in both wares are

usual. However, Ochre Colour Pottery is move richer.

251

It may appears that here Late Harappan and Ochre Colour

pottery were mixed together and both people appears to

live together.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among other cultural finds following deserve our

attention:

1. Fragment of a big terracotta dish (Thali) which has

on its edges thxjrab impression cavities as decoration.

It is slipped, medium fabric, ill baked. It's

diameter can not be measured. Period not determined.

(PLATE XVIII A) .

124. HARYA KHERA

Earlier, Harya Khera was a part of the village

Durganpur but now it has becane an independent village.

It lies towards south-east of the Kandhla block head­

quarters at a distance of about 6 Km. One wishing to

visit the site may first go to the village Rajpur-

Chajpur on Budhana-Kandhla road then turn to its right

which leads to the site. The mound itself is known as

Harya Khera, The village Harya Khera stands on the left

252

bank of the Krishni Nadi which also forms it western

boundary. The mound is fully intact except the periphery

which is xinder cultivation. On the top of the mound

there is a newly constructed temple. (PLATE XXXV B) .

There another mound adjacent to it known as Asarori. It

has also yielded the same cultural remains.

POTTERY

It is a rich Painted Grey Ware site, though no

'full pot of it has been found. Many broken pieces have

been collected from the site which may be fragment of

bowls and dishes. A few pot-sherds include traces of

painting in black pigment. In addition to these, fragments

of Black slipped ware and red wave have been found. A

few pieces of red ware may belong to early historic

period which incliides pieces of vases, basins, troughs

etc.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Anong antiquities following objects were found

interesting:

1. An indeterminate terracotta object.

2. A broken stone dabber. It's upper part is mising.

(PLATE XXXIV B-2).

3. Two terracotta disc (PLATE XXXIV-5-6).

1- Diicit- K-N.. on. cit.. D. 123.

253 125» ISSOPUR TEEL

The village Issopur teel lies towards south-west

of the Khandhla block headquarters at a distance of

about 10 Km, It is connected by a metalled road on which

there is regular bus service frcsn Kandhala to Issopur

Teel. It is a large moxind situated towards west of

the village Issopur Teel. The mound itself is known as

Issopur Teel, It is one of the heighest mound so far

explored in the district. On the tap of the mound there

is a temple. The mound is intact except its periphery

which is under cultivation. The. mound is about 30 ft

high from the surrounding area and areawise is about

250x200 sq. mts.

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y assemblage from t h i s s i t e includes

fragments of Pa in ted Grey ware and red ware. A few sherds

of Black-sl ipped ware were a l so fovmd. Among pa in t ing in

grey ware are genera l ly black rim band and l i n e r des ign.

Mahy red ware sherds are assoc ia ted wi th t h i s ware which

may belong t o Pa in ted Grey ware cu l tu re a re e a r l y h i s t o r i c

period and a few o t h e r sherds belong to Kushana period

which includes son h a i l impressed p a t t e r n on the rim and

1 . Indian Archaeology - 1977«>78 A Review, p . 84 .

254

below is mild rib. There are also fragments of pedastalled

bowls which are hallow from inside. Generally they are

wheel made and unslipped.

OTHER OJLTURAL FINDS

The site is also rich in yielding antiquities.

However, among antiquities following objects were found:

1. Terracotta beads and bangles.

2. Stone,beads.

3. Terracotta animal figurine.

4. Pieces of copper and steatite.

5. Ivory objects .

6. Fragment of a terracotta Plaque - Right lower part

is broken and upper part is missing. It depicts a

female figurine which wears a skirts like dress in

the lower part and part of dupatta falls through

left hand. Unslipped. Shunga period (L 5 an, W 3.6 an)

(PLATE XXXVI A) .

12*. JASALA*

The v i l l a g e Jasala i s s i tuated towards north of

the Kandhla block headquarters at a distance of about

1 . Indian Archaeology 1977«78 A Review, p . 84 (No. l t o 5 ) . •The s i t e has already been reported in AIR and other

journals, therefore, I have not studied them but I have included as they have been published.

255

5 Ken. I t i s on the r i g h t s ide of the Kandhla - Shamli

road .

I t i s a Late Harappan s i t e • Here s p e c i a l mention

may be made of the t r a c e s of mud platform over l ing the

n a t u r a l s o i l which was observed in one of the e ^ l o s e d

sec t ion •

127. KAMRUDDIN NAGAR

The village Kamruddin Nagar locally known as

-Chandausgarh or Chandauli. The mound is also known as

Chandauli Ka Khera. According to local tration in long

run population shifted from here to other place. The

village Kamruddin Nagar is situated towards south-east

of the Kandhala block headquarters at a distance of

about 16 Km. There is no direct route to approach the

site. One may first go the village Rajpur-Chhajpur on

Kandhla - Budhana road and then turning to right side

one reaches to the site via Durganpur towards east. The

site is on the right bank of the river Krishni at a

distance of about 2 Km. It is towards south of the

village Kamruddin Nagar. The mound was originally

1. Indian Archaeology 1979- 8oA Review, p. 80

Cf. Dixit K«N., Puratattva. No. 70; ed, Sharma, R.S. The Distribution of Harappan Wares in Gangetic Doab, Indian Archaeology: New Perspectives, (New Delhi, 1982) and Lai, M., op. cit., p. 26.

256

c o n s i d e r a b l e h i g h b u t p e o p l e of t h e a d j o i n i n g f i e l d s

a re l e v e l l i n g down t h e mound g r a d u a l l y . Only a smal l

p o r t i o n of i t i s l e f t i n t a c t . Adjacent t o t h e mound

t h e r e i s a t i ibe w e l l . Some e l o n g a t e d b r i c k b a t s were

a l s o s e e n . (PLATE XXXVIII)

POTTERY

The pottery assemblage are represented by

different shades of red ware. Most of the sherds reprent

.Late Harappan ware. Fragments which includes vases,

storage jars, sane pieces of dish - on-stand? pedastalled

bowls, A few of them are slipped and well baked. Remain­

ing sherds may belong to historical period.

01HER CULTURAL FINDS

This site is also rich in yielding the antiquities,

Following objects were found during the course of explora­

tion:

1. An indeterminate terracotta object.

2. Fragments of pot sherds having rope pattern design.

3. A pottery disc. (PLATE XXXIV - B) .

257

128. IIALA.

The village Nala is situated towards south of

the Kandhla block headquarters at a distance of about

6 Km. River Krishni flows towards east of the village

Nala at a distance of about 2.5 Km. The site is towards

south-east of the village Nala. The area is about 80x80

sq. mts. and is under cultivation. This site is about

10 Km. towards south from Jasala - a Late Harappan site.

POTTERY

The pottery collected from the site is represented

by red ware of Late Harappan culture (?) The fragments of

it includes pieces of vases, troughs, pedastalled bowls

hallowed from inside. A few pieces have grooved mark as

decoration. A few sherds such as shallow basin are well

slipped. However, rest of the ware aire treated with a

wash or unslipped.

258

TAHSIL : BUDHAWA

BLOCK : SHAHPUR

129.DABAL

The village Dabal is situated towards south-east

of the Shahpur block headquarters at a distance of about

12 Km. It stands on the right bank of the Kali Nadi which

also forms its southern boundary. There is no direct

route to approach the site. However, one wishing to visit

the site may first so to the village Mxibarakpur on

Shahpur - Jansath road and then may turn to its right

side which leads to the village Dabal. The mo\ind is

completely under cultivation. Pot-sherds were collected

from the furrow mark. However, the farmer pick out the

pot sherds from the fields and throw out them as waste

material while preparing their fields for cultivation.

The mound is towards south of the village and it

covers an area of about 50x50 sq. mts. It is very

difficult to approach the site during rainy season. The

nature of the mound is loose yellowish sandy.

POTTERY

The pottery collected from the site includes

fragments of red ware belonging to the Late Harappan

259

culutre (?) The pottery is generally well baked and a few

sherds have traces of slip as well. The fragments include

vases, storage jars, probably dish - on - stand and

elongated neck jar, one sherd of it has some grooved

mark.

130. HUZURNAGAR

The village Huzumagar is situated towards south­

east of the Shahpur block headquarters at a distance of

about ICT Km. Kali Nadi flows towards east at a distance

of about 3.5 Km. from the village Huzumagar. There is no

direct route to approach the site. However, one wishing to

visit the site may first go to the village Mxibarakpur

on Shahpur - Jansath road and then may turn to its right

side which leads to the village Huzumagar. The area of

the mound is about 100x80 sq. mts.

POTTERY

The pottery collection of the site includes few

sherds of Painted Grey ware and Plain Grey Ware. Generally

they produce metalic sovind. The pottery is made of well

levigated clay which is well baked. A few sherds of them

are externally black which is due to black slip. Generally

260

no complete shape has been fovmd. However, framents of

bowls and dishes and vases with out turned rim have

also been found. Fragments of associated red ware have

also been found. Mostly they are treated with a wash.

It is worthwhile to mention a tiny sherd representing

grey ware with slightly everted rim which is almost

featureless though top is flattish. However, no

antiquity was found from the site during the course of

exploration.

131. KAMALPUR

The village Kamalpur stands on the right bank

of the river Hindon which also forms its eastern

boiindary. It is almost towards west of the Shahpur block

headquarter at a aistance of about 5 Km. The mound is

towards west of the village Kamalpur. To approach the

village Kamalpur a metalled road goes via Adampur one

may turns towards north. However, it is very difficult

to approach the site during rainy season. The area of

the mound is about 200x150 sq. mts. On the top of the

mound there is mazar of Husain Shah pir. The mound is

also known as Khera Husain Shah pir. People used to

ccxne for Ziarat (for pilgrimage) on thursday. There is

261

a l s o t t ibe w e l l on t h e top of t h e moxind* Movmd has been

c u t down v e r t i c a l l y by t h e f a r m e r s . I t would be about

10 f t h e i g h t frcxn t h e su r round ing a r e a . The pe r i f o rm of

t h e mound i s xrnder c u l t i v a t i o n . The i n t a c t p o r t i o n of

t h e mound has been t u r n e d i n t o a g r a v - y a r d . The v i l l a g e

f a l l i n Khadar a r e a and t h e n a t u r e of t h e mound i s l o o s e

brownish s a n d y .

POTTERY.

The pottery collected from the site includes

Grey Ware sherds of various types and associated red

ware. A few sherds have traces of painting as well. A

few sherds of Painted Grey ware have rim band frcm

which emerges a vertical line. Red ware sherds include

fragments of vases, basins, troughs, etc. A few sherds

are the fragments of broken chilam of medieval period.

One fragment of red ware has stamped floral design and

design in dots on it which is treated with a wash. The

period of which is indeterminate. Probably it may belong

to Gupta period. However, no antiquity was found frcxn

the site.

OTHER CULTURAL FINDS

Among antiquities one terracotta indeterminate

cylindrical object was found which has a cavity and a

262

small terracotta disc which has been beautifully corved

out crecent like notches on both sides. It has central

hole for making it a soy object or spindle whorl

(diam. 2.5 cm) (PLATE XXIV B) .

132. KAKIIA

The village Kakra is situated toward north of

the Shahpur block headquarts at a distance of about

5 Km which also form northern boundary of it. Hindon

river flows towards west of the village at a distance

of about 2.5 Km. The mound is toward north-west of

the village Kakra. It covers an area about 100x80 sq.

mts and is about 6 ft. high from the surrounding area.

The village is easily approachable. It is on the

Shahpur-Kuzaffamagar road.

POTTERY

The pottery collected from the site includes

fragments of rims of vases, storage jars and basins. A

few sherds have turned blashish due to ill firing. A

few other sherds have parallel groove mark and petelled

like clinge on the neck of a vase. Generally the sherds

are unslipped and of medium fabric. They all belong

to Kushana period.

263 133. KITAS

The village Kitas is situated towards south east

of the Shahpur block headquarters at a distance of about

10 Km. It stands on the right bank of the Kali Nadi

which also forms its south east boundary. There is no

direct route to approach the site. However, one wishing

to visit the site may first go to the village M\jbara]q)ur

on Shahpur - Jansath i sad then may turn to its right

side which leads to the village- Kitas. The mound is

under cultivation. However* pot-sherds were collected

from the site. The mound corves an area of about

100x80 sq. mts. It is difficult to approach the site

during rainy season.

POTTERY

The pot-sherds collected from the site includes

fragments of vases and basins and bowls as well. A few

vases have mild parallel rib. Most of the sherds are

well baked and of medium fabric and unslipped. A few

sherds have been found blackish due to ill firing.

They all belong to Kushana period. A proto type bowl

representing parai has also been found. No antiquity

was found.

264

13 4* PURBALIAN

The village Purbalian stands on the right bank

of the Kali Nadi which also forms its eastern boxindary.

It is situated towards north of the Shahpur block head­

quarters at a distance of about 9 Km. on Shahpur -

Jansatha road on the right side of the road. It is about

10 Km away from the District headquarters. The sire is

towards south of the village Purbalian. It is just on

the edge of the road. It covers an area of about 300x

.200 sq. mts. and is about 22 ft high frcxn the surrounding

area. Except the periphery of the mound which is vmder

cultivation the rest of the mound is intact. However,

the mound has been totally destroyed and has been turned

into as a grave-yard. It has been devided into two parts

by village cart road which leads to the village. Potteries

are found equally on the both mounds. On the top mound

there is a mazar of Barha Hazi pir and a electric foil

also stands there. Some brick-bats were also seen on the

hop of the moiind (PLATE XXXIX A,B) .

POTTERY

The site has yielded a rich variety of Ochre

Colour Pottery. These are include fragments of miniature

vase, basins, vases, storage Jars, fragnent of a strap

265

handle etc. The next period appears to belong the Painted

Gray ware complex* This ware has yielded many painted

sherds which includes the lines design and dots and

dashes and chain design etc. The pottery is well levigated

and well baked. It would have been a rich Painted Grey

Ware site which has been damaged to a large extent.

256

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ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

T a h s i l : Budhana

257

Location Code SI. NO. Vtllage/Site C u l t u r e s

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

Budhana

Bahramgarh

Chandheri

Dunger

Dabbal

' Husa inpur-Kalan

Haryakhera

Huzumagar

I s s o p u r - t e e l

J a u l a

J a s a l a

Kutubpur-Datana

Kamaruddinnagar

Kamalpur

Kakra

K i t a s

Luhsana- Rukanpur

Mahal jana

Nala

Nagwa

M

L H , CCP

LH, CCP

L H , CCP

LH

GVi{?) , EK, M

PCVJ, GV<, 3 P , EH, M

PGW, GW, ZH

PGW, G'M/ 3 S , E H , M

PGW, G;V, 3 S , M

LH

ocp, pew, Gw, Bs

LH

PGW, GW, EH

M

EH, M

LH ( ? )

LH, OCP, M

LH

GW, EH

268

2 1 .

2 2 .

2 3 . •

2 4 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

P u r b a l i a n

Riawal i -Nagla

S h i k a r p u r

S a r a i

S u l t a n p u r

Toda

U k a r a l i

OCP, PGW, GW, B S , EH, M

EH, M

OCP ( ? ) , M

EH, M

EH, iM

LK, EH, M

PGW, GVJ, 3 S , EH, M

263 TAHSIL : KAIRANA

ELCX:K : KAXRANA

1 3 5 . aiURA*

The village Bhiara is situated towards north of the

Kairana block headquarters at a distance of 8 Km on the

left side of the Kairana - un road. The village stands

on the left bank of the Katha Nala, a tributary of the

Yamuna. It covers an area of about 200x200 sq. m. and

has a thickeness of about 3 metres including the

occupation of successive cultures.

The site has yielded apart from the Late Harappan

pottery. Painted Grey Ware ands sherds of the red ware

of the shunga - Kushana period. Among antiquities only

terracotta cakes were fovuad.

136. KAIRANA

The black* which the headquar te r s of the t a h s i l

of the same name, l i e s in Lat 27°24' N and long . 77°12' E

on the meta l led road from Muzaffarnagar to Panipat .

I t i s s i t u a t e d a t a d i s tance of about 49 Ian from the

d i s t r i c t headquar te r s on the khadar of the Yamuna,

1 . Indian Archaeoloav 1968-69, A Review, p . 70; Dixi t , K.N., D i s t r i bu t i on of Harappan wares in Gangetic Doab, ed . Sharma, R.S . Indian Archaeoloav New Persnectlvea (Delhi 1982) .

270

The s i t e h a s y i e l d e d t h e P a i n t e d Grey ware and

r e d ware of shunga - Kushana p e r i o d which i n c l u d e s u s u a l

shapes of each g r o u p ,

1 3 7 . SAIPAT

The v i l l a g e S a i n p a t i s s i t u a t e d towards sou th-wes t

of a t h e K a i r a n a b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of

about 6 Kn. The whole v i l l a g e f a l l s on t h e Khadar of t h e

Yamuna. The s i t e i s d i f f i c u l t t o approach as t h e r e i s no

pucca road which l e a d s t o t h e v i l l a g e . I t i s a low mound.

POTTSRY

The p o t t e r y complex of t h i s s i t e i s very r i c h in y i e l d i

PGVi and a s s o c i a t e d wares i n c l u d i n g r e d w a r e s . Though

no complete shape h a s been found dxoring t h e cour se of

ray e x p l o r a t i o n . The fragment i n c l u d e s bowls and d i s h e s .

A few p i e c e s have p a i n t i n g of d o t s and o t h e r she rds

have t h i c k p a r a l l e l l i n e s in b l a c k p i g m e n t s . The red

ware i nc luds f r agmen t s of b a s i n s , v a s e s e t c . However,

no a n t i q u i t y was found .

1 , Indian Archaeology - 1962-63 A Review, p . 7 0 .

271

1 3 8 . UNCHAGAON

The v i l l a g e Unchagaon i s s i t u a t e d towards south

e a s t of t h e K a i r a n a b lock h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of

abou t 4 ]an» on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e Ka i r ana - Kandhla

r o a d . The s i t e i s towards s o u t h - w e s t of t h e v i l l a g e

Unchagaon. T h i s s i t e i s about 4 km e a s t of ano the r PGW

s i t e S a i p a t . The mound h a s been c o n v e r t e d i n t o an

a g r i c u l t i o r a l f i e l d .

POTTERY

The p o t t e r y complex of t h e s i t e r e p r e s e n t s wi th

P a i n t e d Grey Ware and r e d ware of e a r l y h i s t o r i c p e r i o d .

However, u s u a l shapes have been found in each g roup .

1 . T r i p a t h i , V. , o p . c i t . ^ p . 1 3 1 .

272

TAHSIL s KAIRANA

BLOCK : SHAMLI

139. JHAL

The v i l l a g e J h a l i s s i t u a t e d towards s o u t h - e a s t of

t h e 5hamli b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of about

4 tan on t h e r i g h t s i d e of t h e Shamli - Budhana r o a d . The

v i l l a g e oha l s t a n d s on t h e r i g h t bank of t h e K r i s h n i

Nad which a l s o forros i t s e a s t e r n boundary . The s i t e i s

towards nozrth of t h e v i l l a g e J h a l . I t i s a lmos t under

c u l t i v a t i o n . I t i s t h e s o u t h e r n borde r v i l l a g e of t h e

snaml i b l o c k . The s i t e i s l o c a l l y known as B a r l e ka K i l a .

POTTERY

The s i t e i s ve ry r i c h in y i e l d i n g P a i n t e d and

P l a i n Grey V/are s h e r d s wi th a s s o c i a t e d r ed w a r e s .

Though no comple te shape h a s been found, t h e p o t t e r y

r e p r e s e n t s f r agmen t s of bowls and d i s h e s . In our

c o l l e c t i o n mos t ly t h e f ragments belong t o P l a i n Grey

V/are bu t i t does n o t mean t h a t t h e PCrf i s n o t impor t an t

s h e r e . However, a few s h e r d s have r im bands and p a r a l l e l

v e r t i c a l l i n e and d o t s in b l a c k p igment . A few sherds

of P l a in Grey Ware g ive m e t a l i c sound which i s made of

wel l l e v i g a t e d c l a y and have smooth s u r f a c e . A few of

273

them have black exterior and inside grey. It appears that

exterior black is due a kind of black slip on it. Red ware

includes fragments of vases* basins etc* They all are

generally treated with a red wash. It all appears probably

wheel turned. However, no antiquity was recorded from the

site^.

140. JANDHERI*

The v i l l a g e Jandher i i s s i t u a t e d towards north of

the Shamli block headquar te rs a t a d i s t a n c e of about

7 km. on t h e l e f t s ide of the Shamli - Saharanpur road .

The s i t e has y ie lded the Late Harappan po t te ry .

1- Indian Archaeology - 1979-80 A Review, p . 80; Man & Enviroqmqnt. v o l . V, p . lO

2 . Indian Archaeology 1979-80 A Review, p . 80; Man & Environment Vol. v , p . 10,

TAHSIL I KAIRANA

BLOCK S THANA BHAWAN

141. 3HANTI KHERA* - 1

142. BHANTI KHERA* - 2

The v i l l a g e Bhantl Khera has two Late Harappas s i t e

v i z . Bhantl Khera-1 and Bhantl Khera-2 . The v i l l a g e Bhantl

Khera fornus the southern border v i l l a g e of the Than a Bhawan

block headquar t e r . I t I s aboxit lO Km away from the block

Thana Bhawan towards south. I t can e a s i l y be approaches from

Shamll block on l e f t side of the shamll - Mxizaffamagar

road a t a d i s t ance of about 8 km. The v i l l a g e Bhantl Khera

s tands on the l e f t bank of the K r l s h l Nadl which also forms

I t s western boiandary. The mound has the l a r g e s t occupational

t h i cknes s which I s about 2m. h lc^ from the surrounding a rea .

I t I s a Late Harappan s l t e . ^

143. THANA BHAWAN*

Thana Bhawan, the headquar ters of the development

block l i e s In L a t . 29°35' N and Long. 77°25 ' E. I t I s

s i t u a t e d on the Kr l shn l Nadl. Thana Bhawan I s loca ted a t

a d i s tance of about i s km. from shamll and about 32 km. from

d i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s . I t I s a Late Harappan s l t e . ^

1 . Indian Archaeology - 1979-80 A Review, p . 80; Man & Environment, Vol. V, p . lO.

2 . I b i d .

n%

TAHSIL s KAIRAMA

BLOCK x UN

144. HATCHHOYA*- 1

145.. HATCHHOYA*- 2

Like Bhanti Khera this village has also two Late

Harappan sites viz. Hatchhoya - 1 and Hatchhoya - 2. The

village Hatchhoya lies towards north east of the Un

block headquarters at a distance of about 3 km. The

Katha Nala flows towards west of the village hardlv at

a distance of about 1.5 km. The site is difficult ro

approach during rainy season. However, the village

Hatchhoya is not connected with any pucca road. Both

the sites of the village Hatchhoya have yielded Lare

Harappan pottery .

14 6. JHINJHANA

The village Jhinghana lies in Lat. 29°31' 5

and Long. 77°14* E. at a distance of about 48 km. from

the district headquarters and 17 km. from Shamli. It

is towards south of the Un block headquarters at a

distance of about 7 Km. It is connected with a metalled

1. Indian Archaeology 1979-80 A Review, p. 80; Man & Environment, Vol. V, p. 10.

276

road which leads to the tahsll Kalrana. The village is

Just on the left bank of the Katha Nala. The mound is

in the vicinity of the village. It is considerable high

from the surrounding area.

LOTTERY

The pottery canplex of the site is represented

by the Ochre Colour Pottery,Painted/plain Grey Ware

and associated ware including red ware of early

historic period. Usual shapes have been found in each

group. No antiquity was recorded from the site .

147. RAHATPUR*

The village Rahatpur is situated on the northern

border of the Un block as well as the district. It lies

towards the north east of the Un block headguartes at

a distance of about 2 kin. There is no direct pucca

route to approach the site. Owing to the Khadar area

it difficult to approach the site during the rainy

2 season. It is a Late Harappan site .

1 Indian Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p. 10.

2. Indian Archaeology 1979-80 A Review, p. 80; Man & Environment, Vol. V, p. 10.

277

14 8. SAMLKHA*

The village Samalkha lies towards south-east of

the Un block headquarters at a distance of about 3 km.

A Kachcha- road goes to the village from Un. The site

lies between the doab of Krishni Nadi and Ketha Mala.

1 It is also a Late Harappan site'

149. UN*

The v i l l a g e Un l i e s towards w e s t of the d i s t r i c t

headquarters a t a d i s t a n c e of about 60 km. Un, the

b lock headquarters of the same name l i e s towards north

of the Kairana t a h s i l . There i s a m e t a l l e d road between

Kairana and Un.

2 I t i s a Late Harappan s i t e .

1 . Indian Archaeology 1979-80 A Review, p . 80, Man Sc Environment, V o l . V, p . 1 0 .

2 . Ib id .

278

1 ; '^

A

- 1 •

N

^..—:.

* .••V. *%., _

^^s / . N

/ \

f'

* • " / •

^ • • - i<~'\-y^ S ^ > / . / ^ •, —^ '

^ • • • ' - / \ ^^\- ,:—^> / , ' X .-• ,-- -I r V -~ -

T " 7 ' - '^ ^ — • ^WA^'W' ''••

..^^? ; . i ^ ^ • & :

< 5

I- 5

i

t 8 f

i

» a* 9 *• r + c r t u u u u V y V O O o O O O O

L i J E f 5 0

' 11 » •• ^ . 1; a < ; g ; • >

t ; { ; i : ! - 5 ;• ' • ; • I i : « i i J \••mmm^

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

Tahsil : Kairana

279

L o c a t i o n C o d e V i l l a g e / S i t e s S l . N o .

C u l t u r e s

1 1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

B h u r a

B h a n t i - K h e r a - 1

B h a n t i - K h e r a - 2

H a t c h h o y a - 1

H a t c h h o y a - 2

J h a l

J . a n d h e r i

J h i n j h a n a

K a i r a n a

R a h a t p u r

S a m b h a l k a

S a i n p a t

T h a n a - B h a w a n

U n c h a g a o n

Un

LH, PGW, GVw EH

LH

LH

LH

LH

PGW, GW, EH

LH

OCP, PGW, GW

PGVJ, GW

LH

LH

PGW, GW, EH

LH

PGW, GW, EH

LH

CHAPTER IV

CHRONOLOGY & DETAILS OF CULTURAL EQUIPMENTS

A careful survey of the anc ien t s i t e s and t h e i r an t i ­

q u i t i e s , described above, r evea l s t h a t the d i s t r i c t under

study, s i t ua t ed in the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab, for the

f i r s t ti-Tie was inhabi ted by the Late Herappan people as

t he re i s no evidence of any pre-Harappan remains. During

the course of exp lo ra t ion conducted by the auther in the

region under study, the p o t t e r y found from the d i f fe ren t

s i t e s , can be divided i n t o following ca t ego r i e s :

281

a . Late Harappan

b . Cchre Colour Po t t e ry

c . Pa in ted Grey Ware

d. Northern Black Pol ished VJare

e . Early h i s t o r i c

f. H i s t o r i c and

g . Medieval

A la rge nximber of Late Harappan as wel l as Cchre

Colour Po t t e ry s i t e s have been loca ted during the l a s t

th ree decades . The exp lora t ions and excavations in the

Ganga - Yamuna doab (Western U t t a r Pradesh) have given a

f a i r l y good idea about the genera l chronology of the

a rchaeologica l cu l t u r e s and t h e i r geographical d i s t r i b u ­

t i o n . However/ the Late Harappan s i t e s in Ut ta r Pradesh

are confined t o i t s western area with a heavy concentrat ion

in the d i s t r i c t Saharanpur and Muzaffamagar. However, an

extens ive explora t ion followed by a few excavation of the

region have shown t h a t the d i s t r i c t remained connected,

by one or o the r way, with some g r e a t Iximunaries of the

pas t , as wel l as with some major events of grea t h i s t o r i c a l

s i g n i f i c a n c e . I t i s a t t e s t e d by the f inds of mater ial

cu l tu re belongingcto the Late Harappan, Ochre Colour

Po t t e ry , Pa in ted Grey Ware, P l a in Grey Ware, Northern

Black Pol i shed Ware, Black Slipped, Mauryan, Shiinga,

282

Kushana, Gupta, Rajput and medieval period as well. This

was suff ic ient to confiun the local t radi t ion about the

ant iquity and continuity of settlement in the region, a t

l eas t a t the s i t e s excavated viz; Hulas, Alamgirpur,

Allahpur, Hastinapur Atrenjikheiu Indraprastha (Furana

Guila) e t c . which are not for away from the d i s t r i c t .

As appears from the evidence that t h i s region was

suitable for human occupation and i t was a main centre of

a t t rac t ion for the early s e t t l e r s . Here were a l l f a c i l i t i e s

v i z . climate, food supply, water and vegetation available

for the ear ly s e t t l e r s .

Here I am giving the de ta i l s of each cultural group

found in the area under study.

283 LATE HARAPPAN CULTURE

The t e rm l a t e Harappan c u l t u r e has been v a r i o u s l y

d e s c r i b e d . However, t h i s term may mean l i t e r a l l y ' t h e end

o r c l imax of t h e Karappan c u l t u r e ' . The l a t e Harappan a t

p r e s e n t means t h e l a s t p h a s e o r c o n c l u d i n g phase of t h e

w e l l known Harappan c u l t u r e .

The remains of t h i s c u l t u r e were f i r s t d i scove red a t

Alamgirpur'^ i n 1958 which pushed back t h e a n t i q u i t y of t h i s

r e g i o n of Western U t t a r P r a d e s h t o t h e Harappan t i r oe s . This

s i t e i s s i t u a t e d a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 50 km towards south

i n t h e d i s t r i c t of Mee ru t . I t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e e a r l i e s t

hijonan o c c u p a t i o n i n t h e u p p e r Ganga-Yamuna doab be longs t o

L a t e Harappan c u l t u r e . L a t e r on L a t e Harappan remains were

a l s o n o t i c e d i n t h e d i s t r i c t of Saha ranpur , Muzaffamagar

and B u l a n d s h a h a r . For t h e l a s t t h r e e decades work have

b r o u g h t s e v e r a l ( n e a r l y 68) l a t e Harappan s i t e s in t h i s

r e g i o n , m a i n l y by t h e A r c h a e o l o g i c a l Survey of I n d i a .

However, p o t t e r y of t h i s t y p e was foxond from 12 s i t e s

e a r l i e r i n t h e a r e a of t h e p r e s e n t s t u d y , b e f o r e the

a u t h o r cou ld s t a r t t h e work . Now t h i s t y p e of p o t t e r y has

been found a t 28 s i t e s , t hough , a few of them are doxobtful.

These s i t e s were found g e n e r a l l y on t h e r i v e r s Hindon,

K r i s h i , Katha Nala and K a l i Nadi e t c . However, no s i t e has

y e t been n o t i c e d so f a r on Yamuna p r o p e r o r t h e Ganga.

1 . I n d i a n Archaeology 1958-5b> A Review.

284

As seen from the map (Fig. 2) that the sites of Late Harappan

cultures are situated generally along the banks of Kath Nala,

Krishni Nadi and Hindon Nadi. Which all are the tributaries

of the main river Yamuna . The sites e3«plored so far

generally appear to represent rural settlement and in 2

general terminology called as 'Late Harappans' .

The Late Harappan sites are confined in upper doab.

Only three Late Harappan sites viz. Alamgirpur, Hulas and

Bargaon of the district Meerut and Saharanpur have been

excavated so far in Uttar Pradesh. Both the districts i.e.

Meerut and Saharanpur form the southern and northern

boxindaries of the district Muzaffamagar respectively.

Excavation reveals a habitation deposit of 1-2 m. However,

as a result of the excavation and of extensive exploration

in the region it seems that at this stage the Late Harappan

culture became impoverished. Much of its mature traits like

planned settlement, seals, variety of terrcotta objects

are conspicuous by their abscence.

The Late Harappan sites are generally located on the

higher bank of the rivers viz. Hindon, Krishni, Katha nala

Kali nadi etc. and are not in big size. According to K-N.

Dixit the average occupational thickness of the Late

Harappan settlements in this region is somewhere 0.75 to

1. Lai, M,, op. cit, (Delhi, 1984), p. 27.

2 . D ix i t , K.M., D i s t r i bu t i on of Harappan wares in Gangetic Doab, Indian Archaeology - New P e r s p e c t i v e , Delhi , 1982) p . 113.

285

1.50 m. with the exception being Banati Khera of the

d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar, where the depos i t i s about 2 m.

high from the surrounding a r e a . Other s i t e s a re ccMtipletely

destroyed by the v i l l a g e s due to rapid growth of a g r i c u l t u r e .

However/ the maximxan se t t lement does not exceede than

200 X 200 sq . m. in t h i s reg ion . I t suggests t h a t the

h a b i t a t i o n of the Late Harappan people belong to a small

c l u s t e r of f a m i l i e s . In the d i s t r i c t Saharanpur these Late

Harappan s i t e s are located a t a d i s t a n c e of about 8 to 12 Km,

More o r l e s s , s i m i l a r i s the case with the d i s t r i c t

Muzaffamagar. This set t lement confirms wel l with Haryana,

Punjab e t c .

Since no s i t e on Yamuna proper o r on the Ganga have

been fovind, i t appears tha t the Late Harappan occupations

of the upper doab took place by way of migra t ion from the

adjoining Haryana (and Punjab) regions where the Harappan

people had e s t a b l i s h e d themselves much e a r l i e r .

In the p e r i p h e r a l region of Harappa c u l t u r e (upper

Gangetic doab) the Harappan f a b r i c s can be d iv ided in to

wheel-made red, grey and hand-made. The c l ay used for

p o t t e r y i s well l ev iga t ed , which i s wheel-made bu t hand­

made specimens are a l so p r e s e n t . I t i s found in coarse as

1 . D i x i t , K.M., The Late Harappan Cul tures of I n d i a , Essays in P r o t o h i s t o r y , (Delhi, 1979), p . 126.

286

well as in fine fabric. The pottery is treated with thin

cream wash or a thick bright red slip. "The characteristic

forms in red ware like dish with projected rim and carinated

shoulder, globular vessel with a flange rovmd the neck,

shallow dish with incurved rim, perforated post and jar-

stand with a concave profile were noticed in a very limited

number, where as new types such as dish-on-stand with

dropping rim, jar with horizontally splayed out rim, medium

sized jar with everted rim, bowl-like lid with central

knowb and a few miniature pots with a ringed or pedestalled

base in profusion. Special mention may be made about a new

type-bowl-on-stand from Banti Khera-1, found for the first

time in this regionr. (Fig. 1). In thick Grey ware the types

are limited. A few sites have been found in Muzaffamagar

district which has yielded this type of pottery along

Hindon Nadi.

Painted designs on pots are executed in black pigment

on a red surface and generally consist simple bands,

triangles, squares, rows of hatched diamonds with horizontal

bands, chains with bands, plants, leaves and birds with

hatched body.

Excavations have i elded very little evidence of

settlement and architecture. At Jasala in Muzaffamagar

1. Dixit, K.N., op. cit, (Delhi, 1982), p. 116.

287

d i s t r i c t i t was observed in exp lo ra t ion t h a t a p a r t of

Harappan se t t l ement i s l a i d on a s o l i d mud platform ranging

from 0.60 t o 0,80 m. in t h i c k n e s s . "A s imi l a r platform was

a l so encountered in excavat ions on the southern end of t h e

mound a t Hulas where i t was foxind running from south-west

t o sou th -ea s t d i r e c t i o n . I t may not be wrong to emphasize

t h a t e r e c t i o n of mud platform by Harappans wejre poss ib ly

c a r r i e d by them as conceptual a r c h i t e c t u r a l fea tures of

t h e i r homeland" . The s c a r c i t y of b r i c k s suggests t h a t

they might have been used in d ra ins o r s imi l a r s t r u c t u r e s .

Houses, probably, were made of w a t t l e and daub and perhaps

b u i l t of mud w a l l s .

The metal t oo l s are a broken blade from Alaiigirpur

and a fragmentary ch i se l from Bargaon, both made of

copper . Other too l s are bone p o i n t s and cher t b lades . The

che r t b lades has a lso been found in Kai lapur in d i s t r i c t 2

of Muzaffamagar .

The evidence of foodgrains were fo\and in the husk

in the core of pot sherds from Hulas and Un, both s i t u a t e d

on the bank of Kathanala in Saharanpur and Muzaffamagar 3

d i s t r i c t s , r e spec t ive ly . The evidence found from the

1 . D i x i t , K.N., op. c i t , (Delhi , 1982), p . 117.

2 . Indian Archaeology 1962-63 A Review, p . 37

3 . La i , M., op . c i t , (Delhi , 1984), p . 28, cf. Dixi t , K.N., op . c i t , CDelhi, 1982), p . 117.

238

district Saharanpur was encoiantered in Hulas excavation

while other one was found during the course of exploration.

The material has been sent for identification to Prof.

Vishnu Mitre of Birbal Sahani Institute of Paleobotany,

Lucknow. After crossing Panjab, Harappans entered in rice,

zone. Due to change in food habits the characteristic

Harappan forms were possibly discarded and new types came

in vogue .

With the resxilt of the exploration i t

i s c lear t ha t during t h i s period the area had considerable

population. But a t the same time, so far , not any def in i te

Pre-Harappan s i t e has been discoveired. The region has

also not yielded any Mature - Harappan s i t e so far .

1. Lai, M., op. c i t , (Delhi, 1986), p . 28 cf. Dixit, K-N. op. c i t . , (Delhi, 1982), p . 117.

LATE HARAPPAN SITES

D i s t t i Muzaffarnagar

289

SI .No. Village/Site River

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

14

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

Alamgirpur

Amberpur

Banti-Khera 1

Banti-Khera 2

Bahramgarh

Bhura

Chandheri

Dabal

Dunger

Hatchhoya 1

Hatchhoya 2

J a s a l a

Jandher t - .

Kamaruddin Nagar

Kai lapur Jasmor

Luhari

Lusana

Mahalj ana

Mahmoodpur

Mxibarakpur

Nawla

Nala

Hindon Nadi

Kali Nadi

Krishni Nadi

Xrishni Nadi

Hindon Nadi

Katha Nala

Kindon

Kali Nadi

Krishni Nadi

Katha Nala

Katha Nala

Krishni Nadi

Krishni

Krishni

Kali Nadi-Budhi Ganga

Hindon Kali -

Hindon

Hindon

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Krishni

290

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

Raha^ur

Samalkha

Sandhawll

Toda

Thana Bhawan

Un

Katha Nala

Krishni

Kali Nadi

Hlndon Kali

Krishni Nadi

Katha Nala

It would be worthwhile to emphasize that these

sites provide a connecting link with sites located on one

hand in district Saharanpur and on the other in district

Meerut. The cultural assemblage of the sites situated on

the Krishni river more or less are akin to Alaragirpur,

whereas the sites situated on the Katha Nala represents

Hules assemblage. The average distance between these sites

including district Muzaffarnagar is about 8 to 10 km and

no where the actual occupational deposit is more than 50 cm

to 1.80 m. thick, exception, however, being Bhanti Khera-1,

which is about 2 m high from the surrounding plain.

Alamgirpur on the Hindon, Bargaon on Maskara and

Hulas on the Katha Nala re the excavated type sites in Doab.

Geographically Bargaon is in the north. Hulas in the middle

and Alamgirpur in the South. A time bracket from c. 1700-

1000 B.C. was proposed by Dikshit (1977) . The details of

the sites confirm three sub-stages of Harappan culture in

this region. Alamgirpur appears to be earliest but probably

291

contemporary to Hulas. Bargaon is later. The Katha Nala

complex, appears different than those of Alamgirpur and

Bargaon. Alamgirpur seems to be an extension of early stage

of Sutlej complex and Bargaon a later 'one, where Hulas is

different. Chronologically it repreisents only an amalgamated

Late Harappan stage which is definitely contemporary with

Alamgirpur and Bhagwanpura lA stage in Harayana .

The radiocarbon dates from Eara 1890+95 and 154 5+90

suggesting that the occupation at this site must have

continued for 400-500 years more. The overlap of Late

Harappan with PGW users has to be confirmed. The late

Harappans and PGW co-existed at least for a century or so

at Bhagwanpura, Dadheri, Nagar and Katpalon but without

influencing the cultural life of each other. The overlap

of Late Harappan with Grey Ware of thicker and thinner

2 variety at Manda also requires clarification .

"In the absence of any city or town site in Gangetic

doab, it appears that Ropar was the eastern-most urban

centre controlling the internal and external ttade of the

Harappans. The Katha Nala, Krishni and Maskara confirmed

the diffusionary process of the Harappa culture which was

1. Dixit, K.N., op. cit (Delhi 1982), p. 116, cf. Dixit, K.N. op. cit., (Delhi, 1979), 126.

2. Ibid.

2S2

spreading with regional and local var ia t ions from Sutlej to

Yamuna in the eas t . The Harappan levels a t Hulas point to a

kind of cu l tura l interact ion with non-Harappan people who

possibly represented the lingering remnants of pre-Harappan

l ineage, whereas a t Alamgirpur and Bargaon no such contact

i s ava i l ab le . I t was also confirmed by exploration that

Harappan reached Alamgirpur on the Hindon through Krishni

which joined Hindon a t Bamawa, The Krishni Complex has

perforated j a r , Indus goblet and sc r ip t , whereas Katha Nala

i s devoid of a l l these charac te r i s t i c s" .

In the excavations a t Hulas a te r racot ta sealing

with three Harappan signs has been found.

Below i s i l l u s t r a t e d a few l ine drawings of the

Late Harappan sherds found in the d i s t r i c t of Muzaffamagar.

Below the description of the each sherd the name of the

every v i l l age , Blocx and Tahsil have been given respectively

from where i t was found.

1 . Dixit , K.N. op. c i t . , (Delhi, 1982), p . 118.

293

294

F i g . 1 . Bhanti Khcsra - 1: Cup - on - stand

295

BOWLS

Fig.l

1. Fragment of a deep bowl which has slightly incurved

featureless rim. It has mild rib extertially below

the rim. It had probably a sagger base. It is treated

with a red wash. The shered is comparatively thin,

medium fabric. May belong to Late Harappan period.

(Kailapur - Jansath - Jansath)

2. Fragment of a bowl having discoid base, incurved sides,

slipped, well baked red ware of fine fabric. Late

Harappan period.

(Chandheri - Budhana - Eudhana)

3. Fragment of a bowl having footed base, incurved sides,

probably having globular sides, ill baked, traces of

slip externally, red ware of medium fabric. Late

Harappan period.

(Kamaruddin Nagar - Kandhla - Budhana)

4. Fragment of bowl having flat base, incurved sides,

ill baked, medium fabric^ traces of slip both sides.

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

296

1 1 N.

\

F i g . l BUWLS

297 BASINS

Fig.l

1. Fragment of a basin with a deep groove externally

forming a prominent rib, tapering sides thick

section, red ware, well slipped, well baked and of

medium fabric. Late Harappan period.

(Mahaljana - Budhana - Budhana)

2. Fragment of a basin out turned pointed rim with

tapering sides, vmslipped probably treated with a

wash, ill baked, medivim fabric. Late Harappan

period.

(Kailapur - Jansath - Jansath)

3. Fragment of a sagger basin having rail headed rim

inward sides, having flat base, slipped, well baked,

red ware of medium fabric. Late Harappan period.

(Nawla - Khatauli - Jansath)

4. Fragment of a basin having tapering sides and flat

base, both side slipped well baked redware of medium

fabric. Late Harappan period.

(Mahaljana - Budhana - Budhana)

5. Fragment of a basin, red ware, out-turned featureless

rim having a mild rib externally at the point of

carination, saggar base, slipped well baked, medium

298

fabric.

(Mxobarakpur - Khatauli - Jansath)

6. Fragment of a shallow basin, out turned beaded rim,

incurved sides, probably having saggr base slipped,

red ware, having mild carination internally below

the rim. Late Harappan period.

(Mxibarakpur - Chatauli - Jansath)

299

300 BASINS

Fig. 2

1. Fragment of a big basin having out turned pointed and

collared rim. It has a carination internally below

the rim. It has an ovalized sides, unslipped, it

baked dull red ware of medium fabric. Late Harappan

(Mahaljans - Budhana - Budhana)

2. Fragment of a shallow basin having featureless,

rounded rim, having a deep groove farming a prominent

rib just below the rim. Unslipped, ill baked, of

medium fabric may be of Late Harappan.

(Mahaljana - Budhana - Budhana)

3. Fragment of a small basin having out going feature­

less rim with a carination mark below. When stands it

is tapering sides with mild depression, well baked

and red ware of medium fabric. May belong to Late

Harappan period.

(Mahaljana - Budhana - Budhana)

4. Fragment of a basin with nail headed rim, it is well

slipped and well baked. It is red ware of medixom

fabric. May belong to Late Harappan culture.

(Mahaljana - Budhana - Budhana)

301

5. Fragment of basin which has slightly incurved rim.

It is well polished which has pealed off well baked,

red ware of medixan fabric. May belong to Late

Harappan culture.

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana).

6. Fragment of a deep basin which has out-turned dropping

and pointed rim. It was probably slipped internally

and has a mild grooved aroxind internally just below

the rim, ill baked and porous. OCP/LH.

(Mubaralqjur - Khatauli - Jansatha)

302

r\

CN ro

ID vo

01 Z H CO < CO

303

DISH - ON - STAND

Fig ,

1 . Fragment of a d i s h on s t and , hol low stem, d u l l r ed

ware , t r a c e s of s l i p both s i d e s , i l l baked, mediiim

f a b r i c . La te Harappan p e r i o d .

(Dunger - Kandhla - Budhana)

2 . Fragment, of a d i s h on s tand? edges of rim s l i g h t l y

damaged, i l l baked, bo th s i d e s l i p p e d , red ware of

medium f a b r i c . Late Harappan p e r i o d .

(Dunger - Kandhala - Budhana)

304 STORAGE JAR

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a storage jar with collared rim, red

ware, ill baked unslipped, medi\jm fabric. Late

Harappan period.

(Chandherl - Budhana - Budhana)

2. Fragment of a storage jar having beaded rim, globular

sides ill baked, lonslipped, medivim fabric. Late

Harappan period,

3. Fragment of a storage jar having out turned pointed

and collared rim, it is unslipped, red ware, ill

baked and of medixwi fabric. May belong to Late

Harappan.

(Mubara]q>ur - Katauli - Jansath)

4. Fragment of a storage jar having a out turned rim

clubbed rim and has slightly out going sides. Which

may represent with the shape of Ahichhatra XA. It

has slipped externally baked and red ware of medium

fabric. Its looks sturdy. Late Harappan period.

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

305

5» Fragment of a big storage jar which has a wide mouth.

It has prominently everted rim which is slightly

pointed. It has mild corrugation mark externally.

It looks ochrous in colour, well baked and of medixom

fabric. May belong to Late Harappan period.

(Mahaljana - Budhana - Budhana)

6. Fragment of a big vase or storage jar having out-turned

nail headed rim and a rib below it. Red ware of medium

fabric, treated with a slip. Late Harappan (>)

(Mahmoodpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

CM

m

306 A

.

CO

u o

o E-t CO

m vo

r

307 TROUGHS

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a Trough with nail headed rim having

thick section, slipped, ill baked and red ware of

medixan fabric. May belong to Late Harappan period

(Mahaljana - Budhana - Budhana)

2. Fragment of a Trough having out-turned beaded

collared rim, in turned sides probably leading to a

sagger base, ill baked, vmslipped dull red ware of

medium fabric. May belong to Late Harappan.

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

3. Fragment of trough ? with out turned pointed collared

rim. It has straight sides, vmslipped, ill baked and

red ware of medixim fabric. May belong to Late

Harappan.

(Mubarakpur - Khatauli - Jansath)

4. Fragment of trough ? having out turned droping

pointed collared rim. It is treated with a red wash

and ill baked red ware of medixjm fabric. May belong

to Late Harappan.

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

308

5 . Fragment of a trough having out tu rned beaded

co l l a r ed rim. I t had s t r a i g h t s i d e s . I t i s t rea ted

with a red wash, medixora f a b r i c , i l l baked. Mav

belong t o Late Harappan p e r i o d .

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

>s

<N cn

\

309

310 VASES

Fig.l

1. Fragment of vase with elongated flaring rim and out

ward beaded rim which has been made rounded. It is

a collared r±m having a fine slip and well baked,

red ware of medixom fabric. Late Harappan period.

(Dunger - Kandhala - Budhana)

2. Fragment of a big vase having out turned drooping

collared rim. It has out going neck. Unslipped

micasrous. May belong to Late Harappan

(Dunger - Kandhala - Budhana)

3 . Fragment of a vase having f l a red mouth, s t r a i g h t neck

and poin ted r im. I t i s s l ipped wel l baked, red ware

of medixom f a b r i c . Late Harappan p e r i o d .

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

4 . Fragment of a vase having f l a red ou t going rim with

s t r a i g h t neck w i l l s l ipped, wel l baked and red ware

of medium f a b r i c . I t r ep resen t s wi th the s imi la r vase

of the same type found in C.C-P- b u t t h i s po t t e ry may

belong t o Late Harappan p e r i o d .

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

311

5. Fragment of a vase having flared out going rim in

similar shape. No. 4 which is found in 0-C-P. as well,

It has a straight neck, slipped, well baked and of

medium fabric. May belong to Late Harappan-period.

(Nawla - Khatauli - Jansath)

6. Varient of No. 5

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

7. Fragment of a vase having ringed base, unslipped,

red ware of fine fabric, well baked.

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana)

312

^^o^ J

\\

J

\ \

^

^

^

4 F i g . 1 . VASES

313

GOBLET/RINGED BASE/BEAKER

Fig.

!• Fragment of a pedastol of a goblet red ware, well

baked, unslipped, medium fabric. Late Harappan period,

(Dunger - Kandhala - Budhana)

2. Fragment of a ringed base? flat base, upper portion

gone, unslipped and ill baked red ware of medi\am

fabric. May belong to Late Harappan.

(Chandheri - Budhana - Budhana).

3. Fragment of a beaker of which upper portion has gone.

It has tapering sides and concave base, unslipped

treated with a wash well baked, red ware of medium

fabric. Late Harappan period.

(Dunger - Kandhala - BGdhana)

4. Fragment of a goblet having currugated profile inter­

nally. Dull red ware having slipped surface, medium

fabric, the sherd may belong to late Harappan group,

(Alamgirpur - charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

314 \

t I

^l

I

Fig. 1, aOBLET/RZHCED BASE/BEAKER

315

OCHRE COLOUR POTTERY CULTURE

As regards the occurance of the Ochre Colour Pottery,

it may be stated that it is found at fairly a good number of

sites in this district of Muzaffamagar. There are only 3

sites discovered so far in the area under study before the

another could start the work. However, total 29 Ochre

Colour Pottery sites have been located in the area. Though

no copper hoards could be discovered during the course of

my exploration. But it was found m the adjacent district

viz. Saharanpur and Meerut as well.

2 The excavation at Rajpur Parsu and Bisauli brought

to light for the first time the settlements of Ochre

Colour Pottery users, one of tne earliest settlers of this

region. However, the pottery got its full recognition when 3

it was foxind in the lowest level of Hastinapur and

Atrangikhera . As the name implies its main distinguishing

feature was its Ochre Colour which gives it a first

1. Lai, M., OP. cit, p.

2. Lai, B.B., Further Copper Hoards from the Gangetic Basin and a Review of the Problem, in Ancient India, No. 7, (New Delhi), p. 233.

3. Lai, B.B., Excavations at Hastinapura and other Sxplorationj in the Upper Ganga and Sutlej Basins 19 50-52, in Ancient India Nos. lO&ll, (New Delhi), pp. 31-32.

4. Gaur, R.C., op. cit., p.

316

appearance of being badly fired, worn out and rolled. The

other characteristic are its porous character. The slip

usually gets seperated when the pottery is extricated from

the earth anc uchrous Powder comes off even if slightly

rubbed•

The nature of the pottery profile attempted for its

being under water for long time. The scientist have been

almost. Unanimous at this point. But recent excavations at

Lai Cila, Daulatpur excavated by Prof. R.C. Gaur of Aligarh

Muslim University/ Aligarh challenged the whole concept. The

ware appears originally of sturdy nature which has been

turned ochrous due to water logge. Otherwise, the pottery

was originally well baked and wheel turned, which was also

decorated with painting and incised design as well.

Generally the settlements of the OCP people were

found on the river banks and according to Dixit, K.N.

they all are small in size (200x200 sq.m.). However, the

author also could not locate any large size site. The sites

found in district Muzaffamagar are generally badly damaged

by the farmers and the pottery was found in a limited area.

However, exploration of these sites is often very difficult

1. Dixit, K.N., The Ochre Coloured Ware settlements in Ganga-Yamuna Doab, in Essays in Indian Protohistoiry (Delhi, 1979), p. 286.

317

since they are usually flat on surface, sometimes due to

silting. At many places these settlements are located just

on the river banks. In the upper Ganga basin where an

extensive survey has been attempted, the settlements were

found at a distance of about 5 to 8 km. from each other

However, more or less, similar is the case with the district

Muzaffamagar. The occupational thickness varies from 0.30 m.

to 1.20 m . The deposite is generally mixed with brown earth.

Kankar and sand. However, cultural material was found

sporadically.

Among the pottery the fragment of jars, with hori­

zontally splayed out rim, storage jars with slightly beaded

rim, bowl with featureless rim, bowl with ringed base,

basins with splaged out beaded rim, lipped and channel spont

and miniature pots etc. were found. Among other cultural

findings, clay lump with reed markes and otner terracotta

indeterminate objects were foxind.

The clay used for this pottery was uniformaly well

levigated but firing probably was not adequate and therefore,

most of the post sherds have a grey core and dull red

1 . I b i d , p . 286

2 . Shankar Nath, Comments on the Sess ion on OCP in F u r a t a t t r a No. 5 , (New D e l h i ) , p . 1 4 - 1 5 . '

318

appearence. The fabric is mediiom and the pots are invariably

given a wash or slip and in same cases treated with a thick

slip.

"The presence of Grey VVare in thick, medium and thin

in fabric in CCP compex particularly at Ambkheri, Gadharona,

etc. is significant to note. This pottery is also ill fired

as the grey stuff sticks to hand. The shapes are limited and

consists of basins, jars and miniature pedestalled cups.

The evidence of subsistence pattern of CCP people 2

from Afrantikhera fhow that they cultivated rice, barly,

gram, Khesari.

Recent excavation at Atranjikhera and Lai Qila

revealed painted design on Ochre Colour Pottery . At Lai Cila

painted design include an elongated humped bull, segregated

leafy design, flo-*ei motif, circlets etc. art from painted

design incised decoration is also there. The author have

also found some incised CCP sherds from Mubarakpur in

district Muzaffamagar.

1. Dixit, K.N,, op. cit, p. 291

2. Gaur, R.C., op. cit, p.

3. Gaur, R.C., Excavations at Lai Cila, (in press)

319

The evidence of structural activity in CCP culture

first time come from Lai Qila . However, no complete house

plan has been found so far. Probably floors were made by

rainming the earth. As indicated by the occurance of mud

clots with reed marks and bambo impression it is almost

clear that the houses were made of VJattle and doub . The

author has found some mud clots with reed marks from CCP

site i.e. Kutubpur Datana along Hindon Nadi on the district.

1. Ibid.

2. Lai, M. op. cit., p. 32.

OCHRE COLOUR POTTERY

Di s t r i c t :Muzaf f a m a g a r

320

SI .No.

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8-.

9 .

1 0 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

V i l l a g e / S i t e

Alamgirpur

A l i p u r a

Badhai -Kalan

B e g a r a j p u r

Bahramgarh

Chandan

Chaudheri

Dunger

Husainpur-Bopada

Jh inghana

K a s o l i

K u l h e r i

Khanjahanpur

K a t i a

Kutubpur Datana

Ladwa

Mahmoodpur

Molaher i

Mubarakpur

Mahal jana

Noomagar

Nawla

River

Hindon Nadi

Hindon Nadi

Kali Nadi

Hindon Nadi

Hindon Nadi

Salaxini

Hindon Nadi

Krishni Nadi

Kali Nadi

Katha Nala

Hindon Nadi

Hindon Nadi

Kali Nadi

Budhi Ganga

Hindon Nadi

Hindon Ndv i

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Hindon Nadi

Salauni

Kali Nadi

321

2 3 .

24 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

2 9 .

Pipa lsah

Purbal ian

Sikanderpur

Sandhawll

Sikereda

S ikr i

Shikarpur

Hindon Nadi

Kali Nadi

Hindon Nadi

Kali Nadi

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

Hindon Nadi

322

BOWLS

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a bowl with thickened out-turned rim,

medium fabric, unslipped. Ochre colour pottery.

(Alamgirpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a bowl having a ledge and grooves

externally. OCP (?)

(Alipura - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

3. Fragment of a bowl having featureless rim, straight

sides, medium fabric OCP period.

(Khanyahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a bowl having flat base, straight sides,

ill baked and a medium fabric, unslipped, may belong

to OCP period.

(Mubaralqjur - Khatauli - jansath)

5. Fragment of a bowl (?) having incurved pointed rim,

obliquely cut externally, greyish in colour, thick

section, medium fabric, may belong to OCP (?) period.

(Alamgirpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

323

T 7

r 5

r ;

I ' , I

s P i g . 1 . BOWLS

324

BASINS

F i g . 1

1 . Fragment of a b a s i n w i t h t h i c k e n e d c o l l a r e d rim hav ing

a wide d e p r e s s i o n e x t e r n a l l y , medium f a b r i c , OCP p e r i o d .

(Alamgirpur - Char thawal r Char thawal - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a b a s i n hav ing o u t - t u r n e d p o i n t e d r im, d u l l

r e d ware , medium f a b r i c , \ ans l ipped Ochre Colour P o t t e r y .

(Ladva - Baghra - Muzaf famagar )

3 . Fragment of a b a s i n hav ing n a i l headed r im, medium

f a b r i c , OCP p e r i o d .

(Ladva - Baghra - Muzaf famagar )

4 . Fragment of a b a s i n having o b l i q u e l y o u t tu rned rini and

a l edge e x t e r n a l l y on t h e s i d e s , medium f a b r i c , OCP

g r o u p .

(Mahmoodpur - Charthawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

5 . Fragment of a b a s i n hav ing o u t - t u r n e d th i ckened rim,

medium f a b r i c OCP g r o u p .

(Badhai Kalan - Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

6 . A v a r i e n t of No 4 .

(Mahmoodpur - Charthawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

t ^v

325

T 7 :b

/

I

v /

\ \

: >

\ \

y

P i g . 1 . BASINS

BASINS 3 2 0

F i g . 2

1 . Fragment cf basin having incurved f e a t u r e l e s s rim. I t

has a g lobular body. I t has s l ipped which has gone

away. I t has a thin groove below the neck, well baked

and red ware of medium f a b r i c . I t may belong to OCP

p e r i o d .

(S ikerera - Jansath - Jansath)

2 . Fragment of a bas in , loop handled i l l baked, dul l red

ware or medium f a b r i c . Unslipped, i t may belong to

OCP p e r i o d .

(Mubarakpur - Chatauli - Jansath)

3 . Fragment of a basin having p ro j ec t ed f la t tened thickened

r im. Dull red ware, th ick sec t ion , red ware of tnedixm

f a b r i c , unsl ipped. OCP p e r i o d .

(Ladva - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a d i s«h/bas in , unsl ipped, n a i l headed rim,

incurved s ides , medium fab r i c , i l l baked, may belong

t o OCP p e r i o d .

(Mxibarakpur-KhatauH - Jansath)

327

\ A

n

CO

z H <

O'

V&SES 32§

Fig . 1

1. Fragment of a vase having ou t - t u rned po in ted and

drooping co l l a red rim and a s t r a i g h t neck. CCP p e r i o d .

lAl ipura - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim. Porous,

coarse red ware. May belong t o OCP p e r i o d .

(Sikandarpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim and s t r a i g h t

neck, medi\am f a b r i c , CCP p e r i o d .

(Alipura - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned thickened rim,

v e r t i c a l neck medium f a b r i c , OCP p e r i o d .

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned r im. OCP Group.

(Kulheri - Charthawala - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a vase having ou t - t u rned ex t e rna l l y thickene

r im. May be a OCP sherd .

(Ladra - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

7 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - t u rned thickened rim.

S t r a i g h t neck OCP (?) .

(Noor Nagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

329

8. Fragment of a small vase having out - turned splayed out

rim, v e r t i c a l neck. Ochurous, medium fab r i c , OCP (?)

(Shankarpur - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

9 . Fragment of vase having out - turned , hor izonta l rim, red

was, medium fab r i c OCP (?) p e r i o d .

(Alamgirpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar

10. Fragment of a vase having out - turned thickened r im. Red

ware, medixam f a b r i c , uns l ipped . OCP per iod ,

(Ladava - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

(a ringed base)

1. A ringed base having almost beaded end having horizonta

top. Ochre Colour Period.

(Badhaikalan - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

330

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F i $ . 4 . VASES

331

VASE

F i g . 2

1. Fragment of vase with out- turned r im. I t i s t r e a t e d

with a wash. I t has a decora t ion, many l i n e s in chain

p a t t e r n . I t i s i l l baked and of medium f a b r i c . I t may

belong t o OCP group.

(Mubarakpur - Khatauli - Jansath)

2 . Fragment of a vase out turned mouth with a mild r i b

e x t e r n a l l y . Probably having a g lobu la r s i de s , elongated

neck, unsl ipped, i l l baked. OCP p e r i o d .

(Sikereda - Jansa th - Jansath)

3 . Fragment of a long vase having elongated out- turned

thickened rim. Dull red ware, medivim f a b r i c , t r e a t e d

with a wash.

(Luhari - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a vase having f l a r i n g and s l i g h t l y drooping

rim. OCP p e r i o d .

(Alipura - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a vase having out turned pointed drooping

rim. Traces of s l i p . OCP p e r i o d .

(Alamgirpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

g . Fragment of a vase having out - turned co l la red rim.

Dull red ware, coarse fabr ic , uns l ipped . ::OcR..-i period,

(Ladava - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

332

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F i g . 2 . VASE

333

VESSELS

F i g . 1

1 . Fragment of a v e s s e l hav ing o u t - t u r n e d p o i n t e d c o l l a r e d

r i m . Uns l i pped , medium f a b r i c . Ochre c o l o u r p o t t e r y .

(Alamgirpur - Charthawal - Muzaf famagar )

2 . Fragment of a v e s s e l having o u t - t u r n e d c o l l a r e d rim and

convex n e c k . QCP g r o u p .

(A l ipu ra - Char thawal - Muzaf famagar )

3 . Fragment of a v e s s e l having o u t - t u r n e d p o i n t e d c o l l a r e d

rim, ou tgo ing n e c k . Ochre co lou r p o t t e r y .

(Alamgirpur - Char thawal - Muzaf famagar )

4 . Fragment of a v e s s e l having o u t - t u r n e d t h i ckened r im .

CCP g r o u p .

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaf famagar )

5 . Fragment of a v e s s e l hav ing o u t - t u r n e d bedded (?) rim

and convex neck , t r e a t e d w i t h a wash, medium f a b r i c .

OCP p e r i o d .

(Bodhai Kalan - Char thawal - Muzaf famagar )

6 . Fragment of a v e s s e l hav ing o u t - t u r n e d t h i ckened

d rop ing r im, t r e a t e d w i t h a wash, medium f a b r i c .

OCP p e r i o d .

(Chandar - P u r k a z i - Muzaf famagar )

334

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P i g . 1 . VESSELS

335 PAINTED GREY WARE CULTURE

The Painted Grey Ware culture occupies a very

significant position in the archaeology of India in

general and specially in the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab.

It is one of the most important protohistoric cultures

of India not only because of its association with the

Aryans and the early use of iron, but also because it

brought the region on the threshold of urbanisation.

The Painted Grey Ware was first discovered at

Ahichchhatra . However, its full significance was

recognised only after B.B« Lai's excavation at

Hastinapur . Since then nearly 650 sites have been

explored so far in the different parts of northern

India. Of these nearly 31 sites have been excavated.

Among those Alamgirpur Allahpur, Hastinapur, Hulas,

Atranjikhera, Ahichchhatra etc. in the western Uttar

Pradesh are noteworthy. One important thing is that the

Painted Grey Ware sites found in Western Uttar Pradesh

is preceeded by the Late Harappan culture but with a

gap between two cultures.

The ware, as the name indicates, is grey in colour

and the colour varies from ashy grey to dark steel grey.

1. Ancient India No. 1 and Indian Archaeology 1963-64 -A Review, p. 43-44, 1964-65, p. 39-40.

2. Lai, B-B*, Ancient India, Nos. 10-11, p. 11.

336

Generally, on grey surface of the body are painted liner

and dotted patterns in black. The simplest and most

elementary pattern is the single horizontal band, which

is seen- repeated over and over again as a border for

more complex pattern. The commonest patterns are formed

by groups of vertical or oblique strok below the hori­

zontal rim band. The strokes are scxnetimes of unequal

thickness. These groups are sometimes interspersed with

dots. Intersecting lines, rows of dots, dots and dashes

or groups of wavy lines also appear on some of the pots.

The individualistic designs include concentric semi

circles, concentric circle, radiating rows of two lines

each and hook rising from a circle or from vertical

lines. However, these designs are generally found on

the exterior surface of the pots only. On the inner

base of the dishes appear spirals, groups of circles,

intersecting chains and other indistinct designs.

However, paintings are executed on the exterior, interior

or on the both sides. These grey ware sherds are generally

painted with black pigment in various shades of the same.

A few sherds show a stop gap painting as well. Thus,

the pottery does not, generally, show any degeneration.

337

The grey colour of the pottery is supposed to be

the result of its being fired under reducing condition

in the Kiln , so that the clay did not turn red and was

sufficient to bake the pot. The clay used for manufac­

turing the pot is well levigated and was probably force

from impurities. It has a fine to rnediiim grained eight

grey core. It varies in thickness. The majority of the

pots have been manufactured on wheel, though hand-made

specimens are also met with. This pottery when dropped

or struck give somewhat a metalic soxind.

The shapes or types of the Painted Grey Ware,

generally, are represented by the bowls and dishes of

various types and sizes. In addition to these common

shapes, the miniature vases known as lota in northern

India and fragments of grooved collared basins have also

been foxind. A noteworthy feature of this ware is the

representation of the dining sets as illustrated else-

whe re.

In addition to the Painted Grey Ware, coarse

Grey Ware generally associated with the Painted Grey

Ware of the Northern Black Polished Ware period has

1. Lai, B.B., op. cit.. No. 10-11, p. 11.

338

also been found during the course of my exploration in

the area under study. The clay used for manufacturing

this kind of grey ware has some impurities. The pottery

of this group shows general decadence. It has also

rough surface and is thicker in section. A few grey

ware pieces also show some kind of wash.

The concentration of the Painted Grey Ware

sites in the district Muzaffamagar is along Hindon

and Kali Nadi. Total 5.: sites have been explored so far

in which 19 sites were already reported earlier so far

as this district is concerned.

The Painted Grey Ware sites are located along

the river banks. Among all the PGW sites 20 on Kali

Nadi/ 12 on Hindon Nadi and 11 on Budhi Ganga were

found. Rest of the PGW sites sites were located on the

banks of the other rivers viz. Katha Nala, Krishni and

Yamuna. The average distance from one site to another is

about 6 to 8 km.

The presence of a large number of Painted Grey

Ware sites in the district is indicative of the fact

that it was the dominent culture which suggests

that during the later vedic period this district

was well populated. However, it also shows the beginning

of urbanization.

Below is Illustrated a few line drawings of the

Painted Grey Ware sherds found in the district of

PAINTED/tLAIN GREY WARE

D i s t t - Muzaffamagar

339

si .No.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

15.

17.

IS.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Village/Site

Budhlna-Kalan

Bhooroa

Bhura

Dhindawli

Desalpur

Harya Khera

Husainpur Kalan

Huzur Nagar

Issopur teel

Inchauli

CTaula

Johra

Jhinghana

Jhal

Jatwara

Kalyana

Kulheri

Khanj ahanpur

Khokani

Kaithora

Kailapur

Kheri - Sarai

River

Hinclon Nadi

Budhi Ganga

Katha Nala

Hindon

Kali Nadi

Krishni

Hindon

Kali Nadi

Yamxina

Kali Nadi

Krishni - Hindon

Kali Nadi

Katha Nala

Krishni

Budhi Ganga

Kali Nadi

Hindon

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

340

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

Khai - Khera

Kamalpur

Kutubpur

Kairana

Ladava

Luhari

Mirapur

Mubarakpur

Nagla Rai

Nlamu

Noor Nagar

Nawla

Nagwa

Pipalsah

Purbalian

Putthi Horahimpur

Rohana Kalan

Rampur

Rai

Saidpur Kalan

Sikanderpur

Sisona

Sujadu

Slkereda

Budhi Ganga

Hindin

Hindon

Yamuna

Hindon

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Hindon

Hindon

Salauni

Kali Nadi

Hindon

Hindon..

Kali Nadi

Budhi Ganga

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Hindon

Kali Nadi

Kali Nadi

Budhi Ganga

47.

43.

49.

50.

51.

52.

53.

Sikri

Sanpat

Tisang

Tikola

Tiyarpur

Unchagaon

Ukavali

341

Budhl Ganga

Yamuna

Kali Nadi

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

Yamun a-Kri shn i

Hindon

342 PAINTINGS OP PGW

F i g . 1:

1 . A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd being a p a r t of a bowl base

having v e r t i c a l l i n e s in b lack i n t e r n a l l y and hor izonta l

s t r okes e x t e r n a l l y .

(Noorpagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

2 . A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd having th ree v e r t i c a l l i n e s in

b lack e x t e r n a l l y .

( Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

3 . A Pain ted Grey Ware sherd having curved l i n e s in b lack .

Treated with a wash, medium f a b r i c . PGW phase.

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4 . A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd having rows of d o t s . Medium

f a b r i c . PGW phase .

(P ipa lsa - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5 . A Pain ted Grey ware sherd having v e r t i c a l l i ne s of uneven

t h i c k n e s s . Medium f a b r i c PGW phase .

(Sujadu - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

6 . A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd having two s e t s of curved l i n e s

and dashes in between in black i n t e r n a l l y . Pine f a b r i c .

PGW p e r i o d . (Kulheri - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

7 . A grey ware sherd of a Gobular po t having three grooved

ho r i zon t a l l i n e s . Medium f a b r i c . PGW phases .

-- C"" !'

343

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F i g . 1 . PAINTINGS OF PGW

344 PAINTINGS OF PGW

F i g . 2

1 . A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd having oblique l i nes in te rna l !

Fine f a b r i c .

(Noomagar - Puskanzi - Muzaffamagar) •

2 . A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd having concentr ic c i r c l e s

e x t e r n a l l y . Fine f a b r i c .

(Noomagar - Puskanzi - Muzaffamagar)

3 . A Pa in ted Grey ware sherd having dashes i n t e r n a l l y .

Medium f a b r i c .

(Noojnaagar - Pushkanzi - Muzaffamagar)

4 . A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd having th ree dots on a so l id

indetexminate design in b l a c k . Smooth surface and

medixan f a b r i c . PGW phase .

(Khanjahanpur - Chexrthawal - Mu-zaf famagar) .

5 . Fragment of a Pa in ted Grey Ware bowl having dots in

block e x t e r n a l l y medium f a b r i c . PGW phase ,

(Sujadu - Muzaffam§gar - Muzaffamagar) •

6. A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd having dots along with within

two v e r t i c a l l i n e s , medium f a b r i c .

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar) .

7 . A Pa in ted Grey Ware sherd having v e r t i c a l l i nes of

unevers th i ckness raediim f a b r i c . PGW phase .

(Kutubpur Datana - Budhano^ Budhan:) •

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P i g . 2 . PAINTINGS OF PGW

346

BOWLS

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a Painted Grey ware bowl having vertical rim

and straight sides. Painted in black forming vertical

almost parallel lines internally and an indeterminate

motif externally. PGW period.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagar)

2. Fragment of a bowl having prominently incurved rim,

reddish internally and blackish externally, pow phase.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagar) .

3. Fragment of a bigger grey ware bowl having vertical

sharpened rim and straight sides. Fine fabric, having a

mild ledge on the sides. Decorated with a circle (?) and

two dashes in reserve slip. PGW period.

(Rahana Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

4. Fragment of a Painted Grey Ware bowl having in-turned rim,

a black rim band internally. Medium fabric. PGW phase.

(Nagla Rai - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

5. Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having featureless intumed

rim. Fine fabric, treated with a black wash externally.

Late PGW phase or early NBPW phase.

(Kalyana - Charthawal - Muzaffamaagar) .

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347

f

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F i g . 1 . BOWLS

BOWLS

F i g . 2

1 . Fragment of a P a i n t e d Grey ware bowl hav ing v e r t i c a l

sharpened rim and s t r a i g h t s i d e s . F i n e f a b r i c * hav ing

a . t h i n rim band e x t e r n a l l y PGW p e r i o d .

( P i p a l s a - Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

2 . Fragment of a Grey ware bowl h a v i n g incu rved rim,

medixom f a b r i c . PGW p e r i o d .

(Rampur - M u z a f f a m a g a r - Muzaf fa rnagar )

3 . Fragment of a bowl hav ing f e a t u r e l e s s i n t u m e d r im .

Medium f a b r i c , t r e a t e d w i t h a wash . PGW p e r i o d .

4 . Fragment of a Grey ware bowl h a v i n g incurved r im.

S l i g h t l y t h i c k n e d on t h e t o p , medium f a b r i c , PGW p e r i o d .

(Rai - M u z a f f a m a g a r - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

5 . Fragment of Grey Ware bowl h a v i n g i n t u m e d r im. Fine

f a b r i c . PGW p e r i o d .

(Landwa - Baghra - Muga f f amaga r ) .

6 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl h a v i n g i n t u r n e d sharpened

rim, f i ne f a b r i c . L a t e PGW p h a s e .

(Kalyana - Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r ) .

7 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl h a v i n g s l i g h t l y i n t u m e d

r im . Medium f a b r i c may be long t o PGW p e r i o d .

(Sa idpur Kalan - Char thawal - Muza f famagar )

8 . Fragment of Grey Ware bowl h a v i n g i n t u m e d rim and

s l i g h t l y convex s i d e s . Medixjtm f a b r i c . PGW p h a s e .

(Niamu - Char thawal <- M u z a f f a m a g a r ) .

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F i g . 2 . BOWLS

350

BOWLS

F i g . 3

1 . Fragment of Pa in ted Grey Ware bowl having i n t u m e d rim.

A black rim band i n t e r n a l l y . Mediijm f a b r i c . PGW phase .

(Kulheri - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having ever ted rim and

s t r a i g h t s i d e s , medivum f a b r i c . Pa in ted in black witli a

rim band e x t e r n a l l y . PGW phase .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) .

3 . Fragment of a Pa in ted Grey ware bowl having f ea tu re l e s s

almost v e r t i c a l rims with a black rim band. Medium

f a b r i c . Late PGW or e a r l y NBPW p e r i o d .

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a Grey ware bowl having v e r t i c a l sharpened

rim and v e r t i c a l s i d e s . A black rim band i n t e r n a l l y ,

t r e a t e d with a wash e x t e r n a l l y . Medixom f a b r i c . PGW

phase (?)

(Budhina Kalan - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a Pa in ted Grey Ware bowl having incurved rim.

A black rim band i n t e r n a l l y . Treated with a s l i p , medium

f a b r i c . PGW phase .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

6 . Fragment of a Pa in ted Grey Ware bowl having incurved

sharpened rim pa in ted with a black rim band i n t e r n a l l y .

Medium fabr ic* PGW phase .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) .

351

7 . Fragment of ^ Paincad Cray Ware bowl having incun/ed rim,

medi'uia f a b r i c . PGW phase .

(Sisona - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffamagar)

8 . Fragment of a Pain ted Grey Ware bowl having s l i g h t l y

incurved rim with a black rim band e x t e r n a l l y , rr.edium

f a b r i c . PGW phase .

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

9 . Fragment of a Pa in ted Grey Ware bowl having in tumed rim

with a black rim band on both s i d e s . Medium f a b r i c . PGW

phase .

(Lodana - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

352

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F i g . 3 . BOWLS

BOWLS 353

Fig. 4

1. Fragment of a Painted Grey Ware bowl having sharpened rim.

Painted in black with two vertical curved lines extenrally

with a rim band on both sides. Medium fabric. PGW phase.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) .

2. Fragment of a Painted Grey Ware bowl having featureless

sharpened and vertical rim. Painted in black rim bands and

horizontal lines externally. Fine fabric. PGW phase.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagar) .

3. Fragment of a Painted Grey Ware bowl having slightly

almost vertical sharpened rim. Vertical curved lines

externally in black. Medium fabric. PGW phase.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagari .

4. Fragment of a Painted Grey ware bowl having incurved rim.

Painted in black with oblique strokes having thin ends.

Medium fabric. PGW phase.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) •

5. Fragment of a Painted Grey ware bowl having incurved rim

with curved lines externally and vertical small and thin

strokes internally. Medium fabric. PGW phase.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) .

6. Fragment of a Painted Grey Ware deep bowl having incurved

rim, almost straight sides. Painted in black externally

having parallel vertical lines and 'w* shaped design.

Medium fabric.

(Noomagar - Purkazi • Muzaffamagar)

354

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F i g . 4 . BOWLS

35S

BOWLS

F i g . if

1 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having kni fe edged rim

and v e r t i c a l s i d e s . Medium f a b r i c . PGW p e r i o d .

(Kulheri - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a Grey Vj'are bowl having s l i g h t l y out - turned

rim, sharpened i n t e r n a l l y . Medium f a b r i c . May belong to

PGW p e r i o d .

(Ladva - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a Grey Vjare bowl having incurved rim and

s l i g h t l y convex s i d e s , medium f a b r i c . PGW phase .

(Niamu - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of Grey 'Ware bowl having i n t u m e d rim and

oblique dashes e x t e r n a l l y . Probably in reverse s l i p .

Fine f a b r i c , PGW phase .

(Pipalsah - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5 . F r a ^ e n t of a Grey ware bowl having v e r t i c a l thickened

rim, medivim f a b r i c .

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

6 . Fragment of a Grey V^are bowl having incurved rim. Medium

f a b r i c , t r ea t ed with a wash e x t e r n a l l y . PGW phase (?) .

(Ladva - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

7 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having incurved rim. medium

f a b r i c , PGW phase.

(Ladva - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

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F i g . 5 . BOWLS

357

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F i g . 1 . MINIATURE POTS

358 MINIATURE POTS

F i g . 2

1. Fragment of a miniature toy bowl. Red ware, treated

with a wash with medium fabric.

(Noor Nagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a lid having squattish flattish knob

internally, flaring sides. Red ware, medium fabric,

unslipped. Kushana period.

(Nagla rai - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

3. Fragment of a bowl having straight featureless rim,

flaring sides, flat base. Dull red ware, coarse

fabric, unslipped, Kushana period.

(Sandhawli - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a miniature pot having out-turned flaring

rim and flaring sides. Dull red ware, medixmi fabric,

unslipped, may belong to C-C.P. period.

(Mahmoodpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5. A miniature bowl having flattish top rim. Dull red

ware, coarse fabric, may be of Kushana period.

(Rasulpur - Charthwal - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a miniature bowl having discoid base and

flaring sides. Fine grey ware, treated with a wash.

(Alamgirpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

359

7. Fragment of a miniature bowl having incurved ri:n,

externally thickened. Dull red ware, medium fabric,

unslipped, Kushana period.

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

8. Fragment of a miniature pot having out-turned r'.m.

Red ware with mediimi fabric, unslipped may be of

C.C-P- period.

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

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P i g . 2 . MINIATURE POTS

361

1. Fragment of a handled cup having f l a t t i s h base . Red

ware, medium f a b r i c .

(Niamu - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a basin having t h i c k base and f la r ing sides

Red ware, coarse f a b r i c , i l l b u r n t .

(Rampur - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

362

F i g . 1

1 . Fragment of a pedes t a l l ed bowl or a l i d Dull red

ware with medivun fab"ric# xinslipped. Kushana per iod .

(Kulheri - Charthawal •» Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a spout, t r e a t e d with a t h in s l i p . May-

belong to ea r ly h i s t o r i c p e r i o d .

(Kalyana - Charthawal - Muzaf famagar)

3 . Fragment of a s q u a t t i s h spout . Bull red ware, medium

f a b r i c . Unslipped. May belong to e a r l y h i s t o r i c

p e r i o d .

(Nagla Rai - Charthawal - Kuzaffamagar)

Vc^/

EAPLY HISTORIC CULTURE

Di s t r i c t :Muzaf f a m a g a r

353

SI .NO. V i l l a g e / S i t e S I . N o . V i l l a g e / S i t e

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 -

2 2 .

A l i p u r a

Buddha-khera

Badha i -Kalan

Budina-Kalan

Bhura

Cha r t h a w a l

D e s a l p u r

Dhol ra

Dhansani

Dh indhao l i

G o l a - P u t t h a

Husa inpur -Kalan

Harya Khera

H u z u m a g a r

I n c h a u l i

I s s o p u r

J a r o d a

J o h r a

Gatwara

Jhax

Kasol l

Kasyara

2 3 .

2 4 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

2 9 .

3 0 .

3 1 .

3 2 .

3 3 .

3 4 .

3 5 .

3 6 .

3 7 .

3 8 .

3 9 .

4 0 .

41»

4 2 .

4 3 .

4 4 .

Xalyana

Kulher i

Khanj ahanpur

Khudda

Kai thora

Kai 1 ap u r - J a smo r

Ka t i a

K h e r i - S a r a i

Khai-Xhera

Kakraul i

Kamalpur

Ki t a s

Luhari

Ladwa

Mahmcodpur

Mubarakpur

Mirapur

Nagla-Rai

Niamu

Noomagar

Nawla

Nlzampur

354

4 5 .

4 6 ,

4 7 .

4 8 .

4 9 .

5 0 .

5 1 .

5 2 .

5 3 .

5 4 .

5 5 .

5 6 .

5 7 .

5 8 .

5 9 .

6 0 .

6 1 .

6 2 .

6 3 .

6 4 .

6 5 .

6 6 .

6 7 .

6 8 .

Nagwa

P i p a l s a h

P u r b a l i a n

Rohana-Kalan

Rampur

Ram r a j

R iawl i -Nagla

S a i d p u r

S i sona

Suj adu

Sonta

S ike reda

S u k a r t a l

S i k r i

S a r a i

S u l t a n p u r

S a i n p a t

T iko la

T i y a r p u r

Tisang

Toda

Unchagaon

Unchagaon

Wahelna

365

MEDIEVAL CULTURE

The medieval period is generally represented by

red ware and in this period many shapes are found. The

pots of this period are bigger in size and generally

unslipped but occasionally have painting in the form of

horizontal rim on the pots externally. Sometimes white

painting are also seen. Among popular types are different

types of bowls, basins, vases and big storage jars

are also found.

Noteworthy feature of this period is presence of

different types of glazed ware in which those done on

the terracotta pots seem to belong to earlier period

which are followed by the true glazed ware, A few paper

thin pottery of brownish colour are also casually seen.

The chilam appears of a popular types. Different types

of tiles are also met with.

Here below a few shared of this period are

described and illustrated which was foxind in the area

under study.

366

BOWLS

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a bowl having flaring sides and featureless

rim and grooves bellow internally. Dull red ware, coarse

fabric, unslipped. Medieval period.

(Wahelna - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a bowl having out-turned flattish rim and

incurved sides. Dull red ware, coarse fabric. Medieval

period.

(Rasulpur - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

3. Fragment of a bowl having flaring sides out-turned and

thickened rim. Red ware with medium fabric. Unslipped.

Medieval period.

(Kanamheri - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

4. Fragment of a bowl having incurved rim with flat top.

Red ware of medivim fabric, treated with a slip. Medieval

period.

(Nara - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

5. Fragment of a bowl having out-turned externally thickened

rim, incurved sides. Red ware, mediiom fabric. Medieval

period.

(Sarwat - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffazmagar)

6. Fragment of a bowl having splayed out rim, incurved sides

Red ware, medi\an fabric, unslipped. Medieval period.

(Shemagar - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

357

7 . Fragment of a bowl having v e r t i c a l f e a tu r e l e s s rim,

ca r ina t ed towards f l a r i n g s i d e s . Dull red ware, medium

fabrifi , unsl ipped. Medieval p e r i o d .

(Wahelna - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

8 . Fragment of a bowl (?) having incurved pointed rim,

ob l ique ly out e x t e r n a l l y . Greyish colour , th ick s e c t i o n ,

raeditJtm fabr i c , burnished s u r f a c e . Medieval pe r iod .

(Alamgirpur - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

358

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369 BASINS

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a basin having inturned rim obliquely out

externally and a ledge externally. Red ware treated with

a wash having coarse fabric. Medieval period.

(Singalpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a basin having out-turned rim, a rib on the

sides and carinated neck. Red ware with medium fabric,

treated with a slip externally. Medieval period.

(Molaheri - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

3. Fragment of a basin slightly thickened vertical rim and

a ledge externally. Red ware, medium fabric, treated with

a wash. Medieval period.

(Kanamheri - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a basin having inturned thickened rim,

incurved sides and a rib externally. Dull red ware,

medium fabric, unslipped. Medieval period.

(Shankaipur - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

5. Fragment of a basin having nail headed rim. Red ware,

medixmi fabric treated with a slip. Medieval period.

(Parai - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a basin having inturned and elliptically thic­

kened rim with grooves, incurved sides. Red ware with

coarse fabric, treated with a wash. Medieval period.

(Singalpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

370

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F i g . 1 . BASINS

371

BASINS

F i g . 2

1 . Fragment of a b a s i n h a v i n g s l i g h t l y i n t u r n e d t h i c k e n e d

r im . Trea ted w i t h a r ed s l i p i n t e r n a l l y . Thick s e c t i o n ,

medium f a b r i c . Medieval pe i r i od .

(Badh - Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

2 . Fragment of a b a s i n hav ing n a i l headed r i m . Trea ted w i t h

a red s l i p , medium f a b r i c . Medieva l p e r i o d .

(Badh - Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

3 . Fragment of a b a s i n hav ing s l i g h t l y i n t u r n e d rim roughly

o b l i q u e l y o u t i n t e r n a l l y . T r e a t e d w i t h a 3:ed s l i p . Medieval

p e r i o d .

(Bath - Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

4 . Fragment of a b a s i n hav ing f l e r i n g s i d e s , c o l l a r e d rim

and two p r o j e c t i o n s e x t e r n a l l y . D u l l r ed ware and coa r se

f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Mahamoodpur - Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

5 . Fragment of a b a s i n hav ing o u t - t u r n e d rim o b l i q u e l y cu t

i n t e r n a l l y and a wide groove e x t e r n a l l y . Incurved s i d e

below c a r i n a t i o n . Du l l r ed ware , c o a r s e f a b r i c . Medieval

p e r i o d .

(Rasulpur - Char thawal - M u z a f f a m a g a r )

372

D

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F i g . 2 . BASINS

373

BASINS

F i g . 3

1 . Fragment of a ba s in with c los ing mouth having a p ro jec t ion

ex te rna l ly and c a r i n a t e d towards a sa fe r base . Red were,

t r ea t ed with a s l i p , medivun f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Shernagar - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a bas in having n a i l headed rim and a proninent

groove e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware, medixim fab r i c , t r e a t e d with

a s l i p . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Nara - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar;

3 . Fragment of a ba s in having s l i g h t l y n a i l headed rim. Red

ware, mediiam f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with a s l i p . Medieval per iod .

(Sarwat - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a bas in having e x t e r n a l l y drooping r im. Thick

greyish ware, t r e a t e d wi th a wash. Medieval pe r iod ,

(Badhai Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

5 . Fragment of a bas in having n a i l headed rim. Dull red

ware, mediiom f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

,374

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F i g . 3 . BASINS

375 GLAZED WARES

Fig. 1

1. Base fragment of a Glazed Ware dish. Glazing has been

done internally on terracotta pottery. It has a ringed

base. The painting has a white base and floral motif

within two concentric circles divided into four segments.

Medium fabric. Medieval period.

Shernagar - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a Glazed ware pedestalled bowl or dish having

a floral motif on the inner base over white glazed surface.

Gritty core. Medieval period.

(Rasulpur - Charthewal - Muzaffamagar)

3. A Red ware sherd having glazed, polished and a white

thick line with green line over it. Medixan fabric. Medieval

period.

(Khanjahanpur - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

376

BOWLS

F i g . S

1 . Fragment of a Grey VJare bowl hav ing i n t u m e d r i m .

T rea t ed w i t h a g rey s l i p e x t e r n a l l y , medium f a b r i c .

(Rai - M u z a f f a m a g a r - Muzaf famagar )

2 . Fragment of a bowl hav ing s l i g h t l y i n t u m e d sharpened

r im, s t r a i g h t s i d e s . F ine f a b r i c . PGVi p h a s e .

(Luhar i - Char thawal - Muzaf famagar )

3 . Fragment of a Grey 'Ware bowl having i n t u m e d f e a t u r e l e s s

r im, s l i g h t l y convex s i d e s , medi\am f a b r i c , PGVJ p h a s e .

( P i p a l s a t - Charthawal - Muzaf famagar )

4 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having f e a t u r e l e s s r im,

convex s i d e s , medium f a b r i c . PGW p e r i o d .

(S ikande rpu r - Char thawal - Muzaf famagar )

5 . Fragment of a Grey V.'are bowl hav ing v e r t i c a l rim and

medium f a b r i c . PGW p h a s e .

(Noomagar - P u r k a z i - Muzaf famagar )

6 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl, i d e n t i c a l t o No. 4 .

(S ikande rpur - Char thawal - Muzaf famagar )

7 . Fragment of bowl hav ing i n t u m e d r im, having a mi ld

groove e x t e r n a l l y , t r e a t e d w i t h a s t e e l grey wash,

medixjun f a b r i c . PGW phase

(Rohana Kalan - Char thawal - Muzaf famagar )

377

1*19. 6 , BOWLS

378

BOWLS

P i g . 7

1. Fragmtnt of a Grey Ware bowl having nail-headed rim

and s t r a i g h t s i d e s . Medium f a b r i c . Early NBPV." per iod(?) .

(Sujada - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having in tumed rim,

e l l i p t i c a l l y thickened e x t e r n a l l y with grooves. Mediiam

f a b r i c . NBPW p e r i o d .

(Ladva - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a red ware bowl having in tumed thickened

co l la red rim, convex s ides , medium f a b r i c . Treated with

a b r i g h t wash. PGV7 or NBPW phase .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a bowl having i n t u m e d rim e l l i p t i c a l l y

thickened e x t e r n a l l y with grooves on i t . Medi\:im f a b r i c .

NBPW per iod (?) .

(Pipalsa - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having incurved rim thickened

e x t e r n a l l y , Mediuum f a b r i c . NBPW phase .

(Ladra - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

6 . Fragment of a black s l ipped bowl having fea tu re less

v e r t i c a l r im. Medivim f a b r i c . NBPV/ phase .

(Ladva - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

379

7 . Fragment of a red ware bowl having incurved rim, convex

s i d e s . Dull red ware with medium f a b r i c . NBPW p e r i o d .

(Noor Nagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) .

8 . Fragments of a bowl having v e r t i c a l rim with f l a t t i s h top

and incurved s ides and l u s t r o u s brownish sur face . Grey­

ing c o r e . Early NBPVi phase (?) .

(Pipalsah - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar) .

9 . Fragment of a Grey V are bowl having a th ick black l i ne

on inne r sur face , medium f a b r i c . NBPW phase .

10. Fragment of a bowl having flanged rim and convex s i d e s .

Red ware with mediian f a b r i c . PGV< p h a s e .

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380

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F i g . 7 . BOWLS

BASINS 381

F i g . 1

1 . Fragment of a Grey Ware basin having incurved rim

thickened ex t e rna l l y of medium f a b r i c . NBPW period ( ? ) .

(Seyadu - Muzaffamagar - Muzaf famagar )

2 . Fragment of a Grey ware basin having v e r t i c a l e l l i p t i c a l l y

thickened rim e x t e r n a l l y . Medium f a b r i c . i'JBPW per iod .

(Noor Nagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a basin having s l i g h t l y i n t u m e d rim, e l l i p ­

t i c a l l y thickened and grooved e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware, f ine

f a b r i c , unsl ipped, well baked. May belong to Iv=?W p e r i o d .

(Ladva - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a basin having i n t u m e d grooved r i ~ . Red

ware, medium f a b r i c , xinslipped. NBPW per iod (?) .

(Dansani - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a basin having i n t u m e d rim, e l l ip - r i ca l ly

thickened ex t e rna l l y , with a prominent groove. Dull red

ware, medium f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with a wash. May belong to

NBPV/ p e r i o d .

(Dhansani - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

6 . Fragment of a Grey Ware basin having incurved rim,

e l l i p t i c a l l y thickened e x t e r n a l l y . NBPVJ pe r iod .

(Ladva - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

7 . Fragment of a basin having i n t u m e d and ex te rna l ly

thickened with a mild groove. Red ware, t r e a t e d with

a wash, medium f a b r i c . This type of bas in continues

from the Mauryan t imes .

(Kelyana - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

f

382

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F i g . 1 . BASINS

383 DISHES

Pig. 1

1. Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having incurved rim,

treated with a wash, medium fabric. PGW phase.

(Rampur - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar) .

2. Fragment of a dish having knife edged intumed rim with a

groove externally. Fine fabric. PGW phase.

(Lohari - Gharthawal - Muzaffamagar) .

3. Fragment of a Grey Ware bowl having intumed rim and

oblique dashes externally. Probably in reserve slip.

Fine fabric. PGW phase.

(Niamu - Gharthawal - Muzaffamagar) .

4. Fragment of a Painted Grey Ware bowl having vertical

sharpened rim internally. Convex sides, fine fabric.

Painted in blacX externally with a rim band intexminate

motif. PGW phase.

(Sisona - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar) .

5. Fragment of a Painted Grey Ware dish having incurved

sharpened rim painted in black with two oblique lines

externally. Medium fabric. PGW phase.

(Sujadu - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a Grey Ware dish having everted rim, convex

aides. Pine fabric. PGW Phase. (Sujadu - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

7. Fragment of a Grey Ware dish having flat base and flaring

sides, medium fabric. PGW phase.

(Rampur - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

384

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P i g . 1 . DESHES

385

NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARE CULTURE

In comparision with the other cultures found in

this district of Muzaffajmagar Northern Black Polished

Ware is less in nxamber which is generally found along

the Budhi Ganga and occasionally on Kali Nadi and Salauni

Nadi. However, both are the tributaries of the Ganca,

Since this ware is found rarely, it is obious that

Northern Black polished Ware culture was not popular in

this region particularly in the area under study.

However, associated cultural material indicates that

the area flourished during this period also. The period

of this culture coinsides with the urbanization of the

Ganga Valley. The Northern Black Polished Ware is

distributed over a large area, however, the main concen­

tration of its sites is in Punjab, Northern Rajasthan,

Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. The main excavated

sites near the region under study are Hastinapur,

Ahichhatra, Atranjikhera, etc.

The pottery (NBPW) is made of well levigated

clay probably on a fast wheel. Generally it is found in

uniform thickness but it also varies. The core of the

Northern Black polished ware is grey and is free fran

any impurity. It is well fired. The Noirthem Black

386

Polished Ware is generally fovmd in black colour probably

having double coating. It is also found in golden, silver,

steel grey colour etc. The majority of the fragment

includes lowls and Handis. However, as far as this

district is concerned only 9 Northern Black Polished Ware

could be discovered.

NORTHERN BLACK POLISHED WARE SITES

DBSTT: MUZAFFARNAGAR

51. No. Village/Site River

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

Bhooma

Jatwara

Kheri - Sarai

Khai - Khera

Kaithora

Kailapur Jasmor

Noomagar

Nawla

Sikerera

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

Budhi Ganga

Salauni Nadi

Kali Nadi

Budhi Ganga

387

EARLY HISTORIC CULTURE

In early historic culture period almost the whole

of the northern India was well populated with the begi­

nning of the Northern Block polished Ware culture, we

ccme down to the period of well dociomented history. In

Muzaffamagar district as many as 63 sites of this period

were located. The first site of this period was excavated

in Bhita, near Allahabad by Sir John Marshall.

The early historic pottery consists only red

ware. The pots are wheel made and generally are of

medium fabric. The pottery of this period is found

generally treated with wash and sanetimes having slip

also. The pottery includes fragments of bowls, knife

edged bowl, lids with knob* spouted basin, big vases

and miniature pots etc. The clay used for preparing

the pottery has impurities and sometimes even small

Kankars are also seen.

There is e"»idence of stamped and incised design

on the pottery mainly on the outer side. The pottery

has various types of stamped motifs* externally.

Generally this type of pottery is not painted but

sometimes the painted design appear only on some pots

which are executed in black.

A few selected sherds collected during the

course of my exploration are described and illustrated

hereunder-

388

BOWLS

Fig . 1

1 . Fragment of a red ware bowl with incurved rim and

s l i g h t l y wavy p r o f i l e , uns l ipped . Sunga pe r iod .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a red ware bown having incurved thickened

rim, ob l ique ly cut ex te imal ly , medium fabr ic , xinslipped.

Sunga pe r iod ( ? ) .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a bowl having i n t u m e d thickened rim o b l i ­

quely out i n t e r n a l l y . Red ware with medixom fabr ic ,

t r e a t e d with a b r r g h t red wash. Kushana pe r iod .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a bowl having s l i g h t l y incurved f l a t t i s h

rim. Dull red ware, medium f a b r i c , unsl ipped. Sunga

pe r iod .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a bowl o r pa ra i having thickened incurved

rim, t a p e r i n g s i d e s . Red ware of medium f a b r i c . Kushana

pe r iod .

(Dhindhaoli - Beghra - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a bowl having incurved thickened rim and

incurved s i d e s . Red ware of medium f a b r i c . Sunga pe r iod .

(Sisona - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

7 . Fragment of a red ware bowl with incurved rim and

s l i g h t l y wavy p r o f i l e .

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389

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F i g . 1 . BOWLS

390 BOWLS

F i g . 2

1. Fragment of a bowl having incurved rim, ex te rna l ly

th ickened . Dull red ware, medium f a b r i c , xinslippdd.

Early h i s t o r i c p e r i o d .

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragjient of a bowl having incurved rim. Red ware of

medium f a b r i c , uns l ipped. May belong to Kushana pe r iod .

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a bowl having f l a t t i s h thickened rim and

convex d i d e s . Dull red ware, t r e a t e d with a wash, medium

f a b r i c . H i s t o r i c per iod ( ? ) .

(Kalyana - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a bowl having ou t - tu rned beaded rim,

f l a r i n g s i d e s . Dull red ware, medium f a b r i c . Kushana

p e r i o d .

(Kulheri - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5. Fragment of an incurved bowl. Dull red ware, medixom

fab r i c t r e a t e d with s l i p . Shunga - Kushana pe r iod .

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a bowl having incurved rim. Dull red ware

with coarse f a b r i c . Sunga p e r i o d .

(Rohana Kalan - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

3S1

7. Fragment of a bowl having sharpened slightly incurved

rim. Dull red ware, medium fabric, unslipped. Early

historic period.

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

8. Fragment of a bowl or a lid having out-turned flaring

thickened rim, grooved internally. Red ware treated

with a wash, medium fabric. Early historid period.

(Pipalsa - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

392

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F i g . 2 . BOWLS

Pig. 1 '^^'5

1• Fragment of a basin having out-turned f lar ing rim, promi­

nently carr lnated in ternal ly , incurved s ides . Dull red

ware, medium fab r i c . Early h i s t o r i c per iod.

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a basin having s l igh t ly incurved rim obliquely

cut ex terna l ly . Red ware, medixom fabr ic , unslipped.

Kushana period (?)

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a basin having thickened pointed rim. Red

ware, medium fab r i c . Early h i s t o r i c per iod.

(Rampur - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a basin having incurved rim, e l l i p t i c a l l y

thickened with a groove external ly . Dull red ware,

coarse fabric , t reated with a wash. Early h i s to r i c

period.

(Sanali - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

5. Fragment of a basin having e l l i p t i c a l l y thickened rim

externally, incurved s ide . Dull red ware. Coarse fabric .

Early h i s t o r i c period.

{RasulDur - Charthawal - Muzaffamaaar)

6. Fragment of a basin having incurved na i l headed collared

rim. Dull red ware, treated with a s l i p . Coarse fabric .

Early h i s t o r i c period. (Ladava - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

7 . Fragment of a basin having in tumed na i l headed rim.

Dull red ware with medixsn fabr ic . Treated with a s l i p .

Early h i s t o r i c per iod.

(Chandan - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

^

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F i g . 1 . BASINS

395 BASINS

Fig. 2

1. Fragment of a shallow basin having splayed out rim,

incurved sides. Red ware, medium fabric, unslipped.

Early historic period.

(Wahelna - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a basin having out-turned rim, grooved

internally, incurved sides. Red ware of medixom fabric

treated with a slip. Early historic period.

(Rai - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

3. Fragment of a basin having nail headed rim with

incurved sides. Dull red ware, coarse fabric. Kushana

period.

(Qazikhera - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a basin having inturned nail headed rim

in curved sides. Dull red ware, coarse fabric, treated

with a wash. Early historic period.

(Badheri - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

5. Fragment of a basin having thickened nail-headed rim.

Dull red ware. Medium fabric. Unslipped. Early historic

(Rasulpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a basin having nail headed rim, thickened.

Red ware, treated with a fine red slip, medium fabric.

Early historic.

(Sisona - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

396

7. Fragment of a basin having inturned rim, elliptically

thickened externally with a prominent groove. Dull

red ware, medium fabric, treated with a slip -

Late Mauryan or Shunga period (?)

(Kasyara - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

8. Fragment of a basin having inturned rim, thickened

externally having prominent groove and incurved sides.

Dull red ware, medium fabric, unslipped. Early historic

period.

(Singalpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

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P i g . 2 . BASINS

"*^" 393 Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a carinated handi having out-turned deeply

grooved rim and rope like pattern. Red ware, medium

fabric. Early historic period.

(Niamu - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

2. Fragment of a carinated handi flaring mouth and obliqualy

bevelled rim with a slight depression internally,

carinated neck incurved thickened sides having a set of

grooves on the shoulders. Red ware of coarse fabric,

iinslipped. Early historic period.

(Nawla - Khatauli - Jansath)

3. Fragment of a medium carinated pot having out-turned rim.

Dull red ware, medium fabric Kushana period.

(Jaroda - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

4. Fragment of a carinatel handi, with flaring mouth and

featureless thickened rim decorated with nail pressed

notches, thickened sides. Red ware of coarse fabric.

Early Historic Period.

(Sikari - Morna - Jansath)

399

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F i g . 1 . HANDIS

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a lid. Dull red ware, coarse fabric. Kushana

period (?)

(Kutheri - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

2. Fragment of a lid having a grooved inner sxob-part. Dull

red ware, medium fabric, xinslipped,

(Lohari - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

3. Fragment of a knobbed lid having flaring sides. Red ware,

treated with a wash, ill backed, fine fabric. Kushana

period.

(Lahari - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

4. Fragment of a lid having folded and vertical rim. Dull

red ware.

(Pipalsa - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

5. Fragment of lid having folded rim. Dull red ware, coarse

fabric. Kushana period.

(Saidpur Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

6. Fragment of a knobbed lid. Dull red ware, medi\im fabric.

Unslipped. Kushana period.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagar)

7. Fragment of a lid having a projected lower part. Red ware,

mediuan fabric, unslipped. Kushana period.

(Rohana Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaf famaaar^ 8. Fragment of a knobbed lid having flaring sides and

thread cut flat-base with a round central knowb

around which a depression for the grifs of fingers

has been provided. Red ware of medixun fabric, treated

with wash. Early historic period.

(Kailapur Jasmor - Jansath - Jansath)

401

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F i g . 1 . LIDS

402

PARAIS

Fig. 1

!• Fragment of a parai, incurved rim and slightly wavy

profile, red ware, unslipped. Shunga period.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagar)

2. Fragment of a parai incurved and featureless rim,

externally corrugated, flaring sides. Red ware of

medium fabric, treated with a wash. Early historic

period.

(Nawla - Khatauli - Jansath)

3. Fragment of a parai having incurved sides. Dull red ware,

medivim fabric, unslipped. Shunga period.

(Kalyana - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

4. Fragment of a parai having incurved rim. Dull red ware,

medivim fabric, unslipped. Shunga period.

(Dhindhooli - Baghra - Muzaffarnagar)

403

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F i g . 1 . PARAIS

404

STORAGE VARS

F i g . 1

1 . Fragment of a s to rage j a r having n a i l headed rim and

prominent grooves e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware, coarse f a b r i c ,

t r e a t e d with a wash. Kushana p e r i o d .

(Noornagar - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagar)

2 . Fragment of a s to rage j a r s almost ho r i zon ta l l y out

projected c o l l a r e d rim having grooves, a prominant

ridge e x t e r n a l l y almost s t r a i g h t neck and expanding

s i d e s . Red ware of medium fab r i c , t r e a t e d with a wash.

2arly H i s t o r i c P e r i o d . (Kailapur Jasmor - Jansath -

J a n s a t h ) .

3 . Fragment of a s to rage j a r having out - turned thickened

rim, obl iquely cu t i n t e r n a l l y and a mild rim ex te rna l ly ,

Red ware of medium f a b r i c . Unsl ipped. Early h i s t o r i c

per iod .

(Rasulpur - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

405

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Fig. 1. STORAGE VARS

406

TROUGHS

Fig.i

1. Fracment of a trough having incurved nail-heeded

rim, concava s i d e s . Red ware of coarse f ab r i c .

Unslipped. Early H i s t o r i c Pe r i od .

(Khanjahanpur - Charthawal- Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a trough having thickened pointed rim.

Red ware, medium f a b r i c . Dnslipped Early His to r ic

P e r i o d .

(Rampur - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a trough having c i r c u l a r clubbed rim,

incurved convex s i d e s . Red ware coarse f ab r i c .

Unslipped Medieval P e r i o d .

(Koomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

407 VASES

F i g . 1

1 . Fragment of a vase hav ing f e a t u r e s v e r t i c a l rim and a

l e d g e . Red ware, medium f a b r i c . Kushana p e r i o d .

(Rai - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaf f a m a g a r )

2 . Fragment of a v a s e hav ing e l l i p t i c a l l y t h i ckened rim

e x t e r n a l l y Red ware« u n s l i p p e d . Kushana p e r i o d .

(Noornagar - P u r k a z i - Muzaf fa rnagar )

3 . Fragment of a vasd hav ing t h i c k e n e d r i m . Red ware t r e a t e d

w i t h a wash and w i t h medixim f a b r i c . E a r l y h i s t o r i c pe r iod .

(Noornagar - P u r k a z i - Muzaffarnagar )

4 . Fragment of a vase hav ing c o l l a r e d rirci and a red ware

of mediuro f a b r i c , u n s l i p p e d . E a r l y h i s t o r i c p e r i o d .

(Chandan - P u r k a z i - Muzaffarnagar )

5 . Fragment of a vase hav ing o u t - t u r n e d th i ckened , f l a r i n g

r i m . Dul l r ed ware , mediiam f a b r i c . Kushana p e r i o d .

(Rampur - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar )

6 . Fragment of a v a s e having i n t u r n e d f e a t u r e l e s s r i m . Red

Ware, medium f a b r i c . E a r l y h i s t o r i c p e r i o d .

(Rampur - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar )

7 . Fragment of a v a s e hav ing o u t - t u r n e d grooved and m i l d l y

c a r i n a t e d r im, t r e a t e d w i t h a wash , medium f a b r i c .

E a r l y h i s t o r i c p e r i o d .

(Chandan - P u r k a z i - Muzaf fa rnagar )

408

S . Fragment of a vase having slightly flaring elliptically

thickened rim externally. Dull red ware with meditam

fabric. Kushana period.

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

9:. Fragment of a vase having vertical rim* thickened and

grooved externally flaring a collar. Red ware, coarse

fabric, unslipped. Kushana period.

(Sujadu - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

409

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F i g . 1 . VASES

410 VASES

Fig. 2

1. Fragment of a vase having out-turned grooved collared

rim. Dull red ware, coarse fabric. Kushana period.

(Sikandarpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a vase having out-turned splayed out rim

and vertical neck with mild carination. Red ware having

porous texture and medixom fabric.

(Budhina Kalan - Baghrs - Muzaffamagar)

3. Fragment of a vase having out-turned rim. Red ware,

unslipped. Kushana period.

(Dhansani - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a vase out-turned drooping rim. Dull red

ware, medium fabric, unslipped. Kushana period.

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

5. Variant of No. 19 Bess out-turned rim. Red ward,well

baked, medixom fabric. Traces of black painting on rim

internally

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a vase having out-turned rim elliptically

thickened externally, out-curved neck. Red ware of

medium fabric, treated with a slip.

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

411

7 . Fragment of a vase ou t - tu rned r im. I t ' s rim looks

clubbed. Treated wi th a red s l i p , medixjro f a b r i c .

Kushana pe r iod .

(Dhindhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

8 . Fragment of a vase having s l i g h t l y ex t e rna l ly projected

top and v e r t i c a l r im . Treated wi th a s l i p and having

a rim band e x t e r n a l l y , mediiim f a b r i c . Kushana pe r iod .

(Dhandhaoli - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

412

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"S^q* 2 . VASES

413 VASES

F i g . 3

1 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim^ e x t e r n a l l y

thickened, out curved neck. Red ware having medivnn

f a b r i c . Kushana p e r i o d .

(Rohana Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim with a prominent

p ro jec t ion e x t e r n a l l y . Dull red ware, coarse f a b r i c .

Kushana pe r iod .

(Rohana Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim and grooved

pro jec ted c o l l a r e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware medium f a b r i c ,

t r e a t e d with a s l i p e x t e r n a l l y . Kushana p e r i o d .

(Rohana Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim with f l a t t i s h

grooved top and a prcxninent r i b e x t e r n a l l y below the

r im. Dull red ware, medium f a b r i c . Kushana pe r iod .

(Rasulpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a vase having in turned rim e l l i p t i c a l l y

thickened e x t e r n a l l y . Dull red ware, medium f a b r i c .

Kushana pe r iod .

(Rasulpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a vase having ve i r t i ca l rim with a co l l a red

pro jec t ion e x t e r n a l l y , v e r t i c a l neck. Dull red ware,

coarse f a b r i c . Kushana p e r i o d .

(Rasulpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

414

7 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim with a

f l a t t i s h top and prominent grooves e x t e r n a l l y . Dull

red ware, medixom f a b r i c . Kushana p e r i o d .

(Saic^ur Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

8 . Fragment of a medium sized vase having out - turned

n a i l headed r im. Red ware with mediian f a b r i c . Unslipped.

Early h i s t o r i c p e r i o d .

(Sikandarpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

415

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F i g . 3 . VASES

41g VASES

F i g . 4

1 . Fragment of a vase having p ro jec t ed co l la red rim. Dull

red ware, medium f a b r i c . May belong t o Kushana p e r i o d .

(Kulheri - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned thickened and

pa in ted rim and a deep wide groove i n t e r n a l l y . Red ware,

t r e a t e d wi th a wash, medium f a b r i c . Early h i s t o r i c period

(Nagla Rai - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a vase having pointed r im. A va r i an t of

No. 79. Red ware, t r e a t e d with a wash, medixom f a b r i c .

Kushana p e r i o d .

(Nagla Rai - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

-f. Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned thickened rim

Dull red ware, medixim f a b r i c . Kushana pe r iod .

(Nagla Rai - Charthawala - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned f l a r ing and pointed

rim, s l i g h t l y thickened below the rim e x t e r n a l l y . Dull

red ware. Kushana p e r i o d .

(Niamu - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

^ . Fragment of vase having out - turned f ea tu re l e s s rim and

a f l a t t i s h r i b below the rim having notches e x t e r n a l l y .

Dull red ware, mediiim f a b r i c . Ear ly h i s t o r i c pe r iod .

(Niamu - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

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417

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P i g . 4 . VASES

418

VASES

Fig. 5

1. Fragment of a vase having vertical pointed rim and

roughly closing neck. Dull red ware, fine fabric.

Kushana period.

(Budhakhera - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

2. Fragment of vase having roughly nail headed rim, a mild

rib below it and almost straight neck. Dull red ware,

treated with a wash. Kushana period.

(Budha Khera - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

3. Fragment of a vase having vertical collared rim thick­

ened externally and almost vertical neck. Red ware

treated with a vash, medivim fabric. Kushana period.

(Kasoli - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

4. Fragment of a vase having out-turned drooping collared

rim and slightly convex or almost vertical neck. Red

ware, medixom fabric, having mica. Kushana period.

(Kasoli - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

5. Fragment of a vase having nail headed out-turned rim

and almost convex elongated neck. Red ware with mediian

fabric and mica particles. Kushana period (?)

(Kasoli - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

419

6. Fragment of a vase having f e a t u r e l e s s v e r t i c a l rim and

a prominent r i b a t e x t e r n a l l y below i t . Dull red ware,

unsl ipped. Kushana p e r i o d .

(Kasoli - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

7 . Fragment of a vase having in tumed po in ted rim, thickened

ex te rna l ly with a prominent groove below i t e x t e r n a l l y .

Red ware, t r e a t e d with a s l i p , Kushana pe r iod ( ? ) .

(Kalyana - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

8 . Fragment of a vase having out- turned prominently

p ro jec t ing e x t e r n a l l y , almost v e r t i c a l neck. Dull red

ware, t r e a t e d with a wash, medixan f a b r i c . Early h i s t o r i c

period (?)

9 . Fragment of a po t o r vase having i n t u m e d rim, thickened

e x t e r n a l l y . Dull red ware, coarse f a b r i c . Early h i s t o r i c

pe r iod .

(Rai - I4uzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

420

p

P i g . 5 . VASES

421

VESSELS

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a vessel having out tujmed thickened rim

with a groove internally. Dull rea ware, medium fabric.

Early historic period.

(Charthawal - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a vessel having out-turned flaring

thickened and obliquely shaped rim with a deep groove.

Treated with a wash, medium fabric Late Kushana period.

(Charthawal - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

3. Fragment of a vessel having externally out-turned rim,

having a groove and convex neck. Dull red ware, medium

fabric. Early historic period.

(Kalyana - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a vessel having out-turned grooved rim,

carinated neck. Decorated with grooves on the shoulder.

Dull red ware, coarse fabric, unslipped. Early historic

period.

{ Jaroda - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

5. Fragment of a vessel having a projected rits externally

forming collared rim. Red ware with medium fabric,

treated with a wash. Early historic period.

(Jaroda - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffamagar)

422

6. Fragment of a vesse l having out- turned rim with thumb

pressed rope p a t t e r n des ign . Red ware with medium fabric

t r ea t ed with a s l i p . Early h i s t o r i c p e r i o d ,

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

7. Fragment of a vesse l having out- turned rim obl iquely

cut and having depress ion i n t e r n a l l y , convex neck.

Painted in black with oblique deshes e x t e r n a l l y on the

rim p a r t . Late h i s t o r i c per iod . (Badhai Kalan -

Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

8. Fragment of a vesse l having na i l headed rim and grooved

col lared rim. Red ware with medium f a b r i c . Treated with

a wash. Kushana p e r i o d .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

423

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F i g . 1 . VESSELS

424

MINIATURE POTS •

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a miniature pot having out-turned rim and

convex sides. Red ware, medium fabric/ unslipped may

be of Kushana period.

(Sandhawli - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

2. A miniature pot having narrow neck, globular sides/body

and discoid base. Rim is missing, dull red ware,

blackish, ill baked, medium fabric and unslipped.

Medieval period.

(Semali - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

3. Fragment of a miniature bowl having incurved rim and

thicknened base. Red ware, coarse fabric,

(Shankarpur - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a miniature pot having flattish base and

bulging sides. Dull red ware, medium fabric. Kushana

period (?)

(Kulheri - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

5. Fragment of a miniature pot having convex sides,

decorated with incised circlets. Treated with a wash.

Early historic period.

(Euddhakhera - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

421

6. Fragment of a bowl having c los ing mouth. Dull red

ware, coarse f a b r i c , may be of h i s t o r i c p e r i o d .

(Nara - Muzaffamagar - i 'luzaffamagar)

7 . Fragment of a min ia tu re pot having almost f l a t t i s h

rim top and v e r t i c a l neck and a ledge below i t .

Kushana p e r i o d .

(suddhakhera - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

8 . Fragment of a min ia ture ca r ina t ed pot having ou t -

turned f l a t t i s h rim. Dull red ware with medixim fabr ic

Kushana per iod ( ? ) .

(Kulheri - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

HANDIS ^2g

Pig. 1

1. Fragment Of a aquattish handi having out turned rim with

thumb pressed design. Dull red ware, medium fabric,

unsllpped. Medieval period* .

(Semali - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

2. Fragment of a carinated handi with a flaring mouth,

featureless rim having a mild depression below. Carinated

thickened neck incurved sides. Red ware of coarse

fabric, unslipped. Medieval period (Kaithora - Jansath -

Jansath).

3. Fragment of a carinated handi having out turned thickened

rim. Red ware care fabric, ill burnt, unslipped. Medieval

period.

(Sarwat - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a carinated handi with everted featureless

rim. Sharply carinated neck with incurved sides. Red

ware of coarse fabaric unslipped. Medieval period.

(Kailapur Jasmor - Jansath - Jansath)

427

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F i g . 1 . HANDIS

428

LIDS

p'ig. 1

1. Knob of a lid having conical top. Dull red ware, unslipped.

Medi\am fabric. Medieval period.

(Badh - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2. A dull red ware sherd probably fragment of a lid having

stamped motif externally. Medixjm fabric. Medieval period.

(Mimlana - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

3. Fragment of a lid having obliquely cut rim, a marked inner

part on the bast. Red ware, medium fabric, unslipped.

Medieval period.

(Molaheri - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

4. Fragment of a lid. Dull red ware, medixjm tabric, unslipped.

Medieval period.

(Khudda - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

5. Fragment of a knobbed lid having laring sides and thread

cut flat base with a round central knob around which a

depression for the grip of fingers has been provided.

Red ware of medium fabric, treated with a north. Medieval

period.

(Sikareda - Jansath- Jansath)

6. Fragment of a lid discoid knob thickened and rounded

sides. Dull red ware. Medixjm fabric, unslipped. Medieval

period*

(Kailapur Jasmor - Jansath • Jansath)

429

/ / \

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F i g . 1 . LIDS

PARAIS 430

F i g . 1

1 . Fragment of a pa ra i having incurved r im. Dull red ware

with coarse f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Rohana Kalan - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

2 . Fragment of p a r a i incurved f e a t u r e l e s s rim, taper ing

s ides with mild concavi ty . Red ware of medium fab r i c -

uns l ipped . Medieval p e r i o d .

3 . Fragment of a para i having sharpened s l i g h t l y incurved

r im. Dull red ware, medixan f a b r i c . Unslipped. Medieval

p e r i o d .

(Dhindhaoli-Baghra - Muzaffarnagar)

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431 STORAGE JARS

P i g . 1

1 . Fragment of a s to rage j a r having a ou t - tu rned n a i l

headed rim, f l a r i n g mouth. Red ware, medium fab r i c ,

t r ea t ed with a wash. Medieval pe r iod .

(Semali - Muzaf fa rnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

2 . Fragment of a s to rage j a r having out- turned rim with

f a l t i s h t o p . Red ware, medium fabr ic , t r e a t e d with a

wash. Medieval p e r i o d .

(Samali - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

3 . Fragment of a s to rage j a r having an out - turned e l l i p t i -

ca l ly co l l e red rim with a r i b j u s t below, roughly car ina-

led neck, out going s i d e s . Red ward of coarse f a b r i c .

Medieval p e r i o d .

(Sikareda - J ansa th - Jansath)

4 . Fragment of a s to rage j a r s having splayed out ex t e rna l ly

thickened and c o l l a r e d rim, shor t concave neck and

expanding s i d e s . Red ware of mediiam f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with

a wash. Medieval p e r i o d .

(Karimuddinnagar - Kandhala - Budhana)

432

Fig. 1. STORAGE JARS

Pig. 1 ^ 3 3

1 • Fragment of a vase having out turned* f l a r ed rlin, ca r ina ted

neck, f l a r i n g s i d e s . Decorated with inc i sed grooves of

dimond shaped p a t t e r n . Dull red ware, medixan f ab r i c ,

Tinslipped. Medieval p e r i o d .

(iMimlana - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a vase having out turned rim, car ina ted neck,

f l a r i n g s i d e s . Red ware, medixam f a b r i c , wel l baked.

Decorated with grooves on the rim i n t e r n a l l y and a

stamped motif on the shoulder e x t e r n a l l y . Medieval

pe r iod .

(Kimlana - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim with a prominent

groove having midly ca r ina t i on , convex neck. Red ware,

medium f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with a s l i p . Medieval per iod .

CMolaheri - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim, e l l i p t i c a l l y

thickened e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware, medixjm f a b r i c , unsl ipped.

Medieval per iod (Molaheri - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a vase having out - turned co l l a red r i a with

grooved t o p . Dull red ware, medium f a b r i c . Medieval per iod .

(Nara - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar) . 6. Fragment of a vase having out , turned n a i l headed and

a r i b below. Red ware t r e a t e d with a s l i p , medium

f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Parai - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar) .

7 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned f l a r i n g rim. Red

ware of medium f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Sarwat - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar) .

434

/ /

7

/ /

^ y

^y^ 4 \

^7 ^

} /7 7

F i g . 1 . VASES

435 VASES

F i g . 2

1. Fragment of a vase having out - turned grooved and thickened

rim. Red ware, medium f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with a s l i p . Medieval

pe r iod .

(Sarwat - Muzaffamagar - Muzaf famagar)

2 . Fragment of a vase having out - turned thickened pointed rim.

Red ware, medium f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with a wash. Medieval

pe r iod .

(Sisona - Muzaffamagar-Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a vase having out - turned rim and a projec ted

c o l l a r . Red ware, medieval f a b r i c , uns l ipped . Medieval

pe r iod .

(Shernagar - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a vase having out - turned grooved rim and

prominent grooves on the neck below. Red ware, medium

f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Sandhaoli - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a vase having out - turned grooved rim and

elongated neck. Red ware of f ine f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with

a wash. Medieval p e r i o d .

(Semali - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

6 . Fragment of a vase having v e r t i c a l rim and a p ro jec t ion

below e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware, medixom f a b r i c , uns l ipped .

Medieval p e r i o d .

(Wahelna - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar) .

436

7 . Fragment of a vase having v e r t i c a l rim, thickened exter ­

n a l l y . Elongated neck. Red ware, medium f a b r i c , t r ea ted

with a wash. Medieval pe r iod .

8 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned rim, thickened

e x t e r n a l l y . Dull red ware, coarse f a b r i c . Medieval

p e r i o d .

(Khudda - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

9 . Fragment of a vase having poin ted rim, thickened ex te r ­

n a l l y . Red ware, medixom f a b r i c , uns l ipped . Medieval

p e r i o d .

(Khudda - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

•s / /

1

/ /

I I

I)

n

ii

8

437

T ^

7

\ V .

^

* . . J 1 .^

\

I Ii I

\

7 :>

F i g . 2 . VASES

438

VASES

F i g . 3

! • Fragment of a v a s e hav ing o u t - t u r n e d f l a r i n g rim, s l i g h t l y

v e r t i c a l l y r a i s e d . Dul l red ware , medium f a b r i c . Medieval

p e r i o d .

(Dhansani - Baghra - Muzaf famagar )

2 . Fragment of a vase having out - turned grooved rim. Dull

red ware, mediiOT f ab r i c t r e a t e d with a wash. Medieval

p e r i o d .

(Dhansani - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of vase having out turned f l a r i n g and thickened

rim with a depression below the rim i n t e r n a l l y . Dull red

ware, medium f a b r i c . Sl ipped. Medieval p e r i o d .

(Dhansani - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a vase having out turned rim e l l i p t i c a l l y

thickened i n t e r n a l l y , out-curved neck. Red ware of

medium f a b r i c . Treated with a s l i p . Medieval pe r iod .

(Dhansani - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a vase having out - turned grooved rim. Treated

with a s l i p , medium f a b r i c . Three b lack p a r a l l e l lij^es

on the neck e x t e r n a l l y . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Oazikhera - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

439

6. Fragment of a vase having v e r t i c a l f r a t t e r r e d rim, having

inc i sed t r a n g u l a r notches e x t e r n a l l y . Dull red ware,

mediian f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with a wash. Medieval p e r i o d .

(Qazikhera - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

7 . Fragment of vase having out - turned irim, e l l i p t i c a l l y

thickened e x t e r n a l l y , out-curved neck. Red ware, medivan

f a b r i c . Unsl ipped. Medieval p e r i o d .

(Badheri - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

8 . Fragment of a vase v e r t i c a l rim thickened ex te rna l ly

with a deep groove i n t e r n a l l y . Pa in ted in black l i n e s .

Red ware, medixjm f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Jaroda - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

9 . Fragment of a vase having v e r t i c a l rim, thickened

e x t e r n a l l y . Dull red ware, coarse f a b r i c . Unslipped.

Medieval p e r i o d .

(Mimlana - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

//

s 6

440

i

" ^

y

T 1

T

r z?

v^7 \N ~r

/ / 9 \

P i g . a . VASES

VASES ^41

F i g . 4

1 . Fragment of a vase having ve i r t ica l thickened rim, obliqtiely

out e x t e r n a l l y , f l a r i n g s i d e s . Red ware of meditim f a b r i c .

Medieval p e r i o d .

(Khudda - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned thickened rim. Dull

red ware, medium fab r i c , \ ins l ipped. Medieval per iod .

(Khudda - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a vase having v e r t i c a l po in ted rim, f la r ing

mouth. Red ware, medixmi f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with a wash.

Medieval p e r i o d .

(Khudda - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) .

4 . Fragment of a vase having ou t - tu rned thickened rim. Red

ware, xinslipped and medium f a b r i c . Medieval per iod .

(Khudda - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) .

5 . Fragment of a vase having n a i l headed grooved col lared

r im. Red ware wi th medixan f a b r i c . Medieval per iod .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

6. Fragment of a vase having fa t t ened top with t r i angu la r

not iches Dull red ware having coarse f a b r i c . A groove and

t r i a n g u l a r notches e x t e r n a l l y . Medieval pe r iod .

(Noomagar - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar) •

442

7 . Fragment of a vase having o u t - t u r n e d , played out

thickened rim, v e r t i c a l neck^ mediiam f a b r i c with s l i p .

Medieval p e r i o d .

(Shankarpur - Purkazi - Muzaffamagar)

8 . A v a r i e n t of No 7 having s l i g h t l y dropping rim.

(Shankarpur - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagar)

9 . Fragment of a vase having s l i g h t l y i n t u m e d rim,

thickened e x t e r n a l l y . Dull red ware with coarse fabr ic ,

Medieval p e r i o d .

(Shankarpur - Purkazi - Muzaffarnagar) •

443

/ /

^

f ii

^ \\

\ \

3 /

t i l ' ^ ^

\ \ 6 / T

/ ^ II

^ 7 // 8 \

\\ 9

F i g . 4 . VASES

444 VASES

F i g . 5

1. Fragment of a vase having out - turned rim with thumb-

pressed rope p a t t e r n for decora t ion . Treated with a

red wash. Medieval p e r i o d .

(Badh - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

2 . Fragment of a vase having v e r t i c a l rim with grooved

top and a prcxninant r i b e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware, t r e a t e d

with a wash, medixmi f a b r i c . Medieval p e r i o d .

(Singalpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

3 . Fragment of a vase having v e r t i c a l rim and prcxninent r i b

e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware t r e a t e d with a wash. Medieval

pe r iod .

(Singalpur - Charthawal - Muzaffamagar)

4 . Fragment of a vase having out- turned thickened rim and

a prominent r i b e x t e r n a l l y . Dull red ware, t r ea t ed with

a wash e x t e r n a l l y , medixom f a b r i c . Medieval pe r iod .

(Dholra - Baghra - Muzaffamagar)

5 . Fragment of a vase having out- turned splayed out rim

having a groove i n t e r n a l l y and a prominent ca r ina t ion

i n t e r n a l l y . Red ware t r e a t e d with a s l i p , medium f a b r i c .

Medieval p e r i o d .

(Dholra - Muzaffamagar - Muzaffamagar)

445

6. Fragment of a vase having v e r t i c a l and f la t tened rim

with black l i n e s over i t thickened e x t e r n a l l y . Red ware,

t r e a t e d with a wash, mediian f a b r i c . Medieval pe r iod .

7-« Fragment of a vase having e x t e r n a l l y thickened rim with

a p ran inen t p r o j e c t i o n forming c o l l a r . Red ware and rim

pa in ted in b lack e x t e r n a l l y , medium f a b r i c . Medieval

p e r i o d . (Dholra - Baghra - Muzaffarnagar)

8. Fragment of a vase having out - turned f l a r i ng and grooved

rim, ca r ina ted and thickened a t the neck. Red ware,

medium f a b r i c , t r e a t e d with a s l i p . Medieval pe r iod .

(Dholra - Baghra - Muzaffarnagar)

44a

7-^^ ^-^;t2^sCT7)

c I

ri

/

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V / /

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8

y

^

A

a: P i g . 5 . VASES

447 VESSELS

Fig. 1

1. Fragment of a vessel having vertical collared rim and

convex-neck. Treated with a red wash. Medieval period.

(Badh - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

2. Fragment of a vessel having out-turned roughly horizontal

rim. Greyish in colour having mica particles. Coarse

fabric. Medieval period.

(Lohari - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

3. Fragment of a vessel having out-turned thickened rim,

carinated neck and out going side. Dull red ware. Coarse

fabric. Medieval period.

(Rasulpur - Charthawal - Muzaffarnagar)

4 • Fragment of a vessel having out-turned rim, concave neck

internally. Red ware, medixmi fabric, xxnslipped. Medieval

period.

(Sandhaoli - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

5. Fragment of an elongated pot having a narrow mouth and

flattish top rim. Dull red ware, treated with a slip

externally. Thick section, coarse fabric. Medieval period,

(Badheri - Muzaffarnagar - Muzaffarnagar)

448

% r

\

D

\

A / \

y^ 1

'y

y y^

\

F i g . 1 . VESSELS

MEDIEVAL/GLAZED WARE

District:Muzaffamagar

449

SI .No. Village/Site Sl.no. Village/Site

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

1 1 .

1 2 .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

2 3 .

A l i p u r a

Buddha-Khera

Badhai-Kalan

Badh

Budina Kalan

Badher i

B a r l a

Begara jpur

Bhooma

Bhoapur

Bhopa

Budhana

Charthawal

Chandan

Chawari

Chhachrau l i

Churawala

Desa lpu r

Dhol ra

Dhansani

Dhindhawli

Duhe l l

F i r o j p u r

2 4 .

2 5 .

2 6 .

2 7 .

2 8 .

2 9 .

3 0 .

3 1 .

3 2 .

3 3 .

3 4 .

3 5 .

3 6 .

3 7 .

3 8 .

3 9 .

4 0 .

4 1 .

4 2 .

4 3 .

4 4 .

4 5 .

4 6 .

Gel a P u t t h a

Husainpur Bopada

Kusainpur Kalan

Harya Khera

I n c h a u l i

I s s c p u r

J a r o d a

Jamalpur

J o h r a

J a r w a r

J a twa ra

J a u l a

Kaso l i

Kasyara

Kalyana

Kulher i

Khanjahanpur

Kanaraheri

Khuddha

Kamhera

KhanJ ahanpur

Khokni

Ka i tho ra

450

4 7 .

4 8 .

4 9 .

5 0 .

5 1 .

5 2 .

5 3 .

5 4 .

5 5 .

5 6 .

5 7 .

5 8 .

5 9 .

6 0 .

6 1 .

6 2 .

6 3 .

6 4 .

6 5 .

6 6 .

6 7 .

6 8 .

6 9 .

7 0 .

7 1 .

K a i l a p u r - J a s m o r

K a t i a

K h e r i - S a r a i

K h a r t a u l i

Kar i

Khai-Khera

Kakrau l i

Kakra

K i t a s

Luhar i

Ladwa

Lachchera

Mahmoodpur

Mirzapur

Mimlana

Molaher i

Mandawar

Mansurpur

Mubarakpur

Mujhera

Mukallampur

Mahmoodpur Banger

Makkhanpur

Mirapur

Mahaljana

7 2 .

7 3 .

7 4 .

7 5 .

7 5 .

7 7 .

7 8 .

7 9 .

8 0 .

8 1 .

8 2 .

8 3 .

8 4 .

8 5 .

8 6 .

8 7 .

8 8 .

8 9 .

9 0 .

9 1 .

9 2 .

9 3 .

9 4 .

9 5 .

9 6 .

Nagla -Ra i

Niamu

i l a ra

Noornagar

Nawla

Nizainpur

P i p a l s a h

P a r a i

P a l a r i

P u t t h i - I b r a h i m p u r

P u r b a l i a n

Cazi Khera

Rohana Kalan

R a s u l p u r

R a i

Rampur

i'.ampur

Ram r a j

R i a w l i Nagla

S a i d p u r

S i n g a l p u r

Sarwat

S i s o n a

S h e m a g a r

Suj adu

451

97.

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.

103.

104.

105.

106.

107.

108.

109.

110.

111.

112.

113.

114.

115.

116.

117.

118.

Saudhawli

Semali

Shankarpur

Suaheri

Sonta

Sikanderpur

Sikereda

Sarnbhalhera

Sukartal

Sukartal

Sikri

Shikarpur

Sarai

Sultanpur

Tughalakpur

Tikola

Tiyarpur

Tandhera

Tisanga

Toda

Ukavali

WaneIna

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

District:Muzaffamagar

453

Location Code SI .No.

Village/Site Cultures

1 .

2 .

3 .

4 .

5 .

6 .

7 .

8 .

9 .

1 0 .

I l ­

i a .

1 3 .

1 4 .

1 5 .

1 6 .

1 7 .

1 8 .

1 9 .

2 0 .

2 1 .

2 2 .

Alamgirpur

A l i p u r a

Amberpur

Buddha-Khe r a

Badhai -Kalan

Badh

Budina-Kalan

Badher i

Ba r l a

Bega ra jpu r

Bhooma

Bhaapur

Shop a

Budhana

Bahramgarh

Bhura

B h a n t i - K h e r a - 1

Bhan t t -Khe ra -2

Char thawal

Chandan

Chawari

Chacha rau l l

LH, CCP, G

CCP, EK, M

LH

EH, M

CCP, EH, M

M

GW, BS, EK, iM

M

M

OCP, M

GW, NBPW, BS, M

M

M

M

LH, OCP

LH, PGV;, GW, EK

LH

LH

EH, M

OCP, M

M

M

454

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45,

46.

47.

Churawaia

Chandheri

Desalpur

Dholra

Dhansani

Dhindhawli

Duheli

Dxinger

Dabbal

Firojpur

Gola-puttha

Husainpur-Bopada

Husainpur-Kalan

Harya Khera

Huzumagar

Hatchhoya-1

Hatchhoya-2

Inchauli

Issopur

Jaroda

Jamalpur

Johra

Jarwar

Jatwara

J aula

M

LH, OCP

GW, EH, M

EH^ M

EH, M

GW, EH, M

M

LH, OCP

LH

M

EH, M

OCP , M

GW (?), EH, M

PGW, GW, BS, EH, M

PGW* GW, EH

LH

LH

PGW, GW, EH, M

PGW, GW, BS, EH, M

EH, M

M

PGW, GW, EH, M

M

GW, NBPW, EH, M

PGW, GW, BS, M

455

4 8 .

4 9 .

5 0 .

5 1 .

5 2 .

5 3 .

5 4 .

5 5 .

5 6 .

5 7 .

5 8 .

5 9 .

6 0 .

6 1 .

6 2 .

6 3 .

6 4 .

6 5 .

6 5 .

6 7 .

6 8 .

6 9 .

7 0 .

7 1 .

7 2 .

J a s a l a

Jha l

Jandher i

Jhinjhana

Kasoli

Kasyara

Kalyana

Kulheri

Khanjahanpur

Kanamheri

Khudda

Kamhera

Kha ry ahanp u r

Xhokni

Kaithora

Kai1apur-Jasmor

Katia

Kher i -Sara i

Khar taul i

Kari

Khai-Khera

Kakraiali

Kutubpur-Datana

Kama ruudlnnaga r

Kamalpur

LH

VGYi, GW^ EH

LK

OCP, PGW, GW

OCP!?, EH, M

EH, M

GVJ, EH, M

OCP, PGW, GW,3S, EH, M

OCP, PGW, GW, EH, M

M

EH, M

M

M

PGW, GW, M

PGW, GW, B S , EK, M

L H ( ? ) , PGW, G;-.', B S , EH, M

O C P , EH, M

GW, NBPW, B S , EH, M

M

M

GW, NBPW, EH, M

EH, M

O C P , PGW, GW, BS

LH

PGW, GW, EH

456

7 3 .

7 4 .

7 5 .

7 6 .

7 7 .

7 8 .

7 9 .

8 0 .

8 1 .

8 2 .

8 3 .

8 4 .

8 5 .

8 6 .

8 7 .

86

8 9 .

9 0 .

9 1 .

9 2 .

9 3 .

9 4 .

9 5 .

9 6 .

9 7 .

K a k r a

K i t a s

K a i r a n a

L u h a r i

Ladwa

L a c h c h e r a

L u h s e n a - R u k a n p u r

Mahmoodpur

M i r z a p u r

M i r a p u r

Mimlana

M o l a h a r i

Mandawar

M a n s u r p u r

Mxabarakpur

M u j h e r a

Muka l l ampur

Mahmoodpur

Makkhanpur

M i r a p u r

M a h a l j a n a

N a g l a - R a i

Niarau

Nara

N o o m a g a r

( B a n g a r )

M

EH, M

PGW, GW,

LH(?) PGW, GW, EH, M

OOP, PGV;, GW, EH, M

M

LH(?)

LH(?) OCP, EH, M

M

PGV;, GW, BS

M

OCP, M

M

M

LH, OCP, PGW, GW, EH, M

M

M

M

M'

EH, M

LH, CCP, M

PGW, GW. EH, M

PGW, GW, EH, M

M

OCP, PGW, GW, BS, NBPW, EH, M

9 8 . Nawla L H , O C P , PGW, GW, NBPW, E H , M •

457

9 9 .

1 0 0 .

1 0 1 .

1 0 2 .

1 0 3 .

1 0 4 .

1 0 5 .

1 0 6 .

1 0 7 .

1 0 8 .

1 0 9 .

1 1 0 .

1 1 1 .

1 1 2 .

1 1 3 .

1 1 4 .

1 1 5 .

1 1 6 .

1 1 7 .

1 1 8 .

1 1 9 .

1 2 0 .

1 2 1 .

1 2 2 .

1 2 3 .

1 2 4 .

N izampur

N a l a

Nagwa

P i p a l s a h

P a r a i

P a l a r i

P u t t h i - I b r a h i m p u r

P u r b a l i a n

C a z i k h e r a

Rohana -Ka lan

R a s u l p u r

Rai

Rampur

Rampur

Ramraj

Riavrl i -fNagla

R a h a t p u r

S a i d p u r

S i k a n d e r p u r

S i n g a l p u r

S a r w a t

S i s o n a

S h e m a g a r

Suj a d u

S a n d h a w l l

S e m a l l

EH, M

LH

GW/ EH

OCP, PGW, GW, ES, EH, M

M

M

GW/ M

OCP, P3V,', GW, E£, EH, M

M

PG'W, GW, BS, 2K, M

M

GW, M

PGW, GW, EH, M

in

EH, M

EH, M

LH

PGW, GW, EH, M

OCP, PGW, GW

M

M

GW, EH, M

M

PGW, GW, BS, EH, M

L H ( ? ) , OCP, M

M

458 125 .

126 .

127 .

128 .

129 .

130.

1 3 1 .

132 .

1 3 3 .

134 .

135 .

136 .

137.

138 .

139 .

140 .

1 4 1 .

142 .

1 4 3 .

144 .

145 .

146 .

147 .

148 .

149 .

Shankarpur

S u a h e r i

Sonta

S ikande rpu r

S i k e r e d a

Sambhalhera

Sukar t . a l -1

S u k a r t a l - 2

S i k r i

S h i k a r p u r

S a r a l

S u l t a n p u r

Sambhalka

S a i n p a t

Tughalakpur

T i k o l a

T i y a r p u r

Tandhe r a

T isang

Toda

Thana-Bhawan

Ukava l l

Unchagaon

Un

Wahelna

M

M

EH/ M

M

ocp, PGW, Gw, ::3PW/ BS^

EH/ M

M

EH/ M

M

OCP/ PGW, GW/ 33, EH/ M

OCP (?) , M

EH/ M

EH/ M

LH

PGVJ/ GV/, EH

M

GW/ EH/ M

PGW/ GW/ EH/ M

M

GW, EH/ M

LH/ EH/ M

LH

PGW, GW/ BS/ EH/ M

PGW, GW/ EH

LH

EH, M.

CHAPTER V

MONUMENTS & OTHER STRUCTURAL REMAINS

The area under study ( d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar) i s

not only rich in ancient s i t e s yielding ceramics of various

cultural phases of our history (see c h ^ t e r I I I 6c VI), beging

from the protohis tor ic period, but also in structural remains,

however, mostly of medieval periods. A large niimber monuments

such as temples, mosques, graves, tombs, baol is , wells.

Forts, res ident ia ls houses, tanks e t c . have been observed

during the course of my ejqjloration i . e . v i l lage to vi l lage

survey work. A br ief account of them i s given below, where

necessary with photographs:

450

Ti^HSlL : MUZAFFARKAGAR

BLOCK : CHARTHAWAL

1 . ALIPURA

The v i l l a g e A l i p u r a l i e s tov;ards n o r t h - w e s t of t h e

Charthawal b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s as v/ell a s t h e d i s t r i c t h e a d ­

q u a r t e r s . I t i s abou t 15 Km, away from t h e Qiarthav/al b l o c k

on the r i g h t s i d e of t h e Char thawal - Thana Bhawn r o a d .

There i s no d i r e c t r o u t e t o r e a c h t h e s i t e . To approach

t h e s i t e , one may f i r s t go t o t h e v i l l a g e B i r a l s i by bus

o r h i s own v e h i c l e a t a d i s t a n c e of abou t 8 Km. and from

t h e r e a Kachcha road j o i n s i t and l e a d s t o t h e s i t e a t a

d i s t a n c e of abou t 7 Km. The v i l l a g e A l i p u r a l i e s tov/ards

n o r t h of t h e v i l l a g e B i r a l s i .

A WELL

A w e l l l i e s on t h e o u t s k i r t s of t h e v i l l a g e . I t

i s bad ly damaged and i s now d e n s e l y cove red with t r e e s

and s h r u b s . B r i c k - b a t s a r e a l s o l y i n g s c a t t e r e d along

wi th some wedge shaped b r i c k s (30 x 22/17 x 0,06 cms)

having key marks which had been used f o r making the w e l l .

As t h e s i z e i n d i c a t e s , t h e s e b r i c k s appea r t o belong t o

Kushana p e r i o d . (PLATE X I I I A ) .

2 . CHARTHAWAL

T h i s v i l l a g e i s s i t u a t e d towards n o r t h - e a s t of

t h e D i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s ^ a t a d i s t a n c e of about 17 Kms.

451

on Muzaffamagar-Thana Bhawan road. Charthawal, the

headquarters of pargana as well as development block

of the same name, lies in 29^33' N and 77°36' E. The

place is on the north west of Muzaffamagar at a

distance of about 19 tan frcxn it and is connected with

a metalled road leading to Thana Bhawan.

There are two ancient temples here one dating

back to Jahangirs time and other is about 500 years

old. The place was the headquarters of the revenue

agent AMIL. It is an old village and is mentioned in the

Ain. A medieval temple (Thakurduwara), a Jain temple and

remains of seven residential buildings within an enclosure

with some other architectural remains were noticed during

the course of our Sujrvey work.

Three fairs are held here every year; two of

which known as the Ghat and Devi fairs, fall in the

month of Chaitra and the third called the fair of

Chhariyan falls in the month of Bhadra. The last one is

dedicated to saint Goga Pir, who is honoured by both

the Hindus and Muslims. Each fair is attended by about

5,000 persons.

462

I. THAKUBDWARA

(PLATE XLIIA)

This temple of Shri Ram, popula r ly taiown as

'Thalcurdwara• bears an i n s c r i p t i o n in Urdu, Hindi and

Engl ish about i t s r e s t o r a t i o n s in V .S . 1967 (=1910 A.D.) .

The English version of i t i s given below:

"The old Hindu temple b u i l t in the time of

Emperor Jahangrrrepaired in the time of P t . Jawala Prasad

Co l l ec to r , with the e f f o r t s of : i . Mustaffa Ahmad Siddiqui ,

Dy. Co l l ec to r " .

The temple conplex (75 x 70 m) made of lakhauri

b r i c k s (12 x 7 x 3 cms.) on a low p l i n t h cons i s t s of

twin Shikhara s t r u c t u r e s and an adjoining b u i l d i n g . Some

add i t ions and a l t e r n a t i o n s were done a t a l a t e r d a t e .

On the l e f t side there i s a square p l i n t h (1.10 x 1.10

cms.) having a s t a i r c a s e of f ive s t e p s on t h i s . There

are two foot p r i n t s which a re worshipped as the f ee t

of Lord Ram.

I I . JAIN TEMPLE

Adjacent to the Thakurdwara, the re i s a Shikhara

type J a i n tanple made of s i m i l a r type of lakhauri b r i c k s .

463

However, the temple has

the v i l l a g e r s . The ma

i n s t a l l e d appear t o

kieen r epa i r ed and p l a s t e r e d by

rkblle image of Ja in Tir thankaras

belorig to l a t e medieval p e r i o d .

KOTESRA

This v i l l e g e i s about 26 tans, away towards north­

west of the D i s t r i c t headqua r t e r s . There i s no d i r e c t

pucca route to approach the v i l l a g e . One may f i r s t go

upto Charthawal v i l l a g e t y Muzaffamagar-Thana Bhawan

on a metal led road, then by a Kachcha road which i s

connected with the main load leading to the v i l l a g e

Kotesra-. Following a r c h i t e c t u r a l remains are found the re .

I . PORT

In the southern p a r t of the v i l l a g e , there i s an

old ruined b r i c k - f o r t be longin t t o some old Saiyid

fami l ies which housed r e s i d e n t i a l bu i ld ings of the loca l

r u l e r s . However, a l l have

po r t i ons of comer towers

genera l ly measure 12 x 7

been badly damaged except

and Cupolas , The br icks

X 3 cms.

1 . Fuher, A., Monumental . to t iqu i ty and I n s c r i p t i o n s in the North-Western ProvjLnces and Oudh (London, 1891) p . 12.

454

I I . JAIN TEMPLE

In t h e same v i l l a g e t h e r e i s a Sh ikhara type

J a i n temple which c o n t a i n s some marb le images of

T i r t h a n k a r a s . The t emple i s made of l a k h a u r i b r i c k s and

appears a lmos t 200 y e a r s o l d ( ? ) ,

4 . KASYARA

The village Kasyara lies towards east of the

Charthawal block headquarters at a distance of about

6 km. on the right side of the Charthawal - Chhapax

road. There is another route to visite the village, one

may first go to tne village Luhari on Muzaffamagar-

Thana Bhawan^road from where a Kankar road joins the

main road and leads to the village Badhai Kalan via

village Kasyara.

I .. NAVAGAZAPIR

There is a tomb made of lakhauri bricks of an

unknown Muslim saint locally known as Navaqazapir. It

is located in the out-skir-ts of the village on road

side. Since it has been thickly plastered it is difficult

to determine its age.

455

II-« A MAZAR

Beside the Navaqazapir t he re i s another mazar of

scsne \anknown person but wel l p r e s e r v e d .

5 . KALYANA

The village Kalyana is situated towards south­

east of the Charthawal block headquarters at a distance

of about 6 km. The village stands on the right bank of

the Kali Nadi which also forms its eastern boundary.

There is no direct route to approach the village.

Kalyans. To reach the village, one may first go to the

village Dadhedu on Charthawal - Muzaffamagar road and

from there its left side a Kachcha road goes which

joins the village. The village Kalyana is towards north­

east of the village Dadhedu.

A BUILDING COMPLEX

There is an ancient mound in the village on the

top of which there is a building complex. It appears

originally that building was made of lakhauri bricks.

However, later on there was some alternations during

the British period and bricks of larger sizes, perhaps

collected from the site' from some ancient structure

were used.

466

6 . KHANJAHAMPUR

The v i l l a g e Khanjahanpur i s s i t u a t e d on the

s o u t h - e a s t b o r d e r of t h e Char thawal b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s

a t a d i s t a n c e of about 10 Km on M u z a f f a m a g a r - Char thawal

r o a d . I t can be e a s i l y approached from t h e d i s t r i c t h e a d ­

q u a r t e r s towards wes t a t a d i s t a n c e of about 3 )an on

M u z a f f a m a g a r - Shamli r o a d . The v i l l a g e s Khanjahanpur

s t a n d s on t h e r i g h t bank of t h e K a l i Nadi which a l s o

forms i t s e a s t e r n boundary .

A TEMPLE

The temple i s e a s i l y approachable because i t

l i e s j u s t on the r igh t edge of the a fo resa id road a f t e r

c ross ing the Kali Nadi b r i d g e . There i s an ancienr mound

which i s popular ! ly known as Dal lo Devta Ka T i l l a . Scxne

s tone images l ike Ganesha, Shiva were xanearthed from

here and a l l of them are housed in a newly contructed

temple . People of adjoining area come every thursday

for Pool a . (PLATE VIIIA).

7 . MALIRA

This place i s about 10 kms. away from Muzaffamagar

c i t y on Muzaffamagar-Saharanpur road .

467

BRIDGE ON KALI NADI

This i s o n l y e x t e n t b r i d g e of Mughul p e r i o d in

t h e d i s t r i c t . I t i s p o p u l a r l y known a s 'Bawandar i -ka-

p u l • ( b r i d g e hav ing 52 r e c e s s e s f o r w a t e r f l o w ) .

M u z a f f a m a g a r - Saharanpur road p a s s e s t h rough i t .

8 . NIAMU

The village Niamu stands on the right bank of

the Hindon Nadi which also forms its eastern boundary.

The village is on the right side of the Charthawal.

Thana-Bhawan road after crossing the Hindon iJadi at a

distance of about 8 km. To approach the village, one

may first go by bus or his own vehicle upto village

Akbargarh, a distance of about 5 Km on the same road

from there a Kachcha road joins it which leads to the

village Niamu.

There is an ancient mound which is known as

Salyidon ka Khera some interesting stone sculp

have been unearth from there and adjoining area while

village people were digging foundation of their

houses. All these are housed in a newly constructed

temple.

458

I. VARAHRAJA

(PLATE XL)

A recently built temple houses a very interes­

ting image of Varahraja (incarnation of Varaha) found

long back in the village Niamu while digging the

foxindation of a house.

It is alleged that there is an inscription on

the reverse part of the image. However, the same cannot

be seen at present as the image has been fixed with a

wall of the temple in such a way that the back part of

it is not visible.

The height of the image is 1.3 m. and breadth

is 0,80 m. It is made of one slab in red sandstone.

Lord Varaha is shown within a beautifully carved niche

in standing pose and trampling the demon and holding

goddess Sarth above in his raised left hand. The image

wears traditional ornaments.

SHIVA - PARVATI

(PLATE XLIA)

i^art from this there are other images such as

of Siva-Parvati (70 x 38 cms.) in which the goddess is

sitting on the thighs of the Loird Siva.

469 BALRAMA

(PLATE XLIB)

There is a beautiful image of Balram (30 x 20

cms.) in standing pose holding a musala and plough in

his right and left hand respectively (C) . All images may

belong to early medieval period.

9. RASULPUR

The village Rasulpur stands on the right bank of

the Kali Nadi which also forms its eastern boundary. It

is situated towards east of the Charthwal block head­

quarters at a distance of about 2.5 km. There is a

Kachcha road between the Charthawal and Rasulpur.

A WELL

There i s a b ig wel l in the v i l l a g e made of

Lakhauri b r i c k s . The diamter of the we l l i s approximately

2.6 m. Thickness of i t s wall i s 50 cams, and depth upto

the water l eve l i s 6 m. Though t h e r e i s an in sc r ip t ion

in the we l l , i t could not be read because i t was much

below.

470

TAHSIL : MUZAPFARNAGAR

BLOCK : BAGRA

1 0 . AMIRNAGAR

The v i l l a g e can be approached a t a d i s t a n c e of

about 2.5 Ion. from t h e Baghra b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s towards

n o r t h . There i s a pucca road between t h e v i l l a g e Baghra

and Amimagar v i a v i l l a g e Sa idpur Khurd .

TEMPLES

There are two Shikhara style temples in this

village, each being square in shape ( 6 x 5 m.) . Both the

temples stand on a high plinth and are made of Lakhauri

bricks. They may belong to late Mughul period.

11. BAGRA

The v i l l age , which l i e s in Lat . 29°28' N and

long 77°35' E. and gives i t s name to the pargana, i s

also the headquarters of a block. I t i s about 11 Km west

of Muzaffamagar near the bifurcation of Muzaffamagar-

Kairana and Muzaffamagar - Shamli roads. Buses plying

on these routes have a ha l t here.

I t i s a place of some ant iqui ty and was according

to local t radi t ion held by Pr i thvi Raj, the great

471

Chauhan xruler of the kingdom of Delhi in the twelfth

century. The name of the village is said to have been

derived from one raja Bagh, but nothing is known about

this personage. It was formed as a mahal. in the reign

of Akbar.

There are several residential buildings here, all

made of lakhauri bricks. It is said that the royal

physician (Hakim) of Jahangir, Sheikh Hasan was the

resident of this village. Previously the whole town was

enclosed with a wall but now there is no trace of it

except a damaged gate.

In the small town of Baghra, there are several

ruined buildings of historical association and Havelis

of local merchants in Baniyon ka Mohalla. The Haveli of

Lala Uggarsen in moulded bricks with terracotta ornamen­

tation was foxind to be of architectural interest. It's

multifoil arched entrance gate and projecting balconies,

supported on ornamental stone bracket add elegance to

the structure. A triple storeyed house of Sita-Ram in

the same locality is also noticeable .

1. Indian Archaeology 1984-85 A Review, p. 192.

472

I. SATIA

(PLATE XLIIIA)

There are eighteen connnemorative plinths known

as Satis in the village. These are secondary burials of

such ladies, who burnt themselvesa at the pyre of their

husbands. Some of them are of Octagonal shape having

inverted lotus at the top. A few of them also bear

paintings forming geometrical patterns on the ceillings.

II. BARADWARI

(PLATE XLVB)

Adjacent to the Satis there is a flat roofed

structure having eight open gates which is probably to

perform 'havan' at the time of ceremonies. The structure

stands on 1.5 high plinth.

III. TEMPLE

(PLATE XLIV B)

There a r e many t emples of l a k h a u r i b r i c k s a d j a c e n t

t o t h e above s t r u c t u r e . However, images a r e modem.

I V . TANK

(PLATE XLIVB)

Very c l o s e t o Baradwari t h e r e i s a tank having a

s t a i r - c a s e of 10 s t e p s . . T h e a r e a of i t i s approx imate ly

(60 X 60 m.) .

473

V. BAWANDWAja

(PLATE XLIV A)

There i s a n o t h e r i n t e r e s t i n g b u i l d i n g of l a k h a u r i

b r i c k s known as Bawandwari ( s t r u c t u r e of 52 g a t e s ) . I t

i s a double s t o r e y e d b u i l d i n g which has a t ah-khana

(\inderground c e l l ) a s w e l l a s a w e l l . The b u i l d i n g was

f r e q u e n t l y r e p a i r e d and t h e r e f o r e modern b r i c k s have

a l s o been used i n i t . I t i s o c c u p i e d by v i l l a g e P r a d h a n .

The b u i l d i n g appears of Mughul p e r i o d .

V I . TEMPLE OF SHAKUMBHARI DEVI

(PLATE XLIIB)

Adjacent to the main road there is a recently

built small temple of Shakumbhari Devi after which the

place got it sanctity. It appears that new temple has

been built on site of the old temple.

V I I . TEMPLE OF LORD SIVA

(PLATE XLIIB)

Within the p r e m i s e s of t h e above Shakumbhari

Devi Temple t h e r e i s a Siva t emple of two Sh ikha ra s ,

made of l a k h a u r i b r i c k s . I t i s r e g u l a r l y r e p a i r e d and

t h e r e f o r e i s we l l p r e s e r v e d . The t e m p l e appears t o be long

t o t h e p e r i o d of o t h e r b u i l d i n g s d e c r i b e d above .

474

VILI. THAKURDWAR^A SHLKHABA TEMPLE

(PLATE XLIIIB)

Another i n t e r e s t i n g b u i l d i n g of t h e v i l l a g e i s a

b e a u t i f u l smal l t emple of Lord Ram. The t emple i s n o t e ­

wor thy f o r i t s b e a u t i f u l p a i n t i n g s i n s i d e on the w a l l s

and t h e c e i l i n g . The q a r b h - q r i h a i s a b e a u t i f u l s t r u c t u r e

h a v i n g r ibbed p a i n t e d d o n e . The p a i n t i n g s main ly i n red

and b l u e g e n e r a l l y i n c l u d e f l o r a l m o t i f s , s t y l i z e d

g e o m e t r i c a l p a t t e r n s and m i n i a t u r e p o r t r a i t s .

1 2 . HAIDERNAGAR

This p l a c e i s abou t 15 Ions, away frxxn the D i s t r i c t

h e a d q u a r t e r s towards w e s t and i t i s t owards south of t h e

Baghra b lock h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of about 1.5 tan.

A narrow m e t a l l e d road l e a d s t o t h e v i l l a g e a t a d i s t a n c e

of abou t 3 tans, which j o i n s Muza f f amaga r -Shaml i road

a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 12 tarns, from M u z a f f a m a g a r . The

v i l l a g e i s a l s o known a s J a l a l p u r .

I . TEMPLE OF LORD SIVA

A Shikhara t y p e of t emple of Lord S iva s t ands h e r e

which i s made of l a k h a u r i b r i c k s . A S iva l ingam and some

images of marble a r e k e p t h e r e f o r w o r s h i p .

475 II. GARAHI

Remains of sane big residential buildings found

here are popularly known as Garahi. It is also made of

lakhauri bricks. Some people live in the habitable portion

of it.

13. JASOI

The village Jasoi stands on the right bank of the

Hindon Nadi which also forms its eastern boundary. It

lies towards west of the Baghra block headquarters at a

distance of about 17 km on the right side of the Muza-

ffamagar-Shamli road. One vishing to visit the village

may first go to the village Dholra at a distance of about

12 km. on aforesaid road where towards north on right

side a road joins it and leads to the village Jasoi

hardly 5 km. away from the village Dholra.

I. JAIN TEMPLE

(PLATE XLVA)

A Jain temple probably of medieval period, housed

five marble images of Jain Tirkhankaras. The temple had

four sided conical Shikhara and attached building complex.

The three of them bear the dates in Mahavira Samvat as

given below.

1. Rishabhnath image - 1957

476

2 . Chandaqprabha image - 1747

3 . Pa rshwana th image - 1664

I X . A WELL

In the same village opposite a residential building

complex there is a well having a diameter of 1.8 m. The

diameter of the enclosing plinth, recently repaired is

3.8 m.

III. MOSQUE

Adjacent to the well there is a mosque made of

lakhauri bricks. It has been restored, plastered and white

washed by the village people.

IV. A BUILDING COMPLEX

(PLATE XLVB)

Near the mosque there is a double storeyed build­

ing complex made of lakhauri bricks belonging to some

Saiyids. The gate bears. The inner side of the gate has

painting which probably belongs to Mughul period.

476

2 . Chandaprabha image - 1747

3 . Parshwanath image - 1664

I I . A WELL

In the same village opposite a residential building

complex there is a well having a diameter of 1.8 m. The

diameter of the enclosing plinth, recently repaired is

3.8 m.

III. MOSQUE

Adjacent to the well there is a mosque made of

lakhauri bricks. It has been restored, plastered and white

washed by the village people.

IV. A BUILDING COMPLEX

(PLATE XLVB)

Near the mosque there is a double storeyed build­

ing complex made of lakhauri bricks belonging to scsne

Saiyids. The gate bears. The inner side of the gate has

painting which probably belongs to Mughul period.

477 TAHSIL i MUZAFFARNAGAR

BLOCK : MUZAFFARNAGAR

14* BILASPUR

The village is situated on Muzaffamagar-Jauli

road at a distance of about 5 tans, towards south-east

from District headquarters,

I. DILAPIDATED BUILDINGS

Antiquarian remains of this village, include dila­

pidated building of some old Saiyid family which is said

to have connection with the Saiyids of Bihari, a village

situated at a distance of about 20 tans, away from there.

An abandoned residential building has a tah-khana

(underground cell). Al these buildings are made of

lakhauri bricks and appear to belong to eighteenth

century.

II. DAI KA MAQUBARA

In the village mentioned above, there is a maqubara

known as 'Dai Ka maqubara* . It stands almost on the out­

skirts of the village. The area of the maqubara is

approximately 17 x 15 x 22 m. It is also made of lakhauri

bricks with use of lime-morter. The size of the brick

is 12 X 7 X 3 cms.

478

I I I • A WELL

A l i t t l e ahead of the Dai Ka Maqxabara, there i s

a deep well mads of lakhauri bricks of similar size,

having a diameter of 3 m. with c i rcular wall and depth

up to the water level i s about 5.3 m. I t i s about 1 m

high from the groxind l eve l . I t i s now densely covered

with trees from a l l s ides .

1 5 . BHANDURA

This v i l lage i s on Muzaffamagar-Bijnor road at a

distance of about 12 Ions, frcwi Dis t r i c t headquarters

towards ea s t .

A. TEMPLE OF LORD SIVA

^ Siva linqam unearthed ea r l i e r from th i s vi l lage

has been ins ta l led in a newly constructed temple.

1 6 . BAHADURPUR

This v i l lage i s s i tuated a t a distance of about

11 Ions, from Di s t r i c t headquarters towards south-east

on Muzaffamagar-Jansath road. The archi tectural remains

of th is vi l lage include mosques, wells and remains of

a residential building remnant of a grand building.

479 I. GABHI SADAT

There is a big house complex locally known as

Garhi Sadat. It is alleged that this bxailding originally

had four big gates on all the four sides. However, now

only southern gate (partially damaged) can be seen there.

It is also said that there was a wall enclosure around

this ccanplex. However, theire is no trace of it now.

Even in dilapidated condition belonged to the

Maraths the traces of three storeys are still visible,

Svibsequently this building was occupied by some Saiyids.

Now a Muslim family resides there, in the habitable

part of it.

II. MOSQUE

There is a mosque attached to this building complex.

It is also made of lakhauri bricks. It is decorated with

some geometrical designing.

17. BIHARI

This village is 2 kms. away from Bahadurpur village

towards south-east and is 13 kms. from the District head­

quarters. It is southern most village of the tahsil

Muzaffamagar where boundaries of Budhana and Jansath

tahsil meet.

480

People connect this village with Mahabharata period.

According to a tradition sometime in past a local king

had put his wife (Bahu) at stake in gambling and lost her

and because of this incident the village was nick named

as 'Babu-hari'. The present name 'Bihari' is a corrupt

form of Babu-hari»

I. AN OLD POND

There is a small pond in the village which is

alleged to belong to the Mahabharata period. However,

there is no evidence to prove its antiquity.

I I . BUILDING COMPLEX

There a r e many w e l l p r e s e r v e d r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s

i n c l u d i n g a female a p a r t m e n t . I t i s a l l e g e d t h a t t h e s e

have been b u i l t by Khankhan-i-Khanjahan t h e m i n i s t e r of

Shah jahan .

I I I . MOSQUE

There i s a l s o a mosque of same p e r i o d , which i s

b u i l t on 2.40 m. h igh p l i n t h . I n t h e v i c i n i t y of the

mosque and t h e b u i l d i n g complex t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l w e l l s

of t h e same p e r i o d made of l a k h a u r i b r i c k s .

481

IV. JAIN TEMPLE

Another significant building of this village is a

Jain temple having a Shikhara. Twelve images of Jain

tirkhamkarasa are installed here. One of them belong to

V.S. 1410. All these are of white marble.

V. MAQUBARAS

On the outskirts of the village there are four

maqxibaras (tombs) having domes. Two of them are in good

state of preservation and others have been damaged

partially. These maqxibaras are locally called as Chandani,

Andheri/ Kalluwala and Navanewala. However, nothing is

known authentically about them. They appear about 300

years old.

18. DHANDHERA

This v i l l a g e i s about 6 kms. away from the D i s t r i c t

h e a d q u a r t e r s on M u z a f f a m a g a r - J a u l i road towards sou th ­

e a s t of t h e v i l l a g e B i s a l p u r .

NAVAGAZAPIR

I n t h i s v i l l a g e t h e r e i s a g r a v e p o p u l a r l y known

a s Navagazap i r of si^ne unknown Muslim s a i n t . I t i s made

of l a k h a u r i b r i c k s which have been r e s t o r e d wi th p l a s t e r

482

by villagers. Though it is difficult to determine the

date of the grave, it may belong to late medieval period.

People come here from neighbourhood for Ziarat.

19. JARODA

It is the southern border village of the district

headquarters as well as the block headquarters which

divides it from the district Meerut. The village Jaroda

stands on the left bank of the Kali Nadi which also

forms its western boundary. It is situated towards south

of the Muzaffamagar block headquarter on the right side

of the Muzaffamagar - Meerut road at a distance of about

7 Km. The village is also known as Jaroda - Panda.

However, here ruins of the structural remains can be seen

in the thickeiy populated area of the village.

I • QUILA MARATHAS

It is alleged that nere was a big fort of the

Marathas. However, there is now no trace even of its

out line or boundary. The only structural remains of it

is a big room of lakhauri bricks measuring 6,5 x 4 x 1.5

cms. The structure was destroyed due to brick robbing

on large scale by the villagers. Later structures made of

those bricks can be seen in the village.

483

Of late, a Muslim Zamindar Liyaqut All, made his

residential quarters here.

II. MIR KI GARHI

A little ahead from the Quila of Marathas, there

is a residential building of similar bricks known as

•Mir Ki Garhi'. Now a village family resides in it.

III. MAZAR OP GAURI SHAH

At a distance of about one kilometer from the

Garhi on the outskirts of the village, there is a grave

known as 'Mazar of Gauri Shah'. Since it is thickly

plastered its nature could not be determined.

20. MUZAFFARNAGAR (CITY)

Muzaffamagar, the headquarters of the district

and the tahsil, lies in Lat. 29°28* N and Long. 77°41'E

near the left bank of the river Kali. It is connected

by metalled roads with Saharanpur in the north, Bijnor

in the east, Meerut in the south, and with Panlpat in

Haryana State in the west.

Muzaffamagar stands on the site of an old town

known as Sarwat in the days of Akbar. Along with other

parts of the district Sarwat was given as a jagir to

old one, which was completed by his son Abdul Mansur who

named it after his father. Before the advent of the

British in 1803# it was a part of the doab londer the

sway of Daulat Rao Sindhia, though the payment of the

Chauth (revenue) assessed from this town by the Marathas

was not always very punctual. In 1826, Huzaffamgar

was converted into a regular district with the town as

its headquarters.

I. TEMPLES

There are (PLATE XLVI A) a few temples and

mosques in the c i t y . However, only one of them - a

temple i s noteworthy for i t s s t r u c t u r a l beauty. The

temple i s within an enc losu re . The main Shikhara type

temple i s flanked on e i t h e r s ide by two o ther temples

made in same s t y l e though smal ler in s ize and he igh t .

The cen t ra l temple i s of Krishna (A) t h a t on r i g h t s ide

(B) of Siva (housing a hingam and Nandi) and tha t on

l e f t s ide of Ram (C). In f ron t of Shri Ram's temple,

c lose to boundary wall i s another Shikhara temple of

Shri Hanumana (PLATE XLVI B) comparatively smaller in

s i z e , obviously i t i s a l a t e r a d d i t i o n . The former th ree

485

temples are built on a 1 meter high plinth measuring

80 X 80 m. The temples are made of red sandstone and

are nicely planned. Decorative carvings in different

parts of the temples, particularly at entrances and

garfahaqrihas are noteworthy. This temple may be 150

years old. (PLATE XLVII A&B) . It is the liggest temple

of the tovm.

II. MOSQUE

Reference may also be made to the main mosque of

the town. Its done can be seen from a distance. The

whole structure is now surrounded by shops and other

buildings. The structural feature indicates that it was

probably built in the later part of the Mughul period.

21. RAIHERI

This v i l l a g e i s on Muzaf famagar -Roorkee road

a t a d i s t a n c e of about 4 tons, t owards n o r t h - e a s t from

t h e D i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s .

BUILDING COMPLEX

There a r e some r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s of Barha

S a i y i d s i n t h i s v i l l a g e made of LaXhaurl b r i c k s . I t i s

a l l e g e d that : t h e i r a n c e s t o r s o r i g i n a l l y belonged t o

486

Bilaspur frcan where they had come here and settled down.

There is a well inside on the left side of the

gate having a diameter of about 2 m« Now it is out of

use. The structures appear to belong to Mughul period.

22. SARNAT

This village is hardly at a distance of about

2.5 kms, from the District headquarters on Muzaffamagar-

Roorkee road towards north. Sarwat was the old name of

the district.

I. MASTAN SHAHA'S MAZAR

This mazar is on the elevated ar^a of the village,

Since it is thickly plastered, nothing definitely can be

determined about it. The mazar is within a four walled

boxindary. People come here for Ziarat frannearby village.

II. WELL

Adjacent to the above mentioned mazar there i s a

well of lakhauri b r i cks . I t ' s diameter i s 2.40 m. inclu­

ding the thickness of the c i rcu la r wal l . I t bears an

inscript ion which i s much below therefore could not be

recorded.

487

2 3 . SHERNAGAR

This v i l l a g e which i s c o n s i d e r a b l y i m p o r t a n t from

t h e a r c h i t e c t u r a l p o i n t of v iew, i s s i t u a t e d towards

s o u t h - e a s t of t h e D i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of

abou t 6 kms. on M u z a f f a m a g a r - J a n s a t h road .

I . SATI KA KHERA

Towards t h e n o r t h of t h e v i l l a g e , t h e r e i s a mound

l o c a l l y known as ' S a t i Ka Khera* (mound of S a t i ) cove r ing

an a r e a of about 100 x 100 m. I t i s about 2.5 m. h igh from

t h e ground l e v e l . On t h e top of t h e mound t h e r e i s a b r i c k

work i n somewhat g e o m e t r i c a l p a t t e r n be ing commemorative

remains of scane S a t i . The s i z e of t h e b r i c k s used i s

9 x 7 x 4 cms.

I I . TEMPLE

Cxiite c l o s e t o t h e above , t h e r e i s a temple of

Lord S i v a . I t e n s h r i n e s a S i v a - l i n g a m found by t h e

v i l l a g e r s some t ime back w h i l e t i l l i n g the f i e l d s . The

l inqam has some s c r a t c h marks p r o b a b l y of a p l o u g h .

I l l . A POND

There is a pond close to the above mentioned

temple. A local tradition links it with the Mahabharata

period. It is said that the tank earlier had a stair

case.

488 IV. WELLS

Attached to the above Siva temple there is a well

of lakhauri bricks having a diameter of about 1.8 m. The

thickness of the wall is 0.6 m. Its terrace is octagonal

in shape. There is a persian inscription inside the well

much below and was not accessible.

There are few more wells belonging to the medieval

period. They are more or less of similar type as one

described above. One of them had an inscription (PLATE

) which is now housed in the Government Museum,

Muzaffamgar. Its contents are given below with English

translation;

"Allah the Great*

It was during the reign of Shahjahan, that in

accordance with an earlier request Syed Khan Jahan got

built this well at the place of his residence. "God,

please, look after", that, it may not demolish in flood,

Dated 1054 A.H.

489

V. TOMB OF SHER ALI

On the outskirts of the village there is a tomb

(maqiibara) of Sher Ali after whom the village got its

name. It is made of lakhauri bricks and is in good state

of preservation. The tomb has arches and a minaret above

on each four sides, and in the centre there is a big dome.

The tomb houses besides his grave three more of his

family members. It is said that for his wife a separate

tomb maqvibara) was built in the village wnich is now

totally damaged.

VI. OOHER TOMB

There are two o the r tombs Imaqxibaras; l oca l ly

known as 'Saiyidon ka maqubara* (tanb of S a i y i d s ) .

V I I . WELLS

Attached to the maqxabara of Sher Ali, there is

a well, having the diameter of about 2.5 m. which is

fully covered with trees and shrubs.

Across the road, adjacent to the dcsnbs of Saiyids,

there is another well having a diameter of about 2.5 m.

Both wells are made of lakhauri bricks. The latter well

bears an inscription.

490

24. SUJADU

This village lies towards south of the District

headquarters at a distance of about 4 kms. Here is a

mound on the bank of the Kali Nadi•

A GRAVE

On the top of the mound there is a grave locally

known as 'Gupha-ke-pir' . It is thickly plastered and

therefore it is difficult to determine its age.

25. SANDHAOLI VILLAGE

This village Sandhaoli is at a distance of about

5 kms. from District headquarters almost towards south,

on Muzaffarnagar-Meerut road. At a distance of about 4 km.

on the left side of the aforesaid road a Kankar road

joins it which leads to the village Sandhaoli.

I. BUILDINGS COMPLEX

Here is a residential building complex which

probably belonged to the brother of Wahelna's Diwan.

The building covers a considerable area within a walled

boundary, each comer of which originally had a minaret

(burj). However, only one of them now survives. The

boundary wall has been destroyed and the main building

491

damaged considerably. However, a Saiyid family new

resides in the extant portion of it.

II. A MOSQUE

Within the boundary of the house complex chere

is a mosque, built on a high plinth. It has a dcxiole

dome.

III. WELLS

Not far away from it there is also a lakr.auri

well having a diamter of about 1.6 m.

There is another lakhauri well of the saice period

having a diameter of about 2.4 m. Its wall is 60 cms.

thick and its top is about 80 cms. high from the ground

level. It bears following inscription on a stone slab.

492

IV. A MAZAR

On the outskirts of the village there are five

graves. Pour of them are within an enclosure, under these

graves are burried the family memloers of Diwan • s brother

referred to above.

26, WAHELNA

The village VJahelna is situated in Lat. 29°28' N

and Long. 77°43 ' E from the district headquarters and is

connected by a metalled road with the state highway to

I-Seerut. The village lies on the left side Muzaffamagar-

I-ieerut road towards south at a distance of about 5 kms.

from the District headquarters. It is alleged that the

village was earlier known as Varah Nagar. It is considerably

important from architectural point of view. Following

structural remains are found here.

This ancient place is known for its group of

ancient temples. An idol of Lord Parshwa Nath, believed

to be 2500 years old, according to local people, has

also been unearthed here. It was perhaps an important

Jain centre as is evident from the fact that a religious

fair known as Jain Uchchas is held every year on 2nd of

October, to attend which Jains from all parts of the

493

countxy come. The p l a c e migh t have been an o ld s a i y i d

h a b i t a t i o n a t one t ime as i t h a s r u i n s of an o ld f o r t

c r e a d i t e d t o t h e S a i y i a s .

I . BUILDING COMELES

(PLATE XLXA)

At a d i s t a n c e of abou t 1,5 kms. from the main road

a narrow m e t a l l e d road l e a d s i n t o a b u i l d i n g complex commonly

known as 'Darwaja ' because of i t s h i g h e n t r a n c e . This i s

a raagnifleant r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g c o v e r s an a rea of

about 300 X 200 m. I t had four g a t e s . Excep t the e a s t e r n

g a t e , which i s t o t a l l y g o n e , t h e r u i n s of o t h e r t h r e e

g a t e s can s t i l l be seen* The d i s t a n c e between southern

and n o r t h e r n g a t e s i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 12O m, Bet \^en t h e s e

above two g a t e s t h e r e i s a w e l l hav ing a d i ame te r of about

1,6 ra, e x c l u d i n g t h e th i c l cness of w a l l . However, i t s o u t e r

face i s o c t o g o n a l in s h a p e . I t a l s o h a s a pucca t e r r a c e

around i t . I t ' s two s t o n e p i l l a r s t o draw t h e water a re

l y i n g broken t h e r e .

At a d i s t a n c e of abou t 85 m. a t t a c h e d t o t h e

westeim g a t e i s t h e main b u i l d i n g . The w e s t e r n g a t e i s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y 16 m, h i g h , and 8,5 m, w i d e , on e i t h e r s i d e

494

of the gate Is a plateform, probably for gate-guards. The

upper part of the gate is decorated with painting in Mughul t

s t y l e . A p a s s a g e made of. l a l d i a u r i b r i c k s p a s s e s th rough

t h e g a t e .

The a r c h i t e c t u r a l r ema ins of t h e b u i l d i n g v^ ich

appear t o be a r o y a l r e s i d e n c e i s q u i t e i m p r e s s i v e and

a r t i s t i c . I t i s a l l e g e d t h a t o r i g i n a l l y i t was c o n s t r u c t e d

by Sher Shah S u r i who l a t e r on gave i t t o one of h i s Diwan.

The b u i l d i n g i n c l u d e s Diwan- i -Khas , Div/an-i-Am, Janan Khana

( l a d i e s apa r tmen t ) as w e l l as an Imambara, e t c .

I I . A MOSQUE

(SLATE

A t t a c h e d t o t h i s b u i l d i n g on s o u t h e r n s i d e t h e r e

i s a mosque a l s o made of l a l d i a u r i b r i c k s . I t ' s e n t r a n c e h a s

an i n s c r i p t i o n and a c r e s a n t wi th two s t a r s on e i t h e r s i d e .

I I I . MAQUBARA

(PLATE XLIXB)

At a l i t t l e d i s t a n c e from t h e above b u i l d i n g , towards

s o u t h , t h e r e i s a tomb (maqubara) hav ing a w a l l enclosxire on

a l l s i d e s . I t i s a l l e g e d t h a t t h e Diwan r e f e r r e d t o above

vdio g o t t h i s b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t e d was b u r r i e d h e r e a f t e r

495

h i s dea th . The niaq>ibara i s in bad s t a t e of preseirvat ion.

I V . A JAIN TEHFLE

Out of two important temples of the village one

belongs to the Jain sect. It is alleged that the shrined

idol of Parshwanath, was unearthed, sometime back on the

same spot vjhere the nev;ly constructed marble temple now

stands. The idol is sitting in Dyanmudra under a canopy

of snake-hoods. It's pedestal has the following

inscription:

On the basis of the date given in the inscription,

the image appears to be about 500 years old.

496

V. TEMPLE OP LORD SIVA

Not far away from the Jain temple, there is a

Siva temple which has been restored and plastered by

the villagers. A Sivalingam and Nandi of late period are

installed here. Its ceiling has paintings in red and blue

colours depicting male and female figurines as well as

ge ometri cl pattern s•

TAHSIL : MUZAFFARNAGAR

BLOCK : PURKAZI

27. BASERA

The vil lage Basera l i e s in l a t . 29° 33' N and long.

77° 51 ' E. I t i s s i tuated towards north-east of the

D i s t r i c t headquarters at a distance of about 27 Km. on

the metalled road from Bhukerheri to Deoband and about

lO Km soutn or Purkazi block headquarters. I t has a

regular bus service from Muzaffarnagar.

The Ganga canal passes by t h i s vil lage in the east

at a distance of about 3 Km. I t s d i s t r ibu ta ry , named

Baserah raibaha af ter the v i l lage , runs close to i t s

west, i t s l e f t branch flowing between the canal and the

v i l l a g e . The vi l lage i s thus well-provided with the

means of i r r igat ion and has consequently prospered.

The vil lage has the remains of a ruined for t ress ,

said to be bui l t by the Saiyids about 400 years ago.

I t came into the possession of the Gujar Rani of

Landhaura after the decline of the Saiyids, and i s

since known as Landhaura vjali Rani Ki Garhi.

LBUILOING COMPLEX

There i s a double storeyed res ident ia l building

complex (75 x 75) in the vi l lage having an impressive

498

entrance, which is made of red sandstone bears interest­

ing decorative carvings. Besides, several rooms and other

apartments, the ground floor of the building has a big

hall. The building is made of lalchauri bricks and appears

to belong to late Mughal period.

II. TEMPLES

There a re two a lmos t i d e n t i c a l S iva temples fol low­

ing each o t h e r on e i t h e r s i d e of a v i l l a g e r o a d . Both t h e

t emples a r e made of l a k h a u r i b r i c k s and each e n s h r i n e s a

S i v a - l i n g a m hav ing a Nandi image o u t s i d e .

2 8 . BARLA

The v i l l a g e B a r l a s i t u a t e d abou t 19 Km. n o r t h ­

wes t of Muza f famagar by t h e s i d e of Meerut-Dehradun

highway, Ba r l a l i e s i n L a t . 29 3 7 ' N. and Long. 77°

4 7 ' E. I t i s connec ted by r o a d s w i t h Gordhanpur,

B h u k a r h e r i , and Deo^and. Buses p l y i n g on t h e s e r o u t e s

h a l t h e r e .

Raja Ram of Landhaura , a Gujar c h i e f , he ld t h i s

v i l l a g e as a p a r t of h i s e s t a t e b e f o r e i t came i n t o t h e

p o s s e s s i o n of t h e S a i y i d s .

499

An u r $ loiown as 'Baba, caiand Ki Roshn i ' i s h e l d

e v e r y y e a r on t h e 25th and 26th of Ramadan in t h i s v i l l a g e

w i th an approximate a t t e n d a n c e of 3#000 p e r s o n s .

2 9 . CHHAPAR

The v i l l a g e Chhapar l i e s i n t h e L a t . 29° 34 ' N.

and Long. 77 46 ' E . I t i s s i t u a t e d 13 Km t o the n o r t h ­

e a s t of t h e D i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s on t h e me ta l l ed road

from Muzaffamagar t o Roorkee , T h i s v i l l a g e i s a l s o of

c o n s i d e r a b l e impor tance because of i t s a r c h i t e c t u r a l

r e m a i n s . The Bar l a ra jwaha of the Ganga Canal p a s s e s s

t h r o u g h t h e v i l l a g e , w h i l e a t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e tov;ards

t h e e a s t f lows the main t r i b u t a r y of Ganga Cana l .

The v i l l a g e was laiown as Chhapar Khudda Mahal

i n t h e days of Akbar . The name Pur Chhapar d a t e s from

t h e days of Quzi Nizami, a S a i y i d of J a n s a t h , who s o l d

t h e v i l l a g e t o Lakshman Das* an a g e n t of Raja Ram Dayal

of Landhaura . Lakshman Das i s a s s o c i a t e d with a f o r t r e s s

t h a t h a s been found in t h i s v i l l a g e .

I, A FORTRESS (QUILA)

(PLATE LB)

There is a fortress, locally called Quila, in the

village. It has been considerably damaged. Though the

5G0

boundary or defence wall still is almost intact, the

buildings inside have been damaged badly. However, the

remains indicate that mostly there were two storeyed-

buildings. The upper storey at the gate is also damaged.

However, the boundary, perhaps has a burj (minaret) on

each comer. The entire complex appears about 3OO years

old and would have been the residential place of the

local ruler (?).

II. TEMPLE OF KALI

(PLATE LA)

In the close vicinity of above fortress there is

a temple of goddess kali in ShiWiara style. Some later

structure grew around it developing it into a full temple

complex. A new shildiara temple was also erected.

30. GODHANA

This v i l l a g e i s s i t u a t e d on Muzaf famagar -Roorkee

road a t a d i s t a n c e of abou t 35 kms. from t h e D i s t r i c t

h e a d q u a r t e r s . From P u r k a z i , a t a d i s t a n c e of about 26 kms.

ano the r m e t a l l e d road j o i n s i t l e a d i n g t o t h e v i l l a g e .

A WELL

There is a well preserved well made of lakhauri

bricks. It has two stone rings for fixing the wooden rogs

501

to draw the water. The diameter of the well is about

3 m.

31. GORDHANPUR

The v i l l a g e i s about 42 Ions, away from the D i s t r i c t

h e a d q u a r t e r s on Muzaf fa rnagar -Roorkee r o a d .

TEMPLE OP LORD SIVA

There i s a sh i l d i a r a t y p e S i v a temple in the v i l l a g e

which s t a n d s on a low p l a t f o r m . The t emple i s made of

l aMnaur i b r i c k s and may be about 150 y e a r s o ld , Neeurby

l i e s over a p l a t fo rm a l i f e s i z e s t o n e image of S i v a ,

broken i n t o t h r e e p i e c e s .

3 2 . PURKAZI

The p l a c e Pur of Pu rkaz i i s a smal l town-cum-

v i l l a g e which i s s i t u a t e d in L a t . 29° 3 9 ' N and 77° 5 1 ' E

towards n o r t h of t h e p a r g a n a Pur c h h a p a r a t a d i s t a n c e

of abou t 25 Km n o r t h - w e s t of t h e D i s t r i c t h e a d q u a r t e r s

on Muzaffamagar - Roorkee r o a d . Base r a d i s t r i b u t a r y

of t h e Ganga Canal f lows between t h e c a n a l and t h e town.

I t i s surrounded by a number of f i n e g r o v e s .

502

T r a d i t i o n a l l y i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t Purkaz i d e r i v e s

i t s name from Qazi Nizami, a S a i y i d of J a n s a t h , who

l i e v e d i n t h e r e i g n of Far rukh S i y a r . From t h e days of

Qazi Nizami t h e p l a c e became known a s P u r Chhapar and

STibsequently a s P u r k a z i • Af te rwards i t came i n t o t h e

supremacy of Raja Ram Dayal of Landhaura . The v i l l a g e

has two b i g mosques one of which i s s a i d t o have been

b u i l t p r i o r t o and o t h e r d u r i n g t h e r e i g n of Shahjanan.

i ^ a r t from above t h e r e a r e s e v e r a l o t h e r r e s i d e n ­

t i a l b u i l d i n g s , w e l l s , mosques, t emp le s Darwaja e t c .

A l l a r e made of laJchaurx b r i c k s .

3 3 . TUGHLACPUR

Tnis l a r g e v i l l a g e l i e s i n L a t . 2y°3b*N and iaong

77"53* E a t a d i s t a n c e of abou t 27 Km. n o r t h - e a s t of

M u z a f f a r n a g a r . A road l e a d i n g from P u r q a z i t o Bhukarher i

c r o s s e s t h e Ganga cana l a t a s h o r t d i s t a n c e t o the wes t

of t h e v i l l a g e . I t i s a l s o connec ted by a road t o

Gordhanpur .

The name of t h e p l a c e i m p l i e s t h a t i t d a t e s from

t h e mediaeva l p e r i o d and was e i t h e r founded by o r

d e r i v e d i t s name from Muhammad Tughlxxj (1325 - 1351 A.D.)

503

I t a l s o f inds mention in the memoirs of Timur as a

v i l l a g e on the bank of the Ganga, where he camped during

h i s expedi t ion t o the doab. During the re ign of Aldaar

i t was the headquar ters of a mahal of the same name^ and

in the time of J ahang i r i t became the country seat of

Nurjahan, a f t e r whcxn the pargana came t o be known as

Numagar . In 1816, i t was un i t ed with Pur Chhapar.

The v i l l a g e has no d i r e c t bus connection, the

n e a r e s t bus-s top being Harinagar a t a d i s t ance of 11 km.

on the Purquazi-Barwala road.

504 TAHSIL : JANSATH

BLOCK : KHATAULI

34. CHANDSINA

The v i l l a g e Chandslna i s s i t u a t e d towards west of t h e

K h a t a u l i b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of about 7 Km. There

i s no d i r e c t r o u t e t o approach t h e v i l l a g e * Hov/ever, i t can be

approached by v i l l a g e road l e a d i n g t o t h e v i l l a g e Chandsina v i a

Rampur on Budhana-Khataul i road*

PORTRESS

The remains a fortress are located in the village

Chandsina* This has installed cannon on certain elevation

which can be approached by well preserved steps* This fortress

belong to a local Raja or Chieffen* The each corner of the

fortress has a large burgas* This has holes probably for gun

shorting during emergency or war* There many vegetation has

grown around it which makes the site lovely* It is aL-nost

well preserved condition (PLATE LI A&3)*

35. KHATAULI

The town Khatau l i and t h e development of block head­

q u a r t e r s l i e s in Lat 2 9 ° 4 2 ^ abd Kibg, 77°7 5°2* I t i s s i t u a t e d

a t t h e c r o s s i n g of t h e Muzaff a m a g a r - M e e r u t and Budhana-

Mirapur roads a t a d i s t a n c e of about 22 Kin*

505

JAIN TEMPLE

Among Hindu t e m p l e s of s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e town may

b e m e n t i o n e d f o u r l a r g e J a i n t e m p l e s d a t i n g b a c k t o t h e l a s t

c e n t u r y A J a i n f a i r kno\'fli as t h e Uchhao S a r a n g i a n i s u s u a l l y

h e l d h e r e i n t h e month C h a i t r a *

SARAI

(PLATE LII A)

T h e r e i s an o l d S a r a i ( i nn ) s i t u a t e d i n t h e h e a r t of

t h e town , i s i n v e r y b a d c o n d i t i o n * Many a l t e r n a t i o n i n t h e

o r i g i n a l s t r u c t u r e h a v e been t a k e n p l a c e * L o c a l musl ims a r e

r e s i d i n g i n t h e s a r a i * I t i s s u r r o u n d e d by t h e l o c a l shops

and newly c o n s t r u c t e d r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s * The a n t i q u i t y

of t h e S a r a i ( i n n ) goes b a c k t o t h e t i m e of emperor Shahjahan^

(1627-19 56) which i s a t t e s t e d by t h e P e r s i a n i n s c r i p t i o n

s t u d d e d i n f r o n t a r c h e d g a t e way*

A n o t h e r b u i l d i n g of t h e same p e r i o d b e i n g a mosoue

l o c a t e d i n t h e m o h a l l a S a r a f a n *

A f a i r i s h e l d h e r e d u r i n g t h e month of Bhadra in t h e

memory of Z a h i r Diwan (a l o c a l s a i n t ) *

36* MANSURPUR

The v i l l a g e Mansurpur i s s i t u a t e d t o w a r d s n o r t h of t h e

K h a t a u l i b l o c k headqua r^ t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of a b o u t 12 Kn* The

1* F u h r e n , A*, op* c i t , p* 1 3 ; cf» V a r u n , D*P* o p * c i t , p* 281*

506

v i l l a g e i s on the Budhano-Muzaffamagar road* One wishing t o

v i s i t the s i t e may f i r s t go t o the v i l l a g e Khanupur :n

Muzaffamagar-Khatauli road# where Budhana-Mtizaffarr.agar road

crosses*

RANG MAHAL

(PLATE LIII A&B)

The s i t e i s in the v i c i n i t y of the v i l l age ME-isurpur,

which i s loca l ly /<nown as Rang Mahal* This beaut i ful large

s i z e Haveli which looks l i ke a f o r t r e s s i s one of the f i ne s t

bu i ld ing of the tahs i l* The Haveli i s a l leged to bel::xig the

family of the founder of the d i s t r i c t Muzaffarnagar* I t has

many par t s and burgs at i t s four comers* There ara rone holes

probably made for gun shooting* This bu i ld ing i s on -he

top of a mound which is about 20 m* high from the errand level*

I t i s alleged the t h i s bui ld ing has a bovindary wall '~it a t

present no sign of i t i s t raceable* In f ron t of the c-iilding

t he r e i s a large terrace* I t s main gate i s very big =^d the

whole s t r uc tu r e is b u i l t by the lakhaur i b r i ck . Ther^ ere some

l a t e r contruct ion the bui ld ing too*

Ju s t infront of t h i s bu i ld ing t h e r e i s a Shi/i-.ara type

temple of Lord Shiva* Apart frcm these t he r e are several o ther

stiructures which i s generally occupied by the local rrislims*

507 A MAOUBARA

(PLATS LTV A&cB>

At a l i t t l e d i s t a n c e from t h i s b u i l d i n g (Rang Mahal)

t h e r e i s t h e raazar of t h e S a i y i d M a n s a r Ahmad Khan sen t h e

f o u n d e r * I t i s o c t a g o n a l i n s h a p e and on t h e t o p t h e r e i s a

dome* In t h e e a c h s i d e t h e r e i s a a r c h g a t e way* One t h e t o p

of e ach g a t e and r o o f t h e r e i s p a i n t i n g * I t h a s been v / h i t e -

washed by some l o c a l people* The m a q b a r a s t a n d s on a p l i n t h

of abou t 2* 5 f t * ? lov^er p a r t of t h e maquba ra b r i c k

r o b b e r s h a v e t a k e n away b r i c k s * The whole s t r u c t u r e i s

s u r r o u n d e d by t h e t r e e s *

37- SHEKHUPURA

The v i l l a g e Shekhupura i s a s i t u a t e d ta^vards a a s t

of t h e K h a t a u l i b l o c k h e a d q u a r t e r s a t a d i s t a n c e of =bcut

2 Km* on t h e l e f t s i d e of t h e K h a t a u l i - M i r a p u r road*

A TANK

(PIATE LII B)

There i s a beaut i fu l remains of a tank which has well

preserved s t ruc ture* There are many s t r u c t u r e s along i t l ike

small temple* The Ghat with s tep has hexgonal burg i t

presumed t o denote gate way to s tep down upto the water* I t

has also ranains of a well in i t s one c o m e r for perennial

supply of water* The tan t a t present i s covered with some

green vegetables* The tank i s sc^uarish in shape*

TAHSIL : JANSATH

BLOCK : JANSATH

38* AHRORA

The v i l l a g e Ahrora i s s i t u a t e d towards south of t h e

Jansath block headquarters a t a d i s t a n c e of about 2 Km* The

v i l l a g e Ahrora i s l inked with Jasath by a br ick paved road*

A MAZAR

I t i s badly damaged mazar of xmknown perscais on a

s l i g h t l y e levated portion an a g r i c u l t u r a l f i e ld* Except the

some port icn of mazar a l l the b r i c k s have been taken away

by the b r i c k robbers*

39* BHALBRI

The v i l l a g e Bhaleri i s s i t u a t e d towards north-west

of the Jansath block headcfuarters at a d i s tance of about l Kn*

on Jansath-Muzaffamagar road» On the l e f t s ide of the road

a Kachcha road goes s t r a i g h t t o t h e s i t e * Which i s west of

the v i l l a g e Bhaleri*

NAVAGAZA PIR

(PLATE LV A)

There i s a Navagazapir (grave) in the v i l l a g e

Bhaleri which i s surrounded by a boundary wall* I t measures . \

a? X 9 ft* in length and breadth re spec t ive ly* Though the

approach road i s very d i f f i c u l t but the devotees come here

509

for worship* I t i s a l leged t h a t i t s an t iqu i ty goes back t o

Akbar# the g r e a t ' s periods though a t severa l places i t i s

danaged due to b r i ck robbering bu t s t i l l i t coranonds a g r e a t

respec t among a l l the Hindus & MusldLms alike* The mazar i s

white washed*

JANSATH

Jansath the headquarters of the development block

and the tahsil of the same name, lies in Lat 29° 20'N

and Long. 77° 51' E to the south of the road from

Muzaffamagar to Miranpur, at a distance of 22 km. frcxn

the district headquarters. It is situated on a low site,

having sandy soil which is occasionally mixed with clay.

The town is girdled by the distributaries of the

Anupshahr branch of the main Ganga canal which run

around the circumference of the town. The southern

portion, known as Garhi is surrounded by the remains of

a brick wall.

According to local legends, the Pandava brothers

are said to have traversed this area in the course of

their wanderings during exile (agyatvasa). However, we

could locate any PGW site in the surrounding area. An

old temple, dedicated to Gyaneshwara, makes Jansath a

principal site for the local Hindu population who

congregate here on various festivals throughout the year.

510 A TEMPI£

(PLATE LVl)

According t o l o c a l t rad i t ions* the Pandava bro thers ,

of Mahabharata £snte, are sa id t o have traversed t h i s areas

in the course o£ t h e i r wandering during (agyatavasa) • An o ld

tffinple« dedicated t o Gyaneshwara* makes Jansath a pr inc ipa l

a t t rac t ion for the l o c a l Hindu people vflio congregate here on

various r e l i g i o u s fvmctions»

The Shrine i s of Ma Kali* Apparently the s tructure

of the temple looks l i k e a Rath (Chriot) • In campus of the

temple there i s a b\jnyan t r e e around which there i s a pucca

platefonn* I t i s a l l e g e d t h a t t h i s t rea has some l ink with

Mahabharata time*

A TANK

(PLATE LVII A)

Adjacait t o the temple there i s stepped tenk having

Ghat in each side* The tank i s out use and i s covered with

seme vege ta t ion and t r e e s *

BUILDING COMPLEX

(PLATE LVII B)

There are s e v e r a l r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g complex and

Havelis here and i t i s a l l e g e d t h a t i t were o r i g i n a l l y b u i l t

by the Marathas which were l a t e r on occupied by the Barha

Saiyids*

511

One of the Havelis of the tovoi acccxnodates a local

school at present with soste alternation in the original

building* One of the beautiful building local ly known as

Garhi in good state of preservation (PLATE LVIII B) •

OARWAJA

(PLATE LVIII A)

There i s a b ig door s tands in the Mohalla Budh-Bazar

which i s situated in the v i c in i ty of the town* This i s bui l t

by Lakhauri bricks* According to tradit ion i t was originally

b u i l t by Marathas* The structure i s badly del ip i lated becaxjse

of the brick robbering from the lower part of it* According

t o the local legend i t was original ly of three storeyed but

now cnly one storey remains l e f t over* I t seen Inside narks

of storeys may be seen in it* I t s height at present i s about

8 m* and breadth i s about 4 m which includes door itself*

Arotind the door there are several newly constructed structures*

I t i s alleged that some Maratha chieften once came

bere to l i v e for whose wife th i s structure was built* She

was a great devotee of r iver Ganga vi^ich probably flows near

by th i s structxire* However* the r iver Ganga i s far away

from t h i s place*

512

KILLI DARWAJA

(PLATE LV B)

This structure is In the midst of the town and

many shops inside o£ it exists now* It is alleged that the

whole tovm had a boxmdary wall to save it from neighbouring

forest* The remains of the gate may be seen in all directions*

Though only Killi Darvala is somewhat preserved at pres«it*

The door is studded with nail headed prints* At present a

metalled road passes through the door* The door top has an

arch which is surrounded by small cells which might have been

for the use of soldiers* The whole structure is built by the

Lakhauri briclcs*

41* HUSAINPUR

The v i l l a g e Husainpur i s s i t u a t e d towards south­

e a s t of the Jansath block headquarters at a dis tance of about

26 Nan* There i s no d i r e c t route t o approach the v i l lage* I t

can be approached v i a v i l l a g e Mirapur at a dis tance of about

14 Kin*

A M0SQX7C

Apart from reroains of seme br ick b u i l t houses there

i s an o ld Masjidi^ now of repair*

1* Puhrer# A*# op* c i t * , p* 13*

51 3 42- JATWARA ^ "

The village is about 4 Rn. towards north-east of

the Jansath block headquarters on Jansath-Moma road*

A MOSODE

Apart from some residential buildings made of

LaXahuri bricks there is a mosque* It has h&eaa plastered

and while washed- It's data could not be determined-

43* JARBAR

The v i l l a g e Jarbar i s s i t u a t e d towards north-east

of the Jansath block headquarters at a d i s tance of about

12- To reach the s i t e one may f i r s t go t o v i l l a g e Khujera

a t a d is tance of about 6 Kian from Jansath on Jansath-Moma

road- Fran Khujera on the r ight s i d e of the aforesaid road

a Kharanja j o i n s which leads t o the v i l l a g e Jgrbar*

A TEMPI£

In the heart of the v i l l a g e ^ t h e r e i s a temple of

Shikhara type of Lord Shiva- I t i s t h i c k l y plastered and

white-washed- I t s date could not be determined-

44* KASIMFUR KHOLA

The v i l l a g e Kaslmpor Khola i s s i t u a t e d towards

north-'east of the Jansath block headqxirters at a dis tance

514

of about 20 KM on Muzaff amagar-Bijnor road-

A TEMPLE

In the vicinity of the village there is a Shikhara

type temple of Lord Shiva on a 1 • 5 ft* high plateform* It

is plastered and whiter-washed* Its date could not be

determined*

45* KATIA

The v i l l a g e Katia i s s i t u a t e d towards north-east

of the Jansath block headquarters a t a d i s t a n c e of about

11 Kim* To approach the s i t e one may f i r s t go t o the v i l l a g e

Khujera about 6 Km from Jansath b lock on Jansath-Moma road*

From Khujera r ight s ide of the a foresa id road a Kharanja

goes t o the v i l l a g e Katia vdiich i s ^ o u t 5 Km away*

A TEMPLE

In the heart of the v i l l a g e , t h e r e i s a temple

having a Shikhara of Lord Shiva* The t«np le has been erected

on a p l i n t h of l* 5 ft* ^ e temple i s made of Lakhauri br ick

and has been th i ck ly plastered*

46- KAITHORA

The v i l l a g e Kaithora i s s i t u a t e d towards south-east of

the Jansath block headquaxrters a t a d i s tance of about 12 KDD*

515

On wishing to visit the site may first go to the village

Mirapur onwards about 1 Km a metalled road leads to the

village Kaithora. It is considerably important from archi­

tecture point of view. Following structural remains are foiind

here.

A MAZAR

(PLATE LIX A)

A well preserved maqiibara (grave) of Latif Shah

exists here, which is measured lenggh 14, weath 14 and height

1.5 m. It is squarish in shape. The mazar has arched gate ways

which has four minerates at all four comers of the roof.

These minerates are surrounded by a beautiful dome in centre

which is pointed and is decorated with a pointed metal at

the top. It is thickly plastered and white washed.

There is another mazar of scnte unknown person

having 9 same height plinth. It is open. It is all made of

Lakhaurl bricks.

A TEMPLE

Near the ancient mound there is a tank. It is

alleged that It is stepped but no traces of it can be seen

apperently. Just on the edge on the tank there is an ancient

temple of Rama. It is rather newly constructed.

515 A BUILDING COMPLEX

Just opposite of the mazar of Latif Shah there is

a building complex. At present some saiyids are residing.

Many alteration have been done in this building coDnplex*

There is another building complex commonly known

as Darwaza because of its high entrance* The gate has been

partially damaged. The main buildings have the arches as

decoration. Its all made of Lalchauri brick.

47. MAHMOODPUR (BANGER)

The village Mahmoodpur Banger is situated towards

north-east of the Jansath block headquarters at a distance

of about 13 Km. It is 2 km east of Mirapur village. The

village Mahmoodpur Banger is an \ininhabited village.

A MAZAR

The mazar i s towards e a s t of the v i l l a g e Mahmoodpur.

There i s a tube w e l l adjacent to the mazar. The mazar i s

l o c a l l known as Rahamatulla p i r . According t o l o c a l people

L a t i f Sha| of Kaithera were four b r o t h e r s . Rahamatulla i s

one of them. Other are in Sarai Khola and Allampur.

A PORT

m the v i c i n i t y of the v i l l a g e t h e r e i s a br ick

f o r t with high c o m e r towars . I t i s badly damaged.

517 4 8 . MAKKHANPUR

The v i l l a g e Malckhanpur i s a uninhabited v i l l a g e

adjacent to the v i l l a g e Sambhaihera. I t i s s i t u a t e d towards

e a s t of the Jansath b lock headquarters a t a d i s tance of

about 7 Km. I t may be approached v i a Sambhaihera towards

south .

A TEMPLE

(PLATE LIX B)

There i s a famous temple i n the most of the

v i l l a g e which i s surroxindes by a boundary w a l l on the 2 f t

high p l i n t h . The botondary w a l l has hexagonal burg a t i t s

four c o m e r s . The temple i s surrounded by a grove . Ins ide

the boxindary there are two tonp le s i d e by s i d e . One belong

t o Lord Shiva lPlanch-M\ikhi-Shiva-l ingana) (PLATE LXI B)

and other so Lord Rama. Both the temple are s i m i l a r and

of Shikhara t y p e . Both of them have t h e i r main gate towards

e a s t . The wal l and roof are b e a u t i f u l l y decorated with

pa in t ing of f l o r a l m o t i f s (PLATE LXI A) . The Nandi f igure

(PLATE Lx A) s tands j u s t o u t s i d e the temple of Lord Shiva.

While the image of Hanuman (PLATE LX B; i s I n s t a l l e d out

s i d e of the Lord Rama t e m p l e . Both the f i g u r i n e are beaut i ­

f u l l y carved o u t . The image of uanuman tramples down a lady

f i g u r i n e .

518

It is alleged that a saint once came here who

refused to take his meals without the existence of a temple

here. However* these tanple came into existence. Later on,

image of Durgaji was installed between the original tensiles

At the back of these temples there was probably a plinth

turned as panchavatl. It was badly damaged and in due

course of time it was renewed later on. It measures length

16ft, renewed breadth 12 ft and height 2.5 ft. with :> stair

case. The whole c^oplex covers an large area.

4^. MIRAPUR

The town Mirapur, lies in l at. 2i °33'N and Long.

77°33*E at the junction of two metalled road leading from

Muzaffamagar to Mawana and from Knatauix to Bljnor. Thxs

town is located at a distance of abour ll Km towards south­

east of the jansath blocK Headquarters, it is about 33 Km

away from district neadquarters.

The town is believed to have been Oestuwed on the

Cnnatrauri branch of the Saiyids during the reign of AjJsar.

A TEMPLE

Towards eas t of the v i l l a g e on the top of an

elevated platform there xs a temple of <i.aliji loca l ly xnown

as Bahrewaii Mata Ka nanoir.

519 A BUILDING COMPIJBX

There are severa l r e s i d e n t i a l complex in the v i l l a g e

made of LaXhauri b r i c k . Some g a t e s decorated with arches are

a l s o seen a t many p l a c e in t h e v i l l a g e .

50 MUJHERA

The village Mujhera lies towards south-east of the

Jansath block headquarters at a distance of about 9 Km. It

is on the Mirapur-Muzaffamagar road. The village Mujhere

is considerably important from the architectural point of

view. The following structures have been found.

A BAOLI

(PLATE LXII A&B)

There is a famous stepped baoli popularily known

as Bai Ka Kuan. It is alleged that one who takes Dath from

this baoli become free from the bai (gastric-trouble) . But

now it out of use. It is said that it was built during the

period of Mvihammad Khans father.

A MAZAR

(PLATE LXIII A)

The mazar is locally known as Jachcha-Bachcha Ki

Mazar and local people cone for ziyarat on every thursday.

520

The mazars are of Saiyid Saif Kftan and his mother, it is

made of white marble with red sandstone in interior of dome

and is incribed A.n, y /2 or lbt>4 A.D. It was buiit oy Saiyid

Muhammad Khan for himself, but his son Saif Khan naving

died in his life time was burried here, it is one of the

finest tcxnbs of Mujhera village. The tomb is surro\inded by

a 2.5 ra high wall with a flat octajonal curz on eacn comer.

The length of the bo\indary wall is 53 meter with a big gate

on one side. The gate is decorated with arched. The inner

part of the walls are also decorated with arches. The mazar

is in the centre having a 1.5 ra high plinth.

Just opposite of this mazar there is another mazar

(tanb) of Sqiyid Muhammad Khan (PLATE LXIII B) . It is also

built of white marble with an incription dated A.H. 982 or

1574 A.D. The tomb of Mi ran Saiyid Husain , dated A.H. 1100

or 1592 is also there •

In the village Muzhera there another mazar of Saiyid

Umar Nur bilt of red sandstone data unknown* It is also a

fine pice of architecture.

51. NIZAMPUR

The village Nizampur is situated towards nozrth-east

of the Jansath block headquarters. There is no direct route

1. Proceedings of Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1873, p. 141.

Indian Archaeology-1959-60 A Review, p. 101; Indian Archaeoloov - 1980-81, A Review, o. 138?

521

leaaing to the village. One wisJiing to visit the site may

first go to Mirapur, at a distance or about 11 Km from

Jansath and from Mirapur towards east about 7 Km.

A WELL

Just on the edge of an ancient mound there is well

of Lakhauri brick having an outer diameter of 5.10 m. Some

later construction is also seen. It is out of use now. Around

it there is an octagonal plateform which is plastered.

52. SAMBHALHERA

The village Sambhalhera is situated towards east of

the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of about 5 Km

on the left side of the Mirapur - Jansath road. A metalled

road starts from Sambhahera which joins the Mirapur-Jansath

road. The village is one of the principal seats of the Barha

Saiyids. It is also a considerable important village from

architectural point of view. The following structures deserve

our attention.

A MAZAR

Towards the north-west of the village there is a

tomb of Hazarat Ibn Salar# son of Husain built during the

reign of Firuz Shah in AH 777 or 1375 AD.

522 A MOSQUE

(PLATE LIV AScB)

Adjacent to the mazar there is a Mosque dated back

to the Emperor Shahjahan time. It is was built by Saiyid

Makhan, son of Bahauddin in A.H, 104 or 1631 AD, This fact

is confirmed by an inscription studded in front portion of

the Mosque. The mosque has a painted roof. It is badly damaged

at many places and is surroxinded by four walls. The mosque

has three dome having two small minerals in front of the

central dome.

IMAM BARA

J part from several residential buildings mostly of

double storeyed there is a Iraambara here in a Haveli where

the function of Muharram is celebrated. It is also decoarted

with floral motifs and has arched gate ways. It has been

damaged at many places. It is being repaired by sane local

people.

53. TANDHERA

The v i l l a g e Tandhera i s s i tuated towards north-east

of the Jansath block headquarters at a distance of about

1 . Fuhrer, A., op. c i t . , p . 13> Proceedings of Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1872« p . 166.

14 Km. TO approach the site one may first go to the village

Khujera on Jansath-Moma road. On the right side of the

village a Karanga leads to the village Tandhera.

A MOSQUE

There is a mosque in the village made of Lakhauri

bricks. It has been plastered and white washed. It is,

therefore, difficult to ditermine its age.

54. TALRA

The v i l l a g e Talra i s s i t u a t e d towards nor th-eas t of

the Jansath block headquarters a t a d i s t a n c e of about 2 Km

on Jansath-Moma road.

BUILDING COMPLEX

There are many r e s i d e n t i a l bu i ld ings made of

Lakhauri b r i c k s . Among them Bawandwari i s noteworthy. I t i s

a l l e g e d that there 52 rooms in the b u i l d i n g . However, p a r t i a l l y

i t has been damaged. I t i s double s toreyed b u i l d i n g . In front

of the bui ld ing there i s a b i g ga te having a r c h e s . Pftople

are res id ing in t h i s r e s i d e n t i a l complex.

5 5 . TISANG

The village Tisang lies towards south of the Jansath

block headquarters at a distance of about 6 Km. A pucca road goes upto 5 Km and then onwards turns into a Kachcha road

which leads to the site.

A TEMPLE

There a newly c o n s t r u c t e d ten5>le on an ancient

524

TAHSIL : JAKSATH

BLOCK : MORNA

56. BHUKERHERI

The village Bxikerheri lies in Lat. 29°31'N and Long.

77^56• on a metalled road frcsn Bijnor to Deoband at a

distance of about 24 Km from the district headquarters. It is

situated towards north of the Moma block headquarters at a

distance of about o Km. It is linked with a village road.

It is a place of some antiquity, having been the

headquarters of the pargana in the days of, Akbar. It was

also the seat of Chhatrauri and Tihanpuri Saiyid bretheren

who were subsequently replaced by the Jats.

A TOMB

(PLATE LXV A)

There is old double storeyed structure (tomb) in the

heart of the village and is surrovmded by the newly construc­

ted residential buildings. It is a very old tomb, ascribed

by the Hindus to one Baba Garib Das (a local saint) . It is

used by the Hindus and Muslims as a common place of worship.

The consider it the tomb of Baba Garib Das while the Muslims

consider it Baba Garib Shah. It attracts a large niwber of

people on the full moon day in the month of Sravana when a

525

local fair takes place here. The structure is well preserved.

impart from this structure there are several other,

structures made of Laichauri brick like wells, residential

buildings etc.

57. FIROJPUR

It IS an luiinnabited village and is about 5 Km far

from Morna block headquarters towards north-east. A metalled

as well as a Kachcha road starts from Morna.

A TEMPLE

(PLATE LXV B)

The temple is towards east of the village Pirojpur.

The temple is locally known as Nikantheshwar Mandir. The

temple is on the top of an ancient mound and because of the

Nilkantheshwar temple the place is also known as Nikantheslwar.

The temple is an ancient one but later addition have

been done. It is surrounded by a boundary wall which is

7th ft high. It covers large area. Inner side of the boundary

1. Fuhrer, A., op. cit., p. 12

526

wall a t a d i f i n i t e d i s t ance t h e r e are small n i t c h e s . At

some p lace p l a s t e r i s a l so s een . In f ron t of the temple

the re i s a P i p a l t r e e . According t o l o c a l people the

o r i g i n a l Shiva lingam has been misplaced and new one i s

i n t a l l e d .

A MAZAR

In addition to t he temple on the top of the ancient

mound there are two mazar (grave) of unknown person built

of Lakhauri bricks. The mazar is locally known as Pir Saheb.

5B. KAKARAULI

(PLATE LXVI A)

The village Kakrauli lies in Lat. 29°24*N and Long.

77^55•£ at a distance of about 6 Km towards south of the

Moma block headquarters on the Jansath-Moma road. It is

very rich village from architectural point of view. The

place has some claims to antiquity and was according to

local traditions, largely inhabited by a branch of the

Jats prior to Mughal advent (in 1526 AD) • In later days,

these Jats are said to have shifted to Bharat^ur in

Rajasthan during the reign of emperor Muhammad Shah

•Rangeelee' (1719-1748), sxibsequently to which it was

rehabiliated by the aforesaid saiylds.

527

HAUa - KUND

The village is said to have possessed an old tank

knovm Hauz-Kund, which was levelled in the year 1857. Locally

this place is known as Hathi-dxiba.

59. MORNA

Moma, the headquarters of the development block of

the same name lies in Lat. 29* 28*N and Long. 77°56'E. It is

about 18 Km far from the district headquarters. The place was

a seat of Chhatrauri branch of the Saiyids since the days of

Akbar.

A number of building tracing their origin to the

Saiyids are to be found here even today though in dilapidated

state. Important among these is a large raasjid built by Bibi

Jhabbu, wife of Nawab Husain Khan, who lived durihg the reign

of Muhammad Shah in AH 1138 or 1725 AD. This is one of the

last of the substantial Saiyid building.

60. SIKRI

The village Sikri is situated towards north of the

Moma block headquarters at a distance of about 13 Km. Buses

1. Puhren, A.« op. cit.« p. 13; Proceedings of Asiatic Society of Bengal for 1873# p. 142.

528

are also playing Moma to Bhokerheri and Sikri. It Is the

border village of the block Morna. According to local people

the name Sikri has been derived by the word *Sikargarh. It is

alleged that there were two wells of big bricks in the Khole

ke Jungle but however* no sign of it is seen now a days*

A MOSQUE

(PLATE LXVI B)

In the vicinity of the village there is mosque of

pre modem period. The from portion of it is old one and

rest of the mosque is the later addition with two towering

minars on both sides. Adjacent to the mosque there is a well

probably for vazu. The inscription follows.

BUILDING COMPLEX

i^art from the mosque there are several Havelis and

other structural remains in the village. All are occupied by

the local muslims. Some silver coins have been fo\ind of the

local peoples.

529 61* SHUKARTAL

The p l a c e comprises two v i l l a g e s Shukartal Banger

and Khader. I t l i e s i n L a t . 29°29*N and Long. 78°11*E. I t

i s l oca ted towards n o r t h - e a s t of the Moma block head­

quarters a t a d i s t a n c e of about 7 Km. There i s d i r e c t

meta l l ed road from Moxma t o Shukarta l . However, t h i s p lace

i s connected wi th D e l h i , Haridwar, Meerut e t c .

A TEMPLE

The p l a c e i s one of the most important centres of

Hindu pi lgrimage i n t h e d i s t r i c t of Muzaffamagar and

adjoining area . According t o l o c a l t r a d i t i o n t h a t t h i s i s

the same spot where the curse - laden k ing P a r i k s h i t

(grandson of Arjxina) # was g iven a l e a r n e d d i s course on

Shreemad Bhaowata by the sage Shuk-deva (PLATE LXX A) • The

banyeui t ree under which t h e king r e c e i v e d t h i s r e c i t a t i o n ,

i s i d e n t i f i e d w i t h t h e one standing i n the compound of the

temple of Shukdeva, which i s s i t u a t e d by the r i v e r s i d e .

The temple i s pictTirequely s i t u a t e d amidst p l e a s i n g

p r o s p e c t s .

FORT

There i s the r a i n s of a f o r t b e l o n g i n g to one

Rohi l la c h i e f t a i n , NaJib-ud-duala

TAHSIL t BUDHANA

BLOCK S BUDHANA

62* BAHRAHGARH

The village Bahramgarh is situated towards north

of the Budhana block Headquarters at a distance of about

8 Km.

BUILDING COMPLEX

There are many beautiful Havelis in the village

and newly constructed temples. The Havelis are generally

double storeyed and are painted with floral motifs

(PLATE LX7II A) .

63. BUDHANA

Budhana the headquarters of the tahsil and the

development block of the same name lies in Lat 29°17' and

Long. 77°99'E. It stands on the right bank of the Hindon

Nadi. It is about 30 Km south of the district headquarters

which is connected by a metalled road.

It is place of some antiquity having been contituted

a Mahal in the regin of Akbar.

A TEMPLE

There is a large temple in the vicinity of the

town on a considerable high plinth. The whole complex is

531

surroxuaded by a boiindary w a l l * There are many beaut i fu l

small temples In the campus area* where i t appears

t h a t image of K a l i j i was i n s t a l l e d here on a s l i g h t l y

e l e v a t e d platefoxm* The temple has arched gate way. In

the same way there are the some o t h e r temple of Lord

Shiva« Hanximana* Rama e t c * I t s a l l made o f Laknauri

br i ck and i s t h i c k l y p l a s t e r e d . I t s da te could not be

determined. Probably they a l l be long t o medieval per iod .

Accident ly I came a c r o s s some b e a u t i f u l d i e t i e s

which were kept under worship below t h e P i p a l t r e e . This

has many d i e t e s some of which appear t o belong secu lar

though xinder worship . These f i g u r i n e s may belong t o

Kushana & Gupta p e r i o d . One of them appears a f igur ine

of mirror looking lady and o t h e r f i g u r i n e s appear

fragments of a Shal->Bhan 1 ika (PLATE LXVII B) .

6 4 . JAULA

The v i l l a g e Jaii la i s on the Budhana-Kandhla road

on the r ight s ide a t a d i s t a n c e of about 6 Km from the

Budhana block headquarters towards w e s t . Jau la , a large

v i l l a g e l i e s i n Lat . 29°17«N and Long. 77°25*E.

532

MOSQUE/TEMPLE

The are two mosques In the village known as Barl

Masjid and Chhati Masjid i^art from these there are

many temples on the side of an ancient movmt there are

newly constructed temples.

65-* SHIKAHPUR

The village Shikaxpur lies in Lat. 29° 22*N and

Long, 77°30*E at a distance of 10 Km north of Budhana

block headquarters* It is connected by roads with Budhana

in south, Shahpur in east and Sisauli in the north.

A MOSQUE

There are many mosque in the village Shikaxpur.

Among noteworthy the Bari Mas j id which* according to

local people* belongs to Htamayins period. There has

been later addition in the mosque. It is thickly plas­

tered and is white washed. The roof of the mosque has

some paintings. There is a inscription in front gate

of the mosque.

;^art from the mosque there are several Havelis

and others structural remains such as wells etc.

533

TAHSIL I BUHANA

BLOCK i KANDHLA

66. AILAM

The village Ailam lies Lat 29^17' N and Long.

77°18' E on the Shamli - Shahdera road. It lies toward

south of the Kandhla block headquarters at a distance

o£ about 6 Km* between the river Krishni and the easter

Yamuna canal*

BUILDING COMPLEX

Tradition has it that the village was founded by

one Mahipal Singh about 62U A.D. It also formed the

neadquarters of one of the Khaps under the Khap Balian.

There are many residential building built of Lakhami

bricks.

67* KANDHLA

Kandhla the headquarters of the block of the same

name lies in Lat* 29°41» and Long* 77°81» E at a distance

of about 47 Km towards south-west of the district head­

quarters*

In the reign of Akbar it was constituted into a

Mahal in the Sirkar of Delhi*

534

A TANK

There Is an ancient tank called Suraj Kund where

people of the adjoining area come to bathe on religious

occasions*

JAIN TEMPLE'

There i s a l i g Jain temple in the heart of the

town* According t o l o c a l people i t i s very o l d . However/

i t i s t h i c X l y p l a s t e r e d and white-washed.

A TOMB

There is a famous tomb of a saint Maqdum snah

Which was built in 1706 A.D. The tomb still exists and

people offer prayers there.

JAMA MOSQUE

In the centre of the town, there is an old Jama

mosque. It is in very bad state of preservation (PLATE

LXVIII A).

535

TAHSIL t BX}DHANA

BLOCK J SHAHPUR

6 8 . KAMALPUR

The village Kamalpur is situated towards west of

the Shahpur block headquarters at a distance of about

5 Km. To approach the village Kamalpur a metaliea road

goes via Adampur one may turns towards north.

A MAZAR

There is a raazar of Pir Husain Shan on the top

of an ancient mound. Except the mazar all the surrounding

area are being levelling down by the farmers. People of

the adjoining area come for Ziarat (for pilgrimage; on

thursday•

69* PURBALIAN

The village Purbalian is situated towards nortn

of the Shahpur block headquarters at a distance of about

9 Km. on Shal^ur - Jansath road on it right side. It is

easily ^proachable from the district headquarters at a

distance of about 10 Km.

A MAZAR

The mazar is towards south of the village Purbalian.

There is a mazar on the top of an ancient mound locally

536

known as Barha Hazi Plr Kl Mazar. The mound has been

converted as a grave yard. The mazar of Hazi pir is

surrounded by a boundary wall and has been white washed.

70. SHORON

Snoron, lies in Lat. 29°20» N and Long. 77°35»E.

It is situated towards south of the Shaf^ur block head­

quarters at a distance of about 2 Km.

Before the advent of the Mughals the Jats conso­

lidated their conquests and Shoron became the military

strongnold of the Khap militia and the seat of secretary

of the Balian Khap. The secretary is locally called vazir «

A TOMB

IPLATE LIX A)

The place has several mosque and temples. Among

significant the tomb of Sufi saint Gharib Shah, who

came from Baghdad and settled in this village. It was

built in 1551. A fair near the tomb is neld on the fifth

day of the month.

About two hxindred year old chatpal of the Khap

also stands here (PLATE LIX B) .

537 7 1 . SHAHPUR

Snahpur, the headquarters of the development

block of the same name l i e s i n L a t . 29°22*N and Long.

77°33*E, I t i s s i t u a t e d a t a d i s t a n c e of about 20 Km.

from d i s t r i c t headquarters on Budhana-Muzaffamagar road.

A MOSQUE

There i s a mosque bear ing f o l l o w i n g i n s c r i p t i o n .

BUILDING COMPLEX

There are many r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g in the town

inc luding garhl PLATE LX7III B ; • I t i s in de l ip lda ted

condi t ion•

000

TAHSIL : KAIRANA

BLOCK : KAIRANA

7 2 . ARTI

15ie v i l l a g e Arti i s s i t u a t e d towards n o r t h - e a s t

of the Kairana block headquarters a t a d i s t a n c e of about

5 Km. on the r i g h t s i d e of the K.airana-Muzaffamagar

road.

A BUILDING COMPLEX

There are many H a v e l i s in the v i l l a g e Arti made

of Lakhauri br ick tfte entrance gate i s decorded wi th

arches . According t o the l o c a l peop le t h e s e b u i l d i n g s

be long to the Mantri of the Raja Ran j i t S ingh.

7 3 . KAIRANA

The town Kairana which i s the headquarters of

the t a h s i l and the development of b l o c k headquarters of

the same name l i e s in L a t . 27°24' N and Long. 77°12'E.

on the metal led road from Muzattamagar t o Panipat .

The importance of p l a c e da te s back t o the reign

of emperor Shahjahan« who bestowed t h e e s t a t e of Kairana

on n i s p n y s i d a n , Miaqarrab Khan. Muqarrab Khan i s s a i a

53e

to have errected many buildings and laid out a garden

here. The remains of the garden being traceble even to

this day towards the north-east of the town.

There are several other buildings and monxunents

dating back to the medieval period* Here mention may be

made of baradari which was constructed by aforesaid

Muquarrab Khan. The oldest building in the town is a

mosque in mohalla Pirzadan very close to mohalla Afganan.

It was built by Islam Shah in A.H. 958. Muquarrab Khan

constructed a dargah near the tomb of famous sait Bu

Ali of Panipat. Rizk-ulla-Khan son of the saint built

the tomb in A.H. 1071 or 1660 A.D. Other building of

interest are the masjid of Maraf Pir on Shamli road.

It was built by Aurangzeb in A.H. 1077. The masjid

Afganan was built by Shahjahan in A.H. 1062 and the other

masjid in mohalla Khali in A.H. 1066. The masjid Darbar

Kalan was built by Shahab Sultan in A.H. 1051.

1. Proceedings of Asiatic Society of Bengal fo]; 1872« p. 97/ Puhrer# A., op. cit.> p. 13-

540

TAHSIL t KMRANA

BLOCK : SHAMLI

7 4 . ADAMPUR

The village Adampur is situated towards south-east

of the Shamll block headquarters on the left side of

the Shamll-Budhana road at a distance of about 7 Km.

A STONE SLAB

In the vicinity of the village there Is a Jhor

(tank) surrounded by the trees (Kadamba)« A stone slab

Is lying there on the edge of the tank bearing some

Inscription probably of urdu. The Incriptlon is totally

Illegible.

75. BHAINSWAL

The village Bhalnswal Is situated towards north

of the Shamll block headquarters at a distance of about

8 Km, It Is linked with block with a metalled road.

The village possesses In Its centre a mound of

earth about 24 ft high from the surrounding area. It is

alleged that the mound contains the grave of Pir Ghaib

who used to house his cattle there when all around was

covered with water* A mela Is also held here.

1. Puhrer, 6p. clt.# p. 12.

541

76. SHAMLI

Snamli the headquarters of the development block

lies in Lat. 29* 27* N and Long. /7°15* E. It is located

at a distance o£ about 11 Km fraoti tahsil headquarters

and 38 Km. from district headquarters, lying on the

metalled road frc»n Muzaffamagar to Kairana.

The original name the town is said to have been

Muhammadpur-Janardan • It was included in the jagir

gratented to Mviquarrab Khan by emperor Snanjahan. The

town got the name of Shamli or Shyamli during the reign

of Bahadur Shah.

There are many ten^les and mosques in the town

along with the other structural remains such as wells

etc.

TAHSIL t KAIRANA

BLOCK : THANA BHANAN

77. JALALABAD

The town Jalalabad lies In 29°37* N and Long 77°26'E

on the road leading frcxn Shamli to Saharanpur. It is

towards north of the Thana-Bhawan blocX headquarters at

a distance of about 8 Km which is linked with a metalled

road.

It is said to derive its name frcin one Jalal Khan«

a Pathan, during the reign of enqperor Aurangzeb.

FORT

The remains of the fort is towards south of the

town at a distance of about 1.5 Km which is locally

known as Gausgarh Ka Qila. It was constructed by Najib

Khan, the Rohilla Chieften in the eighteen centuary.

A MOSQUE

The inner compovmd of the fort contains the

remains of on old mosque constructed during the days of

Zabita Khan. The structure is broken at several places,

but the outline is quite preserved .

1. Fuhrer, A., op. cit.# p. 13; Varun D.P. op. cit.,p. 276.

543

There is well in the campus of the building. The

well is of extraordinary large diameter. It is built

of Lakhauri bricks,

78. TKANA BHAWAN

Thana Bhawan, the headquarters of the development

block lies Lat. 29°35*N and Long, 77°25*E. It is situated

about 32 Km, far from the district headquarters.

This place is said to have been known as Thana

Bhim in the days of Akbar. However, the present name

being derived at a later stage from an old temple dedicated

to the Goddess Bhawani# which is situated towards west

of it and attract a considerable gathering in the month

of Bhadra.

There are few other buildings of importance.

However* must of these have xindergone rather severe

ravages of time. Among these may be mentioned the mosque

of Maulvi Saiyed-ud-Din, said to date back to 1099 Hijri

the tomb of Maulvi Sheikh Muhammad, built in 1109 Hijri,

and the mosque of Pir Muhammad ascribed to emperor

Aurangzeb who built it in 1114 Hljri^.

1. Puhrer, A., op. cit., p. 13; Varun, D.p. op. cit, p« 288.

544

TAHSIL t KAIRANA

BLOCK : TIN

79. JHINJHANA

The town Jhinjhana lies in Lat. 29^31*N and Long.

77°14'S. at a distance of about 4b Km from the district

headquarters and about 17 Km frcxn Shamli. It is towards

soutn of the Un blocX headquarters at a distance of

about / Km. It is connected with a metalled road which

leads to the tahsil Kairana, The town is very rich frwn

architectural point of view. It has a nxanoer of histori­

cal monuments, some of them dating back to the beginning

of the 10th century A.D. The following structure deserves

our attention -

TOMB & MOSQXJE

In the vicinity of the town there is a mosque

and a tomb ascribed to Shah Abdul Razzaq and his four

sons, built during the reign of emperor Jahangir in

1623 A.D. are the structure of the historical importance.

The domes of both the mosque and the fonnb are decorated

with blue coloured flowers of excellent workmanship.

However, there have been subjected to the ravages of

time.

545

There is another tomb within a short distance

from above mentioned place. It is one of the oldest

tomb jof the district. The darqah of Imam Sahib , a local

rauslim saint, believed to date back to 901 A.D.

1. Varun, D.P., op. cit..# p« 278.

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSION

The district Muzaffamagar is roughly irectangular

in shape and lies between Lat. 29^11'N and 29°43'N and

Long, 77°04' and 78°07»E, It forms a part of Meerut

division and is situated in the Ganga - Yamiana doab. The

average length and breadth are 84 JMH and 50 Km respect-

ively. The area of the district is about 4,271.1 Sq. Km.

It contains 1087 villages and 18 towns. The district is

subject to fluvial action of the Ganga and the Yamuna

giving rise to frequent changes in the area.

The district Muzaffamagar was founded in the

reign of Shahjanan at the site of an old town known

^s Sorot or Sarwat. Abude Muzaffar Khan, a minister of

the emperor Shanjahan, received from him in zaglr forty

547

vi l l ages in pargana Khatauli and Sarwat, along with the

t i t l e Khanjahan - Shan-Jahani.

In the previous chapters we have seen that the

comprehensive archaeological invest igat ion and e ^ i o r a -

t ion in the d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar, U.p., have led to

reveal a r ich repertoire of ancient mater ia l . This

consist of stone a r t i f a c t s , earthen wares, suclptures,

coins, sea ls , t e r racot ta and many others objects of great

a r t i s t i c value. The material has thrown a flood of l ight

on the antiquity of t h i s region. Moreover, theses help

us in tanderstanding the ear ly his tory of our region as

well as country. I t i s , therefore, worthwhile to draw a

concise picture of the ancient l i f e of people inhabiting

t h i s region on the basis of these informations.

During the course of my e:qjloration in the area

\inder study 149 s i t e s have been discovered out of them

have already been explored. Some of them are of consi­

derable importance having var ie ty of pottery and a

nxmiber of ant iqui t ies representing different cultures

which flourished in the Ganga - Yamxina doab. In addition

to an t iqu i t i e s viz coins ( s i l ve r & copper) and inscr ip­

t ions were also foxind. I have studied every s i t e of the

548

district carefully. Besides, these I have also tried to

throw light on their significance. The reader will find

these in the poregoing pages.

Preceeding my work some scholars like Sh. M.N«

Desh^ande former Director General, Archaeological Survey

of India and his team have done some esqjloration work

during the early sixtees. Mr. K«N» Dixit, the present

Director in Archaeological Survey of India further under­

took some work in the year 1979-80. However, their works

have been duly acknowledged wherever necessary.

With the help of archaeological explorations and

excavation conducted in the region, sc»ne important light

has been thrown on the political and cultural history of

the region. The earliest human occvtpation in the Ganga-

Yamuna doab belongs to the Late Harappan culture. However,

the remains of this ware first discovered at Alamgirpur,

district Meerut which forms the southern boundary of the

area under study. With the resiilt of the exploration it

is clear that during this period the area had considerable

population. But at the same time, so far, not any definite

Pre-Harappan site has been discovered. The region has

also not yielded any nature - Harappan site so far.

549

The intervening period probably after the dis­

appearance of Late Harappan is reported by the excavation

at Bargaon in district Saharanpur. However, the author

has also discovered 9 sites yielding Latd Harappan and

Ochre Colour Pottery during the course of his exploration.

It may appears that here Late Harappan and Cchre Colour

Pottery people live together and denotes cultural contact

with each other. However, when and where it took place is

a controvercy.

It is worth noting that main cultural sites in

the western part of Uttar Pradesh are an the banks of

the tributaries of the Ganga and Yamuna. The important

tributaries of this region are Kali Nadi, Hindon Nadi,

Krishni Nadi Katha Nala, etc. Wnile the cultural sites

in the eastern region are mainly on the high banks of

the main rivers that is the Ganga and the Yamiina. The

main cause of this pattern of settlement seems that

because the tributaries of western Uttar Pradesh are

trouble free even in the rainy/flood season. They spread

their water calmly in wide area on both sides leaving

a rich alluvixao deposite for cultivation, while in the

eastern part of the Uttar Pradesh the tributaries viz.

Gandak, Kosi, etc. are turbulent rivers. They play grea^

550

habue in region during their flood season. At the time of

flood many villages on their banks are engulfed under water.

Therefore, the seitters in that region decided to settle

down on the high banks of the main rivers intead of their

tributaries.

For example. Kali Nadi on the western region not

only deposite a rich alltiviiom after every flood for culti­

vation but it also provides tasty fisnes from its water

for their food purposes. In addition to the above, a

large number of birds are available on the trees which

grow on its bank for prey. While the river Ghaghra of the

eastern region, even now plays a great havac and it

flows far away from its old bed and shifts their flow for

far away often during flood season. Therefore, the boun­

daries of the district Faizabad and Gonda are not yet

final. Because Ghaghra which flows in between these

district maxes their administrative boundaries. Every

year many villages transferred in either district to

maxe their botindaries firm. Therefore, it is very

simple to xinderstand, as the Ganga and Yamuna, when in

spate erase the big township on them; while the small

rivers or tributaries of it caused no such havoc ^s they

did not carry much volxane of water. In the event of a

551

devastating deluge in the main rivers these rivulets

simply inundated their banks as their waters spread

salutary effect on pottery and other material of these

sites which remained embaded in the sluggish water, while

the material of the sites on the Ganga and Yamuna were

mostly sw^t away by the swift current by them.

The Ganga-Yara\ina doab occupies a very significant

place in political, cultural and economic history of India.

Therefore, it is worthwhile to review the results of the

chronological sequence and geographical situation of the

archaeological sites of the region under study right fron

the proto-historic times to the early historic period.

The district Muzaffamagar is xrich in its cultural

heritage. As already said. However, the sequence of

cultures from about the middle of the second millennium

B-C. onwards is now Imown without any significant gap.

The various cultures of the doab area, however, identi­

fied mainly with the help of distinctive ceramics and

other associated cultural findings.

Not even a single site is, however has been taken

for excavation, so far, neither by Archaeological Survey

of India nor by any other institution. Inspite of the fact

552

that the several sites in the district Muzaffaxnagar are

premising. The fact is that excavations have been carried

out in adjoining area viz. Hulas^ Bargaon^ Alamgixpur,

Allahpur, Hastinapur, etc. They have encoxintered the

material culture belonging to Late Harappan, OCP, PGW«

NBPV/, BS, Red wares of historical periods. It is sufficient

to confirm the continuity of the settlements in the

region at least from the proto-historic period. In order

to assess the archaeological potentialities of the district

Muzaffamagar we took some exploration work. The result

has been extremely encouraging. During the course of

ejqjloration conducted by the author in the region under

study, the pottery found from different sites, can be

divided into following catagories:

a . Late Harappan

b . Ochre Colour P o t t e r y

c . pa in ted & P l a i n Grey Ware

d. Northern Black Pol ished Ware

e . Early H i s t o r i c

f. H i s t o r i c and

g. Medieval

A large number of Late Harappan as well as Ochre

Colour pottery sites have been located during the last

553

three decades. Dxiring the course of esqjloration the

auther has discovered 28 Late Harappan sites out of

then 14 sites were already located as far as this

district is concerned. Generally the Late Harappan site

are confiened to its western area along with Katha Sala,

Kxrishni, Nadi, Hindon Nadi etc. all the tributaries of

the Yamuna.

As regards the occurance of the Ochre Colour

pottery it may be stated that it is fo\md at fairly a

good nxanber of sites in this district of Muzaffamagar.

There are only 3 sites discovered so far in the area

under study before the author could start the work.

However, total 29 OGP sites nave been located in the area.

No copper hoards could be discovered during the course

of my exploration.

As appears frran the evidence that this region

was suitable for hxaman occvpation and it was a main

centre of atraction for the early settlers. Here were

all facilities viz. climate, food supply water and

vegetation available for the early settlers. They had

agriculture based economy and led a settled life. This

fact is clearly attested by the presence of post-holes

in the OO' level at Pariar in district Unnao and Lai Qila

554

in d i s t r i c t Bulandshahar.

The Painted Grey Ware culture occupies a very

significant place in the archaeology of Ganga-Yamtma

doab. I t i s one of the most important p ro to -h i s to r i c

culture of India not only because of i t s associat ion with

the Aryans and the ear ly use of iron, but a lso because

i t brought the region on the threshold of urbanization.

I t brought about major changes in l i f e and cul ture of the

people.

The concentration of the Painted Grey Ware s i t e s

in the d i s t r i c t Muzaffamagar are along Hindon Nadi and

Kali Nadi. Total 53 PGIV s i t e s have been e ^ l o r e d so far

in which 19 s i t e s were already reported e a r l i e r as far as

th i s d i s t r i c t i s concerned.

In canparison with the other cul tures found in

th i s d i s t r i c t NBPW i s lees in number which i s generaly

found along Budhi Ganga and occasionally on Kali Nadi and

Salauni Nadi. Since t h i s wave i s foxuid rare ly , i t i s

obvious that NBPW cul ture was not popular in th i s region

par t icu lar ly in the area xinder study. However, associated

cul tural material indicates the area flourisned during

th i s period a l so . With the oeglnning of NBPW culture we

55§

come down to the perxod of well docxamented h i s to ry .

In the early h i s to r i c and h i s t o r i c period the whole doab

was well populated. In the Muzaffaimagar d i s t r i c t as

many as 68 s i t e s of t h i s period has been located.

As regards the contribution of t h i s d i s t r i c t to

the repertoire of t e r r aco t t a a r t i t i s qui te renarkable.

Probably, the t rad i t ion of ceramic a r t reached i t s culmi­

nation in the f ield of t e r r aco t t a too . These includes

several t e r raco t ta objects such as hxanan figurines, toy

objects beads and discs of various shapes and sizes animal

figurines gamesraan, cakes dabbers e t c . which were collected

from the different s i t e s of the d i s t r i c t dxiring the course

of exploration. From Rai a thick grey ware sherd with a

g ra f f i t i in Brahmi sc r ip t , a sealing bearing Brahmi (H)

*m* and a coin mould were col lec ted.

The s i t e Niamu, Churawala, Kailapur Jasmor

represents a rich cul tura l har i tage . i ^ a r t from the

different types of pot tery these s i t e s have yielded a

good number of stone objec ts . Prom Niamu a beautiful

image of Varahraj was unearthed while a local people was

digging. A five broken piece of door jamb was foxond from

Kaila pur-Jasmor. From Churawala a beautiful images of a

lady holding her l e f t leg, a drummer, image of Laxmi were

556

collectd. At present all these are housed in Govt. Museum,

Muzaffaxnagar.

Scaae coins were also collected, the most ronarka-

ble among are them two silver coins found frem Niamu and

Jaroda, Xhe coin found from Niamu is of well known Sahi

coins of Samcintdeva. The date of the coins is C. 9th-10th

century A»D. Another one belongs to Shah Alam bearing

some Persian legend. Other coins foiand from the district

are the fxilus of Akbar* s period. Sane other gold, silver

and copper coins are reported frcsn the district Muzaffar-

nagar belonging to the Sri Samantadeva Shah Alam, Muhamad

Sah, Tughalaq Shah, Sher Shah, Farrukhsiyar, Akbar

Shahjahan etc.

The district consists many fine pieces of arti-

tecture in the form of temples, mosques, gatways, Havelies,

Ports, tanks, baolis, mostly belonging to medieval and

pre-modern period. Among them Ghaugarh and Moma mosques

are grand in design and refinement. Other remarkable

architectural places aire located at Majhera, Jansath,

Mirapur, Kairana etc. Similarly, the mosques at Jhinjhana,

Kairana and thana Bhawan are splendid in scale. There

are two ancient temples at Charthawal one dating back to

Jahangir's period and other about 500 years old.

557

On the basis of the archaeological finding and

architectural remains it would be correct to say this

district is a rich repertoire of ancient cultural materials

To conclude the present discussion I may point out that

I have discovered following cultural sites including

already reported one viz 28 sites of Late Harappan, 29

sites of CCP, 53 sites of PG -J, 9 sites of 15BPW, 68 sites

of early historic and 118 sites of medieval period. Total

149 archaeological sites have been discovered so far in

the district Muzaffamagar.

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&t16*^ GLOSSARY

Agyatva^a

Angan

AonxX

Ashrama

Bhur

Baradari

Bao l i

B rahmcharya

Banger

Dholax

Fateha

GuruJcula

Garhi

Gtsnbad

Hajj

Hand!

Havaxi

I q t a

J a g i r

Kankar

Khadar

Mahal

: Living anonymously In exile

X court yard

: Under the mughals, a revenue-collector

; Hexmitage

: Bed sandy soil

: Building open on all sides

s A st epped masony well

: Celibacy

s Higti land

: A small dnxm

: Muslim prayer

s Residential educational institution at guru's own place.

: A mud fortress

t Dome

8 P i lgr image t o Mecca

; An earthen pot f o r cooking

: Five s a c r i f i c e

X A grant of land made by Sultan

t Land or v i l l a g e s g iven by s t a t e as a reward f o r s e r v i c e s

: I r r e g u l a r c o n c r e t i o n s of impure c a l ­careous matter used for making l ime .

t Low land near r i v e r

: Unit o f land (comprising severa l v i l l a g e s ) under s e p e r a t e engagement for payment of revenue

Mahant t Temple p r i e s t

^ 6 f r

Mohalla

Musafirkhana

Nazul

P a i t h

P radhan

Qanungo

Reh

Sarkar of Sivkar

Sxibah

Tappa

t Residential locality

t Inn

; The land be longing t o government s i t u a t e d w i t h i n miinicipal area

: Weekly market

; Head of gaon panchayat

: P e t t y revenue o f f i c e r

: Sa l ine e f f l o r e s c e n c e

: A s u b - d i v i s i o n of t h e sub ah a d r i t r i c t in p r e - B r i t i s h days

5 Province i n p r e - B r i t i s h days

s A u n i t of land ravenue adminis trat ion . Smaller than pargana.

6 1 § BIBLIOGRAPHY

ORIGINAL SOURCES

A. SANSKRIT

Altareya Brahmana

Agtil P u r ^ a

Astidhyayi

Anguttar - Nikaya

Arthashastra

Brahma Purina

Brihat - Samhita

Brihadaranyaka - Upnishada

Bhagavata - Purina

Dlvyivadana

Gargi - Samhita

Gopath - Brahraana

Harivamsa - Purana

Jaiminlya - Brahmana

L a l i t i v i s t a r a

Mahabharata

Mahasutsoma - J a t aka

Matya - Purana

Markandeya - Purana

Padma - Purana

Rigveda

g^CI7

R a j a t a r a n g i n i (Trans A. S t e i n , London, 1900)

S a t a p a t h a •> Brahmama

T a i t t a r i y a -. Samhita T

V i v i d h a . h i r t h k a l p a

Visnu P u r i n a

Vayu P u r i n a

B . ARABIC-PERSIAN - URDU

( E n g l i s h / H i n d i T r a n s l a t i o n s )

Ain - i - Aldsari

Muntakhbut - Tawir ikha

Mahir - u l - Umra

Tabqat - i - Akbari

Tabqat - i - N a s i r i

Tuzuk - i - J a h a n g i r i

Ta r ikh - i - F a r i s h t a

Tar ikh - i - Yamini

Tar ikh - i - F i r o z s h a h i

Ta r ikh - i - Mubaraksh*hi

Tar ikh - i - Daudi

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#^63 o

D. GAZETTEERS/REPORTS

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63t)

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Arcnaeological Survey of India Annual Report.

Bulletin of National Muse\im, New Delhi.

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Corpus Inseriptionxim Indicarum.

Ej)igraphica Indica.

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633k

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L i s t of Medieval Coins - A c a t a l o g u e

Man & Envi ronment .

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of I n d i a , New D e l h i .

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( I n d i a n H i s t o r i c a l Qua r t e r l y XXXI-4

Sc XXXII-1) .

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Ware, i n J o u r n a l of Ind ian H i s t o r y ,

Golden J u b i l e e V o l . Trivendrum,

p p . 2 7 - 3 3 .

63?

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: The Chronological Problem of the

Latd Harappans with spec ia l reference

t o Western U t t a r Pradesh . Simla.

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Essays in P r o t o h i s t o r y , (ed.) Aggrawal

D.P. & Chakraborti D.K., (Delhi, 1919),

p p . 123-33.

; : The Ochre Coloured Ware Settlement in

Ganqa - Yamuna Doab, in Essays in

P ro toh i s to ry , (Delhi , 1979), p p .

285-99.

Deshpande, M-N. : The Harappan Set t lement in Ganga-

Yamuna Doab, Indus C i v i l i z a t i o n :

Problem & I s s u e , Simla Seminar.

Gaur, R.C. : The Cchre Coloured Po t t e ry from

Atranjikhera and i t s s ign i f icance in

P o t t e r i e s in Ancient Ind i a , Patna

p p . 95-101.

: Authors of the OCP in Indian Archaeology

New Perspec t ive , (ed) Shaima, R.K.,

New Delhi, 1982.

&^^3>4

Gaur, R.C. : An Appraisal of the P r o t o h i s t o r i c

Problems of the Ganga-Yamvma Doab,

in F u r a t a t t v a , No. 4 (Hew D e l h i ) .

La i , B.B. : A Delug? which Deluge? Yet another

f ace t of the problem of the copper-

Hoard Cul ture , American Anthropo­

l o g i s t , Vol . 70 No. 5, October,

p p . 857-63.

: 'Excavation a t Hastinapura and o the r

Explorat ion in the Upper Ganga and

Sut le j Basins 1950-52' Ancient Ind ia ,

Nos. 10 Sc 11 , (1954-55) (New D e l h i ) .

Shanna, Y.D, : Copper-Hoards and Ochre Coloured

Ware in Ganga Basin, I n t e r n a t i o n a l

Conference on Asian Archaeology,

New De lh i .

Singh, U.V. : Late Harappan Culture as revealed by

the excavations a t Mirzapur and

Daulatpur, D i s t r i c t Kurukshetra

(Haryana), Simla Seminar.

A. Terracotta beads and wheel; B. Terracotta beads

A. Stone ob jec t s

PLATE III

A, Terracotta indeterminate objects B. Terracotta objects

PLATE IV

#

A. Terracotta dabbprs - • ^^^^^cotta skin rubbers and handles

A, Terracotta animal figurine B. Terracotta animal figurine

PLATE VI

A. Ter raco t ta human f igur ine B. Stone plaque

CML

PLATE V I I

PLATE V I I I

A. K h a n j a h a n p u r mound E . Niauiu roound

i

PLATE I X

Stone image of a lady Stone image of scsne d i e t y

PLATE X

A, Silver coins B, Copper coins (Fulus)

PLATE XI

A, Ter raco t ta bangles B. S i lve r coin

PLATE XII

A. Coin moul and seal B Reverse

4* ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^r' ^^^^^I^^^^^^^^^^^B

*-f '

? ' 4 • • - ^ . • ^ * •

••-•<#•' , » ' . v 1 i-1 - 1 U 1 -•-<

(0 1

• 1 u 1 •H 1 l 1

M ^ 1 ;Q

1 (0 1 c 1 (0 1 'C 1 (0 1

-H 1 ^ ^ (d

5 rO 1

1 ^ h^ 1 1 •

< f 1

CQ 1

PLATE XIV

'fc t * "v^*' , i *

\

A. M i r a p u r mound B . M o l o h e r i mound

i- ..^r^K. » V .

PLATE XV

A. Copper coins (Barla) B. Stone slab

PLATE XVI

A, Inchauli mound B• Johra mound

|^jwi«^»*f

^

^"^^

0^ 'i'-^'m€fi

km^

m :'d.

PLATE X V I I I

f

\i

A. T,C. t h a l i , beads, animal figurine, to r to i se bone e t c .

^

PLATE XVII

A. Khokni moxond

PLATE XIX

m <.^

^ \

.^-•-^,1''^ ^i-

A. Mi±)arakpur mound B . Nawla mound

^ %*..,. -2? t* . 1*1

l''k-j^'.

- *

Al^ -iW ' «•-.

PLATE XX

•• t - f f

i^^*

X'''

A, Kailapur-Jasmor mound E. Complete Storage J a r

- - i = • - * .

l-?^>-

"JU-

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PLATE XXI

Sf

K, ••

A. K a i l a p u r - J a s m o r mound B . Ka i laDur-Jasmor mound

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PLATE XXII

'i

A, Ukavli and Datana-Antiquities B. Humped bull

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PLATE XXIII

^ • .

A. Kaithora mound B. Sikereda mound

PLATE XXIV

A. Sikereda - Antiquities B. Terracotta discs

PLATE XJCV

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A. T i s a n g mound

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PLATE XXIX

A. B a h r a m g a r h & Kxisa inpur K a l a n A n t i q u i t i * S i k r i mound

X '-

c ^^P^tKKmtk

mm

PLATE XXX

^.^-

A. B a h r a m g a r h mound B . C h a u d h e r i moxind

%.

PLATE XXXI

A, J a u l a mound B . Kutubpur-Datana moxind

' • ' * - i i .

PLATE XXXII

A. K u t u b p u r - b r i c k Sc p o t t e r y B . Clay Iximps w i t h r eed marks

11^4

PLATE XXXIII

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A, Mahaljana mound B. Snikarpur mound

Mk

PLATE XXXiV

A. Toda - A n t i q u i t i e s B . c n a u d h e r i &. S i k r i - A n t i q u i t i e s

PLATE XXXV

, V

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A. Di inger movind B . H a r y a Khe ra

PLATE 3CXXVI

\

PLATE XXXVII

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A. Karaaruddinnagar mound

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PLATE XXXIII

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' • . ' ^

A. Toda mound B. Ukarali mound

PLATE XXXIX

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A, p u r b a l i a n mound B• Another view

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PLATE XL

Varahraj

PLATE XLII

A. T h a k u r d w a r a B . Shakumbhar i Devi - Temple

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PLATE XLIV

A. Bawandwar i B . T e m p l e / T a n k

PLATE XLV

A. J a i n Temple B . A b u i l d i n g complex

PLATE XLVI

A. B h a i r o n Temple E . Temple - Lord Hamjman

PLATE XLVII

A. Temple - Lord Rama & K r i s h n a B . Temple - Lo rd S h i v a

PLATE X L V I I l

A, Inscr ipt ion B . B r i ck

PLATE

A. D a r w a j a B . Maqutoara

PLATE L

A. Temple Kaliji B. Fortress

PLATE LI

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A. Fortress B . Another view

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PLATE LI I

X

A. Sarai B . Tank

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PLATE LIII

A. Rang Mahal B. Side view

PLATE LIV

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A. Tcmb B« I n n e r v i ew

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PLATE LVI

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A. Temple Kaliji

PLATE LVII

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A. TanVTenple B . Bu i ld ing ccanplex

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PLATE L V I I I

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PLATE LIX

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A. Mazar of L a t i f Shah B» General view - Siddheshwar temple

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PLATE LXI

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A. Pa in t ing 3» Panch-mukh Shivalingam

PLATE LXII

T ^.i

A. Baol i B• Another view

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PLATE L X I I I

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A, Mazar of S a i f Khan B . Mazar of Muhainmari Khan

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PLATE LXIV

A, Mosque-Shahjahan^period B. I n sc r ip t i on

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PLATE LXV

1

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A. Garib Das - Mazar B , Ni lkan theshwar - Temple

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PLATE LXVI

1

A. Garhi - K a k r a u l i B . Mosque - S i k r i

PLATE LXVII

A-r Building complex B_^_St.one, Image of mirror looking girl

PLATE LXVIII

A. Jama Masj id , Kandhla B . Bu i ld ing complex, Shahpur

PLATE LXIX

A. Tomb B , Chaupa l

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