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http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/169080/2/Liu-FOP-

05%2016%202014.pdfhttp://informahealthcare.com/doi/abs/10.3

109/07388551.2013.82359

SOCDERCON

Bibliografía Sociología y Derecho del consumo y de la alimentación

Boletín nº 74 (2015) © Todos los derechos reservados

Artículos de revista Índice: Pág. 2 Agricultura 4 Alimentos funcionales 5 Biotecnología 5 Carne y productos cárnicos 6 China 8 Denominaciones de origen y otras indicaciones geográficas, marcas de calidad, etc. 8 España 9 Etiquetado e información del consumidor 12 Evaluación, percepción y gestión de los riesgos 12 Leche y productos lácteos 13 Nanotecnología 14 Nutrición y lucha contra la obesidad 15 OMC 15 Pérdidas y desperdicio de alimentos 17 Publicidad y promoción de ventas 18 Responsabilidad (del empresario) 19 Salud y bienestar animal 20 Seguridad e inocuidad de los alimentos 21 Vino y otras bebidas alcohólicas 23 Blogs y redes sociales

23 Otros documentos

35 eBook-teca

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Agricultura

● Laura Carraresi y Alessandro Banterle, “Agri-food Competitive Performance in EU Countries: A Fifteen-Year Retrospective”. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, Vol. 18 nº 2 (2015) 37-62.

Abstract Competitiveness is a crucial issue in the EU agri-food market. In the last fifteen years, two significant events have affected the competitive performance of agriculture and the food industry in different EU countries, namely the EU accession of Central and Eastern European countries (CEECs) and the global economic crisis of 2008. This paper evaluates the EU countries’ competitive performance at a sector level in the intra-EU market from 1995 to 2011 by comparing the food industry and agriculture; and assessing the effects of the EU expansion and economic crisis on country competitiveness. EMS and RCA indices were used to measure the competitive performance over time. Results showed that although agriculture and the food industry in the EU are interconnected, they often reveal divergent trends in competitive performance. Germany and the Netherlands have profited the most from the opportunities resulting from the enlargement. On the contrary, France has lost competitiveness. A similar trend was found in Belgium. Italy shows a substantial competitive stasis, similar to Spain. Keywords: competitive performance, agriculture, food industry, EU enlargement, global economic crisis

Consultar: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/204135/2/201300913.pdf

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● Ulrike Zschache, “Reflecting the Global? The Common Agricultural Policy and Its Perception in Public Media Discourse”. Journal of Contemporary European Studies, Vol. 23 nº 2 (2015) 253-271.

Abstract The paradigm shift in the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is an instructive case to study the Europeanization of national media discourses. Yet, the symbolic influence of CAP reform cannot be sufficiently understood without considering its embeddedness in global policy frameworks. Hence, by means of content analysis, this paper aims to elucidate the impact of both global and EU farm-policy ideas on domestic debates. In particular, it seeks to reveal to what extent the multiple authorship behind the reform is reflected in discussion. Thus, the focus is on the institutional entrepreneurs with a say in the media, the ideas promoted and discursive interrelations. Keywords: Common Agricultural Policy, Europeanization, World Society, media, institutionalism

● Oane Visser y otros, “Introduction to a Symposium on Global Finance and the Agri-food Sector: Risk and Regulation”. Journal of Agrarian Change (2015) DOI: 10.1111/joac.12123.

Publicado como avance on line el 5 de junio de 2015 Abstract This symposium introduction brings together two debates; the debate on global food prices and speculation, and the debate on so-called global ‘land investment’ or ‘land grabbing’.

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Both debates are examining two sides of the same phenomenon – the growing role of private financial investors in the global agri-food value chains and the myriad consequences of it. The symposium moves beyond the identification of finance as an exogenous factor to the trends in the sector. It examines real-life incarnations of finance in the sector by looking at investment arrangements, including connections with the state, and its (regional) variations. The symposium addresses three main themes. First, it explores the interplay of the state and private finance. It shows that the effect of regulation is limited in the face of increasingly mobile and complex investment flows. Second, it addresses the shifts and transfigurations of risk in the agri-food sector due to financialization. Third, the symposium discusses to what extent, and how, the origins and identity of farmland investors still matters within an increasingly globalized financial sector. The paper concludes by identifying some related areas for further research. Keywords: finance, land investment, risk, regulation, financialization Para más información, consultar: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/joac.12123/abstract;jsessionid=9D700D4D6CC933A876276853E1845A6D.f02t03?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false=&userIsAuthenticated=false

Alimentos funcionales

● Teresa Manuela Carnemolla y otros, “The Market Share of Functional Foods in the Main EU Countries”. Calitatea, nº 16 S1 (2015) 219-227.

Abstract Literature research has highlighted how there has been a considerable change in food production. Consumers are looking for greater food quality not only nutritionally but also healthwise. Following consumers’ awareness of the close tie between food and disease risk reduction, demand is more oriented to a category of foods that makes a positive contribution to health. Market analyses of functional foods is therefore indispensable for the food industry to identify the variables in the purchase of such food products. The aim of this work is to analyse the ‘Health and Wellness’ category of the functional food market (2009–2014) in five EU countries from Euromonitor data. This research describes the market share of foods in the ‘Health and Wellness’ category in terms of amount and value from which it emerges that these products are more widespread in these countries and that their prices are falling due to the economic crisis. Keywords: Functional foods, market share, Health and Wellness, consumption.

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Biotecnología

● Arancha Martínez, “Bruselas propone dar libertad a los Estados miembros para restringir o prohibir el uso de OMGs en su territorio”. Vida rural, nº 396 (2015) 8-9.

Carne y productos cárnicos

● Jesús Cruz, “Entra en vigor la obligatoriedad para indicar el país de origen o lugar de procedencia para carne de porcino, ovino, caprino y aves”. Eurocarne, nº 234 (2015) 39-45.

Resumen Desde 1 de abril es de obligado cumplimiento lo previsto en el Reglamento (CE) nº 1337/2013 que establece el etiquetado de origen para las carnes frescas, refrigeradas o congeladas de cerdo, ovino, caprino y aves. Resumimos en este artículo las principales claves a tener en cuenta al etiquetar este tipo de carnes.

● W. Jansen y otros, “Food Safety Hazards and Microbiological Zoonoses in European Meat Imports Detected in Border Inspection in the Period 2008–2013”. Zoonoses and Public Health (2015) DOI: 10.1111/zph.12204.

Publicado como avance on line el 29 de mayo de 20153 Abstract Microbiological contaminations and other food safety hazards are omnipresent within the European Union (EU) and a considerable risk for consumers, particularly in imported meat and meat products. The number of rejections at external EU borders has been increasing in recent years. Official authorities in each member state are therefore obliged to notify border rejections of food and animal feed due to a direct or indirect risk to human or animal

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health. This study explored the trends and temporal and spatial distribution of notifications on food safety hazards between January 2008 and December 2013 with a special emphasis on microbiological zoonoses in meat and meat products including poultry at border checks resulting from the rapid alert system for food and feed (RASFF). Results indicated that border rejection notifications are increasing exponentially, frequently due to Salmonella in poultry and shiga-toxin-producing E. coli in meat and meat products. Keywords: food safety criteria, border control, public health, rapid alert system for food and feed Para más información, consultar: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/zph.12204/abstract;jsessionid=4D3A5D7498EBF01FD76D309939A1A890.f02t04?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false

China

● Rongduo Liu y otros, “Chinese consumers’ understanding and use of a food nutrition label and their determinants”. Food Quality and Preference, Vol. 41 (2015) 103–111.

Abstract This paper investigated Chinese consumers’ understanding and use of the Chinese food nutrition label and their determinants. Quantitative data were collected during March 2012 through a self-administrated structured questionnaire conducted in Beijing (n = 213) and Baoding city (n = 447). Questions assessed Chinese consumers’ use and understanding (objective and subjective) of food nutrition labels, nutrition knowledge (objective and subjective), socio-demographic characteristics, diet status, diet-health awareness, body mass index (BMI) and familiarity with food nutrition labels. A moderate degree of subjective understanding and a low degree of objective understanding of food nutrition labels were found among the participants, and 70% of the participants claimed to rarely or never use nutrition labels when shopping for food. Nutrition knowledge (objective and subjective) positively affected participants’ understanding (objective and subjective) of food nutrition labels. Familiarity with food nutrition labels had a strong positive effect on understanding of and use of food nutrition labels. Subjective nutrition knowledge and subjective understanding also played a significant and positive role in Chinese consumers’ label use. Age yielded a negative effect on both subjective and objective understanding, while education only affected participants’ objective understanding. None of the socio-demographic characteristics associated with self-reported use. Implications for future

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policies to improve Chinese consumers’ understanding and promote their use of food nutrition labels are discussed. Keywords: food, nutrition label, consumer, China, label use, understanding

● Omar Puertas Alvarez, “Aspectos legales a tener en cuenta al abordar el mercado chino”. Alimentaria, nº 463 (2015) 78-80. ● Roberta Capitello y otros, “Chinese import demand for wine: evidence from econometric estimations”. Journal of wine research, Vol. 26 nº 2 (2015) 115-135.

● Ya-hao Cheng y otros, “Changing structure of China's meat imports”. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, Vol. 14 nº 6 (2015) 1081–1091.

Abstract This paper discusses the determinants of meat imports of China. Results indicate that import demand is mostly determined by import price and real GDP. Imported price has a negative effect and real GDP has a positive influence on import quantity. Tariff does not have a significant effect. As GDP and consumption capacity increases, China has a large potential demand for meat imports. Some countries may gain if China's economy continues expanding, while others, like the United States, are the most sensitive to the trade policy of China. Keywords: meat import demand, China, price elasticity, income elasticity, pork, beef, poultry

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Denominaciones de origen y otras indicaciones geográficas, marcas de calidad, etc.

● Angel Sanchez Hernandez, “Productos Agroalimentarios de Calidad y su indicación en España”. Campo Jurídico, Vol. 3, nº 1 (2015) 125-148.

Resumen El sector agroalimentario español, destacadamente modernizado en los últimos años, es uno de los más importantes. Se trata de un sector dinámico e innovador, en el que la tecnología ha mejorado los niveles de calidad de los productos agroalimentarios y ha permitido que se convierta en un catalizador socioeconómico para el desarrollo y fijación de la población en el mundo rural. Además se fortalece la competitividad frente a otras producciones, impulsando los medios que pongan en valor la excelencia de los productos agroalimentarios con Denominación de Origen Protegida e Indicación Geográfica Protegida que impulsan su diferenciación en los canales de comercialización y ante los propios consumidores.

Consultar: http://www.fasb.edu.br/revista/index.php/campojuridico/article/view/74/60

España ● Andrea Molla Latorre, “Ley española 12/2013, de 2 de agosto, de medidas para mejorar el funcionamiento de la cadena alimentaria”. Actualidad jurídica iberoamericana, nº 2 (2015) 663-676.

Resumen El pasado 3 de enero de 2014 entró en vigor la Ley 12/2013, de 2 de agosto, de medidas para mejorar el funcionamiento de la cadena alimentaria, con el objetivo de reequilibrar las relaciones entre los distintos operadores del sector agroalimentario. Esta ley obliga a los operadores a cumplir con una serie de medidas en materia contractual, tales como formalizar los contratos por escrito e incorporar un contenido obligatorio mínimo en esos contratos (destacando la obligada determinación del precio), así como a evitar una serie de prácticas que esta ley califica de abusivas. La ley también prevé la posibilidad para los operadores de adherirse voluntariamente a un código de buenas prácticas en sus relaciones comerciales con otros operadores de la cadena. El incumplimiento de las medidas obligatorias de la ley es susceptible de ser sancionado con multas de importante cuantía así como con la publicidad de la infracción cometida y del infractor. Además, se crea la Agencia de Información y Control Alimentarios, con relevantes funciones

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controladoras, entre las cuales se incluye la posibilidad de iniciar de oficio el procedimiento sancionador. Se prevé asimismo la obligación de que la Administración guarde secreto sobre la información a la que tenga acceso en el marco de sus funciones controladoras y así tratar de incentivar también las denuncias anónimas por infracciones de otros operadores. El objetivo es claro: reequilibrar el sector agroalimentario; habrá que ver, con el tiempo, si las medidas que plantea la ley resultan adecuadas para conseguirlo.

Consultar: http://roderic.uv.es/bitstream/handle/10550/43203/663-

676.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y

● Agustín Mayoral, “Más sombras que luces en el Proyecto de Ley para la Defensa de la Calidad Alimentaria”. BoDiAlCo, n° 13 (2015) 3-12.

Etiquetado e información del consumidor

● Corrado Finardi y Luis González Vaqué, “European Food (Mis)Information to Consumers: Do Safety Risks Lie Just Around the Corner?”. European Food and Feed Law Review, nº 2 (2015) 92-106.

Abstract Regulation 1169/20111 of the European Parliament and the Council is hardly new, yet debate around it continues to gain momentum in academic literature and the food business community, including in the latter case on new media and social networks. This appears to be due not just to the intrinsic relevance of the law but also to its delayed introduction, along with pending uncertainties and the need for further disambiguation. It has already required two separate clarifications from the EC services, in the form of “Questions and Answers” documents - the second due to be published at the time of writing.

● Francesco Montanari y Daniele Pisanello, “Responsibilities for Food Information to Consumers: Much Ado about Nothing?”. European Food and Feed Law Review, nº 2 (2015) 107-113.

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● Charo E. Hodgkins y otros, “Guiding healthier food choice: systematic comparison of four front-of-pack labelling systems and their effect on judgements of product healthiness”. British Journal of Nutrition, Vol. 113 nº 10 (2015) 1652-1663.

Abstract Different front-of-pack (FOP) labelling systems have been developed in Europe by industry and organisations concerned with health promotion. A study (n 2068) was performed to establish the extent to which inclusion of the most prevalent FOP systems – guideline daily amounts (GDA), traffic lights (TL), GDA+TL hybrid (HYB) and health logos (HL) – impact consumer perceptions of healthiness over and above the provision of a FOP basic label (BL) containing numerical nutritional information alone. The design included within- and between-subjects factors. The within-subjects factors were: food (pizzas, yogurts and biscuits), healthiness of the food (high health, medium health and low health) and the repeated measurements under BL and test FOP label conditions. The between-subjects factors were: the system (GDA, TL, GDA+TL hybrid, HL), portion size (typical portion size and a 50 % reduction of a typical portion) and country (the UK, Germany, Poland and Turkey). Although the FOP systems tested did result in small improvements for objective understanding under some conditions, there was little difference between the provision of an FOP label containing basic numerical nutritional information alone or between the various systems. Thus, any structured and legible presentation of key nutrient and energy information on the FOP label is sufficient to enable consumers to detect a healthier alternative within a food category when provided with foods that have distinctly different levels of healthiness. Future research should focus on developing greater understanding of the psychological and contextual factors that impact motivation and the opportunity to use the various FOP systems in real-world shopping settings. Key Words: front-of-pack, nutrition labelling, healthier choices, health inferences, healthiness

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● Nicole Darmon, “L’étiquetage nutritionnel : entre réglementations et controverses”. Cahiers de Nutrition et de Diététique (2015) doi:10.1016/j.cnd.2015.04.004.

Publicado como avance on line el 23 de mayo de 20153 Résumé L’étiquetage nutritionnel est utilisé dans de nombreux pays avec pour objectif d’orienter le consommateur vers des choix alimentaires plus sains. On distingue deux formes d’étiquetage nutritionnel : le tableau des valeurs nutritionnelles et les logos, qui sont tous deux régis par le règlement européen concernant l’information du consommateur (INCO). (1) Le tableau des valeurs nutritionnelles est désormais obligatoire sur tous les aliments pré-emballés. C’est une information nutritionnelle uniformisée portant sur la valeur énergétique et les teneurs en graisses, acides gras saturés, glucides, sucres, protéines et sel, exprimées pour 100 g ou 100 mL de produit. (2) Les logos sont des graphiques ou des symboles apposés de façon volontaire, généralement en face avant des emballages. La plupart portent un jugement de valeur sur la qualité nutritionnelle des aliments. Ce jugement repose sur un ensemble de critères chiffrés, appelé système de profil nutritionnel. Le gouvernement français, à travers la loi de Santé et en accord avec la législation européenne, prévoit d’associer à l’étiquetage des valeurs nutritionnelles un logo simple et intuitif, en face avant des emballages. Deux systèmes d’étiquetage coloriel simplifié, soutenus respectivement par un collectif de sociétés savantes, et par la Fédération du commerce et de la distribution, ont été proposés mais font l’objet de controverses. Mots clés: étiquetage nutritionnel, logos coloriels, législation, profils nutritionnels, politiques nutritionnelles Para más información, consultar: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007996015000735

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Evaluación y percepción de los riesgos

● Jorge H. Behrens y otros, “Social representations of safety in food services”. Food Research International (2015) doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2015.05.024.

Publicado como avance on line el 11 de mayo de 20153 Abstract This research aimed to evoke and analyze the perceptions of safe food through the perspective of customers at two different food services settings in São Paulo, Brazil. In-depth interviews (N = 66) were conducted using a guide with open questions focused on the individual’s perceptions of safety, knowledge of food-borne diseases and self-involvement in the food chain. The Collective Subject Discourse (CSD) technique, based on the Theory of Social Representations, was set as the framework for the content analysis of the individual speeches with the aim of writing a collective discourse representing the “voice of the customer”. Similarities and differences reflecting different socio-economic backgrounds came up: in general, the interviewees showed concerns about hygiene and good practices and recognized some food hazards, especially those of chemical and biological natures. In situation of social vulnerability, some customers showed greater concern with the guarantee of access to a substantial meal in face of economic constraint. Finally, most customers reported a passive role in the food chain and seemed to transfer to the restaurant staff the entire responsibility for the safety of the meals served therein. Keywords: restaurant, risk perception, food safety, customer, Brazil Para más información, consultar: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0963996915300120

Leche y productos lácteos ● Florence Chaltiel, “La fin des quotas laitiers”. Revue du marche commun et de l'Union Européenne, nº 589 (2015) 333-334.

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Nanotecnología

● Luis Guillermo Garduño-Balderas y otros, “Difficulties in establishing regulations for engineered nanomaterials and considerations for policy makers: avoiding an unbalance between benefits and risks”. Journal of Applied Toxicology (2015) DOI: 10.1002/jat.3180.

Publicado como avance on line el 5 de junio de 20153 Abstract Current evidence of engineered nanomaterials’ (ENM) toxicity has led to a latent concern about hazards for both humans and the environment. For this reason, some efforts have been made to suggest frameworks or other guidance to regulate ENM handling; however, the real exposure risk to humans has not been well established. The aims of this work were to analyze the difficulties in establishing regulations for ENM and to discuss some considerations that may be helpful for policy makers involved in the regulation of ENM. Difficulties in establishing regulations are based on the novel properties of ENM associated with cytotoxic effects, the insufficiency of standardized methods to test those effects and the lack of epidemiological evidence of ENM toxicity, especially in occupational settings. Nevertheless, we offer some suggestions for establishing regulations, which include frameworks oriented towards protecting personnel exposed to ENM without decreasing production. In addition, we propose an ENM data sheet to offer available information of ENM. Finally, ethical aspects should also be considered in developing ENM regulations because every person who is working around or consuming ENM has the right to be informed about the potential risk. Keywords: engineered nanomaterials, regulations, standardized methods, technical ENM data sheet, ethical considerations Para más información, consultar: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jat.3180/abstract;jsessionid=38856D60308016BE7DF6E64B50CF2FA5.f02t03?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false

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Nutrición y lucha contra la obesidad

● Alexia De Piero Belmonte y otros, “Tendencia en el consumo de alimentos de estudiantes universitarios”. Nutrición hospitalaria, Vol. 31, nº 4 (2015) 1824-1831.

Resumen Los jóvenes universitarios necesitan consolidar buenos hábitos alimentarios basados en una adecuada selección de alimentos, los cuales constituyen un factor de fundamental importancia para mantener un buen estado de salud y prevenir enfermedades. Objetivo: Evaluar la ingesta de alimentos y el perfil de la dieta de estudiantes universitarios de Tucumán y su variación a través del tiempo. Analizar si cumplen las recomendaciones dietéticas actuales. Materiales y métodos: La recolección de datos se llevó a cabo durante los años 1998-1999 (G1) y 2012-2013 (G2); se realizó mediante una autoencuesta alimentaria y cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos. Fue aplicada a 329 estudiantes universitarios seleccionados en forma aleatoria. El perfil alimentario se describió según la frecuencia de consumo habitual de los principales grupos de alimentos. Resultados: Los estudiantes resultaron 25,2% hombres y 74,8% mujeres, con edad promedio de 23±3 años. En general, en ambos grupos, la mayoría de los estudiantes presentó un IMC normal, sin embargo se destacó un elevado porcentaje de hombres con sobrepeso (18,2%) y obesidad (12,1%) y mujeres con bajo peso (11,6%). Según los grupos analizados y en función del sexo se observaron algunas diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la composición de macronutrientes de la dieta: en G1 fue mayor el consumo de carbohidratos en detrimento de proteínas y lípidos; se encontraron también diferencias en la ingesta de algunos micronutrientes, observándose mayor consumo de hierro y menor de vitaminas B1, B2, niacina y C en el G2. La dieta fue monótona para ambos grupos y con diferencias en el perfil de nutrientes que la conforman. La más notable fue el incremento gradual del consumo de productos azucarados, limentos procesados, snacks y menor consumo de lácteos, pescados, frutas y vegetales en el G2. En ambos grupos, la adecuación de la ingesta alimentaria de la población estudiantil no cubrió las recomendaciones de hierro, calcio y vitamina A. Ante el perfil alimentario observado en la población universitaria, se advierte la necesidad de promover cambios para prevenir la aparición de obesidad y enfermedades cardiovasculares en la edad adulta; sería conveniente realizar mayor educación alimentario-nutricional.

Consultar: http://www.aulamedica.es/gdcr/index.php/nh/article/view/8361/pdf_7987

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OMC

● Rostam J. Neuwirth y Alexandr Svetliciniia, “The current EU/US–Russia conflict over Ukraine and the WTO: a preliminary note on (trade) restrictive measures”. Post-Soviet Affairs (2015) DOI:10.1080/1060586X.2015.1039330.

Publicado como avance on line el 8 de mayo de 2015 Abstract In 2012, the Russian Federation (RF) joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) as its 156th member. Two years later, an international conflict over the developments in Ukraine in general and the changing status of Crimea erupted, which henceforth saw the RF, the United States (US), and the European Union (EU) drawn into a circle of the unilateral imposition of trade and other restrictive measures. This article looks at the trade aspects of the ensuing conflict and provides a detailed survey of the restrictive measures imposed by the EU, the US, and the RF from the perspective of the national legal orders of the jurisdictions concerned, as well as from the international perspective of the applicable WTO trade rules. It includes a critical assessment of the compatibility of economic sanctions with the parties' WTO commitments, as well as the possibility of addressing the current divergences under the WTO dispute settlement mechanism. Keywords: economic sanctions, European Union, Russian Federation, United States, WTO Para más información, consultar: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1060586X.2015.1039330

Pérdidas y desperdicio de alimentos

● Jessica Aschemann-Witzel y otros, “Consumer-Related Food Waste: Causes and Potential for Action”. Sustainability, Vol. 7 nº 6 (2015) 6457-6477.

Abstract In the past decade, food waste has received increased attention on both academic and societal levels. As a cause of negative economic, environmental and social effects, food

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waste is considered to be one of the sustainability issues that needs to be addressed. In developed countries, consumers are one of the biggest sources of food waste. To successfully reduce consumer-related food waste, it is necessary to have a clear understanding of the factors influencing food waste-related consumer perceptions and behaviors. The present paper presents the results of a literature review and expert interviews on factors causing consumer-related food waste in households and supply chains. Results show that consumers’ motivation to avoid food waste, their management skills of food provisioning and food handling and their trade-offs between priorities have an extensive influence on their food waste behaviors. We identify actions that governments, societal stakeholders and retailers can undertake to reduce consumer-related food waste, highlighting that synergistic actions between all parties are most promising. Further research should focus on exploring specific food waste contexts and interactions more in-depth. Experiments and interventions in particular can contribute to a shift from analysis to solutions. Keywords: food waste, consumer behaviour, household; retail, suboptimal food, leftovers, literature review, expert interview, date labelling, pricing

Consultar: http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/7/6/6457/htm

● Gustavo Porpino y otros, “Food waste paradox: Antecedents of food disposal in low income households”. International Journal of Consumer Studies (2015) DOI: 10.1111/ijcs.12207.

Publicado como avance on line el 8 de mayo de 2015 Abstract This paper aims to identify antecedents of food waste among lower-middle class families – a paradox, given the financial constraints this population faces. The importance of this research is evident in escalating environmental pressures for better use of our planet's scarce resources. Given that most of the world is low-income, any behavioral change in this population is likely to have a considerable impact. Empirical data were collected from 14 lower-middle income Brazilian households, based on observations, in-depth interviews and photographs, and a focus group (n=6). Five major categories of food waste antecedents were identified: (1) excessive purchasing, (2) over-preparation, (3) caring for a pet, (4) avoidance of leftovers, and (5) inappropriate food conservation. Several subcategories were also found, including impulse buying, lack of planning and preference for large packages. Surprisingly, findings show that strategies used to save money - such as buying groceries in bulk, monthly shopping trips, preference for supermarkets, and cooking from scratch – actually end up generating more food waste. This mitigates the savings made during the purchasing phase. Keywords: household food waste, food consumption, low income, Brazilian market Para más información, consultar: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ijcs.12207/abstract

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Publicidad y promoción de ventas

● Jessica Castonguay, “Sugar and Sports: Age Differences in Children’s Responses to a High Sugar Cereal Advertisement Portraying Physical Activities”. Communication Research (2015) doi: 10.1177/0093650215587357.

Publicado como avance on line el 25 de mayo de 2015 Abstract This study experimentally investigated whether exposing children to a television advertisement for a high sugar cereal that depicts physical activities influences their perceptions of the promoted food and activities differently than exposure to an advertisement for the same product without the depiction of physical activities. Children aged 5 to 6 and 10 to 11 years (N = 136) were compared to reveal age differences in responses to this marketing practice. Exposure to the advertisement depicting physical activities had an immediate strengthening effect on all children’s perceptions of the food’s healthfulness as well as younger children’s attitudes toward the product. The ability to recognize juxtaposed beliefs regarding a product’s healthfulness protected children from some of the influence of this marketing strategy. Keywords: children, obesity, advertising, schemas Para más información, consultar: http://crx.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/05/23/0093650215587357.abstract

● Weina Rana y Masahiro Yamamoto, “Attitudinal Ambivalence as a Protective Factor against Junk Food Advertisements: A Moderated Mediation Model of Behavioral Intention”. Journal of Health Communication: International Perspectives (2015) DOI:10.1080/10810730.2015.1018598.

Publicado como avance on line el 28 de mayo de 2015 Abstract This study investigates the role of attitudinal ambivalence in moderating the effects of junk food advertisements on behavioral intentions by tapping different facets of this construct—

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felt ambivalence, potential ambivalence, and affective-cognitive ambivalence. Results based on an online survey of college students indicate that attention to junk food advertisements has an indirect positive effect on intentions to eat junk food through its positive effect on attitudes toward junk food. A moderated mediation model reveals that this indirect effect of junk food advertisements is weakened as respondents’ levels of felt ambivalence increase. This moderating role is not observed for the measures of potential ambivalence and affective-cognitive ambivalence. Implications are discussed for health interventions.

Para más información, consultar: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10810730.2015.1018598#.VXMx0ekw9jo

Responsabilidad (del empresario) ● Isabel Segura Roda, “El TJUE confirma la responsabilidad de los empresarios del sector alimentario aunque únicamente ejerzan actividades en la fase de distribución: la sentencia ‘MPREIS’ de 13 de noviembre de 2014”. Revista Aranzadi Unión Europea, nº 3 (2015) 59-70.

Resumen El Tribunal de Justicia (Sala Cuarta) declaró que el anexo II, parte E, apartado 1, del Reglamento (CE) nº 2160/2003 sobre el control de la salmonela y otros agentes zoonóticos específicos transmitidos por los alimentos debe interpretarse en el sentido de que la carne fresca de aves de corral procedente de las poblaciones de animales indicadas en el anexo I de dicho Reglamento debe cumplir el criterio microbiológico del anexo I, capítulo 1, entrada 1.28, del Reglamento (CE) nº 2073/2005 de la Comisión relativo a los criterios microbiológicos aplicables a los productos alimenticios, incluida en la fase de venta al por menor. En este contexto, el Derecho de la Unión, en particular, el Reglamento (CE) nº 178/2002, debe interpretarse en el sentido de que no se opone, en principio, a una normativa nacional que sanciona por el incumplimiento del criterio microbiológico previsto en el citado Reglamento nº 2073/2005 a los operadores de empresas alimentarias cuyas actividades tienen lugar únicamente en la fase de distribución para la comercialización de un alimento. Palabras clave: Reglamento (CE) nº 2160/2003, Reglamento (CE) nº 2073/2005 de la Comisión, Reglamento (CE) nº 178/2002, Criterios microbiológicos aplicables a los alimentos, Salmonela, Incumplimiento de los criterios microbiológicos en la fase de distribución

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Salud y bienestar animal

● Rina Mazzette y otros, “Hygiene and welfare evaluation of pigs slaughtered in agritourisms”. Italian Journal of Food Safety, Vol. 4 nº 2 (2015) 78-81.

Abstract The slaughtering procedures at agritourism farms must be carried out in accordance with the general and hygiene requirements of Regulations (EC) No 852 and 853/2004. In addition, regional laws define minimum requirements allowing some flexibility. Piglets and finishing pigs are the most frequently slaughtered animal in Sardinian agritourism farms. The aim of the present survey was to evaluate: the general and hygiene requirements of outbuilding slaughterhouses in agritourisms; the animal welfare indicators; the microbial contamination of piglets and finishing pigs carcasses. Six agritourisms outbuilding slaughterhouses – EU-approved – were investigated. General and hygiene requirements of outbuilding slaughterhouses and animal welfare indicators of 68 piglets and 5 finishing pigs were evaluated by mean of a checklist. The following parameters were determined on 45 piglets and 5 finishing pigs carcasses: i) pH 1 and 24 h after slaughter, and ii) carcass surface microbial contamination by non destructive method (sponge) on the following sampling sites: ham; back (adults); belly; jowl (adults). Aerobic colony count (ACC; ISO 4833:2003), Enterobacteriaceae (EB; ISO 21528-2:2004), Salmonella spp. (ISO 6579:2002), Listeria monocytogenes (ISO 11290-1:1996 and 11290-2:1998) were also tested. All the plants except one have two separate rooms, for clean and dirty zones, stunning and bleeding operations being frequently carried out on open air. The piglet scalding was carried out in hot water bowls, and hair removal by singeing. Animal welfare signs revealed the following aspects: handling: hoisting prior to stunning, vocalizations (41%); stunning: not individual access to box, repeated shocks (4%), mean voltage 135.6 V, mean current for head-only electrical stunning 0.78 A; indicators of not effective stunning: palpebral reflex (24.2%), corneal reflex (12.8%), vocalizations (15.4%); bleeding: conscious and sensitive animal shackling (53.8%). Results of carcass evaluation showed, for piglets and adult pig respectively: i) pH: pH1=6.21±0.25 and 6.18±0.22; pH24=5.66±0.17 and 5.49±0.11; ii) ACC: 4.11±0.64 and 4.63±0.42 (log10 CFU/cm2, mean±standard deviation); iii) Enterobacteriaceae prevalence of 81.6% (2.55±0.80) in piglets and 100% (3.22±0.90) in adults. Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected in any of the samples. General requirements of outbuilding slaughterhouses in agritourisms are suitable to produce meat in compliance with hygienic rules, considering the low risk level. Results of Enterobacteriaceae levels of finishing pig carcasses were not in compliance with the EC Regulation No 2073/2005. Training of personnel is compulsory and can improve the stunning and bleeding procedures.

Consultar: http://www.pagepressjournals.org/index.php/ijfs/article/view/ijfs.2015.4580

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Seguridad e inocuidad de los alimentos

● Carol Byrd-Bredbenner y otros, “Food safety considerations for innovative nutrition solutions”. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (2015) DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12779.

Publicado como avance on line el 5 de mayo de 2015 Abstract

Failure to secure safe and affordable food to the growing global population leads far too often to disastrous consequences. Among specialists and other individuals, food scientists have a key responsibility to improve and use science-based tools to address risk and advise food handlers and manufacturers with best-practice recommendations. With collaboration from production agriculture, food processors, state and federal agencies, and consumers, it is critical to implement science-based strategies that address food safety and that have been evaluated for effectiveness in controlling and/or eliminating hazards. It is an open question whether future food safety concerns will shift in priority given the imperatives to supply sufficient food. This report brings together leading food safety experts to address these issues with a focus on three areas: economic, social, and policy aspects of food safety; production and postharvest technology for safe food; and innovative public communication for food safety and nutrition. Keywords: foodborne illness, Salmonella, E. coli, cooking, food handling, food science Para más información, consultar: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.12779/abstract;jsessionid=55BE0EF04D1006C70AFA7F9AB191251D.f03t01?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false

● António Raposo y otros, “Vending machines: food safety and quality assessment focused on food handlers and the variables involved in the industry”.

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Food Control (2015) doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.01.052.

Publicado como avance on line el 6 de abril de 2015 Abstract

The purpose of this paper was to analyse the quality and safety parameters of food products sold in vending machines. A hygienic-sanitary assessment was conducted on 338 vending machines located on the island of Gran Canaria. Hygiene Assessment System (HAS) surveys, food handler examinations and microbiological (processed food and water) and physicochemical (water) controls were applied, permitting evaluation through the identification of the main risks and/or hazards of the hygienic-sanitary quality of the products sold in vending machines. Despite the positive results obtained from the HAS surveys applied to all the vending machines, achieving a total mean score of 87.6 ± 7.5 out of 100, the microbiological analysis showed that 5.7% of the 105 food samples were contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes, while Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were below the legally permitted limits. The lack of vehicles able to transport perishable food at correct temperatures (<8°C) and the fact that some refrigerated vending machines were not at an ideal cooling temperature may have contributed to these values. The assessment tools used in this study revealed hygienic deficiencies in the transportation and microbiological quality of the products, despite the favourable results obtained in the HAS surveys and food handler examinations, indicating that this relationship should be the subject of further study to improve its usefulness in the field of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points. Keywords: vending machines, microbiology, food safety, food quality, HAS surveys, food handlers Para más información, consultar: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095671351500184X

Vino y otras bebidas alcohólicas ● Osadebamwen Anthony Ogbeide, “Consumer Willingness to Pay a Premium for Organic Wine: Discriminant analysis”. Mayfair Journal of Agribusiness Management, Vol. 1 nº 1 (2015) 24-42.

Abstract Consumer interest in organic wine is growing but the production process and the benefits in such products create a challenge. Producers require premiums for their products due to the difficult production environment and the perceived benefits in their products. However predicting consumers’ willingness to pay (WTP) for the benefits of organics is hard. This study explores the characteristics of consumers that are willing to pay premium for organic product and those unwilling. This research is significant; it will assist producers/marketers to provide products to consumers in a sustainable manner. The survey was carried online with wine consumers on a database. The Stata 12 software was used to analyse the variable statistics, factor analysis and discriminant analysis. The results indicated that consumers’ knowledge of organic wine, their attitude, perceived risk and risk reduction strategy affect WTP a premium for organic wine. The discriminant analysis shows the

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consumers willing and those unwilling to pay premium were significantly different. From a managerial perspective, it will be cost-effective to target these consumers groups differently in terms of communication and offering. As a limitation, one of the screening criteria may have discriminated against the new wine converts and thus reduced the total variability of the population. Keywords: wine, consumer, attitude, perceived risk, willingness to pay, discriminant analysis.

Consultar: http://mayfairjournals.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/Consumer-Willingness-to-Pay-a-Premium-for-Organic-Wine_Discriminant-analysis.pdf

● Rowena Curlewis y otros, “Labelling: Wine labelling - future considerations and trends”. Wine & Viticulture Journal, Vol. 30 nº 2 (2015) 63-67. ● Elsie Magdalena van Tondera y Dalmé Mulder, “Marketing communication for organic wine: Semiotic guidelines for wine bottle front labels”. Communicatio, Vol. 40 nº 1 (2015) 131-151. ● Ana Oliveira Brochado y otros, “Assessing brand personality associations of top-of-mind wine brands”. International Journal of Wine Business Research (2015) doi/abs/10.1108/IJWBR-05-2014-0025.

Publicado como avance on line el 25 de mayo de 2015 Abstract

Purpose - The objective of this study is to examine brand knowledge of wines produced in a selected Portuguese viticulture area. More specifically, we intend to understand how consumers organize brands that have the highest awareness in their memory in terms of perceived personality traits. Design/methodology/approach - A survey was developed to assess brand awareness of Portuguese green wine brands and brand personality using Aaker’s brand personality framework. Multiple correspondence analysis was used in this study to present the relative positioning of the top of mind green wine brands. Findings - Despite the large number of green wine brands available on the market, six brands dominate in terms of brand awareness. Top of mind green wine brands are marked with clear and distinctive brand personality, and a small subset of brand personality attributes serve as significant criteria for brand positioning. Practical implications - The results of the present study could be beneficial for academics and practitioners, since it reveals that the top of mind brands within a specific viticulture area could exhibit a clear positioning based on personality traits. Therefore, brand

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personality traits might provide a mechanism for wine managers to distinguish or differentiate their wines. Originality/value - This work contributes to the findings of previous studies held to study brand personality perceptions. From a theoretical point of view, this paper reflects the usage of one the most popular instruments for brand personality measurement in a wine market context. Para más información, consultar: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/abs/10.1108/IJWBR-05-2014-0025

● FOODENSITY.COM - “EU-North American Treaties CETA & TTIP: The Food Sector Should Not Miss Out on Fresh Trade Opportunities”: https://foodensity.wordpress.com/2015/04/27/ceta-ttip-trade-opportunities/

● CERCALANOTIZIA - “Spagna: il “Proyecto de Ley para la Defensa de la Calidad Alimentaria” - Una legge che non protegge la qualità”: http://www.cercalanotizia.it/2015/05/spagna-il-proyecto-de-ley-para-la-defensa-de-la-calidad-alimentaria/

Otros documentos

● Norbert L.W. Wilson y otros, “Food Waste: The Role of Date Labels, Package Size, and Product Category”. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (2015) 30 págs.

Abstract The presence of food waste, and ways to reduce food waste, has generated significant debate among industry stakeholders, policy makers, and consumer groups in the United States and elsewhere. Many have argued that the variety of date labels used by food manufacturers leads to confusion about food quality and food safety among consumers. Here we develop a laboratory experiment with treatments that expose subjects to different date labels (Sell by, Best by, Use by, and Fresh by) for six food products; we include both small and large-sized ready-to-eat cereal, salad greens, and yogurt. Our results show that,

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holding other observed factors constant, that date labels do influence subjects’ value of food waste. We find that subjects will waste food across all date labels, but that the value of waste is greatest in the “Use by” treatment, the date label suggestive of food safety, and lowest for the “Sell by” treatment. Two-way ANOVA tests provide evidence that subjects respond differentially to date labels by product. Pair-wise comparison indicate that the “Sell by” treatment generates a waste value that is different than other date labels. We see subjects have different values of waste depending on date label and product. The value of waste for cereal is more responsive to “Fresh by”; for salad, the value of waste is more responsive to all date labels except for “Fresh by”; for yogurt, subjects adjusted their value of waste the most to the “Sell by” treatment. Date labels influence food waste despite the limited information provided by the labels. Keywords: consumer preferences, date labels, experimental economics, food quality, food safety, public policy analysis.

Consultar: http://www.aem.cornell.edu/research/researchpdf/wp/2015/Cornell-

Dyson-wp1507.pdf

● Andrew Guinn y Danny Hamrick, “Changing Food Systems and Inequality: Implications for Food Security and Public Policy”. University of North Carolina (2015) 37 págs.

Executive Summary Globalization has drastically altered agri-food systems across the world. These shifts represent a departure from traditional food systems based on fragmented buyers and small-scale farmers towards large supermarkets, processors, and trade intermediaries who set requirements for producers and create new opportunities and challenges for smallholders. At the same time, countries have moved towards policies of liberalization and privatization in many sectors, including agriculture, often based on advice and program efforts from international financial institutions. Newly reformed social policies, largely in the form of transfer programs, have been introduced in order to manage growing inequalities, but these only serve to enhance consumption and do little to address underlying, structural causes of poverty and inequality. Research on the effectiveness of these initiatives indicates a significant reduction of absolute poverty; however rural communities often still face important social and economic inequalities with respect to their urban counterparts. In short, policy makers and civil society actors must pay greater attention to systematic national and global shifts in the economy in order to craft policies which effectively promote a more inclusive and equitable food system. In today’s world, national food systems are deeply interlinked through patterns of trade and investment that are often referred to as global value chains (GVCs). An important feature of value chains is the role played by powerful lead firms – large food processing firms, trading companies, and national and multinational retail and restaurant chains – in setting the

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terms by which farmers may participate in the food system. Such firms typically favor large, well-capitalized suppliers who control lots of land, placing smallholders at a disadvantage and exacerbating the barriers faced by marginalized groups seeking markets for their products. Thus, the consolidation of monopolies and oligopolies in the processing and retailing segments of food value chains have important knock-on effects for the farming sector, typically in favor of larger and better-financed agricultural entities. In this report, we draw out the implications of the globalization and consolidation of agri-food value chains for inequality by showing global pressures combine with local and national conditions to produce outcomes which exacerbate economic, gender and urban-rural inequalities. By focusing on four BRICSAM nations (Brazil, India, Mexico, and South Africa), this report shows how current national policy responses have limited success in addressing inequality due to the growing global power of multinational actors and a corresponding shift in the governance of the food system away from government-driven national development strategies towards corporate profit- seeking interests, which oftentimes do not align with the goals of a more inclusive food system and secure access to nutritious food for all. Our key findings are:

1) Agri-food global value chains are increasing consolidating in Brazil, India, Mexico and South Africa. Large, often multinational corporations are playing an important role in driving this trend, primarily through foreign direct investment. In addition, trade and investment liberalization has created transnational linkages between national food systems, which reduce the power of national governments to regulate their own food systems. Consolidation in the processing and retail segments of the chain limit the market access of small holders, specifically through the mechanism of sourcing requirements (large batches, tight time frames, low cost, standards). Due to a lack of access to financial resources and limited practical knowledge about how to meet these requirements, smallholders struggle to maintain access to markets over time. While supporters of the globalization of agrifoods systems suggest that consumers benefit from lower prices, expanded choices and improved food safety standards, the way that it has been implemented has left many smallholders across the globe in vulnerable positions. 2) BRICSAM nations are pursuing social policies to empower smallholders, but large inequalities remain. In each of the cases, social policies, including cash and in-kind transfers and employment generation programs, are used as a mechanism to fight inequality, poverty and food insecurity. But as important as these policies are in providing social safety nets for vulnerable populations they do not change the underlying structural conditions which are leading to unequal outcomes, not only along economic dimensions but also gender and urban/rural. Programs which specifically aim to empower rural areas, support smallholders and promote a more equitable food system need to move beyond an exclusive focus on expanding the consumption opportunities of the rural and urban poor and focus more directly on the conditions under which food is produced, including the competitive practices sourcing strategies used by agro-processing and retail companies. 3) The space for policy is shifting from domestic spaces towards international arenas. In today’s interconnected world, decisions are often made above the country level, limiting the ability of national governments to respond in ways that empower smallholders and promote a more equitable food system. Large, multilateral organizations and the shift towards neoliberalism are shifting policy decisions to global and private actors, such as the WTO and corporations. BRICSAM nations will need to ensure that they have the policy space to introduce interventions that facilitate the incorporation of smallholders into the value chain in order to achieve long term reductions in inequality and rural poverty. The example of Brazil offers important examples of policies for empowering rural society, including public procurement programs, targeted credit programs, and

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institutional commitment to supporting family farming. An important component of Brazil’s success in these areas has been the creation of formal mechanisms through which civil society organizations may deliberate with ministerial policy-makers about food security strategy. 4) Civil society organizations need to lobby on a larger scale, with collaborations across nations. As food systems – and the private companies that govern how they are organized – become increasingly globalized in scope, civil society networks also need to turn their attention towards the international negotiations that continue to shape agricultural economies from the top down. Beyond the important role that they play in informing national policy-making, civil society organizations should insert themselves into multilateral, regional and bilateral trade negotiations in order to ensure plenty of policy space for governments to pursue inclusive national development strategies. In addition, civil society actors should share information about best practices and other lessons for confronting the common challenges that accompany food system globalization, such as the growing market power of monopolies and oligopolies in the processing and retail segments of food value chains. Broad strategies for dealing with these challenge introducing limits or conditions on market power and on foreign direct investment.

The challenges facing supporters of equality and inclusiveness in the food system have changed in recent decades, as powerful private-sector actors have vastly expanded their role in governing food value chains. Through collaboration and information-sharing, civil society networks can advocate for policies at the national and global levels that address the challenges posed by today’s consolidated and globalized food value chains and the barriers that these pose for political efforts to craft a fairer and more inclusive food system. History shows that neither pro-market nor pro-state approaches alone can effectively ensure equitable access to safe and nutritious food, however the balance of power is currently tipped too far in the direction of private control of the food system. There is an important role for CSOs to play in both crafting and advocating for pragmatic and innovative public policies that can deliver on the promise of an equitable and inclusive food system for all.

Consultar: http://wphna.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/2014-09-Duke.-Guinn-Hamrick-

etc-food-systems-inequity.pdf

● Kayode Ajewole y otros, “Japanese Consumer Preferences toward GM Foods after the Great East Japan Earthquake”. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York (2015) 30 págs.

Consultar: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/205611/2/Ajewole_Peterson_Yamaura_AAEA2015.pdf

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● Simone Giovannini, “La flessibilità nella normativa igienico-sanitaria: opportunità per lo sviluppo delle imprese del comparto agroalimentare”. Università degli Studi di Padova (2014-2015) 53 págs.

Consultar: http://tesi.cab.unipd.it/48743/1/Giovannini,_Simone.pdf

● José Villaverde y Adolfo Maza, “The Impact of the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) on the Spanish Regions - A Preliminary Analysis”. Swedish Institute for European Policy Studies (2015) 16 págs.

Abstract The EU and the US are very open towards each other in terms of trade, being involved currently in discussions of what is called the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP). Up to now, there have been several attempts to assess the economic impact of the TTIP, both at the EU-wide level and for some of the EU countries. None of these studies, however, pays any attention to the potential impact of the TTIP on the EU regions. For this reason, the present report attempts to shed some light on the potential economic effects of the TTIP at regional level. To accomplish this aim, it follows the findings of an ex-ante evaluation devoted, because of data availability, to the Spanish case. On the basis of the results found, this report also tries to show how the TTIP could affect regional disparities. In a nutshell, the main findings of the report indicate that the effects of the TTIP agreement are going to be small, albeit positive, and not equally distributed among regions. More specifically, the most developed regions tend to be those that, potentially, will undergo a higher increase in their trade with the US, so they are more likely to benefit than less developed regions. This being so, the TTIP will have negative effects on regional disparities, something that the EU regional policy should take into account.

Consultar: http://www.sieps.se/sites/default/files/Sieps%202015_12epa%20eng%20A4.pdf

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● Christine Bauhardt y otros, “Understanding consumer behaviour: the social embeddedness of food practices”. EAAE-AAEA (2015) 25 págs.

Abstract This paper aims at understanding the ways in which spatially connected socio-cultural and gendered practices of food production and preparation determine consumer behavior. Qualitative case studies were conducted in Nairobi and Berlin examining the change and persistence in consumption towards African indigenous vegetables and Swiss chard in urban areas. By focusing on those different varieties in distinct sociocultural and spatial settings differences, similarities and trends in consumer behavior are being identified. Finally, the article argues that consumption is deeply embedded in gender relations as well as individuals’ ideas about sustainability, safety and quality of a product, which significantly affects everyday food practices. Keywords: consumer behavior, sustainable livelihoods, food practices, gender relations, leafy vegetables

Consultar: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/202713/2/141.pdf

● Brenna Ellison y otros, “Are All Organic Labels Treated Equally? The Influence of Retail Outlet on Consumer Perceptions of and Willingness to Pay for Organic Tomatoes”. EAAE-AAEA (2015) 19 págs.

Abstract The primary objective of this paper was to determine the effect of retail outlet (supercenter, supermarket, farmers market, fresh format store) on consumer perceptions of and willingness-to pay for organic grape tomatoes. Additionally, we examine whether information on the proposed Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) regulations alters perceptions and willingness-to-pay values differently across retail outlets. To address these questions, we conducted field experiments with 219 participants in two U.S. states in the fall of 2014. Results of the study show consumers’ perceptions of organic grape tomatoes vary significantly depending on which retail outlet the product is sold in, with farmers markets and fresh format stores receiving the most favorable evaluations and supercenters receiving the least favorable evaluations. However, when consumers are confronted with information on the proposed FSMA guidelines, safety perceptions of (and willingness to pay for, to a lesser extent) organic grape tomatoes sold in the most (least) favored retail outlets decrease (increase). This is likely explained by participants’ preferences for food safety – specifically an aversion to organic grape tomatoes grown by FSMA-exempt farmers, which participants believe to be most prevalent at farmers markets. Key Words: organic, consumer perceptions, willingness to pay, retail outlet, Food Safety Modernization Act

SOCDERCON – Sociología y Derecho del consumo y de la alimentación – pág. 29

Consultar: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/202706/2/123.pdf

● Rebecca-Ariane Mecking y otros, “Consumer empowerment in food retailing and the role of altruistic motives: an application of the theory of planned behavior”. EAAE-AAEA (2015) 27 págs.

Abstract We apply the theory of planned behavior to the intention of consumers to provide information to food retailers in order to exert influence on their assortments. In addition, we use the dominance of selfish or altruistic motives as moderation variables and based on these variables we compare groups regarding the formation of their intention. The study is based on a sample of 850 consumers in Germany. Results show that intention is mostly influenced by the attitude towards the behavior, followed by the subjective norm. Perceived behavioral control is the least important variable. This pattern changes when analyzing altruistically motivated consumers: their intention is only affected by the subjective norm. We conclude that social norms are able to explain altruistic motives for the behavior in question. Keywords: altruistic motives, consumer information, food retailers, norms, theory of planned behavior

Consultar: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/202698/2/108.pdf

● Jessica Aschemann-Witzel y otros, “Consumers and food waste – a review of research approaches and findings on point of purchase and in-household consumer behaviour”. EAAE-AAEA (2015) 10 págs.

Consultar: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/202716/2/147.pdf

● Aina Stensgård y Ole Jørgen Hanssen, “Food Waste in Norway 2014 - Status and Trends 2009-14”. Matvett AS/ForMat Project - Report No.: OR.01.15 [© Østfoldforskning] (2015) 71 págs.

Summary This is the fourth report on developments in food waste in Norway from the ForMat project; it covers a five-year period from 2009 to 2014. Figures from producers and wholesalers cover the period 2009-13, while those for retailers cover 2010-13 and the consumer questionnaires cover the years 2010-14.

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This year's report has a number of improvements and new analyses compared with previous reports: I. Data on food waste has been received from a total of 89 shops covering the three largest grocery chains in Norway, resulting in the development of new analyses for 2013. II. The data basis for producers has been significantly improved. More producers have provided data for the analysis, which has enhanced the figures for certain product categories (e.g. fish and fresh ready-made meals). The category fresh fruit and vegetables has also been better organised and new and better data have become available. III. Matvett AS has conducted an extensive survey of the status of work on food waste in the Norwegian food industry with support from the ForMat project in the preparation of questionnaires and analysis. The findings are presented in this report. IV. There has been further extensive analysis of the questionnaire data on trends in behaviour and attitudes regarding food waste in various consumer groups. The main results are also described in this report. Producers -The results for food producers show a slight decrease in the total amount of food waste for the period, from 5% in 2009 to 4.3% in 2013 (roughly a 14% reduction). Food waste increased slightly from 2012 to 2013, from 3.7% to 4.3%. Overall, two product groups showed a reduction in food waste from 2009 to 2013 (dairy products and fresh meat, at -28% and -31% respectively). Five groups show an increase in waste; here changes in fresh fish are due to changes in the data basis (methodology and companies sharing data), while for the other groups there is a real increase in waste. The increase of 5% for fresh baked goods has a much greater effect than the increase of 51% for ready-made meals, because of the high production volume of baked goods. This is despite the fact that fresh baked goods’ share of total production dropped significantly during the period (from 31% to 17%). Fruit and vegetables and eggs have recorded 0% waste in the production stage, because the part of the production of fruit/vegetables that is not primary production is included in “fresh ready-made meals”, since production of fresh vegetables in Norway is mainly related to cutting salads, blending, etc. With regard to eggs, it is stated that any waste goes into the production of other foods, and should therefore not be recorded as food waste. Wholesalers - At the wholesale stage, the level of food waste is still very low at 0.24% of sales in 2013 - a total decrease of 45% since 2010. Many groups also show a considerable reduction in food waste during the period (2009-2013) of up to 80% (dry goods, fresh meat, fresh and frozen ready-made food). The only group showing an increase in the amount of waste at the wholesale stage was dairy products. New data have been included for fresh fruit and vegetables, which were previously marginally represented in the sample, to provide a more accurate picture of waste in this group. Retailers - The retail stage, like the producer stage, shows relatively high waste in some key groups. Wastage is greatest for fresh baked goods, and is also relatively high for fresh fruit and vegetables, potatoes, fresh ready-made food and fresh fish, but relatively low for frozen ready-made food, eggs, cheese, dairy products and dry goods. The percentage of waste for all groups combined is 2.7%. This figure represents only those groups included in the ForMat project, which show a higher amount of waste than the overall waste of goods by retailers in Norway. The wastage figures for retailers are more representative in 2013 than in previous years, since the retail chains now supply data from 89 shops divided into type, size and geographical location. There is a significant reduction from 2010 to 2013 in the largest groups, baked goods and fruit and vegetables, which indicates that the total food waste from retailers is declining. This should not necessarily imply that waste is

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decreasing as much in terms of weight, as the products with waste that make up the different groups may vary over time. Sliced meat and pâtés, sausages and minced meat have seen the greatest percentage increase in waste for the entire period as a whole (2010-2013), while dry goods have declined the most. The only categories with decreased waste are fresh vegetables, fresh potatoes, fresh baked goods, fresh eggs and dry goods. For all groups as a whole, the amount of waste has remained relatively stable throughout the period. Industrial Sector Survey - For the first time, a comprehensive sector survey was conducted among companies in the food industry to reveal how they work on the problem of food waste. It was an online survey and a total of 130 companies provided responses to the questions. The main finding was that an overwhelming majority of companies, regardless of food industry sector and size, consider that work on food waste reduction will have great future importance for their company. A reduction of food waste in the company will have an impact on both profitability and the company’s reputation. Food waste reduction is today already integrated into the overall strategies of the companies and to some extent also into their HSE strategy, as environmental and quality-enhancing measures and in lean programmes. In these latter two cases, this is more prevalent in large companies than in smaller ones, and there is also some difference according to food industry sector. A large proportion of the companies have started to survey their own food waste and have allocated dedicated personnel for this task. Cooperation within the value chain is relatively weak except for certain sectors (baked goods and chocolate/confectionery). Only 10% of companies report donating food for redistribution. Over 60% of the companies report having a 0-10% potential for food waste reduction, while large companies often mention a potential of 10-25%. Preventative Measures in the Industry - Several of the companies involved in the ForMat project have carried out their own measures to reduce food waste both from their own activities and generally in society. Several producers have taken the initiative to change the shelf life stamp from a “use by" to a "best before" date. Some have introduced new and more flexible packaging solutions that take into account the increasing number of smaller households and provide better protection of the product after opening. In the fruit and vegetable sector, new products have been developed based on food scraps (e.g. root vegetable blends). Retailers now much more frequently reduce the prices of products approaching their expiry date, and food redistribution schemes via the Food Bank or directly to catering establishments have been introduced. Consumer Food Waste and Behaviour - Questionnaire surveys of the extent to which consumers discard food from different categories present a less clear picture in 2014 than in 2013, since the frequency of food discard increased in several categories from 2013 to 2014. Fresh fruit, fresh vegetables, sliced meat, snacks, eggs, milk/cream, yoghurt/sour cream and ketchup all saw an increase in frequency from 2013 to 2014, while fresh baked goods and pan leftovers all decreased in frequency. However, fresh baked goods, fresh ready-made food, fresh meat, milk/cream and pan leftovers show a clear overall reduction in discard frequency during the period 2010-14. In general, the reason most commonly given for discarding baked goods, sliced meat and yoghurt/sour cream was that it was "past its expiry date". The percentage stating that "past its expiry date" was a very important/important reason has generally decreased for all groups from 2013 to 2014. This represents a marked reduction in the period of 10.7 percentage points in the proportion of consumers who report always throwing away food that is past its expiry date. The strong focus on the date stamp in the ForMat project may be an important reason for this change. There are also positive trends in the proportion who report often being tempted to buy too large items/too much food and the proportion who think there is too much of the product in the container. The results for changes in behaviour and attitudes with regard to cooking/meals and discarding food are also very

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positive, as the proportion of consumers who report often making too much food and throwing away pan leftovers declined by 6.8 percentage points from 2010 to 2014. There is also a distinct reduction in the proportion taking too large servings on their plates and throwing away the remains, at 3.9 percentage points. Other Activities - The ForMat project also has important links to other activities and projects to reduce food waste. The Oslo Food Bank redistributed about 600 tons of food to charities in its first full year of operation, making it already the biggest food bank in the Nordic countries. At least as much is probably redistributed locally, meaning that such work is now very extensive. 1200 tons of food represents about 2.5 million meals per year, or nearly 7000 meals a day. Several ongoing research projects in Norway and the other Nordic countries have received input for relevant topics from ForMat. This applies to e.g. three Nordic Council of Ministers sub-projects on primary production, date stamps and redistribution and the BioNær programme from the Research Council of Norway on packaging and food waste prevention, run by BAMA and Nofima.

Consultar: http://matsvinn.no/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/Food-waste-in-Norway-

2014.pdf

● Hegyi, A. y otros, “Needs and difficulties of food businesses in the substantiation of health and nutrition claims”. Campden BRI Hungary & International Life Sciences Institute Europe (2015) 28 págs.

Abstract The food industry has been struggling with existing guidance on how to prepare health claim dossiers. Hence the EU-funded project PATHWAY-27 seeks to provide a more tailored guidance. Within this project, robust guidelines for the food industry will be developed. The guidelines will be applicable to bioactives and bioactive enriched foods in general, to facilitate health claim documentation and dossiers. Based on a questionnaire, information on the needs and difficulties of the food industry in reaching the requirements established by the national and EU authorities (EFSA) was gathered. Particular emphasis was placed on scientific, economic, technical and technological barriers. Keywords: health claim, nutrition claim, questionnaire, survey, guideline

Consultar: http://centmapress.ilb.uni-

bonn.de/ojs/index.php/proceedings/article/viewFile/462/456

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● Emily Rose Rollins, “Does the US use Food Safety Regulation as a Disguised Barrier to Trade? Evidence from Canadian Agri-food Commodity Exports”. The University of Guelph (2014) 151 págs.

Abstract This thesis asks the question: is the US using food safety regulations illegitimately, that is as a non-tariff barrier to trade rather than to manage food safety risks, specifically in the context of agri-food imports from Canada? Data on US import refusals of three categories of fruits, vegetables and nuts, cereal products, and seafood are used as a proxy for stringency and enforcement of US food safety regulations, with a negative binomial generalized linear model being employed to determine the significance of range of food safety risk and other less legitimate drivers of US food safety regulations. Key variables used to capture political influence on US food safety regulations are lobbying contributions changes in import prices, and the occurrence of countervailing investigations. While US border rejections for these commodities are largely explained by food safety risks, there is evidence of political influence, with qualitative and quantitative difference across the commodities.

Consultar: https://dspace.lib.uoguelph.ca/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10214/8821/Rollins_Emily_201505_Msc.pdf?sequence=1

● K. Aschberger y otros, “Nanomaterials in Food – Current and Future Applications and Regulatory Aspects”. 4th International Conference on Safe Production and Use of Nanomaterials (Nanosafe2014) IOP Publishing, doi:10.1088/1742-6596/617/1/012032.

Abstract Nanotechnology can contribute to the development of innovative applications in the agriculture, food and feed sector by e.g. enabling improved delivery of nutrients or increased efficacy of agrichemicals. It is expected that applications will increase in the near future and may therefore become a relevant source of human exposure to nanomaterials (NM). To gain more up-to date information, RIKILT and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) were commissioned by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) to prepare an

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inventory of currently used and reasonably foreseen applications of NM in agriculture and food/feed production and carried out a review of regulatory aspects concerning NM in both EU and non-EU countries. An analysis of the information records in the inventory shows that nano-encapsulates, silver and titanium dioxide are the most frequent type of NM listed and that food additives and food contact materials are the most frequent types of application. A comparison between marketed applications and those in development indicates a trend from inorganic materials (e.g. silver) towards organic materials (nano-encapsulates, nanocomposites). Applications in novel food, feed additives, biocides and pesticides are currently mostly at a developmental stage. The review of EU and non-EU legislation shows that currently a few EU legal acts incorporate a definition of a nanomaterial and specific provisions for NM, whereas in many non-EU countries a broader approach is applied, which mainly builds on guidance for industry.

Consultar: http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/iop/jpcs/2015/00000617/00000001/art012032?crawler=true

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● Qingyun Zhu y Joseph Sarkis, “Green Marketing and Consumerism in China: Analyzing the Literature”. Working Paper WP1-2015, 48 págs.

Abstract China has faced environmental concerns due to its increased economic growth. Corporations are under various pressures to address their environmental footprints. They can also take the opportunity to build competitive advantage from their greening efforts to build green markets and address needs of green consumers. This paper reviews the literature on green marketing and consumerism in China. The findings resulted in only 50 peer reviewed journal publications that focused on these topics. Although much insight has been gained from this past work, significant future research is still needed. Gaps are identified and future research directions based on marketing strategy, international comparisons, and green consumerism are all included in the discussion and analysis. This work represents one of the first efforts to provide a compendium of studies and analysis of green marketing and consumerism in China. Keywords: China, Green Marketing, Green Consumerism, Literature Review

http://www.wpi.edu/Images/CMS/Business/WP1-2015_Green_Marketing.pdf

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● Silvia Bañares y otros, “1169 preguntas y respuestas sobre el etiquetado de los alimentos”. Bebookness (2015) ISBN: 9788494342844. Descripción (e-book):

Mediante el Reglamento UE 1169/2011, la Unión Europea (UE) se ha impuesto como objetivo mejorar las reglas de

etiquetado de los productos alimenticios para que los consumidores dispongan de información esencial, legible y

comprensible y puedan comprar dichos productos con conocimiento de causa. Por motivos de seguridad pública, las

nuevas disposiciones, refuerzan la protección contra los alérgenos y aborda otras cuestiones como la responsabilidad de

los productores y comerciantes, etc.

Por su ámbito de aplicación (se aplica en todas las fases de la cadena alimentaria y a todos los alimentos destinados al

consumidor final, incluidos los entregados por colectividades y los destinados al suministro de colectividades) el

articulado del Reglamento UE 1169/2011 es complejo y no siempre fácil de interpretar.

Por estas razones los autores de esta obra facilitan de forma completa, pero con una ingeniosa presentación en forma de

preguntas y correspondientes respuestas, explicaciones detalladas y precisiones aclaratorias sobre las nuevas reglas

que rigen el etiquetado de los productos alimenticios (desde el día 13 de diciembre de 2014).

De fácil consulta, esta obra constituye un útil instrumento que servirá para despejar dudas e incógnitas, evitar errores y

mejorar el adecuado cumplimiento del complejo sistema de información al consumidor establecido por el nuevo

Reglamento comunitario (de aplicación directa en todos los Estados miembros de la UE).

Véase:

http://www.amazon.es/gp/product/B00W9K6OJK?*Version*=1&*entries*=0

(Anuncio sin fines comerciales – gentileza de SOCDERCON)

SOCDERCON – Sociología y Derecho del consumo y de la alimentación – pág. 37

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