Bibliography Plan: Criminal Profiling Dr. Diane Nahl Douglas Gueco ...

Bibliography Plan: Criminal Profiling

L I S 601 Dr. Diane Nahl

Douglas Gueco December 16,2004

Table of Contents

I. Introduction

11. Search Strategy

Subject Headings

Voyager

Databases & Indexes

World Wide Web

111. Conclusion

IV. Subject Headings Relevancy Ratings

V. Endnotes

VI. Sample Annotated Bibliography

Overview

MethodoIogy

Research

Introduction

Movies like Kiss The Girls, Seven, and Silence Of The Lambs have catapulted criminal

Profiling into the public consciousness, but at the same time cloaked it in a shroud of

mystery. Criminal profiling is an investigative tool employed by crime investigators in

order to derive specific information about unknown suspects which will be used to

identifl andfor apprehend them. A proper profile is grounded in physical evidence. The

evidence is used, through interpretation and reconstruction, to recreate victim and

offender behavior. There have been recent studies which put into question the validity of

criminal profiling and whether it is more help or hindrance in a crime investigation. The

aim of this bibliography is to bring together a collection of information which would help

to demystify what it is that a criminal profiler does and explore the controversy

surrounding it.

Style

To cite the sources in this plan I used Kate L. Turabian's A Manual for Writers of Term

Paper, Thesis, and ~issertations'.

Search Strategy

Subject Headings

Prior to my look through the Library Of Congress Subject ~ e a d i n ~ s ' ~ , I knew one of my

search terms was going to CRIMINAL PROFILING. When I searched for CRIMINAL

PROFILING in the LCSH it directed me to "see also" CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR,

PREDICTION OF and it under this heading that I got the following terms: OFFENDER

PROFILING, CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY, AND CRTME FORECASTING. There were

other terms but I thought they were either redundant or would not fetch what I was

looking for. In browsing through the stacks of Hamilton Library with my flashlight I

found that most of the books on or relating to criminal profiling fell between the call

numbers HV 6080 (criminal psychology, general works) and HV 8073.5 (I.D. of persons,

general works).

Reference Sources

Balay Is Guide To Rejkrence ~ o o k s ' ~

In looking through the content pages the only topic I could find that was remotely related

to my search was CRIMINOLOGY. There were no specific sources on criminal profiling

but there were some sources that sounded promising. The Encyclopedia Of Police

~cience '~, according to its annotation sounded like it could be a possible source for

articles on criminal profiling.

Hawaii voyager12

In Hawaii voyagerI2, I began my search by using the search using the Library of

Congress suggested term CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, PREDICTION OF and I got fifty

two returns. I found some relevant sources like: Unknown Darkness: Profiling The

Predators Among and some non-relevant sources like: Genetics and criminal

behavior, which is about the possible genetic factors that contribute to criminal behavior.

I was curious about whether there could be other relevant sources that may be under

some other subject headings so I tried CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION

PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS, a term that was listed in the Voyager records of some of

the relevant sources I found. It rounded up twelve returns, seven of which were relevant

to my search.

The next search term I tried was suggested to me by voyager when I was

searching CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, PREDICTION OF, a link titled "see also" was

provided and it led to CRIME FORCASTING. It turned out to be a dead end there were

around nine returns but none proved to be useful, all of the returns were about predicting

crime rates among groups of people or in society as a whole. Search terms that also

proved to be futile were FORENSIC PSYCOLOGY and CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY.

FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY netted over a hundred returns, none proved to be of any

help to my project almost all were about psychology and law none were about criminal

profiling in particular. CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY provided me with one relevant

source but most of the over two hundred other returns were more about psychology and

criminality and did not mention profiling.

Using "criminal profiling" as keyword anywhere I got over eight thousand returns

of course there were relevant terms and non-relevant terms but there were a lot more

irrelevant sources in the keyword search than in the subject search. "Offender profiling"

got just over four hundred returns it performed worst than "criminal profiling" but I

expected that, just because most literature I read on the subject mention "criminal

profiling". "Criminal behavior, prediction of' got over ten thousand returns in this case

the search term worked too well even voyager suggested that I might want to refine my

search. The keyword searches worked but sometimes there were just too many irrelevant

things to sort through in order to find what you need.

Hawaii State Public Library System (HSPLS)~~

The H S P L S ~ ~ online catalog advanced search didn't impress me much. It just

seemed to be the basic search just in a slightly format, the only difference was the

addition of options to limit your search or to have your results sorted differently. I began

my search using CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, PREDICTION OF, it returned with fifteen

results. There weren't nearly as many results as there were in Hawaii voyager12 but most

of the fifteen results were relevant to my search and a few were of titles that the U.H.

system didn't own like, A Study Of Factors Predicting Criminal ~ehavio?~. I tested all

the search terms that I used in my voyager12 searches and I got many of the same results

in relevancy of each term the only difference was in the amount of results I got voyager12

just had a lot more results though the few that were in the H S P L S ~ ~ system and not in

voyager12 made it worth looking into.

Databases & Indexes

EbscoHost lo

There are several databases which may contain articles about "criminal profiling"

and by sheer luck I just so happened to discover a feature on EBSCO~OS~" which allows

user's to choose and search several databases at once. I reviewed the list of databases

offered by EBSCO and read the caption provided on each. I read each caption very

carefully and decided to use Academic Search Premie?, MasterFILE premier3, Funk &

Wagnells New World ~ n c ~ c l o ~ e d i a ~ , American Humanities 1ndex5, Military &

Government collection6, Newspaper source7, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences

~ollection*, and ~ 0 ~ 1 ~ s e a r c h ~ .

In the first search I decided to go for the gusto and searched CRIMINAL AND

PSYCHOLOGY because it's a big subject area into which criminal profiling falls into. I

got over seven hundred returns. Seven hundred articles is a lot to sort through and after

going through several pages and not finding what I desired I decided to try using some

Boolean language. I started out stringing together CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY OR

PROFILING and got over eleven thousand returns. I skimmed through the pages and

found mostly articles about racial profiling and other articles with the word profiling in it

but nothing about what I was searching for. I decided to try and cut back on the amount

of returns by replacing "OR" with "AND", CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY AND

PROFILING this gave me thirty three returns a much more manageable work group. I

finally found some relevant articles like "Believing Is Seeing? Investigating The

Perceived Accuracy Of Criminal Psychological Pro$les. l 4 " I used FORENSIC

PSYCHOLOGY next because it too is a topic under which criminal profiling can fall

under. I got just below two hundred returns I looked through several pages and none of

the articles I viewed proved to be of any relevance to my search.

I saved my best two search strategies for last, the natural language search of

CRIMINAL AND PROFILING and the Library of Congress subject heading suggestion

of CRIMINALBEHAVIOR, PREDICTION OF. CRIMINAL AND PROFILING netted

forty eight returns, most of which were relevant to my search like "ProJiling: Art Of The

~ducated ~unch" ", up to this point it was the most successful strategy by far. My last

search strategy involved using the Library of Congress suggested phrase CRIMINAL

BEHAVIOR, PREDICTION OF, it rounded up over a hundred returns and in reviewing

the results I found many-pertinent articles and some of which were missed by (criminal

profiling) in this case the controlled vocabulary of Library of Congress turned out to be

the better search strategy.

I used a keyword search in the end. I began with the terms "criminal" AND

"profiling", it garnered just four returns. "Criminal behavior" AND "prediction of" got

nothing, so the keyword search in EBSCO was disappointing to say the least.

~sycinfo~~

In ~sycinfo~~ I started out with the natural language terms CRIMINAL and

PROFILING, and I got seventy three returns and many of the returns were relevant to my

search. I then tried changing the descriptor (subject) fields to keywords and I got over

four hundred returns in which there were many relevant sources but it also brought up

some unrelated things like racial profiling. CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, PREDICTION OF,

turned out to be a disappointing effort there were only nineteen hits and none were

relevant to my search. I changed the search fields from descriptor to keyword which

brought in more returns but the result was the same none of the articles proved to be of

any use to me.

rngentd5

Ingenta brought in forty one articles when I entered "criminal profiling" as a

keyword. The only way that Ingenta could be improved would be for it to incorporate a

subject search feature. "Criminal behavior, prediction of" didn't round up any returns but

in all my keyword searches it didn't perform as well as it did in the subject searches.

"Offender profiling" proved to be another highly relevant term but it got me much of the

same material I had gotten from "criminal profiling". There were forty six articles

retrieved when I used "forensic psychology" but none of the forty six was useful,

"criminal psychology" worked slightly better it retrieved a handful of relevant articles.

LexisNexis Academicz4

I tried both the basic search and the guided search and between the two I found

the basic search got me more relevant terms. "Criminal profiling" in the basic search got

me over a hundred returns in which there some relevant returns, while using the guided

search and Boolean language I got just twenty five returns with "criminal AND

profiling". I stuck with the basic search and tried "forensic psychology" it got me over a

hundred returns and "criminal psychology" got just four and neither contained relevant

sources. "Criminal behavior, prediction of ' netted over a hundred returns but none were

relevant to me search just about all of the articles were about predicting the weather. I

went back to using the guided search and set it to general news and major papers in the

hopes that out of all the choices this would give me the biggest returns. "Forensic AND

psychology" got fourteen returns, "criminal AND psychology" got seventeen, "criminal

behavior AND prediction of ' got zero, and "criminal AND profiling7' got twenty five

returns and out of all these returns I only found one relevant source from "criminal AND

profiling".

World Wide Web

Amazon. corn1'

On ~mazon.com" I choose to limit my searches to books. In my first search I

used "criminal profiling" and I got almost five thousand returns. There were a lot of

relevant books but I still got a lot of returns on racial profiling. My next search consisted

of using "criminal behavior, prediction of', it brought in just over thirty three thousand

returns. I got some relevant sources on just about every page I glanced at but I also got a

ton of miscellaneous stuff which didn't particularly pertain to what I was looking for. I

explored using some of the features ~rnazon.com' ' offers like the "Look for similar items

by subject" feature, it listed some great sources but there was a draw back. The feature

allows you to check the boxes of subjects in which relevant items could fall under but the

draw back is that it works like the "and" in Boolean language and it can undermine the

amount of returns you may have had in the original search and relinquish many relevant

items. I checked on two subject boxes in my search and instructed the computer to look

for items in the subject areas of "criminal behavior, prediction of ' and "criminal

profiling" and it retrieved just two books. The best way to use this feature is to look at

each subject area individually and therefore keep fiom losing so many prospects.

Barnes & ~ o b l e ~ '

I searched Barnes & and I expected that I would get much of the same

results that I got when I searched Amazon1' but it was not so. When I searched "criminal

profiling" in Barnes & I got over two hundred items as opposed to the five

thousand I got fiom ~mazon". Moving on in my search I tried "criminal behavior,

prediction of" and I was presented with ninety six returns and many were relevant much

of the results were the same as those I got for "criminal profiling". The most surprising

aspect of this search was that "offender profiling" got forty nine returns here while it got

zero returns in Amazon1 l . My last two search terms were "forensic psychology" and

"criminal psychology" both of which got thousands of returns.

~ o o ~ l e ~ '

Google2' was the first web search engine I explored and I based my critiques of

the other search engines I reviewed on my experience with ~ o o ~ l e ~ ' . I launched my

search odyssey with "criminal profiling", it gathered in almost four hundred thousand

hits. It was harder, in the web searches, to judge the usefulness of a site unlike the

database searches many of the websites don't offer an abstract and sometimes it takes

some exploring of the site to find out if it could be useful. One of the useful sites I found

under the "criminal profiling search was Criminal Profling Links, I found it on the third

page of results which goes to show that you need to some browsing. The most relevant

sources aren't always listed on the first page or even the first ten pages. Criminal

Profiling Links, lists websites, articles, books, and people that pertain to criminal

profiling.

I saw the link for advance search on ~ o o ~ l e ' s ~ ' home page and I scrolled it up

and down but I didn't find any features in it that would help my search. The features that

might be useful would be the ability to limit my search to a certain language or to limit it

to a certain domain, but for in a proper search you don't want to limit your results too

much and miss out on a great source.

"Criminal Behavior, Prediction Of' brought in almost two hundred thousand hits and it

too offered up some great sources. I didn't find this search as good as "criminal

profiling". Many of the articles I got mentioned criminal behavior but did touch on

profiling. On a whim I also tried searching "criminal psychology" and "forensic

psychology" two subjects in which criminal profiling can be found in. "Criminal

profiling brought in three million hits and "forensic psychology" also brought back hits

numbering in the millions, it was at this point that I understood how the advanced search

of Google2' could be useful, I could ask Google2' to look for websites within these

searches that mention profiling. I tried this on my search of "criminal psychology" and it

cut my results to sixty thousand and I was able to find more relevant sources a lot easier.

"Criminal profiling" netted over fifty thousand hits, many of the sites were the

same as those provided by ~ o o ~ l e ~ ' , but there were less hits on M S N ~ ~ and it wasn't as

thorough as Google2'. M S N ~ ~ has what you would think were convenient features like an

encyclopedia which I tried when searching criminal profiling it gave me a very concise

article on criminal profiling and that was it, it would just create more questions for

someone researching criminal profiling then it would answer.

"Criminal behavior, prediction of" collected over twenty thousand hits and there

was one result that stuck out from the rest. It was a library catalog record for a video

entitled Inside The Mind of Criminal ProJilers the only problem with this would be trying

to obtain a copy of this video. The library record came from Vermont Technical College.

"Offender profiling" was another great search term it brought back over seven thousand

hits though many were the same as the ones I got using "Criminal behavior, prediction

of" and "criminal profiling". I knew my last two searches were going to garner a lot of

hits judging by the results I got from ~ o o ~ l e ~ ' , both "criminal psychology" and "forensic

psychology" thousands of more returns than the other search terms.

yahoo19

"Criminal behavior, prediction of" garnered over a hundred thousand hits. There

were not as many relevant sources here as there was when I used ~ o o ~ l e ~ ~ . A few of the

sites were ones that I had found earlier in Google2' and M S N ~ ~ . There was an advanced

search feature and I tried narrowing my search to ".erg" sites but it turned out to be a

dead end in my search, ".govN proved to be equally disappointing. The URL's ".corn" and

".eduV were more fruitful in my endeavor. "Criminal profiling" garnered over two

hundred thousand returns and in all the web searches criminal profiling came out as the

better search term in the number of relevant returns and in the over amount of returns.

Conclusion

This was a very long and drawn out process, which turned out to be very fulfilling

in the end. I admit that prior to this project I had very little experience in using the

various online resources that I've used in this project. In the beginning of the project I

just sort of stumbled through it and I had to redo some searches several times, but it was

all a part of the learning process and as I got a feel for using the databases and online

catalogs things clicked and I can honestly say that I am more confident in my searching

abilities. In the past I would just blindly type in a term and send it out in the hopes that it

would hit something but now I know that there is a process and steps you can take to

ensure a successful search.

I had so many little victories in my quest that it would be hard to recount them all

but to sum it up I would have to say that being meticulous is a virtue to say the least. I

hampered my own progress by being in a rush to get things done and neglecting to read

instructions and not taking thorough notes. My advise to anyone wanting to do a project

of this type would be to spend time exploring all these catalogs, indexes, databases, and

search engines, because by knowing what kind of features they offer and how to use

those features you'll save on a lot of time and effort.

Search Term Relevance Ratings

RELEVANCY

highly relevant

useful

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

highly relevant

useful

highly relevant

useful

useful

highly relevant

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

highly relevant

useful

highly relevant

useful

useful

highly relevant

SOURCE

U.H. Voyager

HSPLS

SEARCH TERMS

CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR AND PREDICTION OF

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS

CRIME FORCASTING

FORENSIC AND PSYCHOLOGY

CRIMINAL AND PSYCHOLOGY

CRIMINAL AND PROFILING

OFFENDER AND PROFILING

criminal AND profiling

offender AND profiling

criminal behavior AND prediction of

forensic AND psychology

criminal AND psychology







Offender AND profiling





EBSCOHost

CSA (Psycinfo)

lngenta

LexisNexis Academic










forensic AND psychology AND profiling

criminal AND psychology AND profiling











criminal AND psychology AND profiling

forensic AND psychology AND profiling

criminal profiling

criminal behavior, prediction of

forensic psychology

criminal psychology

offender profiling

criminal profiling


forensic psychology

criminal psychology

offender profiling






criminal profiling


not relevant

not relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

useful

useful

not relevant

useful

useful

highly relevant

highly relevant

not relevant

useful

useful

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

not relevant

useful

useful

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

not relevant

not relevant

useful

highly relevant

useful

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

useful

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

not relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

MSN

Yahoo

Amazon

Bames 8 Noble

forensic psychology

criminal psychology

forensic psychology AND profiling

criminal psychology AND profiling

offender profiling

criminal profiling


offender profiling

criminal psychology

forensic psychology

criminal profiling


offender profiling

criminal psychology

forensic psychology

criminal profiling


offender profiling

criminal psychology

forensic psychology

criminal profiling


offender profiling

criminal psychology

forensic psychology

useful

useful

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

useful

useful

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

useful

useful

highly relevant

highly relevant

not relevant

useful

useful

highly relevant

highly relevant

highly relevant

useful

useful

Endnotes

1. Turabian, Kate L. A manual for writers of Term papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 6' ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996. [LB2369 .T8 19961

2. Academic Search Premier, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhrnlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

3. MasterFile Premier, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

4. Funk & Wagnells New World Encyclopedia, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http:/Aibweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.ht; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

5. American Humanities Index, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

6. Military & Government Collection, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

7. Newspaper Source, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.ht; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

8. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

9. TOPICsearch, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

10. EBSCOHost, [database on-line]; (EBSCO Publishing, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

1 1. Amazon. com, mome page on-line]; available from http://www.Amazon.coml 1 .corn;

Internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

12. Libraries of the University of Hawaii System, Hawaii Voyager, [home page on-line]; available from http://libweb.hawaii.eduluhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

13. Gregg 0 . McCrary and Katherine Ramsland, The Unknown Darkness: Profiling The Predators Among Us (New York: William Morrow, 2003). HV6505 .M39 2003

14. Richard N. Kocsis and Andrew F. Hayes, "Believing Is Seeing? Investigating The Perceived Accuracy Of Criminal Psychological Profiles," International Journal Of Oflender Therap & Comparative Criminology. 48(2) (April 2004): 149- 160, [article on-line]; available from EBSCOHost via Hawaii Voyager: Electronic Resources http://libweb.hawaii.eduluhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

15. Laura Parker, "Profiling: Art Of The Educated Hunch," USA Today, (November 2002), [article on-line]; available from EBSCOHost via Hawaii Voyager: Electronic Resources http://libweb. hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 2 November 2004

1 6. Robert Balay, ed., Guide to Refirenee Books, 1 1 th ed. (Chicago: American Library Association, 1996). [CIS DESK REF 21035.1 .G89 19961

17. William G. Bailey, ed., The Encyclopedia Of Police Science, (New York: Garland, 1989). [HV7901 .E53]

18. Library of Congress, Library of Congress Subject Headings, 27th ed. (Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, 2002). [REF 2695 .U4749 20041

19. Yahoo, [homepage on-line]; available from http://www.yahoo.com; Internet; accessed 29 November 2004.

20. Google, pomepage on-line]; available from http://www.google.com; Internet; accessed 26 November 2004.

21. Criminal Profiling Links, [homepage on-line]; available from http://www.law- forensic.com~crimina1~rofiling.htm; Internet; accessed 26 November 2004.

22. Psycinfo, [database on-line]; (CSA, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http:Nlibweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

23. MSN, pomepage on-line]; available from http://www.msn.com; Internet; accessed 29 November 2004.

24. LexisNexis Academic, [database on-line]; (Reed Elsevier Inc., 2004) available from

Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http://libweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

25. Ingenta, [database on-line]; (Ingenta, 2004) available from Hawaii Voyager Electronic Resources at http:Nlibweb.hawaii.edu/uhmlib/index.htm; internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

26. Hawaii State Public Library System, Hawaii State Public Library System Online Catalog [homepage on-line]; available from http://www.librarieshawaii.ord; internet; accessed 10, December 2004.

27. Karen N. Blondin and Lance Castroverde, A Study Of Factors Predicting Criminal Behavior., (Honolulu: Blondin 1978). [H 364.2 B]

28. Barnes&Noble.com, Fome page on-line]; available from http://www.barnesandnoble.com; Internet; accessed 26, November 2004.

29. Mark Cole, Inside The Mind of Criminal ProJilers, (Princeton, N.J. : Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 2001). [Video 364.3 In71

Annotations

Ovewiew

Winerman, Lea. "Criminal Profiling: The reality Behind The Myth." [home page on-

line]; available from http://www.a~a.ordmonitor/iulaug04lcriminal.html ; Internet

accessed 1 December 2004. Washington D.C., American Psychological Association.

2004

This is a concise overview of criminal profiling. It begins by chronicling criminal

profiling fiom its use by physicians, George Phillips and Thomas Bond, in the "Jack the

Ripper" murder cases to its present incarnation. It also explores the role psychology

plays in profiling and the relationship between psychology and law enforcement. This is a

fitting starting point in the researching of criminal profiling.

Wilson, Clare. "Mapping The Criminal Mind." New Scientist 178, issue 2392 (April

2003): 46-49. Database on-line. Available fiom Academic Search Premier (accessed 1

December 2004).

An interview with geographic researcher Kim Tossmo. The interview discusses what

geographic profiling is and the methodology behind it. The reader is also given insight to

what it is to be a profiler making it a great resource for anyone looking into a career as a

pro filer.

Methodology

Godwin, Grover Maurice, ed. Criminal Psychology and Forensic Technology. Boca

Raton, London, New York, Washington D.C.: CRC Press, 2001.

Examines criminal profiling through the lenses of several disciplines from Psychology to

Entomology with a collection of articles by experts in the field. The goal is to bring about

more accurate profiling by rooting it in hard science. The key to achieving this goal is

making criminal profiling a team effort and this book lays out a blue print for bridging

the gap between psychology and forensic science to create an integrated methodology.

The strength of this book lies in its straight forward and unadorned explanations of what

can be complex ideas.

Research

Laurence, Alison, Matthew D. Smith and Keith Morgan. "Interpreting The Accuracy Of

Offender Profiles." Psychology, Crime & Law 9, issue 2 (June 2003): 185-196, Available

from Academic Search Premier (accessed 1 December 2004).

This study examines how even ambiguous criminal profiles can be perceived as accurate

if presented as originating from a legitimate source. It demonstrates the controversy

surrounding the accuracy of criminal profiling. An interesting study which calls for

further exploration into the authenticity of criminal profiling.

Hempel, Anthony G., J. Reid Meloy and Thomas C. Richards. "Offender and Offense

Characteristics of a Nonrandom Sample of Mass Murderers." Journal of the American

Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 27, no.2 (1999): 213-225, [home page on-line];

available from http://www.forensis.org/MedialInterl .html; Internet; accessed 1 December

2004.

Chronicles a study done on a nonrandom sample of mass murderers from the United

States and Canada. The study documents the creation of a statistical profile of a mass

murderer based on information gathered from fifty years worth of murder cases involving

mass murderers. The language and structure of this article can get a little technical and

maybe confusing for those who are not accustomed to reading research articles.

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