Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in Diaspora

Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in Diaspora Paul J Converse1, Tadesse Wuhib2, Mesfin S. Mulatu3, Helmut Kloos4 Introduction This is the first bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in the Diaspora. It covers all aspects of the epidemic and prevention and control efforts as well as patient care and support between 1984 and the end of 2002, as well as major publications on earlier research on possible primate retrovirus reservoirs and transmission to humans. The 943 references to publications and unpublished reports on HIV, AIDS, risk behavior, socioeconomic and demographic impacts and interventions are classified under seven broad subject headings to facilitate access by researchers from different academic disciplines, policy makers and health workers. Each reference is classified by its major subject, without cross-classification, in chronological order and alphabetized for each year. The listing, initially developed in 1999 for the Partners Against HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia (PAHA) internet-based discussion group, contains all papers cited in PubMed, which was searched for both “Ethiopia and HIV" and "Ethiopia and AIDS". Abstracts presented at International Conferences on AIDS between 1989 and 1998 were downloaded from a now extinct internet source, and abstracts from the 2000 and 2002 International AIDS Conferences were downloaded from the compact discs for ______________________________________ 1Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205; 2U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; 3Section on Socio-Environmental Studies, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA; 4Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

these conferences. Additional references were obtained from earlier International AIDS and other conferences, Ministry of Health and other government as well as NGO reports, news media articles and journals either not listed in PubMed or not using one of the search terms. Some reports were undated but assumed to have been published in the 1990s and are indicated as “1995?” Of the 76 abstracts listed for the historic First International Conference on AIDS in Ethiopia in November, 1999, 34, which directly concerned Ethiopia or Ethiopians in the Diaspora, were added to the bibliography. A search of the Ethiopian Journal of Health Development website enabled us to obtain references from this important source. Searching past issues of the Bulletin of the Jimma Institute of Health Sciences and its successor the Ethiopian Journal of Health Science unearthed articles particularly relevant to this part of Ethiopia. Scanning the PsycLit database for articles related to Ethiopia also uncovered more relevant literature. Dr. Eduard Sanders of ENARP kindly supplied his list of HIV/AIDS publications and theses, including those in press and in preparation. Dr. Alula Pankhurst, Addis Ababa University, sent a list of ambitious theses on the topic submitted by senior students in the Department of Anthropology and Sociology. Additional references on the history and nature of commercial sex work in Ethiopia (see, for example, Epidemiology section # 1, 2, 66, 79, 107) provide the foundation for understanding the rapid spread of HIV infection after the virus’ estimated 1982-83 entry (see Biomedical #99) into the population, some years after its entry into neighboring countries. With the progression of the epidemic, issues of HIV risk, sexuality and gender in the general population (see Epidemiology #316, 333) and patient treatment and care are increasingly being addressed. Discussions of provider-patient

34 Ethiop.J.Health Dev. ________________________________________________________________________________ relations, including the communication of bad news to patients and their families are areas needing further attention by the medical, social and religious communities, with the goal of reducing anxiety and suffering and optimizing treatment and care programs (see Epidemiology # 92 and Intervention # 51). Papers from the Ethiopian Diaspora provide insights into the effect of different socioeconomic and health services environments on the occurrence of HIV/AIDS. The citations were downloaded or entered into an EndNote® bibliographic software file. The material was then imported into Microsoft Word and formatted by topic, publication year, and alphabetical order using the format required by the Journal. The separation by topic was done by inspection of title, abstract, and, if available, key words. Obviously, many papers could have overlapping focuses. KAP (knowledge, attitudes, and practice) and epidemiological studies are combined in one list since many of these papers cover both subjects. Finally, the papers from the Diaspora are subdivided by biomedical, clinical, epidemiological, intervention, and evaluation categories. The fact that the Journal is currently accessible through the internet will make it possible to do at least limited electronic searching of the titles in this database. A dozen papers edited by Drs. Helmut Kloos and Alula Pankhurst that provide new information using an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, prevention and patient care in Ethiopia and the Diaspora were in press at the end of 2002. We will provide full references to the two special issues in the journal Northeast African Studies in which they will be published when this compilation is next updated. Inclusion of references to studies on root causes of the epidemic in the social, economic, cultural, behavioral and administrative spheres is essential for a comprehensive understanding of the epidemic. These references will also aid

the implementation of the broadly based prevention and control strategy formulated by the Policy on HIV/AIDS of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia and the accompanying review paper by H. Kloos, Tadesse Wuhib, Damen Haile Mariam and B. Lindtjørn. The structure of the subheadings and the chronological listing of individual references also provide an indication of a trend of individual, institutional and national efforts from biomedical-, laboratory-based research to epidemiological investigations, impact assessments and, most recently, to intervention and evaluation. As the national prevention and control strategy is being implemented there will be an increasing need for documentation and data sources in all areas of intervention, evaluation and related areas. These areas include: poverty reduction; gender issues; community participation and administrative partnerships; technical and institutional capacity building; the delivery and monitoring of drug delivery systems; drug resistance; improvements in the national monitoring and surveillance system; extending voluntary counseling and testing programs; advocacy for patient rights and welfare; and finally impacts on, and rehabilitation of, families and communities (not only individuals) including the less accessible parts of the country. In spite of increasing access by researchers and health workers to computerized information systems during recent years, the need for periodic updates of this bibliography will persist for the foreseeable future. The goal is to make a wide range of source information available to the planning, research, and health services communities. This will also permit identification of relatively neglected and newly evolving areas thus facilitating interim program monitoring and evaluation which is essential for guiding and upgrading the evolving national prevention and control program (e.g., Evaluation # 16). The bibliography, with a link to the Journal, will also be available for further dissemination

Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in the Diaspora 35 ________________________________________________________________________________ through the recently established AIDS Resource Center (ARC) on Bole Road in Addis Ababa. Conference abstracts will be available at ARC as well. The ARC website is at http://www.etharc.org. Apologies are made to Ethiopian authors whose names are sometimes cited by first name and sometimes by father's name. Whenever possible these were corrected to father's name and first initial in order to be as consistent as possible. The compilers would be pleased to know of corrections and additions. 1) Biomedical: laboratory-based research 121 references 1. Voevodin AF, Lapin BA, Yakovleva LA,

Ponomaryeva TI, Oganyan TE, Razmadze EN. Antibodies reacting with human T-lymphotropic retrovirus (HTLV-1) or related antigens in lymphomatous and healthy hamadryas baboons. Int J Cancer 19985;36(5):579-84.

2. Dracopoli NC, Turner TR, Else JG, et al. STLV-I antibodies in feral populations of East African vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). Int J Cancer 1986;38(4):523-9.

3. Ishida T, Yamanoto K, Shotake T, Nozawa K, Hayami M, Hinuma Y. A field study of infection with human T-cell leukemia virus among African primates. Microbiol Immunol 1986;30(4):315-21.

4. Ayehunie S, Fehniger TE, Zewdie D, Britton S. False positive Western blot results among Ethiopian sera. Int Conf AIDS 1988, Stockholm: 260 (abstract no. 5586).

5. Messele T, Blomberg J, Klasse PJ. Development of quantitative method with a wide linear range for evaluation of anti-HIV antibodies using radioactive secondary IgG binding reagents. Int Conf AIDS 1988, Stockholm: 126 (abstract no 1053).

6. Zewdie D, Taticheff S, Ayehunie S, Adal G, Ketema G. Evidence of cross-reactivity

between parasitic antibodies and HIV-1 antigens. Int Conf AIDS 1988, Stockholm: 260 (abstract no. 5587).

7. Baier M, Werner A, Cichutek K, et al. Molecularly cloned simian immuno-deficiency virus SIVagm3 is highly divergent from other SIVagm isolates and is biologically active in vitro and in vivo. J Virol 1989;63(12):5119-23.

8. Hayami M. Relationship among primate retroviruses. Int Conf AIDS 1989, Montreal: 519 (abstract no. T.C.O. 25).

9. Kodama T, Silva DP, Daniel MD, et al. Prevalence of antibodies to SIV in baboons in their native habitat. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1989;5(3):337-43.

10. Kvinesdal BB, Bruun LS, Nielsen CM. Lack of vertical transmission of SIVagm in a breeding colony of Cercopithecus aethiops. Int Conf AIDS 1989, Montreal: 596 (abstract no. W.C.P. 25).

11. Li Y, Naidu Y, Fultz P, Daniel MD, Desrosiers RC. Genetic diversity of simian immunodeficiency virus. J Med Primatol 1989;18(3-4):261-9.

12. Ayehunie S, Johansson B, Sönnerborg A, et al. New subtype of HIV-1 in Ethiopia [letter]. Lancet 1990;336(8720):942.

13. Ayehunie S, Sönnerborg A, Johansson B, et al. Differences in PCR reactivity between HIV proviruses from individuals in Ethiopia and Sweden. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3(10):975-80.

14. Fomsgaard A, Allan J, Gravell M, London WT, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR. Molecular characterization of simian lentiviruses from east African green monkeys. J Med Primatol 1990;19(3-4):295-303.

15. Mesele T, Zewdie D. Comparison of two generations of Wellcozyme Kits. Ethiop J Hlth Dev 1990;4(2):207-211.

16. Watanabe R, Kuller L, Morton WR, Benveniste RE. Presence of antibodies to SIV in newly imported baboons. Symp Nonhum Primate Models AIDS 1990;8:130.

36 Ethiop.J.Health Dev. ________________________________________________________________________________ 17. Zewdie D, Fassil K, Tadesse M, Tamashiro

H. Field evaluation of two simple/rapid test kits for the detection of HIV-I antibodies. Int Conf AIDS 1990, San Francisco: 135 (abstract no. S.C. 223).

18. Zewdie D, Khodakevich L, Shanko B, et al. ELISA false positivity in relation to HIV-1 prevalence in Ethiopia. Ethiop J Hlth Dev 1990;4(2):201-205.

19. Ayehunie S, Johansson B, Salminen M, et al. HIV-1 in Ethiopia: phylogenetic divergence from other HIV-1 strains. Virus Genes 1991;5(4):359-66.

20. Zewdie D, Hailu E, Tadesse M, Ketema F. Using combination assays as a supplemental test. Int Conf AIDS 1991, Florence: 343 (abstract no. W.C. 3188).

21. Ahmed HM, Isahakia M, Suleman M, et al. Simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from white-crowned mangabey belonged to the great heterogeneity of SIVagm group. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: (abstract no. PoA 2448).

22. Ayehunie S, Johansson B, Sönnerborg A, Zewdie D, Britton S, Strannegård O. V3 variability of HIV-1 isolates from Ethiopia. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: 12 (abstract no. PuA 6006).

23. Ayehunie S, Sönnerborg A, Desta B, et al. Relationship between cell-free viraemia, antigenaemia and antibody levels in HIV-1-infected Ethiopian patients. AIDS 1992;6(7):651-7.

24. Baillou A, Barin F, Denis F, Goudeau A. Immunogenic nature of peptides corresponding to various sequences of HIV1 PND. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: (abstract no A40).

25. Buckner C, Roberts CR, Foung SK, et al. Immune responsiveness to the immunodominant recombinant envelope epitopes of human T lymphotropic virus types I and II in diverse geographic populations. J Infect Dis 1992;166(5): 1160-3.

26. Hiwot B, Kebede T, Tesfay HS. Comparison of ELISA X2 positive results

with Western blot results. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: 95 (abstract no. PuB 7277).

27. Sönnerborg A, Ayehunie S, Zewdie DW, Britton S, Strannegård O. Raised levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, but not interferon alpha, in HIV-1 infected patients from Ethiopia. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: A61 (abstract no. PoA 2351).

28. Strannegård O, Sönnerborg A, Ayehunie S, Zewdie DW, Britton S. Relationship between cell-free viremia, antigenemia, and antibody levels in HIV-1 infected patients. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: 38 (abstract no. PuA 6167).

29. Tesfay HS, Geyid A, Abraham A, et al. The RPR method compared with the TPHA in diagnosis of syphilis. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: 139 (abstract no. PuB 7542).

30. Umnyashkin A, Abdullayev F, Davis N. Immunogenetic markers in HIV-infected persons. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: 41 (abstract no. PuA 6181).

31. Wondimu Z, Sönnerborg A, Ayehunie S, Britton S, Strannegård O. Response of Ethiopian human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates to antiviral compounds. Antiviral Res 1992;19(4):353-9.

32. Ayehunie S, Johansson B, Sönnerborg A, Zewdie DW, Britton S, Strannegård O. Sequence analysis of selected regions of the env (V3 loop and gp41) and gag (p7) reading frames of Ethiopian human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains. Arch Virol 1993;128(3-4):229-39.

33. Ayehunie S, Sönnerborg A, Yemane-Berhan T, Zewdie DW, Britton S, Strannegård O. Raised levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and neopterin, but not interferon-alpha, in serum of HIV-1-infected patients from Ethiopia. Clin Exp Immunol 1993;91(1):37-42.

34. Baillou A, Brand D, Denis F, M'Boup S, Goudeau A, Barin F. High antigenic cross-reactivity of the V3 consensus sequences

Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in the Diaspora 37 ________________________________________________________________________________

of HIV-1 gp120. Int Conf AIDS 1993, Berlin: 210 (abstract no. A21-0453).

35. Benveniste RE, Hill RW, Knott WB, Tsai CC, Kuller L, Morton WR. Detection of serum antibodies in Ethiopian baboons that cross-react with SIV, HTLV-I, and type D retroviral antigens. J Med Primatol 1993;22(2-3):124-8.

36. Blomberg J, Dash R, Oram J, Ayehunie S, Tswana S, Pipkorn R. Characterisation of African HIV infection by serological similarity analysis. Int Conf AIDS 1993, Berlin: 160 (abstract no. PO-A10-0153).

37. Gebreselassie L. The role of HBsAg in preventing HIV primary infection of human T4 lymphocytes. Int Conf AIDS 1993, Berlin: (abstract no. A15-0324).

38. Kaleebu P, Cheingsong-Popov R, Bobkov A, Van der Perre P, Weber J. Characterization of HIV-1 primary isolates from east Africa: relationship between V3 genotype, serotype and neutralization. Int Conf AIDS 1993, Berlin: 674 (abstract no. CO7-2742).

39. Umnyashkina RF, Abdullayev FM, Umnyashkin AA. Cell and serologic markers in HIV-infected persons. Int Conf AIDS 1993, Berlin: 188 (abstract no. PO A74-0319).

40. Welday D, Britton S, Hathaway A, Akuffo H. In vitro cytokine response of PBMC co-stimulated with HIV-1 antigens plus Leishmania donovani. 29th Annual Med Conf Ethiop Med Assoc 1993, Addis Abeba: Abstr 18.

41. Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ, Petros B, Allan JS, Desrosiers RC. Sexual transmission of SIVagm in wild grivet monkeys. J Med Primatol 1994;23(1):1-7.

42. Sherefa K, Sallberg M, Sönnerborg A. Evidence of no change in V3 loop antibody recognition pattern in HIV type 1-infected Ethiopians between 1988 and 1993. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994;10(11):1551-6.

43. Sherefa K, Sönnerborg A, Steinbergs J, Sallberg M. Rapid grouping of HIV-1

infection in subtypes A to E by V3 peptide serotyping and its relation to sequence analysis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1994;205(3):1658-64.

44. Barin F, Lahbabi Y, Blanc C, et al. A cross-competitive V3 EIA for subtyping HIV1 infection. Natl Conf Hum Retroviruses Relat Infect (2nd) 1995:92.

45. Heinonen M, Assefa W. Some observations on bovine leukosis virus antibodies in Ethiopia. Trop Anim Health Prod 1995;27(4):225-6.

46. Johansson B, Sherefa K, Sönnerborg A. Multiple enhancer motifs in HIV type 1 strains from Ethiopia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995;11(6):761-4.

47. Soares MA, Jin MJ, Yue L, et al. Antiquity of SIV infection in African green monkeys. Natl Conf Hum Retroviruses Relat Infect (2nd) 1995:133.

48. Sönnerborg A, Ayehunie S, Julander I. Elevated levels of circulating tumor necrosis factor alpha in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected Africans living in Sweden. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1995;2(1):118-9.

49. Vrielink H, Sisay Y, Reesink HW, et al. Evaluation of a combined lysate/recombinant antigen anti-HTLV-I/II ELISA in high and low endemic areas of HTLV-I/II infection. Transfus Med 1995;5(2):135-7.

50. Carr JK, Salminen MO, Leinikki P, Johansson B, Burke DS, McCutchan FE. First full length sequence prototypes of HIV-1 clades C, E and G: two of three are mosaic genomes. Int Conf AIDS 1996, Vancouver: 216 (abstract no. Tu.A. 100).

51. Gebreselassie L. Potential of Ethiopia's medicinal plants in the fight against AIDS. Int Conf AIDS 1996, Vancouver: 269 (abstract no. Th.B. 4096).

52. Holm-Hansen C, Ayehunie S, Johansson B, Nkya W, Shao J, Haukenes G. HIV-1 proviral DNA sequences of env gp41 PCR amplificates from Tanzania. Apmis 1996;104(6):459-64.

38 Ethiop.J.Health Dev. ________________________________________________________________________________ 53. Jolly C, Phillips-Conroy JE, Turner TR,

Broussard S, Allan JS. SIVagm incidence over two decades in a natural population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops). J Med Primatol 1996;25 (2):78-83.

54. Salminen MO, Johansson B, Sönnerborg A, et al. Full-length sequence of an Ethiopian human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) isolate of genetic subtype C. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996;12(14):1329-39.

55. Voevodin A, Crandall KA, Seth P, al Mufti S. HIV type 1 subtypes B and C from new regions of India and Indian and Ethiopian expatriates in Kuwait. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996;12(7):641-3.

56. Kebede T, Britton S, Fehniger T, Vahlne A, Sallberg M. Differences in humoral responses to the p24 antigen between Ethiopian and Swedish human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected patients may suggest influences from a T-helper 2-like phenotype. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1997;4(5):627-9.

57. Sherefa K, Sallberg M, Johansson B, Salminen M, Sönnerborg A. Subtyping of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 strains by using antibodies specific for the third variable domain (V3) of gp120: results may be affected by divergent V3 sequences. J Clin Microbiol 1997;35(9): 2419-21.

58. Worku S, Christensson B, Bjorkman A, Islam D. Higher proportion of CD8+ T cells in the blood in healthy adults from Ethiopia and Bangladesh compared with Sweden. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1997;91(5):618-22.

59. Carr JK, Salminen MO, Albert J, Birx D, McCutchan FE. Full-length sequencing of 4 east African HIV-1 reveals 2 recombinants and a geographic subcluster within subtype A. Int Conf AIDS 1998, Geneva: 19 (abstract no. 11186).

60. Demissie D. SI-NSI phenotype and co-receptor usage among Ethiopian AIDS

patients. M.Sc. thesis: Dept. of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, 1998.

61. Fenyo EM, Bjorndal A, Ayehunie S, Sonneborg A. Phenotypic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C isolates of Ethiopian AIDS patients. Int Conf AIDS 1998, Geneva: 1128 (abstract no. 60692).

62. Kassa E, Rinke de Wit TF, Hailu E, et al. Clinical/viro/immunological parameters by HIV stage in Addis Abeba, Ethiopia. Int Conf AIDS 1998, Geneva: 38 (abstract no. 12135).

63. Maasho K, Sanchez F, Schurr E, Hailu A, Akuffo H. Indications of the protective role of natural killer cells in human cutaneous leishmaniasis in an area of endemicity. Infect Immun 1998;66(6):2698-704.

64. Messele T, Abdulkadir M, Brouwer M, et al. Immunological markers with prognostic value for HIV progression in Ethiopians. Int Conf AIDS 1998, Geneva: 1161 (abstract no. 60880).

65. Sherefa K, Johansson B, Salminen M, Sönnerborg A. Full-length sequence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype A, recombined with subtype C in the env V3 domain. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998;14(3):289-92.

66. Tsegaye A, Mesele T, Tilahun T, et al. Immunohaematological reference ranges for adult HIV Ethiopians: effects of HIV-1 infection. Int Conf AIDS 1998, Geneva: 532 (abstract no. 31183).

67. Woldemichael T, Fontanet AL, Sahlu T, et al. Evaluation of the Eiken latex agglutination test for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection among factory workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1998;92(4):401-3.

68. Abate G, Bedada G, Tekle, et al. Effect of tuberculosis treatment on CD4+ T-cell counts and HIV-1 viral load in Ethiopian tuberculosis patients. First International Conference on AIDS in Ethiopia 1999, Addis Ababa: 22 (70).

Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in the Diaspora 39 ________________________________________________________________________________ 69. Abebe A, Demissie D, Goudsmit J, et al.

HIV-1 subtype C syncytium- and non-syncytium-inducing phenotypes and coreceptor usage among Ethiopian patients with AIDS. AIDS 1999;13(11):1305-11.

70. Abebe A, Demissie D, Goudsmit J, et al. HIV-1 subtype C syncytium- and non-syncytium-inducing phenotypes and coreceptor usage among Ethiopian patients with AIDS. Ethiop Med J 1999;37(Suppl): 79-85.

71. Abebe A, Kuiken CL, Goudsmit J, et al. HIV type 1 subtype C in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 1999;37(Suppl):37-41.

72. Belay A, Ayehunie S. Potential nutritional approaches in the fight against HIV/AIDS: spirulina as a case in point. First International Conference on AIDS in Ethiopia 1999, Addis Ababa: 6(16).

73. Berhe A, Kliphuis A, Lakew M, Fontanet AL, Rinke de Wit T. Molecular evolution of HIV-1 in two cohorts of Ethiopian factory workers. First International Conference on AIDS in Ethiopia 1999, Addis Ababa: 18 (59).

74. Bjorndal A, Sönnerborg A, Tscherning C, Albert J, Fenyo EM. Phenotypic characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C isolates of Ethiopian AIDS patients. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999;15(7):647-53.

75. Fontanet A, Wolde Michael T. The Ethio-Netherlands AIDS Research Project (ENARP): description and major findings after four years of activities. Ethiop Med J 1999;37((Suppl)):9-24.

76. Gelaw M, Mengistu Y, Bekele E, Cowley S. IS-6110-based PCR amplification of M. tuberculosis DNA from peripheral blood. Ethiop Med J 1999;37:202.

77. Messele T, Abdulkadir M, Fontanet AL, et al. Reduced naive and increased activated CD4 and CD8 cells in healthy adult Ethiopians compared with their Dutch counterparts. Clin Exp Immunol 1999;115 (3):443-50.

78. Messele T, Abdulkadir M, Fontanet AL, et al. Reduced naive and increased activated CD4 and CD8 cells in healthy adult Ethiopians compared with their Dutch counterparts. Ethiop Med J 1999;37 (Suppl):89-96.

79. Messele T, Aklilu M, Hamann D, Fontanet A, Rinke de Wit T. Resistance to HIV infection and expression of HIV second receptors on the CD4+ T-cells of Ethiopia. Ethiop Med J 1999;37:292-3.

80. Messele T, Hamann D, Brouwer M, et al. Biological factors associated with HIV infection resistance in multiple exposed Ethiopians. Ethiop Med J 1999;37(Suppl): 132, #27.

81. Naghavi MH, Schwartz S, Sönnerborg A, Vahlne A. Long terminal repeat promoter/enhancer activity of different subtypes of HIV type 1. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999;15(14):1293-303.

82. Oskam L, Nieuwenhuijs JL, Hailu A. Evaluation of the direct agglutination test (DAT) using freeze-dried antigen for the detection of anti-Leishmania antibodies in stored sera from various patient groups in Ethiopia. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1999;93(3):275-7.

83. Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ. Field primatology and biomedical research [letter; comment]. Science 1999;284 (5411):50.

84. Rinke de Wit T, Tsegaye A, Wolde Michael T, Fontanet AL. CD4 T-cell counts and HIV-1 viral load dynamics in a cohort study of HIV-1 positive factory workers in Ethiopia. First International Conference on AIDS in Ethiopia 1999, Addis Ababa: 8 (22).

85. Tegbaru B, Meles H, Fisseha B, Mekonnen Y, Haile H. Evaluation of five commercial assays for detecting HIV 1 and 2 antibodies, Addis Ababa. Ethiop J Health Dev 1999;13(3):175-180.

86. Tsegaye A, Kassa E, Gebre Mariam H, et al. Low CD4 counts in Ethiopians. First

40 Ethiop.J.Health Dev. ________________________________________________________________________________

International Conference on AIDS in Ethiopia 1999, Addis Ababa: 23(74).

87. Tsegaye A, Messele T, Tilahun T, et al. Immunohematological reference ranges for adult Ethiopians. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 1999;6(3):410-4.

88. Wolday D, Akuffo H, Demissie A, Britton S. Leishmania donovani and its liophosphoglycan molecule induces HIV-1 replication in CD8+ T-cell depleted peripheral mononuclear cells through immune activation. Ethiop Med J 1999;37: 208.

89. Woldemichael T, Fontanet AL, Sahlu T, et al. Evaluation of the Eiken latex agglutination test for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies and seroprevalence of Toxoplasma infection among factory workers in Addis Ababa. Ethiop Med J 1999;37(Suppl):99-102.

90. Abebe A, Pollakis G, Fontanet AL, et al. Identification of a genetic subcluster of HIV type 1 subtype C (C') widespread in Ethiopia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000;16(17):1909-14.

91. Cherinet A, West CE, Versloot P, et al. Nutritional determinants of CD4+ T-cell counts in Ethiopians: a possible role for selenium? Int Conf AIDS 2000, Durban: (abstract no. MoPpB1016).

92. Hazenberg M, Otto S, Borleffs J, et al. Persistent immune activation induces dilution of TRECs: No evidence for thymic dysfunction in HIV-1 infection. Int Conf AIDS 2000, Durban: (abstract no. TuPeA3075).

93. Hazenberg MD, Otto SA, Cohen Stuart JW, et al. Increased cell division but not thymic dysfunction rapidly affects the T-cell receptor excision circle content of the naive T cell population in HIV-1 infection. Nat Med 2000;6(9):1036-42.

94. Hussein M, Abebe A, Pollakis G, et al. HIV-1 subtype C in commercial sex workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000;23(2): 120-7.

95. Messele T, Rinke de Wit T, Brouwer M, et al. No difference in in vitro susceptibility to HIV-1 between high risk HIV negative Ethiopian commercial sex workers and low risk controls. Int Conf AIDS 2000, Durban: (abstract no. MoPeA2017).

96. Messele T, Roos MT, Hamann D, et al. Nonradioactive techniques for measurement of in vitro T-cell proliferation: alternatives to the [(3)H] thymidine incorporation assay. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2000;7(4):687-92.

97. Pollakis G, Rinke de Wit T, Fontanet A, et al. HIV-1 Subtype C in Ethiopia and its genetic divergence Intra-subtype and inter subtype recombination. Int Conf AIDS 2000, Durban: (abstract. no. MoPwA2075).

98. Wolday D, Maayan S, G.Mariam A, Landay A, Bentwich Z. Immune activation in HIV-1 infected patients correlate with high HIV load. Int Conf AIDS 2000, Durban: (abstract no. TuPeA3083).

99. Abebe A, Lukashov VV, Pollakis G, et al. Timing of the HIV-1 subtype C epidemic in Ethiopia based on early virus strains and subsequent virus diversification. AIDS 2001;15(12):1555-61.

100. Asres K, Bucar F, Kartning T, Witvrouw M, Pannecouque C, De Clercq E. Antiviral activity against human immunodeficinency virus type 1 (HIV –1) and type 2 (HIV- 2) of ethnobotanically selected Ethiopian medicinal plants. Phytother Res 2001;15 (1):62-9.

101. Hagos M. Phylogenetic analysis and diversity of HIV-1 envelope V3 sequences from seroconverters of the two Ethiopian HIV-1 cohorts. M.Sc. thesis: Dept. of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, 2001.

102. Kassu A. Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in healthy HIV-negative adult Ethiopians from two geographical locales. M.Sc. thesis: Dept. of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, 2001.

103. Kassu A, Tsegaye A, Petros B, et al. Distribution of lymphocyte subsets in


healthy human immunodeficiency virus-negative adult Ethiopians from two geographic locales. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2001;8(6):1171-6.

104. Legesse M. Reduced in vitro T-cell proliferative response, cytokine production and in vivo DTH response to PPD associated with low CD4+ T-cell counts and high plasma RNA viral load: surrogate markers for HIV-1 infection progression. M.Sc. thesis: Dept. of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, 2001.

105. Mekonnen W. Altered lympho-proliferative and cytokine responses in tuberculosis patients with or without HIV-1 co-infection. M.Sc. thesis: Dept. of Community Health, Addis Ababa University, 2001.

106. Messele T, Brouwer M, Girma M, et al. Plasma levels of viro-immunological markers in HIV-infected and non-infected Ethiopians: correlation with cell surface activation markers. Clin Immunol 2001;98(2):212-9.

107. Messele T, Rinke de Wit TF, Brouwer M, et al. No difference in in vitro susceptibility to HIV type 1 between high-risk HIV-negative Ethiopian commercial sex workers and low-risk control subjects. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001;17(5):433-41.

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7.3) Diaspora: Epidemiology and KAP: transmission and spread of infection, risk and preventive knowledge and behavior, attitudes, perception, stigma and socioeconomic and demographic factors. 19 references 1. Ben-Ishai Z, Haas M, Triglia D, et al.

Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I antibodies in Falashas and other ethnic groups in Israel. Nature 1985;315(6021): 665-6.

2. Slater PE, Costin C. Trends in human immunodeficiency disease in Israel. Public Health Rev 1989;17(4):269-77.

3. Maayan S, Meiner V, Englehard D. Tuberculosis and AIDS. Isr J Med Sci 1991;27(10):576-7.

4. Ben-Porath E, Bergman H, Satinger Y, Etzioni A, Pollack S. HIV infection in Ethiopian immigrants to Israel--1991. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: C347 (abstract no. PoC 4626).

5. Jehuda-Cohen T, Vonsover A, Bentwich Z. Silent (?) HIV-1 carriers among Ethiopian Jews: epidemiological and immunological implications. Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: A25 (abstract no. PoA 2137).

6. Jehuda-Cohen T, Vonsover A, Miltchen R, Bentwich Z. 'Silent' HIV infection among wives of seropositive HIV carriers in the Ethiopian community in Israel. Scand J Immunol Suppl 1992;11:81-3.

7. Kozlov AP, Glebov AV, Malykh AG, Levchenko TV, Volkova GV. Epi-demiology of HIV infection in St. Petersburg: a distinctive pattern of spread? Int Conf AIDS 1992, Amsterdam: C264 (abstract no. PoC 4118).

8. Glaser JB, Levis WR, Gruber T, Cabrera A, Poiesz BJ. Prevalence of human T cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types I and II and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infections among persons with Hansen's disease in New York City. J Infect Dis 1994;170(4):1007-9.

9. Pollack S, Ben-Porath E, Fuad B, Raz R, Etzioni A. Epidemiological and serological studies in HIV-infected Ethiopian immigrants to Israel. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;400:19-21.

10. Fishman RH. Prevalence of HIV infection among Israel's Ethiopian immigrants [news]. Lancet 1996;347(8998):389.

11. Pollack S, Galat N, Maayan S, Hasoun SJ, Maor C, Alkan ME. HIV seroconversion among Ethiopians residing in Israel. Int Conf AIDS 1996, Vancouver: 349 (abstract no. Tu.C. 2488).

12. Bibi H, Peled R, Shoseyov D, Weiller Z, Scharf S. Epidemiology of childhood tuberculosis in the Ashkelon region in Israel, 1958-1994. Acta Paediatr 1997;86 (2):183-6.

13. Gehring S, Maayan S, Ruppach H, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV in Israel. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1997;15(4):296-303.

14. Kaplan EH, Kedem E, Pollack S. HIV incidence in Ethiopian immigrants to Israel. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol 1998;17(5):465-9.

15. Goldman S. Contraceptive attitudes of a population in transition: The case of Ethiopian female immigrant students. Int J Adol Med Health 1999;11(1-2):47-56.

16. Seeman D. "One people, one blood": public health, political violence, and HIV in an Ethiopian-Israeli setting. Cult Med Psychiatry 1999;23(2):159-95.

84 Ethiop.J.Health Dev. ________________________________________________________________________________ 17. Arad S, Cohen M, Gagin V, Lorber M,

Pollac S. Influence of psycho-social factors on patient compliance with treatment at a HIV/AIDS clinic. Int Conf AIDS 2000, Durban: (abstract no. WePeD4678).

18. Bentwich Z. Good worms or bad worms: do worm infections affect the epidemiological patterns of other diseases? Parasitol Today 2000;16(7):312.

19. Chemtob D, Leventhal A, Weiler-Ravell D. [Tuberculosis in Israel--main epidemiological aspects]. Harefuah 2002;141(3):226-32, 316.

7.4) Diaspora: Intervention: planning, programs and activities 9 references 1. Chemtov D, Rosen H, Shtarkshall R,

Soskolne V. A culturally specific educational program to reduce the risk of HIV and HBV transmission among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel: a preliminary report on training veteran immigrants as health educators. Isr J Med Sci 1993;29(6-7):437-42.

2. Etzioni A, Pollack S, Ben-Ishai Z. Prevention program of HIV infection in Ethiopian new immigrants to Israel [see comments]. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994;400:22-4.

3. Soskolne V. Priority HIV prevention indicators in Israel: a need for revised approach. Int Conf AIDS 1996, Vancouver: 314 (abstract no. Th.C. 4374).

4. Fischer A. Israel's ban on Ethiopians' blood [letter; comment]. Lancet 1998;351(9119): 1894.

5. Soskolne V, Shtarkshall RA, Kaplan EH, Adler B, Leventhal A. Cultural mediator outreach program increases medical follow-up and decreases non-use of condom and pregnancy rates among HIV-infected immigrants in Israel. Int Conf AIDS 1998, Geneva: 895 (abstract no. 43243).

6. Abramson N, Leventhal A. National HIV prevention program among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel. First International Conference on AIDS in Ethiopia 1999, Addis Ababa: 14 (45).

7. Kedem E, Bergman H, Baskin L, Maor C, Kra-Oz F. Mother to child HIV transmission in Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Int Conf AIDS 2002, Barcelona: (abstract no. F11966).

8. Rubinstein E, Nagosa H, Maayan S. A model for culturally-mediated psychosocial care of PWHA's in an Ethiopian immigrant population in Israel. Int Conf AIDS 2002, Barcelona: (abstract no. WePeF6862).

9. Soskolne V, Shtarkshall RA. Migration and HIV prevention programmes: linking structural factors, culture, and individual behaviour--an Israeli experience. Soc Sci Med 2002;55(8):1297-1307

7.5) Diaspora: Evaluation 6 references 1. Shtarkshall R, Soskolne V, Chemtov D,

Rosen H. A culturally specific educational program to reduce the risk of HIV and HBV transmission among Ethiopian immigrants to Israel II: Evaluating the effect of the training program on veteran immigrant trainees. Isr J Med Sci 1993;29 (10 Suppl):48-54.

2. Soskolne V, Shtarkshall R, Chemtov D, Rosen H. Immigrants from a developing country in a Western society: evaluation of an HIV education program. Int Conf AIDS 1993, Berlin: 777 (abstract no. PO-C34-3361).

3. Kaplan EH, Slater PE, Soskolne V. How many HIV infections are there in Israel? Reconstructing HIV incidence from AIDS case reporting. Public Health Rev 1995;23(3):215-35.

4. Kaplan EH. Israel's ban on use of Ethiopians' blood: how many infectious donations were prevented? [see


comments]. Lancet 1998;351(9109):1127-8.

5. Kaplan EH. Implicit valuation of a blood-exclusion decision. Med Decis Making 1999;19(2):207-13.

6. Kaplan EH, Soskolne V, Adler B, Leventhal A, Shtarkshall RA. A model-based evaluation of a cultural mediator outreach program for HIV+ Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. Eval Rev 2002;26(4):382-94.

Bibliography on HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia and Ethiopians in Diaspora

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