o

l J A'------

ON THE COVER: Qangani:

Artifacts found in the Arctic revealthe artistry and technologicalingenuity of ancient cultures andmany tell us something about thebeliefs of the people. To discoverwhat these archaeologicaltreasures are, you can "dig themup" on the following pages: A1281.8(29), C(32), 0125-261. 1;(32),F(32), G(32), H(31).

~a.'J4LJ'b-,· a....""I>~I> ..J" I>PI>"­C"Jr ~a.'J4Lnl>"r "b1>i"L' "4'J"~~~~vC~v( A~(~~~( 4 L LJ4)r ' 1>'bl>n""I><."c I>·A?)·n ./)..1>' '. 'bl>i"r<l ?"a.Jn' C·d 'I.'b'l.~' ...CI>~, ~Q.I>L'l.C

"L·A'."r'" C'd<l L·A~ ... ':A(28), 81291. C1321. 0(25-261. E1321.F(32), G1321. H(31).

Sananguagatuqaluk nanijaulauqtuqukiuqtaqtumi sananguagatiujumiqaujimatsiartuq qangasarnitarnitpiqusinginnit ammalu asuminituqautijaupluta ukpirusuktinikinungnit. Qaujigiarunnatutittakkuninga qangasarnitaujutsanaumangata "makpirlugit"takkua makpiranit: A(28), 8(29),C(32), 0(25-261. E(321. F(32),G(32), H(31).

Most of the photos of artifacts inthis issue are used courtesy of theCanadian Museum of Civilization,Ottawa.

/).~~, 4'n' ~Q.~4LJ"b' C'<...Cd'~I>~' a.Lr""I>"."n· C·d ...'I.'Canadian Museum of Civilization,Ottawa.

liangit attit sananguagatuqattagvani takuksaujut namagijaullutiktakkuningat Canadian Museum ofCivilization, Ottawa.

•.... Indian and Northern AHalres indiannes.... Affairs Canada et du Nord Canada

Published under the authority of the Minister ofIndian Affairs and Nonhern Development,Ottawa 1987.

~~d~ 4~~~nc~~c ~r~~~d( 4~~~b~~~(

4Xr. 1987.

Taakkua ajungiliqtitaujul inulirijikkulangajuqkaangannut, Ottawa, '987.

Publication No. OS·8399·01Q.HE-A1

•Minister of Supply and Services Canada

Inuktitut Magazine, Indian and Northern Affairs Canada,Ottawa, K1A OH4 Tele: (819) 994-0563

New Address:..DC:~ y;"?ri c :Nutaq turaarutiit: _

Table of Contents•A...J<1cr C::>C

lIuaniittut

Spring, ~A' 'i.r, Upirngaami. 1987 No. 66

2 Editorial()r ~,~Sivuliksaq .

6 How Old Monica Ataguttaaluk Introduced Meto Arctic Archaeology'b.D~ <1~Cl.~~~d<1·~·< C.. b ~CJcC~< 'b~i'n'L'i.'i. ~P~~C~),

~(~~a-Crn..a-~r·

Qanuq Arnaqquaksaap Monica AtaguttaalukQaujitimmangaangaa Ukiuqtaqtumi Itsarnitalirinirmik

25 Prehistoric Art~(C~a-~~c ~QJL"c

Ittarnisait Sanasimajut

33 Tuniit in Life and Legend),;. c ~~d> ~ a-l\a-'f' c ~'l..> ~.. ·b')~'C~'bcC' ..~cTuunit Inuulaurniviningit ammalu unikkaartuartauqattarningit

46 Umingmakn.una: Its People and Prehistory~1'LlIc .DCl.: lI.D'dn~c ~'l..> lI'Lb L <-l\..'lUmikmait nunaa: Inuqutingit ammalu immakallavininga

55 Inuit Annuraangit: Our Clothes~.D~c ~ •.D"~c: ~'.D,'>c

Inuit Annuraangit: Annuraavut

59 Northern Charms~P~"C")' A~~~nc

Ukiuqtaqtumi Piusautit

65 More Information on Kangualuk)~L'~'b'"'' b\J<1J\r·Tusagaksakkanniq Kangualungmik

71 History in the Making: Thoughts on Self-Governmentin Our Land~.D\.Dc ~)l\'''~')'': 1I/Lr.,,~..c Cl.\ra-.... L<:L'b' .. 'Jc<1t><..c(a-~rc .DQ..cn"O"Inungnut Atuvikjuartuq: Isumagijaujut NangminiqGavamaqarnirmut Aulatsinirmit Nunattinni

Nuktirniujarpiit?Are you moving?

Name:4ri ... :Atiin: ~ _

Old Address:::>Cj'?nJ~/ic :Turaarutituqait: _

Working on this Issue:

.... Q.;.: ( CL:lLcr t>"'bc-L l,. 'I r:

Sanajiit tamatumani uqalimaa9armi:

Inuktitut

David Webster, Ediror C/ill c ><3<"(, q<ilplt.,::.Basil Kiblakoot 1\; 'f<L\lCDeborah Evaluarjuk n:>c; /i<..l<3 ~ ~.Katolic Utatnaq, bJ("" ~(C ca:~Roy Vontobel, Consulring Editor?/i <.j> .. , t.b~~~t.<~v nn~~n

Eugene Arima (Advisor) /il>;':'" <3n.L ft.hHn)

lnuktitut Uqalimaagaq titiratauvakpuq Canatamiut Inuittusaumatittumamut gavamakkut pivalliatilamingnik ukiur·tartumi, iliqusituqanik tusaumatittiqattautivalliajumamutInungnik ilagiingittunik Canalami ammalu lnuktituur·tunikitirarsimajuqalirpallialittijumamut. Titirartauvaklutikpingasuirsurlulikluunniit tisamaisurlutikluunniit arraagu·tamaat Canataup Inulirjikkunginnil, Inuktilul akiqanngilunipijauvakpuq atiliurluni titiqatigut ammalu apiriluni. Taakuauqautaujut bakvani inulirijituqakunningalaringitut. litirar·simajunik naksiuliait aliilugaillu qaujisartauttiarniarpultitiartauqasiujjautuinnariaqarmata. Qaujittiakkanniru­maguvit qanuq akilirtautigivangmangaata tamakku­nunga, atii titiralaurit uvunga:

tul'(\)' ~"....CL m~ 'CK'>'"' b...Crl>< 6.alJ.' JI,t>Lf\'-JU' l.(l'c/' A<~ (IIKr\(I'"· t>f't>'c'Jr. A....'\:lr'J"....J\t>Ln(n"(Ct>n<~ 4~Lj< !J.~\v' !J.~fY(Jr· b...Cr<IlL.." .L:>'n:j':w' m'i·r'L~·<~r4·n(I"t-t'\....j(. mc;'·0><:'''''' A't.."'6·),..n·";~";< n"L6· ... ·..;l'I.,;~.,:( <I"iJC-L< b Ct>< ~·c1'f'~tr( • .Lo'm' <I''''''.)IT AL,.C><:'>'-<rrtl- f"N1J( 4 L L. ~. m"i'r'l~.,.' Q..'r'tl-~"'.b.l

4~~tl-~.b.~J ~tl-~~·Ctl-In4·.,.4·>c m"i'Ctl-~r'~~"'~J.b.·Q..­

n.4"o·lC. Cd4 ~"o~C~~( C'<.,. l!....c-n."'''od·.,.'t<..n.'''Jc.~~~Cn4\b ..... ?LJ(( ~ ... ' <:lPc-IC~nr<'l'ic CL'd ...".<lr"l m'iL~n. I t><'l :

Inuktitut magazine is published to provide Canada's Inuitwith information relating to the government's programsin the North, to promote the exchange 01 cultural infor­mation between Inuit groups in Canada and to encouragethe development of Inuit literature. Published three or fourtimes a year, Inuktitut is mailed on request. The viewsexpressed are nol necessarily those of Indian and North­ern Affairs Canada. Written contributions and photo­graphs from readers are invited. For further informationand rates paid write to:

IIIIIIIIIIIIII Mail to address aboveI \h':a- ::>'Ic;·\?n..J c 4t>"L'In"JJ

~------------------

Editorial

It is our unpleasant task to begin thisissue of Inuktitut magazine on a sadnote. Donald Suiuk, whose recollec­tions and wisdom filled the entireWinter 1987 issue of this magazine,died on April 18. Through musicand dance, Suluk and his wife Alicebrought Inuit culture to many audi­ences in the North and in southernCanada over the years. We are verypleased to have had the opportunityto record - in Inuktitut magazine­Suluk's memories of childhood andgrowing up, his moral guidance, andhis insights into the complexities oflife today.

We want to express our most sincerecondolences to Alice Suluk and allmembers of the family in EskimoPoint.

This issue focuses on a subject Don­ald Suluk was very interested in andknew quite a bit about - the history ofInuit in the Arctic. Here, in threestories, elders Aipili Inuksuk, SimonQirniq and Joe Patiq tell us about thepeople known as the Tuniit, whosepast is shrouded in mystery. As well,Paniaq gives two anecdotes aboutUinigumasuittuq, one of which in­volves the origin of the races of man­kind. All of us today should neverforget that storytelling is the univer­sal and most ancient way of knowingfor people everywhere. The storiesembody the collective memory of apeople. They connect the presentwith the past. And, they were aroundlong before there were anything likemodern scientific methods of know­ing, with their special vocabulariesand special rules for examining and in­terpreting information.

2

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IL~~<)II' 1I.o'n)' ~'\,c-LLI>~~'X 1987~P~'L~ nn~<c~~~<)'. Cl!.·~ )<d~~'L'

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<dtl~r<">c nn~?'~~~~'nJ' ~'b~,'tI.,.'r'.

Remains of dwelling, High Arctic

CALt>:::>A"a..":::>c A~...)(. t>Pl>""'C"':::>c

Taimautuinnartut iglut. ukiuqtaqtut

IIIIJI'~'>' 'b~~L7~<dL'nJ' ~'L.o .oLl'b­C~~'>' ~c:,' 1.o'Jc <J'L.o 'bc'Jnc-L'f"Llc..rL\('<--> <J"" /}t" <30-_

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Sivuliksaq

Titirartavut numaanartumik pigiarniar­mat tamatumani inuktitut uqalimaa­gaujumi. Uqarumagatta Taanut Suluk,iqqaumajangit ammalu qaujimattiar­tangit titirartausimalaurtuit inuktitutuqalimaagaulaurtumi 1987 ukiunganititirartaulaurtut, tainna tuqulaurmataipuru 18-ngutillugu. Suluk ammalunulianga aalasi titaqattaq&utik amma­lu mumiqattaq&utik Inuit iiiqusitu­qangani qaujijautittiqattalaurmat am­malu qungiartauqattalauq&utik Inuitammalu qallunaat nunanganni Kana­tami arraaguulaurtunik amisunik. Ki­sian iii alianaigusukpugut titirarunna­laurattigut- inuktitut uqalimaaga­ngani- suluup iqqaumajavininginniksurusiunirilaurtanganik ammalu piruq­saniriiaurtangani ammalu ikajuutigina­suk&unigit inuuqatiminut uqaujjilaur­ninga quviagivavut titirarunnalaurat­tigut uqausiviningit.

Ikpigusungnivut qaujimajauqugattigutammalu numaasuqataunivut AlaasiSulukmut ammalu qatangutilimaangitilalimaangillu aqviani.

Tamatumani inuktitut uqalimaagamiuqausiqarniaratta Taanut Suluup qau­jimattialaurtangani -Inuit immakallainuusiviningat ammalu sivulliviningatpillugit ukiurtartumi. Pingasuilinga­jumik unikkaarsimajunik uqausiqarputtunijjuaviniit pillugit unikkaartillugitaipili inuksuk, saiman qirniq ammaluJuu Patiq. Ammaluttauq uinigumasu­itturmik unikkaarilluni paniaq marruil­ingajunik uinigumasuittunguanik suur­lu qanuq qallunaat pigialauqsimang­mangaata unikkaartuangulluni. Uva­gulimaaq puigulauqsimalluangiiagutunikkaartuarniq qaujijjutausuutuqaa­luungmata inungnut qanutuinnaq.Tamakkua unikkaartuartaujuit iqqau-

Of course, archaeologists, usingscientific methods, have learned a lotof fascinating things from their en­deavours. In fact, it is interesting tocompare the archaeologists' versionof history with what elders remember,for the one often supports the otherrather than contradicting it. In thisissue, Father Mary-Rousseliere ofPond Inlet tells us about what firstsparked his fascination with archae­ology, and about the many placeswhere he has found evidence of thepast lives of Inuit. Patricia Sutherlandof the Canadian Museum of Civiliza­tion discusses the prehistory of someof the most far northern lands in theArctic, Umingmaknuna, today knownas Ellesmere Island and Axel HeibergIsland.

Sally Karetak and Jill Oakes of EskimoPoint tell us about how styles of cloth­ing came to be, and have changed orpersisted down through the years.And finally, to bring us up to date,Deborah Evaluarjuk interviews Zebe­dee Nungak, of the Inuit Committeeon National Issues, who gives ussome historical perspective on impor­tant questions today of land claimsand the future of Inuit in their home­land.

Many thanks go to Eugene Arima ofthe Historical Research Division,Parks Canada, for his advice and helpwith this issue.

~CC~'ib t>.lia-JL,J/1C)"rb t>a-"bn..<--10" (0-<1';1,

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Colourful parkas worn by Emily andSally Karetak, outside their home inEskimo Point, 1977,

C"~"b' "4'::>' ?<, <1)"0>'<"4Lc-~< 4 L Lj ~c- "bn..C~<. ,,~r

~<Jr\~' 4·A4~'. 1977.

Taqsaqatsiartut japat atuqtaujutEmily-up ammalu Sally Karetak-up,silami uvagumingnik Arvianit.1977.

majjutausuungungmata inungnut qa­nuilingalauqsimajuit immakallak pil­lug it. Unikkaartuatigut ilinniarpaktu­tuqaaluulauqsimavut immakallak si­vullivut ilinniarviktaqalauqsimangitil­lugu ammalu ajjiungittumik inuktitutuqallausiqarpakput unikkaartuat.

Ammaluttauq tamakkua ittarnisarnikqinirtiit saggartiit ilisimajummariugivutnanisimajanginnik. Ittarnisarnik qinir­tiit isumaningit qanuilingalaurma­ngaaq immakallak ammalu inutuqaitiqqaumajangit katitillugit tautuglugitajjigiikasainnauvut tamarmik. Tama­tumani uqalimaagarmi ataatalusaamittimatalingmiutaq uqallausiqarniar­puq qanuq ittarnisarnik saggartingu­laurmangaanganik ammalu uqausi­qarniarilluni nunanik unurtunik nani­sivvigisimajanganik Inuit immakalla­viniq piqutivinininginnik. PaturiisaSaturlan Kanatami ittarnisanik taku­jarturvingmi aatuvaami uqausiqarivuqimmakallak inuvinituqarnik inginuu­lauqsimajunik umingmat nunangannilullumi qallunaatitut taijauvalirtuqEllesmere Island ammalu Axel Hei­berg-mit).

Saali qaritaq ammalu Jiul Uuks aqviar­miutait uqausiqarivut Inuit annuraa­nginnik qanuilingangmangaata am­malu qanuq asijjirpallianiqarmangaataamisunik arraaguujunik. Ammalu ul­lumi pivalliajunik uqausiqarniarivutTipuura Ivaluarjuk apiqsurtilluguJaipiti Nunngarmik iksivaaqtiuqatau­juq Inuit kanatalimaami pijjutigillugitkatimajinut (ICNI) uqausiqaq&uni ul­lumi nunaqarnirarsimajunik ammaluInuit sivuniksangani ukiurtartumi.

Qujannamiirpugut iujiin arimamit im­makallak inuusirijauvalaurtunik qauji­sartiuqataujuq tukisigiartittiqattalaur­ninganut ammalu ikajuttiaqattalaurni­nganut tamatuminga inuktitut uqali­maagarmi titirartilluta.

Letters to theEditor

TitiraqtaujutAaqiksuijimut

Nadlok, not Nadlak! Natiuk, natlaungituq!

Good Day. I've just finished readingthe Fall 1986 issue of Inuktitut. Thestory on "Nadlak's Ancient Camp­site" by Kim Carter was especiallyinteresting to me because of the roleI had in bringing this site to thearchaeologist's attention.

However, I am not happy at seeingthe site name wrongly spelled. Yourarticle states that "Gordon learnedthe name of the island from Inuitelders in the Bathurst Inlet area"(page 24) and later, "The word nadlakis Inuktitut for 'caribou crossing'"(page 27). This implies the Bathurstelders called the place Nadlak. This isnot true.

The truth of the matter is that Dr.Gordon asked me if I could find outthe name of the place since I live inthis area. I asked the elders and re­ported that it was called Nadlok-acaribou crossing. People lived there inrecent memory.

Nadlak is a totally different word inthe Copper Eskimo dialect. It meansto lie down. This conflict of spellingmay be nit-picking, but I feel badwhen the elders tell me the name ofa place at someone's request, andthen something else is used.

Doug Stern,Cambridge Bay, NWT

Editor's note: The following com­ments are from Dr. Bryan Gordon of

4

V,,'lq"', l>'be-LLO"bd C.. I>pq'~'" 1986LI.D'nY )~?nl><-I>"')"'. I>O''\,)q'J<-I>'")'''..o..cc...." A)~b...)"rc )A~~C\(T~rc" KimCarter (P' b')') II-,q')r' ..'Ln..<-I>'i'dC'.. lI)n-,q'"-,J )~n..l<kl>'i'd Cd.D'Larchaeologists (<I'f'<I<-~") )'in-,J.

CLiL 'dM/..>q<-I>'f')'L C'lr'L' CdL'dnn'i"'CI>L' CL,'"..>n'. C.. nn'i"'CI>~'"

"J<I'C Lie-'lL' qn'r' "f'p'('r LI.DJ'bO"CLlbO' I>r'L')'" 'b..'L.." (L'II'i 24)<JlL..:l [)(,(I~<;b. "Co.. ~~b[)/<;b o..cc....b Ll.DbnJC

')')' Lib')'''' (L'II'i 271. C.. I>r'L')'"Llo..)'ibLlC <]cnc....[)LC)b Q.ce--brC. Co.. rr\f')"",

CLiL Dr. Gordon (('Y J<J'C'J. qlln..'L'1><".0' 'b1>~r<l? ..L'L'L ......,'I-'L' <I'nc­I>~'" C"<'.. .0..'b'iLi''''. <l1In..'..>r' LI·..­)'bLl' q'L..> 'b1>~'..>'L q'nCl><-I>'L' .."..}brC_)b)C 66<;)'. t:ud1C CdbO"" .DQ.'"'bc....­

I>"'IL~'.

..'<-' I>'bl>(", q~r'f'LJ Copper Eskimodialect (P'e-..'rl>' 1>'b1>('L'). C.. )P'bL'..'<-'. CLiL )Pln..<I?I'L ~~'~n..<I'd)~"',

PI<I.. LI..><I~..>q'f')'L LI.DJ'bLl' 1>'b'i'Lr'<I'n'r' 1>'b1>'I>L'L[,. q-L, <]Iq..' <I)'i'Lr'.

c.. ..)<;....

.6<;6..:l":>'1<1', .Do..CI<J<;b

<I'f'lf,/, 1>'1,1>/<1: C'J<I 1>'1,1>11>-<' Dr.Bryan Gordon IC']' >'i~;.' J<I'C}Archaeological Survey of Canada.1<I'f'<I,,/'J< 1'1\ b..CJ 'bl>/'r<l<-I>":J'lir<l'..>..'Y henceforth IH<I"<I"} 1<'0'­",n' Burnside River site Nadlok.

Uplutsiaq, uqalimaganikkaku tanaukiaksaaq 1986 Inuktitut tusarutiu­lauqtuq. Uniqaatuangulauqtuq "Nat­lak pituqalungmit tupirvivinirmit" KimCarter piluaqtumik nangaarilaurakkutamna pitutiiuaqlugu tusatinasualau­rakku tapkununga archaeologist tura­tilugu.

Taima quviasulualaungitunga tapsu­mingat takugakku titiraqtaumat tama­jaqlutik. Tana titiraqtaujuq "Guartanilitsimat atirmit qikirtamit inutuqanittaikani umingmaktuuq qaningani"(makpira 24) ammalu uvatsiasaaq,"tana uqausiq Natlak inuktitut 'tuktutikaartut'" (makpira 27). Tana uming­maktuuq inatuqait attilaumattukNatlak. Tana sulingituq.

Taima Dr. Gordon apiringmat uvam­nut qaujigiarunamangaarma nan ina­jarmangaat attitaujuq tagvani nuna­qaramaruuq. Apiriplugit inna tuqaitammalu qaujiplunga attitaulaurmatNatluk-tuktut ikaartut. Inuit taikaninunaqalauqsimajut.

Natlak uqausiq ajigingimagu CopperEskimo dialect (kiglinirmiut uqausi­ngat). Tana tukiqimat natlak. Taimatukisiriarusinga asatsariaqutujuq,kisiani iluasaluangitunga inutuqaituqarangamik attirmit uqaujauganga­mik, ammalu asianik aturangamit.

Doug Stern,Iqaluktutsiat, nunatsiaq

Aqisuiji uqausia: tapkua uqausiujut Dr.Brian Gordon Archaeological Survey

the Archaeological Survey of Canada,who after due consideration hasdecided to henceforth call the Burn­side River site Nadlok.

An Inuit dictionary and verbal sourcesdefine nallak or nalluk as a "lakewhere caribou swim in number/'which well describes the site area.Inuktitut magazine has translatednadlak also with an "a" as naat­laq. However, Cambridge Bay andBathurst Inlet Inuit define nadlak (ornallak) as "a place to lie down," withnadlok as a "caribou crossing."

Unsure of the preferred spelling of thename prior to Doug's visit to the site,I chose an "a" (Nadlak) on signboardsused in TV taping and photography atthe site. I checked the spelling whenI returned to Ottawa and found thatnadlak (or nallak) is accepted by manyInuit. Inuktitut, formerly an unwrittenlanguage, may have several accept­able spellings of words written withthe alphabet of English or French. Forexample, the sound signified by "II,"which is difficult to pronounce inEnglish, is often replaced with a "dl."An "a" or "u" are preferred to "0"

which is not part of the phonetic spell­ing system-thus, nallak or nalluk areaccepted spellings.

However, as the Bathurst Inlet dialectstill retains the "0" of nadlok, I shalldo the same and adopt the nameNadlok for the site.

Bryan C. Gordon, CuratorNWT Archaeology (Keewatin)

Archaeological Survey of CanadaOttawa

f:>.Df:>' )Pd>?n'l" 1>'b1>«.D' 0."<.' I>~.>

0."'>' )P'bC) "ucr )')' o..>.>n':' C-~

Co. )P'bC)". f:>.D'n)Cr I>'bc-LL ,<,.)P~t>"Ct>'" Q.(c.." <ILL..,:, Co.. "a" ~Cc....e;a,

Cf:>Lf:><., f:>'b.>'j'(q'" qL.> I>r'L'j'" f:>.Df:>'[>'"1>1>,''"1>'')'"'' Q.cc.." (!>('..,:) Q.<-c....") Co. "o..c..."~,, ..

Co.. 0..c..,:," ")b)C .0.6""')'."

Cbl>~L '(q'l'<.' nn,I>I'" Co. qn'" C'[>~c..) .. , Aa.r'L7""')"l, Co.. "a" (Q.Cc...."1 M"dC

O"Ac-[>"Cr>~cr" <JL..,:, <]~C""I><;CI>"'O"" .o.O""~.DC.

I>'~ )<.I>'L nn'CI>'.,.' q)~J' npo.L q'L'b1>~L'd Co. 0.'<" (<l'G 0."<.'1 'b.Df:>~'f'C)'

qrI' f:>.Df:>'. f:>.D'n)', 1>'1,1>11><.'C'f'C)"',f:><. '1" 1>'1,1>1' nn,I>II>~')' '1,".>o.n)".>.;.,1>f:>I>f:>n)'.>';" Co. I>'jnr.>J. .,.II'L "II:'q,co.C)'" I>Cbl>(n..>J b".>o.n)', qjCI>L,')'"OJ'L "dl." q'L "a" I>~.> "u" q)"'C­I>?' "0" q)"CI>C'I")'" nn'I>IC.D' I>dq,0."<" I>~.> 0."'>' q)"'CI>I".

Cf:>L I>r'L'j'" 1>'b1>1'L' q)"'CI>(,', "0"

o J'L 0.'.>', I>~'LCI>'" Cf:>Lo. q)CI>IL'd<JnS'o 0..c.,j" .0.0-"'-.(1'\..7[><->0".

Bryan C. Gordon, CuratorNWT Archaeology (Keewatin)

Archaeological Survey of CanadaOttawa

of Canada, qaujigialauqtut pigiarlu­niktuk henceforth sivanilutit BurnsideRiver site Nadlok.

Inuit tukiiiurutingit uqausirnut nallakuvalu nalluk tukiqartu "tasirmi tuktutnalulutik," tagva tana tukiqartuq.Inuktiturmi uqalimagarni tukiliurtaujunatlak ammalu tana "a" Naatlaqtaimaila, iqaluktuutsiaq amalu uming­maktuuq Inuit uqausiqartuq natlak(uvalu nallak) tana "nalakvik" tananatluk "tuktut ikaaqtut."

Qaujimatsiangilat titirausiq tana atiqtags uglatuq, pinasugajaqtunga tana"a" (Natlak) tivikkut nipiliurtaujunikamalu ajiliurtaujunik iniksanut, ujji­tulaurama titirataujLinit atuvarnut tiki­nama amma qaujigakku tana natlak(ammalu nallak) qanuisangittut amisutInuit. Inuktitut, uqausiulaktangittuq,ilangit uqausit titirausiuvaktut qal­lunatitulluniit uiuititutluniit tana uktuu­tigilugu, nipinga "II," ajurnartuquqausirilugu kallunatitut, atuutauga­juktuq tasumunga lid!." amma "a"uvalu "u" atuqtausuut "0" atuqtau­tangittuq titirausirnut ukua, nallakuvalu nalluk atuqtausijut.

Taima, umingmaktuuq uqausingatatuqtausijut, "0" tasumunga Natiuk,uvangatauq taimana atutausigakkuatiq Natiuk iniksatarijaupluni.

Bryan C. Gordon, CuratorNWT Archaeology (Keewatin)

Archaeological Survey of CanadaOttawa

6

'. -

Archaeological Survey of C"lnada

This ivory implement. considered tobe an early Thule artifact fromabout 1100 AD. was found byFather Mary-Rousseliere near ArcticBay in the early 1960s. Its use isuncertain. though it may be part ofa bow drill. Among the manyincised figures are swimming cari­bou and men in kayaks.

"a.'J41.o;r.r'L"t"c;r. 'JrAtrClv'((:> ....:>') AJ'bll ...l>... ,Jr7r><!"1100 <l'~·Jn·..>J (,,:U'J'ir.d c..1> Cl 0'" iii n'"JJ. AD) Q.0"'?t> .. ­cr'>~ 4~CJ~<;~c A·A4'iJe%...r~... 1960-~l>'n·~J, %~"4:> 'i Ct><c.J> 'i L\{.'i' Q....)Q. Ii >.....C'd<l ~"'7l><!"~' >~'<!~~<l'JcJ'J~c <lLL..> <l'Jr)c 'b7'J­'J<l'J' •

Sananguagaqsimajuq Tunivinirnik(sivullivutl Pituqaviniunasugijaujuq1100 arraaguutillugu (JiisusiTuqulaurniqtillugu. AD) nanijaunniq­puq ataatalusaarmut ikpiaqjuupqanigijaani 1960-lauqtillugu. Qanuqatuqtauvalauqmangaaq nalunaqpuq.Taakkua sanajaujuviniit puiliu­raanguaqtut tuktuit ammalu angu­tiit qajaqtunguaqtut.

How Old MonicaAtaguttaalukIntroduced Me toArctic Archaeology

QanuqArnaqquaksaapMonicaAtaguttaalukQaujitimma-

gaangaakiuqtaqtumi

tsarnitalirinirmik

by Guy Mary-Rousseliere. o.m,i.Pond Inlet

<lCC'Ln.V nn'i~C

(Guy Mary-Rousseliere)rcnLCc-"

Ataatammariup titiraqtaaGuy Mary-Rousseliere)Mittimataklik

Even before I came to Canada in1938, I was interested in archaeol­ogy. As a matter of fact, the Frenchclergy has traditionally been involvedin prehistoric research. For almost halfa century the best-known Frenchprehistorian was a priest, Abbe HenriBreuil, and the first burial place of aNeanderthal man ever found wasexcavated in France in 1908 by threeother priests. However, it is veryunlikely that I would have become anarchaeologist if I had remained inFrance. Even in the Arctic I mighthave been posted to a place wheremy pastoral duties would have beentoo heavy to leave me any time forarchaeology.

Perhaps I should answer a questionright away that has sometimes beenput to me. Why did I, as a priest,study anthropology and archaeology?My answer is that I don't see anycontradiction between the study ofGod in theology and the study of man,created by God. Moreover, I think thatanything that helps me to betterunderstand the culture of the peopleamong whom I live is justified. Notinfrequently it happens that someartifacts-carvings or other things­give us a glimpse of the beliefs ofpeople long since dead, traces ofwhich can sometimes be found at thepresent time. In any case, I still con­sider that my first duty is to preachthe Gospel and that is why I usuallywear a Roman collar or a small cross.

I had my first taste of Canadianarchaeology in 1942 when, as amissionary to the Dene Indians ofnorthern Manitoba, I found old stonearrowheads while digging a cellar formy house. Later, people brought meother stone blades and a very old­looking pistol that might have beenused by Samuel Hearne during hisjourney to the mouth of the Copper­mine River.

After my arrival at Pond Inlet in 1944,I soon became aware of Arctic pre­history when I visited the nearby siteof Qilalukan where the Danisharchaeologist Therkel Mathiassen(called Tikilik by the Inuit) had exca­vated several houses of the Thuleculture in the early 1920s. Occa­sionally, Inuit would also find oldartifacts in their camps and bringthem to the mission.

bo.CJ~d><o.'L rr 1938-r, 0."L~fL;·o."­<'bL II'~ '"Crn.,Y'. CIIL'':'', AAn)'~'b~~" ~'A'"rn.~" 1I'''dr''b'LC 'b~~~'­

O'"~r" CLi<r'LO'"CC\o-<C"'''. C-c-LC <J~LLib""'f'Cl.O"

'b~~L7~':''' CII<rL"C)'brn.~ 1I'r''i<~~'Jc

~")", All ~.Dn. !In.~" (Abbe HenriBreuiIJ, r'':>"r''<'' 0.,,7~~" ~'L"."J<,~.'1,-~")" (France) r'':>"r''<' II.DA,,~­

,-~")' 'b.DII,-~',,'f" 1908-r lI'Lr,,'Li"1<i<~<]O"c <J1'f'Cl.eTc. P,,<JI7. Lic....<O"Cc-n..~"­

'J'i7'-~''f'')'L <'~"i)II' o.,-~~L, ~p~"­

c"")r; ...~c. LiCT~"nC[>o.7cJ>"o. "n..<]<;L l>b""'­uc-n..u"b 1\7n..<I..d.....)...)<JNo..7'1i..::xr£>b 11c...."ere­c-n..o-~b <h'.. ...)'1..0.

II'L"b p~b~nrJL ~1In.7~'~r'n.<"C',,': ~..~<''L, 1I'r''i<~~'J<-''L, IIr',,~,-~<L'L<LLi.D"CT'" LiC ...."cTCc-n..o",..r-J? Pt>\>~IC; 11~fj,-

Father Mary-Rousseliere withNutarak and Qaunaq at theArnakadlak site (1973).

A,nr<Jr~ ~C~~ '~&~"J

<I'o.b',-'r (1973-r).

Piqatigiplugik nutaraq qaunnarluarnakallangmi (1973-mil.

Kanatamualaurnanga suli 1938-mi,narngarusuinnaqpakkama itsarnitaliri­nirmik. Taimaaglaat, viiviititut uqaju­juni ukpirnilirijini piqqusiqarmata qau­jisarnirmik taipsumanitavinirnik. Talli­mat aggaikasanginni qaujimajaulaaqtaipsumanitatuqaliriji iksirarjuangu­lauqtuq, iipi unuri piriul (Abbe HenriBreuil). sivulliqpaaq nanijaujuq sag­gaq&ugu varaansmiilauqtuq (French)sivulliqpaat inuviniulauqtut qanuilaur­ningit 1908-mi pingasunit iksirarjuanitasinginnit. Kisiani, itsarnitalirijingngu­rajalaungngittunga varaansmiituin­nalauruma, ukiuqtaqtumiluunniit, ini­qaqtitaunajalaurnarriarama ukpirnili­rinikka pijariaquqtuluaviginajarluniukitsarnitalirinirmik ajurlunga.

Immaqaa kiukautigiguma aplr'jaujju­sirivaktamnik: suuq uvanga, iksirar­juanguplunga, ilinnialaurmangaarmaainungnik itsarnitalirinirmiglu? kiujjusirai&uilutarmik tautungnginnama ilinniar­nirmik guutimik, tuksiarvikkut, ammailinniarnirmik inungmik pingnguqtita­nganik guutiup. Ammakkanniq isu­magama tukisikkannirutiksamiarasunamiaq piqqusingannik nunaqaqati­gijarma naammaqquurasugiplugu.Qakutikkuluanguqpangngit&uni, piqu­tiviniit, sanangnguagait asingillu,takutiarjukpakpaatigut ukpirilauqta­ngannik tuqungajutuqauliqtut, ilaar­jungit takunnaqpaktut uplumiuliqtuq.Taimannaikkaluaqtillugu, sivulliqpaaqpiliaksarinasugijara taima ipjujunikilinniaqtitsiniq (tamatuma tukinga

7

But it was only when I arrived inIgloolik in 1946 that my interest inlocal archaeology was really aroused.In July I spent several weeks at theimportant camp of Alarniq, on themainland just south of Igloolik, whereI sometimes accompanied the hunterswhen they sailed in their whale boatslooking for walrus.

One day, while strolling behind thecamp, I noticed on old raised beaches-in some cases several hundredmetres from the sea - rows of rec­tangular depressions looking verymuch like the traces left along theshore by modern tents. But whywould people be camping so far fromthe sea? These houses must havebeen inhabited when the sea levelwas much higher than at present.

I put the question to Monica Atagut­taaluk, the grand old lady of thecamp, whom Euro-Canadians used tocall the "Queen." She answeredwithout hesitation. "Those tentingplaces were left many, many yearsago, not by the Inuit but by the Tuniit,the people who lived in the countrybefore our ancestors arrived."

A few days later, she brought me acollection of artifacts which she haddug up from the middens in front ofthe house remains. I could see at firstglance that these pieces-harpoonheads and flint blades-were very dif­ferent from the Thule culture speci­mens I had seen before. However, itwas only the following year, whenFather Bazin returned to Igloolik, thatI first heard of the Dorset culturewhich had been investigated at Avvaj­jak a few years before by GrahamRowley (known as Makuktunnaq bythe Inuit).

From Alarniq I had also visited theimportant site of Pingirqalik with itsnumerous Thule houses. Later I wasgiven a coin of King George III foundin one of the biggest of these houses,confirming the local belief that theywere still inhabited after Parry's visitin 1823. (The coin is at the EskimoMuseum in ChurchilL)

In the years that followed, I was sta­tioned in Baker Lake and Repulse Bayand visited, besides Naujan, manyother archaeological sites. I also re­ceived from Kaj Birket-Smith (Qaquf-

8

Jer" cr)J''f''''a.L D.c-a.cr<J~cr~rb jnr".)b(<J<;&\"d'. <JLL lic-Cl.cr<J\r"r" .ll..o'f" A"'J<;b­nC'L~' Jnl>'. ~'L'b'~" II/LLL )P,"b'­~?n',r~'i Ia.r~" 1I""dr"L.~• .oa.'b'bnr7'l';"L"'d'i/r'-,J. 'bdn'd-,~'J"<''I''"'~, lI'dn­~;,.'. 'a."J~LII' ~t'rc-', Cdn~'~'<'<nJ'

l>·IIn.<.l>"C'L'~. )'d'L~)'bl>c-")', II;"'~,Cda.a..q,(")C D-<Jn>c-""')..... Cill.""a..fj"b..,:,<]'*­n'-,J, t~'C''''<''' IIC'~·'n.a.lr7'i CIILII'~~~' IIC"~~"'n't~'" (CL)l )P'L i'"~)II'a.b'·<'~'L l\t'i'~II' 'd'rI?C~' ,'~­'L~L~r''';·~).

'bl>~''L<.l>'''>'L Jl'dn)'b~~C'n.~'r· ba.cr,t>bNO"c-n..~[><...)'L ncr.J)C L<T)<~( bOo'a..'LIT,

a.'~'iL IIn·t' 'b'<)'b~~'r'C .o':>'r'~' 11'­-,'~~'l ~C~' ,'L'"",'L 1942-r. 'bdJ'­'J'l', p)r~' ~'7"'1'~r'CC''''"'~'{, lIn't''b'~~~'I"C .o~~~'r'~' 4'-L f!.'-,II'a."'j­n~~)'b'Ln.l>~"':Jr' ~)Ll><.l>',,-',,-~'r' Ht>",­rc (Hearne) <]I>c..~q,.,:JCT "d\::/*j< d'l.C~d~.o'.

nPtLC''''",'L r'nLCC"J' 1944-r, 'bl>~­

bl>nr~'L l>Pl>"'C"'X f!.";tA<rC'''-~P l>'~­JnLL 'b~')J' lI~r7l>~J' ~nC"J' 'fa.-,·b',1920-' ~)C'~"'n'-,r' r1~' II'dnJ'b"'t­l> -,'n'L J'p Ln~/' InPc-') "L<.l>'L'<Jr;<c....'cr" .6.~ J "~<Jt\.O"'f'Cl.crb )~c. "bdn"dCCI><;blJ..DD.c <J~7""1(>C\r",'en..<.....:J(j""'l, D. br''1''~.li c

)b(<J<;C\ 'L ... .Dc J\ "dn)"bl\o-\,.." a..cr"f'c,.")JI'b'~ 'r'~.

Pt~~ np'a.L II'-,C"J' 1946-r a.''L?I'~'i.Da.c-'cr" Ar<J....::»<Jl\c-c'O'Cl.a...... )...... ~c....D.r. lilL­r"b~ .. -.;1<] ..1\..1>..... )'1... <Jc..\,.."r, .Do.c..J<JC\'r.II'-,C'l>' p~n'I~'L~, f!.<.l>",C'~r7'.o'

~'Ja./·nl>~~ l>r~'r'nJ' ~1I~·Il>C'~'LC.

l>'-,' II<.'L'~, 1I1..>'i'<.'L )1I~'~l>' nL~,t>)O~? ....c-Qo>'L ,\cr"o-"g'" t'~7r.-.6.c.... 'f'Cn(r'''')(~nl> ct\..t>rc-JrC-~I»a· cr....'J<Jg'".6.~)Qor'Lg ..o-'" )1\~"""gt>~Qo:JO'"'" t>(~r)c.

Pt~~ i'" n'~-'~~ JlI'b?~'i7"<'7 C'd~II'-,~~~;"~' lI~r7l><.l>"')·'I>'LC Cn.l>'".6.LQo ..d....Jo-Qo"t>c....t>Qon""~J t>(~rrc.

~1In.~'i J~b ~CJ'C-'·, <J'.."''d~'~'L' )11­'b'~'rl>', ba.cr 1I?1I~"J.i' CII~<.l>L'"dll'r·". pl>bl>nr~"': "Cf!.<d~ )1I'b'~­

~;,., 'fLLl>tLC'''')' l>Pl>~' ~rI~', 11.0'-ut>''f'C)Qo 5c-"crc, 11.0.6.( .DQ. '"'bc....t>Qo)Ct~'C'~' np<.l>"'n'a.I"."

l>'-,' ~ri''r')' II~~'LC, ~7"'!'~r~'Ll\"dnJ'"'bC\O"'''g'' "I.Le....t>...crIT'' r''>lT'f'<l.lTC

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II'dn~~'r'C Cd<.l>"'tL7'L. PI~~ ~'~J'­

'J'L', ~CC <t< II'-,C"J' I>n'L', )'C'C­lI'a."'>'L )~t')' 1I""dlc·'~· ~l>~'Ll><."'­)~. ~'~'7r l>Pl>' 'b'!C>A"f")' II~~'­

tLC'''')' J'i~' ?C'r' fL·d·)·....}.

suuq atuinnakasakpangnirma isirarjuitqungisirutaanik sanningajugajaamig­luuvva).

Qaujirngalauqpunga piqutituqavinili­rinirmik kanatami, ukpirnilirijiuplungatininut maanitupaup kanangnangani,nagvaarama pitiksit qarjutuqaviningit­ta nuvunginnik iglurjuarma ataaniksaggaq&unga 1942-mi. Qakugung­ngurmat, kitumiat agjaqsivvigittaliq­&uninnga pitiksit qarjuviningitta nuvu­vininginnik amma iglupiinnaqtuutivi­nituqammariujaaqtumik atugaulaur­narriarmik Huunrmit (Hearne) aullaaq­&uni qurluqtuup kuungata akuanut.

Tikisimaliq&unga mittimatalingmut1944-mi, qaujikautigivunga ukiuqtaq­tumi inuusivinilirinirmik urnigutigamaqanittumut inigijaujumut atilingmutqinalukkan, 1920-t atulisaaqtillugittiinit piqutituqaqsiuluktinga turki mati­asin (tikilik) saggalaurmat amisuplang­nik iglurjuavininginnik tuuliit. Qaku­tikkuttauq Inuit agjaqsivvigiqattaril­luningnga iksirarjuit tuksiarvingannutpiqutituqavinirnik nanijamingnik tupi­qarvingmingni.

Kisiani tikinnama iglulingmut 1946-minarngarusungnira nunalingnik pigiar­luaviiitainnaqpuq. Julaimi, isumagi­jaksarjuarmiilauqpunga alarnirmi,nunalluavingmi, igluliup kivatitsia­ngani, ilauqattarvigijamnut anguna­suktiujuni umiarmiktigut aiviqsiuli­raangata.

Uplut ilanganni, pisulurallarma tupi­qarviup timaani, ujjirusuliqpunga qat­singnirnik sigjami, - ilangit tipsiktuup­lutik tariumit-tukiliriiktunik takisu­nguanik ilutuqsimanirnik tupiqarvivi­niujaaqtunik uplumitut. Kisiani suuqtigvaluani tupiqaruarajaqpat? Taakkuaiglujuaviniinit inigijaulauqtuksaung­mata tariuq imaqquqtuniqsaulauqtil­lugu uplumimit.

Apirivara ;munika ataguttaaluk, ar­naqquaksaangat tupiqarvingmiut,kanatami irupianngujut taivalaugaat"kuinmik". Kiukautigivuq: "tiiaipkuatupiqarviviniit qimagausimaliqtut ukiu­nik amisunik, inungniungngittuq tuu­limit, Inuit nunaqalauqtut sivullivuttikilauqtinnagit.' ,

Uplut amisuungngittut pianingmata,agjaqsivvigivaanga piqutituqavinirniksaggalauqtaminik sivuninginnit iglur­juaviniit. Takukautigivunga taapkua-

9

luk, as the Inuit called him) acollection of the Fifth Thule Expedi­tion reports and learned more aboutthe Thule and the Dorset cultures.

I was in Churchill in May 1954when I received the visit of J0rgenMeldgaard of the Danish NationalMuseum. He was on his way toIgloolik with Richard Emerick, of theUniversity of Pennsylvania Museum,with the intention of excavatingDorset sites. I told him about theAlarniq and Pingirqalik sites. When hefound that I was interested in theproject, he invited me to join theparty.

We left a few days later and spentmost of the summer in northern FoxeBasin, accompanied by an exception­ally intelligent guide, the late PacomeOulaut. We first visited Avvajjak,Iglukik proper and Oikirtarjuk. Wethen spent a whole month at Alarniqand mapped more than 200 Dorsethouses (several of which we exca­vated) from 23m above sea level(Meldgaard's period I) to the 8m level(period V). Then we moved acrossFoxe Basin to Oairsut Island and JensMunk Island (Kapuivik) where wefound not only Dorset but also mucholder pre-Dorset material at the 55mlevel and even higher. When we re­turned to Igloolik, we found the samekind of vestiges at a similar level onOalirusiq, near the present day settle­ment, showing that the island hadbeen inhabited about 4,000 years agowhen only the top part of the twohighest hills were above sea level.

Afterwards, I found more traces ofpre-Thule occupation at Baker Lakeand Chesterfield Inlet, and excavatedseveral sites in the Pelly Bay regionwith the help of my friend BernardIqugaktuq.

It was near Arctic Bay during one ofmy trips on the ship C.D. Howe that,acting on information from David Ipiq,Dr. Larry Oschinsky and I found theornamented ivory drill bow that isnow one of the best-known speci­mens of Thule art.

A few years after my return to PondInlet in 1958, I went with Alain Mak­taq to Button Point (Sannirut) whichwas where Mathiassen had foundDorset vestiges in 1923 and, accord­ing to the local tradition, was the last

10

<I<.\,.'r' )~'r~~~..tLr'}'L lVLr~','~­

<I'J' 1I'('''be-'J' <lr10-' 1I'..>'~<lAo-'b'A­

'L'o- )':". 'bdJ"J'L' )o-~~C',,-'>'L ,A'r'PQ.~~Ao-'r' P' ~<I' III Q.o-~~~r· <I'('':'r.6.~..,:)~~<1"<T~r, o...Ja.6""'(~<:,Io 1JQ.c-C\~c LiC"'r)­Lia.o..c...[)~L \>""," !\[)n..[)( nr c....[)~Q'" 'loC rb~O'"

1823-r. (PQ.~~Ao-" 11,,11' I\\ln)'b~­

1A'L';")" Nq'n

~P~'JC''')o-, ,,0.'bC'<.~,,-,}'L 'l>Lo-'J<I'r<lIIAC"r..> <I'L )~"~<..>'L Q.~~~' Ndn­)'b~t'AAo-"Cb?';'''),,'. IIc-<.~n.'..>'L bll)'P'-Ir"r' 111,,11' CII~'L '0-' 'hd'..> ','Ibn"l<lo-' ~<I~'o-Ao-P ('c-L'L'o-' )d~")'nn'i'o-dll'o-' )PI~'c-" ,,'L-, 1I"'dtAo-'("o-')~C )<If''cJ.

ir 1954-r j-~<I<t<.~,,-,}'L ~'<."C~'A­

r~'o- ~<lr' LL'r' rio-' ,,0.'L'C Ndn)­'"'b[>(~C\C'"n..j:l.'I."c. Li......:Jc-'J"U>'"'b(lh'.. n...c",c;c

ldn..bJC I (e... ()....."c;&\ 'l.o-''L""')"'" 1\0.. ~C\c...Ndn)'b~I'A 'L'0-', ,'L?L'..>n' )<It''JI'A-C\crc;cr". 1>'"'bl>nL,<P" <Jc...."O"'c;r" /\'f.....c;bc-'r... .J.

'b~~Lr 0.''L?l'bL IIC',,- <I,,-~ 'L'0-'. II<.~­

'bC~'d~'L.

~<..>' <lr,J..><1''('')' lI<lo-'LC <IV<.")J'<I~~..I~'('·o.b,·"C bo.'0.'Lo- Foxe BasinlI'bn'b""C I<.)~r· 'b~~LC'n'o-·. II;'~'­

Q.II<.~"Jr' <dr 'd~~'r', )~'r~<.~"<\'''"C<J~<'7bJC, ,lj,l,.Jc-"Jc <ILL "fP""'Lc;-<'Jc <]c..c....­o-<;J<lc-n..Co.,je. C"';pJ"(<;b CLib~c ..,)C, .Do.\­

'J<lC'~""C )<It'r~' II'-,~<I,(,'o-' 200~'LC';")o-', <lrlb,II' ,'L"",nJ 23 ic'n'I'nr~r' IIr<l""'c Irv'L" 1Ir<l'Arc~Lo-' 1'}'C'''<r'l 8 ie,' np'",c cn.~r'

('C'L'L·,,'). 116"",c Foxe Basin-r''1,11'1' 'i'P"C'L,,' Jens Munk Island-J'Ib)lI'A'J') o.o-I,}J' )<I,'r~C)lI·Q.'O-~'­

'(")" PI<lo-C' 1I)'b~o-",'L,,- '0-' )<I,'r~

1'}C''I'"0-' NdnAo-'o-' n'I'flr~o-' 55 ico-'nC("o-'".lo"[)(,jn'''J. fj,"JC-'JC [>n,«, <I\>?'-b­,'("0-' o.'~C'''-,}J' n<('o-,,-~b,'La- 'l>c-?I'r,"'baf.,'l.O'" L"o. .DQ.C""I>c-.....)<, a.~Li...(nCr'~b'i'P"C" 1I0-r~~<.~'L' ~P~' 4,000-b,1I'<\''(''')' 'bo-r~'Lo-. L<?' )")0-0.(' <\''('·o.r'C;b""'C;b" .D6cn<-...:Jrl> Cn..[>< c;d~cr.

C;bdJ\\J~L C, o..o-("b"'o-e-n..'>'L Je-C I'>e-Ao-­'f'C( 1100Ao-'f''''0-" "bLo-l)<I"- /1'- ..=!c-L~~'i ..=!

"b«(?~\..'o-" ~'-Lq,..>'L <I~&\e-'-~<l< "bO"'Lo-,IIb~"nr<..>J 11'1,'';''i )';'« lI'dL·)o..

<I~'':'o-<c 1I~ 'Lo- C.D. Howe-r. LC"",C)~~O"d(n'O"" n&\C I1A~ic, Dr. LarryOschinsky-..> ~~'LJ '1,0-'Lo- lI'II<I'~'

o.'~")J' 1I~,~I")"IL~r' )L'r' lIdc~'

IIn'l<lo-' 'b~~L~~':''JC''')r' o.o-~~·o-d,(,'C

)C" '0."J<I"<L'('·o-.

~P~O"" "b«(?~~c..'0"" ~nq,(LC"'q,...:''l iCIL­CC"J' 1958-r. lI'bn'b<.~")'L <1<.11'L"(<;bib ~ '" O"?LJC, Le-b...:'J .DQ..C"'~~c A<;b~d('L,

P'J<-c-<;b(i" l1o-r7~c...[><;b)"" )o-\rC <ILL

sakkuviniit saviviniillu-ajjigingngim­maringmagit tuulititut inuusiliit piqu­tiviningitta takulauqsimajarma. Kisianiarraagungngurmat, ataata pasin iglu­lingmut utirmat, tusalitainnaqpungatuasittut piqqusilingnik qaujisagaulaq­tunik avvajjami ukiut qapsiuluangngit­tut pianiksimaliqtut guraaam ruulimit(makkuktunnaq).

Alarnirmit tujurmiulauqsimagivungaisumagijaksarjuarmut pingirqalingmutamisunik iglurjuaviniqarvinganni tuu­liit. Oakugungngurmat tunijaulirivu­nga savingmik kiinaujavinirmik KingJuaj III nanijaujumik angilaami iglur­juavinirmi, nalunaiqsijuq nunaliviniitinigituinnalaurmajjuk piuriup tikilaur­ningata miksaani 1823-ml. (Kiinauja­viniq Inuit piqutituqausivinganiittuqkuugjuarmil

Ukiunguliqtuni, nunaqalilaurivungaqamanituarmi aivilingmilu amma tujur­miuplunga naujaanut piqutituqausiv­viviniqtaqarunaaqtunut. Pililaurillungakai purkit-simistmit (Inuit taijangan­nit qakul/ungmik) katiqsuanik uajar­nivinirmik tallimangannik tuulisiuqtuttitirarnikuinnik tukisivaalliq&ungalupiqqusivininginnit tuuliit tuasitlu.

Miimi 1954-mi kuugjuarmiilaurivungauglaqtauvvigijamni juagin maagaarmittiinis nunangatta piqutituqausivvili­rijingat. Iglulingmungngauqataujuq rit­sart imurikmut, silattuqsarvinganing­ngaaqtuq pinasvila piqutituqausivvi­ngannit, saggarumallutik tuasitngu­sivvivinirnik. Uqautigapkik alarnirmikpingiqqalingmiglu. Qaujigami narnga­rusukkama piliriarijangangnik, i1au­qatauquvaanga.

Uplut amisuuluangngittut pianingma­ta aullaqpugut aujaqsiunginnakasak­&uta kanangnangani Foxe Basin pi­qatiqaq&uta silatujumik qaujimatap­tingnik, inuujungnailauqtumik pakumiqulautmik, tujurmiulauqqaaq&utaavvajakmut, iglulingmut amma qikiq­taarjungmut allanirmualirilluta, taqqi­luktaaq taikaniit&uta, nunangngua­liuq&uta tuasitmiut iglujuanginnik 200ungataaniittunik, amisukasait saggaq­&utigu 23 miitat tipsiktigijumit pigiaq­&uta (miultgaart pigiarvigilaugaanitsivulliqpaamik) 8 miitanut tikit&utatariumit tallimangannut). Ikaaq&utaFoxe Basin-mik qairsut qikiqtanganutJens Munk Island-mut (kapuivving­mut) nanisivugut tuasatmiutatuinnar­niungngittuq kisianili pituqauniqsam­maringnik tuasatmiu sivulinginnik pi-

Alain Maktaq looks at a woodencarving he has just found at ButtonPoint (1963).

<k.A" L" Cc;· Afla r~<;" 'a.."J<J L" r"Q."'~"br.,.· Button Point-r'Q..,.~A.,.4. 1963-~n"~J.

Alain Maktaaq ijigijuq sananguagar­mik nanisaaqtaminik Button Point­mit nanijavinia, 1963-ngutillugu.

place inhabited by the Tuniit. Weexcavated the eroded and collapsedturf along the shore and found a goodnumber of artifacts. Most remarkableamong these were the carvings madefrom driftwood. Some were parts ofarticulated dolls, others representedbears and seals. Often, men and bearcarvings were painted in red ochreand many had a slit on the chest­sometimes with a sliver of woodinserted-suggesting a practice ofeffigy or sympathetic magic. We alsofound drum hoops of wood, muchsmaller than the traditional Inuitdrums of the Eastern Arctic. Amongthe most interesting pieces were twoalmost complete life-size woodenmasks-one of which was found acci­dentally by Joshua Inuksuk in a turfcrack-and parts of several othermasks.

Unfortunately, the ground at ButtonPoint has been much disturbed bysolifluxion (movements produced byalternating frost and thaw). Oftenwhen this happens, recent materialwhich should normally be found ontop lies underneath much older mate­rial (for instance, a Thule stratumunderlying a Dorset one). The resultis that it is almost impossible to datethe remains. One day I thought I wason the verge of an epoch-makingdiscovery when I found a clay pipestem 20cm below the surface in whatI thought was an undisturbed Dorsetmidden. However, on one side of thestem I read "McLean, Dundee"!

Ln<l'r" o.,-r"tlr<-I>L" )<11" II'dntl"'(",,'1923-r. ~'l,"'>J' .o'J"<-"'r'L,r' r",.r'.<Jrro-b n.1.~9»Jb J\<;dnC\C"'c;O"'". Q. 'i"'\...c;Q.c....~<;b)<;b

<Jd'\,..'l,Q. cr ....0.\\J<lL.6.c ....Q.(L~c n<"'6\a-c;o-''f~\O'"(. 11,-\f'( lic...."0'"1'\..7[>~( .DCCj""J<J"~c

Cc-'Lf' o-[>\('<-...:l l><Jr'ib)C, lie..."Pc Q..D"'l.J!J.cQ.cr'\\JLi<-..,:,. <Jrr!J.9>..;>CT <I'Jn\\JLlc 0...0'­

'Jll"-' r'J'J<I"'r'L<")' <l1><-,')r' <l1>"J­<I'r' <I'L <lr1" ~P<I'l,J' 'dIlr'L'-,n', ll<-'r'b'Pl>r''''r'L'-,n' 'P,<I','r', o.-'o.ll"'r'-<' ~')­';9>Cc....[>n.<lb .... 'If'"0-" Llc-(9)(0'""rio <J"j:l- UJ<J­'rnJ' II'dn'r'nJ"-'. o."r"L'"."C 'P<-I>n'<1<'-,'r',,', rp""'~I>"-,<I"'),,' ll.oll' 'P<-1>­nJ'ib\f''''0-' I>P[>';"C9>j< peCT. Q. <;'1...<;o.~ 'J<;b­CI>c..I><;b)b Po.«b Pa.lLn...b)C <l'Pnrb....b)b

'P,'r' ~o.r'L,'-<lCl>r'''' o."r<l''r'."J 0.""­I>c.J>9»<;b ~r<l .o..ob;'rC Nd"Lcrl>< <;dl\"'O"'(Ja-,<IlL f1c...fl\lT'If'C <lrIe Po.«C\~c.

Pr'<I" L,,~'" Button Point-r 1><I',.l,l>r'­L'LC .00.1>< <l1>e-\o"7"ea-'La-c (0.<-c-6.....CI>Q.­o-'L..oc 'f'fc-c..1>'""'("..?0" <l[>"C'io-'L.ocl. CL<>'0..

)Pc-b lJ.~o.rr .DC'JO"'9>"t{-"bc-c-[>a.79»L­J.t{ - <lc-c-[><'''LC 1\)"6[>0"'9>,,0"'( )~( "6c-­

~'r )<11",,') CllL"o. 1I,.~'l,' <1,'0.'-,<1­NL,,-b~')'" '1,.0'" I>pl>'b"'nr'L'I.e 'bl>~"P

<lr<I'dtl"'r'. 1>'-,ll' ll<-'l,'" 0.'~',<I"'<"­c-<lo.r'rc-<-I>"'r'L')'l" 20 retc,,' <I'r"nr,rll~Lr,.,,,· 1><I,,.l,l>r'L''r')o.~r'-,J )<11"ll"tI"\[,, o."r'l,L 'PdP >-,<I'r'n' p'r'­tI<I".... ~"~,, I>'bc-L~c"''i, "'n'0.'l, "L·":".elir·." (<lr~' <I'tI',,<I"'n' r'r'LCc-l>''b"r~~l,'·)' 1900-' <I)"'n"-,r' eli,r'b'<-'r''L'<-I>'LCl.

1965-r /Ir<l'"."\[,, 'bl>~~,,-<lc-<-I>"'>'l,

llr'Lr,.·~ ',<I,,' ll"r,.I>',,· <ltI')"'r'L"'r.I>PI>,,' <lr~,,' )~"'<'bL ll'-'',<ltI,,"'C'b­[>?~Q.O"''''LO'''b ~"J6\[><' ;"6\ )<l( fj,Q.c-( b"'f'<lO"',Pr'<I" <l1>,.l>n"-,J Clld\[, np',,'" <I,ll"-

b"/,)~ Old'/., L'I\~'" 16

qutivinirnik tipsiktigijunik 55 miitaniktipsingniqsauplutiglu. Iglulingmut uti­rapta, ajjikasanginnik nagvaalirivuguttipsingn irijakasangan i qalirrusirm i,qanigijangani maanna nunaliuliqtup,nalunaiqsititsijumik qikiqtaq inigijau­laurmat ukiut 4,000-kasait qaangiqtutqanigijangani, marruuk puqtuniqpaakqaanginnagik qaqqaak nuitatillugiktariup qulaani.

Qakugungngurmat, nanisikkanniiiri­vunga tuulit sivuliviningitta iniviningin­nik qamani'tuarmi igluligaarjungmiluqapsirunaarlangnik saggaq&unga ar­viligjuap qaningani, ikajuqtigiplugupiqannaara punaart iqugaktuq.

Aullaanipta i1angani C.D. Howe-mi,malik&uta tusarnikuptingnik tiivit ipir­mit, Dr. Larry Oschinsky-Iu uvangaluqaningani ikpiarjuup nagvaaqpugukpiusausiqtuqsimajumik tuugaarmikikuutaup pitiksianik qaujimajaulaangu­Iiqtumik nanijaunnikungitta tuulitsanangnguaqpaganginni.

Ukiunik qapsirunaarlangnik utiqsima­Iiq&unga mitsimatalingmut 1958-mi,piqatiqalauqpunga alain maktaqmiksannirummut, malik&ugu nunaliujutpiqqusinga, kingulliqpaamik inigijau­lauqtuq tuunirnit amma matiassinnanisivvigilaugaani tuasit piqutivin­inginnik 1923-mi. Saggaqpuguk nu­ngullaqsimajumik sigjamik, amisuniknagvaaqpuguk piqutivinirnik. Narngar­nalauqtuq akunninganni sanangngua­gait sanasimajut tipjavinirnit qijungnit.liang it i1avinirijaujut nutarangngua-

11

12

Excavating in a cloud of mosquitosat Nunguvik (1974),

~'L'::>dC ~'::>~4~A''<'4'n"-,J

.D'JII'r 1974.

Saggaqtuit qikturiaqavikjuqtilluguNunguvikmi (1974).

Part of the Nunguvik site. showingmostly the Thule houses. At theextreme right on the same row isthe oldest Dorset house I wasexcavating when the photographwas taken in 1969.

.D JA'r'c::>< dc-'I. Cd '~l>ncl'<'''j,( A~~~4J·Cb~~~v·.

Cc-o;loA4cru <"v L Ln.. .. Q.~a- A)~b­

l>'<'''C'' ::>41 cd' -' ' '<'4'1. ~'L L ~

4'~rl>Ll>n"-,J 1969-r.

Nunguvingmiittup ilanga takuksau­titsijuq tuulit ilurjualuktaakasa­nginnik. Taliqpianiqpasinimmariknalaani pituqaujuqtaq tuasitiglurjuanga saggagara ajjiliugau·tillugu 1969-mi,

13

Many of the whalers who frequentedPond Inlet in the 19th century sailedfrom Dundee, Scotland.

In 1965 I began a survey of the mostimportant sites of the region. Foryears I had heard of the many oldhouses at Nunguvik, on the westcoast of Navy Board Inlet, but I hadnever found the time to stop thereduring the summer. It was only inSeptember 1965 that the late Laza­rusi Qajaq took me there in his boat.The ground was already freezingwhen I visited the place. I was im­pressed by the number of old Thulehouses I saw, but even more impres­sed when I noticed other depressionsthat suggested a much older occupa­tion. A few minutes of digging in thehalf-frozen ground produced a burin(qingusaaq) , showing that the sitedated at least from the early Dorsetperiod.

Since then, I have spent many sea­sons-17 in all-at Nunguvik. (Butlest people be concerned by the ex­tent of the excavations carried out atNunguvik, I think there is enoughwork left there to last archaeologistsfor another century.) About 6km tothe south we also found materialdating from the transitional periodbetween pre-Dorset and Dorset at theArnakadlak site, named after myassistant Samueli Arnakallak.

We have excavated several Thule andDorset houses at Nunguvik and foundthat the site was inhabited almostcontinuously for at least 2,000 years,although it does not seem to havebeen occupied during the last two orthree centuries. According to the localtradition, the last inhabitants diedas the result of a curse called downon them by an old woman-which ex­plains the toponym Nunguvik, "theplaCe of the end." The only recentstone and whale bone houses, builtand occupied early in this century, aresituated some distance to the north.

Radiocarbon dating suggests that theancestors of the Inuit (the Thulepeople) arrived at Nunguvik when theTuniit were still living there, or at leastvery soon after their departure. Thelatest Dorset house is dated at 1095AD and the earliest Thule house at1090 AD (plus or minus 70 and 90years respectively).

Continued on page 16

"Wolf woman" carving fromNunguvik.

'·<tLfJ~·-<lC;Q.'i·" "a.. \ \J<H.. 'J'",D'Jl\'r.

"Amaruq-arnaq" sanangngua­ganguq nunguvingmi.

Small masks from Nunguvik (top)and Arnakadlak (bottom).

P... «~.,;" ,D'Jl\'r c ('dC:.r) <ILL

~< ... b·,-· (<IC,r).

.inappagajaaq nunguvingmitIqulaanil amma arnakallak (ataani)

viniit talingi niungillu uasuqtut, i1angitnanungnguit natsingnguillu. Amisuiq­&uni angutingnguit nanungnguillumingunguaqsimavaktut aupaluktumikaungnguarmik amma amisut sakia­ngagut qupisimaplutik, i1angit kakkiu­siqsimaplutik qijuarjungmik, nalunaiq­sijut uukturaqtalauriaksanginnik i1isiiq­sinirmik ajjingnguangitigut piqutingit­tigullu. Nanisimmaaq&uta qilautitavalunginnik, mikiniqsaulluaqtunikInuit qilautituqanginnit ukiuqtaqtuupkitaani. Narngarnalaanguqataulauqtukkiinappaak kiinammariktut angitigi­kasaktuk qijungmit sanasimajuk­atausiq nanigiangngit&ugu nanijau­lauqtuq jaasua inuksungmit piqunga­niup qupinniani, amma ilaviningitamisut kiinappaviniif.

Kisiani maniraq Button Point-mi uajja­gausimangmat nunaup aulajjaktarni­nganit (nallikaaqtaunninganut qiqili­lauqpak&uni auktarninganut). Taman­na tukilik i1aanni nutaanguniqsait­qalliunajaqtuugaluit - alliuvangmatapituqauniqsanit tuliit qaliriingi tuasit­nit) taimanna pijaraangat ajurnarlua­vimmarikasaktuq qanuq ukiuqaqti­gingmangaataa qaujinirmik amiakku­viningit. Upluit ilanganni nagvaarjuaq­pallianasugililauqsimavunga, 20 sin­tamiitanik atsiktigijumi isumagijamnikuajja9ausiman9n9ittuunasu9ip lug utuasit inivininga, nanisigama qikurmikpuluatsitip kingmivvianik ... Saniraaniuqalimaarataqqaaqtinnanga "makliin.Tantiimik." (amisut arvirniaqtit mit­simataliup qanigijaaniigajuktut 1900-tatuqtillugit tantii, sikaatlanmingngaa-

. julaurmata).

1965-mi pigiaq&unga, qaujisariali­lauqpunga isumagijaksarjuanik inigi­jaujunik aviktuqsimanirmi. Ukiunikamisunik tusaqpakkama iglurjuaviniq­taqaurunaanninganik nunguviup, niivipuat inlit kangiani, kisiani aujautillugutaikunga tikinniq ajuinnaqpakkamaarlialuamut. Siptimpa 1965-ngurmatlaasurusi qajaq taikunga agjalilau­tainnaqsimangmanga qajariamigut.Maniraq qiqiliqpallialianilauqtuq tai­kungngalinnama. Narngarusulauq­punga amisunik tuuliit iglurjuavini­nginnik takugama, narngaluakkani­Iiq&unga i1utunirnik takugama pitu­qauluarniqsanik. Saggalaupqaq&ungaqiqiraluktumi nagvaaqpunga qingu­saarmik, nalunailiqtitsijuq sivullirnituasittitut pituqautigingmat.

Taimangngat ukiunik amisunik tai­kungngaqtalilauqpunga l-mit 17-mutKajusivuq taikunga makpiraq 16

Dorset and Thule

An Explanation

The terms "Dorset" and "Thule" socommonly used by Arctic archaeolo­gists might be briefly explained forInuktitut readers; both refer to pastcultures distinguished archaeologi­cally. "Dorset Culture" is called thatbecause it was first identified in 1925by Diamond Jenness at the NationalMuseum of Canada in Ottawa fromancient artifacts sent down fromKingait or Cape Dorset, and was sonamed for Edward Sackville, Earl ofDorset, in England. By using C14radioactive carbon dating techniques,the Dorset Culture is judged to havecome into existence about 2,500years ago and lasted until about 600years ago. It developed out of apreceding culture termed "Pre­Dorset" which began about 4,000years ago. The Dorset Culture peoplewere like Inuit physically and in allprobability are the Tuniit rememberedin Inuit tradition.

"Thule Culture" was identified inArctic Canada by Therkel Mathiassen(Tiki) in 1922-23 during the FifthThule Expedition, a Danish-Polar Inuit(Inuhuit) endeavour out of Denmarkand a Northwest Greenland tradingpost named Thule, from the classicalGreek for Farthest North, "UltimaThule." Thule Culture, which featuredwhaling, developed in North Alaskaaround 1,000 years ago. The ThuleCulture people were Inuit, the ances­tral Sivulliit, and they quickly spreadboth west to the Bering Strait andeast through the High Arctic islandsto Greenland along the old bowheadwhale migration route. Then, over acouple of centuries, they spreadwidely southward in Arctic Canada,diversifying with changing conditions.

The Sivulliit or First Ones were morenumerous than the Tuniit whom theymet, no doubt because they could getmore game because they were tech­nologically superior. They had majorequipment that the Dorset CultureTuniit seem to have lacked, like big

14

ALL bc. c../\cr~.

A.J) L Ln./\cr)~bA c

CII'd4 1I.D'Ln-I\.-J'bll' II'LbLC.' '\,L..>';'IIJ'411'b'IIC~'>' "J4,'" 4'L..> ":)•." 411'b,­nc[><-JO\...,j [>p[>~c'i)r !:J.CC\r\'i(T~ \"L'i1.oC

"Ln-4'\,'(,J.D' 4'L..> '\,.DII'L' CIIL"o.CII7~"b'C'L 'i.'f" '\,~~L7~'dL'nJ' II.D'.D';L'd4 CIIL"o. 411'\,'JII' II'LbLc..-'~~II"­

o.~'>' 4'L..> 1I";c.~"'r'L.-'f" 'b~~7~r'L'>'

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CIIL"o. 411'\,'I1C~'>' IIL"o. AL",J: 1925­'JIIL..>J CIIL" 70.' <lJ~r' 'Q,~ 11'('.-,.-'Cd7'J'1\'r 0.'r'~'7~c.~"'r'L 'L' 11'('.-,.-'P'L.-'i.'Jr' I'bL..>';'IIJ' 411'b 'J'" bll< J4­,'r') 4'L..> L"0. P'LII' 'bL..>';'(1)' 411'L4'II"'C~.c.~ 'r'LPL..>.- J4,'J' IIILC~~r'

1I'c."r~('r IEarl of Dorset in Eng­land) 411'b"'.;>.- 4''>' ~'''I>". J4,'­'J.-~'Cl>~II' 1I.D'Ln-I\.-J'b'Ln-4",11' '\,l>~7­

~c.~'>' 1I";c.l>"'r'L.-'f'".-' 2,500 4'~Jc

~'r'L~.-' 4'L..> 1I";~"';'c.l>'" .;>n' 6004'~Jc.~"'r'L~.-' '\,~~7~c.~'>' CIIL"o.lIPII'('.-'~.-'f'".-' 'b~~,~lIr' 'b.Dllr 11'('.-­,~.-'\,'IIP'L'i.c 4J'" .;>11' '\,L..>';'nJ' 411"b,­Jr' IC14 radioactive carbon datingtechniques!. CII'd4 :)4,'1\.-:)'\,11' II.D­A~( I\r<J~c..[>"'r'L'c ")n..- ::><J\'C\cr<;17"r',>L.~.-"~~.-' J4"I\.-'.- (Pre-Dorset)L'd4..> AP4.c.~'.-n- L..>11' 4,000 4'~J­

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JP"'b")Qo "\lcn'cr"<'r Li"Po..\r'i(r." )C"",,~c

4"'I\P4'\,'Cc.~'.-'>' <k."or'l.'c-J'-",f1'-' II'L'\,1,OOO-'J~I\';" 4'~J.-'_ Jc-I\';" II.D'L';"r"'"c-C\a-I'\.~'f'c <JlL..,j .00..<:"<<"c-<lc-c..l>"0-")C

~p~'C'Jr 'fP'L..>'J'Ll>".-'.;>n'-' 4'L..><JdpcJl!.c .Do..'L.D'L[>"'O"" ,.>n" <]'ilo.(\'u" Lc-l>­.;>11'. 4'~JII' 4rIII' q.-J'IIL-,P' ~.D '.-"'-\0-1> .Do..~C""c..[>'icr'i)C [>'Lr'f'bC"'"~nb bo..([>(

~P~'C'J4.-.

ImmakallaviniqInummarivinituqait

Qaujitittigiaruti

Taikkua inummarivinituqait immakal­lak qallunaatitut atiqartitauvut "tua­sat" ammalu "tuli." atiqartitaullutigluukiurtartumi ittarnisarnik saggartinutsaggariaqattartunut ammalu qanuim­mat taimanna taijauqattarmangaangitqaujimajauqugattigut inungnut; taak­kua taimanna atiqartuit immakallani­saujuinnauvut ammalu inuulauqsima­ningit qaujijausimavut ittarnisaniksaggartinut. "Tuasat"-ngunirartaujuittaimanna atiqartitauvut imanna pil­lugu: 1925-ngutillugu taiman janasaatuvaamit sanaji ittarnisanik takujar­turvingmi naksiujjaulauqsimangmatittarnisanik kinganingaartumik (qal­lunaatitut atiqartuq kaip tuasatmit)ammalu taanna kingait qallunaatitutatinga attiqtaulilaursimagilluni tua­satmut isumataujumit Inglanmiutarmi(Earl of Dorset in England) atiqaq&uniatvut saatviul. Tuasat-ngunirartau­juit inummarivinituqammarialuit qauji­jaulaurput inuulauqsimaninginnik2,500 arraaguulaursimajunik ammaluinuujunniilauq&utik 600 arraaguula­uqsimajunik qaujijaulaurput taimanna­tigi ittarnisauninginnik qaujisauti­mik qanutigi ittarnisauniqartiging­mangaata atuq&utik qallunaatitut ati­qartumik IC 14 radioactive carbondating techniques). Taikkua tuasatvi­nituqait inuviniit pigialilauqsimavut"puri-tuasatvinirni" sivulliunirsaujuniktuasatvinirni (Pre-Dorsetl taakkualupigialilaurnirillutik 4,000 arraaguuju­vinirni aniguqsimalirtunik. Taakkuatuasatviniit inuuquujinnirput tauttu­ngit timingillu inuuquujillutik ammaluisumagijaulirput tunijjuaviniunasugi­jaullutik.

"Tuli" -viniunirartaujuit inutuqaviniitinuulauqsimaningit qaujijaulilauqsi­mavuq tukiul 'matiasan tikiviniunirar­taujuviniq 1922-1923-ngutillugu tuli­nik qaujigiakkannirasuk&utik aulla­kataktillugit. Tauqsiivviktaqalauqsi­mangmat tuliunirartaujuvinirmit im­makallaviniq qallunaat uqausiviningin­nik tuli tukiqarpuq "quttingnirpaamiikkiinarnirpaami." tuliviniit aqvigia­qattalaurnirput Alaaskamingaarlikuul-

-

umiaks, dog sleds, the sea huntingharpoon (igimaq) with sealskin float(avataq), seal and bird darts (akligaq,nuikl hurled with the throwing board(nugsaq;, and the bow and arrow,good for fighting as well as hunting.They also had a little iron traded fromSiberia for tools and the bow drillwhich helped greatly in makingthings. It should be said that thebow and arrow, drill, and dogs werearound much earlier in Pre-Dorsettimes. The Dorset Tuniit are thoughtto have lanced and speared caribou,musk-ox, and bear. They threw thespear hard with the foot, according totradition. Unlike the Thule CultureInuit they did not hunt whale fromumiaks and kayaks so they could notregularly get that mountain of meatand fat that is a bowhead whale. It isnot yet certain whether they hadumiaks and kayaks or not, althoughthey lived mainly along the sea coastand on islands, too.

The Sivulliit are supposed to havedisplaced the Tuniit from their favour­ite locations, but some amalgamationof the two might also have takenplace, especially since they were alikeand could understand each other,according to tradition. A few Tuniitideas seem to have been continued torecent times, like the common har­poon head (naulaq), maybe the flat­bottomed Eastern Arctic kayak, soap­stone pots and lamps (instead of theThule pottery ones), and the domedsnowhouse. Thule Culture is con­sidered to have ended around 300years ago when it became ModernHistoric Inuit Culture, according to thearchaeologists. But the people,whether modern Inuit, Dorset CultureTuniit, or Pre-Dorset people, seem tohave been of the same kind.

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lutiglu immaqaa 1,OOO-ngujuviniit ar­raagunik. Tuliviniit inummariit sivul­livinirivangit ammalu nunataarpallia­lilaurnirput ukiurtartumi qikirtaalung­mungaunnir&utiglu ammalu akukittuitnunanganungaunniq&utik aqvingnikmalik&utik. Arraaguit amisuit anigur­tillugit unurniqsanik nunaqalilaurnirputungasigiiktaq&utik kanataup ukiurtar­tuani.

Taikkua sivulliviniit inuviniit unurniq­sammariunnirput tunirni ammalu s1­vullivinivut angunasukkaunirsaunniq­&utik angunasugutiqarniqsaunnir­mata. Tuasatviniit tuniviniillu piqa­nginniqsaulaurput shTullivinirnik inung­nik suurlu umiarnik, qimuksinik, igi­marnik, avatarnik agligarnik ammalunuiknik, nagsarnik ammalu pisiksinikinuviniit piqalaurmata. Tauqsiiqattar­nikuunnirmingmata saipiurijamiuniksaviksartaartitauqattarnir&utik atur­pak&unijjuk piqutiliurnirmik ammaluangunasugutiliurnirmik. Kisianittauqtaikkua pisiksiit ammalu qimuksiitpitaqaqsaaliniqsaunnirput tuasanikinungnik aturtauvakkaluarnirillutik.Tuasatviniit tuniit isumagijauvut nauk­kaqsiqattartuviniunasugijaullutik tuk­tunik, umingmangnik ammalu nanur­nik. Naukkaqsiqattartuviniuvut isi­gangminut unikkaartuatigut. Kisianiliumiartuqattangittuviniuvut ammaluqajartuqattangittuviniullutik ammaluniqitaarjuarunnanginniq&utik aqving­ningaartunik niqinik ammalu uqsumik.Kisianittauq qaujimajaullaringimmataumiaqallattaalauraluarmangaata am­malu qajaqallattaalauraluarmangaatatariup akianiiqattaraluarniq&utik am­malu qikiqtaniiqattaraluarniq&utik.

Sivulliviinit inummarivinituqait tiklik­tuviniunasugijauvut tuniit nunangin­nik kisianittauq ilagiiliqtuviniunasu­gijaugivut Inuit ammalu tuniviniit tua­satvinituqait piluartumik ajjigiikasang­nivininginnut ammalu tukisiumaqat­tautininginnut. Tuniit piqutiviningin­nik ijjuaqattartuviniugivut Inuit ullu­mimut kajusillugu suurlu naullait am­malu ukiurtartumit qajavinituqait, sa­nanguarsimajuit igajjutiit qattaillu am­malu igluvigait. Tuliviniit pitaqarun­niilaurasugijauvut 300-ngujunik arraa­gunik inungulaurninginnut ullumi inuu­liq&utik taimanna ittarnisanik piliri­jiit isumaqattarput. Kisianili Inuit,ullumi inuujut, tuasatviniit tuniit ajji­giiktuinnaujuviniuvut.

Continued from page 13

At Alarniq the Dorset houses areregularly spaced out on old raisedbeaches (between 8m and 23mabove sea level with the Thule housessituated around 8m), but at Nunguvikthe sea level has not changed muchduring the last 2,000 years. Thisprobably means that 8affin Island hastipped slightly during recent milleniawith the coast of Foxe Basin risingrapidly (about 1m per century) whilethe northern coast has remainedalmost still. As a result, at Nunguvikthere are no raised beaches; the samespot may have been occupied forseveral centuries and most Thulehouses are situated even higher thanthe Dorset ones.

A house complex that we have beenexcavating for the last few years atNunguvik was occupied for at least500 years, which does not make itvery easy to study. But to make up forthat, most of the artifacts arepermanently frozen because of thethickness of the archaeological layer,and wooden pieces are better pre­served than in most other arctic sites.In contrast with other sites, forinstance, many flint tools are foundwith their wooden handles intact.

Other wooden artifacts include frameparts of a small kayak model, the front

16

The front part of a Dorset sledrunner, from a Nunguvik Dorsethouse.

A'C~ :J4(' %~nA~~C.~~A'r :J4(' A·~'~4A~~~'.

Iktaanga tuasit qamutiviningata,nunguvingmi tuasit iglurjua­vininganit.

0."'<'bL ~'c-~-,~J'. ('n'< 1965-'J'L':"lrr' '1,,'" ClId'l. ~"c-,-KlI·o."'r'L'L'l.~67n...<JrJC. LerCj<;b 'f'fc-<;b(<-c-<]c-<Jerc.J><;b)<;b

ClId''l.c-·o.L. 0. ''l.?'d>o.)'l. ~r,~' S.;.,fj '"~0;~<J"0" 'r'"0"''' CdLL Q.~"L-,4"60"c-q, ,;J'l.fj~)er o;er" CdLL A)"M>~<l~0'" 'ib\cr". ...."'Lc....-~''b'",,'l. 'f''f'~-,')r o.'~"')'\, 'f"J~T',o.-,o.lIc-"'n'r'~'" r''>"c-'.,. )~r"n)' 1\)'1,­~nr'L '.

ClIL''to' ~P~.,.' ~r'.,.' ClId"Lo.Cc-,-~"')'l.

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~'o.b",- 'r, ~nc-' lIb~"'n,-~')' ~JlIc­

<J~o.b<-c....".

Kajusivuq tagvangat makpiraq 13

katiluktaaq&ugit nunguvingmi. 6kilamiitatut ungasiktigijumi kivataani,nanisilaurivugut piqutinik tuasit sivul­ingitta amma tuasitnik arnakallangmi,atilik ikajuqtilauptut samuili arna­kallak.

Kitumiat isumaaluqunagit saggagaul­luarninganik nunguviup, piliriaksaq­taqarluaqtuinnarniaqtuq itsarnitali­rijinut nunalingnut asianni. Nungu­vingmi, saggalauqpugut amisuniktuulit tuasitlu iglurjuavininginnik qau­jipluta ukiunik 2,000-nik inigijaungin­nakasangmat. Kisiani inigijaunniku­viniujaangngimmat 200 300-lu ukiu­ngulauganisaaqtuni. Malik&ugu nuna­liit pitqusituqanga, nunaliulauqtutkingulliqpaangat tuqulauqtuq ilisii­gaupluni ningiurmit-nalunaiqsijuqsuuq atiqarnirmangaat "nunguv­vingmik." iglurjuakkannituit nutaatsanasimajut ujaqqanit arviillu sauni­nginnit, sanajaunnikuuvut inigijauplu­tiglu ukiut qulit atgai pianisaaqtuni,kanangnaqpasik&utik.

Nalunaiqsijuujaqtuq sivulingi InuitItuuliit) tikilaurmata nunguvvingmuttuniit suli taikaniitillugit, uvvaluunniitaullasaaqtillugit nalunaigauningatutqanuq pituqauninganik qaujisarutik­kut: 1095 jiisusi tuqutausimaliqtilluguiglurjuangat tuasit nutaujuqtaq amma1090 tuqutausimaliqtillugu sivulliq-

Articulated doll found at Nunguvik(1978).

t>4"C;~J<;' A~?\J<I'''' Q..a-"'I>.~m

..,'J<,,'r (1978).

Uasuqtuq inuujanguaq nanijaujuqnunguvvingmi (1978).

paaq tuliit iglurjuangat (taapkua ukiut70-mi 90-mut naliangnutuinnaq qani­tigijut).

Alanirmi tuasit iglurjuangi puqtunir­miigajuktillugit sigjani, akunningani 23miitat 8 miitallu tariup sigjangani,tuulilli iglurjuangi 8 miitatut tipsik­tigivut nunguvingmi, tariup imaqquq­tuninga sunnilualaungngimmat ukiu­nik 2,000-nik; tam anna tukilik qikiq­tarjuaq uviarjungmat ukiuni amisur­juani, Foxe Basin sigjanga qummua­galasaq&uni (1 miitamik ukiut qulitatgait pianituaraangata), kanangnaasunniqpallialuaqtinnagu. Taimannain­ninganut, nunguvingmi puqtuniqta­qangngittuq sigjanik; atausiq inigi­jaunajalauqtuuqquuq qulit atgainikamisunik amma tuulit iglurjualuktaa­kasangi tipsingniqsaujut tuasatnit.

Iglurjuaq saggaqtaqattaakkavut ukiu­nik amisunik inigijaunikuviniq ukiut500 tikittuulluakasak&ugit, ilinniarnir­mik ajurnarutigijaa, kisiani naamma­lirutigijaa ilinniarnirmik ajurnarningata,ipjuninganut itsarnitait qaliriingnivin­ingi, tamarmiluktaakasak piqutiviniitqiqiinnaqput amma qijuviniit suruq­palliaiuangnginniqsauvut inigijauju­viniit ilangittitut. Imannatut, uuktuu­tigiiglugit inigijaunnikuviniit, amisutingniksat sannativiniit nanijaulauqputsuli ipuqaq&utik qijungnik.

Asingi piqutiviniit qijungnit ilasimavutqajagajaap avaluvinianik, qamutip ik­tavinia, putuqaluqipluni qilaksuivving­nik pilraanginnik lamisut arviit kiguti­viviningi pilraaviniit, tuugaat ammanagjuit nanijaulauqput), iluitkak situ­raujautiviniq, nuvvuriktuq igluktut isu­gik ajuqaqsipluni laapmiutanik saipiuri­jamiutavinirniglu, amma i1aviningitajjirlangi, amisuplait kiinappaviniit,atausiq inuup niaqunguanga nagjulikilaviningillu uasuqtut pingnguaviniit,iluitkak uasuqtuq nutarangnguaq,amam amisuplait, i1aanni sanatsiaju­saqsimavaktut, aturningi suli qaujin­nangngittut.

Pitaqalaurmijuq amisuplangnik tuu­gaanik sanangnguagarnik nannut,aiviit, natsiit, arviit, tingmiarusiit;marruuk mikijuk arnaak qimmitutamaqqutulluuvva siutiliik; amisuplaituukturautit sitamanik niuliit nirjutitigluani nannunik niaquliit igluani aivir­mik; marruuk kiinappagajaak takuran­niqsautiliqtuqsimatsiaqtuk...

17

part of a full-size sled runner withholes and grooves for lashing theshoeing (many pieces of sled shoeingof baleen, ivory and antler have alsobeen found). a complete model of aski (pointed and curved at both endslike old Lapp and Siberian types) andparts of three other similar models,several carved human faces, onecarved human head with horns, partsof an articulated caribou toy, a com­plete articulated human doll, andseveral pieces-some very carefullymade-the use of which has not beenestablished.

The site also yielded several ivory car­vings representing bears, walrus,seals, bowhead whales and birds,two small figurines of women withdog or wolf ears, several samples ofthe characteristic four-legged animalwith a bear head on one side and awalrus head on the other and twosmall finely-ornamented masks.

A characteristic of Dorset specimensat Nunguvik and elsewhere is thesmall size of some of the pieces. Ifound a small finely-chiselled carvingof a bird-probably a falcon-but itwas only on closer examination longafterwards that I discovered that asmall bump on the bird's shoulderwas actually a human face, hardly2mm long. I have often wonderedhow these people, in their poorlylighted houses, could make such finecarvings.

The same goes for stone tools. In anearly Dorset house where burins werenumerous, we found that a goodnumber were very small (I call themmini-burins). One of these, a side­notched, truly functionai burin, is only7mm long. It is probably the smallestburin ever found.

Just before leaving Pond Inlet forNunguvik in 1969, I received a fewflint artifacts that I recognized as pre­Dorset. The children who broughtthem said they had found them in themiddle of the village, at a place westfrom the stream and not very far fromthe shore. I decided to investigate onmy return from Nunguvik.

Unfortunateiy, when I came back toPond Inlet (Mittimatalik) severalweeks later I found that a road hadbeen opened in the meantime and ahouse built on the spot. Assuming

18

PJr<J' 1lri..-,'doJ" ~'W>'-,~'a-'t,~, ..'Jl\~'.AC"f'L<]"t.,q,eb~J<J<;b).6" Q.<;cr<]<;b)<;b fj,ct.,"O"'Cc-­~;"J:/ .oo..c-'.oc <]('<]"'0-. .D"Jl\\r, "~Lc..­

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np<..~'LC ..'J'CI'J' ).;., Ie- Cllb';'n'-,r',1>40<..l"crC <ll>c..c....~<;bn<-..:Jrc o.....:JQ.f1Ll>o-'L)C'b.." I\)'b~"'t,,,' "b~~"rn'd': 1095 ~N)'dC~ILe-"n'-,J II'-''~~'L' )~I' ..C~­~"C" ~'L 1090 ),dC~ILe-"n'-,J 1"­e-"(" );., II'-,'~~'L' (C'd~ ~p~' 70-r90-JC o..c-<]\.oJ!J.<l.0.. .... <ibo-rr~cl.

Tuasitmiutitut pitqusiliktitut sanau­gaviniit. nunguvingmi asinginnilu,ilangit mikijummariit. Nanisilauqpu­nga, pukkuliutsiaqsimajumik, sanang­nguaganik tingmiarusirmik, kaajuu­ngunarriamik, kisiani qakugungngur­mat, qaujisatsiakkanniliq&ugu, piqu­nganiarjukuluk tingmiarusiup tuinganiinuup kiinarinnirmagu, 2 milamiitatuttakitigikasaksinnaqtuq. Isumagajuk­punga taapkua Inuit qanuq, qaumat­siangittumi iglurjuarni, sanasiaqsima­junik sanangnguarungnarmangaataa.

Taimannatuttauq ujaqqat sannatit.Tuasit iglurjuaviniqqaangi sakuutitamisuulauqtut, qaujivugut amisutmikijummariungmata (taijatka sakuu­tialaanikl. liangat, saniraagut ukin­nilik, aturungnammariktuq, 7 mila­miitatut takitigisinnaqtuq. Mikilaa­nguqquuqtuq sakuutini nanijausima­juluktaani.

Ribs from akayak model(late Dorset).The width of

the largest ribis 12 em.

'b?1> < )e-L'L()<U (J'bl\cr") •

(r II ::>""Cc;" ::>c-Lv12 ICr'C'.

Qajaup tuli­maanga (tuasit­tuqaviniq). Silik­tuqtaq tulimaani

12 sitamiitat.

1969-mi, aullariaqqaarnanga mit­simatalingmit nunguvingmut, tuni­jauvun9a amisuplangnik ingniksanitsanasimajunik piqutivinirnik ilitarijam­nik tuasit sivuliviningatitut. Nutaqqatq~itsijut uqaqtut nanigamijjuk nuna­liup qitqanit, kuugaup kangiani tip­siluangngittumit. Qaujisarualiqpungautituaruma nunguvingmit. likuluuga­luaqtillugu, utirama mitsimatalingmutsanattailit akunningi amisuplait pianik­simaliqtillugit, apqusiuqtuqarnirmatamma iglurjualiurviunniq&uni. Isuma­Iiq&unga anginiqsauqquurmat inigi­jaujuviniq, saggasivunga kuugaupqaningani, 6 miitatukasak ungasik­tigisinnaq&ugu tuulit iglurjuaviningasaggagaulauqtuq 1923-mi matiasin­mit. Nanisivunga qeliriingnitsiaplanik,sitamaujunik: Upluminitait tuulit,tuasit amma tuasit sivulingi, qaku­gungngurmat 50 santamiitatut atsik­tigijumi. Nanisivunga asiruqsima­luangngittumik nagjungmik sakkumik.Ilangi tariurmiutat nirjutit sauniviningitaimannatut atsiktigijumi upluqaqtit­sivut 4385-nik ilalugu asjvaivvigiluukiunik 155-nik (2435 ukiut jiisusiinuungngitillugu suli. Taamna upluqmikigligigiaraarjukkaluaqpat, taapkuasakkut pituqauniqpaanguqquuqtutnanijaujuni qikiqtaalungmi.

Ski models from Nunguvik seenfrom one side and from above.Skis were previously thought tohave been introduced into Canadafrom Europe.

(~~~7~n~~ ~~~'r' Cd<jJ"trfi·v( o;d~Q"'<<-"..J. t::>ctt>I,.l>n c

b...C-l' 'b~i"nCt>...~r7~<-t>"~'A~~ <rt>~'.

Situraujautivini nunguvingmittakuplugu saniraanit qulaaniplaglu.Situraujautit kanatamut qaujiti­taunasugijaulauqtut iurapmiunit.

that the site was probably more ex­tensive, I started digging near thestream, only about 6m from the Thulehouse excavated in 1923 byMathiassen. I found relatively goodstratification with four layers:modern, Thule, Dorset and-about50cm below the surface-pre-Dorset.There I discovered two well-preservedantler harpoon heads. Some seamammal bones found at the samelevel gave a radiocarbon date of4385 ± 155 8P (2435 8C). Even ifthis date has to be slightly reduced,these harpoon heads are probably theoldest found on Baffin Island.

<I<-.,.'r )<1,' II'..>'~<I'r )").,.'iL~'n" ..>r',',.,., <ld·.,.'L.,. 23 ic' 8 ie..> Cn..[><"''L.,., :>C-"c- 1I'..>'~<I'r 8 ic)' n<­,'nr,:>' .o'JII'r, cn..[>< ilL"'d").,.'L r.,.­..><I<.[>''r'L' [>P[>.,.' 2,000-.,.': CL·...)Pc-' 'fP"C'~<I" [>I1<1'~'L' [>P[>.,. <lr­"~<I.,., Foxe Basin ,','L <d'J<lLc.'''.".,.11 icr' [>P[>' \lc-' <I'LII' 1\<1.,.)<I~'LCl.beL'~ rcr.....<c.c-<J....><J.....O...CLJ. Cal"'o.!1"'o-'L.D'..o'JII'r )").,."c'\,''r')'' "'.,.': <lc[>,"60'"r7r>Q.7c....[>.....:y·~d<;lo ~dc-c <]'L60-" <Jrr'a-"<I'L )c-' II'..><~<I..>'C6, 'r n<".,...,[>~,)<J~co-c.

.6.1.....>~~<J<;b "l.L,.....ebcc"b'c t>Pt>o-" <JrIa-"lI.,.r,[>.,.dll.,." [>p[>, 500 np')"..><16,' ."r',1Ic-·.,.<I<.,.<r' <I~'a.?nr~, P,<I.,. ';'Lc-?np~

I1c-"'cr(J'icr'irb <J~'iQ.'ia-'l,C• .6.<~(T'l..DC /1' ...."­rrCl1c %c-~'o-6\cr'f'. CL'if....>1o(b ....10 l\'idn,,~C

'fcp......), <ILL 'f~lI.;.' n"("c-<l..><I''r·­.,."'[>':>' II.,.P'[>~lI';" 11<.'ron)'. ilL·...)',~')n1" ..>P' II.,.P,[>·.,.dll';", <lrr' II,.,.",.......Q.nC\.~c o..0",7l>c...t> ..... )C Ie- d)'ib<;b""n"'f~"O'"b.

<I,'r "'dnll';" 'f~,.,., IIdL':>' '\"L~<

<1<'..>lI.,.<I.,.', 'bJO' II'Cll.,.<I, ) )'b..>'1"..>.,.'I'<.'rll'lI'.,.' I\.~'r'.,.' I<lrr' <I'll' PJn­IIl1.,.'r 1\.~I1';", )L' <ILL ...'~II' ....,.,[>­<.[>")'l, 11..>11'6' o~[>,[>nll.,.", .0'':>0..')''fj,l..:Jb)C dlr" <J~'i6""'«.:J0'" ~<rr>cO"''' ....6/\-

1971-mi, juupi inuaraq amma kuni­luusi nutaraq saggaqatigijakka nungu­vingmi, sanalauqpuk ajjitsiammari­nganik sakkuup atuq&unijjuglu nat­siqsiuq&utik tuugaaliksiuq&utiglu .Taimna 4,000-nik ukiulik ajuqaqsi­jangak piuti9ijuq upluminitaqtut sa­vingnit sanasimajutut sakkutut.

Iikuluugaluaqtillugu, mitsimataling­miittuq, nunaliup qitianiinnirminuttakujaqtugaujumarunaaqpuq, piluaq­tumik nutaqqanit qimminillu, uvamnikajuqaqsiplutik, saggaqatauliqtaqtutuajjairunaaq&utiglu. Piqujigama, ukiutqapsit pianingmata, gavamat avaluga­jaamik ilisivut, kisiani uplumi taip­sumanitsainnaq nutaqqat qulaagutitiqtaqput akuniuluangngittumiluurruvuq. Taima tamanna pitjutigiplugukajusijungnangngilanga saggarnimniquiarna ittuugaluaqti IIugu.

Ammaluptauq, 8 miitanik qutsiktigijuqtariup qulaani, iglulingmiittulli nanijau­jut pituqautigijut 40 miitanik tipsing­niqsauniqaraluarmata. Tamanna nu­naup qakivallianingata ajjigiingngin­ninga Foxe Basin-Iu Eclipse Sound-Iunalunairaanilauqpuq ajjigiingmaniknunguvingmitut.

19

BAFFIN / 'fP"u'

Foxe

---

Basin

----

MEL V I II E P.

Repulse Bay I <1.6.1\(""'

---~--.:-

s

Inlet

I> ..

Regent

n

Prince

In 1971, Juupi Inuarak and KuniliusiNutarak (who were digging with meat Nunguvik) made an exact replica ofone of the harpoon heads from antierand used it with success huntingseals and narwhals. That 4,000-year­old model was just as good as amodern metal harpoon head.

In 1967, my friend Asarmik Kipumitook me in his canoe from Nunguvikto Saatut, about 40km to the south.A few years before, he had broughtme several Dorset artifacts from Saa­tut which had been found in blocks ofpeat that had been cut to make ashelter for a bitch and her pups. I haddecided to investigate.

Incidentally, this site is situated about8m above sea level, while at Igloolikmaterial of the same age is found atleast 40m higher. This difference inthe rate of land emergence betweenthe Foxe Basin side of Baffin Islandand the Eclipse Sound side has al­ready been pointed out in connectionwith Nunguvik.

Unfortunately, the Mittimatalik site issituated in the middle of the villageand attracted visitors, particularlychildren and dogs who, following myexample, started digging and disturb­ing everything. At my request, thegovernment had a small fence erecteda few years later, but the same daychildren were already climbing over itand it fell down not long after. Thatis why I have been unable to carryonwith the excavation of this promisingsite.

The site was not very extensive butvery rich, and the bone preservationwas excellent. The distinctive featurewas that it contained mostly threekinds of bone artifacts: harpoonheads, needles and tools-mainlydaggers - made from caribou legbones (metatarsals). But there werevery few caribou bones among thefood remains. The great majority wereseal bones and it was obvious that theplace had been mostly a sealingcamp. But where did the caribou legbones used for the tools come from?

The answer to that puzzle was inNunguvik where, in contrast toSaatut, caribou bones were muchmore numerous than seal bones. Con·trary to the present situation, cariboumust have been very numerous there

f>n....7rf>C"0"~17~..=!. <lLL Lic..C\a-'f< <J~~~c.... 'f',~r;'dl' Po.'</1';", ~CI>(" ~;" a-~'d'J~'LQ.1.~C"l> .6.c....C\0",'f' ....-> r><J(~)C J\\\J<J,,~c,f1.of1'b' I>~r'")" DC~"J~, <JL' ~r;'<-f1',f1~'a- 'o.'«J~'''(L~')', <D'a-'f' re''bl>~' 0.''f'')'.

l\C'bc..l>"r~<;b <Jr fCc.... 'cr" :SLCT" '0."J<JL"(Tl>

o.'D', <Jf1C.,', 0.'1', ~'N, lI'r<l?I': L'i"rp~' ~,.;., 'fer)' ~L"\D"~.~ (I>n':-':<Jr;'<-f1' ~')~I>n' (CLa-' <Tl>':-' a-'~n'Lll.-><lo- 0..<>'1)0"1> o-<Jc;dc.=-c Lll...J<Ja <J.o.C\"r";L'~' Po.'<L~' Cd~'a-"'I>IIC''')''IL'(<J'')' ...

)~('rl>n)' /I''dfC''n)' 'o.l>l&\';''' D'J&\'r~('f" a-.o, f1<- 'f" rp~'L';' '. o...(<-I>">'L,>'dC'I>'(~"(L ~r', ,a."J~La-' lI'r~?('r',b~'Jo.'n.~r', p(~a- 'bd.1"J'Lc, 'bl>~,c(­

~'b'a-C''' .,>.1, II'd'La-~'~d.o' n'r~?(I>' )f1­'La- f1;" Po.n.'<T'LJ, 2 r <-I()' cpnr­b",J'o.")". MLL~'>'L C'd~ f),~f1' 'bD",

1967-mi piqannaarma asarmik kupi­miup agjalauqpaanga qajariamigutnunguvingmit saattumut, ungasingni­qakasaktumut 40 kilamiitanik kivam·mut. Ukiunguanisaalauqtuni, ipjurmiauviliugausimajuni uqqualiugauniaq­&utik arnallurmut qimmiluarjunginullu,nanisilaurami amisuplangnik tuasitpiqutivininginnik qaitaminik. Qaujisa­rualilauqpunga. Inigijaujuq mikijuu­galuaq kisiani ak&uittummarik, sau­niillu asiruqsimangnginningi piujum­mariuplutik nalunailluringninga pinga­suluanik ajjigiingngittunik saunirnikpiqutituqaviniqtaqarmat: sakkunik,miqqutinik amma sannatinik-piluaq­tumik pilautit-sanasimajut tuktutkanaanginnit. Niqiviniit amiakkuvi­ninginni anginiqsammariit natsiitsauningi amma pitaqaluangnginniq­saupluni tuktut sauninginnik. Nalunai-

20

Map of the Saatut site showing the extent of the erosion in eleven years. (The firstmeasurements were taken in 1971.)

Nunangnguaq saattumi takuksautitsijuq nunguvallialluarninganik ukiuni qullilluatausirluni. (uukturanngagaulauqtuq 1971 -mil.

.oo..\\J4'1' ,c:>r Ccl""r>Il C t..t... .D\J~"(""<l"..J<l·cr\{,.(I""· t>Pl>cr '\d"r'-...) <lCl>(' ....l<I"'.

O;':>,o.'l.IA>t..t>... :>o;Io 1971-r).

Pitqusiqtut, kanataup piqujanga ma­lik&ugu, nanijaluktaavut saggaq&u­tigu ukiuqtaqtumi aullaqtitaulauqputkanataup piqutituqausivinganut. Isu­majunga, uuktuutiqaq&ugu alaaska­mik, ukiunik amisunik, kituluktaatsaggaqtuulluaq&utik nanijatiglu niup­rutigijungnarlugit, iplirnaqtuq pit­qusiviniinut asiujijautillugit isuqang­ngittumut, piviqaqtitauqquuraptakanatami piqujaqtaqarmat mianiqsi­jumik itsarnitalirijit pilirianginnik, pa­patsipluni nanijaunnikunit pitqusivi­nirnik.

Kiujjusiq tamatumunga ipiriktitaamutnunguvingmiitpuq, taikani, uukturau­tigiplugu saattumut, tuktut sauningiamisuuniqsammariungmata natsiitsauninginnit. Uuktuutigituraut&ugituplumi qanuinniuliqtumut, tuktu amir­rarjuulauqtuksaunnirmata ukiunikamisunik. Niqigijauplutik nunguvingminunalingnut tuasitkut taimaulauqtll­lugit ammaaglaat-piluangnginniq­saupluni-tuuliqalaurningani. Nani­silauqpugut narrugijaunnikunik tuktutniungitta saunivininginnik nalunaittuu­jaqtunik atugaulitaurmata saattumi.Natsiit sauninginnik pitaqaluangngin­ninganut sakkullu takunnaqpuq nat­siqsiurniq piliriariluangimmajjuk tua­sitmiut Inuit nunguvingmiillarmik.

kautigijuq aullaaqsimavvik natsiq­siurviungmat. Kisiani nakingngaaqpattuktut niungita sauningi atugaujutsannatinut?

Aujatamaanguqquujijuq, nunaliujutlIangi nuuppaktuujarmata saattumut,kuup akuanut tariurmiutanik iqaluqau­runaaqtumut, iqaluksiuq&utiglu nat­siqsiuq&utiglu, taimanna piliriniqal­larmik atuqpak&utik pilautinik sana­simajunik tuktut sauninginnit. Tai­kaniillarmiglu ukiumi annuraaksaliuq­pak&utik, nalunaigaujuujarmat mitqu­titaqaurunaarnirmit. Saatturmiittuqnunanga nungutpalJiaralasaqtitauvuqmalirnit aujatamaat (ilangaluarniqara­jukpak&uni 65 sitamiitanik ukiumutatausirmut), saggariaraptigumit, nuna12 miitatut angitigijuq talisimaliqpuq:nunaup ilalluanga tariumut kataktuq.Angut, naammanaaqsitsiaraallagluni,uqqualiurualilaungngitpat ipjumitqimmiminik, qaujijuqarajalaungngim­tuq, ukiut amisuni qaangiqsimaliqtuni,tuniuqatigiit taikani nunaqalauqsi­mangmata... Taimali, qanurli angitigi­juq inigijaunniku tariumut asiusima­Iiqtillugu nanimangaaptiguu qauman­naqsilaqquungngittuq.

3m

IExcavated in 1983

" Lt.. t.t>~'" 1983-rExcavated in 1982

"~1.1.t>~'iIo 1982-r

•[§

\

Saatut I / a.: c :> c"

~I>'<-"-~"''\, '0. '\, r'~LCr'r')O"'~[>'''L <If"<c....'0-" l1'O"'~CTC

1\<;dnt\cr<;0"''' I1c.-Cn...7La-" )<]r'(

"'"

CIIL'o.)'CI>'" 1>7"''\,' " o.n'. )~~,

II'-''~~i\0""''\,'f' 'dn' ~r)<-1>"')'. 'bl>~'>J'~r~' rp~'L,,-I>'LC (CII7'b ,dn~':'O"·).lie.. 'l"c, ,0000~Jc f>pa.crr", <])?'Q.LLn.....)""'. 7r <-i'C)' cpnr("o."')"'. rp,:,'J""d"')'" ,dnO"0.0"71>~L ~-,·CO".

'bI>L'~~'f")r II' -''~~'O", 'o.~~"'~L~O"'

'0.\\J~?'o.'L'LC.

1969-r,.D'Jt\'Jc.'o.~L ~O"'

---.J.91~_ --- -------- .... ------'0

The Saatut Site / a.: c j < tur<l

4m

\

I

5m

'981_

•

for centuries. They provided thestaple diet for the inhabitants ofNunguvik during the Dorset periodand even-to a lesser extent-duringmuch of the Thule period. We foundmany reject pieces there from thefabrication of caribou leg bone imple­ments which were apparently usedlater at Saatut. The relatively smallnumber of seal bones and harpoonheads shows that sealing was not themain occupation of the Dorset peoplewhile at Nunguvik.

21

At Ipiutaliarusiq (Milne Inletl.Jonathan Arnakallak and AsarmikKipumi examine Thule dolls from acache, near a child's grave, thatJonathan had found a few monthsbefore.

AA~C~4?~~r. ~~C~ 4~~b~L·

4 LLj 4~'r p>r ~~~~~j'j,c A~?~4~v~v. A~?~rc

~C~~< dj~4C ~~4~(. ~~C'

a..O"'c...tJ-Lo-. cepe <::1riJ«J\\r c::>cA4~' ~Lc-~jn'. (1969-r).

Ipiutaliarusirmi. Jaanatan Arna­kallak ammaluasarmi kipumi qau­jisaqtuuk tuulit inuujanguavinirnikpirujarmit nutaraup iluviata sanianit,Jaanatan nanilaugaanik tatkitamisuuluangngittut pianiksimaliq­&utik. (1969-mil.

It seems that at least part of thepopulation moved to Saatut everysummer. They spent their time fishingand sealing at the mouth of a riverteeming with arctic char, duringwhich they probably used the caribou­bone daggers. It was probably alsothere that the sewing of winterclothing took place. as suggested bythe abundance of needles.

The Saatut site was rapidly eroded bywaves every summer (at an averageof 65cm per year) and since we beganexcavating it. a strip of land at least12m wide along the shore has disap­peared. The main part of the site has

22

t>c-i\",'lonJ'. ..,C"'b' "bt>'r',' I>'b"J'Q.crLr"~l> .Do..c-~< 'fc<;bcrc• JLr>< b,(,<Jo-

n'r'-,~"r'Jr'. 'bl>~~~~c-">'lo I>nJ~~L

~'JII'reo lld';L-,~"n' jJ. I>n~L r'r'LCc-'J'"0..'(lk'c <ldlO.u'f' <lr1<c...!J.c l\<]crlor'Lc-Q,­n<-Jrc, <J<~dr'r><;b)'1J<;cr<;Lc <JLL 6.~J<;~<JC"I><;­

111>'","."",. IVLc-".,,'L ~'f'","~I>O<.l'L' t>""r'I>'II"'.... ~'Lr'~'L JLI>' 'b",'L~, 6 rCJ­b~' 1>'lor"nrr'·~"."J :'>c-' t>'-,',~I1",'lo

"LLI>e.I>"J" 1923'r Ln~r'·r'. ~",r'~'lo

'bC"~'crCr'<J<c..o-lo , (CLI>~O"'"Io: !><Jra-(/1c

:,>,,'. J~r" ~'L J~r" r'~,,'f'. 'bdJ"J'L'50 ,'CrCJ' ~'~'nr,r. ~~r'>'L ~r'~"­r'LJ<J"rC)rl> Q.~~\rlo ""drb• .6(.'f' Cn..I><;­rl>c' '"',n' ~I>",II",'f' Ct>L'~J' ~'r"nr,r

I>'-,'b"n'r'~' 4385'",' t><."J qr'<'t>'lIr-,I>PI>",' 155'",' 12435 I>PI>' ~N t>;'""f'n<-JJ re-. (LQ. (><..J<;1> rp~c-rr<J~<;~b-

b-,~"<'. L'd~ ,'d' AJ'bI>.,."<'J"'.l"J'Q.cr71>~CT 'fP<;l,CJ'f.

1971'r. ~A t>..,~~.. q'L dO'';r' ..,C~..~'L'bnr,'b ..,'JII'r. ~~e.I>">' ~'~'r'~'-

Ln...'l.o-b ,,"J< <D.... ~(T.,~L J Q.</<;br'l>.... .,.,nb

:,>L,,'r'I>"."n'-,. C6'~ 4,OOO'~' I>PI>c-'~,'b"r'7'lo' Al>nr," I>'-,rO'C")' ,II'",'~~r'L,J' "dJ'.

6d..:>L...l<l'""'n'"..:>J, rCILCc-'('::)<;b, .DQ.c-t><

'Pn~';'"",'r..,' Cd,"JLI>,L?';'">". A-,~"Jr'

.DC.....'bac 'flra-<-..:J. [><,LO"''' <] ...."'.........<..;In...~'L'bCI>" ..C..J' 1>~',6~';'''."0',,. A'd~LL,

I>PI>' "b'r" A~",'LC. L<'L' ~<'-,L~r't>c-r'~'. Pr'~", I>'-,r Ct>«L"",t>·~ ...DC~b~bc <;dc:.Jc 6n<;"c'""')' <JdC"'()...><J''f'cJf..lI>'~~". Ct>L CL"~ N,nr'-,J b,""~,-'f'c..'L ""L\rLO" <;dc..<;a.!icjL.J<J<;bnc...JJ.

~'L-, 'CI>", 8 rc",' 'd'r''f1r,'' C,,-I>'"dc:.o-, Li".Jc-'(C)<-c- Q.0"7[>~c A)"bl>nr~c

40 rc",' n'r"O''''I>.,.'b~-,~'LC. CL'~..,~I>' 'bP<'"c-~",'loC ~'~r"f" ",'L FoxeBasin-J Eclipse Sound-J Q.JQ.6~0"c..­

1>">" ~'~r'L",' ..,'JII'rJ'.

1967-r A"b'';''L ~,'r' dAr~' ~"c.'

I>"<'lo 'b,,,-~rJ' ..,'JII'r' "J.1', I>'lor'"",'bb,'JJ' 40 Pc.fCO" P<" .1'. ~PI>'J~",'­

e.1>"J",. t>','r ~I>II"I>LI>~L,.,. I>"'d~,,'

t>l,,[>C-<]o;lo ".>nb <1"0."-''iJC 'fLrJ<J<;~'f'.Dc....l,

~",r'e.I>"r ~r('e.'",' J~r" Ndnll",'f'"",''bt>cr",'. 'b1>~~~~c-e.I>">'lo. 60'r,I>,"rp~b~" Pr'~", ~'.,,6'J'Ln.... ,1>';'"-,~r'~"r'L ''f'"",'f' AI>,'L,,-I>'jn' ..j~t>"-"r'\..'O"'L 1\'l,,.J.J<lCTb <r'~r'\f'C)a-" ~1>0"<;0"1>l\<;dnJ<;bC\cr'""'C"b"Lc: ,"dab, r<;b<;dnO"b <]LL,'~nO"-A-,~"Jr' Ae.l>n'-Ia.r'L" J'J'b~'{'CLa-C. CT'f"~C <lr<J"dC\a\f'lO.u <l'f'a'""',l­w;., ~9' ~I>",'f' ~'L AC'bj~'-r-.."~I>'-"")b)C ~O"""""O"". ~.l1bl>rr~"" <ll>'-c:.....lL(>fi.,.b

~'r'''r'I>'III>'L'. Pr'~O' ~p"L"(' J'J'",1>'f'C ,1>0''f' ~JLI>,' ,·~n.D'?

Caribou leg bone implements(on the right) and the bones(metatarsals) from which theywere extracted. The first aremostly found at Saatut, the latterat Nunguvik. Most of the toolsare much shorter than the bones.showing that they have beenbroken and/or resharpened.

J 'J< ~~'LC ~~~4 (Cc-"A4~)

4 L L ~~.,:( (b':'l 4~<:d'­

l\t>"'a-d C. r",. ...~c Q.0"'7t>?a:"'V"ib­<~~( ~(Jr. P'J~'L~ ~'J,,'r.

~'~nj'Cb~d( ~d"~~~~~(

~ t>cr IIij fT C. 0.....)0..,6,("'".... '" r' "dr(..1> 0; LC~LL t>~<.,;<t< AA" ~ .. b "'cr<;b­

~L'LC.

Tuktup niungata saunia (taliqpianilamma sauniit (kanaat) asivaivviun­nikut. Sivulliit nanijaurunaarniq­paujut saattumi. kinguninganinunguvingmi. Sannatiluktaakasaitnainniqsaujut saunirnit. nalunai·lijuq siqumilaurmata amma/uv­valuuvva ipiksakkanniqsimangmata.

fallen into the sea. If. by a stroke ofluck, a man had not decided one dayto make a peat shelter for his dogs,nobody would probably have knownthat a group of Tuniit had lived therehundreds of years ago. Of course,how much of the site had alreadybeen washed away when we foundit will never be known.

As usual, to conform with Canadianlaw, all the specimens we have exca­vated in the Arctic have been sent tothe National Museum of Man (nowcalled the Canadian Museum of Civili­zation). I think that-in contrast toAlaska where all kinds of people havebeen able to dig and sell their findsfor so many years, thereby allowingcultural treasures to be lost forever­we are lucky in Canada to have a lawprotecting archaeological sites,preserving for posterity the materialremains of past cultures.

I know that some people feel that allthese specimens should be kept in theregion where they were found, but Idoubt that would be a good idea forseveral reasons.

Once they are dug up, many artifactsof organic material (especially thewooden ones) have to be treated orneed to be preserved in special condi-

P~'~I'" CL)J'L L111n."nLJ' .D'JCI'I')"',CLlba-, ~")~~nr'..>J ~')J', )")' ~~a-'r

qr-;a-"'~'Ln.~'LC 0.'(' ~~a-'r'a-'. ~"j­

nr)~~'",r' ~'§ 'b.DLI·a-~c-"')J', )")qr'~'~o.~"')"~~·a-'LC ~P~a-" qrIa-". a-'f'r­7~<..,:)nb .D"JC\'r .Do..c-'.D' J<]lcdc CLiU>­c..l><;bnc.. ..,:)rc <lLL"~c -1\~<J\'r'"o-<;b,t>< J<T­

)c-'ibc.J>~O"'La-. Q.a-r'c...l><;b)Jc Q.~rr7[>"'O"dO'"b

)"]C 0"1>'("( "l>ul\O"'f''''o-b Q....:Jo.'O'C).,...)o-b

q)L~c-o.~'LC ~')r. 0.'I' ~~a-'r'a-" IIC'b­..;l<]'\f''"'0'"'L.DC ""de.-"' Cd'"Q. ..... ) Q, a.cr'Q,r"t><;(T9>

Ac-n..<In..J<I'f'LL)-"" J<J/crl>c 11.D11C .J)"JC\,­("<-c.'P'.

q~~<i 'J"".j~~"', .Do.~~' L10.'r ";'("j~'t-C

~')J', J' qdq.D' Cn.~'r~Ca-" L1'b..>'b~-

?~"")Jc I 11"b-'''It>..... ",n'-...:J Q. (r"".lot!> ..~nl.J.

CI1L..Q. Arr"\..(T"b'"c..'ir" (1)<;10("",n" I\c...l>no-""o..IL .... O"" )")C "l>o-'rQ.(Tc. Cl\b~"'c.. 'PJ

~p~r q'.D~"\c-~"'("",n", o...>o.L1L~~~'L'

r«dnC'b~?';' 'a-'r'. ~')<I')'" .Do.'L .D'.f«­c-q~o.~"'nc~,'" Lc-'a-' q~~CL' ILlo.'L..>q"­a-'b~~"("",a- 65 ICICa-" ~P~J' qC~I'J'J,

~'Ln.q~'nJr', .Do. 12 IC)' q'rnr~'"

Cc-ILc-<;b)..... : .DoJ>< Lie... ...:><J'L Cn..I>Jc

be")""'. <l'Jc, ~lL~ .....lcr'<I~ c...I. ..:1I7. l>Q,<;d<]-c-~?qc-o.~''r'(' L1'~r' 'f"rra-", 'b~~~'b~­

~o.~''r')''', ~P~' qrla- 'b'r"'ILc-"')a-,)a-~'bnr' CLlba- .Do.'bo.~"'IL 'Le... CLlLc-,'b.D'C- q'rnr~'" L1a-r~~'a-d Cn.~J' ql~­

ILc-"'n<..>J o.a-L'VnJ 'b~L'0."'I0."".j''r')'''.

AC'idr""")C, bQ..C(>< Nd7'L Lc-"",J, 0..0-7J"­L" ~'L'"",nJ ~P~"'C"')r q~<o."'nc~o.­~"')' bo.C~' I\'dn)'b~ICI'L.D'. I\(L~'L,

Excavating at the rapidly erodingsite of Saatut (19801.

" L l, 0;"::>0;10 .ll"J<" ("'"<Ie; c.." C;"Jr a.: CJr(1980),

Saggaqtuq nunguvalliaralasaqtumisaattumi (1980).

Qaujimajunga ilangit Inuit isumang­mata tamatkua piqutiviniit aullaqti­taujari aqangnginnasu9ing naapi uti kaviktuqsimanirnit nanijauvvingming­nit, kisiani qulaqpunga tamanna isu­manitsaungmangaat pitjutiqarunaap­lak&unga:

Amisut piruqtut piqutiviniit, piJuaq­tumik qijungmit sanasimajut, piliria­nguniqariaqarmata amma silangaqanuinniqariaqaq&uni asiruqunagu,asirurajarnarriarmata ukiuqtaqtumii­tuinnalaurumik. Amisut itsarnitalirijitnanijangi siqumisimavangmata nar­ngarijauluarajaqtuksaungngimmatanunalingmiutaujunut. Piungmat atau­sirmik uvvaluuvva amisuplangni pita­qaqpat silattuqsavvingmi ilinniaqtutitsarnitalirijillu urnigaksaqaqpata asi­nginnillu ilinniarlutik piqutivinirnik.

23

tions and would probably deteriorateif they were kept in the Arctic. Aswell, a good number of archaeologicalspecimens are broken or damagedand would likely be of little interest tothe local people. It is also a good thingto have one or several central placeswhere university students and archae­ologists from Canada and abroad areable to study the artifacts.

However, I believe that as far as stoneartifacts are concerned, the Museumauthorities would be willing to returngood representative samples of speci­mens to the settlements near whichthey were found. The same might betrue of some bone specimens in goodcondition. For other artifacts oforganic material, ivory and even woodfor instance, good replicas of themost interesting pieces could bemade and sent north. Of course, as anessential condition, there should be asuitable building in the locality toshelter these collections and some­body should be personally responsiblefor them.

I have been told of a northern villagewhere a museum had been built someyears ago and where a sizable collec­tion of archaeological and ethno­graphical specimens had been kept.Unfortunately, the building fell intodisrepair, some artifacts were dam­aged and others were stolen. It wouldbe a shame to see the same experi­ence repeated somewhere else.

24

~'jn'b"",J ~,:.'br', I>PI>..' <Jrl..', P)..>'C'""L'ilo)CoJ<]Qo ,.,n" Q..0"7nl.,j O"[>(?nr~'Q.. 'i..,:,rc•

II 'e-'a.")" fl'WA;",,' ~r'1>,,"7I>n'..>r' lIr­'b"r')J', IIA"0"ncl>"'.l~'c ba.Cr 1I'd7"­C'b'L' r ~.."r'~r' lI" '..Ce-nr' 1Ie-n.~­

"f',,"O'"Io. «'..1<...,)0'" a..0"7[>"O"'dcr' I\C'idl!i\rr'itr".

'b1>,,"L~'L lI<-'f" lI"lI' lIrL'lC CL'd~

II'dnA;'" ~I>'<-"nCI>7n.<J"o''f'"a.lr'';''..>n'<lC\lt)'ilot'Lo-'ia-c o..0"7[>f'€\'r'cr', Pr'<Jcr 'ide.... 'ib_

>'1, CL"a. lIrL.."I>'L'L' fI'~n"o?';"<-'",'L:

~rI' I\?")' II'dnA;"', II..><I"X' 'f~'­r' ~a.r'L~', 1Ie-n.~'J..'bn.<J"o'LC ~'L r'<- 'I,'b"lI"..'bn.~'b""'.. ~r'?'da.J, ~r'?~7'a.,­n.~'LC I>pl>"C")r)lI"a.<-I>?r'. ~rI' lI'­~'..Ce-n.,,"' a...7'f' ('dr(L~'LC a.''Ln.71>­..>~~7")"I>''f''LC "a.e-'rI>CI>~,,'. III>'L'~cl>r"r' I>'~';'~ <Jrr'<-'.. IIC'b"('Ic....')'ilo"·/A'r 6c-Q.0"'<l<;O)( aC~'iO"cc-n...?-c.J

1>'..L'~'b"(C ~r''f'"..'..> lIe-"..4'..on' II'dn­A(T'irr".

Pr'~ .., tilL ~'L, 1>7"'b..' ~a.r'L~' a...71>"­..d', bo.CI>' II'dn)'bI>r'A'L0"e-n.~' I>n"n'­r'r~r' ~'f'~7")'\l>o.rr' ..or' I\I>~ ..' 0.">0.­./lcdC"\a-" .DQ.r'J 0..0"7[>·"'1...( '"i,O"r~~c­

)J'. ClIL"o.),CI>" 1I0.7")"'I>'r~' ~I>..' ..'o..0"'7[>O"da-" ~.D6''f'()O'"b. <lr'''P'''o-lo Ndn€\­0-"0-" 1\?'ilo)crC "Q.7[>O"d6'\crc;cr~ jLrc "P","r­Q. ..~c. f>bjnrJJ, <J"fC'"[>C"<JlLn..~..,jJ a.'i"L'i­

0.")"ClI' ~V<-"nCI>~'a."A'\'1("'..' I>PI>"­C")J'. Pr'~.., 117n.~'b'..'b~~",;>O", 1IC'bn.­<]'i,C;,.'iLc fj, ....)'i~<J'ir· .oQ.c-'r ~lL")r"

CL'd,,'L bn"I~,,' ~'L rq....(~'b'..>n'..>.

l>'bl>n~I>(LLL I>PI>"C"X -"a.e-' II'dn)'bl>­(A'C'L' I>PI>'J<-I>").. ~'f"<-'::J'..o 0...~1>"­o-dC fj,c"'<;trCc-n...~U"c [>~rt~'icr'irnJ'",j /1;'1­"0 ' ..'d' lI .."o"ncl>~'. lId';L..>~"n' ..>J,lI'..>'~~" ~"'fl>L~';,.'l-', II'dnA;'" lI<-'f'('d'n"",n' ~'L ~('f' n'e-LI>' ..>n'... lId..>'­Lrd>o..7"Lc CI1L<l.o..)C "~~bl>b"O"''''''« .DQ.c-'r~r'~ .. :

Kisiani, isumajunga, ujaqqanit sana­simajut nanijaunnikut, kanataup pi­qutituqausivinganilirijit utiqtitsigiamikangirajaqtuksaunasugiplugit piujuniknalunaitkutaksanik nunalingmut nani­jauvvingata qanigijaaniittumut. Tai­mannatuttauq pinajaqtuksaungmijutsaunirnik nanijaunikunik qanuingngit­tunik. Asinginnik piqutivinirnik piruq­tunit sanajaunikuvinirnik tuugaamitqijungminaglaat, uuktuutigilugu, ajji­liutsiammariglugu narngarnaqtuqtaitaullaqtitaujungnariaksanginnik ukiuq­taqtumut. Kisiani, pijariaqarniqara­jaq&uni, pitaqariaqarajarmat iglur­juarmik nunalingmi naammaktumiktamatkununga katiqsuanut ammamianiqsijiqarlutiglu.

Uqautijausimagama ukiuqtaqtuminunalik piqutituqausiviktaarmat ukiu­ngulauqtuni angiplaktullu nanijaun­nikut itsarnitalirijinit uqarusiqarnir­mitigullu inuusiqarnikkut iniqaqtitau­jut. likuluugaluaqtillugu, igiurjuaqaaqqiumajungniirmat, piqutiviniiti1angi siquptiq&utik amma asingi tig­Iigauplutik... likulummariunajarmattaimannatut pijuqakkanniqpat nunai­ingmi asiani:

25

This is a comb with a face carved on it. It is the kind ofcomb the Dorset people used. It is from Maxwell Bayon Devon Island.

AL~JnA~~ C·~ P~~4~~~~-CAL'~A~~~~'A.DA';" ~>L~>' AL,-AJn~~'c'~i>'. CL~?''if P"C"l,a- Q.0"''7t>(..t> .. >"10.

lIIaigutiviniq taanna kiinanguaqaq&uni - taimannailingajunikinuviniit sivullivut iIIaigutiqaqattarnikuuvuf. Tallurutqikirtangani nanijaulaurpuq.

Previous page: This maskette is only an inch tall and fitsperfectly if stuck on the tip of a finger. For that reasonit is thought to have been used as a puppet duringceremonies. It was found in the Ungava area.

L''''::>LI>a,''::>r: C'~d~' rp'::>d~' P~«' np'.J'Ar~~Q.~A~Q."~~ rp~4J(. 4LL'~( ~Q.«r~~­

"b'C~::>A~I>~t'r"'I»~ ~bnL~r' 4~'dA' 4'Lr'.D4~­

~0"'~~10 L'.Ct>~Ja- t>~~"JC ~<J 4t>'~( vAnC­I>a.t' ,~~ 4 L Lr'.D'. d<' C'~~ a.~"'I>,-I>~~L>~.

Makpirtugausaartumi: Taannakuluk mikittukuluk kiinappaktikirmut ilijunnatuinnartuq mikiluamut. Aggangnut kiinap­pagijauqattaqtuviniunasugijauvuq sakatillugit angak-kuit aggamingnuaq&unijjuk masaktaulluni uqsurmut uvaluaungmut nipititaunasuk&uni aggamingnut. Kupaaktarrangani nanijaulauqsimavuq.

Can you imagine what our ancestorswere like and what they did? I wouldgive anything just to be able to knowexactly what was happening duringthe age of the Thule and Dorset peo­ple and be able to listen to them talkabout their beliefs.

Unfortunately, that is not possible todo. But there is one thing which givesus-Inuit-an idea about the peoplewho gave us an identity. Since therewas no paper to write down theirthoughts and no alphabets to use,they passed down their beliefs andway of life either by word of mouthor through art. But by word of mouth,meanings gradually change; so thatleaves us with only one way to getclose to the accurate meaning­prehistoric Inuit art-even though weoften have to do more guessing thanknowing for sure the message ofthese art works. What were theythinking when they made thesethings? What was their reasons formaking them?

26

'b~~~L'\,'C'II·':' 'b.DII~'L,-~'L'!.C <lLL.oPIC",,-<,,-~'L 'I.c CII'd<l rYd\C"~'? CII­L)~ )~~"o. ',-'L I'·C"~C"" 1>C"'b')<I'nL

•

.or' <lLL.o C~)',-'b PIC"n../';7'1lL .of'<.

PI<lC"C" <I~'o.~L' <lC"J~ILC"C"'LC IIC'b/"·.;.~."n'. nn~~~','C'b,-~ 'r'L' <l'L" nn~r­

n'b'r' ."n~,-~'C"'r".D' ~'b~I,,-,-~'C'f" >IIJ'·C~)II"o.C"~>', CII'd<l.o IIc-n..~~<")~';"

)'~L7~~'~)1I"0. '."n' 11,--rL .o I>'\,~(' <II'·~'C~,,<I'\,'C'C"~ ."n' L"o.J' nPb,,~'L' ~C"­

b')<I'J~' <I'~r~"';'~>'. CIIL CII'd<l'0.'J<I'C~'b'C')~';" 1I'C'C",II' C<')<I'J­C"~>, 'b~~r<l'b" C"?fl'~" 0.~O<ln..C" '<" 'b.D­1IC"~'<,-~'L 'I.c 1,C"~n,'. PI<lC"c- IC"C"·~'::>r' 'b~~~r~o. 'r'."nJ' LVL'w~?nr~"­0.)11"0.'C" 'b.D~ )P'b~,,<l'L'l,c CII'd<l~o. 'J<J~Cl>~C\~c 6LLb<- c..lL~<]..=!·. %.0 'ic­

LirLc....!>'i(C CLibdo-'L f/C\r" "(Tb \0.<'''-c-<J­0<-..;Ire? "b.oLllL( CLlLQ.o.Lic-\L"",,a-b \0.a.o-'i(C?

CL'd<l C'<' IIIL'n".D' PI<lC" P~~"0.'C"IC"C"~VL-rL "n' PI<lC".

Qaujijumaqattarpillii qanuilingalaur­mangaata ammalu kisulirivalaurma­ngaata taikkua sivullivinivuut? taima­tuq tusaajunnarlanga sivullivinivutunikkaartuartillugit ammalu tautuk­lakka kisuliriruluujartillugit .

Kisianili ajurnaqmat aniguqsimaanilir­mata pitaqarunniiq&utik. Titiraqvik­sartaqalaungimmat ammalu titiraruti­qangi&&utiulaurninginnut uqausiri­laurtangit puigurtautuinnaliqput, taik­kualu pilirijauvaktuviniit tusaumajau­raarjutuinnar&utik ilangillu uqausiitasijjirtauluaqattarniq&utik maanna­mut tikikaluarmat unikaartuangujutajjigijunniiqput. Taima taikkua sana­nguartauqattartuviniit ittarnisait tava­tuanguliqput qaujigiakkannirutigijun­naqtatuarilirpavut qanuiliurpalaurma­ngaata sivuliqtivut. Kisianili sulinirar­tumik qaujijutigijunangi&&utigut isu­rna ksa rs iuruti 9 ij unnatu inna rtavutqanuq tukiqaraluarmangaata taikkuasananguartaujuviniit immakallamma­rialuk. Qanurli isumalaurpat taikku­ninga ittarnisarnik sanavalliatillugit?qanuimmat taimannailingajunik sa­nannirpat? tamakkua tavva isumattin­nut kisiani kiujunnartavut sulinirarsi­mangillutik kisiani.

The bear was a popular subject in carvings of the Dorset Eskimo. Thisparticular one is called "swimming or floating bear." It is meant to depicta spiritual bear helper, one who helped the shaman communicate withthe world of the spirits. The skeleton outline was meant to represent theliving thing removing itself from the body, as in soul travelling. InGreenland, the symbol was named "Tornarrsuak," which means"superior spirit." This piece is the oldest of all those shown here, datedbetween 500 BC and zero AD. It was found near Igloolik.

a....o'J4'i v r. "a...J<lI. ....c.J>,,>c /1LLb'"c.." A.DIt.;'C. C"Q.("'"· "o....J<I"irlL..... C;·

",..,'J<I" ~l>cr'J<I'I" Cd '~l>:>'. <I'\.'dJ' Ab""'nr?l>"""crl>,,,;r?l>:>"C"cr"'l..,D(-id) .... "<·,.)a" <CI\l."d<;\ C"icr"'b .. ,,".J<I? .. a..'id'-..JJ 4 L LJ J>'ib"'­c..'bn'b?'",'d"."J C'cr'cr'. ~l>cr'J<I'I" Cd '~l>'J<I'nCl>:>" :Jp'b'nCl>­o..r'.,v C'iO"'<I nrra-" <10'"("'"'1;:><;" CAL"o.. :lP<;b'i·::>/\a-J>c..l>C;rr"I>....c;••

'fp,c.,,'r' C'''' ",..,'J<I" CA?l>'b'Cc..l>~;r?l>:>" ":)'\."""<1""­"JerCi'lCt><:".)v. CLQ. "a..'J<I"Ct>....Acr'i· ..oCI>\f'c.:'J>"1o edIT\t" "a..\J<I"lC­l>(L""C"'Lcr'. <I"Un"."J 500 BC <ILL." 0 AD. <ld 'cr<lcr"0..71>...."'''''· • Q.V7t>c..l> 'i >~ Ii. " -,(""'I> « 'ibG'" r";'v •

Nanunguarnik sananguagajulaurput immakallak inuviniit. Taannalisananguarsimajuq nanunguaq sauninguangit takuksauvut. Angakkumutikajurtigijaujuviniunasugijauvuq tarninganut-ikajurpak&uni angakkuq tarni­qarvingmuarunnaqullugu ammalu uqallaqatiqarunnaqullugu tarnirnik.Sauninguangit takuksaunguartitauvuq tukiqartitaunasuk&uni tarniatimiminik anilirtuq taimanna tukiqaqtuviniulaurasugijaujuq. Qikirtaalungmittaanna nanunguaq taijauqattalaurasugijauvuq "tuungaqjuaq"­ngunirartauvak&uni. Taanna sananguartaujuviniq nutaungilaanguvuqtaakuninga sananguartausimajulimaanik. Arraaguutillugu 500 BC ammaluo AD. Akunniani sanajaujuviniq. Nanijaulaurpuq igluliup qanigijaani.

These pictures of interesting andfascinating prehistoric Inuit art shownin this article were obtained from theCanadian Museum of Civilization withthe help, much appreciated, of PatSutherland. She is an archaeologistwho has been excavating Inuit pre­historic arts and artifacts in the HighArctic, mainly on Ellesmere Island andAxel Heiberg.

At present, Sutherland is trying topreserve prehistoric sites on DevonIsland from disturbances and destruc­tion by oil development in the future.She is marking sites on a map andrating their importance.

Because of the help of her and otherslike her, we are able to see our ances­tors' creations in Inuktitut magazine.

A lot of these Inuit art pieces revealthat they were used for spiritualceremonies, or used as amulets andcharms at the time of the Thule(1000 AD to 1700 AD) and Dorset(500 BC-1 000 AD) people.

C'd<J C'~ 6'C'~~6' ~o.'J<J'C~~'JiI';"<J'~("'~'C~(L~' 'b~~~ 'n.D' Cd'~~n" ~<J'i'nJ'

Cl)L~ ~'b("'LL'r', i\7~~"o.<-~'>' 6'C'­~~~' 'd'f'<J",<J'iI'J' <IJ~r' ICanadianMuseum of Civilization) 6b~'C~"JC<, ~),<-"J' 'b~~~'n~~J'. C"o. <, ~J'<-"<;6[>~~ 'in!>,>"" 'fa-"'bcCr'L ... ..:JCT 6CC<;0"'~ 'io-b6.D6' ~o.7i1~'r"~' ~p~'C'Jr i\J<J'Jr<J~(6'j< 'PP'C'L~ <J'LJ ~r'L6' .D';'~

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rl:jbn~Cf>~d'lf ,.Jo-rc 'Q.~~bC"~o-~b<C <J<;l>dno-b

<JLL..> fj '"..:Jo-b. (""Q. fjb~~o- 'L.DC <JLL..> <Jr"rc

Llb~~o-'lf"".DC Cd~""Q.~nCf>'J( fjCC~o-' ~o-b

(~(""n"<T ~o.7~(L ~~. 6.D'nJ' ~'bC"LLr'.

C'd<J 6'C'<T~6' <J'~("'~<C~(L~' 6<-'f"~b'~nr7~~'~Jo.(r7~~' ~~J i\'J'dnr7~­

VC'JiI~~o.(r7~~' <J"J<J"'7~"In'J J';-'6";n"Jr' 16'L'6 1000 AD-r' 1700AD-J' <J'~J'b'n°Jr') <J'LJ 6.D"<-'CiI~'I~L ~iI';" 500-r' BC 1000-J' AD­'In"JJ!.

Taakkua tavva ittarnisait sananguar­tauvaktuviniit ajjiliurtausimajut qauji­sartinut takuksautinniarattigut tama­tumani uqalimaagarmit, pijaujunna­laurput ittarnisanik qungiariarvingmutAatuvaamit (Canadian Museum ofCivilization) ikajurtaulluta Pat Suther­landmut qaujisartiujumut. Taanna PatSutherland qaujisartiuvuq qiniqattar­simalluni ittarnisarnik inuit sanaja­vininginnik ukiurtartumi piluartumiausuittuup qikirtangani ammaJu um­ingmait nunaani qiniqattarsimalluni1977-mit pigiaq&uni. Maannaujumitsapujjinasukpuq ittarnisait inigijangin­nik suraktirtauqungi&unigit sanaju­qalirniqpat aqqutinik ammalu iglunik.Taanna ikajurninganut ammalu asingitikajurninginnut takujunnartitauvugutittarnisarnik sivulittinni sanajausima­junik inuktitut uqalimaagamit.

Taakkua ittarnisait ajjiliurtausimajutilangit sakajjutigijauvangnikuunasugi­jaujut uvalu pittuqutigijauqattartuvi­niunasugijaujut arnguarijaullutiklutuliit inuutillugit (immaqaa 1000 AD­mit 1700 AD-mut arraaguqartillugit)ammalu inullattaavinit (uumajuviniit500-mit BC 1000-mut AD-ngutil­lugul.

27

This late Dorset (roughly 700-1000 AD) art objectis believed to have been a shaman's charm ora tube used to suck out illness. About ten othersimilar kinds have been found in differentlocations. This one was found at Buchanan Lakeon Axel Heiberg Island.

C, ... :)<l~C"cr'cr' (~L"'''cr'cr' 700-r c

1000-.Jc AD ,;.~~ :)'dc...~'n·..>J) ~ ......~ "cr".t.~Lr...~>" <l'l.·d'.J c Ac:)'dnr ...~c...~~~r ~·..>cr

<l'~<l"cr~c...~~~r ...~·..>cr..> ~<..> ~ • ..>~"'~"'''-

cr~...~r ~>" <lLLJnr...~<·..>cr ti"~L~ ·n·..>r c~'cr<l~ ~ ...r· • .t.LL~ ~r~"'c <l'~b~~(~~?~(L,~>( 4~~r~cJV~ ~~~ •. C~~r

...cr"'~~Lcrd">" Buchanan C~<lcr ~r'L.t.c

.,Da.\{.."cr.

Taanna tuasatvinirnik (uumajuvinirnik 700-mit1000-mut AD jiisusi tuqulauqtillugu) sanajaujuviniqisumagijauvuq angakkurmut pittuqutigijaulaura­sugijaulluni arnguaviniulaurasugijaullunilu uvalusullurijaujuviniunasugijauvuq amaamaguti­gijauvak&uni piiqsigasuktillugit aanniarijaujumik.Immaqaa quliujut ajjikasangit nanijausimalirputajjigiingittunik nunanik. Taannali nanijausimanikuu­vuq Buchanan tasiani umingmait nunanganni.

Another view of the Dorset carving with anothersmaller one of the same overall design. Both havea walrus head at the top and the tusks areconnected but it is not known what the walrusdesign signified. They were found at the same siteand are from the same time period.

C"Q. ;, 4~~4 Cd·\~nC~.b"CT~J~ %.D~

<l'nr'L<L" 'b~~· n·~~nC~·..>CT. C'd<l'<l·~fb~·>·. C, rp,CT'~" ~ ... ~LCT<l<l"'~'ibcn<l'i>'i.. <l'ra-'i \r" <I"""t> < cr<l"id\(, "

L'?··..>n· <lLL..> ::it:~C .t.~~' bn'l.·-In'' Pr"<:Ia- "ib.D<i1o C"Q. JP'\tC;...J<I'iL~(

Q.JQ.'iJ~. C"d<l" Q.CT?~~~'iCT'i>C .DQ.r c

<lC~~'rc <lLL..> ~C~~'CT'bnf'CT~'<l·~fp·..>n· •

Taanna suli ajjia takuksautitaukkannirtuq qanuqaktigingmangaaq qaujijjutiksautitaulluni. Taakkuakajjigiikasakpuk, taanna mikinnirsaq sanasimaniaajjiqattiarpuq anginirsamik aqviup niaqungikmarruullutik ammalu tuugaangita isungik katingal­lutik kisiani qanuq taanna tukiqaraluarmangaatnalunartuq. Taakkuak nanijaulaurnirput nunamitatausirmit ammalu nutaunginniqatigiingningikajjigiikillutik.

28

These fascinating carved ivory teeth wereprobably used by a shaman during a ritual cere­mony and were intended to enhance the powerof his performance by making him into a bear.Found near Igloolik, the teeth were carvedby a Dorset Eskimo between 500 BC and 500 AD.

C' .. ~ ..'J<l' ~L"''' PJn'J<l" <l:J'Cl>'b'C<.J>~­;r7t»c;" 4\L"d'i.oC "bnc..Jr c 4 L LJ Q..D"'J-<I'JC;;<:I'in<-Jr c • Q.,O"'?l>c.J>'ia-c;">,,lo li."Jrl><'ibcrra,:cr A.oLLn.. \.JC "o.7I>LI>'i cr 'i>"lo <Ie; (j°J'ib'i­n"->r' 500 BC-r' 500 AD <ld· ...<l....

Taanna sananguarsimajuq kigutinguaq aturtauqat­talaurasugijauvuq angakkurnut sakatillugit ammalunanunguangurasuartillugit. Nanijaulaurniqpuqigluliup qanigijaani inummaringmut sanajaulaurnir­puq arraaguqartillugit 500 BC-mit 500 ADakunniani. •

A popular item with the Dorset people, these arebear carvings found at Brooman Point on BathurstIsland. They are (counter-clockwise from thelower left) a bear cub; a polar bear head; a bear'sskull exactly the same size as the bear head andwith each bone perfectly detailed; and a fat,pregnant bear. These bears were probably spirithelpers. They are from about 50 to 1000 AD.

C.t.L l>'b"bl>LL ".D.t.' ~ ..'J<I'Cl>L"'c...l>' ...'f'·",'<l~.t.~' c'<l>'r... ' ".D~<lLc....t.' <l'~r'f":J'.....O"l>~L....t.' Brooman Point-r' :J':J~l>',,'r

'pp'cr. ~l>r'r' Ar<l'..>... l>d<l'J>':Q..DCj'\J<l'iIo. a..~< cr<l'id\J<t\L. <I'\f'cr\L.O". a:LL'id­n~L'n<l':J" C'~.J'L 'b... r';·":':J.J' ~l>...'J<l:J-.6 L a..p.c.....)O'" Q.~< a-<1'id"'J<I'l..D( "a......t>r'L,..sC;\p~("L'n<l'f" ~l> ...("L'f" <lC'f''n<l"..>n' ~ ..o,.l>-r'L~A.c <ILL...) <I'\f'cr'i<"J~C;1o 'idAa-'J4'i:>'i1oa.. ... r-..J4<;:::>'ilo G..D"'J<3'ilo. Clld<l <3"l."do< C'icr"l..oc.t.b"'?Cl>,'cc...l>~~ro,.l»' • .t.LLi 500-r'1000 AD-.J' ~ ..o,.l>c...l>' ~L ..~ ro,.l>... '.

Sananguartaugajulaurninginnik asuilaak tav­vaungmijut nanunguagalait ajjigiingittut nani­jausimajuit Brooman Point-mit tuktusiurvingmiqikirtami. Saumingmit pigiar&uni ukuanguvut:Nanuranguaq, nanuup niaqunguanga angininganiknaammaqutisimattiartuq taassumunga qanigi­jaanniittumut sauninguatuinnaulluni nanuupniaqunguanganut sanajausimajuq kisulimaattiangitsaunilimaangit atangittiaq&utik sanajausimajuitammalu anginirpaangujuq quininguartuq najjinguar­tuq nanunguaq. Taakkua angakkuup tarninganutikajurutauqattalaurasugijauvut. Immaqaa 500-mit1000 AD-mut sanajaulaursimanasugijaujut.

29

30

An ivory bird. small enough to sit on adime! It has a peg on the bottom of itstail. suggesting that it was part of anotherpiece. Prehistoric times were the daysof nomadic Eskimos who could only carrylight things when they travelled. Thatis why they usually made small carvings.This one was found on Dundas Island.

~~~4~'(L~d~' n'r4~4" rp'rd~'

10¢-d~'~' <b~.D4?·~'::>". 4'CC­~n'b~r 4Cr 'b~r"L'~nr.,.~>"P~~'P4" A'«'J4'-~'(L'L'i.'.ALLb"'c..' ",. ... c->c A.sJAC <:Jt> ... e-c; .... c...-

~'(L 'LC CAL·~A·r~.D' A'dn'b­~~4'b'C,-~'r<>'. A'dn'b~'~r'~rp~d";"'1\.4'b'<'-~,LC ~'P'rJ ~~4 'CA­rL~< 4~A~' C'~ rp<::>d";n-ct> .. cr "Ii ><;'.

Sananguagarsimajukuluk tingmianguaqmikinnikumut 10¢-kulungmut qaanganua­runnartuq. Attatautiqarami ataani qau­jimajjutigijauvuq kisumukkiaq iksivaa­ngualaursimangmangaat. Immakallaksivullivut Inuit aullarajulaursimangmatataimannainninganut piqutiqauluaqat­talaungipput. piqutiqaraangamiklu miki­jukuluujariaqarpalaurmata uqingigusuluar­tailimamut asuilaak taanna mikittu­kuluutitaunnirpuq.

These swimming bird figures. made byThule people. were possibly used asgaming pieces or charms for hunting.Notice the decorations and the carefullydesigned dots on their backs. similar todesigns traditionally used for the tatooingof women. A couple of them have torsosof human females. but it is not knownwhy they were made that way. They werecollected from various Arctic sites.

C'd4 AL'r~C~4' n'r4' ~~"'~rJ><::>rr' A.D~r'r' 4::>'C~<,-~~~r.,.~>'

4~~~'n.D' n'r4?Lr<~r' 4::>'C­~<'~n'. C'~'r< ~~'n4'(L~·~~A'A~~d~A< ;,~ 4'~A' P~'rJ <C'~I\.<,-~'C'rC 4'r"b~~n::>' ~~(L~'.

L';!' 4' ~'J4n::>' nrOb"> , P(4r'b~r"L"'~'r,-" 'b.DA LL' CAL '~Ar-~ 'L'i.C.

Taakkua imarmiutanguat tingmiat sana­jaunikuuvut tulinik inuvinirnik atur­tauvalaurasugijauvut angunasuktinuttingmiarumaliraangamik aturtauvak&utik.Tarsangit sanattiarsimajullaaluit piujukuluitsuurlu arnait kiinangigut tarsarivalaur­tangita ajjikasangatitut sanasimajut. Mar­ruuk arnanguatitut timiqaqput klsianiqaujimajaungilaq qanuimmat taimannai­lingangmangaata.

This Thule disk made of ivory is believed to have been some kind oftraditional calendar. The ducks or geese may indicate the different seasonsof the year in which the birds migrate. There are also human images.perhaps a sign of the ideal hunting season. The dots may represent themoon positions. with the sun in the middle. This carving comes from PortRefuge on Devon Island.

C"Q. Je-r c A.DI\tr"r" "o..."t>~l\fr<;" <I·"..J<:l\J4\J<;dra~~ <1\LJc;"~(TA~~(~~'d' ~·~'(~nA~~~}r~~~~. n'r4~4' 4LL~ rn~4'

~~~A'dC~~~~A~~~"~>' ~~, A~A' ~~~·~4~<·,4,<~C n'r4'.A.IJ"'J<I"iC~n.>o;to ALL" Q..,JG.,d.dCt> ... ..:JfT '\t'L c <I"JQ.;(n<l"iQ.C;tr~<\J"L\(,(.

C'd4~ 4'L~~~' ALL""; C~P'J4'J>' 4LL~ ("P~'J4" 'Pn4":'-'~.C'~ ~~~~c..~'>~ c·~~nr' Devon Island-r'.

Taanna tulimit inuvinirmik sanajaujuviniq aksaluanguanguquujijuqangmaluq&uni iliqusituqakkut ullursiutiviniunasugijaujuq. Tingmianguatammalu mitinguat nalunaikkutarijaujuviniujuksauvut qangat Inuitnunangannuaqpallialiraangata tingmiat. Inunguartaqarivuq immaqaanalunaikkutaulluni qangat angunasuttiarnarniqpaangungmangaat. Taakkualuangmalungajut immaqaa taqqinguanguvut ammalu siqqininguaq qitianii&&uni. Taanna nanijaulaurpuq tallurutimit Devon Island-mit.

31

These are Thule handicrafts found at Brooman Point on Bathurst Island.Nothing is known about the use of the one with the chain and a pinat the end. The comb is very well made with nice decorations on it; theone next to it is a toggle, used for skins; the last is a human figure,probably used as an amulet.

C·d4 Jr~v·v· ~~Av·v· ~~'~<·JA~( ~V'~L~·>( ~·~I~·A~rCA·... 1>7r'J<I'J'.i~~r' A 'I.'::>" r"dn'J'.i~~J' "'.>71>:>" P)L.>-<I' .. 'L'i,'. A" ....AJn.> ~ 'n<l'~L~" "I>~ncl>".>.. <ILL.> A'bC~ ..<I":'::>" 'P~'J' <lr'J' ~inl\..'" <ILL.> "'I.e <I"J<lI\.." A'::>'d­n/!.cr"'· •

Taakkua tulivinirnik inuvinirnik sanajauvaktuviniit nanijaulaurput tuktusiur­vingmi: Tainna ujaminguanguquujijumik ilaqartuq miqqutinguquujijumutnalujauvuq kisuugaluarnirmangaat. lIIaigutilu sanattiarsimajuq piusi·titaulluni ammalu piqataa sanianiittuq qisingmut amirmut sakuutiviniqammalu piqataa arnguaviniq pittuqutiviniq.

These dolls were made by Thule (pronounced tuum Eskimos-two ivorypieces and one wooden one. The human female figures are believedto symbolize guardian spirits, used to protect one's home by placingthem on the top of the entranceway. They might also have been used astoys for children. Found at Brooman Point on Bathurst Island.

C'd4 A~,Ac ~~~~~cr"i>c Jrcr' A~Acr"icr' ALLbLLLL~4J'­

<lCI>~" 'P~'r' ~ ... ~L".> .. <ILL.> L'i' ::>L.D' ~ ...~L"...>n'. C'd<l<I' ...~<I' A~7A' Ab~'nl> ....I>'~L ...;r71»' )'.> ~>'~~r7l>"->n'A'.>r' .. ' <ILL.> A~'I\<lC 'b"-J' Ac-71>'b'C....I>'~L ...;r71>~(">"'r-...... a.<id ... Jr c A"J'l.~(Jcr· <lLL.."cCt>c;, A~~A( .Dcc;"b..o("'J<I,,71>'b'C....I>.. ".>n' ......71>....1>'>' ::>'::>~I>'I\'r' 'Pp'cr'.

Taakkua inuujait sanajaunnirput tulinik inuvinirnik immakdllammarialuk­atausiq qijungmit sanasimalluni ammalu marruuk tuugaanut sanasi·mallutik. Taakkua arnanguat inuujait ikajurtiulaursimanasugijauvut suurlusapujjijigijaullutik iglumingnit ammalu isirviata qaangagut i1ijauqattalaur­simanasugijaujut sapujjijunnaqullugit iglunganiittunik ammaluttauq inuujaitnutaqqanut pinguarijauqattalaurillutik. Nanijaulaurput tuktusiurvingmitqikirtamit.

32

Tuniit in Lifeand Legend

Tuniit Memories

by Aipili Inuksuk, Igloolik

~Tuniq man and wife werestaying with Inuit nearA Igloolik, not today's Inuitbut at a time after a mannamed Ututtiaq had pass­

ed away. The Tuniq killed caribouwithout a bow and arrow. He justthrew an arrow to kill the caribou. Hewas such a great help to those Inuitbecause he was so strong and couldlift very heavy objects that ordinaryInuit could not lift. That was how theTuniit were.

The Inuit living with the Tuniit had avery old dog that was useless andsuffering and could not go for longtrips anymore. The dog was so pitifulhe had to be killed so the Inuit askedthe Tuniq if he would kill the dog withhis arrow. The Tuniq asked, "The dogwill die if I do, are you sure you wanthim dead?" The Inuit replied, "Thepoor dog has to be killed, he is sopitiful and useless to us." With that,the Tuniq went outside with his arrowto look for the old dog. He preparedhimself by sitting down on the groundand putting one foot on top of theother. Then he put the old dog onhis top foot. He leaned backwards,aimed, and threw the arrow at thedog. It travelled so fast it shot out ofthe other side of the dog and the dogflew a distance, even without mucheffort from the Tuniq, he was sostrong! But the next day when theInuit woke up they could not find theTuniit anywhere, they had packed upand left. From what I know, theywere perhaps the last ones knownpersonally by Inuit.

There was another incident where anInuk I knew thought he saw a Tuniq

Aipili Inuksuk has been helpingexcavate archaeological sitessince 1939 and knows thingsabout the ancestors of Inuitthrough stories and through ar­chaeological finds.

<1LlAc- 1l.D'I', Il'.>c-'IPC·, Y'er~CP­

~<CIL:>" II <C'erler' PPP 'C'Y I:> '­c-'(,< Ar<Jc-P'er"."er 1939-·JfI'.>JCIlL 00. 11.011< I:>'c-fter'f'°er' ~1l"L <­n<1i'n~'>" <1'L.><CP" Per'f,'J<1nJ<JIPLr'.>er 11.011< I:>'c-fter'f'°er'. COo.C< Jer'er' Per'/,9<1<-P'C Cc-;'d<Per'/, 9<1"."crP' <1'L.> M'i'1L '<ic-<1n.7P­c-c-P'>" n>~ 11<.><1'<1<.

Aipili Inuksuk, iglulingmiutaq, qini­qatauqattarsimavuq ittarnisanikukiurtartumi sivullirpaamit pigiala­urniq&uni 1939-ngutillugu tai­manna Inuit sivullivininginnikqaijimattiarutiqarpuq ammalut­tauq unikkaartuatigut tusaumagil­luni Inuit sivullivininginnik. Taannatavva tunirnik unikkaartualaurtaatalavuukkut unikkaartuaq&uniukammalu titirarsimajuliarijaulilaur­puq Tipuura Ivaluarjuup.

Tuunit Inuulaurni­viningit ammaluunikkaartuartau­qattarningit

Tunirnik iqqaumaniq

Aipili Inuksuk unikkaartuartaa

univiniit tusaumajaruluga­luakkattauq ammalu taik­kunangat inullattaangula­ursimajunik katimajaulauq­s im aj uvi ni ru Iu ug a Iu a r­

mingmata taikkua tuniit. Maani iglul­ingmirujung ilaak igluliup qanigijaanikatimajaujuqalaursimanniqmijuq taik­kua inullattaangulaursimajuit unik­kaaqtuangungitturuluit sivulingaa­nginni taikkua uttittiakkut sivulingaa­nginniqai, taimanna tusaumajungatamaani agiuktinirni i1agijaulaursima­juviniit. Taakkua imanna ilangigguuqkatimallattaangi&&utik taakkuaguuqnuliariinguquuqtunikkua nunaqqatigil­lataaqniq&unijjuk iiangit taakkua si­kumiiquq&utik katimallattaangi&&u­tik taimanna. Tunijjuak nuliariikkatimallattaaq&unijjuk taimannau&­&alauqsimanniqput. Tuktuppangniq­&uniluinna tunijjuaq pisiksiqa&&ara­niguuq tuktuppaktuviniq. Qaqjuqaq­tuugaluaruuq pisiksiqajaangittuq tuk­tuqattaq&uniguuq. Tunijuaq katima­ngikaluaq&unijjuk i1aaguuq ikajuqtia­lugillunijjuguuq sanginialunginnun.Uqumaittuliqillutigguuq ikajuqtimma­rialugillunijjuk.

Qimmiruluguuq taanna ittuuluarni­kumut ilauqattarunniiqturulung ittu­qualuarnikumut qalukturuluuliqtuqaullaqtunik naksaqtaukatagunniiqtuqimanna tuqusaqlugu kisianiruluuqquu­jiliqtuq nanliksaalutuinnaulirmat tuni­juamut taassumunga pisiqujauliqniq­&uni. Tavvaliguuq uqaq&uni taannatunijjuaq pisikkuniukliguunguna tuqu­niaqtuq uqautijaulluniguuq una tuqu­jariaqaqturuluulirmat nakliksaatuin­nalirmat ittuuluarnikumut tuqusaru­lukluguguuq pisiklugu. Taimaguuqasuilaak isiq&uni anautaqa&&aqnira­miguuq tavvaliguuq anilluni qaqjuli-

and that could have been one of thelast times a Tuniq was seen.

A man named Kukik was out huntingon the land and he saw someone ina kayak on his way to a little islandnearby. When the man reached theisland he put one hand into the kayak,Iihed it, and started to run very fastand was soon out of sight, never tobe seen again.

Aherwards, Kukik thought, "Who isthe person from around here whokeeps his extraordinary strength asecret? I do not know anyone who isso strong and nobody else knows ofanyone like that." When he men­tioned to people that he had seensomeone, they all said people fromthe closest places had not comeanywhere near and they said theydidn't know of anyone else fromaround there. After that he started tothink, "There is a good chance hewas a Tuniq."

I remember Kukik very well becausewe came from the same camp. Hewas a healthy man and could do allsorts of things, he had so muchenergy. He lived a long life until hebecame ill at a very old age. He diedwhen I was just starting to huntanimals by myself; I was an adoles­cent at that time. It was spring whenour family and Kukik's family sepa­rated. We were on our way to RepulseBay and they had starved and on topof that he was already old and ill.

There is another story that Kukik told(although I heard it from someoneelsel about a Tuniq who was aboarda ship. The Tuniq had taken hold ofthe anchor of the ship and he waspulling it and it started to sway! Andwhen Tuniit caught a walrus theypulled it out of the water by them­selves without much effort. Theirharpoon lines were very short andwhen they threw the harpoon it gottight right away.

We have all sorts of stories aboutTuniit. I heard they were very strongand they had really small homes, Iguess you wouldn't even call themhomes, they were just places tosleep. I see the remains of their pre­historic huts when we go campingand one of the places is called "Ikluq­juat." Their huts were different fromours. They were so small that there

~".IA;'" )~~L~~ ->b~'b'C~'"

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r~o- bnL~~~'b<..~VL'o-"'r~'" C6'd~ f::..D'­<..'C'J<-~VL~f::.' ~o-'!,"')~'J'("y -,f::.' t:>C"­'!.'(" 0- Cf::.'d~ ~'n'n<J'd' t,>C" '!.'(" 0-'bf::.,Cf::.L'0. )~~L~'L cLo- <Jr~'n ..'0- f::.o..r­~~<-~VL ~IA;"'. C'd~ ilL'0. 11,-'("J'" bn­L<- c...'('fie,. ,.)n" C"d<lr ~c-<l~ 'J\I")o-"d<l.Do....bnr<-c....c:..CT..,.)(T... ~l> [jc...'('c ("d<l r'd-I'd'"."n' bnL'<.. 'C'f" ."n' Cf::.L'... )o-'~<J'.Dc-<]~lo bnLC-c....C('iIIo ..,:>cr\P~· ClI.L...Q.[)..c,.c....I>.....r'­LG.u<;b)C. )")«'O"'Q,,,.>CT..:JI1a.o.. :>CT\P~<] ... /V"­t'b'"~o-J'" )'Y(')lAo-"'. 'I....~'I."')L-'<JI''''lV't'b~'f")'" )')'6'C'"."..J"'. ) ..~~'"bnL'f'b-,<J'"."..'~' IIc:.J'" f::.b~"'n~-,r' ->0-'­~J'" ~'f' ..~-,'f".D'. ~'dLf::.'JC""f"-,n'J'"

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jaq&uni pisiksiqajaangittuq anauta­qaqturuuq. Asuilaaguuq pisingnialira­miuk tavva manirangmuguuq tamau­nga inginnami isiganiguuq taakkuatukiliriiksillugit qaliriiksitiallak&unigitsuuqlu imanna isigani piqatingataqaanganuaq&uniuk taannaguuq qaq­juk isigami qaanganut i1igamiuk nirral­lakjuumilluni turaaqtitti&&uniuk ta­manna qaqjuk. Qaqjuniguuq anaujja&­&aqmagu tauvungaguuq qimmiupungataagut qaqjunga pikiaq&uni qim­mimi tavvangat tingmikaattialiqpu­guuq tauvunga aqigiluaqnikumut qim­miq taanna. Tavvali nunaqqatigittiaq­taannugaluatik siniliqnir&utik tavva­Iiguuq iqummaliqput pitaqajaarunniiq­tut sunauvaliguuq unuaqnirma aullaq­tuvinaaluit taakkualu sikumiittut tau­nani aullaqatigiliq&ugit.

Ammaluttauq kukiulauqsimajuq tunij­juangunasuginnaajuviniq unikkaaqtuqtusaalauqsimangmijaraluara naniillat­taarusingali nunami naniijusivinillat­taanga suqquiqsimangi&&ugu pisuk­simalluniguuq taanna kukik tautula­uqsimangmat qajaqtuqtumik qikiqta­guluk takannauluni taannaguuq qajaqtakanungaujuq. Takanungaguuq tu­lakkami qajaniguuq paangagut tav­vuuna kauraallatuinnaq&uniuk qajani­guuq akjaq&uniuk tauva uklajusi&­&aqpuq itikkasijuq talinnamilu taimaujagunniiq&uni.

Tavvali isumanniq&uni tainna kukik"kinaguuq tamaani ajungittuqjuangu­alukkaluaq&uni qaujimajarijaungittu­qarasugilluniuk" taimanna isumaliq­niq&uni imanna silatujualuktaqariak­sanganik ajungittuqjuangualukkaluaq­luni ajungittuqjuangunini ijiraqtuuti­giujarluniuk imannaittuqarasugillu­niuk. Tavvali tainna takujani unikkau­sirigaluarniramiuk tamaaniliguuq nu­naqatingit tamaani qanittumiittuli­maat tamaungaqsimajuqangittuviniu­lutik innaguuq tunijjuanguquulauqsi­majuq taimanna uqaqtuq tusaalauqsi­majara kukik.

InuujuroJluulaursimajuq nunaqqatigil­lutigut qanuiluangialusungaqtillugu­inna suqquigijara tainna kukik nunaq­qatigivak&utigut paani qaujijariurniq­paalaursimagama tiguangunivinirmaqaniginirsaujangagut iqalungni nuna­qatigilaursirnagattigut iqaluqattaqtu­aluit kukik piliriqatauraaluk&uni aju­ngialuk&uni taimannaulaursimajuq.Inuusuujaalukpalauq&uni ittualuuliq­&uni tuqqu&&alauqsimavuq. Tuktu­qattarunnaqsivallialiq&unga ukaliqat-

was no room to even stretch theirlegs. It is said they did not sleep lyingdown, but slept with their feet up! Iheard they did not want to have toomuch blood in their legs so that theycould be fast runners, They certainlywere fast. One of the reasons whyI believe in Tuniit is because ofthe work they did with big rocks­something like inuksuks. It is easy totell that someone with extraordinarystrength is the only one who couldhave lifted something so big. Thatproves the Tuniit really lived, but I justnever saw them with my own eyes.

This old photograph shows ayoung Aipili Inuksuk climbing themast of a whale boat near Igloolik.His companion is Panikpakuttuk.

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tarunnaqsillungalu aqiggiqattarunnaq·sillungalu inutuullunga aujautillugulutuktuttariur&unga, nukappiangullu·nga taimali ukiulirmat ataaq&uta nu­naqqatigillutigut tamanna upingaksaatuqulirnirpuq avik&uta naujaaliaqpal­lialiq&uta tamaani kaaktualuunniq­&utiklu taikkua taimainniramik tain­nali tuqulirnirpuq taissumani upingak­salituinnarmat.

Tuniit sangijuqjuavinaaluunniqmattaikkua tuniit imanna takuvaktakkaikluvinikuluktaqaqpangmat inuiguuqigluqausiringitangititut aujakkulli iglu­qaqpalaurtut Inuit iklungita ajjigingi­takulunginnik igluqaqpalaurtut ilukit­tuliakuluullutiguUl;l igluqaqpalaursi­mangmata tunniit tupiqarpalaurillu­tiklu aujakkut. Igluqjuani taimannait­tukulungmik pitaqaqpuq tupiqvillat·taavinikuluk ilukittullavinikuluk im­manna sittungavviksaungittukuluk.Taimannaguuq tuniiguuq tupiqaqpa­laursimangmata aujakkut ilukittulla­kuluullutik siniliriaraangamiguuq pau­nga niutik qummukti&&ugu taimannasinikpalauqsimannirmata auqaliqtiq­juaqtailimanikumut siniklutiguuq tai­manna tusaumajakka. Ammalu sana­ugavinaalungit ujararuluit ukpirusuu­tigigillugittauq taimannaujakka sangi­juqsiutiulimajualuuqquujisuunguvang­mata ilangit sanaugaviniit.

Innattauq tainna kukik uvangali uni­kaaqtillugu qaujilaungitara unikaala­uqsimangmijuruuq umiaqjuarmiittu­qaqataulauqsimannirmingmat tunirmittamauna kisautialungagugguuq usiu­raujasingmaguguuq tamanna umiaq­juaruuq uviqtaasi&&aqpuq. Taimannatusauma&&aqtara.

Aivvakkaangamiklu taimana amuvak­&unijjuk imanna nukiinnaalungminutamusijunnaqpaktuvinaaluit. Ammalunaittullakulungnik aliqaqpaktuviniitkapigamiuguuq qiluqittariiq&unilusuuqaimma. Tavvaguuq aiviq tuktaju­aluk tuklikjualu apuramiuk umiruaq­&uniuk kapigamiuk suuqaimma ik­pingnigami aqqariakaalaktualuk taka­nungaguuq tunijjuumilaukallak&ugunusukjakalla&aqjuaramiuguuq tavvaqungasingalu surak&uni tuqujariiq­&uni. Taimanna pivaktuviniinikkuataimanna tusaumajakka.

Ammaguuq anautaqaqtuqalauqsimal­lunittauruuq taimannaittumik tunij­juamik inullattaaminginna piqatiqaq­tuviniq tainna kunigunaulauqsimajuul­Ii taunani kinganiilauqsimajuq tainna

The Tunijuat used to make things outof flints. We know that because Ihelped excavate archaeological sitesand we have found objects made along time ago by Inuit and Tunijuat.We found one walrus rib and therewas a flint attached to the end of itand it was used as a tool. I have heardthat the Tunijuat made things out offlints so effortlessly.

There was once a Tuniq who used acane made of antler and he had anInuk companion. I have heard thisstory from a man from Cape Dorset;his name was Qillaq Kunigunaq. Hewas the one who lost a hunting com­panion by the name of Qangualuk.Kunigunaq was telling us that theTuniq hunted with his antler cane byclubbing the caribou with it.

I have also heard about people calledKumit. The Kumit waited patiently fordays and nights for a seal to pop itshead out of the hole in the ice. Theyalways wore long coats and that wasone way you could tell them apartfrom other people. While they waitedat the seal holes they kept a fire goingunder their coats in an oil lamp witha deep trough. It is said that the skinon the stomachs of good hunters wasusually burned because while theyhad a fire going a seal would appearand they would completely forget thefire as they concentrated on killingthe seal.

Back to the subject of Tuniit, theInuit think they ran away. Yes, per­haps they ran away, maybe they gotscared of the Inuit. Maybe they areextinct today. If there were any leftthey would have been spotted by nowsince airplanes are always flying in theNorth. Personally, I think the Tuniitwere wiped out.

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qangualungmit piqataiqsirnikuviniqqillaq kunigunaq. Tainna unikaaqtuar­tuq tusaalaursimangmigakkuttauq tu­nijjuarmi anautaqaqturuuq, anauta­qaq&uni nagjungmit, tuktuit anauvak­&ugit taimanna pivangniqturli tainna,taimanna tusaumaaqjungmijara.

Ikkuali tunijjuanilaak kukiksarulungnikang'manik taikkunangat inutuqavinir­nik piqutivinirijaujualuungmata ittar­nisanik qiniqatausimanikualuullungalutaimannaugama. Tunijuattaungikkuasanavaktuvinit kukiksarulungni ang­maarulungni tamaani aivaup tulima­ngata isuruluanut imanna sanginiin­naalungminut niiniqtukataalutuinnaq­&ugigguuq tavva pissikkatuguuq tav­va taissuma tulimaruluup isuruluanuttaassumunga nagguaqarniruluanutsanavaktuviniit kukiksaalungnik. Savi­liksaliungujaaqjuk&utigguuq taimannaqungiatuinnaq&ugigguuq pijarniquuji­valisaaramik sanajualuit kiinaqangit­tualungmut taassumunga kukiksaqsaviliksaminikluunniit uvaluunniitsaviksamik pilakturutiksamigluunniitkukiksami sanallutik qungiatuinnar­&ugiguuq pijarnirusuquujijualuuvala­urtut taassumunga nagguaruluanut ai­viup tulimangata niiniqtukataalutuin­nar&uniuguuq, piksikkatut, sanaja­nga. Taimannaikkua tusaumajakka.

Kumiviniunirartaujunik tusaumang­migamattauq. Kumiviniruuq i1uqqur­tujukuluk nipparasuk&uni unnuujaka­tak&utikikumavangnirmata unluaraa­lukkut nippaq&utik unnukkut nippa­sigiaramik unnuaq nippainnaaluk&utiktavva nattiqpak&utik taimannauvang­nirmata qullikulungmigguuq puuqsi­mavviqalauqsimangmata taikkua ku­miviniunirartauvaktuit tusaumang­migama qullikulungmi iluqqurtujul­lakuiungming taimanna ikummaksi­majukulungnikatigingita iluanii&&ugutaimanna pivaktuviniit ikumallunili­guuq taqqamani atigingata iluani.Suuqqaimmaguuq nattiqsaraittut ta­makkua tamauna naangagut aminga­gut uunniviniqaugalaa&&alauqsima­gamik.

Taikkuali uqausiriqqaujakka tuniitqimaksijuviniunasugijaulauqsimajug­guuq. Taimannaikkua qimaksinasugi­jaujuviniit kappiasulirsimajuvinialuiq­qai maannaliikkua qanukiangai pita­qaqpagunniirtuqqai? pitaqaqtuviniun­nirpata suli takujaujuqalauqsimalira­jaqtuksaujuugaluat qangatasuut na­mungaruluujarpangmata nunguttuvi­niilliqaikkui? uvangali isumagilirtakkanunguttuviniunasugillugit.

The Death of the Tuniit

by Simon Qirniq, Gjoa Haven

~orne Tuniit came uponwomen who had been left~ behind at camp while theV men were out to huntseals. It has been heard

that when the Tuniit came upon thewomen they fought them.

They broke in the windows of theiglus and pulled the women out. Butone woman had just had a baby,which we call kiniqsiqtuq in Inuktitut.In those days there were taboos forwomen who had just had a child.

A Tuniq tried to pull her out of the littleiglu she was in. This little iglu wasquite high. He tried to pull her out butshe bit his thumb, put her feet on thesides of the broken window and justheld on there, keeping her teeth in histhumb until he wasn't moving anymore.

After a long time, when she let go, theTuniq was dead. All the other Tuniithad left, thinking they had killed all thewomen. Later, the men came hometo find their wives had been murderedby the Tuniit. They all started tofollow the tracks of the Tuniit, takingalong sleds with things they neededto sieep out.

Even though they were brave mensome of them turned back, perhapsbecause they did not take all theyneeded. Inuit used to be able to walkfar in those days. Only two kept ontracking the Tuniit. When they gotclose to them and were able to hear,there was a Tuniq child at a drumdance. It was said they had one song.This child, after he had been outside,returned and said, "I hear some­thing," but those who were dancingignored him.

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TuqqutaulaurningitTuunit

Saiman Qirniq unikkaartaa

[]

aipsumaniguuq tuniinguuq

T taamna kisimi tukisima­gapku tatvuuna tuniinguuqangutit suliaqsimajuni nat­siqsiuq&utik. Tunnginngu­

uq arnanut paijunut tikinnamik arnanikunataq&iqsimajut tusaumannarmata.Taimanna igalaangitigut igalairutiqaq­taq&ugit arnat arnuuqqaq&ugit igalaj­jakkut. Arnaruuq nutaqqisaarami ki·niqsiqtunik taijauvangmingmata Inuk­titut. Taipsumani inuvraat aglijuga­luarmata nutaraqtaasaaraangamigiu.

Tunngumnguuq amugiaqtaraluaring­mijaa innagvingmiiqtausuqtuq suppiv­vingmik Inuit piqutivinnginnik puiguq­turniqtunit. Taimannaittumiguuq supi­jualuugami iglumi iluani qutsilaqillugu.Igalairnikkut amujaugiaraluarilluniqupluagunnguuq kiigamiuk qaniruqti·gigamiuk tuniq amujigigiammariktara­luaniguuq. Igalairnirumnguuq avatiktukiq&ugik ajuqsinnami kingmiqtuq­taaguuq kupluagut. Kingmiqturamiukmaquniraqquuliqturuuq sangnitirui­quuraluaqtumi kingmiqtuqtaalugiga­miuk.

Taapsuma sapkulitainnarmagu tuqu­juunniqturuuq tuniq. Tunnguqatailu­guuq aullaqqanniq&utik qimaallutikarnanik nunguutsigiaq&utikiaq. Taa­vungnga aullarmata. Angutinnguuqangilraagamik nuliilgaajaullutik tunir­nit. Tupjaqsigiaqtualuungmingmatatupjaqsijualuungmata qamusiq&utiksiniktaumaplutik siniktausiq&utik.lIangiguuq utiqqajualuungmingmataangutaugaluaq&utik. Aulla'mi'niki& urrij u inn aujjang ng in na m ikta uq.Taipsumani pitsuqtujuugaluilli Inuit.

Taimanna tunnginnguuq tupjaariplut­ku malruinnangngummariktuk uting­ngilruujuk taapkuak. Kaglimmamma­kukuglikkiaq kalingmakku tusarnaq­singmanikkiaq. Tunaaruuq nutaraatunngit suqujajunut angajuqqaami­nullu, tunnginnguuq suqujajualuitqilaummut. Pisiqaqtunnguuq atausir­mik. Taimannammariungngittuuga­luaq tusaumanipkut atuqtara tasam­na. Tunaaruuq taamna nutaraq isi­raangami aniiqqaaraluni, "maannga-

The two men reached the camp andblocked the doorway of the place thedance was being held in, using theirtwo sleds piled one on top of theother. There was no top to the igluand, although it was a high climb, oneof the men climbed to the top andstabbed a Tuniq with a long spear.The other probably stayed at thedoorway in case the Tuniit tried toescape. When the Tuniq was stabbedall the others fell down, pretendingthey were dead.

This is the one song they had andwere dancing to, taking turns:

I want him to tell on them. I want himto talk, this person.

The two men then went into the iglu(where the Tuniit were) by climbingdown a rope. They killed all of theadults.

When all were dead they found someyoung Tuniit, some very young andothers older. They heard them talkingand found them even though theywere hiding. They took them homewith them, making them walk all theway.

Soon after they left for home theyoungest ones started complaining,"My legs hurt." The men had withthem a bow drill and when the child­ren complained one man held themwhile the other drilled into theirforeheads.

After they killed the children they leftthem behind and made the otherswalk. They had a long way to goand the same thing kept happening.Whenever a child said, "My legshurt," one of the men would hold thelittle Tuniq while the other drilled intohis forehead. Even when a hole wasdrilled the chiidren did not becomeunconscious right away because theywould say "Makkakaq" before theydied. A lot of them were killed withthe bow drill.

There were two nearly full grownTuniit who were brother and sister.Just as they were getting closeenough to see the iglus of the men'scamp they too started saying "Mylegs hurt." They were killed, too. Allthe Tuniit were killed because themen wanted to get even and so theydid.

38

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ilaa tusaajungaa tiriganialaaluk ak&u­naalaalungmik kimualaaluk&uni siq­qu'maaq." Taima'naguuq uqaallak­paktuugaluaq suqujajualuit kamaging­ngitaat.

Taapkuak tikisaqturamik tikinnamikqigluktunaluuk angutik. Tunnginngu­uq suqujajualuungmata qatgirijaatqamutingniguuq malrungnik qaliriiktit­sivvigillugu kataa simiktaa silataanit.Silataanit simikkamikku qulaittualuut­mannguuq qatgiat majurariaqaqtua­luutluni. Majurarvigigamikku ilutmuttatqamunga iputujuqaramik takijumik.Ipuqquqtujumik iputujunik taipsumaniipuqquqtujunik nirjusitiusiqajugamig­luunniit ipuqquqtujunik. Qaujigamatakupqalirama taimannaittunik. Tunir­miguuq kapisikmat aipparitjajaa atau­tsikkuungngittuksaujuq. Aippaa paa­miujuugaluutjajuq anijuqariaksaa pit­lugu. Kapisikmat tunnginnguuq tama­raalukmik nauggutjuraqtut tuquvja­gatik tuqusiqturasuat. Ii taamna pi­siat suqujjataat pisiq atausiq nalaa­guunniangngitkaluarmijara tusaum­masinnuangagut aturniarmigapku ata­utsimunnguuq pisirmut suqujamajua­luit saavitkattautijut nalunangngit­tuugaluit.

Unnirluutqut&aq&ugu uqarajuqut­&aq&ugu qanngilitainnarunarunaijjaa.Unaija ijaj ijaajajijaaajajaja ija ija .

Tatvaguuq tunngit pisiannguuq atau­siq taamna suqullatigijaat atausin­nuaq ningiallakittatquutigillujjuk. Ta­sapkuat nautgutjuraqsimajualuit isir­vigigamikkuguuq taapkuak ak&u­naakkutkiaq ujauttautiqajummataaq­tauvammata ujauttautinik takuvalau­rama, atuqpatsimallugillu. Ak&unaar­mik qatgit ujauttautiqaturijausung­mata ulaqqiviusuqtunik. Ak&unaak­kunnguuq isiramikkiaq tasapkuaguuqnalangauqtualuit taqtunai tupjuqap­jangngittaqpammata uvinngita ilangi.Iputujumnguuq kangia tuullat&aqpat­ku sanngijjujjat&arniaq&utik tuqu­ngauqtuujaaqsiqtualuit. Maniinnam­mariktillugit unataganalugijjajaaktaapkuak.

Nungunnamikku inirniritsiat nungun­namikku tisamaniguuq qatgip kigli­ngani tugluuqsimajuunniit tunajjatmikijuutlutigluksaujuq angijuu'lutiglu­guuq. Nalunairamikku uqamajumik tu­saramik isipjuktuugaluamik. Angilra­utigiaqtaannguuq pisuktigiaq&utku.

Toonik building a summer home byLipa Pitsiulak. Reproduced with thepermission of the PangnirtungEskimo Cooperative.

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Tuniq igluliuqtuq aujakkut iglusa­ngani sanangartaujuq Lipa Pitsiulap.Sanajaukkanirluni angirtauplunilutakkuninga Pangnirtumi Inuitkuapangat.

Tunijjuaq

by Joe Patiq, Rankin Inlet

[0]nce there was this big Tu­niq who was very strong.Tuniit are said to be veryo strong. They are strongerthan any race, there are

none who are as strong even thoughthey, too, are people.

It is said that when you meet themyou forget them as soon as you part.You cannot remember anything aboutthem. You might intend to talk about

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Angirrautiliramikku pisuktillukku ilai­guuq aullaqsiqtutiqsinnaq&utik "niuk­ka anninnaqquuliraanganik." Nutaran­nuat&uit mikijuksaugamik. Niuqtuuti­qaqsima'mata niuqtuutiqaqpajuga­malu inuktitut. Kaivuutaungngittut­&unnik niuqtuutimmaringnik uqum­miq&ugit kingmiaqaqtut&ungnik. Aip­paataguuq tigutillugit nutaqqani ilu­ngiqtuliqtunnuit tasapkuat, aippaa­taguuq qaungagut niuqtuqpak&utku.Taimatna qimakpalliatlutku tuqusa­raangamikku pisuktitsijualujuguuqtunajjanik. Ungasiktualungmut angil­rauplutik. Taimatnaguuq "niukka an­ninnaqquuliraangata." Aippaata tigu­ti'lugit niuqtuqpaktaa aippaata.

Qaungi qaqturaraangata avaangin­naqpa'jangnginmigamik "makka­kaq." Makkakaaq&utigluguuq qauji­masuq&utigluksaujuq, qaritai angma­raangamik. Taapkuaguuq tanna asia­gutqarmat tasapkua amilraqtut tunaj­jat niuqtumajai. Tunaangugaluan­nguuq angijuuk iniqtuk, inipjaktukangijuk najagiik takpikkuak arnarluangulluujjajuq. Iglunnguuq niptalira­luaqtillugit "niukka anninnaqquuqat­talit&angujamingmanik." angijuuliq­tualuuk suli niuqturillukku tuqusaril­lukku tunajjanik nunguutsijuqpaluk­&utiglu akijaqturamik akijuk.

Unipkaat&uk tamna tapvungalu nalu­lirapku qanukiaq nalulikat&arapku tat­vunga tusaummasiinnarigapku. Ta­samnali nipiliuqsimangngimmaritsiaq­tara itqaijjauguma kisiani nipiliuqti­tauvalauqtunga nunanut asinillu. Tat­va Ii tusaummasiinnarigapku taamnataimaaliqtunga.

Tunijjuaq

Juu Patiq unikkaartaa

[]

unijjuaqalaurmannguuq

T taipsumani sanggijurjua­raalungmik. Sanggijurjua­raaluinnguuq tamaani nun­aup qaangani inungnik.

Inungni sanggilaangujut sanggiqqija­qangngittut nunaup qaangani tatvaniinuugaluittauq. Ingmiktigut inuugaluit­tauq. Kisianiguuq taikani katiplugittaauvani unipkaarniaq&ugu angirra­runi, takulauqtunga tunirnik. Angir­raruni unipkaarniaq&uni qanuq piqan-

39

it when you get home, saying, "I haveseen a Tuniq", and tell how friendlyyou were and what you got from him,but as soon as you part you will forgethim.

When an Inuk remembers and startsto tell about it, happy to be tellingabout meeting such a being, theperson just ends up crying a lot. It issaid that the person will start to say,"Look, I met this ... " then right awaythe person will start to cry.

That was just the way the Tuniitwere.

It is said that a while ago there wasthis big Tuniq at Coral Harbour, whenthere were still Tuniit on Southamp­ton Island. Their houses were madefrom large stones, and some of themfrom earth. They must still existalthough some stone houses wereInuit dwellings. The reason the Tuniithad stone houses was because theywere very strong.

The Inuit had seen this Tuniq andwanted to meet him. He, however,didn't want to meet them. When theInuit from the vicinity saw him theygave chase by dog team with thedogs howling after him at a canter.They wanted to meet him, not to killhim for he had not murdered any Inuk.They gave chase by dog team withthe dogs at a canter howling afterhim. The Tuniq ran away. Maybebecause he saw that there were alot of Inuit he ran away even whenhe knew he could take them on allat once.

The place he was running to is a longdistance away. Even when the dogsare just cantering along they can gettired before they reach the mountaincalled Itijujjuaq, where the whitepeople now have their houses. He ranaway in the direction of Itijujjuaq. Itis said that when he got to the top ofthe mountain he cheered. He cheeredbecause he had escaped and wouldnot have to meet any Inuit. No onecaught up with him when he wasrunning away. It is so far that if wetravelled that distance it would some­times take us a whole day.

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naritigilaurmangaaguu unipkaarumap­luni qanuq pitaarvigilaurmangaarmi­niuk unipkaarumapluni. Tagvaguuqqimangmagu tagvangngat katilauq­&uniuk qimangmagu inummariup ig­villuunniit taimanna piguvit tagvakatilaurluguavitkungni taimaluguuqpuigurlugu. Katilaurmangaarnii qauji­majaarungniirlutit.

Angirraruvit unipkaarniaraluaq&uguavituarangni taimalu puiguq&ugulu­guuq. Nauguuq iqqaumannangngit­tualuit tamatkua silaup inungi. Inum­mariugaluittauq taimanna ivaptutiliktut pisuktut. Taimanna qatiplugin­nguuq puigurnaqtualuit. Tagvaguuqitqaramiuk uqqaumaliramiuk unipkaa­sigiarami, imanna katilauqtaminikquviasuk&uni katisilaurami unipkaa­sigiaramiuguuq tagvaguuq qiasialuk­&uni.

Unipkaariaraluarami imna katilauqta­raariaraluarami qiaraaluliq&uniguuqtagva taimannaguuq pinnaqtualuit.Nauguuq unipkaagaksaungngittualuit.

Taimnaguuq tunirjuaraaluk sallimitaipsumanikallauliqtuq. Tunijjuaqa­lauqtillugu salliq tunijjuaqalaurmatiglurjuaviningillu taukaujuksaungmataujaraaluit ipjualuit ilangit. lIangit Inuitigluviniraluangi ujaraaluit sanasima­jualuit. Taipkua tunijjuit sanggijurjua­raaluugamik ujaraalungnik iglurjua­qaqpalaurmata.

Asuilaaguuq tunijjuaq takujaugamiqanukiaq pijaujumapluni katijaujumap­luni, katisijumangngimmat inungniik.Katisijumangngimmat takanangngatsallimit. Tunirmiunit taunangngatsalliup uvangngat qaplunaat unga­taannit taunani. Tunirmiunit taku­jaugami tunijjuaq qimuksirviuplunimaggujjijauliqpuq. Katijaujumaplunituqutaujumamut pingngittuugalua­ngujunaq inualaungngimmat inung­mik. Maggujjivviuliramiguuq angujau­jumapluni tunijjuaruuq qimasivuq.Inungniqai amisunik takugami qimasi­vuq sapingngitkaluaq&uni inmigutqanuiliurnimigut sapingngitkaluaq­&uni.

Qimajuaaluulirami takanangngat sivi­tujualuk ungasiktualuk. Qimmit pa­ngalikkutik taqajuulluarmata tungaani.Asuilaak maggujjigaluaq&ugu taka­nangngat taingna qaplunaanit takuk­saujuq kingngaaluk, itijujjuaruuq. Iti-

The Woman WhoMarried A Dog

by Paniaq, Igloolik

[Ihere was a woman namedUinigumasuittuq (whichT translates as "the womanwho never wanted a hus­band"). Her father had

tried to marry her off to the besthunters, but she turned down eventhe most handsome.

Every night, one especially handsomeman wearing a coat with a small hoodopening came to sleep with Uinigu­masuittuq. But before the night wasover he always left her, without thefather ever finding out who he was.What was actually happening wasthat their dog, who took the form ofa man, was sleeping with Uinigu­masuittuq.

Having failed to marry her off, herfather, angry and frustrated, said,"Uinigumasuittuq should have thedog as her husband." Strangelyenough, she agreed. And now thatthe dog was to be her husband, herfather took them both to an islandnearby and settled them there to live.Not long after Uinigumasuittuq gavebirth to many babies-half human andhalf dog.

Because they now had a big family,they ran out of food quickly. The doghusband, wearing a back pack, wouldswim from the island to fetch food.Uinigumasuittuq's father always gavehim a supply of food and he swamback to the island each time.

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jujjuaruuq turaaq&ugu qimasimajua­luugami, itijujjuaruuq taamna king­ngaaluk puqtujualuungmat majura­miuk asiuvuq. Annakkami taapku­nangngat inungnit katijaujjaajungnii­rami asiuvuq angujaungngilaruuq tu­nijjuaq qimajuq takanangngaaluk.Ungasiktualungmit aullaariaq upluq,upluluktaaraaluk ilaanni qimuksimutpivalauqtavut. lIaanni taaqsitsiq&uguaullaraangapta tagvangngat qaplu­naanit itijujap qanigijaanit. Taamnaut­&armat amma tagva uigunasungnia­rapku .

Arnaq Uita~rtuviniq

Qimmirmi

Paniap iglulingmiutaupUnikkaartuartaa

[]

ainnattauruuq uiniguma­suittuq. Ataataaluata ui-T taartinnasukpakkaluaq&u­niuk uinigumavangi&&uni.Un nua ng ul ira angagguuq

angutittiavangmit pakkiktumillu ati­giqaq&uni isiqtuqaraangami innanga­qatigisimalauq&uniuk unnuaq sulitamanna ilangani anivak&uni kinaung­mangaallu qaujijunnarani. Qimmi­maaqtaqarmagguuq sunauvvaguuqtainna qimmialua inunguqsimallunitavvunga innariaqtuqsimavak&uni.

Tainnattauruuq uinigumasuittuq.Ataataaluata uitaartinnasukpakkalu­aq&uniuk uinigumavangi&&uni.

Unnuanguliraangagguuq angutittia­vangmit pakkiktumillu atigiqaq&uniisiqtuqaraangami innangaqatigisima­lauq&uniuk unnuaq suli tamanna ila­ngani anivak&uni kinaungmangaalluqaujijunnarani. Qimmimaaqtaqarmag­guuq sunauvvaguuq tainna qimmialuainunguqsimalluni tavvunga innariaq­tuqsimavak&uni.

Inungnik ataatangata uitaaqunasuk­pakkaluaq&uniuk ningautisimaliqni­kumugguuq ataatangata uqautiujaq­&uniung "uinigumasuittuq qimmimi­nik uiqaliqli." Sujuruunguna angiqa&­&aqpuq. Tavvaguuq qimmiminik ui­qaqnialiqmat qikiqtamut takanungau­tillunigik ataatangata, qimmingalutaakkuak.

Before long, the half-dog and half­human babies were eating solid foodso they were running out of meateven more quickly, making the doghusband go to get food from hisfather-in-law more often. The father­in-law continued to supply them withfood at first, but then he began todisapprove of the many times that thedog came to get food from him.

One day the dog husband arrived asusual to fetch more food in his backpack. This time the father had hadenough! He loaded gravel into theback pack, covering it up with a smallamount of meat. When the dog wasmidway between the mainland andthe island, he started yelping becausethe weight was making him sink. Andhe drowned.

After that, Uinigumasuittuq's fatherhad to bring the meat to her family,but he brought them food only oncein a while and soon they were starv­ing. Uinigumasuittuq's children weremany so they always finished thefood fast.

Uinigumasuittuq never forgave herfather for drowning her dog hus­band. She continued to hold a grudgeagainst him. Her human pups grewbigger and they always licked theirgrandfather's kayak. One day Uinigu­masuittuq told them, "The next timeyour grandfather arrives, pretend tolick his kayak, then attack him." Theydid as they were told, but since theyhad killed their only source of liveli­hood, they then did not have anyoneto depend on for food.

The mother decided to send themaway. She sent four out to sea in akamik sole and the other four weresent out onto the land. Uinigumasuit­tuq told those who were to go out tosea to look for something to occupytheir minds so that they would keepthemselves busy. When they foundwhat they were looking for, she said,come and get her. She sent them off,pushing them out to sea.

They could be heard noisily buildingsomething, and it turned out to be aship they were making. They could beheard talking and they were verytalkative. It became foggy and theycould not be seen anymore. Then theydisappeared. A year later a shiparrived full of White people.

42

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Taimaguuq takanani qikiqtarmiutau­liq&utik qimmiminik piqatiqaq&uni.Taimaguu takanangat narrulaaqpalitti­jualuuliraangami sunauvvaguuq inuru­luni nipitaqtaalugiliraangamiuk ani­nasuk&uni katangmi sanittianganuttukiqsimalluni ulitisimalluniuk taiman­naguuq sunauvva piqattaqtuq, inuru­luni nipitaqpak&uniuk. Asuilaaguuqsingailirami qitungakuluktaaq&uniunuqtunik qimmiqlakulungnik inuqla­kulungnik.

Tavvaguuq niqqairutisaaliqattaliramiktaanna naluk&uni qimmialua niqqisiu­riaqpak&uni nangmautiqaq&uni. Tais­sumaguuq arnaup ataatangata nang­mautaa niqimik ilulliq&uniuk nang­maraangagu taima takanunga naluk­&uni utiqpak&uni.

Qitungakulungigguuq nirijunnaqsing­mata nunguuttisaaliqattaliramik aik­&iqsaaliqattalirmat taimanna naksaq­tittiarpalauruluaq&uniuk. Tavvaguuqsugalugilirmigamiung aik&irajuluar­ninganut.

Aik&irmingmagguuq nangmaataa tua­pangmik ilulliq&uniung niqimik ilulli­raluaq&uniuk kivittinasuliq&uniuk.Taunungaguuq utiliraluaq&uni qitik­paallakkaluaq&uni takannaguuq qar­rulaaqtualuusimalirami taimaguuqasuilaak kivilluni.

Kivingmagguuq ataataaluata majuk­paliq&unigik majungnasaaqattarma­gigguuq niqiqangittuujaqpaliq&utikkaaqattaliq&utik. Majulauqpak&uni­gin unuqtukuluugamik nunguuttisaa­Iivak&uni suuqqaimma qajakulung­muurami.

Tavvaguuq taanna arnaaluk taissu­minga kivititaujumik akaqsanginniku­mut qitungakulungigguuq angijuku­luulirmata. Taakkuaguuq qajanganiktaassuma alupaangujaqattarmata tav­valiguuq qitungakulungit uqautiliq­&unigit "ittungagguuq tikimmikpatqajanga alupaarianguaqlugu ugialaa­liqpaa." Asuilaaguuq tikimmingmatqajangata minguani alupaariangua­ngujatuinnaq&utik upasungaramijjukugiaruluk&unijjuk. Tavvali ugianguja­rulukkamijjuk pajuktauqattarunniiq­&utik.

Asuilaaguuq atungavmlrmut aullaq­tittumaliq&unigit. Tallimagguuq taik­kua atungavinirmut aullartisillunigitamma tallimattauq nunamut aullarti­gialiq&unigit. Taakkuaguuq atunga-

At that time, the other group of fourthat Uinigumasuittuq had sent outon the land came back to get theirmother. They were not half pup andhalf human anymore-they had be­come White Men and there weremany of them. They came to get theirmother because they had found whatthey were looking for and wanted toshow her. For a whiie, Uinigumasuit­tuq could not decide which group togo with, but in time she chose toleave with the ones who came byboat.

Uinigumasuittuq

by Paniaq, Igloolik

[Ilhere was a woman whomeveryone called Uiniguma­suittuq. Many men hadtried to make her theirwife, but each time she

would refuse. There was one manwho tried to make her his wife, but heturned out to be a caribou with a bigbrow tine on his antlers (which shethought were a decorated hat). Therewas another whose hair was nicelycut, but he turned out to be a beardedseal. And she, as always, refused tomarry either of them.

One day someone with a kayak cameto propose to her. He seemed so talland strong while sitting in the kayak.Without getting out of the kayak, heyelled for her:

"Let Uinigumasuittuq show herselfl"

When she heard the shout, she asked,"Is he referring to me?"

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Vlnlrmut aullartisigiartani taunungasaiqqutiksaqsiuriaquliq&unigit nanisi­gutiguuq aijaujumaaqput taimailing­magigguuq. Taimaguuq ilangit aullaq­ti&&unigit ilangillu taununga sauviti­tuinnaq&ugit.

Sauvitituinnartangigguuq taakkuataununga tiktaungujaliramik sakvaal­lak&utiguuq sivaniqpallaasikallak&uniputuliraalasingualiqpuq umiaqjuangur­tuq. Taima uqallakpalittillutiklu taksi­Iiqtualuungmalluguuq takuksaujun­niiq&utik. Taima asiukululauq&utikarraagungutuinnattilluguguuq umiaq­juaq tiki&&aqpuq qallunaaraah.iit.

Taikkualuguuq nunamut aullaqtigia­lauqtangit amma ;ltauttikkut tikiqati­gingmingmagit tamarmik aik&iqtunanaanamingni qallunaaraaluuliq&utiktaakkua anaanaqaqtut taassumingataakkualu piqatingit amma qimmiu­junniirillutik tamarmik aiksiqtut tamar­mik nanisisimalirniramik. Naliangnug­guuq naluliqsimalauq&uni taikkunu­ngaguuq umiaqjualingnut ikiliq&unitaimaguuq aullarujjau&aqpuq. Naluli­rulukkakku.

Uinigumasuittuq

Paniap iglulingmiutaupunikkaartuartaa

[I]ainnaguuq arnaq uiniguma­suittuu&&arami inungnikT aijauvakkaluar&uni uinigu­masUittuunlnganut plJau­junnangimmat. Suluvvauk­

jariktualungmik aijaulauruluar&unisunauvaguuq tuktumik. Ammaguuqkijjaajariktualungmik aijaulauruluaril­luni sunauvvaguuq ukjukming. Am­maguuq aijaulirivuq nattingigguuqkakiak&utik qajaqtuqtumik inuaguuqpuqtujaangujattiaq&uni. Tulakkami­guuq niungittiaq&uni tuq&ulalluni:

"Uinigumasuittuq apiqli"

Tavvaguuq taanna uinigumasuittuquqaq&uni "uvangaqai?"

Anaanangataguuq uqautingmagu··uinigumasuuittutuuvillu. "

Tavvaguuq ikpiarjukuluni tiguallak­kamiuk takanunga ikijaqtuq&uni qa­jarmun, niulau;nginnaq&uniguuq ikil-

Her mother answered her: "You arethe only one who doesn't want a hus­band, so you are Uinigumasuittuq."

She grabbed her bag and went out tothe kayak. She boarded it without theman ever getting out. While they weretravelling, the man who took Uinigu­masuittuq as his wife had to relievehimself, so he got out of the kayakonto a small iceberg. He had veryshort legs and he had glasses on! Hehad seemed so tall before because hehad something in the kayak withwhich he could elevate himself.

Then he asked his new wife, "Do yousee my platform? Ea aa a aI"

He then took off his glasses andasked, "Do you see my eyes? Ea aaa a!"

When they started kayaking again,the woman began to cry because shecouldn't return home and she realizedshe did not want to be with this man.They were on their way to her hus­band's land. When they arrived theywent inside the tent, which was madeof sealskins. This was her new home.Every time her husband went hunting,he brought home a seal.

One day, when as usual he had gonehunting, a visitor came to their home.It was the woman's father and he hadcome to take her back home. Eventhough she told him to wait for herhusband to come back first, heinsisted that she start getting ready toleave. She did what her father told herto do, and they left to go on their wayto her original home.

When Uinigumasuittuq's husbandrealized that she was missing, hestarted to follow them. The father anddaughter could see his kayak from adistance. When the husband caughtup with them, he said, "I want to seemy wife first."

His father-in-law replied, "How can aman like you who is supported by justa platform have a wife? Ea aa al"

The husband said to his wife, "Let mesee your cute hands."

Uinigumasuittuq's father cursed himand said, "How can this type of aman call my daughter's hands cutewhen he is depending just on glasses?Ea aa al"

44

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Ct.Lt.C"o.~" "O"~J" <I'LJ" ~'b'r'L' "<I'L'­~'dn'b Cdk~'o.'b."

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luni. Taunungaguuq qajaqtuliramikpuktaanguaq&utiguuq sikumuaq&utikquisungniraq&uniguuq taanna aik&iq­tuq niulluni. Niukiliqtuq, iggaqaq&uni­luguuq. Qajangataguuq i1uagut ikur­raqarniq&uni iksivautaqartuviniq.Tavvaguuq taanna uqautilluniuk arna­giani,

"Ikurrakkaa takuvigiik ia aa a"

Iggaangniluguuq qummukkamigik"ijiikkaak takuvigiik ia aa a" taim­mailivak&uni.

Tavvaguuq qajartulirmigamik utirun­nailligami qiagalualiq&uni taannaarnaq. Nunangannungauliq&utik. Tu­pirmugguuq taliqpik&iqpaaraarjung­mut tilliqpaaraarjungmut nattiaviniin­nattiamut isirniarput. Tavvaguuq ti­kinnami asuilaak taikunga tupirmutnattiaviniinnattiamut isiq&uni, tupiri­liq&uniuklu taassuminga uiqalirami.Aullaraangamiguuq nattiaviniajak&unitikippak&uni.

Tavvaguuq aullarsimangmitilluguataataruluata aijaalugingmingmagu.Uqaraluaq&uniguuq uinga tikilaurtil­lugu pijumalluni. Parnatuinnaqungma­guguuq parnak&uni. Asuilaaguuqnaksaliq&uniuk. Uingaguuq kingurain­nirami qajaruuq kingurngani takuk­saruq&arpur maliktuq. Asuilaaguuqangutigami uqar&uni,

"Nuliara takukalaurlagu."

Taassumaguuq sakialuata, "taimait­tuqaa nuliaqa&&arpajuva ikurrainnar­nut inuujuq. la aa a."

Taimaililauq&uniuguuq ammaguuquqarmingmat "aggaarjuqutikka taku­kalaurlakka. "

Sakinga uqarilluni, "taimaittuqai ag­gaarjuqutiqa&&arpajuvut iggainnar­nut inuujut. la aa a." Taimailivak&u­niuguuq.

Taikaguuq ninngakkami nuqaq&uni.Taimaguuq nuqqangainnaliq&uni qi­makpalliagamikkuk tavva pijaujun­niiq&uni. Takuksaujunniirsimaliqtil­luguguuq qaqulluk tamauna maliktuqqangatakuluk&uni takuksauliq&uni.Asuilaaguuq anngutigami tiliuriqsaar­&uni ujaumijaraangagguuq qirniraali­kauttulaarpaliq&uni taimannailijaraa­ngat anuraaliqpaalliqpak&uni. Tuqsu­laartaalugilirmaguguuq,

Every time the husband said some­thing, his father-in-law cursed him.Finally, the husband got angry andstopped following them. When he hadbeen out of sight for sometime, afulmar (seagull) suddenly appearedand flew above the heads of thefather and daughter. Every time thebird came close to them there was asudden gust of wind, a little strongereach time. Uinigumasuittuq's fatherstarted to shout, "Here is your wife,you can see her now!"

The bird did not care anymore wheth­er he saw his wife or not, even thoughthe father now allowed him to seeher. And because the husband didn'twant to see her anymore, her fatherthrew her out of the kayak. But shehung on by her fingers. Her fatherchopped off the fingers of her onehand and they dropped into the sea.Soon afterwards seals started pop­ping their heads from the sea as herfingers turned into seals. But Uinigu­masuittuq was still hanging onto thekayak with her other hand, so herfather cut off her other fingers and asthey dropped to the sea, beardedseals started showing up because herfingers had turned into bearded seals.

The father just left her in the oceanand headed for home. When he gotthere he grabbed a bearskin and wentdown to the shore, where the tidewas out, and lay down. The tidestarted coming in and finally reachedhim. Then he moved up a little higher,but he was still below the high watermark. The next time the tide reachedhim, he did not bother to get up andthe sea took him away.

C'<,C"J" I>r~'l. <P.,.'LJ, ~'L'f"J" I><.L'­",'<a', o.'b'<.'LcJ>" o.'ri' >a~nr'",">'.a'-,~.,.J" <P.,.'r'LJ ~'LJ" ~'L'f" I><.L,­",n.<'a'. o.'b'<.'LCJ" I>',a' >a~nr'", '>'.caLJ" "PL'.".,.(>' aL';")" ~'l"~I>? -"'"".".,..~la':'J" ~'f"~~r n.,.'.,.'L'J' )<.'br L,­<JQo .,?rT. )I\"r"~d>?J<lQ,.,:u,.j..... Q..Dc;?..,:)"r.r­A'-JeT C~.D'L r'''7c-<J<;loTJfT. G).D"Lj<;lo (''''de[>c-"'c:r"Jc I>c-b.,?O"" Q. '-c......... ..;>CT. C"('JQo l>c-~­

71>C"~r 1>C"\k-"L' L,~'b'.,.~"'<.I>?-'~".".,.0.'<.n.'-'.,. 1>C"'71>C"~-,~'rLr J" CaL LP'­)"'~"".."tT [>c->71>"-..,:)0'". C.lilc- Q.JC-?J"b"d.

"Nulian uvva takuliruuk."

Suqqutigijunniiq&uniuklu tainnaguuqtuqsulaarsimalauruluaq&uniuk nuli­anga takuqulluniuk. Asuilaaguuq im­aanut singigia&&aqpaa, singinngi­lauq&uniuguuq tingigiarmigamiuktingi&&uniung.

Tavvaliguuq umianga pakiningmagu,aggangigguuq ulama&&arpait, nak­kaallangmataguupuq nattiit puijaati­gi&&aqput. Igluaniguuq pakining­mingmagu ammaguuq aggangit ula­ma&&arivait. Nakkaallangmataguuqugjuit puijaatigi&&arput. Taimaguuqqimak&uniuk imaaniittuq angirrau­rululiq&uni. AsuUaaguuq angirraramitiningnirmagguur tulakkami majuaq­&uni. Tupirmingniilauruluaq&uniguuqnanurarulungmiguuq pilluni taunungasikjaliaq&uni. Taunungaguuq siksa­mut ulinnirmut ulik&uni nallaq&uni.Tavvaguuq ulijjaulirami ulinguliqmatmajuakkanniaqjulauruluaq&uni nalla­rilluni ulijjauliraluarmigamiguuq taimamakittunniiq&uni ulijjaulluni. Taimalinalulirulukkakku.

Umingmaknuna:Its People andPrehistory

•t>r \LA C .Do.:A.Didn\r C <l LL.JALL b'"c..&\cr\L

Umikmait nunaa:Inuqutingitammaluimmakallavininga

46

'"

by Patricia D. Sutherland,Canadian Museum of Civilization

0';''' D. ")',-",bo.Cf' Canadian Museum ofCivilization II'Lb·,-'r'~n,,' Cd~")'l\'

Patricia D. Sutherland,Kanatamit Museum of Civilizationimmakallaksiutinik takujaqturvik

Above: The polar oases at lakeHazen. It contains high numbers ofmusk-oxen and wolves, and thesize and number of the arctic charin the lake are exceptional.

c;dc.:cr: I\? c;::)"bt>'i.o;~"O"'<;r."..~r'Lc ~~~~cr. ~~o;Jcr'

~r'L'C~~'>~ 4LL~ 4L?'<T',A~~A( 4~<T'''~>( 4LL~

1>.D .. cr'i""t»- ... ..,.)n ...

Qulaani: Pirurtuqauraarjungniqsaqumingmat nunanganni. Unurtunikumingmaktaqaurpuq ammaluamarurnik. Iqaluit anginirsauvutammalu unurniqsaullutik.

left: The area of the High Arcticwas known as Umingmaknuna,"where the musk-ox have theircountry."

,,~r4,,: 4~r'A()r ~~ CA?~­

"bCCIIi>.... "l>r'LC .DQ..""l.C. It

;~ALL ~r'L'c~~~r.

Saumiani: Ausuittumi nuna taijau­qattarpuq "umingmat nunangat."Suuqaimma umingmaktaqaurami.

<I~III')' 't'P"C'L <I'L.> Axel Heiberg't'P"C" 1<l~III'Jr' ~'Lr",,""") .Do."~<I'

'b'k'''''<'J~( ~'Lr'':''J".>n' bo.C~' ~P~"­

C')'L"I. C'd<l .D~' 1I";'b"lI',,'n<l~~'f',-'.

r"~'f'• .> r'd'b",,'L <I~'-~"r'L~'f".",,; C'd<l't'P"CII' 'bll"I'b~"."n' <I'L.> <I>n'b..~­<I'."n' <I~,-~'r'L~'f"Jr'; .Do.'1,.> (,,"r'­Lcn<lc;~CT I1"P'Ja-'L.Dc I>PI>Q,C"j( a.~Q.6"­

dC,·L·.>,,~'; <I'L.> <I'~J,,' <IfI,,' r'dr'-Lr<;)<;lo <Jl>cJ><;,.,L'f'... ..?CT (f\..[><;!> 6LQ,.

~P~"C")' '<I'n'""<'L,,. C,,-~'f~CII'~L~II' ,,'t'r~~~,-~")' II'Lb<,-'L,,-' II.D)­'bl\"',,' Cllb" ~.D'f"""<'J~' <lr''f'',,'~P~"C'Jr' .DQ.r~~~,,'. CII'd<l.> ~L~)<I­

'<In'f" 11'1,.>11' <I'L.> <lr''f'' ilL"f~CII'~ .D'><I'f" ."n' <I'l.> n'f<I' <I~~'~'L' Pr'<I"np'('."n'.

CL·o. .Do. PICVn<l'f")" <I'L.> ~'Lr").­

c....lLn..<1..;1" lJ..D'CTC ..oo.r"'[>c....[>VLa-'Lo-" all­b"c..~_:,c <]lL..J <Ida .Do.r,.I».,.<;b(c..I>c;o-'L.D"<lrr"L,,-<I.>',,' <I'~J,,' 'b~~r<l?C~,-~'>"

1'f'~nVC'n<l',,'f'".D' <I'L.> "'f'"Vn<l',,­'f".D' ~P~"C"Jr~CII' II.DII' .Do.'1,'(­c....1>'i)l1c.

'b.DII""dJ' II.DII' CL~'L .Do.C,-~'r'L 'L'lco..>~J'. cL" .Do.'b,l~c-,-~~Ir~~~' 'b~~­"c;nl>~l1c Li ....L<-..=In" .00. O"'c;~nc;b<;b~\CT'L.DC

<I'L.> 1\?")'b~~"~''''L.D'. CL'd<l ,,"~n­

'b~~"~',,'''~,-~'r'L~' <I'L.> 1I?')'b"~',,'­"~• .>" <I'L.> ~"J"""~~,~,,,,,,~<.>,, <lr'­'f''"'o-b .Do.o-b I>PI>..C.....JjC)CTb .Do.q,bnr~r0-".CL"o. .Do. 'b·.>~n)' CII~~,l .. EurekaUpland <I~III')' 't'P"C'L';")" <I'L.>Axel Heiberg-f' ,,"~n'b~~'~'P~" <l'-L.>1I?")'b~~"~'p • .>" ,l".> C"o. .Do. LakeHazen-'J,,~"C~~')".

Ausuittuup qikiqtanga ammalu AxelHeiberg qikiqtaq lausuittumit unga­singniqsaql nunaqjuap qaanganiin­niqpaanguvut ungasilaangullutik Ka­nataup ukiuqtartungani (1-mit nalu­naikkutalikl. Taakkua nunaak inuu­qaqviksattiavaungilat. Siksangillusikuqaqninga aulauqsimajaangi&&u­ni; taakkua qikiqtait qaiqsuqauq&utikammalu aputiqaqjuar&utik aulaursi­majaangittumik; nunangalu paniqsi­mattiar&uni ikkiinguninganut ukiuq­taqtuup nalunaikkutarilluniuk; amma­lu arraagunik amisunik sikusimalirtuqaulaursimangi&&uni tariuq imaq.

Ukiuqtaqtuup quttingniqpaangani,tariurmiutait uumajuit niqigijauvalauq­tut immakallammarik inutuqavinirniktaikani ununginniqpaanguvut asingin­nik ukiuqtartumit nunagijaujunik. Taik­kualu uumajutuaqutingit iqaluit am­malu asingit imaqmiutait unuluangi&­&utik ammalu tingmiat aujanguraa­ngat kisiani tikippak&utik.

Tamanna nuna kisutaqattiangittuqammalu ungasiktullammarialuk inung­nit nunagijaulaursimaninganik imma­kallalaalut ammalu akuni nunagijau­suujaqpalaurninganuk amisummaria­lungnit arraagunik qaujigiarutaulaur­puq sungiutiqattattiarninginnut am­malu sanginiqattiarninginnut ukiuq­taqtumiutait Inuit nunaqarpalaurtuit.

Qanuinnikumut Inuit tamaunga nuna­taalaursimangmangaata naluvugut.Tamaani nunaqasuujalilaurasugijau-

Ellesmere Island and Axel HeibergIsland are the most northerly lands inthe Canadian Arctic. They are almostempty of human population. Themost northerly Inuit live at Grise Fiord,and some scientific and military peo­ple are stationed at Alert, Eureka andother places.

Even the wildlife is scarcer thanelsewhere. In most of this vast areasea mammals are considerably lessnumerous than elsewhere in the Arc­tic. At the same time, the variety ofland mammals and freshwater fishis limited and most bird species areonly available seasonally. The regionwas known as Umingmaknuna,where the musk-ox have theircountry.

A view of the site of an Indepen­dence I dwelling. The fire burnedon the hearth, the small groupof stones in middle of the centralrock passage.

A L ~ A/l.CTt\..,.t>~c;. ,.,,. ... c-t>a- 'iii ",,;. (

A~"'~(CAv"~(. AdLL'Al>-'b' C' crd <1 'l>l>o"Lo.. <>" >"'i\cr'l>~r4 LLJ tJo.,.C; 'ibt>'i'.>O".

Igavvivinirijaujuq sivulliunirsaviniitinullattaavinirnut. Ikummakviu­qattarnikua qaujimanarpuq pujuvini­qarami ammalu ujaraqauq&uni.

Stone tools made by the Indepen­dence I people (the 10 cent coin isfor scalel.

4R

lIi"J.><l?'';'<.l>~tLn'.>J [>pl>~C~)r lI.oll'cLa- .00..'b?LC"<.l>VLo.tr~l>'>'. 'bl>~~'a-'J'

'bl>~tLC"~'C L?1IC"'I,~a-' l>';Yr<lVL~<.t>'­

a-'I,a-' l>pl>~C~Jr' lI'Lb'<.l>n'.>J l>'.>rl>­~r·.> l>\la-....l><.l>~tL·.>a-: <lCl>~ 4,500<l'L.> 3,500 l>'iJlI' <ld'a-'1,.. ~L.> II'be1,100 <l'L.> 900-'J<.l>')lI' <l~JlI'.

6LLbC.c..l Ln...<]..,:>" ""<-c-""<c l1.Dl1c .Do."b<;l:ob­<.l>VL~' Eureka Upland-'J""Cl><,'Jr<ll>t1I'Jr' 'd'n'a-~~l>' .>a- [>'l,t'a-'~[>'.>a­'bl>~~ 'na-' ClI~l><">' Independence I11.D11c. CI1L'"0..",:) <]cn~c~t..1>""'r'L...In'' .Do..fC

<ldP'Jr' <lnr~l>~r' o.a-t'6\[><-l>VL~r'CL'd..'I, lI'Lb·<.a-~~t[>na-·. CL'd<l lI.o6\';"bo.Cl>' l>Pl>~C~J'I,.o 'l,l><.[>,(Lo.tr~l>'>'

<le:.'br'L~ ."n' <l'L.> ~lIl1l>n..~l>a-'~Cl><"Jr

~~I'Jr' lI'L'b 4,000 <J''iJ1I' <la-~t­

L~lI'. e'd<l Independence I lI.oll'l>.o'f"Jd~l>'>' <l'Jo..t'f1l>'"n' <J[>'<.~'"."n'

l>~~<cr' ~o..'L"'A' ~o..<?ni\;',,~.,.t>~A~( ,.,,. ... rt>CT .. ~Av .. CT/;,.0' <....i\cr <a- IIndependence I)(C-o.. 10¢ 'bl>o"r<1?nl»" 'boO"C'd<1 <1'1'nr'L'LC).

vut qaujisartiujuit isumallutik nuna nir­jutiqaaqjungninganut ammalu piruqtu­qauraaqjungninganut. Tamakkua niq­jutiqauraaqjungnirsaulaursimavut am­malu pirurtuqaaqjungnirsaulluni am­malu uqquuniqsauraarjungnirsaulluniasinginnik nunanik ukiuqtaqtumiittu­nik nunaqqatigijaminik. Tamannanuna qallunaatitut taijausuuq EurekaUpland ausuittuup qikiqtanganiittuqammalu Axel Heiberg-mit niqjutiqau­raarjukkivuq ammalu piruqtuqauraaq­jukkilluni suuqlu taanna nuna LakeHazen-nguniraqtauvaktuq.

Ikiinguluarunniilauqsimatillugu ukiuq­taqtumi Inuit tamaan; nunaqarumali­laursimanasugijauvut. Qaujisarnirmutqaujisimaliratta marruilingajunikuquusigiarsimajuqalaurninganik ukiuq­taqtumit immakallautillugu ullumiuju­millu uquunirsaulauqsimalluni: atausiq4,500 ammalu 3,500 uraaguit akun­ningani ammalu piqataa 1,100 am­malu 900-ngulaurtuit araaguit.

Immakallammarialuk sivulliqpaat Inuitnunaqaqqaalaursimajut Eureka Up­land-ngunirartauvaktumi ausuittumitquttingniqsaulluni ungasingnirsaulluniqaujisartinik taijauvakput Indepen­dence I Inuit, taimannalu attiqtaulauq­simallutik nunamit akukittumit atigi­jaujumit nanisivviulaursimajumit ta­makkuninga immakallanisaqsiutinik.

Ujararnik sanasimajuit sanarruti­viniit sanajaujuviniit sivulliunirsavinirni inullarivinirni (Inde­pendence I) (taanna 10¢ qau­jigiarutiuvuq qanuq taakkuaangitigingmangaatal.

Yet with the help of archaeology, weknow that earlier peoples lived on theislands, on what scientists call theEureka Upland (see map), for hun­dreds of years at least:

There were at least two intervalsin the prehistoric period when theweather was less severe than it is atpresent: one was between 4,500 and3,500 years ago and another be­tween 1,100 and 900 years ago. Theearliest inhabitants who have leftbehind evidence of their presence areknown to archaeologists as the Inde­pendence I people. They appear tohave migrated to the Canadian Arcticfrom Alaska, and probably fromSiberia, some 4,000 years ago. InUmingmaknuna, they relied largely onmusk-ox as a source of food. Thebroken and charred bones of theseanimals are found on the floors as wellas in the hearths of the Independencepeople's dwellings.

What led these people to live so farnorth is not known. It may have beenbecause of what biologists call "polaroases." Each "oasis" is a place thatis generally warmer in the summerthan the surrounding arctic desert,and has more plants and animals.There are several "oases" today. Oneof them is the area around Lake Hazen(see map) on the Eureka Upland.

Dorset artifacts from excavationsat Buchanan Lake, Axel HeibergIsland. The barbed head on the leftwas part of a fish spear. The otherthree pieces are harpoon heads.The 25 cent coin shows the size.

:J<:I .... Cl\rr'i rr • A..o::>'ibl\t:r'i v "

....~7~~l\~( AcC .. v .... Ac ~tT?~L­

~"JC ~r\LC ~~~Ltr. CL~

'I>r'r"J" bP<I>< Ac..I-cr'l.I>... ­~r~I»". C'd4~ A'I.~A' I>~<Ac..I-cr'r'. 25¢ 'bl>r"'r4?nl»"'b..." C'd4 4'nr'L'l.C.

Tuasatvinirnik inutuqavinirnik sana·jaujuviniit ittarnisait nanijaulaurtutumingmat nunanganni. TaannasaumingmiittuQ kakivaup ilavin­ingaunasugijauvuq. Taakkualupingasuit unaap ilaviningit. 25¢qaujigiarutiuvuq qanuq taakkuaaktigingmangaata.

<]lL..:I <J~q,O"~~c...(>~".)n" 11~"O"C LilLb<-c..'J­b'.,.'fl·.oJ Li";<.~').,.'. Li'L'" 500-'J·.o<lL)Li' Li",Li' bn'"n' ~p~"C")r' b...Cr­<.~VL'>'.

Eureka Upland-r' "'...'b<.~VL~Li' Li",A­.;.C O""P~bQ:><c..l>VL~c I>r'L\er', (~dCn<;b(L~l1c

<l'L, ~r'L~Li' ~r'L~' ~~.,.'r' Q."'~~<'~'>'Q.nA.,.,,-~~~.,.' 'b'L'rC Li.o<l.,. <l'L.o LiL'­AA.,.'r'.,.. <n" .,."~n~' ~~.,.'rC Li.o<l';',kLi'L'" <l)'C~'b'c<.~'ilr~~,>' ~"Ir~~'.on'LidL'r'",', LidLn'n~<.~'ir'r~~,>' 'f~'",'

n'~~",' <l'L.o <l~<. 'f<l'",' <l'L.o'C~"

~r'LLi' <lr'r' <l'"'~"-~~~ <.~'ir'r~~~',

<l'c-.,."-~~~'"n'.o <l'L.o )fI,,-~~~ <.~'>'.

Independence I Li",Li' Eureka Up­land-r~C~<.~'r'L'>' Li'Lb·<.' <l'L.o <lr''r'.,.'.DQ.';'c..[>VL'c <3[>(LiC)< ~bar~cr <JdcrLLn..<]-:lb

Pr'<l.,. 'b",P<l" <lr'~b' <.<.~VL 'd~' .on' CLib.,."'0.'" C·c-?n~' LiL'LC ~~ .o I'.o<l";'~'Lr".,.""'-~'L.,. 3,500 <l~c-').,.'. <lr'~'­

<.<.~'ir'r~~,>' Li'l"Jb·<.<.~'.,.'L",' 1<. <l'L.oCL '0. fl' .oJ .,."~n' <l'JQ.I'C~~')Li'

Independence I Li",'",' flCb?'.;.b<.­<.~'LC. CL 'Q.-> fI~'c-<ln'.oJ r'd'l,-,<lc-<.~'­

r'L'L' 0.'ri' <l'L.o <lr''r' LiL'r~CL<.Li'~L~' flC'!,?'';'<.~VL'r'Lc.

Tamakkua inuviniit Kanataup ukiuq­taqtunganungaulaursimanasugijauvutalaaskamingaaq&utik ammalu saipiu­rijauniraqtauvaktumi rasamiittumitimmaqa 4,000 arraaguit aniguqsima­juit. Taakkua Independence I Inuitunungittukuluulaurput angunasuktiul­lutik aullarajuk&utik ammalu ajuqnir­saulaur&utik inungnit immakallangu­kannirtillugu inuulaurtunik. Immaqaa500-ngulluartuit Inuit kati&&utikukiuqtaqtumit Kanatamiilaursimavut.

Eureka Upland-mit nunaqalaursimajuitinuviniit niqiqaqpalaursimavut uming­mangnit. Siquttiqsimajuit ammaluuusimajuit umingmaup sauningit nani­jaulaurput nativinirijaujunik qarma­ngita Huaoi ammalu igavvivininginni.Patiq niqjutiup sauningita i1uaniisuutimmaqaa aturtauqattalaurasugijauvutuqsugijaullutik ikumanginnut, ikuma­tittivalaurasugijauvut qijungnut tij­jaunut ammalu avaalaqiarnut amma­luttauq umingmait amingit annuraari­jauvalaurasugijaujut, allinirijauvak­&utiklu ammalu tupirijauvalaurput.

49

A carved antler as found duringexcavations at Buchanan Lake,Axel Heiberg Island. The faceswere carved into the antler by oneof the Dorset people, who spreadnorth into Umingmaknuna about1,000 years ago.

~Q.'J<:Il." 'L~'i· a.. ... ..;I. Q.cr"f>~f\cr'i·

~"'l."n~Jrc r>r'LC ~Q.~Lcr.

C'd<l Pa.I1' ~a.'J<l'Cl>tL>'0.. "-.:t\...J c "Q,.?I>~Acr'i. :::><I,",C\Jv­~'iCI><.:::>A( AA~L~Acr'i~C

ALLb~LLL~<:IJ· r>r'Lc.Da.'I.'.D<lc...I>"tL'<'I1' 1,000­~LI>~'L~cr. <:I'i<JAcr'icrllo.

Sananguagarsimajuq nagjuk nani­jaujuviniq saggartillugit umingmatnunanganni. Taakkua kiinaitsananguartausimavut nagjungmutsanajaujuviniq tuasatngunirar­tauvaktunut inullarivinirnut imma­kallammarialuk umingmat nuna­ngannualauqsimajuit 1,000­ngulauqsimajunik arraaguvinirnik.

50

'k 'f" /1,,/1' Independence I-d"",'/1c...'bc...I>')/1' Pt<l", /1;',"0.'n<lc...')' /1'P­'l.Jc-Cj..,:)<J'inc....,:)J .Do."6 'i(b~n~.J <l[>hicj< C;pp'i_

Cdnr7'f'"", <I'LJ <lr''f'"",' "0.,,,' Pr'<I",'bl>~L71>'f"LOc- 0.",71>c...I>'r'L 'P"",'f'",,'/1'C'"" 'dn'f". /1'L'"6 2, 500 <J'~jc...I>')/1'.Do.. 'ib 'ifil.Cor.cr'If' lJ.cC<;O'"~'idn"b[>'i)C Q..0"7t>r'L'>c<ll>t/1'J' 'fp'Cdn<l", <I'L", Axel Hei­berg 'fp'C'dn<l",. C/1'd<l /1,,&\;'" C/1'd",'L.Do. 'ibc....l>VL-.;:IC\~c .6,LLb<- c....LLn..<J...,;)b <;b()~'" C;OC"'b

/1'C",~,,' C/171>~")' <In'b'nCI><.on' In-dependence 1I-'J",'i'Cv",n' <In'f''<I'~rb,')' ~"b/1'L ~o.'?n'dn'f" <I'LJ)/I'dn!\",'r' <I'~'bb,'LC r'':><c-I>",',I>,,,,'Pr'<I", .;,,I>n'f" <I'~r'f"))<I'. Pr'<I",r C'd<lp'l.J<-c-l>cr'i'lJ.c <J~~<;b<;O"<;,l>c-<;O'"<;>c tJ..D<-c...cc-f1..cr'io-b I><-Jr lJ.~~.Dc 6c..."b'iJo-b. l>.D\f'C)­

L/1' "o.&\",),b'f" "bl>~~ 'Cl>tL", 'f'",,'"b1>~L71>J<I'f"LC Pr'<I", ,,0.'b'6'Cc...1>')'0'"<;~n<;6l>cn<J<;0""L.Dc <]LL.,., PI?";7<;61><n<]<;0--'L,,' ,,0.'dn'L' Eureka Uplands-,I>C­1>'.on'. C'd<l /1,,!\;'" Independence 11­'J,/1' <I'Jo.t'n'dn'f" <IVc...?~7/1Q. '(c...I>')'<lCI>r",' ,,0.1')0.'n<l'f" ",n' 1\<,,<]')1''"',nCVn<l?"';'~'I,' 1><'.0 <J't?'Q.Ac-~'L'.

/1'L'"6 2,500 <I'L", 1,000 <I"iJc...I>'n<Jr'I>PI>'C)lI>CI>,/1' 1Ir<lc-c...1>'r'L':>' /1,,<c... 'C­'J,/1' /1;'r"dn'L"",. C'd<l /1,,/1' <I,'f'"­O"~~~c_.r>~>c <;JlL..,:, f\~a-<;\O"b \Q.<,b~nb \0..<;-?no-b (JlL..,:, <J\JQ.,)b6[)0"<;\~c....I><;~nb 6L<;-

rl>cO"'l> <JLLJ <JCI>r'''fb .Do."6"'bceo-"\I>c....-I>\,n' <11><c...bC'b'C,,<J?";'" ",n'. C'd<J /1,,/1'\0. \J<Jvn<J"bcC"C"<;\l>c..l><;)C 0" <;~n\J<JO"b.

Ll.D \J<JO"l> <JlL..,:, <J('If'"0-1. ::)L<;.0C <JLL...)"'P~\CTb <JY""nb• Cbd<l 11.DC\:rc lt~nc..Jrc

.Do.."bJ<!<;6ceJ"bc....l>"fc.. <;1> <][)16C)rc. <Jlllc:.b1,000 <I'~jc...I>'n<.or' C/1'd<J LI~)'b!\;'",,'n'n~« c-<lr,-I>'r'L ':>' <ll>t/1C)?" J',Axel Heiberg <I'LJ <ll>t/1':Y 'fP'C'L,,'.

C/1'd<l /1")"b!\",<1,,,/1' /1'Lb<'-'L",' '"'f'b­<;6cCc....()<;)C <lLL..,:, <Ja..D~c-l><;<b..?nb l>r\L"'0"1.,

Pr'<I",'CI>~ <lr''f'"",' ",'f'b?~7'b'Cc...I>')!\-ul>r'>c I>L.....0"1. )<;...) I>bc-<;ub, )b)cr\

n'''r<l?r'<;crb lJ.L"n>CcTb <]lL..:l IJ."'bJ\crb."bl>~~'ri' 'bl>~c...I>,,- ':>' /1'C'",~ '",' 'bl>~,~­

".Jnb cn..l><;rI>Co-b i>L.....crb O"'f"'b"b'Cc..l><;o--"'. ,~, "'.

/1'L'"6 1,000 <I''iJc...I>')",' "C",' /1,,'­Cb'« c-<lrc...I>'r'L':>~. C/1L'Ll>n<.oJ <l1>7'd'[><;do."o-<;\l><;bcCc....[)<;)"'" <lLLJ r'd'b<;bcC'!f'"0-<;­

~1>c...I>'r'L'.on'. I><lc-",','I,')",' np'«c-<l,­'bc-c...I>')~ <Ie:.'b,'I,')!\",I>'",n' C/1'd<lJ<J .....\fQ.0'"<;\lLn..l>c....l>VL'c <]"'Ja..r'''O"<;fb Cn..l><;­,I>C",' /1L',I>C",' 1>,<J')'('",n'. <I'LJ,­CI>~ C,,-I>' I>'LC", <lr'<I",' .Do.,'I,')/1'<;6 c..J~C nrc-c....l>VLr,c <JdpC)<;rc .Do..<;bn..­<I')'r'L,/1' <11><c...6C"b'Cc...I>'r'L'LC <I'Jo.t­r<l'",n' <ll>t/1')' ,,0.~(r'<I",. C'd<J 'b<",­~fl..~c bn<;6n"b<;bcCc....l><;)C <IlL"" l>Q.C6n­'b'('",n' 1><'.0 CI>~~'bn"b ~(c...I>')'~V .on'A"dna-I. bo..C[)( l>pl>"c)<;n>co-b LiLL<;6..,:,

Independence I Inuit Eureka Upland­miutaulaursimavut immakallak am­malu asinginnik nunaniilaursimavutausuittuup qanigijaani akunimmaria­luk kisiani qanukiaq asiukaallalaur­simaquujillutik taikani nunanik talli­rutiup imangata uvalu sullualuupungasingnirsarijangani 3,500 arraa­guulirtunik. Asiukaallalaurasugijauvutikkiingukaallalaurninganuk sila am­malu tamanna pillugu niqjutit anguna­suktauvaktuit Independence I inung­nik pitaqarunniikaalalaurmata. Ta­mannalu pivalliatillugu sikuqalualilaur­simangmat nattiit ammalu asingit im­armiutagalait uumajut pitaqarunnii­laursimangmata.

lIangit Inuit Independence I-kunnikilaqalaurtuit kisiani inuujunnattialar­put ikkiinguliraluartillugu nunaqarpak­&utiglu ausuittuup qikirtaqutigija­nginni ammalu asinginnik nunanik ki­siani qaujimajaungimmatasuli nanijau­laursimanginninginnut ittarnisaquti­ngit. Immaqaa 2,500 arraaguulaurtuitnunaqarviviningit ittarnisaqutiqaurtutnanijausimavut ausuittuup qikirtaqu­tiani ammalu Axel Heiberg qikirtaqu­tiani. Taikkua inuviniit taikkuninganunaqalaursimajuviniit immakallam­marialuk qaujisartinik ittarnisanuttaujauvakput atiqartitaullutik Inde­pendence II-ngunirartaullutik atingitajjigiikasakput suuqaimma sanarruti­qutingit ammalu tupiqutiviningit ajji­qakasangmata sivulliunirsaujunikkisiani naasautingit ajjigiingittutuat.Kisianili taakkua kingulliunirsait ajjiqar­nirsaulirnirput inullattaavinirnik ullumiinuujunut ilaqartunik. Unungittikuluitnunavinituqangit qaujisartausimani­nginnut qaujimajauluangimmata kisi­ani nunaqaqattalaurput nirjutiqaut­tiarninganut ammalu kisuruluujaqaut­tiarninganut nunaqutingat EurekaUpland-miutaullutik. Taakkua inuviniitIndependence II-ngujuit angunasukti­qutingit aullaruluujainarpalaurputatausirmit nunamiittunattiangi&&utikpilluartumit nirjutitaqattiarunniiraa­ngat uvalu aksururnalualiraangat.

Immaqaa 2,500 ammalu 1,000 arraa­guulaurtillugit ukiurtartumiutaujuitpigialilaursimavut inullattaangujuitinuusiqutinganni. Taakkua Inuit aju­nginnirsaulaurput ammalu piunirsaniksanavak&utik sanarrutinik ammaluangunasukkaunirsaulaur&utik imar­miutanik ammalu atausirmik nunaqa­qattarnirsaulaur&utik aullakataqatta­luarunniir&utik. Taakkua Inuit sana­nguagattiaqattarnirsaulaurput nirju-

The Independence I people occupiedthe Eureka Upland (and other areas ofUmingmaknuna) for several centuries,but they seem to have disappearedfrom all of the islands north of Lan­caster Sound by about 3,500 yearsago. This may have been because theclimate had become much colder thanbefore.

Some groups related to the Indepen­dence I people did, however, survive.The remains of their camps fromabout 2,500 years ago can be foundaround Lake Hazen, and in otherfavoured regions of Ellesmere andAxel Heiberg Islands. These groupsare called by archaeologists theIndependence II people, because theirtools and tent styles are related to theearlier people. But they also sharednew forms of tools and weapons withmore southerly Arctic groups calledDorset people.

Between about 2,500 and 1,000years ago, the more southerly regionsof Arctic Canada saw the develop­ment of the Dorset culture. TheDorset people, who had improvedmethods of hunting sea mammals,began to live in larger and more per­manent settlements, and they carved

Part of a Norse trader's balance(a scale used for weighing smalltrade items) found near Eureka,Ellesmere Island. The Norsewere Europeans who settled inGreenland about 1,000 yearsago. They disappeared when theLittle Ice Age began about 500years ago.

c·~ ~~~'~nA~~?~>~ ~LL­

b'~' ~'~~A~'r' c~~i~<~c~'P'f"~nr?~<\~d ~...?~~A~~4~~~cj< ~P'C~~. C~'d4

~'~~A'; C Europe-Pi.' :>A~~>C

c~~< 4P4~ 4LL~ 4dpc­:>.J~~~A~~'~n' ~LL" 1,0004'<j~~':>~•. 4(~~i>c

~p'~. tr4'n'..>J ~LL'b 500<I 'i Cj. JO c..t»- " :>17' ••

Taanna uqingijjutivinirijauvuqimmakallak qallunaavinirmiktauqsiiliraangata uqingijjutigi­jauvangniku nanijaujuviniq ausuit­tuup qikirtangani. Taikkuaqallunaaviniit Europe-mingaar­tuviniuvut tariup akiani ammaluakukittumungaujuviniullutikimmaqaa 1,000 arraaguulaurtunik.Asiunikuuvut ikiinarsigiartilluguimmaqaa 500 arraaguulaurtunik.

tinguanik, inunguanik ammalu asi­nginnik tuugaarnut ammalu qijungnikatur&utik. Taakkua inuviniit inuutil­lugit nunaqaluaqattartuqalaungilaqausuittumit. Asuilaak 1,000 arraaguu­laurtillugit taikkua inutuqaviniit nuk­tirtiqpallialilaursimavut ausuitturu­jungmut, Axel Heiberg ammalu ausu­ittuup qikirtanganut.

Taikkua inutuqavinialuit immakallam­marik niqiqaqattalaurput ammalu an­nuraaliurpak&utik umingmangnik. Ki­sianittauq asinginnik niqiqaruluujaqat­talaurtuviniugivut uumajunik suurluukalirnik, tuktunik, tingmiarusirnik im­armiutanik ammalu iqalungnik. Qau­jisartiit qaujilaurivut ittarnisarnik qau­jisaq&utik tariurA1iutanik uumajunikniqiqaqattalaurninginnik.

Immaqaa 1,000 arraaguulaurtunik nu­taanik inuktaqarpallialilaursimavuq.Taimangautillugu aujakkut uquunar­nirsauqattalaurpuq ammalu sikuqa-

~ qattanginnirsaulaursif]1allutik. Ualinir­! mingaartunik tikippalliajuqalilaurpuq~ alaaskamingaartuviniullutik taikkualui ajunginnirsammariulaursimavut angu-

nasungnirmik tariurmiutanik imarmiu­tanik umiarturpak&utik. Ammaluttauqtariup ungataani asianik nunamingaar­tuit qallunaat tikililaursimagivut aku­kitturmit nunaqariartursimajuit aulla­kataqattalaursimangmata angunasu­giar&utik ausuittuup nunaqpasiani.Taakkua qallunaaviniit katiqatiqaqat­talaurput ammalu unataqatiqarpak­&utik uvalu tauqsiiqatiqaqpalaurtuk­saullutik piqutinik kanataup ukiurtar­turmiutarnik immaqaalu tauqsiivalaur­put savirajangnik tunisivak&utik amir­niklu tunijauvak&utik inungnik. Taik­kua qallunaaviniit ukiurtartuliaqatta­laurput qilamikuluk taikaniippak&utikammalu aulariirpak&utik kisianili Inuitalaaskamingaartuit tikikkamik nuna­mut ukiurtartumit aullalau;nginnali­laurput nunaqalir&utiglu.

Taikkua Inuit kingulliulaurtuit ajursa­nginnirsaulaurput kisuqauttiarnirsau­ninginnut. Kimmiqalaurput ammalupisiksiqar&utik, sivulliunirsaujunikinungnit pigijaulaungitillugit ammaluajurnanginnirsaunajalaur&uni anguna­sugiaksaq umingmangnik. Qajaqalaur­put tuktunik angunasugutigijunnar­tamingnik ammalu angijunik umiaqa­laurput angijunik imarmiutanik angu­nasugutigivaktamingnik ammalu uqi­nginunik piqutinik aksaqtuijunnar&u­tik nuktirtirasuktillugit. Kimuksiqalau­rivut ungasiktumut aullakatagutigijun-

51

in wood and ivory to make smallfigures of animals, humans and othersubjects. Shortly before 1,000 yearsago, Dorset people spread northwardto occupy the High Arctic islands,including Axel Heiberg and Ellesmere.

Like the Independence people beforethem, the Dorset people who lived onthe Eureka Upland relied heavily onmusk-ox. But they also used a varietyof other resources as well, includ­ing hare, caribou, waterfowl, andchar. There is also some evidence inarchaeological sites that they huntedsea mammals.

Excavation of a Thule Inuit houseat Lake Hazen. Ellesmere Island.Archaeologists mark the area off insquares so that they can recordwhere artifacts are found.

J,~~(. A~A( (>·,~~~c

""L~~'I. ~'~'M»" <l1>~A(j<"pp'iC'l.v0 "Ll"C;';C ACC<;o-'cr'P«~"Jr~C;tL>c ~J~A'd­

n~~~'~~~~' ~r ~O'"~L~c;L~C

ACCC;O"',lIi v " .

Tuliviniit, Inuit sivulliviningitaqarmavininga saggarviuvuq ausuit­tuup qikirtangani. Saggartiit ittar­nisanik kippaariktuliursimavutnalunaikkutirinasuk&unijjuk naminanisilaurmangaata ittarnisarnik.

CI>"',J~<..I)')' ~"~7''''' )O'({" ."n' qf'.,.'-,)0'"7~<'''.,.,nb 6.tJ'crb

, CLi"d<J 'b"'J~C\~c

I>PI>'C'),q'b'Ce.I>')' 'Pe.fd,.,' CL\~'< ..,n'<]lLJ <J[>c..~~< ...,.,n" Pr'<JcrC" IJ.J:)fjc <1~ \­bf'i,<)II' np'bf' .Do.J' I>PI>'C')f' ql>Lcc.J>"t'<LCH-C....r>")C .Do.'"'br'i",n"J.

CII'dq II.DII' P'JLe-I>e.I>')II' <J~~'.,.'­

~1>e.I>')' PI'bI>'nq'.,.'~I>O"f" .D'. P'f'bc1>')' <J'L-, 1V'I'b'."n', I'Y ,l>.,.'\l>~.,.'

11.0'.,.' Ar7l>e.l>~n· -,r' q'L,., q~'o.~'­

.,.,\l>0.7c.l>'.".,. <J\1o.Il'<J"'''' l>f'L'.,.'. 'b7'b­c...l)")C )I»cr" <J\JQ.~Jnr~"'o..or;cr"cr" <]lLJ

<J'N.,.' l>fq'be.l>')' q~~.,.' IIL'rI>C.,.'q'Jo.IJnr~'Cf'.,.' q'L-, l>'P~')O" A'dn.,.'q'7"')II~'o. '."n' .o'n'n~I'n·->1". 'PJ'I'b­e.1>n.'>' l>V')J' ql>Le.bCJnr-.l'0.'Cf'.,.'q'L-, I>'P~').,.' q'7')II;.r~·o.'Cf'.o' IJe't'l.J' Id'bbl>.,.'I..D' q'~Je-Lb~'.

)L';" 11.011' ql>III')Jqe-<-l>')' Ie- l>.o­'I").,.' I'>e-".,.~·.,.' 1I.o'C'b'n°->J Cl>~.,..

ric... <]r'j.~'i<"'c-<lcr'l.<T" 6"P"J'i(c..c.-<Jo-'Lo-"q~'~ '<Le-qe-e.l>') CII'dq I,>c-";'" )'d~"'­

)'~I>e-e.l>'."n'-,. CII'dq I,>,"';" (e.'~q­e-Lf' 1I.o)q'Jo.lr{")'~l>.,.dJ' II.D'.,.' np­A').,.' ('>~e-")'~l>·.,.'LC. l><>.C'b'C'.,.'<C-,~c.. '"'b?ILQ.Cj7\,.'rc.... C Iv'b,'''")eT" 8.D "'tTl> <]lLJqI>Lan'bl>'nq').,.' ,J'-, 'PJ'(O" q'L-,I>fq'.,.', CL'0. AL-,J 'PL~'~I>'.,.'>' 11;''''­~'nq{,I>'r')J' .oo.J' lI,p'Jr<l'.,."'\J' <1'­L-, .,.'~n'b'r'.,.'~J' qlll':" )'d~'J'\I>·.,.'LC

CIIL'0.. PI<I.,.-,'CI>'" )'l.I'n'n~'~I>·.,.')'

11.0'.,.' PI'bl>'nq'.,."'~'r·.,.' q'L-> bnnCI>­libCC")""[) <LcrQ, ."n".

nartamingnik ammalu uqingittunik ak­jartuijigijunnartamingnut sikuup qaa­ngagut sikuqakauninganut arraaguli­maakasak.

Tulliit Inuit ausuittumualilaurput suliunungittunik sivulivininginnik inukta­qartillugu tauvani. Sila asijjirpallia­ninganik ikkiingurpallianinganik ajur­sarpallialilaurpu taikkua sivuliviniittuquraqtuksaulilaur&utiklu. Taikkuasivuliviniit silarjualimaamit inutuangu­nasugivaktuksaunikumut inungniktikilisaartunik sivuuraliqtuksaunnir­mata. Unataqattarnirpatalu saalaqa­runnarajarningilat pisiksiqartunik in­ungnik ammalu aullarutiqauttiartuniksuurlu qimuksinik ammalu umiarnik.tamanna pillugu qimaajuksaunnirputinuuviksattiavaungittumut nunamutikkiingugiarniqsamut ammalu nirjuti­qanginnirsamut asuilaak tuqurartuk­saunnirmata taimanna. Kisianiluttauqtungasuktittijuksaunnirput inungnikkisuqauttiarniqsanginnik ammalukatititauqattartuksaunniq&uti k.

Qanuugaluakiaq inuulirniraluarputnalunarninga tavva kisiani inuujunniir­nirmata pitaqarunniittiar&utik ausuit­tumi ammalu akukittumi taikkua Inuitkingunianit tikisaalaurtillugit asiunnir­mata. Taikkua sivuliviniit tikiqaalaur­simajuit nunavininginni nunataalilaur­put taikkua kingulliit inummariit ausu-

52

By about 1,000 years ago, summerswere again warmer and sea ice con­ditions were probably considerablymore favourable than they are at pre­sent. The improved climate broughtothers to the High Arctic as well.From the west came the Thule cultureInuit, immigrants from Alaska, wheretheir ancestors had developed asophisticated technology and richeconomy based on the hunting of seamammals from boats. From the eastcame the Norse, European immigrantswho had recently established coloniesin southwestern Greenland. The Inuitfrom Alaska moved into the area andstayed; the Norse visited the areaoccasionally.

The Thule people had dogs and bowsand arrows, which the Dorset peopleseem to have lacked, and whichtogether would have made the killingof musk-ox an easier task. They hadkayaks for hunting seals, and largeumiaks in which they could huntlarger sea mammals, or move entirecamps. They also had dog sleds, with

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P~~O" II";~'';''O"'LC l\C'v·';"n~'.,>n' ~l>~­

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Harpoon heads made by ThuleInuit. The 10 cent coin shows theirsize.

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ittuup qikirtangani ammalu Axel Hei­berg qikirtangani. Taikkua tulliit Inuitnutaangunirsait umingmangnik angu­nasukpalaurput ammalu iqalliqivak­&utik kuungnit ammalu tasirnik. Taik­kua nutaangunirsait inummariviniitangunasungnirmik ajunginnirsaulaur­put angunasugutiqauttiarniqsauni­nginnut nattirnut ammalu asinginniktariurmiutanik uumajunik pijunnarnir­saunnirmata.

Kisianittaur taikkua kingulliunirsau­laurtut inummariviniit ausuittumiigun­nattialaungilat inuujunnattianginnir-

saulaurput taikani ikkiingunirsaujuniknunanik. Immaqaa 500 arraaguulaur­tillugit ikkiinarsigiakkannilaurpuq auja­ugaluartillugu ikkiingunirsauvaliq&uniullumiujumit ammalu sikuqasuujarniq­sauvalilauqsimalluni arraaguulimaa­kasak. Taimangaulaurtillugu taikkuaqallunaaviniit tauqsiiqatiqarpalaurtutinungnik asiulaursimavut akukittuniammalu inutuqaviniit asiulilaurivutausuittumit. Akukittuup kanangnar­pasia ammalu kangiqpasia inuqaqtu­tuangulilaurpuq. Tauvani nunaqartuitinuviniit angunasukpalaurput tariur­miutanik ammalu tingmiaqarviktaqar­ninganut manniktuqattarutigijaksari­laurpajjuk uumajjutigillugillu.

which they could travel long dis­tances or carry heavy loads over thesea ice.

The distinctive culture of the Dorsetpeople disappeared from all of HighArctic Canada about the time of thearrival of the Thule culture Inuit, whooccupied most of the areas on Elles­mere and Axel Heiberg Islands whereDorset people had camped beforethem.

However, about 500 years ago, all ofthe northern hemisphere enteredwhat is known as the Little Ice Age,during which summers were coolerthan at present and sea ice wasprobably more extensive and lastedfor longer in the season. At that time,the Norse colonies in Greenland disap­peared, and most of the High Arcticwas abandoned by people.

Most of Umingmaknuna today re­mains largely as it was left by Thuleculture Inuit. The remains of theircamps are to be found in manyplaces, usually where there are "polaroases." One day, the animals andplants of the region will be protectedby a National Park that is planned forthe northern part of Ellesmere Island.But will the archaeological sites beprotected, or will they be at riskbecause of hikers and campers thatwill visit the park? Only time will tell.

54

An aerial view of Thule Inuit tentrings on Greely Fiord, EllesmereIsland. The small ring at lower rightwas made by children.

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Taikkunangat inungnik inuujutuangu­laurtunik ilagijaujuit qikirtaalungmiu­tait qaujimattialaungilat Eureka Up­land-ngunirartaujumik nunamik. Ta­inna taijauvakpuq umingmat nunanga.Taanna nuna upaktauqattalaurpuqnannugiartutuinnartunut ammalu um­ingmagiartutuinnartunik kisianili nuna­gijaulaungilaq.

Tainna umingmat nunangat suli inu­qauttiangilaq - inuqartutuanguvuqtainna unatartuksani inigijaujuq Alert­ngunirartauvaktuq ammalu silaliriji­taqar&uni Eureka-mit ammalu qauji­sartinik niuviuriarsimajuniklu pulaari­artaulausungarpakkaluaq&uni ilaani­lausungaq. Takujarturviktaqatuinna­riaqaquurmat ausuittuup qikirtanganiikajurutaujunnaqullugu amlakkujau­junnaqullugu nuna surursimangittuqammalu nirjutingit ammalu pirurtu­qutingit. Kisianiluttauq qaujisartinikqaujisarviuvaktuit ulurianatuinnaria­qar&uni umingmat nunangani. Taik­kua nunaqarviuvaktuviniit inutuqa­vinirnik immakallammarialuk nuna­tuinnarmiimmata takuksaullutik ta­manna pillugu inutuinnait suraktitti­tuinnariaqarmata uvalu pinguaruluu­jarviuvagajarmata takujarturviutuin­narnirutik aullaarviuqattalirnirutiklu.Tamakkua immakallanisaujut ittarni­sait nunaqarviuvaktuviniit amiaku­jauniqarsimavut inuktaqalaursima­nginninganut taikkua nunagijauvang­nikuviniit. Takujarturviliurtuqarnirpattaikani ausuittuup ukiurtartuqutianisuraituinnariaqarajarput uvalu annai­tuinnariaqarajarillutik sivunivinirnikinummariviniulaurtunik immakallam­marialuk nunaqarviulaursimajunikammalu 4,000-marialungnik arraa­gutuqarnik nunaqarviulaursimallunii?

Inuit Annuraangit:Our Clothes

Inuit Annuraangit:Annuraavut

by Jill Oakes and Sally Karetak

~~< ~" <I'L-, ~c- 'b,,-C-dO0-' nn'i<c~~'"

Jiul Uuks ammalu Saali Qarita-kunniktitirartaujuq

In April, Inuit Silattuqsarvingat (a pro­ject of the Inuit Cultural Institute)launched its first travelling exhibition,Inuit Annuraangit: Our Clothes.

The exhibition includes eighteen cari­bou-skin parkas made by MackenzieDelta, Copper, Netsilik, Igloolik,Keewatin and South Baffin Inuitseamstresses. Each region is repre­sented by traditionally styled men's,women's and children's outer parkasmade by: June Klengenberg, MaryOkheena and Mable Nigiyok fromHolman Island; Bessie Wilkie fromTuktoyaktuk; Lidwna Porter and MaryKamookak from Gjoa Haven; LizzieIttinuar from Rankin Inlet; TheresaIjjangiaq, Mary Ullulijarnat, Vivi Kun­nuk and Sarah Ulaajuruluk from Igloo­lik; and Mary Battye from Pangnir­tung.

Bessie Wilkie from Tuktoyaktuk iscontributing a rare squirrel-skin parka.Selma Karetak from Rankin Inlet islending a family heirloom containingbeads over fifty years old. The bead­work was done by Hattie Niviaqsarjuk

"Let's show the people what awonderful hood that is," says JillOakes. This is another Igloolik-styleparka, worn by Linda AkumalikWebster.

"'d'f'<I'::>b.' <1-.1,,-' In<-> ,Q.." Cn<l<l>cr'l.o-" ." 1>, "ii >c;, ,.1>'"~"'. C~Q.. 4Ll>n~ AL~r'­n>cl»" <I::>' CI> < -'CT-' e-' C<IdLe-' I><I<'C.

"Qungiartuit ajurirsuutilavut nasat­tiavauninganik," uqarpuq Jiul Uuks.Taanna amautiq iglulingmiutauvuqaturtaullunilu Linta AkumalikUapsta.

Airiliutillugu Inuit silattursarvingat(aaqqiktausimajuq inummarilirijikkun­nik) sivullirpaamit aullaqtitsililaurmataInuit annuraanginnik qungiartaugak­sanik qungiartautittijunnaqullugit.

Taikkua Inuit annuraangit qunngiar­taugaksait 1B-nik tuktumut sanasima­junik annuraanik sanasimavut ammalusanajaunikuullutik ualinirmiunik, nat­silingmiunik, iglulingmiunik, kivallir­miunik ammalu qikirtaaluup kivataa­nirmiunik. Taakkua annuraat nunaniksanajaujuit angutisiutinik, arnaqsiuti­nik, ammalu surusirsiutinik sanasima­juinnauvut sanajaullutik ukuninga:Juun Kalanjanpuuk, Miuri Ukhiinaammalu Maipu Nigijuk uluksartuur­miutait; Patsi Uiki Tuktuujaarturmiu­taq; Lituuna Puatu ammalu MiuriQamukkaaq uqsuqtuurmiutaq; Lisi

Jill Oakes, Peter Qaqsauq Webster and Sally Karetak. Sallywasn't really sleeping, just reacting to the flashbulb.

".1>" 1>", lic '\'~I>'" 1><l<'C <lLL..> 'C- '\n.C"'. 'C­t~~cj~..><l"', <l''''c-I>?n "I>LL~'~~~c td~Jd·~'J"'.

Uqallakti Jiul Uuks takutittinasukpuq sanasimaninganiktaassuma atigiup, tuktuup aminganut sanasimajuq,aturtaulluni Saali Qimiutnaaq Uapstamut.

Tipuura Ivaluarjuk aturpuq iglulingmiutarmiamautirmi

ni~ d<..><l''<', <lJ'>'" d'..>c-'rI>C'r<lLl>n'r

L:;Deborah Evaluarjuk models an Igloolik-styleamautiq.

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Commentator Jill Oakes points out interesting features t>of a fine piece of caribou-skin clothing worn by SallyQimmiu'naaq Webster.

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Jiul Uuks, Piita Qarsauq Uapsta ammalu Saali Qaritaq.Saali siningittuugaluaq, ajjiliuruti qaummaalangninganutsikungituinnartuq.'l

56

in 1930. Winnie Crawford used asmall mouth drill to place holes in eachof the caribou teeth decorating theends of the beaded fringe.

The displays are staged with manne­quins which wear the parkas and areengaged in a variety of activitiesincluding sewing leg-skin boots, jig­ging for lake trout, carving and drumdancing. (In some locations, such asOttawa where the Inuktitut magazinestaff saw the exhibition, real peo­ple modelled the clothes.) Personalphotographs and comments or advicefrom each seamstress are mountednext to the garments.

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Eight-month-old Jozzepi Foo helpshis mom (Deborah Evaluarjuklmodel an Igloolik-style amautiq,showing how a baby is carried.

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8-nik taqqilik Juusipi Vuu anaana­ngata (Tipuura Ivaluarjukl amaar­tanga iglulingmiutamut amautimut.Qanuq amartauqattarmangaatanutaralaakuluit ajurirsuujjinasuktuq.

Itinnuaq Kangiq&inirmiutaq; TuriisaIjjangiaq, Miari Ululijarnaat, Vivi Ku­nuk ammalu Siura Ulaajuruluk iglul­ingmiutait; ammalu Miari Pati Pang­nirtuurmiutaq.

Pasi Uilki tuktuujaarturmiutaq aJJlu­ngittumik tunisiniarpuq tiriap aminga­nut sanasimajumik japamik. Siumaqaritaq kangiq&inirmiutaq tunisinia­rivuq aturtuartittiluni qatangutingatapiqutinganik sapangaqaq&uni imma­qaa 50-nik arraaguqaqtuq. Sapanga­ngillu sanajaunnir&utik Taaati Niviar­saarjukmut 1930-tillugu. Uini kuraa­vut putuliurutimik atuq&uni putuliur­palaurpuq tuktuup kigutinginnut atta­tartausimajumut taikani amautirmitsapangamut ilaliutisimajaulluni.

Taikkua In'uit annuraangit takuksauti­tauniarput inuujanguaniititaulutikammalu taakkua inuujanguat kisulir­inguaruluujartitauniarput suurlu miq­sunguartitaulutik kamingnik, naukka­nguarasuktitaulutik, sananguagangu­artitaulutik ammalu qilaujjanguarti­taulutik. Aatuvaamiitillugit Inuktituttusagaksaqutinginnut sanajiit takujar­tulaurput qungiartaujunik Inuit annu­raanginnik aturtillugit inullattaat. Taik­kua sanajuviniit annuraanik ajjiqutingitammalu uqartangit takuksautitaulaur­put annuraaliursimajangita saniani.

Taikkua sanajaujuviniit ajjigiingittuitnunait ajjigiinginninginnut uqaqtau­simavut ammalu ajjiliurtausimavutuqalimaagarnik suurlu tikisaaksanikqungiartautillugit pijaujunnarniaq&utiktaikkua ajjiliursimajuit. Taikkua titirar­simajut titirarsimaniarput inuktitut

The fine workmanship and regionalvariations in caribou-skin clothingfashions are illustrated in a cataloguewhich accompanies the exhibition.The catalogue and labels are writtenin English and Inuktitut. Contem­porary and historical slides of Cana­dian Arctic Inuit wearing and sewingcaribou-skin clothing will be shownduring the exhibition.

Inuit Annuraangit: Our Clothes open­ed in Eskimo Point in April. It thentravelled to Rankin Inlet, Winnipeg (atthe Winnipeg Art Gallery), Toronto (atthe Annual Conference of the Asso­ciation of Canadian Universities forNorthern Studies), Ottawa (CanadianMuseum of Civilization) and Montreal(Centre culturel de Pointe Claire).From there the exhibition is to headnorth to Iqaluit, Pangnirtung, Igloolik,Spence Bay, Cambridge Bay, Yellow­knife, down to Edmonton and finallyback to Eskimo Point.

Support in funds or services are beingprovided by the GNWT Department ofRenewable Resources, the GNWT De­partment of Economic Developmentand Tourism, the inuit Culturai Insti­tute, Indian and Northern AffairsCanada, the Prince of Wales NorthernHeritage Centre, the Canadian Mu­seum of Civilization, the Arctic Col­leges, Dr. Rick Riewe (private dona­tion) and Keewatin Air, Calm Air andFirst Air.

Inuit Annuraangit: Our Clothes isorganized by Sally Karetak, MuseumDevelopment Officer and Jill Oakes,Exhibition Co-ordinator.

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ammalu qallunaatitut. Tarrijaqtitau­niarivut taikkua qungiariarsimajutajjiqutinik ukiurtartumit Inuit annu­raanginnik atunguartunik ammalu mir­sunguartillugit Inuit .

Inuit annuraangit: annuraavut makpi­laurpuq aqviani airiliutillugu. Kangiq­&iniliartitaulilaurpuq, uinipaikmullu(uinipaik qungiariarviani sanajausima­junutl. turaantumut IkatimatillugitKanatami ilinniarvikjuat ukiurtartumiu­tait pillugit), aatuvaa (jttarnisarniktakujartuqvianil ammalu makturiami(Centre Culturel de Pointe Claire-mit).Taikangaarlutik iqalungnuarniarput,pangnirtuumut, igluiingmut, talurjua­nut, Iqaluktuuttiamut, Jalunaivmut,Atmantanmut ammalu aqvianut utir­lutik.

Kiinaujanik ikajurtausimavut tunijau­simallutik nunattiap gavamakkungitanunamiutanik nutaanguriakkannirtuli­rijikunnik, nunattia gavamakkungitakiinaujaliurnirmut pivalliajulirijikku­nginnut ammalu pulaariartulirijikku­nginnut, inummarilirijikkunnik, inuliri­jituqakkunnik, Prince of Wales North­ern Heritage Centre, Canadian Mu­seum of Civilization, ukiurtartumi i1in­niarvikjuat, Dr. Rik Riu (jmminik tuni­sijuq) ammalu kivallirmi qangatasuuli­rijikkut, Calm Air qangatasuulirijik­kunginnut ammalu First Air qangata­suul irij ikkunginnut.

Inuit annuraangit: annuraavut aaqqik­tausimavuq Saali Qaritaup, ittarnisak­kuvingmi pivalliajuliriji ammalu JiulUuks, aulattiji takuksautitaujunik an­nuraanik.

Northern Charms

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UkiuqtaqtumiPiusautit

Alice Kilikaviovuk of Coppermineholds children entranced as sheprepares to dance. Her wolverinetassels are dyed with a concen­trated solution of red fabric dye.

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Aalasi Kilikkaviujuk surusiniktautugumatittivuq mumirnialirami.Nigjaqutingit qarvingmi sana­simajuit aupaluksilingavut.

Text and photos by Jill Oakes

Like a magnet, I was drawn into themidst of a room bulging with peopleand throbbing with the rhythmicsounds of a drum dance. A small, sprywoman was beating the drum whileeveryone else sang in a chantingfashion. I was hypnotized by thegentiy swaying wolverine tassels onthe dancer's parka.

In the early 1900s, drum dances werea common way of greeting travellers.The first dance performed whenvisitors arrived was called a pisik; oneperson danced while the audiencesang. On the second evening a dance

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Titiraqtauplutiglu ajjiliugaujutJill Oakes-mut

Nipittaqtutut, iglutarmut nusukuagau­jutut pivunga inugiaktumut ammaqilaujjaqpaluktumu. Mikijuq, arnaqkatuktuq asiluktaangi imngiqtillugit.Takurannirusulauqpunga uviqtaujaq­tumi nuilanganiq mumiqtiujup.

1900-t atulisaaqtillugit, qilautinutmumirniit aturajuiauqput tikiraaniktunngasuktitsijjutauplutik. Sivulliq­paaq mumirniujuq tikiraaqtuqaraangattaijaujuq pisikmik; atausiq mumiq&unitautuktut imngiq&utik. Aullaqtialait­tuugaluaq, kisiani uummariksivallia­ralajuq. Nasaittut, naittut akuraujaq­quqtujut japat atugauvakput tamak-

en

called an aton was held. It beganslowly, but quickly turned into a seriesof wild jigs. Hoodless, short-weistedparkas with long back tails were wornto these dances. A cap made fromnarrow strips of skins, and stained redwith litharge and black with galena(both mineral dyes), was decoratedwith a loon's beak mounted on thepeak. Lemming tails were sewn to theparka and used as amulets to provideprotection from spirits. When a newfriendship was formed, two strips ofwhite-haired caribou skin were tied tothe new friend's right shoulder.

Until the turn of the century, CopperInuit of the Coronation Gulf regionrarely encountered Inuit from thewest, or explorers, traders or mis­sionaries. But with the collapse of thewhaling industry, based at HerschelIsland, some ships and schoonersbecame available and were convertedinto floating trading posts. CaptainCharles Klengenberg and his familysailed eastward to Bernard Harbour

In the early 1900s, when twoArctic explorers, VilhjalmurStefansson and Diamond Jenness,explored the Coronation Gulf, ashort-waisted parka style wasworn by Copper Inuit. Men's andwomen's parkas had long backtails and ermine skins were sewnacross the back.

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1900 pigiarningani taikkua marruukukiurtartumi qaujisarialaursimajuitViuljamur ammalu Taiman Janasukiurtartumungausimatillugitualinirmit tauvanirmiut Inuit qitinga­nuungajunik atigiqarpalaurput,An9utiit ammalu arnait takijumikpamiuqarpalaurput ammalu siksiupamingit ilajauqattalaurput atigingitatunuanut.

60

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kununga mumirnirnut. Nasaq sanasi­majuq tuattunit amirnit minguaqsima­juq aupaluktunit qirniqtunillu (tamar­mik nunamit minguusiangusimajukltakuranniqsausiqsimajuq qaqsaup sig­guanik qaangagut. Avingngait pamiu­ngi kakkitisimalauqput japamut pit­tuqutauplutik mianiqsijut tuurngarnit.Piqannaaqtaasaaraangamik, mar­ruungnik qaulluqtunik miqqulingniktuktup aminginnik qilaksivakput pi­qannaaqtaasaarmi tuinganut taliq­pianut.

and Victoria Island. In 1916, he over­wintered in the area, establishin9 astore on the southwest shore ofVictoria Island. Captain Klengenber9'swife, Kenmek, an Inupiat·from PointHope, Alaska, dressed her family incaribou-skin clothing styles she hadlearned from her elders in Point Hope.

The inner parka was a long, A-linepullover made from caribou skin andcovered with a brightly colouredfabric shell called a "Mother Hub­bard." The shell was made with aflounced hem decorated with appli­que and strips of skin. The hood wastrimmed with generous amounts ofwolf and wolverine, creating a luxuri­ous halo of fur framing the wearer'sface. An outer parka was made fromcaribou skins decorated with wolver­ine tassels, white- and dark-hairedcaribou skins and tiny strips of dyed,hairless skins.

In 1919, the family moved to TreeRiver where Klengenberg establisheda trading post. Kenmek's eldestdaughter, Etna, recalls trying on oneof the short-waisted parkas worn bythe local people and finding it notwarm enough compared to her mid­calf-length garment. Local seamstres­ses wanted to learn the new style, soEtna cut out a pattern from severalcaribou skins and taught one of thebest sewers, fVIanigogina, how toassemble the pieces. Etna then cutout the fabric shell from supplies inthe newly established trading post.Before then, only the wealthiest trap­pers could afford to purchase enoughmaterial to make the much longer,fuller Alaskan fashion from fabric, buthigher pelt prices and the resultingincrease in trapping enabled almostevery seamstress to have her own"Mother Hubbard" by the followingyear. Many women would make thecotton shell several inches longer thanthe outer caribou parka in order todisplay their wealth and provide abright border.

By 1924, Etna married Ikey (Angot­siakl Bolt and the couple travelledextensively throughout the Corona­tion Gulf area, where Ikey pilotedsupply ships, interpreted, and man­aged trading posts. Women in thecamps were attracted to Etna's parkastyle and she quickly taught themhow to cut out the parka. In the late

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Etna Bolt, lon9-time resident ofCoppermine, has taught manywomen how to make Alaskanparka styles. Today she wears abright, flowered Mother Hubbardtrimmed with a ruff of wolf andwolverine fur.

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Atna Guult qurluktuurmiutatuqaqi1inniartittiqattarsirnavuq unur­tunik arnarnik sanajunnarsitittivak­&uni alaaskamiutatitut japanikatiginiglu. Ullumi aturpuq kaluj­jariktumik, taqsaqaurtumikkalikuumi nuilaqar&uni amaruupammalu qarviup aminganik.

1900-t atulisaarninganut, kiglinirmiutInuit katisigajuilauqput inungnik kangi­vanirmiutanik, uajaqtinik, tauqsiiqtinikukpirnilirijinigluuvva. Kisiani arvir­niatitairutingmat, Herschel Island­mi umiarjuit i1angit ajurrnarungniiq­put imaani niuvirviunirmik. KaaptanCharles Klengenberg ilanilu tingirraq­put kimmut purnaat Haapumut Viktu­ria Ailanmullu. 1916-mi, ukiuqsiuqpuqavataani, niuvirvittaaq&uni VikturiaAilan sigjangani. Kaaptan Klengen­berg nulianga, kinmik, inupiaq puinHuup Alaaskamit, ilani tuktunik annu­raaliuqpai ilitsilauqtaminik angajuk­&irminit Puin Huupmi.

IIulliq japa takij'!q tuktup amianitsanasimajuq taqsariktumik qalliqsi­mapluni taijaujuq "kalikuumik." si­naaqaq&uni tigujaqsimajumik taqsiq­tuqsimajumik tuattunik amirnik. Nui­lagik&uni amaqqup qavviuplu ami­nginnik, avalungniktumik atuqtuupkiinanganik. Silalliqaq&uni tuktupaminganik nigjiqsiqtuqsimajuq qav­vingmit, pukirnginit tuktup mikijuniglumiqquittunit.

1919-mi ilagiit nuupput Turii RivamutKlengenberg niuvirviktaarvigijaanik.Kinmiup pania angajuk&iqpaaq, Etna,aulajivuq uukturalaurnirminik naittunikjapanik atugausuqtunik nunalingmiu­nit amma qaujipluni uquinniqsaung­mat kanaarmut tikisimajunit. Nuna­Iingmiutat miqsuqtit ilitsisuarmatasanajaujjusianik itna iliktiripluni tuktupaminginnik ilinniaqtit&unigillu miqsu­jujuqtat, manigugina, miqsuqsima­ninginniglu. Amma'itna nuviqsaamikqalliq&uniuk niuvirviktaasaamit. Tai­maulauqtumi, ak&uittuqtat kisimiktiriganiaqsiutituqtit niuvirungnalauq­put naammaktumik nuviqsaamik sa­naniarlutik takiniqsamik, Alaaskamiu­titut ittumik nuviqsaamit, kiksianitiriganiat amingi akitturninginnutamma tiriganiaqsiutituliqpaallirningin­nut tamarmiluktaakasak miqsuqtiluk­taakasait nangminiq "kalikuutaarung­nasititpai" ukiungngukkannirmat.Amisut arnait nuviqsaaq takiniqsau­tittajuvaa silapaarutaa japaup takun­naquplugu ak&uinnitik amma siniruti­giquplugu.

1924-nguqtillugu, itna uitaaqpuqaikimik (angutsiaq) puut amma uigiikuajarluaq&utik kiglinirmiuni, qauji­matauvvigijaani aikip umiarjuanik,tusaajiuplunilu aulatsijiuplunilu niuvir­vingmik. Arnait tupiqarvingmi taku-

1';1

From left to right: Connie Nalvanna(seated!. Nellie Hikok (dancing)and June Klengenberg (seated).These women learned the Alaskanparka pattern from Etna Bolt andhave since taught it to manyothers.

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Saumingm; talirpingmut: Kaaninaulvaana (iksivaartuq). Nali Bikuk(mumirtuq) ammalu Juun Kalan­janguuk (iksivaartuq). Taakkuaarnait Alaaskanmiutitut qali­paaliurunnarsivut i1inniartitaullutikAtna Guultmut.

1940s, Etna and Ikey moved to Cop­permine. When the Duke of Edinburghvisited there, Ikey was the officialinterpreter and almost every woman,including Etna, wore the Alaskanstyle.

Etna remembers sewing on wolverinetassels as friendship charms through­out the 1950s and early 1960s.Younger women fondly recall pinningbeaded panels to their friends' parkasfor good luck and long-lasting friend­ship.

Today, elders including June Klengen­berg, Nellie Hikok and Alice Kilika·vioyuk (Manigogina's daughter) con-

Fredaa Arqviq sleeps peacefully inthe warmth of her skin suit andboots while her mether, Salemie,looks on.

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Vuriita Aqvik sinittiarpuq iluaru­suk&uni atigiminik ammalukamiminik anaananga salumitautukpuq.

rannirusukput itnaup japaqausianikajuqiqtukautigiplunigillu iliktigaujju­sianik japap. 1940-t nunguliqtillugit,itnalu aikilu qurluqtuumut nuuppuk.Tuuk itinpuug tujurmiungmat taiku­nga, aiki tusaajiulauqpuq amma arna­luktaakasat, itna ilaupluni Alaaska­miutitut sanasimajunik atuq&utik.

Etna aulajivuq qavviup aminganit nig­janik kakitingnirnirmik ilannariigutinik1950-t aturninginni amma 1960-tatulisaaqtillugit. Makkungniqsait ar­nat aulajitsiaqput kakkitingnirnirmiksungaujanik ilannarijamingnut pittuqu­tinik ilannariiqattaarniarnirmullu.

Attractive mother-daughtercombinations motivate youngmothers to continue the fashiontrend stimulated by the arrival ofthe Klengenberg family.

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Above: June Klengenberg modelsthis parka trimmed with wolfand wolverine fur. The tassels aredyed red.

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Qulaani: Juun Kalanjanguuk atur­puq taassuminga japamik nuilaqar­tumik amarurmik ammalu qar­vingmik. Taassuma nigjangit

Above right: Three residents ofArctic Bay wear three differentamautiq styles.

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Qulaani saumiani: Pingasuit ikpiar·jungmiutait ajjigiingittunik aturputamautirnik.

Right: Flowered skirts go well withtraditional clothing in this 1942photograph.

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Saumiani: Tarsaqartuit arnanguu­jutiit naammattiarput atuqatigilugitInuit annuraatuqanginnik surlutaassutunaq 1942-mit ajjiliurtau­nikumik.

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Many tiny pieces of dark and light­haired caribou skins, red andblue yarn, and red stroud are usedto create and intricate borderaround the hemline of NellieHikok's parka.

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Unurtuit mikittuit qirnirtuit ammaluqaullurtuit tuktuup amingit. Aupar­tuit tungujurtuillu nuviqsaaksaittaqsaliurutauvut Nali Hiku japa­nganik.

tinue to teach others the informationgenerously shared with them by Etna.They are amazed how quickly thestyle has spread to the Eastern Arc­tic and southern cities. Parkas in theAlaskan style are worn by pregnantwomen, women packing children,elderly women, young girls and mar­ried women. A mid-thigh variation isworn by men and boys. Although thebasic style remains unchanged, eachparka is decorated with the sewer'sown artistic combination of mosaic­like geometric shapes and tassels.Each new creation is a fashionable,practical and prestigious parka reflect­ing the importance of healthy com­radeship and a strong group identity.

A cry from the dancer brought meback to my senses. The drum wasbeing offered to me and as I acceptedit, I brushed against Alice Kilikavio­yuk's wolverine tassels. I hoped thatI would soon be sewing friendshipcharms to the caribou-skin parka I hadmade recently under the direction ofthe Coppermine elders.

Jill Oakes recently completed twoyears of field research on Inuit skinclothing in the Canadian Arctic. Sheis currently writing her dissertationfor the Department of Clothing andTextiles, University of Manitoba,Winnipeg.

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Uplumi, inutuqait ilaupluni June. Klengenberg, Nellie Hikok amma AliceKilikavioyuk (Maniguginap panial suliiiinniaqtitsivut iI inn iaqtila ugaa nikitnaup. Narngarusukput sanajausima­niup ajjinganik qanuq tikikautigilluar­ninganik kimmuk ukiuqtaqtumi ammaqaplunaat nunangannut. Japat sana­simajut alaaskamiutitut atugausuqputsingaijunit, amaaqtunillu arnanit, ni­ngiunit. niviaqsianit amma uilingnit.Quqturaup qitiatut takitigijut atugau­suqput angutinit inuusuktunillu. Asi­angnguluaqsimanani, japaumat taq­siqtuqsimavakput miqsuqtiujup isu­magijanganik nigjiqtuqsimaplutigiu.Tamarmik upluminitauvut, iluaq&u­tiglu isumagijaksarjuuvut ilagiingnir­mut ajjigiingnginnirmullu.

Niplirluarmat mumiqti tautuqquurung­niiqtippaanga. Qilaut uvamnut tunim­mijagauju isakkapkulu, aktuarjukparaaalas kilikaviujup nuilanga. Taimatuqkakkitingniktarniaqpunga pittuqutinikjapamut sanasaalauqtamnut ilinniaq­titauplunga qurluqtuup inutuqainit.

Jill Oakes pianisaaqtuq ukiungnikmarruungnik i1inniarnirmik inuit aannu­raanginnik amirnit sanasimajunik ka­nataup ukiuqtaqtungani. Uqalimaali­uqtuq maanna aannuraalirijini, Maani­tuupa silattuqsavvingani, Viinipiikmi.

T

by Anaviapik

a 9b A"~nr I..JJ

aluk ill tigillug

Anaviapiup titiraqtaa

During the winter of 1942-43,Kangualuk and his family-his wifePalluq and their two small children­disappeared while hunting caribou inthe western interior of Baffin Island.

Almost forty years later, bad weatherforced a Canadian Armed Forceshelicopter to spend the night on abeach near Piling Bay on the Baffinwest coast. The next morning thepilot, Captain James Macfie, took ashort walk and discovered the re­mains of a few tent rings. In one ofthe rings of stones he found a brokenwooden trunk, lying upside down andwith the bottom torn off. In the trunkwere a number of tobacco tins filledwith papers and photographs, an oldbrass telescope, a portable phono­graph and many other objects.

Afraid that someone would destroythe cache, Captain Macfie collectedthe trunk and its contents, driedthe papers, and delivered it to theCanadian Museum of Civilization inOttawa. Here, with the help of severalpeople from Igloolik, Hall Beach andPond Inlet, we were able to identifythe trunk as belonging to Kangualukand his family. They probably madethe each on the coast before they lefton their journey to the interior.

The trunk and its contents weredonated to the Prince of Wales North­ern Heritage Centre in Yellowknife.Before it left Ottawa, however, Iwrote a short description of the col­lection, which was published in TheBeaver ("Relics of an Arctic Life",Vol. 66, No.1, pp. 45-53, January1986, Simon Anaviapik of Pond Inletsaw the article and wrote the follow­ing letter, which gives much inter­esting information on Kangualuk andon the material which was found inhis cache.

Robert McGhee,Canadian Museum of Civilization

I>pl>r 1942-43-r b'J<I-,' f1<-" -' .oc-<l"<I'L L'," .oC'L~'f", <lr'I>'LC )')r'I>"<-'r'n'~" "f'P"'C';' b'f'<I".

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"f'~'d' )"'71><-1>"'>'" Prince Of WalesNorthern Heritage Centre-J' 7-,0.­f1'r. Pr'<I", <l1>"<-<-I>"'<\''''n'o.J <l)~r',nn~'~<-I>'" >'L I>"bl>r''b"')",' bn'"(<I' (0.1>'­L'Lc, I>~c-L.o' f1c-<-I>L'",' The Beaver("f1;r'I>' f1<-'L I>PI>"'C"'Jr", Vol. 66,No.1 pp.45-r' 53-J', 7.o<ln. 19861.,f1L' <lo.MIII>' C'o. nn,"'r'L~'" CdLrl>'nn,c-'".,,,,-' l>r'L, 0.''L'0."'Jr' ),L',r'b'J<I-,'r' <I'L /l?7'LC f1-'c-n.<-I>Lf1",'.

~>, LPbo.CI>' II'dn)"bI>r'CI'L II"dr"",'

Ukiumi 1942-43-mi kangualuk ilanilunuliani amma marruuk nutaragajaa­ngik, asiungmata tuktusiullarmik tig­vani qikiqtaaluup kangiani.

Ukiut sitamat atgaikasait pianing­mata, unataqtuksat qulimiguulingasiniktariaqalaurmat .silatsaungnginnir­mit sigjangani Piling Bay-p. Uplaa­ngumat tingmisuuqti Kaaptan JiimsMakpii, pisulugajaaqpuq nanisiplunilutupiqarvivinirnik amisuplangnik. Tupi­qarviviniit ilanganni nanisivuq qijuqu­tivinirmik, pusinngajumik aluiqsimap­luni. OijUqutiup iluani amisuplait imu­jaksausiviviniit tatatiqsimajut alilajunikajjiniglu, qinngutiviniq, tusarnaaruti­viniq amma amisut asingi.

Isumapluni pirujaq jagataujariaqsa­nganik, Kaaptan Makpiip tiguvai qiju­qut ilulingillu, paniqsiq&unigit alilajut,agjaq&unigillu kanataup piqutituqau­sivinganut pitqusirnut aatuvami. Tat­vani ikajuqtiqaurunaaq&uta, inungnikiglulingmiunik, sanirajangmiunik am­ma mitsimatalingmiunik, ilitarijung­nalauqpavut qijuqut kangualuup ilai­talu pigilaurmagu, pirujaulaurnarriaqtimmuagiaqqaaqtinnagit.

Oijuqut tunijaulauqpuq Prince ofWales Northern Heritage Center-mutjalunaivmi. Kisiani aullalauqqaaqtin­nagu aatuvamit, titiraarjulauqpungauqausiqaqtunik katiqsuat sunaung­mangaataa, uqalimaanut ililaugaannikThe Beaver ("niinuusiup ilanga ukiuq­taqtumi", Vol. 66, NO.1 pp. 45-mut,Januari 1986). Saiman anaviapiuptaamna titiraqsimajuq takugamiuktitiraliq&unilu uuminga, narngarnaq­tumik tusagaksamik kangualungmikamma pirujangata i1ulirilaugainik.

Robert McGheeKanataup PiqutituqausivingaPitqusirnik

65

The following is a translation of aletter written by Anaviapik, an Inukfrom Pond Inlet, about "Relics of anArctic Life" in The Beaver:

Referring to the article "Relics of anArctic Life," and the pictures of peo­ple, the things and also the house ofthe preacher that was used as achurch, I would like to share with youmy knowledge about them.

The picture of the preacher's housewas taken before it was completedand that was the very church Kangua­luk (he and his family are believed tobe the ones to have owned the cachethe pilot found) had helped thepreacher to build. There was also anillustration of a map to indicate whereKangualuk lived and where the cachewas found. Indeed, that spot wasKangualuk's wintering camp. It wasaround that area Kangualuk had leftsome things on top of a qamutik onthe beach and gone off towards Nat­tilik with a man named Qila.Kangualuk's wife became ill and wasunable to continue their trip, but Qilakept on going, believing that Kangua­luk would follow once his wife feltwell enough to walk.

Qila made a mistake leaving thembehind. On his way to Nattilik, hecaught a caribou bull and waitedfor Kangualuk to catch up with himat a place called Tasialuk. Fromthere, through his telescope, he sawKangualuk leaving so he decided toleave the caribou meat and followhim. Qila came back to get the meat,but never found it. He didn't even seea tent as a sign that Kangualik and hisfamily were there. While Qila waswaiting for Kangualuk, he caughtsome seals at Tasialuk. He saw anairplane several times and while hewas away from their camp, his wifewas approached by the pilot. Justwhen the husband returned to thecamp and his wife who had stayedbehind, the plane took off.

After I read "Relics of an Arctic Life,"I wanted to write to help you identifythose seven young boys in the picturefound in the cache. I knew thoseyoung boys and recognized them rightaway. Aukkajaaq is the first one onthe left in the top row and he was anadopted son of one of the first twopreachers in Pond Inlet. The secondfrom the top left is Ittukusuk, the third

66

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Tukiliugaunnikut anaviapiup titirarni­kuvininginnit, inuk mittimatalingmiu­tarmit, "inuusiviniup ilangi ukiuqtaq­tumf';

Uqausiqatunga titiraqsimajumik"inuusiviniup ilanginik ukiuqtaqtumi,"amma inungnik ajjiliuqsimajunik, piqu­tinik ammaluttauq ajuriqsuijiup illur­juanganik tuksiarviusuungulauqtumik,qaujimanipkut tamakkuninga ikajuru­majunga.

Ajuriqsuijiup illurjuanga ajjiliugajuqpianilauqqaaqtinnagu amma taitsumi­ngatsainnaq tuksiarviliuqtillugu ka­ngualuk (jlanilu pirujaraqasugijaujuttimmisuuqtiup nanijanganikl ikajula­uqtuq ajuriqsuijimik. Nunanguaqalaur­mijuq nalunaiqsisimajumik nani ka­ngualuk nunaqalaurnirmangaat ammanani pirujaq nanijaungmangaat. lIaam­marik kanguaiuup ukiuqsiurvigisulauq­tanga tainna nuna. Tauvani qanigi­jangani kangualuk qamutiup qaanga­nut qimailaurmat sigjami amma nat­siliup nalaanut aullaq&uni (piqatiqa­lauqtuq angutimik qilamik atilingmikl.Kangualuup nulianga annialirami kaju­siniq ajuliqpuq kisiani qila kajusivuq,isumalluni kangualuk maligiarniarasu­gillugu nulianga pisugunnaqsituaqpat.

Qila tammaajalauqtuq qimakkamigik.Pangniligarami utaqqilauqpuq kangua­luk angutiniangngimmangaat tasia­lungmi natsilingmungauvallialluni.Taikaniitsuni qingutimigut takulluniukkangualuk aullaqtiqtuq maligumaliq­suniuk niqi qimatuinnaqsuniuk. Qilaniqimik aiksiliraluarami utiqsuni nani­ngitainnaqsuniuk, tupirmilluunniit ta­kungittuq nalunairutiksamik kangua­luk ilanilu taikaniitsariaksanginnik. lIautaqqitillugu kangualungmik, natsi­qattaqsuni tasialungmi. Qatsiikallak­suni timmisuurmik takulluni ammaaullaqsimatillugu nulianga timmisuu­mit urnigaulluni. Uinga tikiliraluaqtil­lugu timmisuurlu nuliangalu pailauq­tuq, qangattaqsutik.

Uqalimaaraanikkama "inuusiviniupilangi ukiuqtaqtumimik", titirarumali­lauqpunga ikajurumallusi kinakkuum­mangaataa taikkua surusiit ajjingipirujami nanijaujumi. lIitarikautigijakkataakkua.makkuktuit qaujimalaurakkit.Sitamat qulaani saumianit ukuangu­jut: aukkajaaq sivulliqpaujuq tiguari­jaulauqtuq ajuriqsuijiingnit sivulliq­paangnit mittimatalingmi. Tuglia qu­laani saumianit ittukusuk, pingajuatqakiuq, sitamangat ulaajuq (maanna

is Qakiuq, the fourth one is Ulaajuq(who is living in Igloolik today). Thethree boys in the front row are,from the left, Ukaliq, Kalluk and hisyounger brother Taqaugaq. Taqaugaqand Kalluk were my younger brothers.Out of those seven boys in the pic­ture, two of them-Ukaliq and Ulaa­juq-are still alive and both live inIgloolik. The couple in the other pic­ture are Kuutiq and his wife Ikkarialuklin the article "Relics of an ArcticLife" the wife is identified as Niaqut­siaq). They could not have childrenof their own so they adopted a boynamed Panikpakuttuk, who is aliveand lives in Igloolik with his wife.

The house with a bunch of people infront in the other picture was thehome of the two preachers in PondInlet. We held church services there,but in the spring, when people fromIgloolik and Arctic Bay came to PondInlet, there were so many people thatthe church was always full, so we hadto have two services each Sunday forthe church to be able to hold all thepeople. Half of the people went in themorning and the other half went atnight. Some people even climbed ontop of the church to listen to theservice because there was no room.

We had two (Anglican) preacherswho had been named in Inuktitut bythe Inuit. The smaller preacher wascalled minister Tatiana and the biggerone was called minister Taka. In thosedays, the preachers gave tea to all thepeople as they arrived in Pond Inlet,usually coming from Igloolik andArctic Bay. We also prayed for thepeople's safety when they wereleaving.

There were two other Roman Catholicpreachers in Pond Inlet, but thereweren't any Catholic followers sotheir church was hardly ever full,except when Catholic people fromIgloolik came to Pond Inlet. Then theywent to church.

I'm writing only some of the storiesabout those times, even though I stillremember a lot of things about thosedays-I have not forgotten.

Now I will tell you a story aboutKangualuk. (Kangualuk is believed tobe the one that the cache belongedto. He and his family had lived at thecamp where the relics were found.)

his is the preacher's house atPond Inlet which Kangualuk helped

) build. The youngsters standingI front of It have rot beenlentifled.

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Taanna ajuriqsuijiup iglunga mit­timatalingmi kangualuk sana­qataulaurpuq taassuminga iglumi.Taakkua makkuktuit nangirtuitqaujimajaungilat kinakkuung­mangaata.

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illulimmiutauliqtuq). Pingasut sivu­niani ukuangujut saumianit: ukaliq,tuglia saumianit kalluk, marruuk suliinuujuuk tamarmik maanna illulimmiu­taujuk, ukalirlu ulaajuqlu. (taqaugarlukalluglu nukaakka.)

Ajjiup piqataa nuliariik kuutiq ammanulianga ikkarialik (titiraqsimajumi"inuusiviniup ilangi ukiuqtaqtumi"nulianga niaqutsianguniraqtaulaur­mat). Nutaraqtaarunnanginnamik ti­gualauqtuk inuusuktuarjungmik pani­pakaktuk-inuujuq suli illulingmiutau­juk nulianilu.

Iliurjuaq inugiaktuq saangani uvagugi­jaulauqtuq ajuriqsuijiingnit marruung­nit mittimatalingmi. Taikani tuksia­qattalauqtugut kisiani upirngaksaamiInuit tikiqattarmata iglulingmit ikpiar­jungmillu mittimatalingmut. Inugia­luarmat tuksiarvik tatattummarialuu­qattarmat marruirluta tuksiariaqaqat­talauqtugut sanattailimi tamakkirung­naqullugit. Inuit nappangi ullaakkuttuksiariasutik ilangit unnukkut. Inuitilangit tuksiarviup qaanganuaqsutiktusaaqattalauqtut tuksiarviup tata­luarninganut! Marruungnik ajuriqsuiji­qalauqtugut inuktitut atsigausima­juungnik: mikiniqsaq ajuriqsuiji atiqaq­suni tatianamik anginiqsaq ajuriqsuijitakamik. Taitsumani, ajuriqsuijit tii­tuqtitsiqattalauqtut tikippalliajunik

67

Kangualuk was my older brother,adopted by my father after his ownfather died when he was very young.His full name was Kangualuk Uisat­tiaq. He and his younger brother werewith my father until they becameadults.

I was very close to Kangualuk and at­tached to him when I was young-Iwas always with him. Everytime Iwent to sleep, he let me use hiscaribou parka as a blanket. At thattime, before he had a wife, he wasalways with my family. He was veryhard working and could do a lot ofthings. I hung around him constantlyas I was growing up and he was theone who taught me how to hunt. Hetaught me everything about huntingwhen just the two of us went out onthe land.

When I grew up and became an adult,we did not spend as much time to­gether because he had returned to his

68

Anaviapik was able to name theseseven boys Top row, left to right:Aukkajauq, Ittuksuk. Qaki"q andUlaajuq (row living in IglooliklBottom row, left to right: Ukaliqstill living!, Kalluk and Taqaugak.

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C... bt>L....

Anaviupik taakkuninga ang tlmksaqsilaurpuq. Ukuanguvut:

Tunuaniittut saumingmi talirp­ingmu: Aukkajauq, ittukusuk,qakiuq ammalu ulaajuq (igluling·miutaulirtuq). Ammalu tauna­niinniqsait saumingmi talirpingmut:Ukaliq (inuujuqsuli). kalluk ammalutaqqaugaq.

"; '..

",

mittimatalingmut, tikigajungniqpaa­ngulauqtut iglulingmit ikpiarjungmillu.Tuksiutiqattalaurmijavut naamatsia­qullugit aullasigiaraangata.

Marruungnik iksirarjuaqtaqalauqtuqmittimatalingmi kisiani iksirarjuarmiu­taqtaqalualaungngimmat tuksiarvi­ngat tataluarungnalaungngittuq. Kisi­ani tuksiariaraangata iglulingmiutaitiksirarjuarmiutat tikitsaraangamik mit­timatalingmut.

lIainnanganik taitsumanitarnik titirau­siqaqtunga, amisualungnik aulajijaqa­raluaqtunga taitsumanitarnik - puigu­laungittunga.

Maanna unikkaarviginiaqpangit ka­ngualungmik. (Kangualuk pirujaqaq­tuunasugijaujuq. lIanilu nunaqaqpa­laurmata inuusiup ilavininginnik nani­sivviujumi): Kangualuk angajugilauq­tara, ataatama tiguaqtaarilaurmaguataatanga tuqungmat mikittukuluu­tillugu. Atiluktaanga kangualuk uitsat-

These other photo­graphs were foundn Kangualuk'strunk. The one inthe centre. oftwo men and aboy. may havebeen taken whenthey were digging

oal on theSalmon River

I Pond nlet

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Taakkua ajjiquti·ungmijut nani·jaulaurput kangua­luup piqutikku 4

viani. Taannaqitlaniittuq mar·ruuk angutiikammalu atausiqnutaraq angutiajjiliurtaujuksaun­nirput saggartillugitqijuksamik mit·timataliup qanigi­jaani akuani.

real mother, my father's sister. Myfather thought Kangualuk was grownup and independent enough to makeup his own mind and let him de­cide where he wanted to go. Also,Kangualuk's stepfather wanted himto come and live with them.

When he became an adult and had hisown child, he adopted a daughternamed Ukkanguq. Kangualuk wanteda child of mine so he adopted my son,Qaunaq. Kangualuk was wise andwas not afraid of anyone. I knew himvery well, but he was a bit shy abouthis ways. Sometimes just the two ofus lived alone out on the land and hetaught me a lot of things.

By the time I had a wife, my fatherwas always with the Qallunaat,guiding them around the land and seain their ship in the north. He wasworking for the Hudson's Bay Com­pany and he had a teacher by thename of Andy. That was the time Ididn't spend any more time withKangualuk.

This is the end of my story.Thank you.

Anaviapik

L'i"O" [W~'~q"'C'b,--~"')'" r'nLCc-'rPr'qO' ll'",'~q'r~C"'C'b..><I,--~"f"L' )'r'q'­II'L' CC..>qr'o.,--~"f")"'. Pr'qO' )'r'qn.­q~'LC ll'.,c-'r~Cll' ll'r'~'~<I'f~C' np'­~~'Lr' r'nLCc-'J'.

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tiaq. Nukanilu ataatanniinginnaqsutikinnaruqqaaratik. Makkulauq&ungakangualungmut ungajummariulauq­punga - katimainnasulauqtara. Sini­giatuaraiguma, atiginganik qipiqaqti­suurilauqpaanga. Taitsumani nuliaqa­ngilauqtillugu, uvattinniinginnasuu­ngulauqtuq. Piliriggujuulauqtuq ammaamisunik ajungitaqaqsuni. Katimain­nasuurilauqtara piruqsallunga angu­nasungnirmik ilisaqtittijigilauqtara.Angunasugusiluktaamik ilisaqtilauq­taanga kisirmiuliraigunnuk nunami.

Pirurama innaruqsunga katimagajuin­niqsauliqsunuk anaanammarimminututirmat-ataatama najanganut. Ataa­tama kangualuk innarurasugigamiukisumasurungnarasugitiramiuk isuma­Iiuqtitanga naniigumammangaarmiiamma ataataksangata pisimagumali­laurmagu.

Innarurami nangmlnlq nutaraqaliq­sunilu, tiguaqtaalauqpuq ukkangur­mik. Kangualuk nutarannik piguma­laurmingmat irninnik tigualauqpuqqaunnarmik. Kangualuk silatujuulauq­tuq iqsigijaqaranilu. Qaujimatsiam­marilauqtara kisiani kanguttaqtur­laulaurmat. lIaannikkut kisirmiuqsu­nuk inuilaqsiuqattalauqpuguk ilisaq­suningalu amisunik. Nuliaqaliqtillunga,ataataga qallunaaniinginnasuunguli­lauqtuq qaujimataullunilu nunamitariumilu umiarjuanginni niuviqtik­kunni kaimpanikkunni sanajiulluniilisaijiqalauqtuq aantimik. Kangua­lungmik katimajaqasuiqtillunga.

Unikkaaqtuara isulippuq, qujannamiik.

Anaviapik.

70

.oz•.~u>0;~

History in theMaking:Thoughts onSelf-Governmentin Our Land

A.IJ\.lJC

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Inungnut Atuvik­juartuq: Isumagi­jaujut NangminiqGavamaqarnirmutAulatsinirmitNunattinni

In this interview, Zebedee Nungak,Co-chairman of the Inuit Committeeon National Issues, talks about Inuitself-government and what the futureholds as these exciting years ofnorthern history unfold. The interviewwas conducted by Deborah Evaluar­juk of Inuktitut magazine. Nungaklives in the Northern Quebec com­munity of Kangiqsuk (Payne Bay).

Evaluarjuk: Archaeologists have beenslowly piecing together the history ofpeople in the Arctic. Do you thinkwhat they have learned has any effecton questions of land claims today?

Nungak: It's evidence not normallyused to argue the case for self-gov­ernment. We are aboriginal-that has

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Apiqsurtautillugu Jaipit Nungaq, iksi­vaaqtiuqataujuq Inuit kanatalimaamipijjutigillugit katimajinut uqausiqalauq­put Inuit nangminiq gavamaqarnirina­jaqtamingnik ammalu sivunivut qanui­linganajaqmangaaq tamanna pilirijau­valliaminganut. Apiqsuqtaulauqput Ti­puura Ivaluarjuup Inuktitut uqali­maagangani sanaji. Nungaaq kupaaktaranganiitumit nunaqaqpuq kangiq­5umi.

Tipuura: Taikkua nunagijaujuvinitu­qarnik saggaqtiit qaujisimaninginnikInuit nunaqassuujalaurninginnik uki­uqtaqtumit tamanna aturutauvaanangminiq gavamaqarasuarnirmiksangiliriartitsivaa?

Jaipiti: Tamanna isumagijausima­ngimmat uvalu apirijutauqattangimma

71

already been established. The govern­ment accepts us as aboriginal peoplewho were here first. They don't ques­tion that-that is basically alreadysettled when the government sitsdown with anybody. But it's normallyvery hard to convince them that wedo have legitimate rights to governourselves, just as much as they have.I don't really know how to tie it toarchaeology-I've never thoughtabout it that way.

Evaluarjuk: Whose territories are theNWT?

Nungak: Well, they are the ancestrallands of the Inuit and, in fact, theUngava Peninsula of Quebec belong­ed to the NWT until 191 2. And be­cause we are aboriginal to thoselands, we consider them ours-thelands of the Inuit. Our problem arosewhen White Men came and estab­lished their forms of government overthose lands. We still lived here, beingjust normal Eskimos, when theystarted dividing up the land and put­ting borders on them without askingour permission, without even involv­ing us or consulting us. So the Inuithomeland we find today is dividedinto three jurisdictions: the Territories,Arctic Quebec and Northern Labrador.None of those did we ever, as a peo­ple, choose. We did not choose to beNewfoundlanders. We did not chooseto be Quebeckers. We didn't haveanything to do with setting up theboundaries.

Evaluarjuk: If the government justtook over Inuit land without consult­ing them whatsoever, then why doInuit have to get consent to governthemselves in their own land?

Nungak: It is because the land, ourhomeland, has been taken over sev­eral times, not just once. First it wastaken over by the Hudson's Bay Com­pany, and then it was divided andgiven over to Canada which Canadafurther divided into three parts. Itwas divided between Nunatsiaq, Que­bec and Newfoundland. The govern­ment's attitude has always been: "Itbecame ours, therefore it is ours. Weacquired it." Because they have thisattitude, they say they legally holdtitle to all this land. They have alwaysignored or disregarded our claims,as the occupiers of the land, thatthe land is ours. And because they

72

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Inuit nunaqaqqaarsimajuvinillattaa­ngungmangaata suuqaimma katima­qattaratta (katiqatiqaq&uta gavama­lirijinikl qaujimajauvagiiq&uta nuna­qaqqaaqsimajuviniugiattinnik. Qauji­magamik sivulliqpaangulluta nuna­qaqqaaqsimajuviniunittinni imannaluapirivangimmata "kinakkuuvisi am­malu kisuuvisi? Qanuq tamaani nuna­qaliqnikuuvisi?" Kisianili aksururnaq­mat qaujimatinnasuk&ugit uvattinnikaulatittunnariatinnik ammalu uvattin­nik gavamaqariaksattinnik. Kisianiittarnisarujungnut uvalu nunagijauju­vinituqarnik saggaqtiit qanuq katiti­gianginnik tamatumunga nalugakku.

Tipuura: Kinakkunnik nunatsiaq pigi­jauva?

Jaipiti: Inutuqavinirnik nunagijaujutu­qaviniuvuq ammalu unngaava kupaaktarranga nunatsiamiutaulauqsimaga­luarmat kisiani 1912-ngutillugu ilagija­ujunniilauqsimavuq. Immakallavinim­marialuk Inuit nunaqasilaursimang­mata nunatsiami nunatuqarigattigut:isumagigattigut nunaginittinnik uvaluInuit nunagininganut kisiani iluaqsa­runniililauqsimagatta ammalu ajuqsali­laursimangmata Inuit qallunaat tikitil­lugi ammalu gavamaqarasualilauqtil­lugit nunattinni. Nunatsiamit suli nu­naqalaurput Inuit ammalu angunasu­innarpaktillugit qallunaat aviktuival­Iialilaurput Inuit nunanganni apirilau­ngittiammarik&utik ilagijautitaungit­tiammarilaurpugut uvalu qanuq isu­magingmangaatigut apirijaulaungitti­ammariktilluta, asuilaak inut nunangatpingasuilingajunik aviktausimaliqpuq:nunatsiaq, kupaak tarranga ammalulaapatua. Taakkualu aviktuqtausima­jut Inuit nunangat nirualaungippavutsuuqlu nirualaunginnatta laapatuami­utaujumalluta uvalu kupaakmiutauju­malluta ammalu ilagijautitaulaungit­tiammarikkatta aviktuinirmik.

Tipuura: Gavamakkut Inuit nunangan­ni pituinnattiammarilauqsimangmataapirilaungi&&utik inungnik, qanuim­malli Inuit apirijariaqaliqpat imming­nik aulattijumanirarlutik nunaquti­minik?

Jaipiti: Imanna pillugu: Inuit nuna­qutingat pitaarijausimalirmat unuqtu­iqsuqtaulluni. Niuviqviit (Hatsan Pailnu na quti gil auqsima ng m ing majjukammalu aviktuqtaulauq&uni kanata­mut tunijaulilauqsimangmat ammalukanataup pingasuilingajumik aviktuq­&unijjuk. Aviktaulauqpuq nunatsia-

ignored us, they have always goneahead with development. They ex­plore for oil, they start mines-theygo ahead with all these developmentsbecause they feel that it is their legalright, that they are the bosses of theland.

Now, It IS exactly because of thatsituation that we are forced to nego­tiate arrangements and agreementswith them so that they will no longerhave total freedom as they've alwayshad to bulldoze, acquire, steal, extractand otherwise get rich while we haveour hands in our pockets. We have todeal with this in an agreement so theywill recognize, at least, that some ofthe land is not theirs and that theirown law should acknowledge it.

Evafuarjuk: So the Inuit have beendivided up by the Qallunaat. Shouldn'tthey all be together as one Inuitnation, from Greenland through Lab­rador, Northern Quebec, and the NWTto Alaska?

Nungak: That would be the ideal, tohave Inuit as a nation under one juris­diction because basically we speakthe same language, have the sameculture, live under the same climaticconditions, eat the same foods and soon. Therefore, we would be bestserved by one government that is sen­sitive to our culture, our needs, theclimate and the rest. Unfortunately,we have been divided by artificialboundaries. That is the big part of thestruggle to attain some sort of self­government for our people, who nowlive under these different govern­ments.

Evafuarjuk: Would we actually be­come one whole nation - is that thepoint?

Nungak: We are one nation in prac­tice-in language and culture. Inwanting to attain self-government,we have been seeking a right whichwould be recognized nationally fromcoast to coast. But although it wouldbe one right applying to everybody,the way it would actually be practicedwould, by now, necessarily have tobe different in each of the three Cana­dian jurisdictions in which we live.

Evaluarjuk: What do you think of thefact that Qallunaat always try toextinguish native claims?

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nguqtitaulluni, kupaaklu ilanga am­malu laapatua. Imanna Gavamakkutisumaqattaqmata: "piqutitaarilauq­simagattigut asuilaak pigivavut piqu­tigivavut. Pitaarilaurattigut asuilaatpigivavut. " taimanna isumaqarningin­nut maligatigut piqutigivangat gava­makkut ammalu suqutiksangittiam­mariksimajutuqaungmata nunaqartu­tuqarnik inungnik kisuungigusuk&utiknunaqartutuqaugaluartilluta ammalununamit sanagiakautigiqattaqsimang­mata apiringittiammarik&utik-uqsu­alungmik qiniriaqattaqput apirilau­ngi&&utik, apirilaungi&&utik ujarak­si uqvili uqattaqput - ta m akkuningapigiaqtittiqattarsimavut isumaningin­nut maligakkut pijurtnautiqarniraq&u­tik ammalu isumataunirarmata ammaangajuqaangunirarmata Inuit nunaqu­tinganik. Maannaujumik Gavamakkuttaimanna isumaniqarninginnut asui­laak angiqatigiigasugiaqarpugut am­malu aaqqiksuijariaqaqpugut pijuma­tuaraangata pijumajamingnik pigiaka­utigiqattaqungillutigut Inuit nuna­nganni taimannaiqujivugut suuqaim­ma isum~taunasuinnaqattaqsimang­

mata, pitaarasuinnaqattaqsimang­mata, sakluqattaqsimangmata, nuna­mik asinginniklu tikliqattaqsimang­mata ammaluttauq kiinaujaliuqattaq­simangmata uvagulli nunaqaqtiujugutkiinaujaqtaangittiammariktilluta nuna­mingaartunik. Taimanna isumaningin­nut angiqatigiigasungniaratta qauji­tinnasuklutigut uvalu ilitaqsitinnasuk­lutigut tamatuma nunaup ilanga nuna­gingimmajjuk qallunaat. Taimannaqaujitinnasuk&utigut qallunaat nuna­gituinnanginningannut angiqatigiiga­suliqpugut.

Tipuura: Inulimaat namirmiutalimaataviktuqtausimalirmata qallunaanitkatititaulluaraluarpaat nunalimaangitatausinguqtitaulutik aviktuqsimajau­junniirlutik suurlu akukitturmiut, laa­patuamiut, kupaakmiuk, nunatsiamiutammalu alaaskamiut?

Jaipiti: Akauttiarajaqpuq Inuit nuna­ngit atausinguqtitaunnirpata suuqaim­ma ajjigiimik uqausiqaratta, ajjigiiniknirivakkatta ammalu ikkiingujuinnaul­lutik nunaqutigijavut. Tamakua pillugitakauniqsaunajaqpuq atausirmik gava­maqarutta tukisiattiaqtumik ammaluikpigusuttiarunnartumik iliqusituqat­tinni ammalu asinginnik atuqtattinnikinuuvvigijattinni. Kisianili aviktuqtau­simagatta taakkununga kigliqaqtunutapirijaulauqsimangi&&uta qanuq isu­magingmangaatigut ammalu aksuru-

Nungak: It's not surprising-that'stheir history. They are colonial. Theyeither conquer or acquire somebodyelse's land, establish their own formsof government and set their ownpriorities without consulting anybodywho was there first. They are expertsat acquiring, amassing, collecting andsteam-rolling over everybody else.That's their nature. That is the way,throughout history, that their peoplehave acquired power and authorityand control over other lands and otherpeople. I'm not saying it's right-infact, it is very wrong in our case. Wehave never fought any wars withWhite people. We have never givenour consent for them to do whateverthey damn well please in our lands.And so it is very insulting for usto be told that we are now living inthis province or that territory, espe­cially since our blood relation lines goacross all the borders that have everbeen established.

Evaluarjuk: Why are they so reluctantto give self-government?

Nungak: It's a fear that the Qallunaathave about being displaced or givingup land, resources, authority andpower that they have acquired overthe centuries. They have a paranoidfear about having their authority andtheir comfortable lifestyle somehoweroded or degraded by a more equit­able sharing of the resources of thecountry which would be forced uponthem by the establishment of aborig­inal governments.

Evaluarjuk: Is it recognized - by aninternational court or something ofthat kind-that aboriginal people arebeing treated unfairly in their ownhomeland?

Nungak: As far as I know, nothing hasever been taken to a court on an inter­national level, at least not by aborig­inal people of Canada, although at thelast First Ministers' Conference someIndian and Metis groups invited inter­national authorities on human rightsto observe the meeting. The imposi­tion on aboriginal people by Qallunaatin Canada should be possible to taketo an international court, but the pastexperience of Indians [shows this isoften useless.J During the time whenthe Canadian government was tryingto bring its constitution to Canadafrom England, Indian people who had

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riallakkanniqsimagatta nangmlnlqgavamaqarumanirmut aviktuqtausi­manittinnut inuujugut.

Tipuura: Atausirmik inulimaat katin­ngalutik nunaqarumaaqpaat?

Jaipiti: Aturtuinnaunittinnut ajjigiik·tumit katingajuinnauvugut tamannapillugu uqausikkut ammalu iliqusitu­qakkut. Uvattinni gavamaqarumavu­gut pijunnautivut ajunginnirpullu ilisa­rijautinnasuk&utigut kanatalimaami.Taanna ajunginnirijaunajaqtuq kinak­kulimaanut aturajaqpuq kisiani atur­tauninga ajjigiinginnajaqpuq ajjigiingit­tunik nunaqartunik inungnut.

Tipuura: Qanurli isumagivigit qallu­naat pitaqarunniirtittigiaqattarningin­nut nunaqaqqaaqsimajuit nunaqar­n irarsimajjutig ijang inn ik?

Jaipiti: Taimannainniarningit qauji­manaqpagiilaurmat: taimanna inuusi­qaqsimangmata iliqusigigamijjuk. Nu­nataarasuinnaqattarsimangmata i1iqu­siqarmata taimanna. Nunataaqattar­simavut asinginnik inungnut nunagi­jaujunik ammalu immingnik gavama­qutinginnik aaqiksivak&utik nunamutmaliktaujariaqartumit inungnut amma­lu piliriaksarijaujunik ammalu malik­taujariaqaqtunik nunaqaqqaasimaju­nut aaqiksivakkillutik apirilaungittiaq­&utik tikiqqaaqsimajuvinirnut. Aju­ngittummariungmata pitaarasungnir­mik. kiinaujaliurnirmik, katittinirmik.ammalu isumataunasungnirmik asi­nginnut inuujunut. Taimanna isuma­qarmata ammalu iliqqusiqarmata am­malu tamakkua ajunginninginnik atuq­&utik isumatanguqsimangmata am­malu aulattiliqsimangmata asinginnutnunagijaujunik. Akaunirangitara ta­manna immaqaa akaungittummaria­luuvuq uvagut pilluta. lnungnik una­taqatiqalauqsimangimmata qallunaa­nik; angilauqsimangittiarattigut qanu­tuinnaq pilirijunnarnirmingnut nunat­tinni. Tamanna pillugu akaungittum­mariungma inuujutigut uqaujjautil­luta aviktausimajumik nunaqalirnirar­tautilluta piluartumik ilaqarnittinnutinungnik asinginnik nunaniittunik avik­tausimajunik.

Tipuura: Qanuimmalliikkua (gavama­tuqakkut) nangminiq gavamataaquu­jittiangilat?

Jaipiti: Kappiasungmata qallunaatannaijariaksaq nunamik, nunamiutar­nik kiinaujaliurutaujunnartunik. isuma-

previously signed treaties with theEnglish Crown were concerned thatthose rights they had agreed to a longtime ago would be violated. But theattitude of the Monarch, then prettymuch as now, has been that it is aninternal matter that must be settledbetween the Indians and the Canadiangovernment. So we are forced to tryto resolve these problems withinCanada.

Evaluarjuk: In your OpiniOn, do theOallunaat have any rights over ouriand?

Nungak: No, legitimately they do not.I say legitimately because we'venever been defeated in a war andnever consented to being taken overby them. That's why they have toaccept the notion of dealing with Inuitin land claims negotiations, so thatownership of the land or parts of it,and the resources, can be settled byan agreement. If they did not recog­nize that Inuit have special rights, thatInuit were here before them, theywould not, of course, recognize theneed for land claims to be negotiatedat all.

Evaluarjuk: How about mining and oilproduction and stuff like that? Docompanies keep all the profits fromthose?

Nungak: Previously they have keptthe profits to themselves, so anyrevenues they may have got from

Co-chairman Zebedee Nungak(right) and John Amagoalik (centre)at the 1984 First Ministers Con­ference on Aboriginal matters.

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ksivautarijaujuq Zebedee Nungak(talirpiannil ammalu JohnAmagoalik (qitianituq) 1984-misivullirpangulluni ministaup kati­maviviani nunaqaqaqsimajut isuma­qsutigijunnaqtanginnik pijjutiqa­&utik.

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taunirmik ammalu ajunginniqarnirmikannaijumangimmata pitaarilaursima­janginnik immakallauliqtuq apirilau­ngittiartillugit uvattinnik uvvalu ki­ngullittinnik pitaarunnarmangaaming­nik Inuit nunangannik. Kapiasungmataisumataunirijangit ammalu angajuqaa­ngunirijangat piiqtauqungimmajjukammalu ak&uinnirmik inuusiqarniqajuqsarnangittumik inuusiqarniq asi­ujijumangimmajjuk nunamiutanik kii­naujaliurutaujunnartunik immingnitu­innaq aturumajanginnik asiujituinna­riaqarninginnik nunaqaqqaaqsimajuitgavamataarniqpata immingnik aulatti­lirniqpata.

Tipuura: Tamanna flkaugijauvaa nu­naqjuarmuulingajumut iqqaqtuijiqju­ammarikkunnut?

Jaipiti: Oaujimaninnut kiullunga sulitamanna nunaqjuarmuulingajumutiqqaqtuijiqjuakkunnuartaulaungimmatnunaqqaqqaaqsimajunut kanatami.Angajuqqaunirpaat katimavikjualaur­tillugit iqqiliit ammalu qallunaingajuitaglait qaiqujilauqsimavuq nunaqjua­limaamuungajunut kamajiujunik anga­juqaangujunik kinakkutuinnait aju­nginniqarninginnut pillugit qaujisariar­tuqujaulauqsimallutik katimajunik ki­siani qaujimanira atuq&ugu kiuvungatamanna iqqaqtuijiqjuakkunnut pili­rijautitaulaursimangimmat suli. Kisianiqallunaat kanatami pitaarasulaurni­nginnut nunamik angiqtaulauqsima­ngitillugit nunaqaqqaatsimajuvinirnuttamanna pillugu iqqartuijiqjuakkun­nuarutaujunnaqtuksauvuq. Kisianilit­tauq taikkua immakallak iqqiliit angi­qatigiiqatiqalaursimatillugit qallunaa­nit, kanataup gavamaqutia kanatauppiqujaqjuanganik aaqqiksuitillugittaikkua iqqiliit angiqatiqalauqsimajutgavamakkunnik England-mungaugia­iauqsimangmata upagiaqtuq&utikaaqqiksuiqattartunik tamakkuningapiqujarjuat pillugit unnirlugiaqtulauq­simangmata kuinmut (piqujarjuanikaaqqiksuiqataulaurtumut) taikkuaangiqatigiigutigilauqsimajangit imma­kallautillugu tusaangisaqtaulirningin­nut ammalu maliktaunngilirninginnuttaikkununga qallunaanut aaqqiksui­laurtunut. Kisianili kuinmuaraluar­tillugit tainna kuin uqalilauqsimavuqkanatamingaaq aaqqiktaugiarunnarn­inganut ilaak pilirijaujariaqarninganutammalu pilirijaujariaqarmagguuq iqqi­liujunut ammalu kanataup gavama­nganut. Tamannalu piliugu pilirijaria­qarpavut kanataup iluani.

mines, hydro-electricity from thedamming of rivers, have gone straightto the government treasury. Inuithave never been given a share of thewealth that is being extracted fromour land.

Evaluarjuk: Do you think there is achance that Inuit might someday havean equitable share of the wealth takenfrom their land?

Nungak: That is one of the mainobjectives of the negotiations for landclaims and self-government. All thewealth being extracted has alwaysbeen for the benefit of the Oallunaat.That's why we are negotiating formore power, more rights, so that theywill recognize that all people will bebetter off economically and in everyother way.

Evaluarjuk: Would self-governmentbe something like the Home Rule inGreenland?

Nungak: There's going to be manyvariations because Indians, Inuit andMetis live under all sorts of differentcircumstances. For the Inuit part, Iwould say that something based ona Home Rule model would be accept­able because we are the overwhelm­ing majority in the communities wherewe live in the Arctic. But it wouldbe something different for the In­dians and Metis living near cities andamongst large populations of whitepeople. Whatever form it takes, it isgoing to have to be a negotiatedstructure. I do not think any Inuit inthe North, wherever they live, wouldaccept something the governmentthought up and gave to them. Wewould have to participate in makingdecisions about what form our gov­ernments would take.

Evaluarjuk: So Indians and Inuit wouldgovern themselves separately?

Nungak: We have been pursuing anational right, for people from coastto coast, but how that right is defined,implemented and practiced is going todiffer from region to region, fromcommunity to community. For exam­ple, Inuit in Labrador would probablyhave something quite different fromthe Inuit in Nunatsiaq, simply becausethey are far fewer in number and theyare governed by an authority called

76

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Tipuura: Oallunaat pijunnautiqarpaatnunattinni isumaqsurutiqarpaat?

Jaipiti: Akka, maligakkut isumaqsur­lutik pijunnautiqangilat. Uqarpungamaligakkut pijunnautiqanginniraq­&ugit suuqaimma unatalauqsimangin­natta ammalu saalaulauqsimangin­natta unatartilluta ammalu angilauq­simangittiaratta nunavut pigijauquni­ralauqsimangittiarattigut. Maligaqatuq&ugu pijunnautiqanginninginnutangiqatigiiqatiqariaqarput inungniknunaqaqqaarnirarniraqtillugit (Inuit).Angiqatigiigiaqarmata kina nunamitnangminiqarmangaaq ammalu kinanaliangnik amma naukkut nunaminangminiqarmangaangani ammalununamingaartunik kiinaujaliurutaujun­nartunik kina piqarmangaanginniktamakkua angiqatigiigutigijaujariaqar­mata inungnik ammalu gavamakkun­ni. Oaujilaungippata Inuit pijunnauti­qarninginnik uvalu Inuit tamaunganunamuaqaalaurninginnik qaujilau­ngippata ujjirinajaiaungipput nuna­qarniraqsimajumit angiqatigiigiaqar­ninginnut.

Tipuura: Taikkuali ujaraksiuqtauqat­tartuit ammalu uqsualuit nunamitpijauqattartuit tamakkunanngat kii­naujaliurtauqattartuit gavamakkunnipitaarijauqattarpaat tamarmik uvvalununaqaqqaaqsimajuit ilangannik pi­taarunnarpat?

Jaipiti: Nunamingaartunik kiinaujaliur­taujuit kiinaujartaarijauqattarput gava­makkunnik asuilaak taikkua kiinau­jaliurt~uvaktuit ujaraksiurvingni,qaummaqqutiliurnirmik kuuliursimaju­nik tamakkunanngat kiinaujartaarijau­jut gavamakkunnut pitaarijauvakput.Inuujugulli kiinaujartaalaursimangit­tiammarikpugut nunattinningaartunikkiinaujaliurutaujunik.

Tipuura: Isumaviit Inuit qangatuinnaqk iinaujaIiuqataujunnaIaara sug ivig iitnunaminingaaqtunik?

Jaipiti: Tamanna angiqatigiigasugitigi­jauqatauvuq, angiqatigiigutinut nuna­qarnirartumut ammalu nangminiqgavamaqarnirmut, kiinaujaliuqatau­maursimangimmata. Taikkua kiinauja­Iiurutaujut nunanganingaartunik qal­lunaanutuinnaq pitaarijauqattaqsi­mangmata ammalu tamanna pilluguangiqatigiigasukpugut sannginiqtaa­rasuk&uta, ajunginniqtaarasuk&utailitarijautinnasuk&utigut ajunginnivut

the Government of Newfoundland.Such things would have to be con­sidered, whether they like it or not.

Eva/uarjuk: Then Labrador and North­ern Quebec would not be part ofNunavut-they would be separate?

Nungak: In my opinion, they would bebest served by becoming part ofNunavut. But it's next to impossibleat this point in history to get theGovernment of Newfoundland andthe Government of Quebec to handover the Arctic portions of theirterritory and give them to Nunatsiaq.

Evaluarjuk: Wouldn't Inuit have theright to choose whether they want tobe part of that province or part of theNorthwest Territories?

Nungak: That is a question the peo­ple themselves will have to resolve,especially if the constitutional pro­cess, which failed at the last FirstMinisters' Conference, does not getstarted up again. The Inuit in pro­vinces may want to take politicalaction to be handed back to the Ter­ritories so that we could have onegovernment for all Inuit. But I can'treally answer that because it wouldbe up to the people in the commu­nities to make that decision.

[Former jurisdictional decisions] weremade by governments. In the case ofNorthern Quebec, in 1912 the Gov­ernment of Canada woke up onemorning and decided to give this giantpiece of land to Quebec. The Govern­ment of Newfoundland, which did notbecome part of Canada until 1949,had a territory called Labrador whichwas in their possession. Those deci­sions were made by colonial govern­ments-the federal and provincialgovernments-without any regardwhatsoever for the wishes or desiresof the people who happened to livethere.

Their attitude was, 'Oh, it's just a fewthousand Eskimos, what do theycare?' They gave away the land. Thepeople never had any choice or anyvoice in decisions made by thosegovernments. That's why Inuit familylines run across all three borders,between Labrador, Quebec and Nu­natsiaq.

Nungak helped provide entertain­ment at a 1983 Elders Conferenceof the Avataq Cultural Institute.

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nunattinni inuilimaat kiinaujaliuttiarun­narniqsauqullugit.

Tipuura: Isumaviit nangmlnlq gava­maqalirutta ajjiqarniarmangaaq surJuakukitturmiut gavamaliarisimajanga­titut?

Jaipiti: Unurtunik ajjigiingittunik aaq­qiksimaniqarniarpuq suuqaimma iqqi­liit, Inuit ammalu qallunaingajuit ajji­giingittunik inuusiqarmata. Inuit inuu­singat pillugu akauniqsauniarpuq'inungnut gavamaqarutik nangminiqajjiqakasaktumik akukitturmiut gava­mangatitut ammalu Inuit unurnirpaa­ngungmata ukiurtartumi. KisianittauqInuit gavamaginiartangata ajjigingi-

, taanik gavamaqarajarivut iqqilinutj ammalu qallunaingajunuk aglanut... qalunaat nunanganirmiutaninginnut.I Qanutuinnaq gavamaqarniaraluartil­~ lugit suli angiqatigiigutaujariaqarput~ suuqaimma Inuit ukiurtaqtumiittuit

uqaujjaujariaqakungimmata kanataupgavamanginnut qanuq aturiaqarma­ngaata gavamaginiartamingnik-ila­ujariaqaratta isumaksarsiurnirmikqanuilinganiarninganut taissuma ga­vamaginiartatta aaqqiksimaniarni­nganut.

Tipuura: Iqqiliit inuillu aviksimanialir­paat nangminiq gavamaqalirpata?

Jaipiti: Kanatalimaamit pijunnarni­qarasukkatta tainnalu pijunnarniriniar­tavut ilisarijauqullutigut kanatalimaa­mit ammalu tainna pijunnautiginiarta­vut qanuq aturtauniarninga, pilirijau­niarninga, maliktauniarningalu ammaaaqiktausimaniarninga ajjigiingittar­niarpuq nunanut ajjigiingittunut am­malu nunalilimaanik ajjigiingittarniar­puq. Suurlu uuktuutigilugu Inuit laapa­tuamiut ajjigijaujaangikkivut inungniknunatsiamiunik suuqqaimma unungin­niqsaungmata ammalu aulataullutikNewfoundland Gavamakkunginnut.Tamakkua tavva isumagijaujariaqar­niarput akaugingikkaluarlunijjuk.

Tipuura: Laapatuarimiut ammalu ku­paak tarranganirmiut nunavumit ilagi­jaujaangilaat?

Jaipiti: Isumagamali aulatauttiarniq­saunajarasugillugit ilagijaukpata nuna­vumut kisiani ajurnakalaurmat tama­tumaniujumit Newfoundland-kut ga­vamakkungit ammalu kupaak gava­makkungit tunisijunnangimmata Inuitnunangannit ilagijaujunik taakkunan­ngat nunatsiamuartittunangikalaur­majjuk.

This is one golden opportunity [thenegotiations for land claims and thecreation of Nunavut) that we inQuebec and Labrador probably wouldnever get. It is a golden opportu­nity-Inuit in Nunatsiaq should realizehow lucky they are to have a chancesuch as this. It doesn't come by everyyear in history.

Evaluarjuk: Is there a possibility ofgetting together with Greenland tooin the future?

Nungak: We're together with them insome way already with the ICC [InuitCircumpolar Conferencel-throughthat forum, meeting with them everythree years, and with the AlaskanInuit too. We have developed ties inculture, language and education, andare developing closer relationshipsthrough transportation links, throughmore inter-circumpolar trade in foodand goods and whatnot. But that isnot fully developed yet. It's just beingworked on at this time by ICC.

Evaluarjuk: Can you talk about thesituation of Inuit in Alaska?

Nungak: I gave that as an examplein my closing speech [at the FirstMinisters' Conferencel. Inuit inAlaska, as in Greenland, have quiteadequate forms of self-government.The Government of the State ofAlaska and the Government of Den­mark have given Inuit living in thoseregions much more control overthings that directly affect their lives.

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Active in Inuit political and culturalaffairs, Nungak often has theopportunity to tell Media reporterswhat he thinks.

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Piliriqattartuq inungni pili.ianginniammalu piqusinginni, nungaquqalugunna&uni isumagijaminitapiqusilirijimut.

Tipuura: Inuit niruarunnalluaraluarpaatilagijaujumangmangaata naliangnutnunamut suurlu nunatsiarmiutauqa­taujumangmangaataa?

Jaipiti: Tamanna inungnut immingnutpilirijaujariaqarniarpuq piluartumi ka­nataup piqujarjualiurniq, pijariirtau­laungittuq angajuqqaunirpaat katima­laurtillugit pilirijaukkanningituarpat .Inuit kupaangmiutait ammalu laapa­tuamiutait utirtitaujumajunnarputnunatsiamut atausirmit inulimaatgavamaqarunnaqullugit kisiani ta­manna kiujunnattianginnakku Inuitimmingnik tamatuminga pilirijaria­qarmata ilaak niruariaqarmata. Ku­paak tarrangani 1912-ngulaurtillugugavamakkut kanatami tunisijumali­laurmata tamatuminga Inuit nunarjua­ngani angijumik kupaak gavamakku­nginnut. Taimattauq NewfoundlandGavamakkungit kanatamit ilagijau­lilaungittut kisiani 1949-ngutainnar­tillugu laapatuamik nunaqalaurputpiqutigillunijjuk. Taikkualu Inuitnunaqutingit kupaangmi ammalu laa­patuamit tunijaulilauqsimangmatakanataup gavamakkunginni ammalununait aviktuqsimajuit gavamaquti­ngit tunisijumalilaurmata kupaang­mut ammalu laapatuamut Inuit apiri­jaungittiaq&utik naliangnik nunamiit­tumangmangaata taikkunani nunanitunijauniartunik nunaqaraluartillugit.Qallunaat gavamaqutingat imannaisumalaurmata "Inuit unungittumma­riungmata suqutiksangittuksauvutqanuiksangi&&utiklu nunanga tunijau­galuarpat." Taimanna isumalaurmataqallunaat gavamangat. Inuillu nuna­qutingat aviktuqtaulilaurpuq Inuitapirijaulaungittiaq&utik uqallaktitau­laungittiaq&utik isumaksarsiurutauna­jartunik gavamakkunnut asuilaak InuitlIaqauruluujartuit nunanit asianiittunikaviktuqtaulilaurput kigliliurtaullutiknunangit laapatuami, kupaakmi am­malu nunatsiami niruaqtitaulaungit­tiaq&utik naliangniittumangmangaataInuit. Angiqatigiigasungniq nunaqarni­rarnirmut ammalu nunavuliurasungniqatausituattianguvuq niruarunnarni­nginnut Inuit uvvali laapatuamiutammalu kupaangmiut niruarunnarti­taulaungittiartillugit. Inuit nunatsiamitnauttiqsurasuttialluarput ammalu pili­rittiarasuklutik niruarunnarnirmingniknunangat pillugu.

Tipuura: Qanuq aviktuqtauniarpa?

Jaipiri: Nunatsiamiutaunginnama ta­manna apirijait kiujunnajaanginnakkutnunavut pillugu.

rFor example, in the North Slope ofAlaska it is possible for the permanentresidents there to get a more equit­able share of the resources that arebeing developed. The oil fields atPrudhoe Bay are within the jurisdic­tion of the North Slope government,and they get royalties and taxesfrom the business activities thatgo on there. So that is somethingthe various governments in Canadawould do well to study, to assurethemselves that it is not a damagingthing for Inuit to have such forms ofself-government or for them to takemore control over their lives. And,that way they are less of a burden onthe federal and the state [or provin­cialJ government.

Evaluarjuk: What is happening withthe agreement between Inuit andIndians?

Nungak: That is something we havebeen working very hard to develop,especially in the past year. We expectto continue to work very closely withthe Indian and Metis leadership tomake sure that the Canadian Govern­ment does not fall asleep on aboriginalrights and make sure that we are notjust sitting at the hall waiting for thegovernment to invite us.

Evaluarjuk: Are Indians and Inuitasking for basically the same thing?

Nungak: Ves, as a national right it'sbasically the same, although as a formof government it would be quite dif­ferent in practice.

Evaluarjuk: Take the James BayAgreement, for example, do you thinkIndians and Inuit should be treated thesame way?

Nungak: They should be treatedaccording to their circumstances.Cree and Inuit in Quebec live in someways similarly, but in other ways aredifferent. Each group's history is dif­ferent, the region and population isdifferent. So all sorts of things­population, history, geographic area,proximity to other peoples like Qallu­naat-all these things may be very dif­ferent, so there can't be one thingthat is going to fit everybody. EachIndian or Inuit group negotiating self­government would have to go forsomething that they feel comfortablewith. Negotiations will have to define

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Tipuura: Ajurnarajaqquungilaaq uku­kitturmiut ilagijaujunnarianginnut sivu­nirmi?

Jaipiti: lIagijariirattigut Inuit silaqjua­limaamit katimajiqjuangitigut ammaiukatimaqatigivak&utigut pingasuitarraaguit anigutuaraangata alaaska­miut Inuit ilaugillutik ammalu kati­maqatigiqattarnitinnut piqatigiittiar­niqsauliqpugut iliqusituqatigut, uqau­siqtigut ammalu iliniarnitigut. lIagiit­tiarniqsaulirivugut upaqattautiqattar­nirmut ammalu tauqsiiqattautiqattar­nirmut niqqinik ammalu piqutiruluujar­nik. Kisiani piruttiarsimangimmat suJipiqatigiingnivut maanna asuilaakaaqiksurasuarpavut Inuit silaqjuali­maamit katimajiqjuakkut atuq&uta.

Tipuura: Qanurli isumagivigit pivallia­jut alaaskamit?

Jaipiti: Taima uqausirilaurakku anga­juqaunirpaat katimavikjuartillugit taik­kua Inuit akukittumi ammalu Alaas­kami immingnik aulatittittiarmatagavamaqattiar&utiglu. Suurlu gava­makkut alaaskami ammalu akukittuniaulatittisiarniqsaungmata inuusingin­nut aktuisimajunik. Taimattaur nunali­gijaujumit Northslope Alaaskami nu­naqarniartuit inuusilimaamingni kii­naujaliurunnartitaulirniarput nuna­mingningaartunik kiinaujaliurutaujun­nartunik. Taikkuattauq uqsualusiurviitalaaskami kiinaujartaarviuqattarni­arivut inungnut alaaskamiutaujunutammalu taaksiijaqtitauqattarniaril­lutik Inuit nunanganni aturtuarningin­nut. Tamanna tautuktauluni uvaluuuktuutigijauluni kanataup gavamak­kunginnut qaujisarialluarput ijjuarta­ujunnaqullugu kiinaujaliurniqlu Inuitnunanganingaartunik suragutaujun­nanginninganik inungnut ilaak akau­niqsaujunnarninganut. Ijjuartaulirniq­pallu kanatamiungujunut nangminiqau Iatti tti arn iqsa u Ii ru n n araj arp utammalu gavamakkut kiinaujangin­nik atuluarutauluarajagunniirput Inuit.

Tipuura: Qanuilingaliqpali Inuitammalu iqqiliit angirutingat?

Jaipiti: Taanna aksuruq&uta piliri­nasuksimavavut piluartumik arraa­guulaurtumi. Kajusiinnarluta piqati­giittianginnarlutalu piliriqatigiqatiqara­sungniarpugut iqqilinik ammalu qalu­naingajunik katimajiujunik gavamak­kut kanatami sinilituinnajaauqungil­lugit nunaqaqqaaqsimajuit pijunnaru­tingit pillugit ammalu utaqqituinnaru-

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