AUtHOR Henderson, Kathryn t they, Ed. - ERIC

.y DOCUMENT RES

'ED 233 743 IR 050'397.

AUtHOR Henderson, Kathryn t they, Ed.; Henderson, WlliamT., Ed.

TITLE -4-Conserving and Pret rving Library Materiald. PapersPresented at the. Al erton Park Institute (Urbana, ',,

Illinois, November1518, 1981). Allerton ParkInStitutp Number 27. .

'

INSTITUTION Illinois Univ., Urbanal Graduate School of Library'and Information Science. ..,

REPORT NO ISBN-0-18780.6067-K .

PUB DATE 83NOTE 208p.; Papers presented at the Allerton Institute

(Urbana, IL, November 15-18, 1981).AVAIpABLE'FROM Graduate School of 'Library and Infolmation Sbience,

/ PublicationstOffice, 249 Armory euilding, 505 E.Armory Street, Champaign, IL 61820 ($15.00 percopy). / .

PUB TYPE Collected Works Conference Proceedings (021). Viewpointt (120) -- Reports - Descriptive (141)

EDRS PRICE MF01 Plus Postage.,PC Not Available ,from FDRS.DESCRIPTORS Cooperative Programs; Laboratoriet; Library'

Administration; *Library Materials; *LibraryPlannihg; Library Role; National Programs; *NonprintMedia;' *Paper (Material); *Preservation; ProfessionalTraiping; Regional Programs . j

IDENTIFIER *Ac ,Free Paper; Deacidificatron; *printed` Ma trials

ABSTRACTPapers presented at the 1981 Allerton Park institute

include: (1) "Conservation:' What We should Do. Until the Conservatorand the Twenty-firAt Century Arrive," by Robert H. Patterson'; (2)"Expanding. Preservation Resources: The Corps of Practitioners and theCore of Knowledge," by Pamela W. Darling; (3) "National Preservation'Planning and Regional Cooperative Conservation Efforts," by. CarolynClark Morrow;'. (4) "Preservation ofVaper Based MAerials: Mass,Deacidification Methods and Projects,' by Carolyn Harris; (5)-"Preservation of paper Based Materials:' Present and Future Resaarchand Developments in the Paper Industry," by Gerald W. Lundeen; (6)"Predervation of Nonpaper Materials: Present and Future Research.and-Development in the Preservation of Film, Sound Recordings,'Tapes, .Computer/Records, andOther Nonpaper Materials," b Gerald D. Gibson;(7), "Preservation and Conservation Decisions in the Loc1 Library,"by William T. Hendersbn; (8) "Decisions in Conservation andPreservation in the Conservation Laboratory," by Louise. Kuflik; (9)"Role/of Commericll Services in Conservation and.Preservation," byJam 0S Or (representing library bindets), William Anthony(reOresenting hand binders), Leedom Kettell (representing library.supply houses), and Anita Werling jrepresenting micropubliAhers);

' (10) "Kepler and His Custody Scholarship .and Conservattbk!Rolicy,"by. D. W. Krummelv and (11) "The Role and Responsibility of Thelibrary in Preservation and Conservation-7" by E. Dale Cuff. Anintroduction by'the editors summarizes the/ contents of the papers.Transcripts of discussions at the conference, biographical ,

information on the contributors of papers, and an index to the.proceedings are also provided. (ESR)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION

' EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION ,

CENTER (ERIC)This document has been reproduced asreceived:from the person or organizationcieginatirtg 'it.

1)' Minor changes haVe been made to improverepr6ductOn quality.

Poiqts of vial...sr oirinions stated in this docu-nient do not necessarily represent official NIEposition or policy. _ _ .

0 1 and Preservingtibrary Materials

KATHRYN LUTHER HENDERSONWILLIAM T HENDERSON

Editors

University of Illinois.Graduate School of Library and Information Science

13*- 'Urbana-Champaign, Illinois

ti >0

"PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THISMATERIAL IN MICROFICHE ONLYHAS BEEN GRANTED BY

''Earl Plested

TO THE EDUCA IONAL RESOURCESINFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)."

JOI

MORTON PARK INSTITUTE

Number 27

a

Papers Presented at the Al lerton 'Park Institute

Sponsored bya

University df IllinoisGraduate School of Library and Infgrmation Science

held

November:15-18, 1981Illini Union

Urbana, Illinois

1 ,

Library of Congress Cataleging_in Publication Data

Main entry under, title:.o

Conserving and Preserving library materials.

"Papers presented at the AllertOn Park Institute,sponsored by University of Illinois, Graduate School ofLibrary and Information Science, held November 15-18,1981, Mini Union, Urbkia, Illinois."

Includes index.1. Library materialsConstrvatiOn and restoration

Congresses. 2. BoOksConservation and restorationCongresses. 3. PaperPreservation--congresses.I. Henderson, Kathryn Luther. II. University ofIllinois at Urbana-Champaign. Graduate School of Library 'and InformatiOn Science. IV.'Allerton Park Institute(27th.-: 19.81 : Urbana, Ill.)Z701.C587 1983 025.8'4 83-3537ISBN 0-87845-067-X

x.

,--

© 1983 by The Board of Trustees of The University of Illinois

INTRODUCTION

CONTENTS

gathryti Luther HendersonWilliam T Hinderson

CONSERVATION: WHAT'WE SHOULD DOUNTIL THE CONSERVATOR AND THETWENTY-FIRST CENTURY ARRIVE

Robert H. Patterson

EXPANDING PRESERVATION RESOURCES:THE CORPS OF. PRACTITIONERS ANDTHE CORE OF KNOWLEDGE «

Pamela W. Darling

NATIONAL PRESERVATION PLANNING'AND REGIONAL COOPERATIVE ,CONSERVATION EFFORTS

Carolyn Clark. Morrow

PRESERVATION OF PAPER BASED"MATERIALS: MASS DEACIDIFICATIONMETHODS AND PROJECTS

.57

Carolyn Harris .

PRESERVATION OF PAPER BASEDMA ERIALS: PRESENT AND FUTURERESE CH AND DEVELOPMENTS INTHE PA ER INDUSTRY 73

Gerald W. Lundeen

PRESERVATION OF I),IONPAPER MATERIALS:PRESENT AND YUTURE'RESEARCH, AND ;DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRESERVATION OF FILM,SOUND RECORDINGS,TAPES COMPUTER RECORDS;AND OTHER NONPAPERMATERIALS . . . . . ' . 89

Gerald D. Gibson 0,,

PRESELWATIO ND CONSERVATIONDECISIONS IN T E LOCAL LIBRARY . .

William T Hende on

.37 .

-s

1

DECISIONS IN' CONSERVATIONAND PRESERVATION IN THECONSERVATION LABORATORY

Louise Kklik. 135

,ROLE OF COMMERCIAL SERVICES IN"CONSERVATION AND-PRESERVATION 147

James Orr A

William.AnthpnyLeedom Kettell.Anita Werling

KEPLER AND HIS CUSTODY; SCHOLARSHIPAND CONSERVATION POLICY 465

W: Krummel

TH,E,ROLE AND RESPONSIBILITY OFTHE /LIBRARY IN PRESERVATIOWAND CONSERVATION 181

E. Dale duff

CONTRIBUTORS 197

INDEX 203

A

. Introduction'

One of the chief concerns in library administration and operations for the

1980s is the conservation and preservation of library materials, an area,which fortoo long, has been neglected. Faced with rapid deterioration ofcollections from the ravages of time plus increased widespread use and

transportation of materials thrOughnetworking operations coupled withthe rising cost of materials, supplies and staff and other Problems asso-dated with inflation, librariani and archivists are finding.it increasinglydifficult to preserve their collections. .

A dozen year ve passed since a landmark conference at the'Univer"

sity of Ch'cag. Graduate Library School brought to 'the profession'sattention th serious problems of deterioration and opened up for the

decad the seventies many solutions which arebow being implemen ted.

In oosing the topic for the annual Allerton ParleInstitute, the fac lty of

e Graduate 601 of Library and Information Science at the U versity

of Illinois at Ur ana-Champaign thought it appropriate, at th s time, toassess The state-o -the-art andAo help set the objectives for the 1980s in

conserving and preserving library and'araiival materials Specifically theobjectives of the conference were to make it possible for -those in attendance

to: note the scope of preservation problems; discover the philosophy of

preservation and conservation of library materials; learn new methods andtechniques in the field;- identify new research needs; discover cooperativeapprOaches and programs;'receive current information on developments

in paper manufacturing, deacidifica don, etc.; gather information on pres-ervation of nonpaper materials such as film, recordings, computer records

etc.; learn how and when to use the services of binders, restoration special-

ists and others outside the local library; learn how restoration specialists

c

2 Conserving and Preserving Library Materials

work; and find ways to implement a conservation/preservation policy in alocal library, 1,

From Noveniber 15 to 18..1981, over one hundred librarians, curators,archivists. conservators, binders. and library Wand information sciencefaculty and students gathered together to a ttenfil to meet theseobjectivesthrough themesiages of speakert, the viewingOlexhibits and demonsstra-tions, and discussion with others.

Warning that the 1980s are .khe "best of times, the worst of times" forlibrary conservation and preservation efforts, the keynote speaker, RobertH. Patterson, deems these areas the biggest- challenge of the next twodecades for librarians. Since a shortage of trained and educated personnelexists in these areas, librarians must take the responsibility for educationabout preiervation by designing and implementing their own.programs.Preservation is expensive and, therefore, is a crucial part of library manage-ment requiring critical judgment and cooperative efforts. Such efforis callfor high quality information on preservation including information aboutclearinghouses and regional treatment centers as wellas judicious apprais-al of newly developed commercial products. Urging that almost alllibrar-ies. establish a preseivation committee, Patterson outlines theresponsibilities for such committees. Many of Patterson's points are elabo-rated by other speakers.

4( Reiterating a theme broached by Patterson, Pamela W. Darling notesthat preservation is not solely the domain of a few persons who arespecialists in the field, but is the responSibility of all librarians. To helplibrarians utilize information that is emerging on preservation, researchEfforts are underway by a number of individuals and organizations. With

\tier charge being to `describe some, of these efforts, Darling notes theCollection Analysis Project (CAP) of the ASsocia don of ResearchLibraries(ARL)/Office of Management Studies (OMS) which called upon manylibraries,,for the first time, to take a serious lookat Flreserva hen needs andpossibilities as well as other projects of OMS and the Basic ArchivalConservation Program of the Sociepeof American Archivists (SAA). Shealso discusses professional edUcatiop'programs in conservation/preserva-tion now being developed-by library schools as well as other researchactivities in professional organizations and "invisible colleges." In con-cluding, she notes that onky a coordination of all efforts, a sharing ofclevelopmen'ts, and a dissemination' Of information will result in solutionsto the problems of preservation.

Somr such coordinating and sharing efforts are chronicled by CarolynClark Morrow. She cites the ARL reports of 1964 and 1972 and the 1969University of Chicago Graduate Library School's conference as "earlywarnings" to librarians about the realities of preservation needs. Betweenthe two ARL reports, the Florence flood brought together conservation

rod c1 ton 3

experts from around tbe world to aid in recovery and teclamation effortsand, to experience, for the first time, the synergism of working together.Other events of particular importance to the growing efforts at cooperationhave been the formation of the National Conservation Advisory Council;the Research Libraries Croup (RLG) which, for the first Lime, unital an'integrated preservation program with dissemination and access; theNational Preservation Planning Conference held at the Library of Con-greSs (LC) and the recent establishment of_the Preservation of LibraryMaterials Section (PLMS) within the American Library Association's(ALA), Resources and Technical Services Division (RTSD). The bestknown 'regional conservation effort has been that of the Northeast Dricu-mem Conservation Center (NEDCC) which serves several hundred clientsand provides professional treatment for a wide variety of materials. Othercooperativi', efforts ivhicq Morrow discusses are the Book PreservationCenter, serving the New York metropolitan are:i; the Western States Mate-rials Conservation Project; the statewide preservation plan developed forColorado; and, the Illinois Cooperative Conservation Program growingout of a plan developed at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.Areas which Morrow feels are feasible on a cooperative basis for consera-tion/preservation activities are information, consulting, surveying, costshaiing, coordination and treatment. She-concludes with ways that thesecan be accomplished cooperatively.

In her paper on '',Preservat ion of Paper Based Materials: Mass Deacidi-fica lion Methods and Projects," Carolyn Harris notes that the term deacid-

if ication is actually a misnomer. The acid in the paper is neutralized and isbuffered so that new acid formed in the paper through further degradationor introduced through pollinion is.also neutralized. Mass deacidificationof library materials will not return the items to their original conditionbrittle items are still brittle=rbut the process of deacidification does returnthe items to a neutralized state and buffers them as well. I Janis evaluatesthe four most commonly used formsohleacidification vapor phase de-

-acidification WPM, the Barrow morpholine process, Wei 'F'o, and diethylzinc (DIE.)against criteria that have been determined essential for a gocx1

mass deacidification process. Despite these efforts, Barris warns that "massdeacidification is not the fountain of youth we're seeking; and can't everbe.'' The future in this area depends on creation of the awareness of libraryneeds among publishers, the economics of paperma king, the developmentof formation storage techniques such as optical discs and completepreservation programs which may, some day, iticliade mass deacidi-

fication.Giald W. I aindeen picks up on I lart is's comments concerning the

palxr industry by repotting On research and developments in that industrywhich arc affecting the preservation of Paper based materials. 1h: reminds

4 Cott ten ing and Preten tng ttl;rary attrials

.us that therssential nature of paper haschanged little since its invention in(Mina in A a I05paper still consists of cellulose fibers suspended in waterand formed into a nutted sheet on screens: however, while handmademethods have changed little, mmlein inachinemade paper is very complexand .a highly capitaintensise mix of craft, science and engineering.Decrease in paper strength can be explained primarily by two synergisticchemical processes which attack the paper over time( I) acid catalyzedhydrolysis of the cellulose polymer linking bond, and (2) oxidation: butpaper is susceptible UP nuny other degradation processes: therefore. thestudy of-c heinic al Ira( tions iu !mixt is difficult ancti.specially so in tryingto attribute the effects in physical prOperties to specific reactions. On theencouraging side, Lundeen notes a trend toward use of alkaline paper asreported by monitoring te;ts at the tabrary c.114Congress. Ile attributes thistrend to economic reasons rather than concern about the lasting quality ofpiper. Therefore, librarians Must continue to work to influence even morepublishers to adopt long-lasting paper. This can be done by insisting thatstandards for paper quality be used when purchasing library materialsandby continued work through professional organizations to enhance thelongevity of aper based materials.

wt.Consid .rabry less concern for the longevity of nonpaper based mate-rials has bee ibited by librarians than has been shown for paper basedmaterials:yet the problems of these newer materials may be as great, if notgreater, than those of paper based materials. Indeed, the problems of paperbased materials are not escaped with nonpaper based materials since thelatter frequently carry paler labels. In addition, the nc.wer niattrials areoften composed of a mix of materials and these varimisCombinations mayfind one substance interacting with another according to Gerald D. Gib-son, who reviews the principal preservation problems faced in preservingthenonnaper based materials and cites the storage conditions and ineser-

4vation procedures recommended today. I le does not neglect thecontainersATI labels of these materials, speaking to their preservation when they areparticularly important. Gibson sees encouraging signs through the activeinterest Presently being shown in the preservation of nonpaper basedmaterials by a number of organizations in the private and public sectorsand 1w reviews the most promising current research and desvlopinent inthis area.

" Preset- vation and Conservation Decisions 10 the IL)cal Library" aredelineated by William I f lendelson. Organizing his decisions aroundDaniel loorstin's division of preservation problems into epistemological(or social) questions and technical questions, I lenderson cites three broad:leas under thefirst set of questions: Should a binary presetve its ntatt

.iials? What should Ix pleseived? and I low should things !nese; ved?Indet titilTnical questions, he in hides those of pi eseiving the intellectual

illirtattY Si.,,

( ontelit seism Nevis Mg die (niginal :mita( t cii both. Ile eiqls ,.. id! a

(lest 411015 of the oratinent of mildew with ot thophens !phenol as an

illustration of his points. 4

Pr c)tut)1 :111.11r.i of coriscrvation .111(1prevrI alum alx;t1t vs hi( h librartans ..tie least.familir is that relating to the steps taken by the r onseqatoibit iestoling an item that merits this spt ial kind of «nisei sation Iwsuse

of its intrinsic )1 al tifactual %atm-. Louise kullik presents tlie«inseisator'sde( ision making pox ess rioting that a ( awful :issssment of the polbleins

sstx laud with the item is always made and die pi in( iple of re've'rsibility isalivay 4 applied lx.( mice a lxtter RI Imigur (ii better maul ial may appear in

the flume. Ktiflik r trees the (airlitl physi( al xaminatitin ()Ellie item madeby the torlSert :ma and notes the ( ()minions whit h,,,ier eklx,,,rimeoulfsbefole

the Conservator suggests the proposed tiatment and estimates the length

of the plus es:. After (heck( isio has been 115a(1e by the( orator of theifitrtnto

pux cd with the consrvtion, the «insrsator makes further dec,isions

«m«.rning dem idifi(atirni, paiir mending, washing of 0)1;1).11)(1,1-u. All(le( iSiugls :at e bawd M1 (01151(Irtilli)Il Of use and the_stability of materials.

A !Igoe, of four representatis es from rommrcial so s i( es spoke tooleo 101e, m the ( (4.4\ils anon and preseistion of !dimly matliak. 'Ilsefirst to speak was James Ott. 1 fertzberg-New Method, Inc., Jac ksonville,

Illinois. In the ( ommeri ial binding business for thirty-fisc years, ()Cr notes

the pox (shoes in the business that have temained essentially the same (is er

that period in time,. while emphasizing the ( flanges that has ix( urred inthe binding business as I irms attempt to handler Orient II)Meli;ilsas well as.411111:111(4 Matti 11.11%. Orr notes that thrlrallellIally ()111(1 IM,; lletCIOpMents

%%16( hi ( ()nutter( lilt library 1)111(1os:tie «inside! Mg and applying Minder to

( ()unfitly to seise their bloat y ( itstomeis. I fe emphasizes the (4,vrlopmnt.of a new adhesive whit li, in many ( awl, is teplal ing oversewing.

I A.vdon Krttll, Gayloul Bros., Inc., Syrai. use, New Yolk, I-question!liblaty supply- houses. Recognizing that the world is sastly different toclayfrom that of eightyfive years ago when the two Gaylouthrothers foundedthe lion and ( (int(' prson;111, seek the advii e of libihniaos as to mess

plodi t% and Could, then make the poxhicts in the Gylool plant. Kettellfinds that today the Gaylol film is defining itself mole as a vendor ordiStributor of poxiticts developed by «impattirs that have Loge tt'SCaft il

31)(1 th'1101)111CIll Mr111)0111r11R. Ile (Wt ibi a plati( , 1x)11)- in ojx)leile ,

will( li is soon to be matkted by Gaylord inoviding pamphlet binders and

boxes for plestyation.Repiesenting hand hinders was IVilliaiu Anthony of Kii<if Anthony

II(xilibindets;(:16( ago, a him %pc( ializing in tonsil vatioir win' and fine'bindings. Ilatetials iv( rising the ( ousel %Anon process grnrrall fall into

two ( ategolics: those with blinle paper atom the eighteenth throughtsvelitirtli (eitotic%) arid thowa with flexible paper (bum the fifteenth

1,1i: and recur 1,1g I ibr4ry 31Aterldt1

'thiougle ses ran-emir (entut les). Anthony explains some ofillc ptot Mutesused in -his conservation studio lot dealing w tar brittle paper and,,t chic k Mg.

l'resl-rsation nric rofilming, an actis its Winch hat been going'on (orAner f ifts years either to presene the at ti fa( I or the mullet tri.11 content (orboth), has become increasingly popular in recent sears. Aniu.%Vcrlitig.I nisersi Is Nlic rot ilms Intrui.ktional. d cs4 lilies this ts pc of Mir rofilrningaswell as nrictopublishirig- and rejsubli4ng. She identifies seseral largemictofil ming ptojet ts who h has c :icicle Unpin tav -works asail_chl4 to Awider range of libtar les and she relates sonic dec isions whir h .1 n inch:ulna!binary must make when the choice is. between casing the objec I or theimcilec mai column. Welling. irises some ads ice for librartaHrs faced wiLla

c,.

the decision of microfilming locally semis sending the material lo a( (unmet( ial mic rofilnicr of inicr.°publisher.

1 's6ig Johannes Kepler's conclusion 10 his flarmontct mundt,as astatement of the c onsets j tor'i (ailse.brfote le world of s,( timal'olip, 1).W.Ktutrunr1 goes on to stale what ( an be expcc: ell (tom LC holatIN tele atclielsin the way of dia(ogrling On conservation policy. and handling and usinglibrary materials. Admittrdly, there are diffctent kinds of s4 holats resultingin-different c-one tins of library c morn, ation appropriate !omit's. Knit-nine'(otic lodes dui since the classic distinc lion bets...reit physical form atut.,inictlectual content willnot go away. the medium will continue 10 bc':netessaty to the scholars of the future-, therefore. die scholar must bc".sensitise 10 theproblems of the c onsersator and sympathetic to the need forc oust-nation pOlic y.

All of the abase considerations ate fOr naught unless the top binaryadministration takes an at use and rcsporrsiblc role in ((insets:Ilion andptsersatinit. E. l)ale Cluff. I)itec tor of ribtaty Servit cs, SotithcrtrIllitioist'ilis (lilt y atCarbotidalc. centers his presentation of that tole and rciponsibility arOund'two challenges: how to cope with Pi escnt tesorincs andfat dines (i.e.. t citing intuit, ills) and how-to insure that step.; _arc take to ,

-,.. fitment the same tilistake,s 'tom happening again. A Wintry c.a11 lx-gin.itsptesetsation role by bcc culling awate of die necessity for a (oniptclicnsiseyob( y, and making the liblary staff al all levels:ivy:tie of that meal:Strongsupport must ci.AT from the toe atintittitt:ttUnl. Oates at tis.:ities who ismust Ix.< oniptciedlut IndasSeSsing tlic needs in sottle.dctail: determiningOW mantic! in win; li materials atr pirscntly handled; ascertaining

(the .-,mphysical c ondition cyf a sematerials piently oil library shelves; and fina4,. ,

setting pr tot itics from among the dctentlined nerds. Ora elabotatrs uponthese and other administrative ;pipe( ts, .

In addition to the published papers, the ptoccetlitigs anclude thridisc lission session, that followed eat 11 1 nesetitation. These sessions weirtaped at the contemn( c and tralitctibed and edited lot the pm( (-Minns.'

Introduction

Names of, the ipeakers are identified when they were clearly audible limnthe tapes; otherwise, speakers are unidentified. Impossible to include in thepublished proceedings is what transpired at the Tuesdayevening "Conser-vation/Preservation Fair" during which time several andexhibits were available to the conferees. This proved to be a very popularand well received part of the conference;Carolyn.Jane Gammon, Conser-vator, Library, University-Of Illinois at UThana-Champaign, assisted byDaniel Freeman, 'displayed many tools, techniques and materials that canbe used in,-the local library to 'foster conservation activities. James Orr," '

Hertzberg-New Method, Inc., _Jacksonville, Illinois, along with Tom Far-rell and Jim Fiscnel explained to the. participants the many facets ofcommercial binding and demonstrated, in person and through audiovisu-al means, many of the techniquei. William, Anthony, assisted bVIBernie

. Anthony, an4swered questions about their exhibit of "before and after"examples illustrating the work done in the Kner & Anthony conservationstudio in Chicago. Gerald Gibson, Library of Congress, presented slidesillustrating many of the points he made in his presentation earlier that dayin addition to making further explanations ant comments about the videodisc as a future means of storage and preservation of information.. Duringthis time, too, each of the speakers was present to answer questions or tocomment on his/her presentation.

The anatomy of a conference takes' many shapes and Involves manypersons who should be recognizedfor their contributions. It is not possibleto mention every person who made some contribution to this conference,but there are home who should be singled out for special recognition. Firstof all, we are gr...teful to the faculty of the Graduate School of Library andInformation Scitace (GSLIS) for putting aside apreviously agreed upontopic until another year in order that this-especially timely topic might begiven 'priority. The faculty Planning Committee for the conferenceincluded Dean Charles Davis and.D.W. Krummel, who assisted theco-chairpersons in many ways. As a GSLIS conference proceeds, the staffofthe University's Division of Conferences and Institutes of the Office ofContinuing Education and Public Services,soon becomes involved and weparticularly acknowledge the work of Ronald G. Sears, Mary E. Bussertand-Mary R. Lewis from that divis1on for their untiring dfforts at handlingthe myriad of logistical, and-support 'services which provide for registra-tion, accommodation, transportation, publicity,i and so many otherimportant details. Each of the speakers and each participant at the Tuesdayevening "Conservation/Preservation Fair" enthusiastically accepted andcarried out his/her responsibility. A number of University of Illinoisfaculty assisted in chairing sessions: Walter C. Allen, Charles H. Dav is,

Linda C. Smith, and Terry L. Weeeh, from the GSLIS, and Maynard J.Brichford and Jean Geil frofn the University of Illinois Library. The

13

.8 Conserving and Preserving Library Materials .

following GSLIS students were responsible for taping the sessions so thatthe discussions and corilments to the presentations could be included in theproceedings: Deborah Beckel, Cynthia Fugate, Allen Hoffrnan, ElaineHuang, Kerry Miller, Deborah Pierce, Kathryn Prichard, Catheritite'Saiika,and Janet'Stolp. Kathryn Painter, of the GSLIS staff, carefully transcribedthe tapes and cheerfully performed many other responsibilities before and

, after the conference, while Steve Andrews, Learning Resources Labora-tory, served as photographer for the Tuesday evening session.

In the final analysis, this conference does not end with the publicationof its proceedings, but in the action of those who'have heard and heeded itsmessages. Long since, we have all become aware of the truth that ourworldly library and archival treasures of books, maps, photographs,recordings, films, tapes (even computer tapes) are finite and perishablethey can be "here today" and, perhaps,. "gone tomorrow" as books becomebrittle, maps break at the folds and seams, priotographs fade, recordingswarp, films ignite, and tapes erase. At the end of the conference, no doubtsome attendees found little solace as once again they learned that theseproblems are persistent and universalno one has yet performed a miraclein this area. Perhips, the conference even increa,sed the anxiety for somedangers that might not even have been suspected are lurking in theirlibraries and archivesnow there is more, not less, to cause worry. Ifanxieties have increased, so, too, do we hope has resolve toward finding,solutius to the problems. We hope that each person has been touched insortie way by the messages of the conference and will find some new ways totry, out,; some new sources and resources in material and people to callupon, and some increased sup rt to persist in the struggles that lie ahead.This seems the time to move fry the dire prophecies concerning the doomthat the future holds for our collections into the "good news" that aconcerted effort, is being latinched in many ways to conserve and preserveour collections and to move toward action to spread the "gospel" ofpreservation. We-thank each person who attended the conference and whowill read the proceedings for the challenges that each takes up and theactions that each brings about to accomplish the goals of "conserving andlioreserving library materials."

1 4,

KATHRYN LUTHER HENDERSON/WILLIAM T HENDERSO/N

E.di ors

er

ROBERT H. PATTERSONDirector of Libraries

McFarlinLibraryUniyersity.of Tuisa

Conservation: What We Should DoUntil the Conservator and theTwenty-First Century Arrive

Let me begin parenthetically by saying that the keynote speakerat leastin my mindhas both tile greatest of handicaps and advantages before himor her. In a conference where a large number of speakers are present, likethis one, she/he must avoid being ,specific about anything, unless she/heduplicates what others plan to say. My remark's, then, must be of the most

' general nature. And the danger from too broad a generality is that thecomments may not be direct enough to be valuable. On theother hand, theadvantage that I see is an opportunity to, present a broad overview of acomplex and challenging subject that has filled my professional iife withUMW of its greatest difficulties and greatest joys.

The Challenge to Conservation in Difficult. Times 1

To paraphrase Dickens, these are the best and the worst of times. We,certainly are confronted by a serious economic situation nationally andinternationally, and the support. libraries enjoyed only a few years ago(relatively speaking) is diminishing. With the exception of a few fortunateinstitutions, largely in the Sun Belt, funds for staffing, new services andprograms, and acquisitions are diminishing. Americans are historicallyoptimistic, I believe, and we all look to things getting better. Perhaps theywill, but many of us believe that.they will get worse before that occurs. Onthe other hand, what I believe to be great advances and opportunities aretaking place in preservation now and in the future. Conservation must beput in a bioad perspective.

I will say that the advent of a heightened preservation awareness,coupled to the developmetit of improved managerial systems to administer

10 Conserving and PreserUing Library Materials

progranis, plus the revolutionary impact of technology generallyzonlibraries, creates the greatest of ironies. Our resources are smaller, and 4,i thall the exksting programs libraries arc struggling to manage we mustifwe ire to meet our professional responsibilitiesadd another expensiveprogram, that of conservation. And, while^ we attempt to mount thispcigram, we must be increasingly conscious that the emerging informa-tion delivery and storage technology will increasingly make printedrecords Obsolete. This is to say, and I will speak to this question later on,that we must not only attempt to develop preservation yrograms, but thatwe must alai, develop stronger critical facilities about what we intend toSave, and how we intend to go about it. We have morechoices today thanwe had five years ago, and the number of choices will increase as we movetoward the next century. .

Preservation as a Library-Wide Concern .

One of the most important views I can mart to you is that preserva-tion is a library-wide concern, and that librarians must be the persons whowill develop preservation programs. I will say that in my experience, inmost libraries, it is the rare book and special collections stiff who initially- ,take the, leadership of preservation, and who work harder twith theiradministrations to develop. programs,, competing as they do with other.library programs and services. It is, of course, natural for the to do-so.They are, by definition, protectors of those materials deemed o be moreValuable than those in the general collections. But it has been my observa-tion that since most libraries do not consider their special' collections4 i raprogiams to be in the mainstream of their programs, they are not alwayssuccessful in competing for additional funds. Also, it has been my expe-rience that the needs of special collections librarians (real or imagined)may be treated by general administrators as esoteric, elitist, even. precious.The result for an emerging preservation program islthatit may take a longtime in gaihing support. I realize in saying this that this will not parallelthe experience in some institutions, but.that it has bedn the experience inmany. (But, in fairness, let me also say that special collections librariansoften do not see the need for preservation programs in the general collec-tions.) They certainly do so, and if they do work to educate the library staffthroughout, the library, they will have created a successful strategy thatbuilds a groundswell that will convince administrators of the need for sucha program.

r,0'

The Conservator and The 7'WentyFirst Century

Preservation as the Responsibility of the Librarian4

. My earlier point, the second one, is that librarians must take theresponsibility for educating themselves about conservation. They musteducate themselves to the poifit that th4 can design and implement theirown programs. To wait for the conservator,' unlesS one works in an

k institution blessed with enormous resources and good fortune, is likewaiting for Godot, although it is hoped, with a more posinve long-termoutcome. The. reason we must take this responsibility is because we cutgently lack the corps of conservators we need. In my view, the preservationprofession is at the same stage of development that librarianihip was induring the last two decades of the nineteenth and first two decades of thetwentieth century. With an exponential rate of change characteristic of thelast years of this century, we may not expect to wait as long for thepreservation profession to develop as we did for the library profession. Atthis time, conservation does not,generally have an accepted curriculum. Ina society which has developed highly structured educational paths forcalved of all kinds from neurosurgeon to cosmetologist, no clearly definedway yet exists in preservation in which to seek such a career. There are somemost hopeful and promising developments taking place right now, but theapprenticeship and internship system which has been the prevailingmeans of educating conservators is still the rule rather than the exception. Ido not ratan to.suggest that years of hands-on experience still will not benecessary for the conservator, any more than years of experience do notimprove the practice of any profession.

c_But for the time being, there is a shortage of professionals in thepreservation 'world, and while it may be alleviated within the next ten totwenty years, librarians will have to, as I said earlier, educate themselvesand develop programs to meet their needs. Actually, I am comfortableabout that, because I believe it parallels the way in which librarians havelearned to use another technologyautomation. Within the past twentyyears we have seen librarians educate themselves to the point that, whilethey were, not electrical engineers or computer programmers, they' under-stood the basic principles of,data processing and articulated their needs tothe computer professionals who designed the systems. Many libraries nowhave_ automation officerson their staffs who, in most cases, are librarianswith data processing expertise. Within the next few years, we will havepreservation offkersagain librarianswith the necessary training.

The NewoTechnology,and Preservation

The emerging technologywhich at this time librarians are notsuccessfully assimilating or interpreting in my viewoffers, in the view of

1


some, the prospect of a paperless society. While I perstmally do not beliiwethat Ginenbirg is dead; or that paper will become unknown in the no&

century, we should try Mtnd to gasp the factthlit the new.technology adds acomplextral challenging factor to prestrvation. Electronic publishing,alternative forms of electroi!ic. transmission (using fiber °plies and satel-lite's), new forms of micropublishing(including leaser disc with astonish.ing image storage capacity), mean that we n ust -exercise a eaterselectivity and discrimination in decisign making. I bcilieve t at significant changes in the basic ways in which information' is stored nd madeaccessible will change. I do-not believe that the library 'of printed materialwill go away, but that it may be initially augmented, and then, perhaps,'largely supplanted by new forms. We mustalso.recogiiize that the new

Thfneans of storing information are unlikely (from the very dim vantagepoint of today) to retrospectively convert all existing printed matter intothe new electronic formats.

,Preservation in the Context of Collection Development

This leads to the role of the librarian in collection development, ofwhich preservation is a part: My need here, however, is to point out thatpreservation is a pall of the decisiontmaking that librarians are qualifiedto makeNin consort with the scholarly community, to be sure), that dealwith the question which is the most basic one: What do we need to keep asobjects ,for their own intrinsic value, as objects; and what intellectualcontent do we need to preserve? In both cases, what means do we use tomake our decisions? There are a number of alternatives in both cases, andtheir number will increase over the next two decades.

You will hear at this conference froth a number-of speakers who willgive you a clear idea of what kinds of choices one has in preservation.Again, I must remind you that they represent part of the broad continuumof options which exist in a collection developme t program,, which isanother way of saying collection management. George Cunha, one of thenation's outspoken champions of conservation has been saying for yearsthat librarians must create and sustain conservation programs and thatconservation is, after all, mdnagement. ...

Costs and Implications

A fact of preservation is that it is expensive, whether one is looking atit from a perspective: of binding, establishing environmental controls,

- providing optimum housing conditions, simple repairs, mass deacidificdon, microform applications, etc. Given that, and the state of resourcesnow or in the immediate future, I will draw several conclusions. The first is

The Comerivitorand The Twenty14W Cetstury 13

111:11 we utttst exercise the greatest critical judgment in determining in whatform we .%v ill titeseive materials or their intellectuacontent; and srcnud,that the impulse for c(xnxration promises ritormotts.short-and long-termbenefits, The library profession has a good track record 6i...cooperationalmost film, the beginning of its development One hundred.years ago withits collective progmis such as interlibrary loan and now online systems.Given a shortage of professional conservators, short funding, andincreascd knowledge about the rarity of materials Whicl);Online biblio-graphic-systems should offer, we can set about to share reSources.

Collective Action/4,3

(

The thrust toward ccxerative action in preservation is, I believe, itsmost dynamic characteristic at this time. That impillsciir join together hastaken shape to meet one of the most pressing goals in preservation todaythat of providing education. You will hear considerably more on thissubject in the coming days..At this time, let me say-Milrdrat an explosion

',..0.....aof information in preservation is taking place todaY,aitclO ist,t4rea testneeds we have is for selective, high quality information. 'Li ineet \ need,a number of institutions and agencies are currently examining the conceptof information clearinghouses, as you will hear. !also believe that anothercollective proposal that ultimately will find support is the regiqnal treat-ment center. You will hear more of that also as this program continues.

I want to stress that I. believe preservation to be the greatest challengethe library and archival professions will face in the next decades. Thereason I believe that is the continuing need for good inforination. Also,preservation is not likely to be supported by commercial applications oftechnological developments as library automation was bouyed along bycomputer technology. The potential for enormous technological applica-tion, including increased interest from the private sector, is there:but Ithink it unlikely that the kind of off-the-shelf systems one encounters nowwill be available soon. This is certainly not to say that the commercialsector does not have (and in some cases has not had),:the greatest of interestin preservation. We have seen a large number of new products appearrecently, and I feel quite safe in assuring you that there will be more. And,like many of the new automation products, they will promise much. Theywill often deliver what they promise, but occasionally will.not do so. Myadvice is to look at new products of all kinds with the same caution youshould exercise in looking at other products in our profession.

9,

titContriving add I're.serving I.itoaty Alitteritat

(ligniatig fohlrreservtalion

1?1,4iould like now to make titnite veil, specific suggestions of ways inyou can begin immediately to set up a !neset vation program in your

Or to suengthen thr program you have now. You will find.',11,1,i4r.31,1ggestiolis in a large number of Places in the literature, sty

Pull diem together for you line. In my eilwrience they wine sem a way of, 't/Adressing 'Some basic limb. All but the smallest of libraries can create a

1' preservation committee, or at least charge an individual with developingexpertise and responsibility in that area. .

Briefly stated, these committee charges, or responsibilities are as fol. lows: Wei:m*6m the library's physical environment, and make recommen-dations' for enhancing environmental factors, including an effectivemonitoring systein; (2) prepare a disaster plan for the library; (t) examinecurrent bindery,-handling, processing and repair practices, making recom-mendations to bring these procedures into conformity with accepted con-

/serva tion practices; (4) explore avenues-which will providC the library with.- access to professional conservatiod expertise and facilities; (5) explore-and

recommend what in-house physical repair and treatment can be under-taken for providing better housing, and minor repair of materials;(6) develop a. collection development approach for dealing with materi7als, developing systematic options for storing and accessing mate-rials; (7)didentify possible sources of funding for conservation programs,including national, regional state and local sources; (8),establish an, in-house clearinghouse of preservatilln information,for the use of staff; and(9) explore the feasibility of joining cooperative conservation efforts atlocal, regional and national levels, (These charge responsibilities are out-lined in my article appearing in the May 15,1979 issue of Library Journalens fled "Organizing for Conservation. ")

In closing, I hope that I have given that broader perspective which Ibelieve conservation badly needs at this point in its development tha t 'it is`a library- and profession-wide concern, and that we have many morechoiceS before us than simply how to repair and preserve a valued physicalobject. We also must face the fact that the emerging information revolutionon how information is disseminated and stored will ha`vi'-a significantimpact on decision-making in libraries, only a' small part of which willinclude actual physical preservation concerns. Librarians are intelligentand resourceful people, and the profession is recognizing (perhaps belat-edly) that higher managerial skills are needed if we are to accomplish ourhistoric mission that of housing and delivering information to ourpatrOils.

Nit

The ComeoNifor and l'he l'ioetity-ftt a Century

DIM a !WON

.Gharles II. Davis (thadnate Srhuol of !Amoy and Intonnation tit truer,I /111VrPaty cil 11611(11% al I bbanaChamtign): Our thing I hr,aul you y

plrased me- Very tutu h. While VIII not a specialist in pew: val.; iyittl;«nisetving things, I am a NIX*6311'il in MIMI:lath/II and think irk a pointworth making that wr have to cony-ivy thing% trgaullr!is cif tilt- medium, Iinn thinking about magnetic tapr,t, video discs and 'lir test of it, Glum.brig, himself, may be dyad but the spit it lives on and we'll also have lupe:for some time I think.Robert II. Patterson: hat's yr: y true.Louis Jordan (Ilnivetsity of None Dame .ibraties,'South Bend, Indiana):What should he the percentage of the total libraty budget allotted forpreservation?

Patterson: 'limes a vet y difficult question. I thitik it depends on the natureoldie collection. It'depnds On where materials conditom initially; wherethey ate published: A library, for example, that col letis heaVily in materialsfrom non-European countries such as Asia, Latin America, Africa, willprobably have greater preservation needs than one that collects entirelymaterials from, let's say, North America because of the nature of the waymaterials are printed and bound in those particular places. I wouldn't evendare give a percentage.

What we all have to realize is that we spend more money on preserva-tion than we think we do. I think a lot of librarians don't realize that whenthey pay to have materials bound, they are making a very significantpreservation commitment. And while a !IA of you won't like this, I wouldalso suggest that one of the ways I have to support preservation programswas to take some"money out of the binding budget on the premise thatpreservation anti binding are all part of the same bits and pieces that linkthis whole thing together.

I think the kind of procedures and prAticcs that we draw to govern ourbinding practices have to be reviewed a preservation activity. While classA library binding may be absolute -1`y marvelous for a lot of mattrials,it isabominable for a lot of other materials. And we have to exercise thejudgment that we have as librarians and bibliographers, and as subjectspecialists, to run our entire binding procedures and specifications ,through the most careful scrutiny to make sure that we are, in fact, givingthe materials the kinds of treatment that they actually need:. Very fewlibraries have done this. There are people here, however, who are takingpart in the program, whO have and can tell you a great deal about how yoUgo about developing that kind of program.

Ili CtIfilettv00; 1(1141 l'tesetivoo I ittary .11.1tetwil

William Dutton (Ntinhei Unisessity Libatir%): I low half' tbilge 'matt h plow:tots lot .lunding aided libtatv pirsristion ethos?Patterson: The :ituotitit of pogcssin pirseivarion trc Imology and pirsrtsaint!' deselopent, I behest% in the Ld tw yrts, c an he. in at least pan.:nudism-11 to intelligent use of giant money: I maize that in tenantIxrlitic.t} :eras, gratit money is under thr wow kind of au., k, but (ligailications like NI W11(: and the National Ftidowment tot I luamties, just toname two that I think air the most impost:it, hse been enonnouslyhelpful in developing some imponat pilot plogiams that have had agreat dral of ixtsitivr rffri t and have prove themselves to be srty wolkable, .ind have helped its Irani a lot, I Tilliappily, the amotint of footlingavailablr lot thow prow:inn is not as gtrt as it onir was.Grra/d Gibrms ( !Anal y of CAnigtrts. D.(:.): The Library of(ingress is veto intrtrstrd in pi esti vation as their paper matetials, tixt, atedetenotpting, Nonpaper commis ate one method bring used forpreseqtatiott.Patterson; The dire( lions the lain:sty of Cogtss seems to be taking inwyy:Mon at this point mi a srty helpful sign. Those of you with'newts..Mon problems in the past know that the preservation staff of theLibrary of Conglesi has been Nun nun lily helpful with any problem. Von(mild simply pick up the plume and (all them and they try very hard tohelp you.DAV. Itnum/lel (Graduate School of libtaty and Ifonnation Science,University of Illinois at Urban-(aampaign): I low ninth is being done tomake conservation less expensive?Patterson: I think one of the ways that has been tried to address the cost inpreservation is to develop collaborative and cooperativ ventures. Thewhole clearinghouse concept which is rapidly emerging is a very impor-tant way of getting information into collection development.Robert J. Adeisperger (University of Illinois at Chicago Circle):.Whatshould be the split between conserving and preserving special and generalcollections? I think we arc realiiing that special collections and rate bookslibrarians can't carry it alone.Patterson: I think the only long-term answer to that problem is to educatelibrary administrators and the library world generally, that preservation isnot an elitist kind of concern, and that while people in rare books do havean obvious clear vested interest in the process, that it is a problem for theentire general collection. If that kind of information can be imparted andlearned, then it will bring, I think, administrators around. Again, I don'twant to address specific kinds of things because they will be talked about inmuch more detail later on, but just the (act that some of the major library

1 he .01.1 I he 11, orsty I nit t oftrum

inganizationa, ant It as thr A33ik Urarall I ihgatir (Alkt.).11alrtakrit a niajtie I urn rot about iiirtrisatiott :awaits that thou- 1.r.tplr who1111Eill n,'}1 (Wilt:Ludy Irmo :doom fiartrisattot trill hasr it iallra t.a thritattrotion oils.' that 0'i-it maim ot gaol:Atolls air ikailititing It 1 lijs itnailiot tam sro ilup.,rtlalll Ihangr. 1 irioriiihr: talking to lesrlalA14.1. Itlitaly dart tins ai Irasi frit }rats ago soily aIxotit'AVItat intildritat?" I think wit, mild boil an Alt! Ann tin (oday whossiltild say that, 1 lir). inimItt think 1(1(111111(ln-it lira' is. brit thrir Is ritonghpirsstur flour within thrn own national tri ante .tll.,ntarsirwfursrlr.Itta1Itas a poiblrin. I tiny %%Amid base :Lira( dral of tliflo 1111} %.%).1): 1k-it 11w)*

didn't thr piohlrna hat's trii)irtioos inogirss.James I 2. Ail( (I tnIsrisits of 11'is4 inisto at Madison/ 1.11.11 Is the tolr of

111nal V s4 !tools In pier ts.1(tollPa/le/Jon: 1.111 so glad wit _lard that tiorstion. I think ssr II.lsr 54-1-11 in111)1.11} rill14 MIMI 111 air past fist- pain( 111.11..1 glossing intrirst Iiiinrsrisation. Thr Prrierristion 1 du,altun Duet ton?, .1 ptit)tt( mints of (fir.1ttirtii ail I .i1431) i1sux lattott.trgati a foss- scats ago %volt only nor ni ts.'o

pagrs; nos.' it is shitty pages listing legulat t)(11VeN. wolkshol,s.lnitutttrtkinds of piogiains.f would hope that item! might ()minor and that thrItinaty st hoof, would int trasingl offri morr and mote in this aira.Considering !lir in:porta/1(r of piruition for Irluarirs, lot !Arlan,st hoofs riot to offer of not a tomplrir oinse)at Irast %intr rpositir to derstitilrnt of thy inoticin, is not to trail} pICIr.ue stink:its. I hr sdiolrquestion of Iiyiiig to`t trate an awaIrtirss, again thlotigliont the rotorinofession, weans slat tilig at this lest+ Ve'ir tiot talking about :air 1)4,4,

libtarians. we're talking annul people who must ha sr 11161 05411awatrursslicightrim.1 ur thirt thry its ognitr that thrir is a problrm. Slie r we (mi.(wait for the tonsersator to appear (fir or she isn't going to appear for ailawfully long title), they. as librat lam, air going to !lase to ilrselop thrincstvation inogranis.hat's: I think we in library s< hoots don't lir( essarily have tohaset0utxs1.110C11"1/1C1r1 V.111011" 1011%01 t ontrptse.g.. I otItui in library adminisnation and let finical srivit s uftrn ( over these .11T.1%. 110...111SC St 11001S (IOW(

LIVrlotirscs labeled ptesersation d t mean they don't have offeiings.

Unidentified Speaker: Doesn't the library s Loy obligation meth'.rate their staff and users:thou( preservation? Thete is a lot that wecan do toeducate people about not harthing books

l'atterson: I think that yon have :dryad answred your question. Clearly,..

one of the responsibilities of prescrs- tion offiter or preservation commit-tee is to look arprograins to train and educate (tin library staff about what isproper handling and what is not. There ate a wide rittinlvi of very, very

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Expanding Preservation ResourcesThe Corp% of PriActitioners and the

Core Of finowledge

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Expanding Preservation Resources 21

tools. That work is now in its final phase, and will rrsult in two comple-mentary products. The first is an assisted self-study manual, the Preserve!:lion Planning Program,2 whiCh sounds a bit intimidating but is simply a

set of instructions for conducting a systematic examination of a library'spreservation needs and developing a plan for responding to them. Thesecond is a compilation of technical information, drawn from a widevariety of sources, which serves both to educate those staff members con-ducting the self-study and to guide subsequent implementation of theplan.

How the Self-Study WorksThe self-study process, which has been tested in three different library.

settings during the OM year, involves a team of four to seven library staffmembers in a careful investigation of the library's preservation situation.The study team is assisted by a consultant, who provides orientation to thesubject of preservation and to the techniques of the study itself, makesperiodic visits to work with the team and its task forces, is availablethroughout the study for advice about problems which may arise, andprbvides an Outsider's perspective on the findings and plans.

The procep begins with a review of the library itselfthe history andnature of its bollections and users as these affect the condition of itsmaterials and its responsibility for maintaining them. During this firstphase the study.team also informs itself about basic preservation issues,through reading and exploring in a preliminary way the history of preser-vation activities within the local library and in ,the profession. Majorexternal factors likely to affect plans for Faure developmentbuildingplans, cooperative relationships, and steadily mounting financialpressuresare also identified. With this preparation, the study team pre-,pares a background paper, setting forth the scope and priorities-for thesecond phase of the self-study.

Task forces are then appointed, chaired by members of the study teambut bringihg into the study press as many as twenty-five additional staffmembers for an intensive information-gathering effort. Five major areasare examined. The first is the physical environment affecting materials inthe collections, which is studied by assembling data on the nature offacilities and-spaces throughout the library and by monitoring tempera-ture, humidity and light levels in representative spaces. This task forceprepares a report on present conditions with recommendations for ongo-ing monitoring to identify seasonal problems and Patterns, and for variousshort-tern-1 and long-range measures for upgrading the environment.

The second task fake studies the physical condition of the collectionsthemselves. This is. a major topic addressed through development of an

.

Conserving and Preserving Library Materials

.. t

inventory of the physical types of materials held throughout the system,and by sampling the condition of .representative items from the majorcategories identified in the inventory. This pincess lays the foundation forthe body of s tati stical and evaluative data which must be accumulated overa more extended period in order to 'shape preservation program prioritiesand justify the reallocation of :funds that will be essential to supportexpanded preservation programs.

The third area is that of the library's preparedness for accidents and-disasters-affecting the-collections-This task force looks at facilities, geog-raphy, climate, and the history of previous disasters,in order to assess thelibrary's ail-rent vulnerability; identifies areas in which ireventative mea-sures ought to'fie taken; and prepares a preliminarvP. disaster plan" for,coping with emergencies which might threaten the collections.

The fourth area of study, sometimes handled by a task force andsometimes by the study team itself, is that of the organizational factors andcurrent procedures which affect the physical condition of materials. Thisinvolves identifying preservation activities, often disguised under-othernames, which are already going on throughout" the libraryprocsing,binding, handling, repair, replacement; codifying whatever policies mayexist which influence those activities; beginning the arduous task of identi-fying the current level of, preservation-related expenditures. Analysis ofthis data leads to reconnvndations for developing comprehensive poli-des, improving. procedur realigning operations in order to coordinatedecision-making, and making preservation a conscious, integral function'within the library's ongoing operations.

The fifth area I like to think of as identifying opportunities ratherthan needs, and sryes as a good antidote to the often depressing findings ofthe other task fotTes. It is an analysis-of the resources which might beemployed in an expanded preservation program, resources which areavailable in- house, on the campus, in the community, in the region, and"out there:" The task.force develops an inventory of people, products,'services, and literature which might be useful in staff training and patroneducation' programs, decision-making about policies, treatment proce-dures, and supply budget allocations. It assembles the beginnings of aresdurce file, ind develops recommendations for maintaining, updatingand making use of these resources in a library-wide preservation program.

Irk the final phaie, the study team takes thework of-the task forces and

puts it all together, beginning with a description of the current situationwhich identifies major problem areas, causes, and potential solutions.It .then develops a phased plan for responding to preservation needs,,astep-by-step process whereby the library can move toward the creation of acomprehensive presevation program within a three- to five-year period.Although the self-study encourages some dreaming about an ideal pro-

28

Expanding Preservation Resources 23

gram, in order to establish long-term goals and bring home the magnitudeof the preservation responsibility, the emphasis is on realism: what can bedone this year, with existing resources, to improve what we are now doingto materials in our care, and what can be done to increase the resourcesavailable in the next few years in order to bring our ability to care for our,materials into appropriate balance with needs? The plan, with all itssupporting documentation, is then presented to the library administrationas the final report of the self-study.

Is It Worth It?

What are the results of such a process? Is it worth all the effort? Theeffort is very substantial, In the three pilot test libraries, which were askedto keep Careful records throughout the study, total hourg averaged morethan a year of cumulative staff time during the four- to seven-month,process. Even with the streamlining that has resulted from the pilot test,experience, the commitment of staff time will be a major one for alibrary undertaking the complete study. Is it worth it? Is it necessaryWouldn't it be easier to assign one person to the planning job? Couldn't heor she develop a plan for preservation if given a whole year to do it, withoutdisrupting the working lives of two dozen people and the functions, of thetwo dozen units which must do without them while they're off on "thatdamned preservation study?"

Only libraries which have gone through the process can give you afinal ariswertheir final answerto such questions. My own responseharks back to the question of information v. informed people. The preser-vation study is based on a, fundamental assumption that a library canchange its way of-operating in this case to improve its care for materialsin its collectionsonly when the people who carry oat those operationschange their attitudes, broaden their understanding, and expand theirknowledge and skills. A formal self-study helps this happen. Involving abroad cross section of the staff in the study not only feeds into it a,wealth of

- experience and knowledge of local library operations that no single indi-vidual could possess,' but also serves to create within the library a pool ofstaff members who have been exposed to preservation issues, who havebecome aware of local preservation needs and resources, who can imme-diately take back into their daily work a new preservation awareness:

Preservation is not solely the domain of a few specialists, but a job forall /of us. A "preseiVing attitude" on the paft of every staff member isessentiallittdle institution as a whole is to come to terms with the awfulpressure eterioration °threatening the collections we have spent somuch, time'and money to acquire, organize, and service In the absence ofthis attitude, damaging practices will continue. But senda dozen or twenty

2(1

24 Conserving and Preserving Library Materials .

or thirty people back to the front_lines after an intensive period of learning

. about the threats to their collections and I guarantee you the library will

never be quite the same again. Even if the institution can't afford toimplement all the recommendations, evenif the administration loses itsnerve and puts the study report on a back shelf to deteriorate along with the

rest of the collections, even if the plan itself was so poorly put together thatit deservd to disappear without a traceeven then, the materials in thecollections will have a better chance for survival. An informed staff isWorth infinitely more than all the information compiled in a report, orneatly filed i binet marked "preservation." The Preservation/Plan-

ning Program can an effective Amp in developing that informed staff.

Society of American Archivists' (SA1)Basic Archival Conservation Program

Another approach is currently underway iri the a chi I field. Also

funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities, e Basic Archi-

val Conservation Progrkm of the Society of American Archivists is con-ducting a series of workshops on conservation theory and practice whichWill reach, over a two-year period, some 350 staff members in archivalinstitutions throughout the country. Workshop materials will eventuallybe combined into a manual of practice and procedure for use inurtherstaff training and improvement of conservation- related activities.

Coupled with this grassroots educational effort is a consultant pro-graM which provides on-site evaluation of conditio s and offers recomendations for basic improvements. This subsidi seservice will e

raavailable to fifty or sixty archives during the gnt pe and is particu-,

larly useful for small institutions lacking the staff to undertake an exten-

sive self-study.

RegionarProgramsRegional programs such as the Northeast Document Conservation

Center, the Western Conservation Congress, and the Illinois CooperativeConservation Projectabout which Carolyn Morrow will be speakingalso perform important educational functions, not only providing infor-mation in response to specific problems but also 'advising on the'interpretation and application of that information, offering workshops or.

serving as a meeting ground on which staff from many institutions can 'gather to share and learn from each other. Through these 'contacts, and'through participation in professional associations such as the AmericanLibrary Association, the Society of American Archivists, and the American

Institute for Conservation, -librarians and archivists with preservation

1

1.1

Expanding Preservation Resources 25*.

responsibilities are building personal networks, creating the invisiblecollege through which we all continue our professional development afterwe leave school. It's a ragged, patchwork affair yet, with some groups andareas of the country doing rather well while others must go long distancesfor information and support. But the outlines have been sketched and thepatternsgood, effective patterns of communication and. accumulatingknowledgeare becoming

Academic Avenues

We are playing a catch-up game, most of us, for our formal profession-al education took place before the preservation threat was fully recognized,before the development of practical mechanisms for applying the emerg-ing body of theory about causes and cures. Our teachers could not teach usmuch about preservation because there wasn't much to 'teach. The newgeneration is more fortunate. Most library schools now include preserva-tion in the master's curriculum, if not as a separate course, at least inconnection with the study of collection management or processing. Stu-dents emerging from the good schools are now familiar with the issues, theproblems, the erminoloy, and will thus bring that all-important preserva-tion awareness into their new positions-. The growth of such basic educa-

/ tional oppertunities is clearly eflected in the Preservation EducationDictory4 produced by ALA' reservation of Library Materials Section,

l'. , which has grown in five year. from a one-page flyer to a 33-page booklet.

But for those wishing to devote careers to the preservation of librarymaterials, the preparatory path has been a rather rocky one, since therehave been no academic programs or formal credentials. Someconservatorsthose skilled craftsmen/scientists who treat deteriorated'materials in the workshop or laboratorylearned their craft through longapprenticeships, the quality of their preparation therefore depending

19

heavily on the knowledge and skills of their masters, some excellent butsome, inevitably, not so good. Others came into library conservation

`through a side door, via graduate-level museum conservation trainingprograms. The first of these, at New York University's Institute of FineArts, was established in 1960. It has since been joined by three others inNorth America: at the State University College at Oneonta, in conjunctionwith the New York State Historical Society, known as the CooperstownProgram (begun in 1970); at the University of Delaware in conjunctionwith the Winterthur Museum (begun in 1974); and at Queens University inKingstcin, Ontario (also begun in 1974). Although they all focus on art andmuseum objects, several graduates who have concentrated on paper orphotographic conservation have migrated to the library world.

0


Library preservation administratorslibrarians restronsible for thefull range of activities including processing, binding, replacement, andbrittle books programs for whole collections in addition to the laboratorytreatmentperformed by conservatorshave had an even more haphazardpreixtration;Thus far they have been largely self-taught, learning on thejob and throtigh whatever reading and workshop experience they couldfind; picking each other's brains at meetings and through informal profes-sional contacts. Successful as such measures have been in bringing us to thepresent stage of development, they' are. try nopeans adequate to producethe "corps of practitioners" needed to direct programs in libraries through-out the country.

The Columbia Program

And so it is good news indeed that two graduate programs, one forlibrary conservators and one for preservation administrators, have nowbegun. With generous start-up funding, chiefly from the National Endr-men t for the Humanities and the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, and withassistance from the Carnegie Corporation, the Morgan Guaranty TrustCompany, and the H.W. Wilson Foundation, the programs are offered bythe School of Library Service at Columbia University in cooperation withthe New York University (NYU) museum conservation training program.The conservator program, which began with four full-time students inSeptember 1981 and will expand to a maximum of six, is a three-yearcourse, including two years of course work and intensive laboratory prac-tice followed by a year of supervised internship in a recognized conserva-tion laboratorya melding of the book-learning and apprenticeshipapproaches developed successfully by the museum training programs. Onsuccessful completion of the course of study, students will receive a mas-ter's degree from the library school, and a certificate in libraryconservationissued jointly by Columbia and the NYU Conservation Center, and will beprepared for beginning positions as professional conservators.

The preservation administration program may be done in two ways,as a one-year advanced certificate by practicing librarians, or as a two-yearcombined program leading' to the library degree and an advanced certifi-cate. The curriculum is packed with the theory and practice of preserva-tion, in addition to study of general librarianship, the history of books andprinting, die nature and care of materials, and libraryadministration, andit includes a"-laboratory component which provides in-depth exposure tothe materials and techniques of phytical treatment. The administratorstudents will not become mini-conservators; they will not receive the heavydoses of conservation science, paper chemistry, and lengthy °supervisedbench practice necessary for those who provide extensive sophisticated

Expa ruling Preservation Resources 27

treatment for a wide range of materials. But they will learn to establish andtrain staff for routine binding and mending operations, to analyze andimprove procedures for handling and storage, to coordinate decision-making and large-scale systems for the care, repair or replacement of allmaterials in a library's collections. The first four administrator smdemscompleted the certificate program in May 1982.

A Core for the Corps

The foregoing suggests that we have some cause for confidence:' the"corps of practitioners" will expand to meet the expanding personnelrequirements in the field of preservation. But just what is it that thesepeople are going to practice? Have we a body of theory and, practiceadequate to meet the complex demands of salvaging massive quantities ofrotting materials? To put it bluntly, the core of preservation knowledge isstill very small and primitive, and our research and development needs arecorrespondingly large and sophisticated. Given the distinction betweeninformation and informed people, and the mechanisms by which theformer is put to use by the latter, let me now identify those areas whichseem to me most sorely in need ofdevelopment, and the approaches to eachthat appear most promising at this time.

As a framework for these projections, I'd like to share with you a studymodel developed for the Preservation Planning Program. Its graphicrepresentation-appears in figure 1.4 Though its aesthetic proportions mayleave something to be desired, the grouping of causal factors, potentialcontrol strategies, and the interrelationships among them all does proveuseful in analyzing the present situation and trying to figure out what to doabout it. For a review of the basic facts, see figure 1.

Causal Factors

There are three interdependent sets of causal factors contributing tothe preservation problem. The first of these arise from characteristics of thematerials themselves; the physical and chemical natures of which are, as ageneral rule, inherently unstable. The rate of natural deterioration varieswidely, and each type of material has its own life cycle, its own pattern ofresponding to and reacting with its environment over time, which isestablishecLby the basic molecular character of its components and by themechanics of its physical structure.

Directly related to the-internal characteristics affecting the life ofmaterials are the external factors which constitute the,"basic physical envi-ronment. The temperature, humidity, light, and chemical components ofthe atmosphere surrounding any object, and the structures which contain

33 ,

CAMIAL

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STRATEGIES

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from PRESERVATICN PLANNING PROGIWI: AN ASSISTED SELF -SIUDY MANUAL, by Pamela W.Darling and Duane E. Webster. Washington, D.C. Association of ResearchLit...varies, Office of Management Studies. Unpublished pilot project draft,Spring 1981, p.18. Final version to be published Spring 1982.

t.4Cpatiding Pie leivaismi itewiin

Of MINH/if it, all influence both the &`igiand type of detrtimation of thatobject. Changes in trinpriatine and lighttwo different forms otrnelr+Yconnol the speed at which c hrtnical tractions take plat r; the chemicalnattne of the materials themselves and the substances surnninding themdefine the type of traction,

The third set of causal factors, also exit.' nal to the object, is found inthe nannr of handling and usebinding or p:ickaging techniques, shelveing procedures, purcssing and circulation practices, and the way staff andpatrons handle materials. Some effects are chemical, but most effects arephysical, that is, II try affect tl te4xterna structur of an object rather thanits chemical nature, The susceptibility of materials to this kind of damagedepends maul both the internal and environmental factors, For example,paper embrittled through chemical reaction will shatter at a touch; a tightadhesive binding can split when opened under hot, dry conditions; Win.softened and stretched through prolonged exposure to a projection lampmay be wound tiro tightly, splitting as it cools and contracts..

The interrelationships among all three sets of factors are complex, andthe knowledge that nothing is immortal can lead loan attitude of lunwlesshelplessness, However, an understanding of the chemical and physical'causes of deterioration and of the influence which the material and humanenvironments have on the natural aging processes can point to methods ofcare which significantly extend the life of library materials.

Control Strategies

Like the causes, the strategies for controlling the preservation prob-lem fall into three related groups. In response to the physical and chemicalcharacterisics of the materials, there are a variety of treatment possibilitieswhich will halt or at least retard further deterioration and may undo somedamage. These include cleaning, minor repair, binding and rebinding,deacidification, protective wrapping, and major restoration. In some casesof severe deterioration, physical treatment may be inpractical or eainomi-tally unjustifiable although the intejllecual content of the material war-rants continued access. For such items, several possibilities exist forpreserving content, through replacement, reproduction in a variety offormats and media, or through securing access to duplicates held else-where. Detison-making and provision of treatment are individual, item-by-item functions. Though guidelines and treatment routines forcategories of materials may lend efficiency to the operation, the unit costs,in both time and materials, are high. The development of mass deacidifica-tion prOcedures, though vital for the stabilization of paper-based records,will by no means control all the factors affecting the survival of librarymaterials.

A

t) ems teicitig and hoe mitig 1.,btary Abtteo.t

Unlike pltysit tl ttratitirilt, the ()dirt two sets of plesrtvation kirmrgiotan have a beneficial Hirt t on latgr s of matetialsat MI( r. Changesin ihe physical rtiviiimihriii (an pii)long the life of all IllaterialS allfird andMN! villtiii that spat r, Sot It t Itmtgr int lode etiltani rd trotpetatturand humidity oinittol, filleting Of air and light St)1111 es, t leaning ,nicht of shelf and t,tbinrt anangrinents, tesIrsigning book lemur 411111.

opgtatling mate: ials Used for stotage ((Adria and boxes, Thoughtltr total cost fot major ritvitonntrittal impoventritts aprats high, theunit cost for prolonging the life of rat h Mir( trd item is quite low, Giventhe act eleiatrd rate of drtetiolation in an ism tont oiled envisonittettogether with the high unit cost of physical treatment, tltrsr suategirs offeroust-rffet tivr insurance that many materials will not be totally lost brittleindividual attention can be given to them.

Their are, in addition, srsetal methods for limiting the Ituntan potrit'tial for dtnagig materials, through 'lobbying for better ittrtlitxls andmaterials in the inanufac tine of books and other ntediA fr'll)et iallY snI)porting use of the paper 31x1-ifications recently developed by the (:tninIce on Puxhiction Guidelines for Book I AnigeSIty5, through staffeducation and training, improvement of binding and processing proce-dures, patron awareness programs, and ti;stricing ac(ess to some ma teria Is,

Development Needs

If this analysis is reasonably accurate, it folloWs that we've got at lea stitwo dozen complementary activities to develop and promote. say nomore about most of them, but three taken together, may help us cope withthe most perplexing aspect,of the preservation proyem: the sheer magni-tude of the numbers of deteriorated materials.

Environmental control is perhaps the most urgent. Technically, weare well on the way to understanding what the environment ought to be,and how to keep it that way, in order to insure maximum survival forvarious types of materials. National standards exist for the proper storageof many photographic and magnetic media, and the American NationalStandards Institute has just established a Z-39 subcommittee to developsuch a standard for paper-based records. Climate control systemsknowingly referred to by some as "EIVAC".for "heating, ventilating, andair Conditioning"are becoming increasingly sophisticated. The technol-ogy already exists to create.a life-sustaining mini-environment under themost adverse conditions, at the bottoM of the sea or in outer space, so itmust be technically feasible to .control the many mini-environments inwhich Libra m is are housed. e technology is there, but two moreingredients are neede if it is to 4 used: (I) ef fectiv' e operational models andsystems for applying the ology to the variable conditions thht exist in

36

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ll'andy lid of thumb tw'11it11 says that the late doubles with rs rty 10')(:int tease in tempetattitr. hut how might we apply. this I the to ( teals;lit tome p ojections the ( ovt in lost IllairlialsOt.r1 1r pet iod of tune at titletruly tali r level or anotihrt? Catrful sampling plot rdturs might puts Or

a profile f the &let imatioulates for vatims ofinatet la's in apat tit illar (dirt tion. Furthrt tesyiogco uldrn ,Iblrusto :pia:iltlythrrffrcison those I ties of altering this or that envitonturntal fat tor. I'M c indexesfor teplac inents and treatment t ost figures «mid Ix' combined on thefinancial side of the equation. With sut It inhumation it ought to bepossible to develop a formula for t ompating the cost of «untolling theenvironment with the prior ci.f failing to control it, There are many vari-ables; I'd hate to have to do it on an alrat IIS. or (Sell this year's pcxkrtcalculator. But the new high it: Imology °frit r toys seem made for sot I: a

game. and the rewards of winning t mild he very great indeed,

From Universal Bibliographic Control (UBC) to Universal Preservation

Another area in which I see exciting development possibilities also

relates to the_alluring new information technologies. The capture. corn-

ixtct storage, and retrieval of massive quantities of sound. graphic images,and textual data aptxars to be moving swiftly out of the'realin:of sciencefiction. The Cataloging Distribution Service.of the Library of Congress,working in cooperation with the research arm of Xerox, has equipmentnow in place for transferring the entire sux'k of 5.5 Million preMARC

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ExpandingPreservation Resources 35

P

thing that you can get statistics on for practically everyone is commercial,.binding, because we've been set up for years to count that, but most otherthings are not reported separately. In fact, in most places, there is not aseparate count even kept for replacement when it is done for preservationpurposes. It is simply buried in the acquisitions statistics somewhere.

.David Farrell. (Indiana University, Bloomingt4n); What is being doneabout the special problems connected with the preservation of East Asianmaterial's? e'

Dai.ling: I probably can't say very much because I don't know a great dealabout it. I think that there are problems with format and there are prob- ..

lems, obviously, with bibliograkhic, control since most of the materials arenot included in the regular bibliographic systems at present.

I am not aware of any unique problems about East Asian materials butthat doesn't mean there aren't some. If you're talking the Orient, that is onething; if you're talking about Southeast Asian, that's another.. There arecertain areas of the world where we alI know that the quality of the paper isjust really "the pits)" There is very little that can be done to keep thosethings going more than ten to fifteen years, so that there are probably largecategories of publications from certain areas, or at least certain types ofpublicatiori's from those areas, which, like newspapers, we will have to'convert' to some other form before we even add them to the collecti,onbecause they wo 't last. .

Roberta L. H tis (11.13. Hayes Presetvaiion Center, Fremont, Ohio): Isthere a way to a pt the .preservation and planning program self -study

- process to a small staff? : o .,.

Darling: It is clearly designed for the larger institutions. I believe it wouldbe possible, however; to take the principles that are involved, and thegeneral/procedures, and to cut the thing back in some of its detail. I would'have to think about it to tell you exactly how it would be done, but I dothink that the basic,, process, the elements of,Tthings that are to be examinedand the process for analyzing the information you have and workingtoward a phased plan, are quite .applicable to any kind of institution.

Gerald Gibson (Library of Congress, Washingtori, D.C.): I don't believethat there is presently a screen capable of showing the resolutionsrequiredfor reading of the optical disc material. .

Darling: The screen will only show, I think, a quarter Of the resolution thatis actually stored in the machine. There simply are not available now thecathode ray tubes, or whatever they are, that have,thatkind ofrefinement.

`The significance about the resolution capability from our point of view isnot really so much what we see on the screen but the fact that the informa-tiOn is stored to that level of detail a ndit's stored inelectronic and digitized

t

I

41


form so that, even though it begins to degrade, it can be restored perfectly,because all the machine knows is "on"or "off" in this particular little tiny,teeny spot on this page. Is or is there not a mark? And so it's just on-off; it'sa blip or it isn't,-and that blipcan degrade considerably before it disappearsaltogether so that you-can go back and reconstruct the record in a way thatis completely_different hom the possibilities that we've had, for example,when a microforrh begins to fade or lose its image.Gibson:"Kou have to produce a hard copy, to read it. At present, it doesn'thave thi resol-utiort.that people will accept.Darling: I think again a lot of ft depends on the type of maierial that you'retalking about. There's a lot of basic textual data that is perfectly acceptableat the lower levels, but on the other hand there are certain kinds of thingswhere you absolutely must have that additional thing, and so,,,we will haveto be cleyer and smart about deciding which are the areas to Concentrate onfirst. I don't know what the likelihood is of the screening capabilitycoming up to the ability of the disc storage in ten years or so. I suppose theycan develop that, but, in the meantime, we can begin with something likeLC cards which are an obvious and excellent appli9tion for the currentabilities of the machine. There are a lot of exciting possibilities, but weneed to' be careful in not getting so carried away by some dazzling dream ofpreserving everything that we lose sight of the immediate requirements ofour work.

4;2

CAROLYN CLARK MORROWConiervation Librarian

Southern Illinois University. at Carbondale.

National Preservation Planningand Regional Cooperative

Consetvation Efforts

This morning, I would like to present a-chronology of national preserva-tion planning, describe some notable developments in the areaof regionalcooperative conservation efforts, and suggest the types of activities that arefeasible on a cooperative basis.

oIn 1964, Gordon Williams condUcted a study for the AsSociation of

Research Libraries<ARL) to plan for a national program for the preserva-tion of research library materials. The Williams report, endorsed in princi-ple by ARL in 1965, recommended that libraries establish a central agencyto "insure the physical preservation of at least one example of everydeteriorating book and make photocopies of the preserved originalsreadi-ly available to all libraries."1 The proposal went over like a lead balloon. Itwas still the boculi years of the sixties, money was easy, and libraries wereintent on building collections. So what if a fe-w dusty volumes lay crum-bling? Furthermore, the logistics of establishing a central agency wereoverwhelming. The 1964 report was definitely ahead of its time.

hi 1972, the Association of Research Libraries came out with a secondreport, written- by Warren Haas, and entitled Preparation of DetailedSpeafications fora National System for Preservation of Library Materials.It had been eight years since the 1964 ARL report. Those intervening yearshad seen the culmination of research efforts at the Barrow Research Labor-atory in Richmond, Virginia, with the publication of a series of studiesinvestigating the permanence and durability of the This concreteevidence, printed in black and white, had helped to heighten an awarenessof the problem of paper deterioration. After all, statements such as "97 percent 'of the book papers produced during the first half of the twentiethcentury have a life expectancy of fifty years or less" could not help but turn


NI few heads. Also between the two ARL reports, in 1969, the Graduate. ibrary School of the University of Chicago held their thirty-fourth

annual conference on the topic of "deterioration and preservation oflibrary niaterials."3 It was clear from the nature of the papers presented,that the profession of librarianship was determined to be optimistic. It wasnot until much* later that librarianship faced the frightening tealizationthat they had perhaps waited too long to act.

The catastrophic floods in Florence, Italy, in November 1966 alsooccurred-between the two ARL reports. ;Elie ensuing destruction anddamage focused international attention on the preservation of culturalmaterials. Conservator/6'49m allover the world rushed to Florence to aid inrecovery and reclamation efforts and the experience of working together tosolve conservation problems gave the field its first taste of the powers ofcollective action.

So by 1972, it seemed the time was ripe for more planning by ARL. Inits second report, ARL dropped the idea of a "central agency" and prepared'instead "Suggestions for Action" including the topics of Research, Educa-tion and Training, Preservation and Conservation Efforts ifl IndividualLibraries, and Collective Action. The gist of the report was that preserva-tion should be viewed as part of the broader goal of access to information.Presumably, libraries made a conscious decision to preserve by collectingthe material in the first place. By allowing materials to deteriorate beyondthe point of usability, libraries were limiting access to information. Underthe topic of Collective Action, the ARL report called for a group of ten tofifteen libraries to join together to carry out certain specific preservationprojects as a model for an eventual national plan. Paramount would be thedevelopment of a coordinated system of individual preservation coll&-dons based on well-defined subject areas. The report maintained that "bynot aspiring to preserve everything, and concentrating instead on discretesubject areas, some real progress becomes possible."4

ARL had good reason to assume that the timing was right for suchcollective action. The oldest and largest research libraries hadlbegun, in thelate sixties (with much wringing of hands), to tackle the problem. In 1967,the Library of Congress unified preservation and binding activities into asingle Preservation Office, promising greater emphasis on the applicalionof scientific principles and sound administrative methods.5 In 1970, theNewberry Library' established a Conservation Laboratory under the direc-tion of Paul Banks. Exemplary leadership and an unerring sense forpinpointing the important issues made the Newberry program an earlymoving force in the field, though a separate Conservation Department didnot emerge until 1975.6 Also in 1970, the New York Pirblic Library pub-lished its Memorandum can the Conservation of the Collections andlaunched a Conserv3tion Division? The Memorandum was the first

44

:P

National Planning and Regional Efforts 39

attempt to formally to assess conservation needs and determine priorities.Yale followed suit in 1971 with a Preservation Office.° Columbia. waslaying the groundwork for preservation reorganization as a result of astudy completed in 1970 by the management consulting firm of Booz,Allen, and Hamilton. Its Preservation Department formally made theorganization chart in 1974.°

The second ARL report received serious attention because librarieswere beginning to act. They were beginning to act because they were no

nger able to ignore the awesome prospect of millions of simultaneouslydeteriorating documents. However, the ARL report also wisely pointedout that success would ultimately hinge on "finding a permanent way for

. researclylibraries to take effective collective action," and that in the "finalanalysis, the research libraries of the country lack a capacity for collectiveaction that is suitable to the dimension of the job to be done."1°

In 1973, a significant vehicle for national preservation planning wasestablished. With broad representation from the conservation field, theNatio al Conservatory Advisory Council (NCAC) emerged to provide a"foru for c'ooperation and planning among institutions and programs

. concer with the conservation of cultural property in museums, historicproperties-, libraries, archives, and related collections." An original man-date of NCAC was to consider the advisability of creating a nationalinstitute for conservation. In its role as an advisory body, NCAC has sughtto identify national needs in areas such as- training, research, anestan-dards. By issuing and distributing reports, NCAC has expanded an aware-ness and understanding of conservation problems.

Early in 1974, the New York Public Library and the libraries of Yale,Columbia, and Harvard joined forces, to form Research Libraries Group,Inc. (RLG)a separate corporation owned and operated by its members.RLG is dedicated to solving the "double problem of rising costs anddwindling funds for the operation of research libraries by coordinatingactivities and pooling resources." The significance of RLG is that itrepresents an integration of preservadon with dissemination and accessin part fulfilling the recommendations of ARL's second report.

By 1976, the National Conservation Advisory Council had issued theirfirst major report, Conservation of Cultural Property in the United States.The report outlined national needs in conservation and made recommen-dations for national conservation planning. Those recommendationsincluded a call for a nationwide cooperative effort to preserve our nationalartistic and historic heritage; establishment of a permanent -national advi-sory 'council, a national institute for conservadon, and a network ofregional conservation centers; increased training for conservators andeducation for curators and administrators; increased scientific support;and the development of standards. The report projected that a national

45


institute could fulfill much of the national need by providing information,training, education, and coordinating research and the development ofstandards.

Optimism about the possibility of cooperation in the spccif ic arena oflibrary and archives conservation reached a peak in December 1976 withthe National Preservation Planning Conference held at the Library ofCongress. For two days, forty-one invited participants and nineteen LCstaff members struggled with the "what," "who," and "how" of preserva-tion. Frazer Poole, chairman of the conference, summed up their majorobjective when he said, "After years of worry and talk, we must establish aplan of action."11

Much of what went on before 1976 in the area of national preservationplanning stressed that since libraries do not have the resources to preserveeverything, they must first decide what needs to be preserved. This waswhere collection development was supposed to meet preservation and

. decide what would have the chance to survive for the users of the future. By1976, a decade of experience in national planning for preservation hadshown that libraries were bogged down pondering the "what." WarrenHaas, author of the 1972 report (where' he urged librakies to determinediscrete subject areas worthy of preservation) found himself' saying in 1976at LC, "don't worry about selection and riorities,..." they will "take careof themselves once we have developed a ational capacity that provides aset of preservation options." He called fo small steering committee tosteer us "towards action, not planning."12 Following the Planning Confer-ence, in July 1977 the Library of Congress formally named a NationalPreservation Program Officer and began to plan for those services that LCcould provide in the way of national, direction to aid a nationwide preser-vation effort.

No small amount of change and reorganization at the Library ofCongress (not to mention moving) has stymied theNational PreservationProgram these last several years. However, the new chief of the Preserva-tion Office and National Preservation Officer, Peter Sparks, plans to spendthe next six months exploring the future direction and emphasis of theprogram. Assistant Chief Lawrence Robinson will administer the day-to-day mechanisms of the Preservation Office. tAccording to Dr. Sparks, a revived National Preservation P gramwill definitely expand its publications program and continue it internand education program. It will also continue the encouragement of coop-

, erative microfilming projects. New components to the program will prob-ably include a formal technical consulting service and information center.

LC's preservation program has always been in a sense, national;exploring theoretical and managerial solutions to the Library of Con-gress's own preservation problems an developingapplied technology has

46


worked for the benefit of all libraries. 'The National Preservation rrograntwill enhance LC's national role and provide national direction to preserva-tion by actively communicating the methods and technology explored atLC and putting out mcxlels that other libraries can work from.

Following the landmark, plann ing conference in 1976 at LC, 1977 and1978 were busy years of workshops, seminars, and more workshops.Although not formal cooperation, these sharing and expanding experien-ces. strengthened the informal people network that kept conservationawareness and efforts. growing. The publication Conservation Adminis-tration Neivs, for example, grew out of a 1978 Columbia University insti-tute and has become a significant information sharing tool.

In 1977, the American Library Association, Resources and TechnicalServices Division (RTSD) formed a Discussion Group on the Preservationof Library Materials to "informally discuss common problems concerningthe preservation of library materials."13 By the annual meeting in June1980, Preservation of Library Materials Section (PLMS) was launched as anew section of RTSD. With PLMS, preservation has an official voice in thenational organization of librarians..

In 1978, the National Conservation Advisory Council published twosignificant documents having implications for national preservationplanning. The Report of the Study Committee on Libraries and Archives:National Needs in Libraries and Aichives:Conservation sought to "iden-tify and describe. the problems existing in the field as a necessary first step toseeking solutions to these problems."14 The committee concluded withseven recommendations for national action in the area of preservation andcalled kr the "proposed national conservation institute, the 'nationalpreservation program of the Library of Congress, and other bodies" toaddress them without delay. The recommendations included: (1) formula-don of guidelines for environmental and condition surveys, (2) increasededucation and training efforts, (3) increased research, (4) a flow of soundand balanced conservation information, (5) establishment of regional orcooperative centers, (6) a vigorous program to preserve the intellectualcontent of deteriorated materials through reproduction, and (7) the devel-opment of standards. ToClay, it is gratifying indeed, to note that there isprogress on every front.15

A fifty-five page Discussion Paper on a National Institute for Conser-vation of Cultural Property was also issued by NCAC in 1978. Its purposewas to further delineate the possible functions of a national institute andstimulate interest and input from the conservation profession. Members ofthe American Inititute for Conservation (AIC) (the professional organiza-don of conservators) discussed the proposal at annual meetings in 1979,'1980, and 1981. Concerns expressed by the profession were that a nationalinstitute would drain already depleted funding sources, that it would

;.4'7

12 Conserving and Preserving I.ihrary Materials

require major support from the federal government and yet be undulyrestricted by government controls, and that it would iierhapsunfairly limitthe access of private, conservators to services in favor of institutions. Theunseemly, but practical question of how funding would be obtained in anera of shrinking federal support for the arts was also raised. Conservatorsfurther expressed concern that the proposed institute would not advancethe high standards adhered to by the conservation profession and promul-gated in AlC"s Code of Ethics.

After nearly eight years of discussion and revision, NCAC publishedin Apri1,1982 a detailed Proposal for a National Institute for Conservation(NIC) of Cultural Property and has begun to seek funding. NIC is con-ceived as a private organization with some government support, but receiv-ing at least one-half of its funding from the private sector. It will serve thethree major functions of information, education, and scientific sulivort.Information Services will include a reference and research library, consult-ing, dissemination, and publication. EducatiOn Services will encompasstraining of new conservators, seminars to educate the users ofconservationservices, continuing 'education opportunities for conservators, and com-munication of conservation concerns to the public. Scientific SupportServicei will concentrate on developing standards for testing materials,

.devising analytical tests, and conducting basic and applied researchaccording to the priorities established by the field. It is not envisioned thatthe NIC will duplicate or supplant already existing facilities or capabili-ties, but rather will have a strong coordinating and contracting element.NIC will, however, absorb NCAC at its inception. The proposal for NICincludes details of staffing, equipment and space needs, and budget andcalls for a phased implementation of services over a three-year period.

. At the beginning of 1979, the Research Libraries Group amended itscharter and began to expand its membership. Today, with twenty-five fullmembers thoughout the United States, RLG's potential for effective coop-,

erative action in the area of preservation is greatly enhanced. Most recently;RLG's Preservation Committee is developing specifications for inputting \

master negative information into RLIN (Research Libraries InformationNetwork). Enhancements to RLIN allow members to enter item-specificinformation about the existence of master microforms and service copiesand the intent to film specific items. RLG's Preservation Committeerecommends that enhancements to RLIN be compatible with other auto-mated systems and that the system be capable of furnishing an RLG list ofmicrofilm masters.The implementation of RLG's plan toshare preserva-tion microfilming information is truly reflective of a national preservationprogram.16 They have received a grant fromILNEH (Oct. 1982) to begin'inputting. The basis of the project, of courie, is the New York PublicLibrary's present project to input its-master negative file. RLG also plans

48

National Manning and Regional 1.4 fork Iy

to institute a c(x)p erative filming togram and is curtently studying possi-ble categories of materials t be filmed and op euttional details such asbibliographic control and standards for filming, processing, and storingmaster negatives. Fiume aCtivities of the committee may include IC:Minn.manual of standuls and designation of preservation responsibility inconjunction with primary collecting responsibility, Simply by addressingpreservation and conservation concerns, however, RLG engages in a verybasic form of cooperation, peer group pressure, and is undoubtedlyresixisible for increased and upgraded preservation efforts in some of thelargest research libraries in the country.

A discussion of the chronology of national preservation planningbegins t sound rather repetitive. Words such as information, coordina-tion, tr mg, support, and standards occur again and again in the plan-n ingdoct ments of the last decade. Many of us with a sense of urgency maywonder: When will there be some action?

It may be that ten years, or even twenty, is not very long to address sucha mammoth and complicated task as preservation of the nation's intellec-tual resources. We have made real progress in developing conservationawareness and sophistication among those in amosition to act and we aremoving toward responsible collective action-albeit slowly: It might beuseful, even uplifting to ask: What do we have today, in 1981, in nationalpreservation action that we did not have even five years ago?

We have at Columbia University the first academic program to trainlibrary conservators and preservation administrators. We have a detailedproposal for a National Institute for Conservation that includes the con-cerns of libraries and archives. We have a National Preservation Programat the Library of Congress that promises to be responsive to the needs of thenation's libraries. We have in the Research Libraries Group a vehicle forcooperative action that will provide a model and a beginning for nationalcooperative activities. We have important work going forward in the areaOf standards (for, example, permanent/durable paper, binding, and envi-ronmental storage). We have real breakthroughs in the application ofconservation science to preservation problems (for example, mass deacidi-fication, cold storage of photographic materials, and vacuum-drying ofwater-damaged library materials). We have .exciting possibilities in newtechnology that can be used to record and preserve information. We havean official section of the American Library Association dedicated toaddressing preservation concerns. And finally, we have a steady increase inpreservation activities and commitment in the nation's libraries. We have alot of action on the national preservation scene.

If we accept, as we must, that we will never have enough time, money,or staff to preserve everything that has deteriorated or is deteriorating now,then we must have coordination of preservation activities on the national

49

44 Conserving rind Presetving Landry Materials

110wever, as we al l' c-alite, planning, or even action, on the nationallevel (however encouraging, or even grandiose as in the case of the pro.posed National Institute for Comet vation) does ma solve today's nifty-gritty, down-home problem with deteriorating collections. These ateproblems that for years !Nati:is have affectionately been calling bookconfetti, yellow snow, or (as a librarian in my librat y is haul of saying)peanut brittle, Pamela Darling put it brat in introduction to LibraryJournal's 1979 sr: ies on pirservation when she said, "A 'national' pleservation program decreed and directed horn some central source of power/knowledge/funds is neither practical or desirrable at the present time."17Instead, she suggested a nationwide effort emphasizing communicationand cooperation. She went on to say, "Only after learning how to createviable preservation prognims on a small scale arc we going to build aneffective- large4cale program."15 As we heard this morning from Pam[Darling), both the Association of Research Libraries and the Society ofAmerican Archivists have put this philosophy into action. Likewise, in thelast decade, significant regional and local tictivity has moved us muchcloser to the level of knowledge and sophistication needed to grappleeffectively (and efficiently) with today's and tomorrow's preservationproblems..

The most notable development in the area of cooperative or regionalconservation has been the experience of the Northeast Document Conser-vation Center (NEDCC). NEDCC: was formed (as the New England Docu-,men t Conservation Center) in 1973, but was conceived as early as 1965 byWalter Muir Whitehill and George Cunha at the Boston Anthenaern, Thecenter was established under the New England Interstate Library Compactwith start-up funds from the Council on Library Resources. It is adminis-tered by the New England Library Board, which consists of six state libraryagency heads or their designated representatives.

Today, NEDCC has evolved into a successful cooperative venture.19 In

new larger quarters in Andover, Massachusetts, they serve several hundredclients and provide professional treatment for a wide variety of materials.They also offer field services such as mobile fumigation, disaster assis-tance, on-site consulting, surveys and colle'ction evaluations, andworkshops.

From its inception, it was hoped that .NEDCC would serve as aprototype for other regional centers to spring uparound the country. Eightyears later, they are still the Only treatment center devoted to library andarchival materials. Why? Mainly because the development of a treatmentcenter is a complicated and expensive undertaking and because expertshave vigorously warned against the too rapid rise of multiple centers beforethere are enough people to staff them. Additionally, NEDCC is essentiallydevoted to highly specialized item -by -item treatment of materials.

5 0

tsian..11.11 Km:wig 0:1,1 itegflmal ribo:

Although t onteiAtion has tuditionallY lx-en aittNiated will Ike Uralwen( ol We* book% and minim* nlalctials, raising the t onsci valion t 1.nt,

ion%nrt% of litfla: Lint tltul admiuittiatoit has irtulted ill A %hitt11) ike long; -ICtnl nlainlrnane r of win& collet lions and intmeiValion of ticintrIlc: 'nal content of dew: touted flute: lab, CAil till adminituato: ingood t 1)1154 km(' ttIppint a ultional nratincin trine! %,Vitcti the 111thily c 111

only ;afoul to wild a few special items lot I:raiment rat II year and %dint thebulk of the «dri.t lion it in drtptate nerd of ,Hetet vation mtemion?NEDCC itself has Icsfmnided to this %hilt in fOl ins by expanding it% contulting awl uaiuingat tivitict and by wo:king closely with clicnts to help themselect materials for ticatment within the fraturwmk of a tali:mai ovr: allplan. FIrvIgling cot:pet:16yr and irgional effo: Is mound the «ninny- aleempliatiting those at tivitirt that :an help lilfl.ities develop viable Ice alplogiamt to cope with the preservation plohlru,

Demonstrating what an be a:mini:110ml in cc:opt-I:Myr conterva-(ion in a Sri y rtr tegion is rhr Book Pirsr, va non Crntrf wt Ong dieNew Yolk metropolitan :flea,' Hosted by thin New Yolk Ikflattit alCaidens Library and using thr facilities of its workshop, the muter has,since 1979, 1)111It a very successful cooperative program. The center's purpose is II) ,help liblarians plan and implement in-house preservationprograms within the my 'cal limitations of space, mohey, and staff." 21

After visiting the participating liburis, the center develoix.:1 its pack-age of services based otkt: on needs. A series of workshops was held todeiminstrate very basic Iry dm% followed by a second series to teachmore complex techniques. Pilfikil?anli were furnished with informationsheets and illustrated instruction sheets. These handouts formed the basisfor a manual to lx published in 1983. .The center has also compiled anextensive information file and even provides assistance to libraries 'insetting up in-house work areas. A three-year grant froM the NationalEndowment for the Humanities (NEU) is enabling the center to continueits workshops in New York, as well as hold workshops in other locutionsaround the country. To date, the center is entirely supported by grant hindsand provides service free of charge to participating libraries. Frommodest,but highly effective beginnings, the Book Preservation Center hopes toexpand to include cooperative purchasing of 'supplies and restorationwork on individual items for other libraries.

A notable example of regional cooperative planning was the WesternStates Materials Conservation Project. The project began as a year-longsaga to determine conservation needs in the states west of the MississippiRiver and to develop a coordinated plan for conservation in the West. Attwenty state meetings, 454 people participated to identify existing conser-vation programs, define needs, and suggest action. Three areas of concernwere identified: conservation information and education; conservation

51

1(1 Loriserustis Arf,4 Proservirsg

44'1%14 c*: and warms h, atatutaltts, and icf11%1:ill. Itru- titter t tint rotstit:wed the themes fit thu 'maims tit the lwu and a Isaltilly(idhttuiuo at 11:111, 1 wo triltractstAtisir3 hoot rat It ILA ic ntrrt-itsg attrustrd lhr t *snowsuits% %Isrtr,ttsr looms otrit to tot in the %Vc,trsCAssisrisiAttots ('411KIrt% and 4411,11 a IlIcc-phAsr 1114:1 lo tritiitilla

As t Inst Choi 41 Stiowititd, the Wcstr tt t HISCIVation itimg Ica% would,

its its hint phase., inovitIr istliont.atiott its tot-tube: thtittil01 a at lc:411.11K

410.- house. ramslooctstit c,( t tratittgltottsr 1st ogusts wouldn't !tisk dim tot ySlam utAtiuts (such as proplr mut srivss rs), nuticrs of tlAttlittt Anti etittt(ion ()linings, development of t onset vation administration tools 410information pai rts. atul 4 consulting set vice, The. srtotul pilaw .4113 lot

:eating a mote sophisticated pat kage of set Vii rs, anti Ow thus! phase forprating a urtwot k of ((nisei %anon labor:tun it., in the West,

To date, the Weston Comet vation mulct the guid.tttt r of asteering t °milliner, it expliiiing 4%rtstri for funding and using whinier, sto ma Muni t °nut t with its two hutuhrti members. A t talog onsetv.tlion trimmer nutrtiuls i t t the West that ran IX' It>anrtl h.13 kelt lontpilnl.If the Vestern Conservation ('i)tgress tail either obtain outside funding oimuster a significant monetary commitment horn its meinbcts. it will havea chance to sit:vise and fulfill its potential.

Similar in design to the Western States Matrtials Ciniservatiott 111(1-jet!, but on a smaller scale, the Midwest Regional Study lot MaterialsC011ettiti011 was C011tIllt (MI to identify ix, sons hue:cruet! iutonsetvationin a six-state tegion of Indiano, ky, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania,and West Virginia. Planninglmeetings were held at three locations and thestudy's final report outlines possible avenues for cooperation,

With direction and encouragement from the state libraries, state/widetsroperative planning and activities air going forward in C:olorado, Illi-nois, and Kentucky.

In Colorado, a statewide plan, Towards a Cooperative ,- 1ppmach tothe Preservation of Documentary Resources in Colorado was completed in1981 by Howard Lowell under contract with NEDCC and with fundingfriiin the Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA). The publishedplan is the culmination of a pknning and survey process that started withrecommendations made during the Colorado meeting of the WesternStates Materials Conservation Project and included development of aself-assessment manual for libraries, conservation education and trainingexperiences conducted in Colorado, and surveys of a representative sampleof libraries to determine common problems and needs. The plan calls foraseparate preservation position in the state library to be responsible for thecoordination of preservation activities in the state. In the interim, the staff

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53

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o 4


, The benefit of a supportive host institution is often crucial to theinitial development and continued success of a cooperative conservationventureproviding that the host does not impose undue restrictions orinterfere with policy or operations. Part of the success of the Book Preserva-tion Center can undoubtedly be attributed to its having a "home" at theNew.York Botanical Gardens Library. Likewise, the Illinois CooperativeCongervation Program would, in all probability not have made a begin-ning without the support of Morris Library and Southern IllinoisUniversity.

Regardless of formarorganiza tiona I structure, the services offered by acooperative, venture must reflect the, members' needs, their willingness topay for services, and the peculiarities of the region. If members are con-cerned with the maintenance of audiovisual materials, 'the a center mustaddress their concerns. Members' willingness to pay a reasonable fee forservices is a reflection of their commitment to the concept of conservation;a center that relies entirely on grant funds for support fosters unrealexpectations and may have a difficult time getting even modest. support ifgrant funds disappear. The coopera tive mechanism successfully employedby a Book Preservation Ceriter located in the Bronx and serving libraries ing 625-square-mile area would probably not work for a Western Conserva-tion Congress that plans to serve libraries in a 1.8 million-square-mileregion.

What kinds of services are feasible on a cooperative basis? Basically,they can be divided in to five different types: information, consultation andsurveying, cost-sharing, coordination, and treatment.

InformationEvery planning document and needs assessment survey that has

explored cooperative conservation has emphasized the need for basic andspecific information. People want to know: What are the optimum storageconditions? How can environmental conditions be improved? How do Imonitor the environment? What standards exist for library materials?What is the state of the art of mass deacidification? Who has conservationexpertise in my region? Where can I locate vacuum-drying facilities? Whatis needed in a disaster preparedness plan? What are the best supplies andwho sells them? Where can I get more training?

Information can be offered in a variety of ways and, as the most basicserviFe, costs for providing information are most logically absorbed inmembership fees. A newsletter can keep libraries up to date on techniques,opportunities, and, research. An on-linedirectory can match needs withpeople and services. Training material's such as slide/tape shows andmanuals can be compiled and distributed. A lendin!library can make a

55

50 iserving.and Preserving Library Materials

reference and research collection available to all. And. perhaps the mostsatisfying and expeclient..."Hello, this is x library, can you tell me...?"Likewise, regional conservation centers would have a need for reliabletechnical information tha wo ild be developed and dispersed by. the

National Preservation Progra or the proposed National Institute forConservation.

Consultationsand Survey,i g '

YistSF hared expertise in die form-of a consultant service can help membersof a cooperative venture identify problems and determine directions.Col-lection surveys define and quantify individual situations and the accom-panying report can suggest improvements and serve as a basis forrationalizing increased. funding for the local preservation effort. Aninspection of the building might reveal the most economical plan forimproving air exchange, upgrading systems for, filtration of airbornepollutants, or adapting existing air-conditioning systems for humidity

flcontrol. A consultant coui survey present treatment practices and makerecommendations for up rading and expanding routine repair opera-tions. A specific, valuable collection might warrant piece-by-piece exami-nation by a conservator with recommendations for treatment, difscussion of

options, and cost estimates. .(1. .

Consultation services can be a routine task of staff employed by acooperative center. Costs can be prorated depending on the complexity ofthe consulting task, or consulting and surveying services includes:1,as aprivilege of membership. Or more simply, a cooperative center could serve

a liaison function and arrange for fees and services from outside consul-tants, or merely put libraries in touch with appropriate experts.

Cost-SharingThe dictionary definition of cooperation stresses economic coopera-

tion and mutual profit. Conservation services that are financially unfeasi-ble for the individual library or infrequently needed can be made availablethrough cost-sharing or a pooling of resources. Cooperative purchasing ofsupplies or equipment can reduce costs. For example, there ii no reason for

.every' library to own a $8,000 fumigator that may be used only a handful oftimes in a year. Likewise, polyester encapsulation could be performed'more efficiently at a cooperative center that owned the $12,000 machinethat neatly and quickly seals the edges of the envelope. Specific researchcontracted for by'a. cooperative center would be, for the benefit of alllibraries.Cost-sharing activities can be as simple as sharing the cost of aninformation service, or as elaborate as a cooperative preservation micro-filming project or regional cold storage facility.

.t.


CoordiriationCoordination of regional preservation activities is a logical role for a

cooperative center to assume. Preservation microfilming projects can-becoordinated so that duplication of filming is eliminated. A cooperativecenter can also coordinate training and education opportunities. Forexample, staff from member libraries can attend intensive, short-termtraining sessions at/a center. General workshops can be periodically offeredat convenient locations. The technology of conservation is of ten at a levelthat overpowers. local expertise and new developments are continuallybeing offered as the panacea for all our problems. A cooperative centercould screen new technology and coordinate specialized services such asvacuum-drying, conservation 'rebinding, and mass deacidification.

TreatmentThe literature of cooperative conservation is replete with warnings

about the establishment of regional treatment centers. This cautionarystance is advanced for a number of very valid reasons. First, fully-trainedconservators are scarce; there are simply not enough qualified profession-als available to direct the workshops of very many regional centers. Second,technical support staff must be trained in-housea time-consuming andcostly undertaking. Third, the cost of equipping a full-scale treatmentfacility is great. And fourth, "at-cost" treatment sounds great, but at-costcan still cost a lot. For example, some economies of scale are possible forsome types of treatments; however, many operations take a given numberof hours to complete satisfactorily regardless of whether it is on a profit ornot-for-profit basis.

Not to be all discouragementsome simple operations can be per.c.formed at a cooperative treatment center as a prelude for more complicatedtreatments after the center is fully staffed and functioning. For instance,protective enclosures such as rare book boxes, portfolios, siniple wrappers,and polyester film envelopes can be an appropriate and inexpensive optionfor libraries.. Or, like NEDCC, a center might offer a microfilming serviceto provide archival-quality film for difficult -to -film materials. This type ofbasic conservation work can be done by conservation technicians trainedand supervised by a conservator. More complicated restoration treatmentsfor very valuable books,, manuscripts, maps, and photographs could begradually added to the repertoire of a center. Actually, it has been convinc-ingly argued that'the scarcity of trained professionals is all the more reasonfor.the existence' f regional centers. Otherwise only the few and lucky elitewill have access to these specialized services z3

Except for NEDCC, existing cooperative treatment centers are primar-ily for the treatment of museum materials. 1VVist centers, includingNEDCC, have been established with the assistance of a large start-up grant

L 5-7


to defray the cost of equipment' and give the center a graceperiod of severalyears. Ann Russell, Director of NEDCC, has suggested that realistically, atreatment center should receive some form of partial subsidy on a continueing basis.

A center normally charges for services on an hourly basis. Overhead isincluded in the billing rate. Most centers charge higher fees for work donefor nonmembers. For example, the Rocky Mountain Regional Conserva-tion Center charges a 25 percent higher rate for nonmembers. There aremany possible arrangements for billing treatment services. The Conserva-tion Center for Art and Historic Artifacts offers contracts with members forsingle item treatments, intermittent treatments, or annual or multiyeararrangements.

At NEDCC thererare no "fixed" costs for treatment because,of thewiderange of damage that can accrue to materials due to variations in thephysical properties of paper, leather, etc., the environment in which theitem was stored, and the use or abuse to which the item was subjected. A

member Hist submits a document for pre-examination and the centerprepares an estimate which is in turn submitted for the member's approval.The success of a center may depend on the ability of its conservators toestimate the cost of each individual job accurately.

What is stitncling in the way of the development of multiple coopera-tive regional centers that offer a variety of information, education, coordi-nation and treatment services?

The number one impediment is cost. Since libraries are impoverishedthese days, they exercise extreme caution when advised that they will haveto pay for a new (even if it is vital) service. The bottom line is, of course,priorities. But who can blame' the library administranir faced with therapid rise in the cost of serial subscriptions and the rapid fall in the moraleof staff who receive inadequate salary increases? With'standstill budgets,an administrator is wanting to commit even modest funds to preservationwould be forced to take funds away from something else.

On the other hand, libraries have found money to improve biblio-graphic access to resources. And some would say that to plan and imple-ment an elaborate and expensive automated system for bibliographicaccess without also providing for preservation is shortsighted. It may bethat once we have peffected systems to identify and locate bibliographicitems exactly, we win go to the shelves (or in a cooperative system sendsomeone in some distant library to the shelves) only to find the, physicalitem disintegrated. Then we have to go back and update the file, right?

Cooperative preservation and conservation can and should exist on anumber of levels. Preservation planning and coordination on the nationallevel is imperative, as is the measured development of a network of regionalcenters that are responsive to regional needs and that reflect national

National Planning and Regional Efforts 53 I

priorities. There is no simple or cheap answer to the preservation problem,.but if we accept the preservation challenge, then perhaps cooperation canbe an important enhancement to our efforts.

NOTES

1. Williams, Gordon R. "The Preservation of Deteriorating Books: Part I:Examination of the Problem." Library Journal 91(1 Jan: 196451-56.

2. W.J. Barrow Laboratory. Permanence/ Durability of the Book, 7 vols.Richmond, Va.: W.J. Barrow Research Laboratory, 1963-74. '

3. Winger, Howard W., and Smith, Richard D., eds. Deterioration andPreservation of Library, Materials (Proceedings of the Thirty-Fourth Annual Conference ofthe Graduate Library School,f 4.6 Aug. 1969). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.Publisher) originally in Library Quarterly vol. 40, Jan. 1970.

4. llaas, Warren J. Preparation of Detailed Specifications f or a NationalSystem for thePreservation of Library Materials. Washington, D.C.: Association of Research Libraries,1972. (Reprinted inInformation -Part 2: Reports, Bibliographies, vol. 2, nos. I- 2(1973):17 -37.)

5. ...Preservation Office at LC." Library of Congress Information Bulletin26(2 Nov. 1967):721.22.

6. Schur, Susan, "Library/Conservation Profile: The Newberry Library."Technology and Conservation 6(Summer 1981 );22-31.

7. See Baker, John P. "Preiervation Programs of the New York PublicLibrary. Part I. The Early Years." Microform Review 10(Winter 1981):25-28.

8. Walker, Gay. "Preservation at Yale." Conservation Administration News,no. l(June 1979):1, 6, 8.

9. Byrne, Sherry. "Columbia University: Pioneer in Preservation." Conser-vation Administration News, no. 7(June 1981):1, 4, 5.

10. Haas, Preparation of Detailed Specifications.I1. Library of Congress. "The Preservation Program of the Library of Congress.;

In A National Preservation Program: Proceedings of a Planning Conference (held 16,17 Dec.1976). Washington, D.C.: LC,.1980, pp. 16-26..

12. Ibid.13. American Library Aisociation. Resources and Technical Services Division. Manual

of Procedures. Chicago: ALA, 1977.14. National Conservation Advisory Council. The Report of the Study Committee on

Libraries and Archives. Washington, D.C.: NCAC, 1978.15. Ibid.16. Research Libraries Group. Preservation Committee. "Research Libraries

Information Network.- Design Requirements for Preservation Support Enhancements:Microforms." Mimeographed. Stanford, Calif.: RLG, 1981.

17. Darling, Pamela W. "Towards a Natiorral Nationwide Preservation Program,"Library Journal 104(1 May 1979):1012.

18. Ibid.19. Russell, Ann. "Regional Conservation: A New England Example." In

Preservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value II, edited by Johd C.Williams, pp. 25-32. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1981.

20. Reed, Judith. "A Nucleus of Guidance, A Center for Preservation."Library gene 9(Sept. 1982):12-13.

21. Ibid.22. Day, Karen. "A Conseivation Plan for the West." Conservation Administra-

tion News, no. 6(Feb. 1981):1, 6-8..23. Bruer, J. Michael. "Regional Cooperation for Disaster. Preparedness."

In Disasters: Prevention and Coping, edited by James Meyers and Denise Bedford. Stanford,Calif.: Stanford, University Libraries, 1981.

5,

54 ,.Cariserving and Preset-ark Library Materials

DISCUSSION

Gerald Ltindeen (Graduate School of Library Science, UnNersity ofHawaii, Honolulu): I think I heard you say that the NEDCC was the onlyregional treatment center. The Pacific Regional Conservation Center does'offer treatment and services to libraries and museums in the state of HatVaii

and the Pacific region.Carolyn Clark Morrow: Yes. So does the Conservation Center for Art andHistoric Artifacts. What I said was "devoted to"; that was begun on thathasis.Lundeen: Right. That I believe is its primary mission.

Morrow: In Hawaii?Lundeen: Yes.Morrow: I'm mistaken 'then, if you say its primary mission is libraryrhateriats.Lundeen: Library and museum.Morrow: Museums tend to have what they consider more precious mate-

rials, so even NEDCC, especially because its conservator comes from amuseum background, has attracted a lot of museum work.

Tom Kilton (Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign): Youwere mentioning the RLG (Research Libraries Group) plan to have a list

of microform masters that would go into RUN. First, is there any coopera-tion planned between this effort and the present National Register ofMicroforms records at LC; and secondly, if it does go on-line into RLIN,will libraries who are not members of RLIN have access to the informa-tion, to maybe offprints or some other means?'

Morrow: Yes, the plan I saw talked about at least the potential for apublished list. They also emphasized that the system will be compatiblewith other automated systems so that they would be able to be used by other

RLG members. I know there are RLG people here and maybe they would

like to speak to that.Nancy Gwinn (Research Libraries Group): What Carolyn has said iscorrect. The design. requirements for enhancing the RLIN data basewithregard to microforms called for the ability to retrieve ,records for master

' negatives and produce, from that, a union list in some form of hard copy,either COM or paperit's uncertain. The requirements are just thatrequirements. Our systems people are now looking at thai document andbeginning to work on the specifications that would allow for that tohappen. It's still unknown what thecost will be. It's still unknown whatthe demand is. So there-are a number of questions to be answered but the

6o


Preservation CAnnmittee is well aware of the need to disseminate thisinformation outside the partnership. RLG doesn't think it can solve thepreservation problem alone any more than can any other institution orgroup of institutions, so they are looking at this as a national responsibil-ity and hoping that, in fact, it can be meshed with other efforts. If we canmake-our programs and plans known, then other people can use that indeciding what they want to do, and perhaps we can carve the problemdown to manageable size. As far as the National Register is concerned, itwould be very nice if we could take the whole file that exists there in theRegister office (and I've been to look at it and have seen itit's a nicealphabetized, integrated file), and just convert it through a retrospectiveconversion process to machine-readable form. It would be a mammothproject to do that and it would require a lot of editing of the file before itcould be easily converted. It's not something that can be scanned like thecard stock in the Card Division which is all nice and clean with a niceaccess number. The RLG Board has now stated that, as a priority,for RLG,members will look to converting their own files of master negatives andcontributing the cataloging to RLIN. We would jike todraw the Library ofCongress into this, if not for the whole register file, then at least for the fileS'that exist in LC's own preservation microfilming office, of the things thatit has itself filmed, which, of course, is a substantial amount of material.And we do have, as a member of our Preservation Committee, Peter Sparks,who is the new Preservation Officer at LC, and we are exploring with himthe possibilities of doing this. I do not know what the prospects are becauseit involves LC's agreeing either to produce tapes or to input directly intoRLIN through terminals and they do not now have the capacity to do that.But we are talking about it. That's for the retrospective part. As far as thefuture of the National Register itself, I'm sure that you've all seenannouncements of the possible automating of the National Union Catalogwhich would incorporate the National Register in some form. There is alot of work going on now among the utilities talking about contributingrecords to the National Union Catalog in tape form. Those records, ofcourse, would include any cataloging'. "of microforms or master negativesthat is done, so through that circuitous route, those records would eventu-ally reach the National Union Catalog, and one might say that that wouldbecome the union catalog for master negatives as well as everything else.But how quickly that might, in fact, transpire is still a question and it'sunclear. Also, whether there would be a product like the National Registerproduced from the National Union Catalog or if everything would' be inone grand list of sonwort is still not determined. So there are still lots ofquestions. But RLG is really looking at the retrospective problem ofcapturing the records that exist. We at least do have the published volumes

61

qty Consenting and Preserving Library Materials

of the Register that have been produced so far, It will he up to the Library of

Congress, to a certain extent, to determine the future and whether or notthis can be worked into the National Union Catalog,

62

4

CAROLYN HARRISI lead, Preservation DepartmentColumbia University Libraries

Preservation of Paper Based Materials:Mass Deacidification Methods

and Projects

Introduction

When I was first asked to update my 1979 Library Journal paper on massdeacidification processes, I thought it would be simple. I could just write"nothing's happened," and go on my way, or just say "there's not yet agood process" and leave it at that. But I found that there is still a lot ofcontroversy regarding deacidification within the preservation profession.In the first month of research into new developments in mass deacidification, I heard or read "morpholine is the only viable process," "I looked atthe Canadian Archives project, it looks great," "diethyl zinc is the only wayto go," "VPD is the best method of deacidification." I began quickly torealize that the issue has not been settledand probably won't be for sometime.

My other thought, that nothing has happened since 1979, I found wasalso not true. There have been several developments; two of the threeprocesses are being tested right now, and information will.soon be avail-able on their efficacy and licensing for commercial use. I know that this hasbeen said for years, and it may be several more years before one is commer-cially available, but no longer because there is not a viable workingprocess. We are still in a transitional stage, nothing is yet in an actualoperational phase.

First, let's review what a mass deacidification process is, what it does,and how it will benefit libraries that have millions of brittle books. Well, itwon't. Mass deacidification does not return a book to its original condi-tion. Deacidifying a brittle books leaves you with a brittle book. "Manyresearchers dream of finding a fountain of youth i1 for books, said Richard

57

63

5H Comte/ping and rzeterviug Library Mauna It

7"(Smith, in 1979. Hut a mass deacidification {nix CfPlu1111110l guatantee eternal life for books, it can only prolong the life of hooks that are in anondeteriorated condition, 'the book will last longer because the paper ismole pcumment, but that does not make it more (linable so that it canstand hnigrr use.

The term deacidification is actually a misnomer, Acid in the paper isneutralized (the paper is not actually &acid ified) and is buffered --Le uualkAline reserve is intmlumlso that new acid formed in the paperthrough further degradation or introduced from ixilltited air will also beneutralized in the future. Acid in paper, introduced in several ways,whether from alum rosin size, bleach used in manufacturing, or in ligninas part of the ground wrxxl pulp, is thecatalyst which causes the chemicalbreakdown of paper. As a catalyst, it is not used up in the chemicalreactions and, therefore, is always present to cause further deterioration.

Mass deacidification is the process by which a bound volume or stackof loose sheets can be neutralized and buffered as a whole, The neutral int.lion agent is introduced into the volume as a gas or a liquid whichpenetrates .the entire volume. The gas or liquid is pulled into the paperunder a vacutun,.the paper deacidified, and the waste products pulled outand destroyed.

There are a few points I would like to make about deacidificationprocesses in general. First, they are highly technical in nature, as you willsect) a moment, and require skilled engineers and technicians to set themup and operate them. These professional people are expensive. But theseprocesses' technical apparatus require-skills not taught in library school.For this reason, and other safety and health considerations, an off sitetechnical facility will be necessary except in the largest libraries. Besidespersonnel costs, there are equipment, chemical and handling costs thatwill necessarily require either cooperative ventures among libraries or acommercial basis of operation.

.Second, as I have said, a brittle book would benefit very little from

Mass deacidification. The ideal time to deacidify a book is when it is new,in good condition, and not yet deteriorated. I think it will be difficult topersuade librarians that a new book needs this kind of attention. It willrequire a conscious decision that this book has long range value, meetslong-term research needs, and is necessary to the collection for permanentretention. An interest is developing in providing mass deacidificationservices among commercial binders. The paper could be deacidified whenthe book or serial is bound or rebound, at the time the book is,disbound.The book has already been sent outside the building, and the proceduresfor handling these materials are well-defined. One could perhaps safely

assume that if a monograph needs rebinding, it has been used, and there-fore is necessary to the collection. However, at the costs estimated, $5 per

Mail Drag tifijuatum

book added tit an estimated cost of at least $6 for binding. could we justifydrat idifyiug voltinr% stilt lot binding, or would three have to hr anotherset of ?tele( 'ion (Melia? Also, bemuse of Ow still laigelyeffect On book !timeline's, bindings, inks, and adhrsives, onr Still betamions about sending vet y valuable books or unique mansei ipt matelials for dracidifieolion. Beside the possible effect of the drat idifit :Monpm< rss, Our must lake imo :mount the need. lot set mit)! outsidr thelibuny, So for the router:II& flume, we airfat id with several unanswerablequestions,

Back to the topic at hand. George Kelly oldie I Anal y of CongrssandJonathan Autry, ret ently of Ca megie.Mellon ond now in the paper industry, have identified criteria necessary for a good mass dratidifica titin jawcess. I have lxmowed from their lists with slight adjustments andcombined information from various sutures to compile ilw following listof eiiieria for a mass drat idification petess:

I. Is the hook completely penetrated in a reasonable time?, 2. Is the hook !pr unifonnly, neutralized?

i. Is the lxxik Is:pr at an adequate pIl level?'I. Is an alkaline reserve left in the paper?5. Does the agent react chemically with the paper and not volatilize out?

6. Is an odor left in the book?7. Is the treatment process toxic to humans or the environytent?8. Is the treated paper toxic to humans?9. Are new problems introduced or ixtper characteristics changed?

10. Is the treatment economically feasible?II. Can the process be done in:house?12. Are there exceptions, i.e., books that should not be treated ?.

The four processes I will be discussing are the vapor phasedeacid ification,Barrow morpholine, the Wei "I"o liquified gas, and the diethyl zincprocess.

Vapor Phase Deacidification (VPI))

Although I was not specifically asked to talk about the Longwell VPDmethod, I am disturbed that it is still being produced and sold, and wouldlike to discuss it briefly.

VPD, or vapor phase deacidif ic-ation, is sold either as pellets encased incheesecloth pouches to be placed in archival storage boxes, or in thinporous envelopes which can be used to interleave a book. The solid'pelletsvaporize to permeate the paper with an alkaline gas which neutralizes theacid in the paper. The pH is raised only to 5.6not high enough to bereally effective. No buffering agent is left in the paper, so there are no

65

(14) Cdroletting ,411.1 i've,ewmg / 'Nary Male tufts

longtetto dirt ls. I Ise VI'Dlitixt-tt is lx-ing malketed by hurt leaf, Inc., inNlittlie.11S4 'lit, and adsritketortits tot it have aitlKated its its rot issues ofLibtary S'etie anti (Ow; library [midi( ations.

The ptitnaty ploblem with V PD is that the main Agent is t yt lohrsy-Iambic tarbossatr ((ilt:), whit 11110,01)qt-4(cm Is Willi W4let iit IlleValt ) toyclohexv !amine, one of the 4 yt Imitates and a welllsowo ealtinogen,

'Iltis is a health hatattl ttr both libsaty staff and libtatypatiotts, bet :Wit' thehas doesn't tract chrntitally with the paper but volatilizes mu, Mostsupplirts have disc ontinurd the sale of VP!), Nancy (:wind its her attic leabout the Count il ust lahrat y Itesosturs and pteseiVation reported thatPtcxess Materials Cosixaation has discontinued canying it,' and I wouldlike to teitetate that it should not be used. Lingwell's development of theVI'!) process and its subsequently identified lira Ills tisks led the KW OWI_tlxtrrtory u ientists to investigate °dirt chemical s(ibstances.3

Librarians should se«sgtiite that they could be liable in a lawsuit ifprisons weir to develop health ptolslems, and this cttttsictrration shoulddiscourage the me of hatattlout subsumes sut Is as VP!) in Waal its andarchives. Pro VPDartides have been appealing its the literature lately,Sndthere is controversy about the health ris s; but until finther tesearch isdone, and definite documented infirm tat ss is available, I recommend thatit not be used.

Morpholinc

The Barrow morpholine process l . also been very much a topic inthe news lately. The recent articles on preServation by Pamela Darling andSherelyn Ogden'in Library Resources dr Technical Services and by NancyGwitm,5 "CLR and Preservation"in College & Research Libraries reviewthe significant contributions %V. J. Barrow made to the field of preserva-tion, asdoes the ar ticle by David Robersone in the second volume, Preserea-hum of Paper and Textiles published by the American Chemical Society.Barrow was one of the first to recognize and quantify the rate of deteriora-tion of Impel- and the role'of acid and environment its its c hernical deterio-ration. lie was also one of the pioneers in the treatment l';qX.r. In manyways, because he was the first and because the field Ev: iuvrd in moretechnical directions some of his methods have since been discredited. Anexample of this is cellulose acetate larmt Lion of paper, which if not doneto specifications can cause further detetiora on and is nonreversible for allpractical purposes. He is, however, credites with the two step aqueousdeacidification method widely used today. ut one of the discreditedprojects of the Barrow laboratories is the morpholine mass deacidificationprocess.

66

Slott 14.4. nt

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uu i .11)1 al) Itruotii, r% 110 it 11:sa 11 6;

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I wit (tor kind% lu irst thr Ititxcss, .soti it.ar rim tifil.agrol Idol: Mrs Ito tit, strI Iir Itrsr,set It 1 1111 Airs Gum!) l'icsch.atitto Atottottirc isIkrit Atom trsttlig, to Ix- tiollr lost .altrt t ottsitiri.attott; tit-with was lhoj,Ixtl, III the Vtriirt (Tin hour tit --torero art .1lt hltlit,Frt 111114II Noir was littfiltslactI who It loth( .atcti ilt.st iltr tfit Notiftwrst(..)lisrts./itott I Aix )1.1too tif l'ott Ott 'Loll, sloogion, w.Ataiti triong

drat 011 tt.titott Mitt itsitts; loot ItItolittc,° nowt-1cl, :it/ ottlailm toIttitwit Goltitottifiotil ltrst--iii It (.44 por-ittott: thr ()oh void). 115_11 It.is Itcro

door toilittng oill pox rit was door al 1hr VII gsm..1 Slaw I I ) I

did non woo- lu Inuttort, as far as 1 4,.411 tr11.With thr 'gado anon of Nato y Inn.% An( Ir and thr Reyix io)I1

dl lit le. the iontrosrisy has again sulfa( rtydlitt mow info' mation Is tonsas atlablr horn t norm Irv-milt oho II %IltOWt lltr 111111trd tort /dors% and thr

ItraltIt It.trattls of Imo OoliticThe Library of Goigiess l'irsrisation 'soot Itesc.itt h and-resting

I -thoratoors trsird pipet tir,ilrtt with Ittorpholinr lit thr rally 197ns 1 hr

irst trullts show that morpholtrir on( tit thr pat x-1 within taut

oreks, and mre quit kly undrt humid md ti rat aging t ontltions..11e/ftsalso thr problem that morpholine leasrs nu.411,11111r resrrsr ttl bulfrongAgrilt in thr paper awl thrtrfore dots not prctrot tonne degradation fromtires .ic ilt pludiurd bs tit lutcuchierd Into do- impel. I tic pilot i-%% wouldprobably add trn year% It) Ow hfr of :I Ixx,)1.. but it %wold has r to tkr rrpratedat intrivals in (mkt to presetse .1 ikkit'. over .1 looKrt 'wit( xl ()I noir,

TItr st.itroirlit by Roberson that a "rut rut trst lit lwrtit itr.Oritat Ow of Coligirs show. Th,t t dint pit has not tiro t.(1)e.us.-1° 1...11 brought into gm-stroll ION Grorgr krIls of the Library ofGcnigiess. I Ir %aid tin's- bad !undone:my let nu testing. Petri s. ( The(

of the Library of C.ongtess l'irsers.ttion 1)isistort, has also Old', ated that

' the implications of the statemrnt that the '1.11n.try of Congirss Rrsean hand Testing ()fin testet1 the ploces, esurnsisely and grnerally onobo-rated the findings of, the lengthy and thototigh testing prrs Mush e.ittiedout by the Harrow lab." are not nue. I las mg seen the trst Irsults from theLibrary of Congress in the 1977 Barrow final grant report, unite of shit it

are dim ussed in my earticr art ,ale, I tan also serif y that. Brans' of thisimplied recommendation of morpholinr.by the Librar y of Congirsy, Prier

6 7

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1

Mass Deacidifitation

;

63

refer you to the referencei in my 1979 article, and Nancy Gwinn's articlegives an excellent account of the history a rulklevelopinent of the process illthe Barrow laboratories.

Wei T'o Liquified Gas

Mass deacidification 'has long been one of Richard Smith's researchand' development interests. His 1970 dissertation for the University ofChicago Graduate Library School addressed the topic of nonaqueousdeacidification. In 1972 elle patented a nonaqueous process in the UnitedStatts and Canada..His company, Wei T'o Associates, markets this produttas a Solution or a spray. Wei T'o is the "ancient Chinese God who protectsbooks against destruction from fire, worms and jnsects, and robbers; big orsmall,'' according to the company letterhead. The deacidification agent inWei T'o is methyl, magnesium carbonate. This same agent is 'Used in themass deacidification process.

In 1974, Richard Smith was asked by Jan Pidek, head of the Records'Conservation Division of the Public Archives and the National Library ofCanada, to direct the installation and testing of this mass deacidificationprocess using Wei T'o as the deacidification agent; In 1977,n article onthe design of the system was published in the American Chemical Society's.'wt.work, Preservation of Paper and Textiles'edited by John Williams. WhenI recently interviewed Jan Pidek for this paper, he said that the tests hadtaken longer than anticipated, but that they were very pleased with theresults. They were looking for perfection, and had nearly gOtteri there. Iasked about the publicatibn of the test results. He said they were stilltesting, and wanted to be sure not to jurhp the gunas he felt Others haddone in this field. He anticipates that they will soon go...into syStematicoperational use and within the' next six monthS should have informationavailable for publicatipn. This information will include-costs, personnelnecessary, testing results, and other types of data that require operationalexperience. The Canadian project has involvy local engineers and techni-cal ,personnel working with Richard Smith, using his product.

This process is basically different from the morpholine or the Libraryof Congress diethyl zinc process becadte it requires that the'deacidification.

lgent be introduced as a liquid that impregnates dried books.under presinStead of as a gaseous agent. The solvent in this mass process is 1

,.thandl and dichlorbdifluoro-methane a nonflammable, nonexp16-sVe;'Snd low hazard chemical. It will clean and rapidly wet closed boOks;can dissolve and transport the deacidification agent; can be readilyremoved from books; and it is easily recovered. The paper is buff 'thamagnesium' carbonate reserve.

ez.


7 This process is actually the least controversial of the three. Problemsexist because the books must be moistened by the solvent. As RichardSmith says: "Actually the books are flooded:: they are absolutely soakingwet all the way through,"14 but the deacidification medium is widely usedby paper conservators, somewhat modified a t,the Library of Congress, andthe chemistry is recognized to be sound, Because this process does seem tobe viable, and the Canadian test successful, a discussion of how it works isuseful.

First the books are selected for treatment. Because of the need to wet thebooks and the solvent used, some books are inappropriate for treatment.These include boas containing ball point ink and laminated plastic orartificial leather bindings which might be effected by moisture or neat. Anyalcohol-soluble, ink causes problems too, as do 'some colored inks. Theprint may offset or feather while wet. The selected books are loaded intoseveral wirehaskets which :hold ten to fifteen books. They are dried fortwenty-four hours in a warm air dryer,. then loaded into a vacuum dryer tobe dried overnight. It is necessary that the books be completely dry becauseif the deacidificatiori.agent reacts with moisture,it precipitates out to asolid state. AbOut twenty-five dried books are loaded into the Processchamber at one time. The.air in the chamber is evacuated, the pressureequalized between the process and storage tanks, and the deacidificationsolution pumped out. The books are thoroughly wetted by intreasing thepressure. The excess solution is drained out and flash drying commencesby evacuating,' recovering and condensing the .solvent vapors. RichardSmith mentions that this is analogous to the working of a refrigerator. Avacuum pump removes the residual solvent. The books are warmed bywarm air,,the pressure raised so the doors, can be opened, anchthe booksremoved, The books are then packed in to 'cardboard Cartons and allowed toregain moisture and return to ,room temperature overnight;

Because of the nature of t he solvent, the papercloes not swell, and thusdoes not stress the bindings.

Richard Smith has published this process in several plac&, and,arti-des are available which go into much greater detail aboUt the mechanics ofthe system. I'am not sure what the next step for implementing this processis. Jan Pidek indicated that the National Library of,Canada and the PublicArchives of .Canada will probably license the process and mike it availabletootherlibtaries. We are still some time away from test results from t eNational Library of Can\ada, Conservation professionals who have eenthe getup irt Canada think it could be a useful process. It was indicated thatthere are not any other libraiies thinking about using the process at this

, time The mecbanics'Ot increasing the scale will have to be addressed andcreate; unfOreseen .problems. The process will also haite to be shown

St c .,Estimated Costs right now are $4 per book.

. Mass Deacidification . 65

The conservation profession feels that, objective information is notavailable. George Kelly remarked in the Cambridge Conference Preprintsthat, "We will look -forward to the opportunity to evaluate the results forthe pilot trials when they are published." Very little has been written on theWei -To liquified gas process except by'Richard Smith. To date, anunbiased description of the process or its results has not been published.This has caused a tendency-for skepticism in the field, and the publicationof results from Canada by less-biased researchers, scientists, and engineersare eagerly'aw4ted. We are in a "wait and see" holdingpattern at this time.

Richard SM: I says that it is possible that this process can be expandedto include paper strengthening agents forbrittle paper, fungicides andother rodent and insect repellants. Richard Smith is doing further researchinto theie possibilities, and tells me he is currently looking for funding.

Diethyl Zinc

Peter Sparks, Chief of .the Preservation Division at the Library ofCongress, is strongly committed to putiing the diethyl zinc process into 0operation. After many obstacles have recently,beenOvercome, it seems thatit will be an effective, viable, mass deacidification process. Further large-scale trials will be held at the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center chamberin Green Belt, Maryland, in April (originally they were planned forOctober or November, but have been bumped by the space shuttle).

George Kelly, Robert McComb and John Williams, research scientistsin the LC Preservation Division Research and Testing Office, beganworking on developing a mass deacidification process in 1971,. They hadexperimental results that the amines (e.g., morpholine) were ineffective inthe long run. because they volatilize out of the paper. They turned to anorgario-metallic compound, diethyl zinc. By 1972 they were publishingearly test results . The first large-scale trials were held in 1978 in theGeneral Electric Space Center in Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. GeneralElectric had been using this chambertto dry flood wet books, were familiarwith libraries, and at that time were interested in further services to librar-.ies. There were three trials in 1978, with interesting results.

The processes seemed to work well, but two major problems surfaced.One was the deposit of irridescent ring formation on book covers packed incontact with each other, ancl,ihe other was the tendency of the diethyl zincdeacidified paper to age more quickly than usual under exposure toultraviolet light in humid aging tests. The problem with the covers wassolved by mechanical means in succeeding trials; spacersof hardware meshbetween the books kept the rings from forming. The light sensitivityproblem was solved chemically by modifyfing the process to leave zinccarbonate rather than zinc oxide,as the alkaline reserve. This was accom-

66 Conserving and Preserving Libr(iry Materials

plished by adding carbon dioxide in a damp state into the chamber of ter theexcess diethyl zinc was destroyed.

The .essential points of the process are as follows: 5000 !nooks areloaded on loosely packed shelves spine down for easier gas penetration;spacers of hardware mesh are placed between the books. The books are

,warmed and dried in a vacuum chamber for three days in order to removeall traces of water. This is very important because diethyl zinc is explosivein the presence of water. After the chamber is at full vacuum, with no leaks(diethyl zinc ignites on reaction with air), the chemical reagent is added:Diethyl zinc is a sensitive leak detector, even an extremely tiny leak willshow up as white smoke in *e chamber. The smoke settles on the books inthe form of a white powder which is a nuisance to clean off. After three daysexposure to the vapor; Wider pressure, the books are completely pene-trated, deacidified and buffered. The excess diethyl zinc is then removedfrom the chamber by adding alcohol, There are to be some variations ofthis part of the process which will be worked out for the next trial run. Thevapor is tested to insure that all the diethyl zinc is gone; and the organicvapors arc then pumped from the chamber and moist carbon dioxide ispumped in. After twenty-four hours, the moist carbon dioxide has hydro-lyzed the diethyl. zinc cellulosate to reform the cellulose and leave zincCarbonate as the alkaline reserve. 'The chamber is again pumped out andthe books removed.

The treatment cycle lasts eight days. As you can see, it is very impor-tant that the chamber be monitored for any type of leak. This is not aprocess that can be done in a library basement. It is, however,a process thatca,n be done in any vacuum chamber, and there are vacuum chambers largeenough to hold a Polaris missile.

Test results show that the pH of the book paper is raised to 7.8 andanadequate two percent alkaline reserve is left. This is g relatively mildprocess which makes, it more applicable to items' with colored inks.Because the awn is introduced in a vapor state, it does not involve wettingthe books and there is little danger of, offsetting printed images or of thefeathering of ink.

Some anomalies have shown up in the latest test results. Groundwoodpapers showed -increased degradation under dry aging conditions, butperformed well under humid conditions. The next series of tests shouldgive further information. Peter Sparks has indicated that the Library ofCongress is Considering asking several libraries to contribute books fortesting so some independent testing on penetration, pH and aestheticconsiderations can be done.

The only testing to date has been at 'the Library of Congress. Testresults have been widely published in the library preservation media

Mass earidification

together with full discussions, of both the problems encountered and thesolutions to those problems.

.Because the diethyl zinc reacts chemically with the paper and remainsin the.paper as'zinc carbonate, health risks should not bk: a problem withthe trrated books. Peter Sparks is researching this further, now..

Since 1979, several administrative problems have surfaced. General.Electric (GE) no longer has any plans to use the space chamber for .bookswhether drying flood wet books or, for mass deacidification. The GEchemist, Dick Schoul berg, who worked on hisproject, was very apologetic,but, felt that due to the new management nothing could be done at thistime. Rumor has it that the chamber is for sale, jf anyone is interested. Theyfeel that there isn't any profit in i t, and they have been unwilling to take therisk of an incident with the chemical diethyl zinc. The newest approachesto the shipping, handling and costs of diethyl zinc might change theirminds. The Library of Congress has turned to government owned NASAchambers. Peter Sparks assures me that there are several that should beavailable. A commercial library binder indicated interest in offering thisservice, but felt that the fact that the Library of Congress has gone toin ternatchambers has effectively kept the private commercial sector out. Itremains to be seen What will-happen. There are probably chambers avail-able, but where and how ,available is yet to be determined. The Library ofCongress is exploring this 'process with large industrial firms who may

tit to set up centralized service centers.The primary administrative problem has been the transport and han-

dling of diethyl zinc. As I have mentioned, it is a very volatile substance,igniting on contact with air, and explosive on contact with water. Themanufacturer, Texas Alkyls, a division of Stauffer Chemical, had been forsome time unable to find a satisfactory means of shipping the chemical.They were not willing to take the liability risks of havirigtheir truck blowup on the highway; and diethyl zinc tended to corrode standard containers.The problem has recently been solved as indicated in the "Annual Reportof the Librarian of Congress, 1980" as published in the Library of CongressInformation Bulletin: "Continued work by Stauffer Chemical Company,however, has indicated a possible solution to the supply of diethyl zinc in a50/50 mixture with mineral oil. Hazard tests on this mixture are under wayand a laboratory sample is scheduled for testing in klay."17 According toPeter Sparks, this testing was done, and the mixture with mineral oil wassuccessful. The oil nullifies the properties of the diethyl zinc,-and as theyhave very different boilkngpoints, the diethyl zinc can be removed as a gassimply by hooking up a line and pulling a vacuum. Some questions havecome up as to the supply of diethyl zinc; Texas Alkyls considered discon-tinuing its manufacture, but have been persuaded to continue and have

'Tome up, with cheaper methods of production. '4?

7 3


The Library of Congress is moving very quickly to complete anotherlarge scale test in the Spring. Funding has been obtained and all is ready toproceed. The intent is to license the process for the private sector, PeterSparks indicated that there are several interested parties, and that it shouldmove very quickly from here. A report at ALA in Philadelphia (summer1982) should be available with results of these trials. One question thatremains to be seen is whether librarians will be willing_to pay the $4 to $5per book plus handling and shipping. It may be cheaper if larger numbersof books are done at one time in larger chambers. The ideal candidates willbe the nonrare books that are still new and relatively undeteriorated, bothbecause of offsite requirements and the nature of the process. The nextf4w years of experience at the Library of Congress will show us the way. LCIfas budgeted $50,000 for books from their collections to be &acidified in1983 and More for 1984.

Conclusions

In my research, I tried to get realistic analyses of the situation fromvarious scientists, conservators and other people in the field. I don't knowwhether I got any views that were realistic. And I'm not sure what thefuture prospects are. I think one would need a crystal ball to call this one.My best analysis of the situation is:

1. VPD use should be discontinued; no longer sold, or used.2. The morpholine process should be dropped because it doesn't work

and there are health risks pending further research.3. We will have to wait to see about the Wei T'o process. It

has still not been tested or used on a large scale, and test results are notyet available.

4. Diethyl zinc process will be further tested in 'the Spring. Theproblems of available chambers, liability, safety and environmentalrisks related to its use will have to be solved. It looks like they will be,and this process probably has the most possibilities on a trulymass scale.

In their January/March 1981 Library Resources & Technical Servicesarticle, Pam Darling and Sherelyn Ogden said, "A degree of skepticism,and even despair, was creeping into the literature by the late seventies asmajor breakthroughs in the mass treatment area continued not to takeplace."18 Imagine my consternation when reference 44 in that article wasmy 1979 Library Journal article. Well, they were right, and I still tend to beskeptical about mass deacidification. But, in many ways, I am more opti-mistic today than I was two or three years ago because there has beenconsiderable progress in at least a few related areas. More librarians have

A 74

Mass Deacidification 69

come to understand that mass deacidification can only be one small part ofany preservation program; and won't solve all, or even most, of ourproblems, although it may help prevent future ones.

Mass deacidification is not the fountain of youth were seeking andcan't ever be. Our [inure depends on the developing awareness of publishers, the economics of paper making, the development of informationstorage techniques such as optical disks, environment controls and com-plete preservation programs,' which may, and probably will one dayinclude mass deacidification.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This paper has been written with information obtained in interviews withPeter Sparks, George Kelly, Dick Schoulberg, Jonathan Arney,. Frazer Poole,Richard D. Smith, and Jan Pidek, who were very generous in cheerfully givingtip-to-date analyses of the situation with each mass deacidification process.

NOTES

I. Smith,. Richard D. "Progress of Mass Deacidification at the PublicArchives." Canadian Library Journal 36(Dec. I979):329.

2. Gwinn, Nancy. "CLR and Preservation." College 6. Research Libraries42(March 1981):I08.

3. Ibid.4. Darling, Pamela W., and Ogden, Sherelyn. "From Problems Perceived to

Programs in Practice." Library Resources 6. Technical Services 25( Jan./March 1981)9-29.

5. Cwinn, "CLR and Preservation."6. Roberson, D.D. "Permanence/Durability and Preservation Research at the Barrow

Laboratory In Preservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value II (Advan-ces in Chemistry Series, no 193), edited by John C. Williams, pp. 45-55. Washington, D.C.:American Chemical Society, 1981.

7. Gwinn, "CLR and Preservation."8. "Book and Document Preservation Process." American Arclivist 43(Winter

1980):98-99.9. Robert Goldsmith to Harris, personal communication, 22 April 1981.

10. Roberson, "Permanence/Durability," p. 54.1 I. Gwinn, "CLR and Preservation," p. 109.12. Lijinsky, William. "N-Nitrosamines as Environmental Carcinogens." In

N-Nitrosamines (American Chemical Society Symposium Series, no. 101), edited by Jean-Pierre Anselme, p. 107. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1979.

13. Smith, Richard D. "Design of a Liquified Gas Mass Deacidification System forPaper and Books." In Preservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value(Advances in Chemistry Series, no. 164), edited by John C. Williams, pp. 149-58. Washinvon,D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1977.

14. Smith, "Progress in Mass Deacidification," p. 330.15. Kelly, George. "Nonaqueous Deacidification: Treatment En Masse and for the

Small Workshop." In The Conservation of Library and Archive Materials and the GraphicArts Abstracts and Preprints (1980 Inteinational Conference on the Conservation of Library

1

71) Conserving and Preserving Library Materials

and Archive MatAials and the Graphic Arts), Cambridge, England; Stu Icty of Art Itivistsundthe Institute of Paper Cnservation.

10, Waters, Peter. "Archival Methods of Treatment for library Documents." In Preset'.vatum of Paper and Textiles II, pp, 45-55.

17. Boorstin, Daniel. "Anual Report of the Librarian of Congress, 1980,"Library of Congress Information Bulletin 40(5 June 19141):200,

18. Darling. and Ogden, "From Problems Perceived," p. 18,

111111.10GRAPIIY

(ADeacidification, 1979-81)

GeneralDarling, Pamela W., and Ogden, Sherelyn. "From Problems Perceived to Programs in

Practice: The Preservation of Library Resources in the U.S.A., 1956.1984." LibraryResources& Technical Services 25( Jan./ March 1981):9-29. (A general article on the historyand status of preservation; contains brief information on the history and development ofeach of the three mass deacidification -processes.)

l'apor Phase DeacidificationCampbell, Gregor R. "Take ActionProtect Your Books from Acid Deterioration," Library

Scene 8(March 1979):27. (Pro VPD article; tries to imply guilt in not using easily availabledeacidification agent.)

Ravin, Mel. "The President Ponders: Deacidification Methods." Library Scene 10(Sept.1981):20. (Written in response to Werner Rebsamen's "Must All Library Materials be AcidFree?" Library Scene 10(March 1981); and letter to the editor, Library Scene I °(Jrine 1981).Pro Vapor Phase Deacidification, feels health risks overstated.)

MorpholineAnselme, .feane-Pierre. N-Nitrosamines (Symposium Series, no. 101). Washington, D.C.:

American Chemical Society, 1979. (Technical information on the health hazards ofamines, including morpholine in reaction with nitrite compounds.)

"Book and Document Preservation Process." American Archivist 43(Winter 198498-99.(Announces use of morpholine process by Pacific Northwest Conservation Laboratory;discusses and dismisses health hazards.)

Gwinn, Nancy. "CLR and Preservation." College & Research Libraries I2(March 1980):104-26. (Account of CLR's involvement with the Barrow laboratories; detailedinformation on the development of the morpholine procesi; does not include mostup-to-date health information.)

Roberson, D.D. "Pennanence/Durability Research at the Barrow Laboratory." InPreservation of Paper and Textiles of Historic_and Artistic Value 11 (Advances inChemistry Series, no. 193), edited by John C. Williams, pp. 45-55. Washington, D.C.:American Chemical Society. 1981. (On the Barrow Laboratories; one paragraph on themorpholine process which misrepresents the Library of Congress' position.)

Wei T'oRebsamen, Werner. "A Genuine Break-through in Mass Deacidification" LBI TechnoOgy

Newsletter vol. 1, March 1981. (Rehash of Smith articles; description of the process.)Smith, Richard D. "Mass Deacidification at the Public Archives of Canada." In TheConiervation of Library and Archive Materials and the Graphic Arts Abstracts and Preprints,

p. 131. Cambridge, England: International Conference on the Conservationof Library and Archive Materials and the Graphic Arts, 1980. (Brief description ofthe mechanics of the process.)

"Progress in Mass Deacidification at the Public Archives of Canada." CanadianLibrary Journal 36(Dec. 1979):325-32. (Statement on why books should be deacidified;description of mechanics of the process and its development.)

76

t I leitCla (II $$$$$

"Plesetvation; Library Need and Industry Opt tor(unit y, Part II," 1,throry Voileh I0140):10.4-1. (A not so long vets(on of the f.'amolitits 1,th rary Journal atilt le,)

"hew: ving Our 110()Itx: A Clietnical Piobletn," (:hensTec 11(July19141):41.1-11, ,(Wiill a t lientit al 414110

Diethyl ZincKelly, George II, "Mass 1)eatidif anon with Diethyl Zinc," Library Scene !Orin , 198(1)..6.7.

(Development and alest ription the psi VIC includes In rut imlattvemenIC!bollithIstm(mute developments.)

"NottAqueous Ikacidifit anon: Tleattilent Fti Massr and (or the SmallWorkshop." In The Comervaiion of Library and Archive Malerialr, pp, 1210(1. ((in luilendrsrription Of Cad* !MX C4'1, but cuncrnttatrn On diethyl My; includes criteria (Or Malldraddi(ication systems.)

KrIly, George II and 'Williams, John C, "Inhibition of Light St-inlay it y Papers Ttratedwith Diethyl 7.inc." Pre,tervalion of Paper and Textile!, pp, 109.17, (The problem ofbiter aging of treated paper multi ultraviolet light in !nimbi I I )11(1i11011S; design ofexperitrnt, data and slutions,)

DISCUSSION

James Orr (Ilertzberg-New Method, Inc., Jacksonville, Illinois): Sometime ago when General Electric (GE) had the deacidification program attheir Germantown plant, there was a good deal of interest by a number ofour customers in the East Coast area to get into a deacidification program.At that time we had some discussion with GE as to whether we could usetheir chamber. They were evaluating the program. At the same time, wewere evaluating it knowing that probably we would handle a great deal ofvaluable and rare material. So before we progressed, we figured that itwould be wise to protect ourselves from possible liability. So, weasked thevarious libraries that were interested in this if they would be wit ing to signa release in the event (maybe not in my lifetime, but in timey come) thatsomething would happen to that material as a result of the deacidification.And at that time there wasn't too much enthusiasm. This turnedeverybodyoff. Just about that time the people who manufactured the gas said it wastoo dangerous to transport so they discontinued the whole thing. We havebeen trying to follow this very closely as well as developments at theLibrary of Congress.

There still seems to be quite a bit of interest in deacidification. Thistakes me back to my old question: I wonder how many people here, toembark on this program, Would be willing to sign a release that even ifsomething happened to the material in due time that they would be willingto go along on an experimental yis? That is my question. ,

Carolyn Harris: I'm not sure that I would. Do you want a show of hands?(Editor's note: There was no response.) That may be your answer. Thatmay be one of the problems with setting up a mass deacidificationprogram.

77

GERALD W. LI1N1)F.ENAssociate Professor

Graduate &boo! of Library ScienceUniversity of Hawaii

Preservation of Paper Based Materials:Present and Future Research and

Developments in the Paper Industry

Introductioni,

The essential nature of papers has changed Very little since its invention inChina in A.D. 105. It consists of cellulose fiberf suspended in water andformed into a matted sheet on screens.

While handmade paper methods have changed little over the centu-ries, the modern machinemade paper is a very complex, and highly capital -intensive mix of craft, science and engineering.

Cellulose is a naturally occurring polymer, that is a long chain-likemolelcule made up of a large number of smaller (monomer) units. In thecase of cellulose, the monomer units are anhydro-glucose molecules. Thenumber of units in a cellulose molecule (known as the degree of polymeri-zation or DP) varies with the source and treatment of the material, Cottonand flax cellulose have approximately 7,000 to 12,000 units while cellulosederived from refined wood pulp which has been chemically separated fromthe lignin binder in wood and bleached have about 2000 to 3000 monomerunits per cellulose molecule.

Cellulose occurs in fibrous form. The fibeis are made up of bothregular, ordered crystalline regions and irregular, less dense amorphousregions. The flexibility and ability to absorb moisture derive from theamorphous regions.

The beating of cellulose fibers in water develops microfibril fuzz ontheir surface which causes the fibers to stick together when the formed sheet

paper is dried.Paper made with only cellulose fiber acts like a blotter. It, absorbs

water readily, swelling in the process. Ink tends to feather on such paper.To overcome this, papermakers add a,size to the paper in order to make it

73

78

more lesistant to fluids. The amount of site needed depends on the print-ing ploc ass, Offset printing, which is now the most widely used 1404 es% for

books, requires more than other printing methods.Filler materials or loadingsare added t o p :Iper pulp to incrrease opm ity

and ink teteptivity. Fillers such as clay, r alcimu carbon:Ur, titaniumrdioxide, Or other white pigments, while they keep the printing howshowing through the other side, do nothing for the strength of the paperbin in fact den act from it by interfering with fiber-to-fiber bOnding.Printing and book pate ers ate often coated with a composition containinga white pigment and an adhesive such as starch or casein in order toimprove brightness, surface sairolluress, and printing quality, Colors anda wide range of other additives air often added for special purposes.

A Brief Historical Overview

From the beginning, sources of good quality cellulose were inade-quate to the demand. The search for cheap er ;mtl morn plentiful sources isone of the confirming themes in the history of fxqx.rrnaking.? In early days,clean white cotton and linen rags were the pritciiml source of cellulose.

. The machines such as the hollander, developed to speed the pulpingprocess, replaced beating with grinding action with a resulting shorteningof the fibers produced.

The discovery of chlorine by Scheele in 1774 an,d the recognition of itsbleaching properties allowed colored and dirty rags to be used in additionto clean white ones. I Jnfortuna tely, the bleaching process degrades thefiber.

Early papen akers sized their paper by dipping the Paper in dilutesolution of gelati I. The introduction of alum-rosin size and its rapid:idoption by almost all papermakers was the next, major setback to paperquality. In 1807 Moritz Friedrick Illig found that rosier soap could b, e added

to the beaten fiber suspension and precipitated by adding al um. The papermade from this mixture became sized in the same step as the sheet forma-tion and only required drying, thus eliminating an extra dipping anddrying step. From the point of view of the paper manufacturer this was amarvelous advance and alum ha, been considered the papermaker's cure-all up to the present. From the librarian/archivist's and conservator's'Perspective this was the greatest in a series of calamities to befall on themocess of papermaking. .

The quest for other sources of cellulose led to the discovery that woodcellulose could be used to produce acceptable paper. Wood cellulose fiberis 'bonded together by lignin. When wood is ground mechanically to;prOduce paper, the lignin and other wood byproducts such as hemicellu-

79

loses ate left in the (inkhrd pliwitti Thr tenth is a lowgtatle, trlatively I

weak Mid I !truth:illy unstable paper stu 11 as tlut used in nitnPtim esses weir developed tinting the nineteenth and twentieth c runt.

sirs to neat wimml 111)111 !tenni ally to wining- lignin and other imptithies,These treatments air 'hush and degrade the tellttlow fiber itt thr !not ess;however, bleached t 'merit al pulps ate stronger and molest:11dr than smite!made how glttnilwond (met lt,ittic al) pulp in bow semi( hentii ai pulps,though not as !mom; as tag libels.

Iraet prI111311rIll r began to (let hue shandy at about the time woodpulp was displat ing tags as ihr main sum( r of fibet , This has( :tined manypeople to think that highcittality, permanent paper can only be made from,tags and that 'tape' made flout tags is net est:tidy better than that madehorn vs.txxl pnl. This has been shown not win- the t :twin (act, it has 'wendetermined that tht' hlajOE tame for the decline in item:menu- was theintuxlm tion of alum, which just happened mote 01 less to coin( hie withthe ttansition to woocl (Orris,

%Vitae the t !truth:11 pulping :Ind bleat [ling of wood hire's is t et Lindytespnsilr for a drt tease in thr plyntrt hain length:Hid:1 lower strengthin the paper, the dectease with Unis of whatever strength the }taper hadwhen new is less attributed to these lira tinents and t an be explained

.ptintarily by two synergistic chemical processes which attack the 'paperover timeacid catalyzed hydrolysis of the cellulose imilytner linkingbum!, and oxidation. Thete . ate, in addition to these. .1 host of otherdegradation pttx-esses to whit It paix.r is susceptible.

Causes of Paper Degradation and Current Research

William K. Wilson and E. J. Parks in a detailed examination of agingof tenser list the following reactions which might twcur during the ttattu-alaging of paper: ,

(a) hydrolysis;(h) oxidation;(c) crosslinking;(d) changes in order, or crystallinity, due to changes in moisture

content;(e) photolysis;(1) photosensitimtion;

(g). photo-oxida tion.3

The study of the chemical reactions in paper is difficult. One can measurechanges in physical properties, but attributing these effects to specificreactions is not S'ometh that can always be done with a high degree ofcertainty, More than one action is likely to be occurring and these ofteninteract.

(.I +Ht /tt tog *Mai rtf 7011411d 1 it,I0Ify lieff411

Artelevated .1gaiis illetlukls111r 11104 rsst-J WWI It &glade j tarct air fel:10%44y slues at ttottli

trIttlorlallsit, I rit INxit tittality %%111 last for twriitylise )fats Rais-ig ,hr Ictiliwtallitr tit( ifabr2 (hr lair of ilrse 1104 esses sit thr% br,

I 1101,0tirlitly studied tit thr IaINiialut y a ICA341AbIC iblif IN rilNI Nig"( (Atil,t-I.s with very good truioialisie and hsouilii) t tumid% air

employed. 'Ilie pia( tli al iangr lit tripriatiiirs whit II tan lie tont to gtsrineasinablr lairs id itrgoadatiou Is limit ahoot 70" 10 I(Xrt, .Alec agitsg,loss of stir-1401i is t ouunonly itrtruniiiril by Mr nt 31.11111.1111frsts, I hr twisttonintuuly tiscil is (lir TAPP! MI I hailing [Militant r Trst. A I.') Inawide strip ol pope: midi-, 1 kilogiaiii kn. in some LibinatinU-s 0 ',1ibt,giant) triision is folded trpratrilly ough an aligir of *.:7(j. .61 itInrols. Thr tetltlttrut 111110x1 of (hills is Lam as a Ittrastlit' of thrstirligth, lly anr.tsutiitg thr ilrgradation ut s.siliplrs of a isaix-1 (ors the711.10X) rouge it is possible to rstialsolatr to Room trinprialtur lu pirtiiithe (lulu' lite of the under luminal stinagr sonditions. tests

show that Sevriity-twas bolus al loo"(: is ritis-alrlit tO abouttwentylivryrais iooni trinprialuir. ()dirt- trsts that ale firqurlitis used niratirtrnsile stirligth and ristrlisibility, waling strength, and light

The mark-rated aging apploaili 11.1% !writ used lot srvrtat %Tars andmuch of the irscalch int longevity of paper is trat,eloo sui II t'XIWI illtrIttl.CnittpaliUtIlli with lottgtrtitt aging rxit intrtits lt.its shown it tope a viablynirtliod of studying paper aging.4

Hydrolysis.Cellulose is faith' stable in neutral and alkalinr mrdia but is middy

hydiolyted in arid. the late increasing svith hydrogrn ion ai tivit (dm trasing ir11).:fhis acid eatalyret1 hydrolysis irsults in( !ravage of the monomerto monomer lxind, thusftagmenting the polymer( lain and weakening the

)41impel:11w present e of oxidijed guiups in Mr( elk )sc causes it tii be mole!caddy hydrolyted,,Acid hydrolysis takes Plkein r is amorphous regionsof the cellulose fiber. The cellulose chains-, out e broken, tend to crystallizemaking them more brittle. The fibers are weakened but the filx-r-to-fiberbond is affected less .seriously. New paper tears by pulling aixirt thefiber-to-fiber bonds giving a fuzzy tear; aged, degraded paper tears byfracture of the fibers .giving a clean teak-

The principal source of acid in I.ik paper is alum. tip until veryrecently almost all book papers contained alum rosin size and much of thispiper has a pH of 4.5 or less. Such paper has a useful life of twenty-five tofifty years. Another important source of acid is 13ollutants in the air,particularly sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen. The preselice (A-traceMetals (lion, copper, manganese) in the paper clay a role in this by

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{{ion mrt.ti icms sit( ti as.' Itiatti.t.orrtr anti trutt.Anti orotir in pollutes! All Ai 11 .414 strong (11,1(11:nig agrnt (:)opri- siillate isuoinc-nitiet rascal as a %hint, 'dr It should not be melt ttl thr tnanutat nor of

him tie And I Hot Inc thr rIlolotrpet tnatirrit 'toper IIwon- sus.' rind& (itotitil.inun.

. I hr relattsr ttnp.ot.intr of hstliohrsts anti oxidation to thr ttegr.1(1.1-

non of p..ipri %mica 1r tilt thr klrtit of p.pet inct ritstiortittrittal t o,titlillt)11%,litstlt att. Itttvitl_titt hit .114.tliticp.tpcistittaattim maim *fro(

ilrgrathitn )11Our l)( the ( /lilt tstn5 of tonic of thr at t rIrraird along tests is that II 15.1

gross tnrasorr %dot h doesn't pros ittr Information atom host (hr paprr it;190.1(1114:i Sontr trirrr \s oil. .11 Corttrgir-MrlItin Institute lirscart 113 hat.

.tdittrix-s1 thr rum-soon of the !clans r impott.tthr of os.sgro-drpertitritt and

(004rIlIndrPendellt tIctritorAtion I lie relattsr import-nu r of three twoprotestrs was found on 111c notsturr rontrnt. the is pc (if p.tix-,thr trtnprratorr,.mtl thr phs sir al property onitorsl. 'lltrt found th.ttoxsgrn-drprrutent (letetioration is !noir Important for nrwsprint than for

1.04 paper, billowing %vs caused primatrly Its' oxidation: (rustic- tivrtgthloss was rattiest piiiitality by inONcii-indrix-ndrill num. In all calc.boil) (no( rssrs rontribntr signifii.intly to (hr deterioration.

'(hr atilinstlilrrIC inwttion intx c-% was footled to tic iiihibitrd by .1drar.ise in aridity. This inr.ftis pAper will not only inrrinli!alitilyils;'bat will of Err sortie ote (ion against ()vitt:160n .is 1.111.

Q

Conserving and Presecrving Librartitlaterials

r

-nrCheMiluminescence Studies-

Some recent research conducted atused the very weak heinilumi.nescen

.t&lie COIninbus Laboralor.ig6i,

likhxproduced ,a result.ofiChemical reaction at environmental temperaj4e1) acconip'ra'clation of paper'. Thesatitlior, introduced this techritque,the worked there as a research cheini i igifie late 1960s. Tti

where the detailed mechanisin' has st 0"rimittedWhich acconatiames4he degradatio hfawide,,ran4e of

of. the materials. It, seems 4'46,0010J alu'mine'scence observed from paper, is dip tbOxid4

. ,, has not beetNetermined. . t,..

.L.Though' there have' been some ] -term stu $es.which support ,'the"

* ,al ltdity of aragiated agin eiliods:, re li*ve.661.soine concerns about ,

extrapolating results at e ed temlei-alures to room feinperature:ITItechentiluminescence meth , because. of its egtrei*,errsitiifiti,,ltierninfed,

Measurements down to room temperature.; 7'iriperiiii:ire',dePetidenCe ..'results -forthe themilumineicence e iment*Wei. in: aireemeny wjih

---,aeceietaied aging exlfiliiinsins in tit qtagetclone,witli:the:*ame, 1,'papers at the 'Library of Congress. The restilts ihusgivs,'§Uppiiit:7,to, -'

conclusions, drawn from accelerated,agin ,xperi,Inent,i.' ''.: ..4,''':' ': ..,k,--. .0,

'..1, In additkin to look' at effects otiqe t 1 samples of.Raper werecycled betWeen. moist a dry atrnoWcrease in light emissio hen the hu

1,`!.k I*. l'Ong been supp that fluctua

ying deg4',6.4014hoU

ightitc.materialstateck with the

rue that,the cherni4Ole.degrattatiOil but

PaPeT; , '', a

Effeca,of Reducing Agents'

IteseatChers at. the. Library of Ciirigress ;have studied the use;Partial oxidaticin of -pa s readily,.;'hydrolyzed.

borohydride to reduCe 'the oxidized furiotiOnal grOupg.- It Wag':2'foiiriCI thatsuch treatment improved Of gaper as well reten-don, in addition to increasing foldingendurance.:Sodiurniborohydride hasbeen found to be an ef fectiA addi don't° alkaline pulping liquors; but is tooexpensive" to be used in the quantities required to make it effective.8

, .

'Changes 1n atystal1i ty,

As mentioned cedblose consists of crystalline regions charac-tenzed'by regularorder and diloidered amorphous"regiolis, the latter beingresponsible 'forth ability4to,absorb moisture ;and for flexibility of theefibers: Some recent research ak,the Ins ituttfor PaperChemistry8 suggeststhat. cryiiallization procesSes:, play an finportant factor in aging ofcellulose Obeli.' -4`'; 12

N114 iSroduced a' striking

gtvas,,changed.Thq suggests,liwniciity,is, detrimental to

tf ;

..;.:

ilesearch and Developments in the Papjr Industry

W.

79

Heating sample. pulp tO'170° for two hours; a treatment similar towhat pulp experiences in a typical pulping process, showed a deteriorationin all papertnakinKproperties.' The degree.of crystallinity was measuredusing X-ray diffraCtion methods. The treated pulp Allowed a significantincrease in crystallinity. Tensile strength decreased by 20 percent, burst by30 percent and tear strength by '45 pet-Cent. Water retention characteristicsdecliipetl lo 60 percent of original values. All of the changes reflect anincrease in crystallinity. The 'small degree of .chemical degradation,result-ing from the treatment was not sufficient to account for the observedchange.-

EleVated temperatures enhance molecular mobility and accelerate theordering process. The presence of water was also found to promote thecrystallization process.

The degree of polymerization of the cellulose was also fojind.tobeimportant. Ordering increased with decrease in 'Molecular Weight or

-.degree of polymerization. Samples with a degree of polymerization (DP),'greater than 1000 were unaffected by,exposure to water at room temperature while samples with a DP less than 100 crystallized on exposure to themoisture content in the laboratory atmosphere.

These findings have several implications for conservation.; Chain'scission due to acid hydrolysis causes: a. reduction in the degree of polyriteri-anon giving not only an inherent reduction in the tensile strength of thefiberS-Vat also enhanced'OPportunities for crystallization withWu. ltthgernbrittlement.

The effect of the ordering process niti 'st be consideredlifthein*Me.- 4r;a'r. tion of accelerated aging results. The temperature dependenee ofand of the chemical degradation -processes, may well be quite different. The

,amount of mois.cure in these tests will very likely influence the rate of eachof the processes differently. . -

Photochemical DeterioratidnLight, particularly flight in the illtraviolet;iegion of the sptctrum, i.

damaging to paper. Pure, cellulose is very Tesistant to photochemicalattack, but many of the impurities in paper, specially.liiitin, are sensitiveto light. Lignin in groundwood paper, suchaS netYsprint, yellows veryrapidly on exposure to sunlight primarily due to photochemical Oxida-tion. Rosin size, the presente of.metal ions, and cheinical bleaching allcontribute too increased photochemical atlack on paper. A variety of reac--tions°are caused .1), the absorption of light, including oxidatrgn. Depend-

:

on the paper;a0 other'3

tonditions,,papert 1.11may yellow and dar orI. bleach, Whelirradiated. Some of the products of photochemical attack

(primarily, pe. raide) are themselves ; thermally and photOlchernically,'unstable, causing further degradation. .

Rd

f.0rr

80 Conserving and Library Materials

It has been found thabl;the in troductioq of small amounts of iodide inthe form of hydrbgeniodide gas may afford proteckton againSt oxidation.°This has Prompted researchers at the-Library of 'Congress to consider thepossibility of introducing antioxidants into paper- by gas phasetechniques.

Cross -

Flidrolysis, oxidation and reactions of thop,roducts of these prOcesses,plus reactions of a variety of functional grorips in cellulOse and otheringredients in paper cause crosslinking (the boriding Of separate cellulosemolecules at iva00us points ,,on the chain's). A degree. of crosslinkingimproves Papeci:'strength, but too much results in embrittlement.

Current Developments_ in the Paper Industry

The major development today in the paper industry is a tre5ld toalkaline paper. The Library of Congress has been monitoring the pKofbooks coming into its collection and finds that about 25 percein of theAmerican booksand about 50 percent of the European books are made ofalkaline paper. Five years ago less than 1 percent of .the books tested weremade with alkaline Paper."' .

Alkaline paper is paper made in a neutral or slightly alkaline systemand contains calcium carbonate as a filler. The calcium carbbnate acts as"buffer, neutralizing any acid which may develop in the paper over tiAlum -rosin size is not .0yripatible with alkaline papermaking. Since the1950s with the introduction by Hercules' Corporation of a synthetic alka-line sizing material, Aquapel, it has been possible to size alkaline papers inthe. machine. There are now several alkalinesiWavailable.

kThe Europeans have been 'leading in die githOye to alkaline paper,because calcium carbonate is less expensive in Europe and because energy,,

0; and fiber costs are significantly higher. The alkaline process provides cost,:savings in these areas. Several Ametitan companies are currently produe-ing alkaline paper and the number is growing as the industry learns tooperate with the new processes and as its many advantages are recognized.

The reasons for this trend are economic. Paper consumption is conser-vatively expected to double, in the next twenty-five years. During thisperiod fiber and energy are expected todouble in real cost and the cost ofwater is expeete0o,feiple:12,

Alkaline paPennaIting offers a-potential savings in all of these areasplus a number.of ,,advantages.A stronger tiaperisfiroduced permitting savfrigs through-weightreduc-tion, increased filleiaontent, the use of weaker, less-expensive fibers or theelimination of dry strength resins.

'

'Research an pevelopments in the Paper butmstry

rs

Waste water and byproducts can be recyclekreducing pollution contra '..cost andconservinit resources. 1 , . . , ,

Calcium carboliate,is.alreaarwidely used a s a pigment in paper coating.:11w alkaline pincesi$,41lows easy recycling of, such papers.The mach inerA lasis,16nger. The acid process is corrosive, and recycling .

waste water in': ttli's Proces(s increases the corrosion problem and causesscaling problems.,,An alkaline paperMaking environment is noncorrosive,extending 'machine ;life and reducing maintenance costs. With a singlepaper machine costing npWard of $50 million, this ,can be significant:A higbei brightness is achieved.. CalCium carbonate, in addition to itsatting as a buffer, ris a :.pigment,with high brightness.

.

. .

--- Calcium .carbonate is cheaper than the titanium dioxicle it replaces. I;The waste water is at about pH7 so neutralization of effluent discharge Isnot requirek ,',.. -. r. .

Energy may bo,Conserved in three areasLi-drYing, refining, and in somecases ProceSS'rwaste',144 ter temperature .,Control: Alkaline paper has beenfoun&t.to,-drainfaSter,';-ihereby reducing drying costs.' The improvedstrength of the paper can Permit a reduction in refiningyiwith a subsequentenergy sayings, ' :. . ..., .' l...

Some'.MillS'raiirain`high;stOckitenperattreS,'O ieY. ...-. ... .,

mill; on changingfrom:.aidto all'caline..papei*king-,WaS.ahletOleduce its.effInent dischargefroM 1.4,000 gal.ncia to 5,001.01:./,ion:'The energy savings in not having toheat,0,0dOrgal./tOn to 150°tiktinoUnted-o:more than $10/ton." .

,,tlia line, paPer recycles.,bettetr, gqing a stronger recycled product.15.-No caPital:tvepenClittire,i0.eitinirecrio convett:ahe same machinery isused in': both:lacict and"nentral: or alkaline payi&making.-,Productivity ,.is:increiSeq as a; result ofreduCecl down time of machinerydue to main tenanCeprob di or, eriodic cleaning. The alkaline process is

.. . .- ..

cleaner. ,.'., .' .:1 ..,- : ' '., . - .....

. - t.

!.".! 1 ,1

,,,--The rproduct rest a'gInki,,'..11dr411.of thiabove advantages are likely to be realized in any individ -.

'uarmilli,.The,.kIrticular. benefits gaiii4iNill .vary, depending on localconditions,," thegrades,1:Of _paper being `produced, other factors. Anexampleciteif'.iit air literature showed a savings of,.$42/ton in primaryraw ma teriatS ',atid,a "savings in t reduced water consumption of $15/ton,- .---1 .t,..I ( .

. re , : ,

giving a,$P7,06,savings (10 'percent of the cost of the finished produCt).The lasting: quaiity..of. the paper carries little or no weight with the

prciduCere,They, are in,general-convinced that permanence will not. sell

Panes .." ,Bairow,.workipti with chemical and paper companies, showed ata nY

,years ago Stat pertna nep t/d ura ble paper could be roduced commerciallyfroni'wo4PuIP: Alkaline sizes have been available for more aim twentyyears.tibiarians; archiyists, and publishers must take some of the blame

86

9: . ...

82 } and 1'n-serving 1 aterials #. , a L 0 . . . . 4,

for not forcing the industry to pr9vu et i/thirable alkaline paperand for not using it when it wasiavi To put things in perspective,however, it should be remembered that only. about 15 percent of the total

. paper production' is for printing purpoRes;" and Only aittle more than 1percent is book publishing paper:17 Fortunately, the economics of theprocess aresufficient to prompt many of the producers to switch to alkalinepaper production and the problem of rapid decay of paper may be solved bydefault in tht coarse of the next twenty-five years or so.

There are some problems to be overcome in Making the transition toallcaline paper. The conversion itself is expensive, requiring retraining ofworkers, cleaning of equipment, and a completely new set of additives(dyestuffs, starches, defoamers, retention aids) need to be introduced. Paperwhich contains lignin (groundwood paper) has- problems-_-, the pulp issticky and brownish in color and the resulting paper is reduced in bright-ness. By. making the proper -adjustments howeVer, groundwood paper canbe made with neutral or alkaline size and calcium carbOnate filler. This isbeing done increasingly in'Europe, The sticking problem (press sticking)is present, though to a lesser extent, even using pulp free of lignin. Releaseagents are added to counteract this. The feel of the paper may be different,.

Though alkaline paper seems to be well -established, there is stillresearch toile done to improve the process, and since most companies atefairly new to the process there is promise for measurable imprOvement asthe, learn more about it. Overall the advantages outweigh the problemsand thoseproducers who have switched say they would not change back.

COnverting to alkaline paper is sufficientlY costly and'disruptive thatit requires a sOtal commitment at all leVels from'rom the top management downto assure success. Ittis a complex and expensive transition, but one that

pays dividends in th\lpng run. ,

, 4. One etonornic pressure working against high-qualityalkaline paperis the cost of Wood andthe deSireglb get maximum yield from the. woodusedi.:b'eoundwOcid gives houl a 90-95 percent yield, compared to a 40-50percent yield f6r goOcf-quali ty paper. Thus there are economic preS,shres to

Use ginundSCod paper. A newer method, Thermo-Mechanical PulpinAisgroWing rapidly4 It reduires-more power, but its yield is as high as regularstone groundwood and the paper is strong enough to be used. alone.(GrOundiyood pulp; is' genet-111y blended with higher quality chemicalpulp for added strength Trrno;M'echanical Pulp, like groundviood,'contains the lignin and other materials fiom the woo'cl, hich contribute toits pool' lasting qualities. For certain types of public io the-NituatiOnwill probably get worse even though alkaline papen becoming moreavailable. This is seen in Europe where many maga es, brochures, andephemera are being printed on groundwood . Grothidwood paper isbeing used inereasingly in textbooks and, some reference books. These

Research and Depelopments in the Paper Industry

papers are almost always coated, which significantly increases their lou-gevity although they cannot be called archival. A "mdwood "paperWhich uncoated might last twenty-five years will, if coated; still be handle-able after fifty and perhaps up to seventy-five or one hundred yearrs.

Another trend in papenuaking is the increasing use of hardwoodi.21Hardwonds are more plentiful and are cheaper than softwood, Paper fromhardwoods generally gives better printing quality, but is weaker.

Oxidation

The problem of paper oxidation has received less attention, and lesseffort is being expended in the industry to deal with it, As with acidity,'ihe

'concern in the industry is not with paper longevity but with other'factorssuch asehright-ness and reduced yellowing. Some efforts are being made to

.'redtice metal ion levels in paper. As noted above, these catalyze paPeroxidation and theoxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide:.

Bleaching

Bleaching of pulp is another area of charige and exploration.22 Theeffluents from bleaChing plants are a major problem. Environmentalpollution controls together with other changes in paper.technology are

ri> Aaccausing paper companies to look for better me-th.P'jof ble g.

Calcium hypochlorite, and.'c line have beenpopular bleaching agents, Oxygen, leacharg'w it ton a cme;kial scale in 1970. Oxygen 'bleaching al.160_.f "ler pollutioncoitrol methods, but .the bleaching is not

.Some experimentation with ozone as a,b J tit Has been done.Nem, bleacheS.ant.ri" swill very likely be tr uced in theThitae,The implication t wriCe'dixi durability are 'not clear at this point:. -

Whatever changes.arerda hernade_for reasons othei thantheef fee ts on pa -"A.OrigiOqt-

. ,

Standards for PertiAhotillOpiahle:Paper- ...Though librarians and archivists can claim little credi t for the move to .

alkaline papermaking they should be able to exert influence in the' use ofthis paper for the books'and other 4)aPer materials that they collect.

Requ#ementS for permanence atld durability should be included in r,

specifications for iiems being icitijh There are established standardswhich can be referenced s, and to which paper manufacLcurers can look to for guidance, To be informed customers, purchaser'sshould be familiar with the approPiate standards.

.

14'

1

81 Cortservirm awl Preserving I.ibrary Materials

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). standauls of

interest are:"

D3290 Iknl and Ledger Papers for Permanent Records1)3458-75' Copies from OffictCA)pying Machines for Permanent Records .

1)3301.74 File Folders for Storage of Permanent Records

1)3208.76 Manifold Papers' for Permanent RecordsThe National Historical Publications and Records Commission providesstandards for paper, printing and binding.

24 Barrow Research Laboratorypublished specifications for permanent/durable paper.", .

Current activities. in this area include the work of the CoMrnittee onProduction Guidelines for Book Longevity which operates as part of theCouncil oh Library Resources. This group, made,up of representativesfrom publishing, paper. manufacturing, and library preservation pro-grams, has JeCently issued an "Interim Report on Book Paper."" Thereport offerS guidelines on paper which arc adapted and simplified fromthe standards set by the National Historical Publications and RecordsCommission, the Library of Congress, and the ASTM/ANSI StandarcrSpecification for Bond and Ledger Papers for Permanent Records. Thereport also addresses the question of what types of publications should be'printed on such par :Ind what categories might be considered lowerpriority with respect to permanence. Somecommercial sources of acid-free

paper are listed.Other collective efforts toward creating a conservation - conscious and

infcirmed-consumer include the activities of the;Association.of esearch

Libraries, Preservation Committee and Office of ManageinentStudies;thePreservation of Library Materials Section of the American Library Associa-

tion's Resources and Technical Sg, "s Division;,the StuOy CoMmittee onLibraries and Archives of the N' 41 cOnserva tiorpAcl vi so ry Council;

the Society Of,American Aichivi Os; ''nd the Arrierican Association for State

and Local History. r .

Conclusion

While we still have mueh.,to learn, and there is room for further.progress, it is not only possible, but it is in the paperekerNown economic

!f interests to produce permanent/durable paper. SucH;gap0 can reasonablybe-expected to last several hundred years instead of the,,t*nty-f,ive to fifty

years for modern acidic booko_per: There is.thus no exc4SefOr producingbooks and other publications of lasting impOrtance onanything otherdaapaper meeting existing standards for permanence and chirabirity.

TheY6 is reason to hope that this will finally happen. It is up to every.A

89.A

Research and Developments in the Paper industry 115

! ,librarian, publisher and paper consumer to insist that it does and to usewhatever influence we have to speed Alfis process.

Browning, 11.1., "The Nature of Paper." In Deterioration and Preservation of Li-brary Materials, edited by !Iowan! W. Winger and Richard D. Smitlypp, 18-38. Chicago: TheUniversity of Chicago Press. Also published in Library Quarterly 40(Jan. I970):18.38; Suter-meister, Edwin, The Story of Papermaking.11omon: S.D. Warren Co., 1954; Bolam, Francis,ed. Paper Making. London: Technical Section of the British Paper and Board Makers'Association (Inc.), 1965; and Casey, James P., ed. Pulp and Paper: Chemistry and ChemicalTechnology, 3d ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.

2. For a historical review see Williams, John C. "A Review of Paper Quality and PaperChemistry." Library Trends 30(F%11111981 ):203-24; see especially pp. 205-06.

3. Wilson, William K., and Parks, E.J. "An Analysts of the Aging of Paper: PossibleReactions and Their Effects on Measurable PropertieVtRestautatOr 3(1979):37-61.

.4. "Comparison of Accelerated Aging of Book Papers in 1937 with 36Years Natural Aging," Restaurator 4(1980):I-55.

5, Arney, J.S., a nd Jacobs, A. J. "Accelerated Aging of Paper, the Relative Importance ofAtmospheric Oxidation." TAPPI 62(July 1979):89-91; and "NewsprintDeterioration-The Influence of Temperature on the Relative Contribution of Oxygen-Independent and Oxygen - Dependent Processes in the-Total Rate." TAPP/63(Jan. 1980):75;77.

6. Kelly, G.B., et 4j. 'Ile Use of Chemiluminescence in the Study of PaperPermanence:" In Durability of Macrornolecular Materials (American Chemical Society Sym-posium Series, no. 95). Washington, D.C.: ACS, 1979, pp. 117.25.

7. Tang, Lucia C., and Troyer, Margaret A. "Adding Stability to Alkaline Papers."-..:Proceedings of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (1981 Papermakers

Conference). Atlanta: TAPPI, 1981, pp. 77-84.8. Casey, Pulp and Paper, p. 485.

Rajai H. "The Crystallinity of Cellulosic Fibers." In:Preservation of Paperand Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value II (Advances in Chemistry Series, no. 193), editedby John C. Williams, pp. 169-76. Washington, D.C.: American chemical Society, 1981.

10. Kelly, G.B., Jr., and Williams, John. C. "Inhibition of Light Sensitivitrof Papers;- .

Treated with Diethyl Zinc." In Preservation of Paper,*pcj, 241-49.' II. Kelly to Lundeen, personal interview, Washington, D.C., 28 Oct. 1981.

12. Hagemeyer, R.W. "The Impact of Increasing paper C9nsumption and ResourceLimitations on Alkaline Papermaking." In Preservation of .Paper, pp. 241-49..

13. Thomas, Joseph. "Alkaline Printing Papers: Promise and Performance." InDeterioration and Preservation, pp. 99-107; Dumas, David H. "Recent Progress in AlkalineSizing." Proceedings of the Technical Assbciation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (1981Papermakers Conference), pp. 41-47; anceWilliams, "A Review of Paper Quality."

14. Thomas, "Alkaline Printing Papers."IC. Williams, John C. "Retaining the Strength of Secondary Fibets with Alkaline Cal-

:4, cium Carbonate Fillers." Paper Trade Journal, 30(Nov.1980):33-34; ariti,McComb, Robert E.,and John C. "The Value of Alkaline Papers for Recycling." In Proceedings of the

:TechnicarAisociation of the Pulp and Paper /nclustry.(1981 Papermakers Conference), pp.6544 . .

l& Hagemeyer, "The Impact of Inereasin Paper'."17. Evanoff, Philip C. to Lundeen, perso communication, 14-Nov. 1981.18. The Committee on Production Gu dines for Book Longevity. "Interim Report on

Book Paper," April 1981. ,

19. Evanoff to Lundeen, pers(m.ci communication.

.

%

86 Comorving and Preserving Library Almeria II

20 Evaidi, 'firiulf% in Pair Kitting Affecting Perinancni r," Otilli odic,Ohio: n.p,

21, Mid,22, Casey, Pulp turd Paper, p. 633,23. Avorrit Sfiddy for Tilling and Materials. 1979 A missal/1mA ofAS1'111Statulartli,

Part ZO, Paper; Pachagimi: lhraine.ts Copy Products. ASTM, 1979,

24, U.S, National ThitoricalPublicationi rid iirconliNI:Ilion:II An Wm.

25. narrow laboratory. Tr( bill( al Nuts, ''H stow 1 Aboratory 1111.c.in li," AmericanArchivist 38( July 1975);406.16,

26. (mry, Putp and Paper,

DISCUSSION

Philip A. Metzger (School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University atCarbondale): I was interested in your figure of 25 to 50 percentof the newbooks being on alkaline paper. With the introduction of mass &acidifica-tion does that mean that essentially 25 to 50 percentof the books that mightbe mass-deacidifiedmight not really need it?

Gerald Lundeen: The books that are being considered for mass deacidifica-tion are books that have been in the collectionfor some time. The only onesthat are found to be on alkaline paper are theones that have been cominginto the collection within the last five years, but mostly within the last one

or two yeari.Metzger: But aren't those really the prime candidates for mass deacidifica-

oiAtion Wfore they degrade?been suggested thal books that are printed on ilkaline

paper ought to be so identified. The publisher ought to make a statementin the book saying, "This book is made from paper meeting such and suchstandards." That way we won't unnecessarily treat these books, as youpOint out. Along with that question, identifying books for deacidifiCation

or treatment that are not so identified by a statement from the publisherrequires testing the paper with pH detectors. The problem of identifyingbooks that may require treatment because of acidity (if the books-are notidentified by the publisher as being printed on permanent durable paper)knees us to use a chemical test of some sort to see whether it's acidic orbask. You can lcit,e. acidic paper that is coated,with calcium carbonate,and, if you use thewrolig sorts of tests, it will test basic even though thecoreof the paper is acidie And so that's sorpething you've got to be carefulabout:That's one of the reasons for recommending that publishers providettlii- information in books that they have printed on permanent paper.

D.W. ' Krumme/ (Graduate School:Of Library and Information Science,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign): I think one of your state--

IleIeerth 411Id DeldOpIllellii in the Paper 111,1sutty NJ

molts does need qualification. The !Huai y professionVenn Clapppat titularhas been calling for an implovement of that situmion. I.ibrary{midi( ations din-cord towitul !WI 111:111Clit Ithlaty COLIC(60114 (e.g theimprints of G.K. I hill and Scalectow, patticau) conspicuously men.tion the quality of the paper. We've had less success in wolking-with thepublishers who ale not (Hulld imarily Iowan! libroormaikets, putsince the late 1951 I think we have had a significant impact, I think thatshould he made a pact of the "mud, but I'm not slue what impact, if any,we've had on the new machine*, which has bent developed that dramatirally changed the character of paper.Lundeen: That's a good mean to slight that, and when I saidwe couldn't claim Intuit credit for the- transition to alkaline paper, it's not

' (loin lack of hying, As Don [Krummell suggested, we've been calling for atransition for a long time but economics are what, for theAtiost part, carrythe weight with the papermakers, There are some exceptions in terms ofPapermakers, too. S.D, Warren has been making alkaline paper for manyyears (since the late 1950s). Recognizing that permanence is inwortant, fewother paper companies have been doing this as well but the majority of diepawrmakers are convinced only by dollars,

,,Charles Davis (Gradriatl Scho91 of Library and Informatidn Science,niversity of Illinois at tirbanathampaign): I was wondering about the

effects of low temperature. I las anybody extrapolated with enough confideuce to assert that we should move our archives to Greenland?Lundeen: I'm not sure if I'm remembering my numbers right but.1 thinkthe suggestion has been made that if we reduce the temperature by 25degrees Celsius below room temperature, paper that normally would laston the order of 50 years or so is extended to 4000 years. And by goinganother ,25 degrees lower, you get another 40,000 years or thereabouts,Some measurements were done on paper from the expedition of Scott, whofroze to death at the South Pole. His materials were left there. Notebooksfrom that exsedition were retrieved sometime in the late 1950s and thispaper has been examined and compared to essentially the same kind ofpaper to see what the effect was of this prolonged storage in Antarctica.The effects are not nearly as dramatic as was expected based on thoseprojections. There was a stabilizing effect due to the low temperatures butit wasn't nearly as much as we would have exiieeted.based on the extrapola-tions that people have been making.Larry Hall (Alma College, Alma, Michigan): You made a fewireferences tovariations of humidity and their effect' on paper longevity. Could, youspeak' to that further?

92

MN (:firriewirig and Preierving Library Alateriall

Lundeen: This is a (weld( nr width is still a lit the air. The acr'eletatedaging tests have been done in essentially two different modes, one with dry

air with essentially trio humidity. People have criticited that as bringinnralistic be( atm' you don't store btmks in rhy crlie oilier Sri jell or wits

have been done in 50 pm rut humidity uiul thew, likewise, have beentliticiullbetume that's poltaps a bit high although maybe not that far off,

depending on where you live, In I fawari that's a little hit lowOkfrastur.,meats comparing the accelerated aging tests with longtenn tests semi toindicate that really some place ire between 4s probably the best condition,but where in between hasn't been decided yet maybe 10 to 20 percenthumidity for the accelerated aging testl. There are' some farsr)y wellaccepted guidelines for storage tooter normal temperatures and 'dativeImmidities.and their, around 50 percent or so is ar cepted. A more crucialproblem may be fluctuations in hut nidi ty which causerper br stressed

by absorption and description of moisnue.

93

"o

GERALD 1), GIBSON'lead Ctiltttotial Set titre

11(410it PII utrr, Itiroadt Asting And Krttilatcll Sotatti ltivitltntI ibtoty of CAligir111

Preservation of Nonpaper MaterialsPresent and Future Research and

Development in the Preservation of Film,Sound Recordings, Tapes, Computer Records,

and Other Nonpaper Materials

When asked earlier this year by Erik Bat tionw:the man who wasrally to have given this paper, if I would allow my name to be suggested asa possible alternate since he would be unable to be here, I said yes. Afterspending some six months of work and thought on the subject, I fear that ifI were asked the same question today,thatmyaniwer would lea polite, butfirm, no. The reason for my change ofattitude is not that 1 feel the topic isunworthy, rl'o the contrary. I feet it is of major irnixntance to all librariesand archives of which I am aware. Nor.is my present feeling 'Oa the stibirCtdue to an unwillingness to be involved in the.w6tk, since it isa substantialpart of my present position, and is one of the asix4ts of the job which Hindboth particularly enjoyable and rewarding. Rather, my reservations on thetopic are due to the especially broad scope of my topic and the timelimitations which have had to be imposed on delivery of this paper. Togive a reasonably thorough teport on the present research and develop-ment of the preservation of any single format with which we as librariansmust work would barely be posiible in this one session. To broaden thescope to anticipate future research and development nerdy compoundsthe assignment. To do so for all nonpaper materials isiruly impossible.

To compound my reservation I looked at the schedule and agenda ofthe institute..Of the twelve papers to be given, only this one specificallydeals with nonpaper materials. Before allowing myself to become evenmore paranoid, I stopped and reviewed the position that nonpaper mate-rials actually hold in libraries and to just bow long they have beenthere. Until the last decade of the nineteenth century the only nonpaper invirtually all libraries was that associated with hooks or as furnishing for alibrary: the wood, leather, and metal of bindings; animal skins used before

89

90 .4..s1fficurrtng,:fmo I 19 eve..r.vg

0$ as A '7%11)stIllite 101 paliel; the w* used in scats and 1( crl 1414111(1ns.

111A1141e III 5441(144 y; eh , In Ls( 1, it Vial 11441 (11110 1941P tttA4 r (list mostI ontinonly ilt' fl /telt 1141141141441 (01I14415 weir t.torisitirseti atts thing othri

than thlowaw..0, ,,cllosvcd.itut) the 10444 world Id in ths:orititcd States. Also,

I had to irinilitl myself tha 1 1, too, ant cs papci hasecl,I*4 trained Inman III,ogist and libtatiats and that I held to that II mint; acid lii. x5 until taking cr

Ixosilit)i) its 190i as sound retottlings. libtalian at the Sibley !shish al

Vilna! y of the 1....sitnialt St hOsil of Mtisit .Notipaper matcitals air still tonsideted by manysome smith( say

mostof toy 1 Aditionally halm-it collrapitirs as -nottlibraty matetials.toytr cut ycats die Oral 1.1isttny Ptojet I td (...)Itinstai.s thOsc-tsity.

...5,,r.. the plototype for many sus It ptogi.sms in this town! y, used sound trt oldings only as a means to simplify the t tillet nact, of (1.0.4, 1 hese lei outings

%vete then ttattu i ihrd and . onet tril idles types4 Opts, when-Vitt thr soundKs outings weir etthet et :nett lu be t,Itti tot anothri pioject of weredestioyed. ,

..

.

l !mil 1877; cisilitation did not bass. the al.dtty. to record and playltat L,

sound. The t amri a wasnot insented until 1810, Though sound let outings

weir pirset in libiai les as eat ly :Ii the tutu of this I (nutty, 0 was not untilI95H that .t generally:it t rssible an hisal t ollettion of sound reconlingt wasestablished itt a (1S, libraly, (Note: 1 heir weir 4 lassmoni collet lions inI/Mew-sand universities, as well as a fairly extensisrc t)lls% lion of c cattinter

5 ial t lassi.al 11111510 recordings and field tecordings of etbilic matt-161s*, -,ttsailahlr at the I alnary of Cosign-vs, bin ;mess to thrillkrnrraik, Irtitiiitaeither special affiliation of advance tiotific ation of "nue rest-and sixcialarrangements for playbat lt,) Farn though moving inclines wen- act epted

as copyr igh table items as early as 1897, they 0)4110 comb' its only as -paper

Prints" (or photographs) and not a% (lint. The Mtortitzt of Modem Art(NRSIA), New Void:, established its fi in library in 1935, prtx-laimingrnotiott pictures as 'Avidly of trsear and scholarship, though primarilyfor their content as "att.- As :in arch' I medium, the motion pi( nue was

- 'riot generally accepted and toilet red tit Al after %'orld War II. Prints and,... photoglaph's bird little better, even though there was an established

collection:it the Library of CongteSs as rarlyas1897. With the exception of

a few arras, like t ensustccords, public opinion stirs-01,3nd hi bliograPhicdata,, the collecting and %toting' of comitAtterre -olds as primaty resratch

data is still:initts infancy'. ...

As UK; as 1950, nonpaPermaterials7pictures, audio. machine da ta.represented 1t'ssthat 10 percent of the 28,691,550 items in the IOLA!. COI lef -

liont,o1 the Lilirary of CAmgress.-.11y 1980 this had gloms to more than 20.percetit of a collectiotiof 76,9-15,360 items. Thus, during an ackti9%sledgrtiix-ribdofinformation explosiona phrase generally user( by librarians tomean'ars increase of pajx.r based materialsthe nonpaper collections of.

.....-:,

thr ttAltutlat, tiitat titaailtatit'all) .111 trascd 10 14i till lit ;-/ i %%kik 1-.110'1

it)lirt lions 1-Nr lilt trasitig it) a tat 1,11 "...! 4, pot aituilielf otilitpapramatt-It-Ali ttl, trasctl lop tsii r a5 111iii 1 as papcs ttlatroiais Ittilitig this ital,ion tutt itiotaitrs ftplit a1r1 111(111.11n! 111.11 111r), 1'1.1, 11.1 ri)14-1 fro, rti gttikdoting this period '

the assihonl.lillr bit this 11.11,r1 11.,rt 1f4r41 111r 1111-111.1 1)1 1)r I mr11-11

111111. 341111111 ;rt 111111I1E,1. 1.11,r1t; ItIf1111111r1 ()111t")A1111. ill 111r 1-1 rill llt.11

1,01.tiething LI% Ix-ri tnit.uthrtatillipaprii):1.11r,1 1.11s NI) aplottim 11 1%111

1)( '00)11) diffrient, thin itirtha irk tttfrs anus My. awl attll,

. irmaltlIrss 1)1 111r1I 11)1) t)1. 11.1 se tpat anti

ittuad. Mturlialtrtitts -1)Ittel-- 1 bus -titlfgr"; airguis tot hide MAW: )

.11.11s that I .11s slIlkirgrAlrt.111 1)tit1111 ittafitilcii fti dirt 1)/ air

lat-)rt%attiat'i)i timisttal pay* objrs IsMaps. for 1)1

111.1(r1 1)111 (11.(1 %%wild Mutt= jot ulpr 1,c1(111g )1 .11111,K11111

4)1111,c mull, .1 1 watt tittirtit$, ftlinitutr, t;ltjtirts pat:110gs As matt hi as Iit dew-ide to silt 1)1tfr thrill 111 1111% 11.iWI, 1,1111r t/c)c-fk nut .11191V 111r to

us, this: I)in,rls,lion of these mateti.04. outiplwi thoti.:11 the) 111.41 1.oss.rsej, ans. libta.p, -whit It at( rpts these I pc% of matrtials. ss !tether to

1111111 111 .1 I.11r 1)(x)1, 1(x)111, ttl %1)41111(11 SII 111111it .11 t 1)1k ill1111rtl4))%11 1111))1111rillt. In 11114)1)11) $)rri) 1).111c)11t11.11)1)1.);.11.1% .111 t)1111K.iti()11 to

stc to Shell ptopei ptesets.itiott;Nis tfc't.sge t)follt)111Y-1pt Media. %sil11 otIr rk4-1-1,1tiqi, 61111 br, Ilv

ptt)put ttt)ttair to It titItIrtstAltlitig III the likelihood of hoditiF, that fotmat to a 11btati't)11rt 11011 I he rsieption will -be tot that stibstant r %%hum-(11111)01.1111111 might !lase a t atasttopliii dirt t upon' simians All the

p.ipt notipIpet, alike, whit It ate held inHindu- baSi'd tutu .

'I will attempt to lose sultry tcalistii- idea 01 the component Darts of the

gnt,11 tnrtli.i listed )11/01.1%, 1C 1 ir1V the j)1111(11).11 presci),4 0.01)Jrms

1%111111 the!, t tit tends Lit-e, tie the stiAtiKet.enthtionsandpirscisationplot let 0111111110 (1)(1.ly: if Clinic IS .1 13,1111( ail tall/111 11111111 1v111( 11

has, lx-rn turd .out 1)ro1es1 gritetAlly'rchaidr."-1 will t lir it lk-t mist. theolit.tiorr and or label Is of such sigolfit amt. Cu Inatty notipapt ts,

and bet Jose i t I teipietitlOs an tlsrpatable !Lift of the item. I W114 (14 CaNtotl

.111% utisittr it s pt eset vat ion propct tics as well. Finally, I 6611 trvirss- themote fitottitsit4; t intent lesarch and desclopmetit !elated to thrpitscpinun of no:lipr reLitelt:th..mti otatt sinhe ..pettoattutic :atom the futtitput,pet ti foi stodge fur.."---;::21 tattoo both of original in;ltelils and tht

Mrs «)111.611..

Pit tote maul ials (-An be grouped into ttiotionTictutes, 11111 totomis,stills, mid %Oro tidings. Niotion (ores (311, in 11110, IX' 1)1.11)g1(111V11

'11111) 11111) widths, slit t1 As the standard 8. 16.35. and 70tnni withlis:positisc%

92 Conse"iving and Preserving Library Materials,

and negatives; fine grain masters; separate picture and sound track and .

composite picture and track; black and white andA4r color; carried instrips, open reels, cassettes, and cartridge Motion pictures are most fre-quently encountered which have a base of either cellulose acetate (hereafterc:alled,acetate), polymers of the polyester type, with polyethylene tereph-thalate (hereafter called Estar) being the more common* of the joolymergroup, or cellulose nitrate (hereafter called nitrate). A gelatin upended.emulsion layer, for black and white film consisting primarily of eitherdiazo or light sensitive silver 'salts, known commonly as silver halides, orfor color film consisting of several emulsion layers, is held on the base by athin adhesivctlayer.

Microforms are most commonly found in 16 and 35mm, as microfiche,or in reels, cassettes, or cartridges. They are also available in black andwhite and also color, although color microfilm is comparatively uncom-,.mon due to cost and color instability. They are made of materials similar torthose of motion pictures and in the same wide variety of generations andformats.

Stills are similar to the two formats jusareicribed, but while negativesare on a transparent film or glass base, positives are most likely on paper.The image may be in the-form of a print or intended for projection and .magnification as with motion pictures and microforms. Also in existence;but npt included in this paper, are such older photographic techniques as,daguerreotypes, tintypes ainbrotypes, collodion-coated glass plates, andalbumenized paper.

The last of the genre "pictures" to be considered is video Yecordings,the newest bf this family and the most varied. \The fixation of.ta televisionprogram may have the properties of motion picture film, as iii fa kinescope;it may be a magnetic image,on tape or disc; or it may be a signal stored on avideo disc. Digital versus analog signals are the latest coMpetitors in themedia contest.

The principal thing we must know about digital andanalog is that f'orevery generation it is removed from the original recorded event, an analogsignal loses information. By the time a film is copied six generations awayfroni its original source, the human eye can easily see yisible deteliorationof the quality of the image and of the information being presented. There isno generation -loss in ,reproducing a digital signal, regardless of the /number of generations one may get from the source. A one-on-one compar-ison 'of the original and a copy 100 generations away should present nochange in quality or quantity of digitally transmitted information.

There rare presently three types of video disc. As with most othernonpaper formats, Picture and nonpicture alike, the played builvfor onetype of system will probably not play the discs from the other two. If wewere public consumers we could wait to get the machine that finally, if

Preservation of Nonpaper Materials 93

. ever, wins out. Unfortunately, libraries must collect and make availablematerials wanted -and needed for research. As with other nonpaper mate-rials, if the data is impoitant enough, this usually Means acquiring thematerial in the form then available, and acquiring and maintaining thenecessary equipMent to play it., The first of the three disc systems on the, market was LaserVision,

i 'originally made only by Magnavox, bat-now available as well from U.S.t

Pioneer, and, in industrial versions, from.Sonynd MCA biscoVision. It isthe one feast like the conventional phonograph, since its 12-inch discs areread by lasers, not stylii, so there is no physical contact to wear out the discs.

. The recording is under the disc's transparent surface and the laser reads thebottom of the disc from the inside out. This system uses a ConstantAngular Velocity (CAV), which is-to say that the longer groove at the

,outside edge of the disc takes nb longer to Play than does the shorter grooveat the inside margin of the disc. This allows for such "extras" as perfect stillframe, slow motion, fast motion, and direct access to any inditidual frame.Unfortunately, it also means that. the playing time of the disc is roughly 30'Minutes per side as opposed to the approximately 60 minutes per side of theConstant Linear Velocity (CLV) discs. pr, it may hold roughly 54,000 stillframes. .. .

The RCA Selectavision, introduced in the spring of 1981 using CLV,is more like the conventional audio phonograph. Its sylus senses variations ',in electrical capacitance as it rides ovefmicroscopit pits in the botnim ofthe disc's grooves. For protection against dust and scratches, the Selectavf-sion disc is.covered by a rigid plastic sleeve that staysop Until the disc is inthe player. This systembas no true still frame, slow motion, or fast motion.Its sound and,picture quality are presently a bit lower than that of LaserVi-sion, and the first few players on the market do not have the stereo spuncapability of LaserVision. The Selectavision mode disc (also knownCapacitance Electronic Disc, or CED) has beenilopted by Zenith, Hitachi,Toshiba, Sears, Silly°, NNT.rd, and Radio Shack.- LhaVe not yet seen the third system, although it was to have appear41sometime in the fall of 1981.. Called, VHD, or Video Hip Density, itreportedly will be manufactured -by Panasonic, General Electric, JVC,Quasar, Sharp, and Mitsubishi; and will require a siMilar protective jacket

'to the RCA Selectavision. Like LaserVision, it has no physical groovewalls. Instead, its track is definedhy tiny rows of recorded guide pulsds, so.it is being l'sted as offering the same extra features as LaserVision.

There a eitwo main types of videocassette,formats, VHS and Beta. Thechief differenres are tape speed, cassette size, and the path through which.the tape is threaded inside the machine. Since VHS tapes are in slightlylarger cissettes and run at slightly slowerspeed6heir maximum playing ,time is a bit longer (six hours as opposed toBeta's five). Beta's simpler tape

98

94 Conserving and Preserving Library Materials-

Path makes such optratidis as shifting' etween play and fast forwardquicker and more convenient.

In addition to these two Nideo 'tape recorders utilizing cassettes, thereare, also, open reel and: cartridge fed recorders. Open reel, cartridge, or,cassette differ primarily in thE way the tape isheld for playing, as well as ino

) the manner` the 'tape is fed through the machine. In addition, there are widevariations within virtually all three video tape formats in the width of themagnetic tape, coming as wide as two-inches, or as narrow, as 1/4 in-ch.

For our preservation information purposes, the primary differencesbetwten video tape pictures and video disc pictuies are:

1. the ability to record and play, or, as the industry calls it, to "write andread." The video disc systems now generally available only "read" whathas already been "written."' Magnetic tape, regardless of its packaging,has "write and read" capability; and

2. the LaserVision disc, and presumably the VHD system, offers thepotential of not being damaged by the act of "reading," since the stylusdoes not come into contact with the" encoded information. All other,systems, whether video disc or tape, as well as all the parts of thebthermembers of the "Picture" family, require direct contact of equipmentand the carrier in order to make the data human readable and retriev-able. This, obviously, has far reaching repercussionsior preservation ofall data.

Audio materials are grouped into discs, cylinders, mechanical devi es,(film, and wire and tape. 4:4

The disc group varies in, size from approximately one-inch to twe tyainches or more in diameter, nd from 1/64 of an inch to 1/4 or more of an

inch in thickness. They have been made of hundreds of the solid substancespresently known, including plastics, shellac, glass, wax, metal, rubber,tinfoil, wood, paper, 'and even chocolate candy. They, also comF in acombination of these: a core ormetal, wood, glass, plaster of Paris, orpaper, or a combination of these, and a playing surface of plastic, acetate,wax, or shellac, Their signal may be analog or digital, recorded eitheracoustically or electrically, using either a lateral or a vertical cutting andplayback stylus. They play at speeds of less than 10 to greater than 100revolutions per minute (RPM). Their stylii have a tip radius from ;0005 to35 mils, with intended tracking weights of less than 0.25 of a gram toseveral or more pounds in a groove that varies from microgroove tostandard/coarse goove widths, with all variations in between and beyond.The modem commercial "LP" qisc is fairly standardized. This has notalways been the case. If the manufacturer were using a different recordingand playback signal and needed specific tracking, signal configurationand packaging to accomplish the desired end, the manufacturer created a

99

Preservation of Nonpaper Materials 95-

new system for example hilhand-dale9vOteral grooves. Multi-channelsound was realized by using binAural; 'bilaigral, encoded, and enhancedmono; or, to insure that the public used their discs, manufacturers did suchthings as putting a large square Spindle on the record machine so that d-lebuyer of the machine would have to buy records with a similarly shapedhole. Each of these variants, whether of size; speed, stylus size and pressure,

:type of recording, direction of tracking, et al., requires a specific, workingmachine for information retrieval. Just as with most other nonpdperformats, an attempt to play, a disc on the wrong machine will result invarying degrees of darinage to the information-carrying package.

- Cylinders are the earliest form of sound recordings. They were theonly successfill form of recording sound for the first fifteen or so years of thehistory of the phonograph, and they were an accepied formin some areasthey were the preferred form until well into this century. Though mostpeople today would recognize almost every other form of sound carriercovered here,,today, fe would make the connection between cylinders andSound.

Cylinders come in range' of sizes almost as varied as those ju stmentioned for diScs. Their recording signal and mode are, however, gener- /-

ally limited to hill-and-dale and mono, although the number of groovesvaries..

The mechanical, or music box devices, are far too numerous to men-tion in any dep here.,Their triggering devices were usually a disc, barrel,or strip of wood or paper with either indentions, protrusions, or simplecutouts intended to triggertan action: the plucking of a series of tuned

. springs, the opening of a pipe,'the release of a hammer, the opening of awind channel, etc. The instruments which were so activa ted were as variedas the modern player piano, a music box, a mechanically pldyed violin, achurch organ, or an entireeorchestra of string, wind and percussioninstruments.

Film audio materials utilize the same base materials as those found inMotion picture film: acetate, nitrate, and polyesters, with all of the inher-ent problems of each. The recording signal can be either in a cut groove or astrip of magnetic tape applied to the film. In addition, there is opticalsound: a photographic line of varying width and frequency in transparentfilm. When in a cut groove, it carries the same type of hill-and-dile and/orlateral cut signal that one finds in the grooves of discs or cylinders. When ina.strip of Magnetic tape embedded in the film, the signal has the samepossibilities as will be shortly listed for audio niagnetic tape. The basematerial, regardless of its makeup, is generally 35mm wide.

Wire and tape audio recordings are grouped together here not becauseof their base materials, for they are usually quite different, but because ofthe& similarity of-signal. They both depend, as does videotape, upon a

1


magnetic signal held in wire, in the wire itself, and in tape, in magneticparticles which have been dispersed in a resin binder. The packaging ofboth, with videotape, may be either an open reel,, a cartridge, or acassette. .

The wire varies in diameter from 0.7 to 1.2 mils, and maybe made ofvirtually any metal wire capable,. of holding,a magnetic charge. Usually,however, it was inade of either stainless steel or carbon steel. .

Magnetic taPe varies from 1/8 inch -to 2 inches or more in width and0.25 to 1.5 mils or more in thickness and has an acceptable playing speed,depending upon the signal to be placed on the tape and the desired level ofresponse which will be minimally acceptable, from 15/16 ips to 60 ips orhigher. Magnetic tapes are made on a bhse material, now usually ofpolyester, but originally on metal bands and paper and acetate strtps..Thepaper, acetate, or polyester base material is covered in a gelitin whichcarries the resin binder loaded with magnetizable particles and, hence, thepotential magnetic signal. The coating, or gelatin, is held in place by anadhesive layer, or is bonded to and is a part of the base,. Both wire and tape

d can carry either analog or digital signals.Other than base material, the principal difference in-wire and tape is

the number of tracks or bands of sound that each can potentially carry. -

Wire is liinited to a single signal. Tape can cant an infinite number ofsignals depending upon the width of the tape and the size of the tracksthereon. It is not unusual for a modern magnetic tape to carry up tosixty-four different signals. For commercially available audio tape.record-ings the number is generally limited to a maximum of either four or eightsuch bands.

An additional difference is th ethod in which loose ends of each are ,

connected to like mater'als..To splic tape, one can either use splicingtape, a hot splice, o an ultrasonic splice. To "splice': wire one simply tiesthe two desired ends together in a small, tight'knot.

Computer records have been stored in magnetic tapes, discs, punchedpaper cards, cylinders, crystals, and microforms. At present the most com-mon format is magnetic tape) utilizing a digital signal. Punched cardsappear to be being phased out and the possibilities of crystal storage arejust beginning to be realized. Occasionally one sees or becomesaware ofanalog signal recordings, usually on magnetic tape and used fOr backupand preservation purpdses.

The worst disaster for most nonpaper materials is fire which is thedisaster most likely to destroy virtually Q,11 possibilities of salvage, since somany of the base materials of modern nonpaper records are petrochemicalproducts. This, of course, is true for virtually all library materials. Yet thegreatest pot ntial catastrophic degradation for any likely library item, andthe for at with the single most susceptibility'to heat, much less to fire

1 u

Preservation of Nonpaper Materials 97

'itself, is cellulose nitrate based film materials. Temperatures of onlyslightly over 100°F ae sufficient to cause nitrate based film, with no visiblesigns of deterioration, to self ignite. Once ignited it burns at about 15 ninesthe speed of wood, and once ignited it cannot be smothered, since it carries

,withiri its chemical Makeup enough aotygen to fee its own combustion.You mAy well ask how many, of us lave, or will eVer have, nitrate based

films in our collections? Arid if the number is as small as you are correctlythinking it is, then why waste 'lime with this topic? Following a veryunfortunate incident at the National Archives' remote nitrate film .vaults.outside Washington, D.C:, in 1978, the Library of Cogress became e'Venmore acutely aware of the potential disa'ster of having nitrate in other thana specifically designed and maintained film vault. The National Librarywas already aware that it had some 90,0004: cans of nitrate based motionpicture film which had been maintained in separate,National Fire Protec-tion Association (NFPA) approved vaults. The Library staff had pulled alarge quantity of nitrate based still film andstored it under similar condi-tions. On closer inspection, staff found additional still film, but were

_confident that there was no nitrate motion cure film in the general filmcollections. In September 19811 the staff_ bcame aware of nitrate in acollectionpf materials which a very knowledgeable donor had told themheld no nitrate, and which had previousfy been spot-checked to assure all

. concerned that such was the case. The collection had been placed in aremote area where large parts of the Library's general collection are held.4thad been there for several years as Specific preselected parts of it werebrought out and integrated into the cataloged collection. Then, duringSept ember, the Li brari, pf Congress staff became aware that one of the reelsbeing processed nitrate. The entire collection was then inspected arid itwas discovered that there were an additional ten reels of 'nitrate based filmin the 1200 or so in the collection. Your comment might logically be: "Sowhat? It was only eleven reels of film out of the approximately 250,000 reelsof safety film which LC holds." Eleven reels of 35mm film would weigh'anaverage of fifty pounds. A single pound of burning nitrate based film givesoff four to five cubic feet of-such gases as nitric oxide, nitrogeri dioxide and-tetroxide, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide. Once burning, it Cannot

extinguished by normal fire fighting techniques:. The only reasonablehope is to contain the'fire while keeping the temperature gf.'otlier nearbyitems below their flash point: The usual Means of doi ohisia d virtuallythe only-one which seems to work consistently, is to {Sur lar e quandties'of water on the Fite and its area, thus in troducingihe s and g eat enemy ofpaper and nonpaper li,birary materials alike: water an flohding.

. The Library of Congress currently has four 5-by-7-6y 20ieet nitrate film.vaults filled with flat nitrate based picture materials. The SmithSonian,also inspecting its immense collections following the 1978 NARS'fire,,has

+'

Conserving and Preserving Library - Materials

.

located enough nitrate based materials to fill almost three similarly sizedvaults.

1 urge you, if you have any film based materials possibly dating fromthe mid-1950s or befeic to' contact Eastman'Kodak and get the, 1950sbooklet on identifying. handling, inspecting,and storing nitrate f i . TheNFPA Code 40 deals with storage facilities fox nitrate film and lust befollowed in every-area of the United States of which I am aware. The oddsare that you have none, but be sure. The greatest disaster attributed to anitrate film fire occurred in May 1929, in a Cleveland, Ohio, hospital. The

A r, fire, started by a bare light bulb and faulty steam pipes in the X-ray film

storage area, burned only some 4900 pounds of nitrate, or the equivalent ofroughl}, 1000 cans of 35mm film, yet killed 125 persons. Virtually all of thefatalities were from the fumes and gases of the burning film, not from theheat of the fire. Reportedly, some of the deaths were as much as 48 hairslater as appdrent survivors were walking down the street or resting in theirhomes.

The picture materials most likely to be held by libraries are microfilm,'both 1 and fiche, 8 and 16mm projection prints of motion pictures,photographic prints, and a growing number of video cassettes.

The recommended storage of service copies of virtuallyall safety,filmcalls for an area with filtered air, kept dark except when access is needed,with,,the temperature at 68 to 70°F, and with a relative humidity 61.35 to 45peecent. All materials should be stagedallo-Wed to come to ambienttemperature and humidity before beirig taken from the storagearea for use

sand brought gradually back to low temperature when being returned tostoragefor at least twelve hours before bang used. They should be onhubs, if appropriate, packaged and sealed in to poly/foil bags or envelopes,

' ' end, for reels of motion picture film, shelved in nonrust, metal cans placedkorizontallY no more than three high on a shelf444C-roforms and stills -are

sually filed in drawers rather than,placed on silf:lyes. All film productsskould ihe inspected regularly and, as appropriate to the formitt,.rolledthrough net less than every three years.

The single largest problem which most libraries seem to have With allr film based materials is surface scratches caused through normal use and

handling. Of courst, more careful ,handling, better maintenance of theequipment, and more care in cleaning the film and equipment beforeeveryuse will make a significant difference in this problem. kloWever, a newproduct recently offered by 3M holds great promise in this area, especiallyfor rare.and irreplaceableinaterials and for heavily used 'materials. Called"Photogard," it has a very impressive track record to date. The followingdata has been furnished by 3M. A polytnerized silicone, Photogard can be'put onto basically any prOcessed photographic material, including glass.Magnetic tapes and optici11 video discs are presently being tested. It has

103

Preservation of Non pa per itateridls 99

pptennal use in the graphic arts, with X-ray and phosphorous screens, inphoto finishing, and in all micrographic and motion picture applications.The 3M company does not recommend it for nitrate based film materialsbecause of the use of heat in the application. Coated materials are:

I. Highly resistant to abrasion. In the Gardner Falling Sand Abrasion Testthere is a 70 percent haze on uncoated film materials:and an 11 percenthaze on like coated materials. On coined glass, the haze level drdps to 109ercent. Photogard is approximately eleven times-16s abrasive thanpolyester.

2. Highly antistatic. The "h11- life" of an electrical charge at 50 percentrelative humidity on Photogarded polyester film is 0.1 of one second.Uncoated, the "half life" of ,n electrical charge under the same condi-tions is 2000 seconds.

3. Highly solvent resistant. Coated film was virtually unchanged bychemicals that destroyed uncoated film.

1. Easily cleanable. Pencil, grease, oil, et al., wipe off. Cleaners may beeither virtually any cleaning chemical, ultrasonic cleaners, or combina-tions of the two, with the major exception that all cleaners andmachines shotdad be free of wax.

5. Virtually antifiacterial. Properly precleaned, coated film will supportfew if any batteria.

6. More resistant to ultraviolet (u/v) light- fade. There is a u/v light screenbuilt into the coating, resulting in a decrease in u/v I igh t fade by a factorof 1. (-\

7. More resistant to daigt TOO /II stage jade. There i s a 50 percent reductionin darkroom fade.

N

c, Photogard transmits 97 percent of visible light. The very smoothsurface obtained by coating film reduces surface light scatter and greatlyimproves the legibility of a. reel of microfilm which the Lib'rary of Congtesshad assumed to be virtually unusable. Obviously, the coating will make nomajor improvement on scratches which penetrate the emulsion. One otherexample of the usefulness of Photogard on heavily used film is that fromthe New York State Museum in Albany, New York. They showed the filmLogging 8100 times over twenty-five weeks of an exhibit. Their,Jilmsnormally last a very impressive 2016 plays over the six weeks of a scheduledexhibit. After over four times as many showings, the Photogard coated filmwas still considered to be in an acceptable cond i-tion by museum personnel.

The principal negative result of the 3M tests is that there'are someincreased problems in cold splicing of coated film, but splicing can readilybe accomplished by the use of available products and techniques. There isno particular problem with hot or ultrasonic splices.

104


In the matter of color fading of motion picture film images, Kodak haspublished its findings on 'color stability. Using short term tests at high

'temperatures to predict the density changes xxpected, they tell us thatmaterials stored at room temperature (24°C75°F) or lower, with darkkeeping storage conditions at 10 percent relative humidity for all colors,have an acceptable density of 0.8 or better for fifteen to twenty years.Bylowering the temperature to 16°C/60°F, we can expect 0.8 density or betterfor fifty or so years; and by going 'to -18°C/0°F, we go to upward of 1000years of 0.8 density or better. By towering tlie relative hufnidity as 15-1.)percent we double the predicted darkstorage capability by a factor of two.Specified data on particular motion picture products is available fromKodak, Dept. 620DS, Rochester, New Yo\ k 14650, as is the data from whichI took the above statistics.

There is one major problem with the .Kodak data: thery is presentlyavailable little information on the effect of temperatund relativehumidity cycling on film when taking it from da1k iled, ifontrolled atmo-sphere storage to a projector or printer and return ng it to the cold vault.Kodak, of course, recommends the staging of Mat ials coming andgoingfrom the cold vaults, but thereappears to be little documented informationon long term effects of repeated csyclings. .

An additional problem in the preservation of film is the separation ofthe emulsion from the base material. The reconirt\ nded, and apparentlysuccessful, solution to this problem is to maintain umidity and tempera-ture as constantly as posiible. If there must be a change in either or both ofthese vital elements of preservation they should come aSslo y as possible,avoiding the sudden changes'which take placeI.'vhen adc ite staging isnot practiced. \

The recommended storage for all magnetic tape, regardless of thesignal which it carries,. its thickness, its width, or its'"-packaging, is:

1. Where possible, use-only reel-to-reel tape, on the largest possible ti-slotted hubs.made of metal 1,vhpse flanges ate immediately replaced ifthey are.deform&I or out of planer

2. Package reels in sealed metal Gins or sealed boxes oea ma terialsuch aspolyethylene/cardboard/foil/polyethylene laminate. The boxes

Nk.,,.....should be Stacked on edge in the shelves. Tape should not be packageduntil it is in equilibrium witliothe stacks.

3. Stack temperature should be ifiainta ined at 65° to 68°F and 4,0 percentplus or minus 5 percent relative humidity. (RH) for often used record-ings while storage in 50°F at the . line relative humidity is reconi,..mended for seldom used and part .ttlar y valuable recordings. ,...

4. Pla ybaCk arid Packaging rooms should b maintained (lust free and atthe same 68°F/40ixrcent RI -I as the stack 'apes exposed to other en-

._

1 03

Presentation of .'sonpaper ,traten'a

,

15 101

vironments should be staged in the playback environment before

pl)-back. . ._

5. Stray e. test fields shouldCnot be permitted in the stack,Playback, and packaging environments. The maximum flux density

4* shoo d be 410 gauss. ,

6. Play ick equipment should be maintained as recommended by the

mint (-curer, including (-leaning. upe transport adiustment. andcomponent demagnetisation.

7. A 'rewina and ins .e& ion clzeck, separate from playback facilitic's,should be used for ; -ickaging and inspection. Winding tension for 1.5

rkmil tape sl?uld be a constant torque of 3-5 ounces.at the hub of a 10-

inch reel. .\____

8. -the best tape presently available for storage purposes appears to be 1.5

mil Mylasilase.9. Tape -should lx recorded at a maxiintlin level below 2 pet cent har-

monic distortion (4db below normal recording level is usually satisfac-

tory). The first. and last fifteen feet 2f the tape should not be used forprogram recording, but she have a burst of 10 mil wavel<i)gth

(approximately 750 cps at 7.5 ips) signa 1 at a ximum recording levelpirceded and f9llowed by several layers of b ape for inspection

;Airpos6.10. Tape should be aged in the packaging axmn for six months prior to

recording. Recorded tape-which has been exposed to other than theprescribed environment should be conditiOAed in the packaging room

for six weeks prior to pa&iging. 16

11. Tape should be inspeCted once every two years, measured from time of

last playback, and rewound so thaethectlINattlre of the base is opixisite

to the direction of the previous ( tuva tu t 0. This inspection shou Id con-

siAt of measurement of print through caused by the toncburst at therm!of the tape and a spot check at the tape end next to the hub for coatingadhesion or &lamination. It need not include playback.

12. storage shelves should be made of wood or a tionmagnetirable metal

free filial v;ibration and shock.

The prim-4l problems associated with magnetic recordings areundesired erasing of the magnetic sigtuctoeparaticin of the emulsion.from

the base material, print through, aml tApe breakage. There is no new4breakthrongh for these ptoblems of the scope ana magnitude of the 3M

Photogard fOr,filin-bas(3,1 materials; the only preven non for them is rare in

t'randling and following of _the recommended storage and handling proce-dures given above; For unique or very valuabli materials it is always wise '

to have .backup eclairs stored separate from the %civic e topics. This, 'of

course, presents the problem of generation I )55in analog copies. If a-master4

1UG

102 Conseil frig and Preferring Library Afateriatt

and a seri ice copy- ate to.br maintainetrjhe master. should b the itemclosest to the original and should lx- used only nn trate no:- seIN nr copies.

. Computer renters have a ViTy desirable bat Lop ptocrthite.which, ifpossible is fccommended for all mater tape collections: data bank, atebac ked-up daily, with the bac kup wpy being kept for a specified, os rlapping period of time -with other sin It tape c (spies. 'I'ape win( home kept onsite are pet iodica Ily transferral to a safe storage :iea for additional hat kup( apability. Situ e most wmputr tewtds ate digital, there is no loss ofinformation horn genetation o generation, Thins, at any givrn time,sit wally all of the dart batik is :nada i de on site, iill ona backup;opy also

,site. 4nd in a safe \Image area for at drd protection. .1The most frequently rocou 0 mod sound retort mugs are 33 I 3 and -15

tpm vinyl discs. 78 rpm shellac disc! and magin is tapes. The let om.mended storage for magnetic tapes and their principal problems have justbeen (-mem' above. 'llte it-commended storage clitetia for discs are:

.. r.I. Store the cleaned disc recording in a scaltl-slee.soi made of a laminate of

1)01y-thylene paperboard 'foil pols ethylene of acid free thitty.fourpoint chipboard or better. soft aluminum foil of 0.0001 im h thickness.and polyethylene. "11)e discs should nett be imckaged and scaled untilthey ate in equilibnum with the intended storage area.

2. Staelji-tettnxIatute should be maintained at 701: and -15 percent plus orminus 5 percent !ative humidity for often used le«ndings or (orse'ryite copies. and if.r I' and the same relative humidity for seldom useds.recordings. 4 .

3. Playback and pa( kaging rootu(s)should lx.. maintained dust (tee and atthe recommended conditions for of ter) used tot ordings. Discs exposed toother environments should lx' «mditioned in the playback ;Inca fortenty-four hours before playback and for an _equal jxli(xl in thestorage area atmosphere before being te turned to storage.

-1. Store in a darkened roonn., when. possible, but allcays away fitful sun-light and front artificial lighting of the shorter-wavelengths.

5, Stole all discs in the vertical position without pressure on the disc sur-face or the ()pp m tunity for off vertical attitude. using only clean, mi-.(abrasive surfaced packaging as suggested in number I above; do notpcimit sliding «intac t of disc surface withothet suttaces.

6. Play the disc only with a stylus of 'noir silt and weight for the partitular disc. e

7. If a disc is to !et eive heavy playing, particularly if it is unusual otminim.. In:Ike a set vic r (OM:111(111W the Wigin31 as the are niastetas above.

.

;The principal plohlents oflesr\otion as sated with disc lee out-

ings air warpage, lira vygloove wear, Ineaking and tint c h tin, (pot seuhth. _

u

Presert,Ificrn of ,',,,,f,if;er lfate,i.i 101

..; ,

of 7S win dist k Ana ohlet 33 And .15 !pin Ws( s;, and distotnoti (if ifti-

play had,. glooss bs fungi. Ilics .itr grileialIs leadils i tint-, table lisptoper lLindliffg. t fr.lintig, p( litging, And sit *Lige. l'itil:dils thr i114 :1(-

gte.itcss litiddrin in thrpl rsel s.111(n1 of 4104 tee indings Is gl-10,)%c Sc r:u, Illts.( All be grt.I11Y 4(1111(ril bY I)iorx-1 manitrli.intr (;1 the Id.iy1Lit k r itiiiiincin.t (7)011.0 insfx-c nun of the Sh, lost ()million awl weight, and irgii at ( Iratillit.;Iii the disc. Itildtlition, thrtr :111:1 number (if piotliti 154)11 thr It alk,rt totLy,shit ii item thr playing stitI1( r t0 rithrt !mitten it tii inflict- gti,. is r s\(2.0.it-dm r the %Lan( r lel 010 Its un the swim r of the (list And thusktit (1; iwn dust.1 Itt.li non, in trinose the built tip dirt And du.st f.it lin in phy (fig, 1 gruel:it,I ate sell. Anus. 01 ansthing win( 11 is going onto the swim r of the th.,.4 thatwill altrt (4 (mit it and whit h. iTb all"probahillty . will 11.1e to br 0-n10st-11.0%only ix)int ill the (nu m!. if the disc Is to br !mewls rd. Our i)t.i.lot. t.howeser. LAST, li.is !et r15(11 high praise horn mans (if ins t ()IN-agues. 1 heI abraly of Gongtess is( Ill trntly (01151)11101g schrthrt to use the 1,10(111( t.lbotIts ( 011) -( tions. .

; .1 In.ijor inohleni with ths( %)ind t(-((ndings Whi( li is, lot WILMA%

1-11 1..1114 1(11 ill(' gher4,11V tollct tett tiniiimprt nutetl.ils is the incctlA r1)( alabel. usually p.tpr. affixed (11114 115 40 tilt- silt Luc I1 the disc. Ili[- papeiLibel, with its glue (.0 tat-sal and inks, ititt(xliit es .01 enturly newpioblem to the inrsetv.ifluri 01 these triatrii.ils: I low does the Imes/..010n(Af p.ipet 111.1teliAIS al feCt the ptes.IV40011'01 110tipapt? Most) tithe! nonfliapet inatcrialsch.ie something of this Imililetn. ((it 1)illilislirts.11c (014 r(!.for teasoits of hibliogt.iplii( ( tintwl if noillitig eke, Input iiIrtiti1 ,14 mid(ley 1 i i )t i v e inform:0in° ( i n the itrsnor I IS ( OtiLli net, III ITIMU ases, only the(list It-muting his its libel ;Mixed ditrt.tlY t() its stn Li( r. This, :11so. taisesspi, 'al 10.0hltns when the item is being dram& will the hinder diss01c Inswain; will the 1\11)l. di`s"Ive; ""' Ole i"k% And (1)4.5 w"tri ''')h"'I'lc; is theimpel midi(; will it %Iwo,' the gtowth of fungi? in !Mist t Asc., lite .111%S:elstO these titteNtioos ..ecot to he in favor of plewilittun: the glues ni.",-(liswilv..is will Ow ikiks.. 415. :Iiiii paper, hilt they (all he plOtet tAl Wit11.1little 4 Ate ill the clraning and handling !nut ess. The impet srrins. griletally. to be hiss. in .0 idity and tesisiant to bingos growth.. .

1)01)11( a non% of genrnd 11Se Wili( it have been eValii.rfecLitid:11C( 011.501-

by tltust wutking ill the field to telattelY delutahle ate ( ort11).11.tlively few. 'Hwy ito hide:

,

lIcrtrain. 11%Nr.t1.1001 %tat (old. Mtt had Is:. I hr I'100:110t)tigh PhrtmttirtIon "imottit I Of the .111,18o /.,,,golerriog s 2H,}Ltt 10, O t. 194(1

Aftdot htral ..turtittan-r(Alagneist.) (t.,101.44 t NtI l'It NO. I 41-1008) I :it), C.thl Amy,. (.44r)(20 ttifing 10(0)

(.11,1,11115. I "Aging 4)1 M.4:11c114 Re( malty.: .11W "Il t trattIt rim! t 044ALIVIri)( I, 544 tti) .1, 101) l'IS0

1:041.11, Prete/1%0ton of L'Isofovaphi. 11(ticr. N.1" 1 .1%1111.111

1'179

tutt uonserving ana rreserving Library Materials

/Art.

Storage and Preservation of Motion Picture Film. Wochestei, 'N.Y.:Eastman Kodak, 1957 (out of print, but selected portions have been reprinted by.Kodak).

Storage and Preservation of Microfilm. Rochester, N.Y.: Eastman-Kodak, 1981..

Pickett, A.G., and Lemcbe, M.M. Preservation and Storage of Sound Recotd ings.Washington, D.C.: Lilirary Of Congiess, 1959 (out of print, but LC has an-miunced its intention to reprint).

At present, there seems to be an active interest in the. preservation ofnonpaper materials. In recent years this has not been t'he case. The lastin-depth ,work on the preservation and storage of sound recordings, forexample, was published in 1959 and has begri'out of-print for the last tenyears or so. Currently, work- is being carried out or is being actively

- considered by KRIdak, 3M, various gbvernmental agencies and bodies,including the intelligence community, the National Bureau of Standards,the National Archives, and the Library of Congress, as well as professionalorganizations and associations, including the American Film Institute, theAssOciation for Recorded Sound Collections, the Audio EngineeringSociety, the. International Association_ of Sound Archives, the MusicLibrary Association, the Society of Motion Picture Technicians and Engi-.neers, and the University Film Association. Of partictilar interest is theNational Bureau of Standards' recently announced five year study ofarchival stability of polyester filmdiemical properties. On an interna-tional level, Unesco adopted recommendations for the safeguarding andpreservation of moving images at its general conference in Belgrade, inOctober 1980: In addition, a number of private individuals are perSonallyworking on specialized projects, including Art Schifrin with audio'cylinders and early movie sound tracks, Henry Wilhelm on color stability andSteve Smolian with radio transcription materials.

An important event that is taking place today is the development ofsystems for the storage of digital signals on optical video discs. This isimportant not only for the preservation of nonpaper materials and arti-facts, but for information in general. The life span of an article in an idealenvironment is a property which is built into the article when it is mariu-factured. ProPer care cannot extend this potential life, although it canprevent premature failure. The importance of the optical disc is that itpermits the storage and retrieval of data without subjecting it to thephysical stresses of most current storage and playback. The advantages ofthis system are those which were cited earlier in this paper when I addressedthe LaserVision disc. The disc is read by lasers, thus there is no physicalcontact with the stored data to wear it out faster than its own built inproperties dictate. It uses'a Constant Angular Velocity (CA'V), thus allow-ing for perfect still frame, fast forward, and fast backward searches, along

Preservation of Nonpaper .Materials

with direct access to any single frame. It has the capability to store aural,visual, and machine data in a digitallnokt thus preventing loss of data inthe transfer ffork one generation to another,

There are still a number. of problems. to resolve. Just what is thepotential life of the disc? How susceptible is it to fluctuations in heat andhumidity? Will its clear surface scratch easily? Will it discolor with age, orfrom heat and/or humidity? Will the laminated "sandwich" which makesup the diic separate /because of heat or other factors? In addition, thepresent state of video does not.allow for direct retrieval of an image withenough clarity ancrdefinition for most motion picture researChers, muchless for the specialist working with manuscripts, art or maps, to name butthree fields dependent, upon clarity and resolution of image. Also, therange and fidelity of colors poisible with video have been attacked by thoseworking in areas where color is of importance: maps, art, pictographs, etc.Nonetheless, this device seems to be the solution of most ofdhe preservationproblems which are faced by every other known library medium, paper and

i, nonpaper alike. We lOok with great *anticipation to the realiza(tion of diesolution of these problems and want to believe those who tell us that we canhave the requisite resolution and color while assuring us that the problemsof storage and preservation are really not unsolvable.

We still have the materials we have inherited, however. The opticaldisc and its solutions, while promisinb for many lesser applications,cannot conserve those items we must retain in their original physical form.For those items, wemust do everything possible to insure that the life spanpotential built into all the materials placed in our keeping is realed to itsfullest possible extent. Otherwise, if ever a permanent preservation systemis developed, we Will have far less to preserve and share with4he future thanwe received &mill the past.

The interrelationships between the general needs for space, shelving,storage, structural weight loads, temperature and relative humidity, pack-aging, and shielding for the varied materials being considered can best beseen in the accompanying stable.

105

1iU

4j

. :. TABLE 1-..G7:NER-Ai..-PHYSICAL NEEDS FOR MOST COMMON NONI'APER LIBRARY MATERIALS

,

* e

No. of Items/,"tempelaitiVe Relative Linear Ft. of Weight of Average Weight/ LinearType o (Fahrenheit) HuMidity Recommended Packaging Shelving Item in Pounds. Ft. of ShelVing

11.4.114

( fety based)16i1m ( M) 70° ± 5° 40% ± 5% film in poly /toil bags; heat16innY(2M) 70° ± 5° 40% ± 5% sealed; film on hubs; nonrust

-35mtil (I M) 70° ± 5° 40% ± 5% metal cans; cans horizontal,357im (2M) 70° ± 5° 40% ± 5% maximum of 3 cans high

oPict (nitrate based)- 50° ± 5° 40% ± 5% for special vault 'construction

see NFPA Code 40; film shouldbe hand inspected every 6.monthsshelved in nonrust metal cans;cans horizontal, maximum 3cans high

'Wile 70°.± 5° 40% ± 5% poly/foil sleeves; heat sealed;in drawers .

Micro 70° ± 5°).

40% ± 5% poly/foil sleeves or bags(fiche/roll); heat sealed; rollson reels; in acid.containers

fideoW' Cass 65° ± 5° 40%* 5% tape in poly/foil bags; heat sealed;34" Cass 65° ± 5° 40% 5% supported center hubs for reelI" Reel 65° ± 5° 40% ± 5% tape; in low:acid containers;2" Reel 65° t 5° 40% ± 5% vertical on shelf; nonmagnetic

shelving

Si

c-). . , 0

3.00 2.33 6.99 21.75 4.95 8.66 3.

ag3.00 5.00 15.00 ,- a.1.75 9.16 J6.03 4a.

' -t.same as for.similar formats, nonnitrate has r.

:Pr.......

4,

acr

/ t"':

-,1Cr

a

111

1.771.715.00

17.50

AUDIO"

Discs1 J

(108e12) 70°'± 5° 45% ± 5%145s

v.- 78s(10 &12)160 vinyl

70° ± 5° ,70° ± 5°70° ± 5°

45% ± 5%45%± 5%45% ± 5%

'16' acetate 70° ± 45 %± 5%

Tape"Cass 65° ± 5° 40 %± 5%Cart. 650 ± 50 40% ± 5%10" Reel 650 ± 50 40% ± 5%7" Reel 65° ± 5° 40% ± 5%

Cylinders 68° ± 50 45% ± 5%

MACHINE DATAsame as for mag materials

4

poly/foil sleeves; heat sealed;stiff outer sleeve of low acidmaterial; vertical on shelf;ft111 heighwidth dividersevery 5 inches

1

in poly/foil bags/lined lowacid boxes; heat sealed;supported center hubs for reeltape; heavy, nonslotted hubs;vertical on nonmagneticshelving; smaller items may bein drawers

poly /foil lined low acid centersupported stiff boxes; filedin drawers, I level deep;vertical position

66 0.51 33.66166

0.22 14.5266 0,60 39.6066 0.60 39,6066 0.90 59.40

0,160.30

.4,

1,770.73

11 per sq. ft. 0.27' 4.32 persq. ft.

'For film based materials image stability (especially color images) Kodak recommends considerably lower temperature (0°F or bower,dependent upon acceptable level of image fade) and relative humidity of 15%."For audio and mag based video materials, approximately 50° ± 5°F is recommended for archival storage.

6

112

I

0

%le

E'

TABLE 1Continued..

t.

A'Pe Filtered Air

FILM

MoPict (safety based),

16mm (IM)16mm (2M)35mm (IM)35mm (2M)

MoPict(nitrate based)"

StillsMicro

Videci

Staging if Stored in Lover(Shielding than Work Area Temp/ InspectiortIltewind where*commended Dark Storage Relative Humidity Aphlicable

Yes U /V'; mag/RF [or YesYes mpg strip sound YesYes mag strip sound YesYes mag strip sound Yes

Yes

Yes U/VYes U/V

U/V; heat

Yes U /V; mag/RFnon mag she3/4ving

Yes

YesYes

Yes

Yes Every 3 yearsYes Every 3 yearsYes Every 3 yearsYes Every 3 years

Yes Every 6 monthss

Yes Every 3 yearsYes Every 3 years

Yes Every 2 years

113

AUDIO...

_..,Discs .. .LPs ' Yes WV Yes Yes 0 No 1

1/45s Yes U/V Yes Yes No .4 mte

78s ; , Yes . U/V Yes Yes Noglfe vinyl Yes U/V Yes Yes No ,

le' acetate Yes U/V Yes ...Yes Evcry 12 months forloss ofplasticizer ....o

0Cylinders Yes U/V Yes Yes No o'

ts.aTape Yes U/V; mag/RF: non ' Yes ' Yes Every 2 years. 'a-%mag shelving free from `I

vibration

MACHINE DATA-same as for nag data

U/Vultraviolet"RFradio frequency

114

DISCIISSION

Witlinrn lguilar (student, Graduate School (if Library and InforthationSci(rce, University of Mimi s at UrbanaChampaigri): Recently in a stereoreview journal, I was reading.about a new product by Sony Corporation.This product was a 35mtn camera that was rather unique in that it did notuse any film; instead it used sonic type of magnetic deVice. The image wasplayed back on a television screen. I'd like to know if you could tell usanymore about this device and its impact on the microfilming industry.

Gerald Gib.ion: Though I have not seen the item to which you refer, theSpain impact would Seem to be in the home photographic market. As Iunderstand the product, it is not a 35mm image, nor even a photographicimage. Rattier it is .a magnetic recording to tie played hack via a videosystem: With it comes all of the problems of resolution, of clarity, and ofcolor which any other magnetic video system presents to its users. If youwant a general image, or at least do not need one with greaier resolutionthan your, video screen furnishes, then you will probably be OK. If youwish detailed information or storage capability, this type of image givesyou the same problems as other magnetic video signals. For example, thefilm I showed here today was first copied onto video cassette by theLibrary's video lab. Usually their work is'quite good, so I do not think thatwas where the problem. lay. In any event, the video cassette copy wasunusable for public.presentation. You could not see a useful picture unlessyou were close enough to touch the screen. It lacked the level of clarity thatexists even with a poor 16mm copy. I do not think there is any seriousconsideration of the-device you mention for use in preservation.

1' IiF *brits()Nicand l'ir4^,ryallon Librarian

Uni'versi of 111iaoi, aei,Irbaaa-Cbm'apaign'

Preservatt onservation Decisions1:,Local Library

:)04.'"; ,,setnester last year, 1 received a note from the, -.' i

,Lri*ieir gilt- Atkinson, with which was enclosed a note, :;.' fii,)." '',i HI' the- Department Of .Sociology..This faculty','- '

Aipson Irnlil .etVill,WlihrS ryes s tacks a n old and worn volume which heI-4;ii,ilierictlYeA0iriiior'iant,'and-informa ti ye, In his note, he asked whether

...,,,...-.,t10414406sinteres,ted in faculty opinion as to what might be worthy ofPreser,ve hiiii,, and he indicated his interest,in our doing something totpreirent* loss- of this valuable volume. Mr. Atkinson asked me to lool1.iirkfIll'e'particulaimatters involved' and to report both to him and to the

.i,,1'f4<flIty:,-Person. is

In checking 'with the staff of the Bookstacks, I learned that, as a resulttifihe interest of the writer of the letter, the book had been routed to storage

irilich meant that it would be filmed or photocopied if and when it was.,requested again. As a result of this special interest, the volume was pulled

e from its place enroute to storage and given immediate attention as to itsneeds for preservation.

The volume turned out to be a pamphlet published in 1913 which hadbeen inserted into a grey photomount pamphlet binder apparently soonafter its arriv41 in the library. The pamphlet itself was brittle, but notbroken or badly discolored. It lacked a title page (possibly it never had one).There were no illustrations. The original cover which had been pasted tothe front of the pamphlet binder had become brittle and broken along withthe binder, but had lost none of its printed information. Our conservationand photographic services units determined that the best procedure in thisinstance was to photocopy the entire pamphlet, bind the copy in a newpamphlet binder with acicl7free end papers and discard the original. This

111

'116

was dour, including the making of a copy of the original over to serve as asubstitute title page in the new binder.

When the new copy was wady to he it-turned to the Bookstat ks forshelving, I s\uote two notes (our to the fatality member and one to theUniversity !Atari:in) reporting on the emit e process and indicating thatthere was in oetation in thr'stacks a plogram by which staff listen tofaculty and other users and route mater laps so as toassure special handlingand eventual preservation.

I've 'mounted this experience because it illustrates the involvement ofpeople at several points in a large library staff engaged in ongoing preset'..vation efforts, Those involved were:! library user, a library administnitor,those responsible for servieitig the volume involved, t heconservat ion staff,and the photographic services staff. Each individual or group played aparticular role in working out treatment for the volume. The only thingwhich nnarks this incident as special is the direct personal involvement ofthe library's chief administ rator:. In my experience, all of these same groupsand individuals are essential in preservation activity if preservation andconservation of the collections is to become a reality.

For a period of years, I have been aware that the decisions regardingpreservation which I have made, which I have shared in making, or whichhave been made by others have not all been of the same nature. The level orlevels within the library's staff hierarchy of the persons involved makesome decisions differ from other decisions; however, these levels of involve-ment are not the heart of the problem. The thing lacking was a clear way todesignate other distinctions which seemed necessary in attempting toanalyze such problems and decisions. I found little help in my reading or-sharing experiences with others in attempting to work in this area. Inreading the proceedings of the 1976 conference onA National PreservationProgram at the Librciry of Congress, I was therefore quite interested todiscover that Daniel Boorstin in opening the conference suggested a divi-sion of the questiOns comprising the problem of preservation. He charac-4terized two rather distinct types of problems as epistemological. dtechnical.l He further described the epistemological. questions s ingsocial questions, meaning that they are questions relating to the interestsof those who will use, administer, and service the materials comprising. hecollections. I must admit that the term epistemological sent me to thedictionary because, it has been some time since I had studied formalphilosophical language. At this point, it becomes necessary to understandBoorstin's exact meaning and intention in interjecting this term into thevocabulary of library preservation. Epistemology is defined as "the studyof the methods and grounds of knowledge especially with reference to itslimits and validity; broadly: the theory of knowledge."2-

11

1>e, i)14m I in the 1.44,111.itm.iq

ts44,1_,

Mirt some relict-6(m oft this definition, I have cuncliidri.lth.ct thiki%1)10104 A happy t110ice of trims, given 'tool stitt's qualification' that bythe term einSternologiedihr means that thew questions ill then Inoall sense

'essate social questions as well as (pietiolls of knowledge be( ause they pri 1.1111

to Ihr sex irly 101 which let (Hard knowirtirr is Ill rSci Srd AS well as to !he

knowledge itself,t indef. the heading "rilistrmologi(..41 question," we (.411 wile( t those

commis- whit Ii have to do with the nerd io mairlial, ill the«dirt-nom of librai les and au hives. These air the questions of what weshould attempt to pirsri vr in a gruel:II sense as well as the questions whit Ilinevitably :lik relating to budgeting, staffing and equipping 0111 institu-tions to do the Wolk of ploy! varlon, In general these epistemologicalquestions involve mole than the c ofiseivator, the ',tem-Iv:11ton libl,fijafi.and others oil a library staff with Irsponsiliility fur the tale and keeping ofthe'collections. All of these persons air ii /chided. but these questions alsocall for participation by those who use 40 materialsthe sociologist in myinnoductory lemarks and others like him engaged in !est.:itch; teachingand other activities requiring the use of libraries and archives. Often thesepersons have very deep and specific knowledge of the .materials of aparticular specialized subject :ova. Further, these problems, by their verynature, involve library adminisnators, budget officers, and those involvedin raising funds for the institution among whom may be lxxirdfriends' grOups, and possibly even individual donors.

Boorstin's other major heading. "tilchnical questions,", which hefurther defined as physical questions. permits the gathering of those ques-tions and concerns which have to do with the physical nature of library andarchival materials and the activities and processes which can be used toenhance their continued usefulrieSs.3 These are the questions and decisionsof preservation-minded librarians and other libiary staff as well as ofconservators and -preservation specialists as they consider the physicalcondition and requirements both of particular materials and of wholecollections.

Despite the tone of the above sentences, these concerns are not mutu-ally exclusive. All, or nearly all, of the groups and individuals referred to inthe foregoing remarks are concerned with preservation in general, with thedetermination of preservation policy, with the establishment of budgets.deployment of staff and the other-ways and means involved in planningand doing the work of preservation. Epistemological questions, as they areanswered, inform those doing the work; and, in the other direction, infor-mation about processes and procedures, new developments, new needs,and gaps in the ability of an institution to deal with these problems informthose whose role is primarily administrative in nature. Actually, trying todistinguish between the :two with great precision is very difficult because

118

1-ib,4ty ANiePOdil

strithri Ihe people ( onies tied mil' the srpatate with :ill} $;Ira(iiCaiiiC11. I IR' thAtitil Wilts Ai'r Ii Innis; csotttlst usslultAntittrst(IOU .111111 thOtifil not hr tattled ()set tot) tightly' into a Wolkilig tillt1.1111(111!

Ihr Ik11.181.1014 Whit II follO, t-*%t-1,111

will; It (.11) *Marl (Mr t,i the (;dirt of these two bowl headings ate tits( titled1 hough the dile It,siuutrlllristitst ourpistem) logii citirsrious and dirt'

ttlM)1 mkt-1m, ihril intrist-Litril light (ors lapping -atequite appaleui: howeses, the iivelidness ot thew trims in enahliii 1,1

distinguish between diffeting ,Anon plohlems i, appatent

Fistemologii Questions or Decisious

Pc-thaw, the (list Mid Mint KINil of lilts t, the nkiurI of whetherof notft) LIkr ltoliir of pICNCIV.111011 01 to iu,litlur .111V .1.11i1 ofplrCINAtioll plogLim Within .111 )11tittnit)11, III its N1101 trlt.111(1 ISe ill this C111(.16011 Wight hepillleled. tiftOtIld 111.11plrVIVC 1111.1frtial.t?".

Their Mr 1 ihr.11 whi( at lit,; glam e might scum to lust- little or noneed to be( ome involved with ptesetvation ausr then mission is topioside uncut inatetials intent 1111O1III.Iffoll. SO( 11 libLuirs base

.11(111V.11 tune (loll .11141 till 11141111(M to h(' 101'1,11 irS tyi*et (Hit I li)%ve%ri.r%rnStI( 11 111/1.11-teh il.1%e the tired to plc-wive then ( titielfrmatetials lot multiuse which may %nett!' oser many CAIN; 311(1 tins. institutions will idtimanly find it the better pat t of syisdour to listen to and heed the gosix-I Ofptesetvation, panic ularly those ports which. «noise! safe pli),i( haw.dling and storage in clean, air-conditionediixillutiowhee, light -controlled quarters. Further, libraries emphasizing intent informationWill have need in many instances for a( tive binding programs to make itpossible to keep their materia Is organized as well as to make them:iv-ail:a&whole and complete. Almost without exception, they will also have theneed to repair and rebind at least occasional items which come to somekind of grief at the hand of even the most careful and .welhmeaningindividuals (both pation and staff). lims, even though there may be nocommitment to keep materiftls after their current information nse is past,

_there is need for preservatiotiand_conservationmight seem unlikely places for it.

The second question, logically, is "What materials will be preserved?"This question is stated in this form because it is still not safe toassume thatall libraries will or can conform to the canons of the gospel of preservationrelating to provision of air-conditioned, ix-Minion-flee, lightcontrolledquarters. As yet. we have not been able in many libraries to acquire thislevel of protection for all our collections. 'Mc library which has done so isto be counted among the fortunate, and the rest must count themselves

j

1*.. * ...* I * I ta r) at. a 1 1

among 111.,_r 111t11 st11111i Iu 111t-cl (tarn- la.lait 1114-1a4 It 13 thetit %Uri t1o43.11-ip 1.1t 0(11 ICri (.1 1,1,i(rt 11011 l((

to1 late tt,ulin (4 a 1,4-114-a Iiatc- art Mat itta't lac +alai& 1111a

111.- lilt !hair litc,t1t* twat-Walk's' t1 luadrtprat Ica, hrll,ttI act ill, _ailrikartitarsar.al ltht.at Ili strat tita.11tri a It tilt 111c tact csa..aly ciittilatatc111 411.1ect Ittala io pita% ttic a isle rut 11,0t1tarill. Awl 1.utllllmF 1.1111 ..a11 ,.lit. Alt'

lard In tattititt% tlat-ar at)tat111Itai13 NIC.111\0(11r, \(.1(II I/1 lihitIll alt t:11tartrit ra laisatt Id .4 id/LW, u1 ideal cut iltlattaritls, all Ittal.11tra .411t1 itlatlltc

N. alit 111lasitula .41r tat rat t -Misr; fill 11111rt tItitls alt (kit-fattita td ((dirt ii1)111r-ndufurtia!,: I,hysital ptuldruts.strutturny: (soul aittlIlse'. C. tl Appr.ats that the gilt-311.1u -Irt II.al MAR-Mall 1.111 lat- I

sr: attl:" t% still %.411it V1111r 11111.1 foe ilt.ttr-tssriug ill.attrtita.alr.Ihrlr ilt. ay (rr palls of 4 (dirt tiott% %%hit It t Still tat .a palsittarf.ratastali rut hiding the institution of 1i111altaactl lltatsrlst-claatigIltr %1.411 1(1 handl!. rahatcrt.als ,as flan, t.(al, vs arrl thrill all t%lrliti 11111turatutittc $0.c.tt Alta lc-At MAU- tt.41% tit 111ttaatstt %Altar. Mittittc alcatia,Itkl 111.12/11.111 til !mint 111.11 IC ".C.1101 1111cfral .111111.1N plos tale grist thepartera.ttatli 111111 Wt,11,111g 1.1111 salt II 1111111r11 Wimp% ilt.t1r1 t.tla lot,t1atills Malatit Lint Iirt-th.111t1 1 :1%rs.111111.11111111(t11 Itar 11134'1 ltilatla tarKrt s1.111(-41at till plcst-'11.1111/11 tat

1 it)lt-, .al thr pIrraIl 11111c,.a 111)1.111 tjcIr1111111ts tst1.1111.11.11rwatc 1prttailil,

111r:4-'1.11th 1.41%((1111 (%1V-1, (4 (11111(.:9 It .5 (111CNI11;1111,1 %%Ilk II iltrIc is tlia (Jura Ir,it'anssset Nu, It anss.er as..atts at least ta..orlrarloprnruts t )11r as theas..ttfahlItts of mass drat tahha anon, the ()the: is the des rlopmetrt lat !ma-tars 1)1)111 %1111111111111%Itit1.11111111111w11 tnit .1111t)lil...10()fliaNII1111.t1 wall Ira rise sot 11 treatment- l'Irsrnt Utah, anon-. seem lU unpls that(lea( idtha anon Stl% C lif,1 tar Itio11111( 11111tWairl.trd, ttapl.111111111-:its use should hcgitt tuns, I heir air soar telltts els obs loos groups of111.1tril.rls III Almost all tristiltitiotas adur fl lia.a% be go. x ratathrlatrs.futItattr.il a ottsulcLitiort. lilt hided ate those srlea t r (diet non often termed-refetritar toilet lions" anal sometimes (ailed -roar sttbjet t taunt non,"%slut It ate ftaittentls ttrial t ha'r al 11.111tt fiat ItC;it. law 11% litiat,Ctrfrtetta r sets it r and ill ,..otking a lose'', 1. tth irsrata hers and students inpath( ttlat subjea t fields. Its br ahlr to treat tut h toilet non% so as to assatt

Aria continued usefulness and a% allahtlity ssnuld he .t major as abasement.liar gradual emergence of tirtwanks ptrsenting the inadcssion with %..ot k.rug groups of libraries :dread!, ((Stitch and altrad quite dependent upon

. rat h other ( rasils expand hair %hat mg Into ptesr: %anon and cotts4.1',cation bs Ixginning to formulate plans for a oandinated post:mt.. MI .1regional 111 011.111 l 4.: rt .11 t1.11iN (1(.1),:11ed to assure grograPI it distributionof materials whilrsitat nig the wank of plestsattott. ttlutt legions.libraries could have printary preset %anon missions dep )(kin upott theirstrengths. thereby telirsing the libraries U11,1)10:11 front t le tired toattettipt

1211 111

116 t Atpetttg 1'.e.t.,5

ti },tract iticit citiA111 It ail fltt1cai.,5 iiilllr.iliiic tit:ci(tit ..1111itait t1N-1*.111,1altaits jai malt) zit-t att,1 !dual t+11;1-

Nat,431,11111.1rli,041CliEr *jou:41,1,1i.! the ttitriciii8 lci Il1iiiltir3ill 1. all ca1ttali.4ri ,1, 4.c it..ac ita,t ttatl

III the 1,,Ast. Ltd talc %Ail, at& litlliir.tust ra(.cEict :,c lit iut1E1111 tftt-

t,( 111,141) is x,44tl et %tit It illiiijirt atral 30141 a Etc at deal drirttstittatoal l" 214,i-ft!. tirfi,lc litAtrflats Air A* llt,4111 4tcac kilt( irit atuit Lai It t",tt air :Itchy (

Ai 44111),e tick itI set-111111K tt* ttivr altVvict,1 it. I

ttiliwit that thrtIttrd qucttwIl 44% this F.st,t4p,1 ItraAltirrioistctitt,lov.1, IS I flit., 1.111 tarsi tha lt-1 tali tic ort.r%vrt:!dale 11411 t1t3. lattitct het ati:-.0 lIt IrlitaiVa alit drat itlillt alit( t.rt

3414m l,lattlill ttta%:cctti t.thaNc altra,111,1,1-% td.ct1 all aiiicl I I 1tc%rt,.I114 410111441 It 1+1111H- i.,)31;111),Ir atla if 311,1,6%1.2,s-it Nr g..rt tt' ttic tour ttiAt

Atirt Erw-r4lir It,2Nr?Fl.-tt 0--,At 1.-.1,1c halts

114r trastiit is that tfrat 1111( it ?twit 11444 r.c. A 4rd-k,itc t 4t4f 1,444 'oaf tiC

gtrat hI-ip In attcsong itir hvij thttlr'oatit 11 al( !hit it %. hit 11 aft' htltdc (II be 11,1,1

I itrwrri, drat tt,it trit.itt silt-11011 t,r 1,..lixrC.IllrAdtlrtrtttlatrtl ( +,r (4 4 111141 411c i144e4tti,41 4+1

lrif to 1113. ,

t 111F. htic% titalci fah it, 111 hr ply tri%4-11 Ila%r Wit 1.11(c \irtlr 17. (1 as IACII itatcurt *tail,..111,(11, t 'l Ott- fittittr N.or tits. tit'glint*" tts rxitctirt)t r 0444404 atct that t alt 1st ift"..th 46411 tit

wclar 1.2o, tt air LattlthAt ,hut .thu 11 ix,sttl,1 tita tic trttrtatt-tt1,,ittioot 14x1 mu, tt (rat tI (,intuits

t-I Pri-v-II.Atiolt-ittmlicti I% thr; 1414th, t., It..oldIr ut,ttrt141%

%, 1%1 aplittipt talc lit 111c11 11)/1,1111"h ait,1 rxtrlidilli.; thrit 1-11.r14tl11rts;htaltrliatIctlitatr hit 1140.1(1114: %At" aihallt11111K alttl t-tcr"It,)1.41.;r

rrikltorttlY-tit% 1(41 Itt.4trt4.t1% tAlt3ti-1.rt thrtt totitt.tt, SISY it1 .ta.. 11 1;w-11.1111111g tit lit i-set%a thin lit littiltk llift)Ilitatitill

1,1,0,0.1r sro r ft): lirc111114 trikAtl

-MCI It-1(01.1[1(M, .11141 to 1401.1dr turttfl4i of .111 rti-N4-0.411(ill

at 11%ltles;1. All 1i1111/1iu 444t h}%_% 11)1 iitrsctN3 non %Lai It, %,,o1-1k clic% And t

t Truth;,N Imxitttg Il tmseli trottweittAl Ithr_ttA hittdrrNart% lc vs. to No% ttic tl-t%tt 'auto. (ItUt .14441 hit !FRIO. ldital

!".4-1% It C' ill '3..1110.1c tilltiltrit LAI 11.1fld 1/111(kli, 111Aff prttom% twit-Nut% %%oil, UFt 111.11fl,ili (if airs 111 10.(ll lh 31141141 .11111111f llIr

dirt to.risrvi of tile tnhottse t

f4

%%Li!, tt,,c 1..110.': itte ...111

alt N Itti 113 ..11;1 It.' it

attut a1.1 t.1-tiatd1 O.: Ali' .4f: It'.11.111CI a: aplc:: 14 A3 a 41:1V I. s 1.14441.- 4..4 arc t-. it

tt,it 10.1.3f i:31,AN(L:litt--.1.1r,i_arctItlit:crsk t.,.!,-.11 I. It!. nut(iialx ast1,-1 acc ai1.41 t,ssa ttt. rcatii.cik cstILtItt!cua 1.1 I .31..C11 a: a

if itilic a 4 11tl11.0-:1 (1,.3 14-:,,,1. CZ

thc att 1,i tit tr'.iset:c.! 1.:.:.tti!: di( attr;t:Ift 1, 1tA7..1h- .,,1! .ti,10 ktratitiE Itc:,11.3::,:t1::,1,!cms 11,A'y 1:t II LC. tv

ilt1,-1 1,itI 14-'tt..1ttt C !-11.:C114.1 1$14".f,:11!...cct

t:ta:ctsAtt0

Nil .14% 44 t«-t :,.4-;414-1

lix" aErlit asvestli: ast.l tsM 4" %VI)

hl 1.0,6 r

0,crt t1 :tart tr, ttw4la3=1...11.- t 1..tc -.1,1.1!:(1

that It in -;.,,qi. r IL: vi;i it t,.A ac 1:;11;.: et,10,;-I iitttif t,11!,11At, a!4- ili tl 1,ii-11.10.AI CA41

1,I1itch 0-11*.1111.Mr I.,: A 111,144..-1 4°. 5,v lla.l A e:i;;{1t 1,4r:...-4-tvat.-4. A tiNc t f 4,,;7111,..

tl1.,1111a: 1Kri1 t,. I.rl if ill 1444- =till t.f 1.71:+11111111.,:;11 :itch

4141 .1. (111tIr5 t<t,:«1111111, tutt:Latiitttrt.ic ti(qi alt:! :-till 11tIi1r it11,,1r41 IttAt staff it. 10,4.1nel tir.4 trAtisfeltrl t:11,1r1rt-,..4t

5 4 I,1: ::l::4-:ft:11.1:4-1:.: .1111 1:111AtI;d1.1;1* 1t.. n tlut ilita II:AN I.- A, III( 1, 4111

titiii,ffir tit it 11,-.4-1...ttt,ti ti it:rtl4t r1144-1 1-11h 11,e 4-11.-11,

ttNr ?rvr I ,,.!! tr A, 1;4-0, ;ty ItHV.1111r tlei.:111i111421.1f1 tfir N,Ith Tr:AIIVrk \Hi :I afa.4111i

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ti li 111.111.!(0,. tnr atu,4uIIt ty-c-%!0! is Atilt)11- tnr tatl,n ttl-It It tctattnol,i

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14-4%-r% I4 .1 *.r-4.14.1-1101-4 rhTttiI ithrclic Iti.tt 41-141.1 114-.4114.! ):silt:: A1:.td.w;utal tr111111,11;:r. 1:1c.10.411 Link t!rin...,11,-,1 ill thr1'0;111 mint.: .1 dr.+, 1{1111,.Ai1..11 ,ir%rhprd_ 49,4144-4!v. till A tiAlidIR,Itk !UV/. thr tr....ikrt 4f 5, hit h 11111 itWC tilf01,.15

thr 111,.44144 II.If ,I ;Al A 11.tItIr 1,!4-11:1, 1, 1/1.,,ur :11,rd

iii it; ftlf ct-kArtrd

1 ')L.

118 Conserving an) Preserving Library Materials

almost prehistoric tanning methods, s'amped using binder's tools one tothree centuries of age; and stored in sacks with twentieth-century protec-tion and environmental control systems. In some libraries, such a volumemay be used on an eighteenth-centu4Y table or desk beneath a portrait ofthe author painted from life. Thus it is that a preseivation workphop mayresemble both a contemporary science laboiatory and a workshop in whicha seventeenth- or eighteenth-century book binder would feel qui teat home.A library moving into preservation may find that it already owns a consid-erable portion of the requisite equipment and that it is but necessary toreorganize its activities and add particular items needed to bring a preserva-tion facility up to present-day expectations.

pro .-Supplies are continually required to keep, an active gram stockedwith materials necessary for the full range of services to be renclered. Thosedoing the work are ,continually making inquiries of their suppliers forparticular materials while the suppliers are continually adding to therange of items listed for sale. Also, these vendors will frequently fabricateitems in sizes and shapes required for particular projects which permitsalibrary to complete the work withotit having to adapt folders,..envelopes,binders or other materials to the needs of the project. In recent years theescalation in the provision of convenience materials has proved mosthelpful to those faced with projects of coriderable size and limited staff

. time to get, the job done. Paper of all kinds has become increasinglyexpensive and the acid=free papers needed by conservators, together withother preservation products have not been exceptions. However, whileprices have been increasing, the selection of materials as a whole has beerimproving. Prociuction and availability of acid-free paper have increasedin just last few years. While the need for supplies is a continuing one,the needs of a particular conservation program will vary as the tasks vai,and institutions must be able to afford these materials if preservationprograms are to continue. '

Space as it relates to preservation is, to be thought` of in several differentways: space for the collections; space for the users of the cedlectiont; andspace for working with the collections. Each should be adequate for its

...,, function. Storage space, or space for the collections, in particular, is aN primary preservation element, and, storage areas should conform to, the

criteria of temperature, humidity, light control, cleanliness, etc., whichhave been spelled out in the preservation literature. The same criteriaapply also to reader space and to staff work space. In addition, the lattermay also be subject to addit'onal criteria for there is need for controlledventilation to Kovide safe w rk areas for those using solvents and otherchemicalkrequired for some-paper treatments. Space, like staff, is expensive, and must be used carefully.

e,

Decisions in the Local Library 119

Binding is, and will remain, basic to a well-conceived preservationprogram. It is not unusual to find incomplete and unbound periddicalissues on library shelv,es in relatively poor condition while adjacent tothem are similar issues of the same age which were bound while relativelynew and which, have survived in far better condition. Coupling bindingand deacidification is a logical step once mass deacidification is ayailable.If this is done, even on a selective basis, a longer usefulness is rather quicklyassured for significant parts of research collections. Coupling the twooperations has the advantage of achieving two major preservation operations with'one h4ndling, thereby helping to control labor costs.

With this brief consideration of linking deacidification with binding,I have slipped into the future, and it is there that I wish to continue. Asecond future development whiCh seems to be more or less assured is anincreased dependence on microforms as a preservation device. %While

microforms are not new, and while preservation is not a new use for them,'there is, growing emphasis on using microforms .to preserve intellectualcontent when it is impossible or impractical to preserve original docu-ments.' The growth of cooperative programs to spread the burden offilming and to prevent needless duplication of effort in making microforms is both logical and desirable. ,

Other developments. looming in the future are some consideration ofnonprint and, nonpaper media. While preservation-minded individualshave been leaMing how to preseive papei, libraries have broadened theirmissions to incorporate other newer media each of which has its ownpreservation needs and requirements; and still newer media continue toappear. The degree to which individual libraries will be called upon topreserve these materials has yet to be determind(r. Several of the newermedia, in contrast with,printed materials, would seem to be comparativelyeasily reproduced from master,copies held by the issuing agencies or in acentral depository so that availability may not become the problem it iswith printed items. Major problems will likely be found in relation tocollections of unique media materials such as sound transcriptionsof localradio productions or recordings of important but noncommercial musicalproductions in university concert halls and similar facilities. Similarly,unique television and film materials from local stations ind productionfacilities may also present problems to conservators and curators in widelyscattered sites. All of these will require decisions and may generate preser-vation pfograrns of their own as, indeed, some of them are already doing.

This completes my list Of the three basic epistemological questions:(I) "Should a library preserve or conserve materials?"; (2) "What should bepreserved?"; and (3) "How will they be preserved?" These are broad ques-

- tions which involve all kinds of libraries, all levels of library staff, manylibrary users and others involved in the affairs of the larger institutions to


which many libraries are attached.- Each of these three questions hasnumerous subsidiary questions a number of which have been consideredhere.

Technical Questions or Decisions

As we, move now to the technical or physical questions as Boorstintermed them, the empha,sis will change somewhat. These matters relatemore directly to the materials themselves and to what is to be done to themor with them than was true for the epistemological questions. Many ofusare probably more comfortable and more at home in this area; however, ifthis discussion centers too much on particular problems and techniquesfor dealing with them, there is a danger that it may become too specific.Therefore detailed consideration of specific problems will be avoided asmuch as possible.

The basic problem area,heie is that of deciding to preserve the artifactitself, to preserve its intellectual content, or to attempt both. While techni-cally almost any paper document in almost any condition, short of its -

being ash'or dust, may be saved, the value of the document and the expenseof preservation may be such that it is so impractical as to be impossible.Since we all must deal with practicalities, we must decide when the point ofimpracticality or impossibility is reached. In the working world of preser-vation the decision is frequently to preserve the intellectual'content simply .because the preservation of the original document is so expensive and theneed'eed for it so marginal that retention of the document becomes too great a"luxury. Preserving the intellectual content of a document maybe done inany one of several ways depending upon the particular situation. Alterna-tives include the following:

1. Procurement of a replacement copy if available;2. Procurement of a copy of another or a later edition, if available and if

suitable for the needs of the library;3. Procurement of an electrostatic copy made from the worn original or

from another copy in better physical condition;4. Procurement of a microcopy or some other technologically more

advanced reproduction.

Each of these ways of replacing.materials presents its own set of problems:Buying either a new copy or a copy of a new edition requires that the title bein print or available on the used book market. Since the majority of titlesstay in print for limited periods and relatively few titles ever appear inOther than the original edition, the use of riew copies to replace worn-outvolumes becomes problematic for all save the most basic or most popular,materials. The used book market, while helpful, requires time for searches

Decisions in the Local,Library 121

which arc often expensive and not always successful. Serials tend tobecome unavailable even more rapidly in many cases tban do monographs,and the time and expense of acqUiring a sizable backfile oh the used bookmarket can become quite large very quickly.

Electrostatic copies also are not without their difficulties. Free andeasy copying within libraries of materials under copyright and availablefor sale is controlled by the copyright law, so care in reproduction isneeded. Old faded or stained materials tend not to copy well, and there areproblems of size and extra bulk in some cases.4 Despite these problems anddespite their cost; electrostatic copies are useful in many situations. ,

Preserving intellectual content by use of microforms is a recognized ripreservation technique and preservation microfilming is a term which has 1become commonplace in our vocabularies for a number of years. The useof film assumes that the materials which are to be so preserved are appro-priate ir the new format, that is, the material is largely textual and can beuseful in other than paper form. Filming.within a library, purchasing afilm from another library, or purchasing a film from a commercial vendorare all common and accepted means of reducing brittle and bulk} originalsto film. If filming is done within a library, a master negative should bemade, registered in the National Register of Microform Masters,5 andstored under appropriate conditions to serve as the basis of future copies. Iffilm is acquired elsewhere, it should be safe to assume that a masternegative exists in the ,vault of the vendor. There are two advantages inaddition to the purely preservation aspect,of preservation microfilming.First, film reduces bulk and helps libraries4free space for more recent and.presumably more heavily used volumes; and second, it provide's the basisfor the ready'preparation of additional copies. In late 1979, as part of thework of the Task Force on the Preservation of the Association of ResearchLibraries (ARL) Collection Analysis Projeci in the Library of the Univer-sity of Illinois at Urbana-Clitumpaign, a very limited survey comparingcosts of filming and binding periodicals was undertaken. This surveyrevealed that microfilm copies available from commercial sources com-pared favorably in cost with binding, but that those requiring originalfilming were two to five or more times more costly than binding.6 Iflibraries can organize preservation microfilming so as to divide the work offilming and making master negatives and then sell or trade service copies,the cost of the initial filming can be spread over many institutions andcopies of useful and valuable resource materials can be made availablemuch more economically than would be posAible if-libraries attempt towork independently. In this area bibliographical control becoMes crucialas we have already been reminded several times in this conference.

Microfiche also has promise in preservation and dissemination ofdeteriorating and scarce materials. Like film, microfiche, once a master

'126


negative is made, are easily and inexpensively copied. As institutionsbecome increasingly interdependent and the lending of materials frominstitution to institution increases, microfiche would seem to be an excel-lent medium to permit dissemination of monographic materials, in partic-ular, without subjecting aging and fragile originals to .cross countrytransfer. This would simultaneously fill the needs of library users; providemaster negatives of old and ,fragile materials, thereby lifting from thetamuch of the wear and tear of use; and lighten the load on delivery systemssince microfiche could be mailed as letter mail at much less cost than isinvolved in transporting the originals.

There are many instances when it is desirable both to prepare amicroform and to retain the original. This is a practicalway to make thecontent of rare books, manuscripts and other scarce, unique, or valuablematerials available to users while taking the pressure of the use off theoriginals. This technique has been used widely both library to library andon a commercial scale. All of these reasons lie behind the inclusion ofincreasingly comprehensive photographic services as a major part of pres-

.ervation programs.

Becau.se everything can be expected to wear out, preservation is actu-ally an at tempeto make materials lastas long as possible. Doing this is thegeneral province of librarians as preservation policy is shaped and asparticular approaches are adopted within libraries to achieve particularpreservation objectives. As these techniques have tended to become morespecialized and as the special techniques have required particular skills,preservation specialists and con serva torsi-lave taken their places on librarystaffs. At some risk of leaving out or slighting some aspect of the preserva-tion task, but in an effort to keep this presentation within necessary space

,limits, the folloiving broad categories of preservation activity are indicatedand described brief ly:

1. Preventive Measures:These measures are those things a library does or can do to reduce or

halt certain kinds of wear and tear such as the training of staff to handle' books and other library materials to prevent damage while shelving,

transporting them on book trucks, packaging them for mailing, etc. Alsoincluded are good housekeeping to prevent infestations of insects, rodents,mildew and other problems in itoiage areas. Also to be considered here arethe design and use of book returns which minimize wear and tear and theinstitution of safe storage conditions characterized initially as canons ofthe gospel of preservation having to do with temperature, humidity, lightcontrol and other environmental control measures.

12?

Decisions in the. Local Library 123

.2. Binding: -?

Binding is a basic preseryation Mell sure which provides essentialphysical protection and orgarifiation. Binding and rebinding are essentialconsiderations in any preservation program.3. Storage Techniques:

These 'techniques .may be either temporary or permanent in theirapplication to particular items or collections. They'include tying volumesor groups of related items with tapes; wrapping and tying materials; tyingmaterials between boards inserting volumes into boxes; putting fiagilematerials into folders within boxes, portfolios, or boards, as well as manyvariations on these basic techniques which exclude light, dust, dirt, andpolluted air. Such techniques provide physical protection and make itpossible to shelve or otherwise store materials for extended periods of time.They may be used as interim measures to buy time while decisions regard-ing ulkiniate preservation are made, or they may be more or less permanentin and of themselves as in the case of rare books, collections Of prt prints,archives, and other similar materials. The use of acid-free wrappings,board, folders and other protective materials is mandatory if storage tech-niques are to be safely applied over long periods of time.4. Paper Priservation:

Under this heading are a group of procedures the purpose of which isto increase strength and lengthen the period of usefulness of paper. Papercan be cleaned, washed, mended, recast, mounted, split; deacidified, re-sized, strengthened, laminated, and encapsulated, to name some, but notall, possible treatments. At their best, these processes can seemingly achievemiraculous results. Old, worn, dirty, stained, dog-eared and deterioratedpapers may be restored to much of their original appearance and to some oftheir original durability. At their worst, attempts at these processes canbecome almost hideous parodies of the best applications and can be moredestructive than leaving materials untreated. Paper preservation intended'to be long-lasting should be done by those with skill, training,'and expe-rience in the work. The essential difficulty with paper preservation tech-niques is that they are very labor-intensive and, therefore, inherentlyexpensive. There are, however, no real substitutes for them, though newtechniques and materialsCbntinue to be developed which increase theefficiency with which these techniques may be applied.5. Book Repairs:

Repairs range from relatively simple processes to more elaborateoperations all designed to keep books in use. They are effective both in

'reducing binding costs by extending the usefulness of existing bindingsand in permitting the ,retention 'of old bindings, thereby retaining theoriginal structure and keeping appearance relatively unchanged. Such

ow'

12.1 Conserving and Preserving Library Materials

hrepairs include tightening and repairing hinges, rehanging volumes inexisting cases, repairing cases and reattaching them to the contents, andrestoring worn bindings. MI such operations are applicable to volumesmade of paper, cloth and board. Volumes with leather or part leatherbindings can be similarly repaired, testored, refurbished and returned touse, but they require particular attention to the leather, and, when repairsbecome more elaborate than simple cleaning and leather treatment,increasing levels of training and experience are needed. Book repairs, likepaper preservation, are, comparatively expenive because they requirepiece-by-piece application. They can be almost miraculous in their resultwhen done by those with skill, training and experience. Similarly, whendone by the unskilled or untrained, they Gin be ruinous and more destruc-

.4 tive than leaving the book untreated.6. Disaster Control: .

What to do when fire, water, windstorm or other calamity strikes orthreatens the collections of an institution is included here because of itsimportance in preserving collections. Planning for aisaster requires par-_ticipation of staff at all levels and in all parts of a library, and implement-ing plans when disaster strikes may involve not only library staff, butemergency service personnel, administration front. outside the library,volunteers and others as well. At the heart of this planning and of -itsapplication should be those who know what to-dothe conservator andconservation staff. These persons cannot be expected to deal with all thatmust be done when whole collections are involved, but they can providethe nucleus of knowledge needed to inform and coordinate the efforts ofothers in salvaging materials successfully.

This is a listing of basic areas of decision making related to preserva-tion of materials in libraries. Time and space constraints prevent delvingmore deeply into details of particular problems or processes. As with thetreatment of epistemological -questions, the consideraticin of technicalquestions was reduced to a consideration of a small number of basic areas,first, the preservation of intellectual content; and second, the preservationof the physical object. There are major decision areas involved in both ofthese, several of which have been indicated.

Boorstin's two-part characterization7 of library preservation has beenfound to be a practical device for organizing this presentation, permittingthe pulling together, in a particular order, of five basic questions orproblem areas without consideration of administrative, operational, orother factors which might tend to relate to a particular kind Of library orinstitution. These five broad areas are interrelated and their presentationincludes the repetition of some elements under-both majordivisions. Suchrepetition was nee. essary as these questions were conceived, because it is

129

(Decisions in the local 1.ibrary 125

.

necessary that those making decisions affecting meservation but not par-ticularly involved in clay -to -day preservation activity have wane' knowl-edge of what is possible at the technical level and because du- technical andoperational staff must have some knowledge of the constraints and consid7erations affecting administrative decisions. Both the development of pre-servation policy and actually doing the work require contributions frontall parts of the library. Users, administrators, curatorial or collectionservicing staff, and preservation staff all must be involved for any part of it

to work. Policy determination also requires Ongoing cooperation in olderthat the policies be kept up Iodate ref lecting andresponding to the realitiesbeing experienced by all these groups. While preservation staff may havethe words preservation or conservation in their titles, all those connectedwith a library are involved in preservation by virtue of their own titles,because all those connected with a library are involved in preservation insome way and to sonic degree; and all should have a voice in the develop-ment of preservation policy together with an understanding of that policyand their own part in its implementation. In addition, several levels ofunderstanding of preservation processes and techniques are needed. Theknowledge and proficiency of those involved in doing preservation work of

a highly technical nature need not be shared by all other staff in order thatthe others may make appropriate and valuable contributions to the preser-vation policy and preservation program of an institution. Boorstin'scharacterization permits the making of these distinctions and this is one of itsstrengths. It is hoped that others will find it .helpful and useful.

This presentation was introduced by the recounting of an experiencein which a single. old pamphlet was rescuedirom oblivion and a usableservice copy .prepared as its replacement on the shelves of a library. Themajor point of that account was the involvement of a number of people inthe preservition process. I wish to cicke the presentation with an accountofanother preservation process. Like the introductory story this one, too,includes a number of people working at various points within a largelibrary. It also includes several individuals from outside the library, and itis a preliminary report on the use of an industrial fungicide, orthophenyl-phenol, to combat amildew infestation in a large and valuable collection.

In the autumn and arly winter of 1980, mildew was found on the`bindings of a limited number of volumes in one portion of the rare bookCollection of the, library of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Some of the first mildew found was removed with a dustcloth,and some found later was removed using a solution of thymol in alcohol.Subsequent infestation was found scattered over volumes on asingle rangeof shelving; and, while attempts were underway to treat it with thymolvapor under a polyethylene tent, further infestations were found through-

13o

12ti Coteriarag am! Preserving Library Materials

orit several pails Of the stack tura ticcupied by the rare book collections.These early evidences weir on spines of bindings and other exposed edgesof volumes, Some, Rrowing on upper edges, seemed in some instant CS to beconfined to incidental soil 'and dust which had accumulated On seldomused volumes. Ironically, the Rare Book stack is one of two storageareas iuthe library system which hour, for approximately a decade, had controlledenvironmental conditions at least approximating those generally !cog-n in.(' as desirable oridea I. With the finding of the. la ter rather widespreadinfestations, it was realized that without some more adequate means ofcontrol than spot treatment with thymol, the infestation would becomeworse and damage to the collections would be severe.

Contact was made with those resvmsible for the operation of the airhandling system and their aid in controlling humidity sought. A campusmycologist ,sampled and identified the particular mold involved as atypical penicillium-type storage mold, and a phone rail asking for helpwas placed to the Preservation Department of the Library of Congress. Thecall was referred to Dr. Robert E. McComb, a physical scientist on the staffof the department,, who listened to my description of our problem andoutlined a program of control. He recommended the use of orthophenyphenol (o-phenylphenol) as a control agent. This-compound is much lessexpensive khan thymol, vaporizes at room temperature at a rate sufficientto control infestations of the type we were fighting, and is not toxic tohumans at the concentrations created by such vaporization. This com-pound is markeied in the United States by the Dow Chemical Companyunder the trade name Dowicide 1. In Britain it is marketed under the tradename Topane.8

Dr. McComb described the industrial uses of o-phenylphenol andoutlined a mildew control program based on its use which included thefollowing points. This initial oral recommendation was subsequentlyconfirmed by kiters and is summarized as follows:

1. Distribute o-phenylphenol throughout the area placing one or moresmall containers on each bookshelf.

2. Distribute o-phenylphenol in the air supply systeM by placing two orthree small containers of it in each air supply vent.

3. Refill the containers at intervals of approximately three weeks, or morefrequentl/ as needed.

4. Cease any routine dusting, sweeping or similar cleaning in the area.5. During the initial three months of treatment, clean floors, furniture,

and other equipment, if at all, with a solution of one cup Lysol pergallon of Water or one-half cupborax per gallon of water. Workers mustwear rubber gloves and protect skin from either solution to preventchemical burns.

131

Detiliorti ifs the /midi /Abide),

6. After three ',Mullis, mildew should be killed and may hr Irotorrd flobtbindings using a 10 venni( solution of inthophettylphenol in demohued ethyl ;11«thol, Wotkris lutist weal rubber gloves and pulled skintioni the solution to"revent but ning Cloths used in t leaning should lw

tiunc-sl and changed firqiirntly to pit-vent spreading dirt and st.iiii hum

volume to .voltintr, .

7. After six months, vacuum cleaning may be lestmwd, and it way br ow,'

to (lea li books if desk ed if a wet/thy vat mini cleaner ( halged with asolution of one -half c up Lysol in one-half gallon of watel is tiwd. Tbrfilter of the vacuum should be thoroughly soaked with the fungie tile

solution to impregnat it thoroughly with fungicide.

'Phis program was discussed within the library and dm ked out withthe campus Division of Environmental I leak!' and Safety which apt noved

the use of ohenylphenol in the fashion indicated. With (heat livid of thefirs, drum of 100 pounds of 0-phenylphenol, the initial distribution ofcrystals was begun using three-ounce paper cups and surplus cardboardmicrofilm contaniers. Me initial distribution was made by the staff of the

Binding and Preservation Division in work sessions of about forty-fiveminutes to one hour each. All together nearly ten thousand small contain-

ers were employed to achieve distribution to all the shelves in the stack area

dedicated to rare book c011eclions. The initial order of fungicide provided

coverage for alxmt 60 percent of the shelves. A second drum of similar sixwas needed to permit us to complete the shelf-by-shelf distribution, as well

as providing a reserve.to permit refilling of cups and providing a supply for

the ventilation sqtem.With completion of the shelf-by-shelf coverage, placing o-.

phenylphenol in the air ducts was initiated. A sample of the crystals was

provided for the manager of the campus Operations and MaintenanceDivision unit responsible for operation of central air-conditioning equip-ment todther with an outline of the mildew control program recom-mended by Dr. McComb. The air-conditioning manager indicated that it

would require several days to check the compound in the technical labora-

tory maintained in his division and to determine its possible effects uponthe air-hanAling equipment. While this check was in progress, he wouldreview the design of the equipment involved to determine whether or not it

might be possible to introduce thecompound4t acentral pointmoreeasilyand efficiently than at the individual vents.

At this time the project entered a new phase, as concern about possiblerisks of o-phenylphenol in the atmosphere reached a peak. A few members

of the Rare Book Room staff became alarmed at the introduction of thechemical into the rare book storage area, fearing it would be a haiard to

)ose working there; and the matter was reported to a-Labor Education

132

Comott,mg otid ferret( itig tibrov .il.ttero.tis

Ittogmln Atom) opt-listing fti the Ittlisci sity's Institute of isb411,ssidtrial itelAtions, A staff Inenlbrt hunt this nitili I,Itrstittatcd itIrand r 011%1111ra with an industrial hygienist out thr stall 01 the institute whitploviolrd data on phenol and its comiwurttis, inrhtrtinh IN )1)1 t.1111CM tithrlIt11 and i14111111, Intlint citron( at handbooks and sisittlatittlot 'nation mimics. In working with these individt,.ds we began f o r ain asoul(' WI t.i( illtAttr1 slew of the limits of lotoss'irslge of thr Oro is of these411(1111i:1h, %VC )1:111 (01 some yc.trs that t et Lint inoi(vidlials on outstaff weir somewhat mom stilliet t to now and thioat it t itations by thy toolvapor than weir ()diets; and Di. mb bad indicated in oast initialphone t onsets-16mi that typii ally one ix-lulu in Rif thousaittlrkpetirm essome ilrgtee of alletgit Ira( (ions to ohrtlylplortiol. As a ciitisropictic r wrhad cautioned all those working withrithet compound wipe ;ovate Ill thepossibility of it titation and to het out of Ionia( t with elate' should theYex' xlietu e any (litficlty. (..ombitting what we have framed aboitit hod)thytnol and ()Thetis Iplittiol from all 54)1115es, Faisiwiltiu-ntal I 1,-..1111,Safety. the Indusit ial I lygirnist, Dt. McComb, and out own expo ten( e. wehave t one hided that both t (impound, if used with ( air should otolinatilsnot pose hatatdous. 1)ites t coistitat t with solutions of tither shittati beavoided by use of tubber gloves and other ptotrctivr ( lothing,whoexisctietur dis(illoit when in contat't with the s.apcitsshotild getinto flesh Air. Prisons with existing tipper trspiratory t itationatesithjeo tto incteased it iitation by either compound and should not ,objet t them.seises to either any incite than net Notnial working- ptiods iti((intact with either atr usually limited to) no mote than an hour without abreak taken in fresh air. Finally. all who will ((one into ((intact with thevapor are informed of its flaunt- and ixssible effects and ate instructed toleave the sera if they become uncomfortable. No one is requited to; workwith either coNixnuttl.

As the problems, of exposure to (.).phenylplinol were still being dis-cussed. the ail-conditioning manager reported negatively to the request toplace the compound in the ductwork. indicating that his conclusion wasbased tqkn two reasons: first. it was feared that otheitylphinol mightcause damage to the ductwork or other comrxinctits of the airhandlingsystem should any of it come into direct contact with the equipment: andsecondly, it was feared that vaporizing thecompound within the ai systemmight increase its concentration in the atmosphere of the stack area toomuch to assure a safe environment for those working there. This develop-ment came as the school year was ending and as our student staff wasdispersing for the summer. Labor for routine refilling of cups was scarce,throughout most of the summer, though some effort was made to useoccasionally available student help to refill cups front time to time.

133

Olt Ott 1 14 I *t.1.4,

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rfIttitt Matt ',frit 11130ft' trot to hoftf tItr ittiltfr%t tit .t,htratit r' 1 hr *tall ofOW Italr itarttlk. 1(4.1111 II4-F:.s11 (is 'tow tot tr,.tajog silots I)1 Iltilitc 7..iiitic lit it

till holt( Mot hat L. (4).cts of +ohmic+ ++hcir (Ior) fool In-rtt thrhrtl smuglytogrthrt, I trtr.t% Moat rt ttlrot rs !mina (-Allirt li.lel IK-I/ sill 3111113 111'1W,rtIF.rs alit! ()(tirt atotifath rtitottrti %who rt, "t(11101- t tips %srlr (-1111.0 ..)

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ittott% IgA vterk to It-101111g t 1111, Ito ring thou- in %. hi) 11 t I) stalt ..rtr,tto Ititig hlir dirt, .111(1 1(1 ItcHilt tottttlIr 1 Ir-111111K tit (ilium-% ttsit4; a%.ri (hi; .ii limit I 11.111,;ril wth 1-%iil uillittiiit Iii Aitilitiiiii, littitirdi.itrIN'Air' thr sitolrot h.q.:jot %%oil, Ott .; it-}1111:l( hatil, t.iit311 t'lirrtrt kith ha)o. illiiphriviliihriiiil %.rir tliailr iiii awl iisprtiltri.i ill hunt of (hr Alt t111,111Srtlf% With pltottI1 hcitg .:trtt tel thou- it-Itt% of (lir AtrA st %dui it iidr%,lt.td fttrro ofturtrtf Itt Itn otos! litC1-11rill I hit 1)11V.1111 Ittooght Its .04

Ap1t,t1rut Lill hit (11(1 iiir.iit, attil ihr iiiitiatiott of the at mulling iitiii.11.4111brg.iu to trul()%r Ito( (nil+ rttirtit rt of 11111(10. but tow It .11 t toottl.ttrti soilmid dolt Whit it ILO !writ it11mt114.: Er1111111.111(111 alt -'s big .tt lr.tt sotiir ofthr littltIns. III .ottlittt to hi thrsr utli)11.111%iiii 11 Alilithilti am! tohbrti..:1»%r++vete pro% tdrd for u+r 1)+- Harr Kook ltoour staff in e trailing loth+ (dual+ohinir, found in itrrd of it lit the nor:nl wow- (if thr (Ix-ration of thr!tlc. !hook Roottl. Als.0,1.:1111 thr lociotitiiiit,; lit thr 1941 li2 ltratow: season,

the hotitit110. Ictrl %v.'s optriatuti .tt 110 IIII/tr, 01.111 1(1 brit(-tit irlatt%rhilliiidil% 1,1111(1 111.111 Y) itt rot whit h ILO brrt thr ohjr1 ht.(' lot .krrt.t1t,r.m.. lbr tr%ttlt of litre- rflott% ha% !Writ th.t tot Itir &el otitlirraks ofmildr+v h+r hero obirt+rd in the «dirt non+. ,

Nlatt+ (fix tr,,imi% a ttrinpting to) ItIr111111 thr (Attu- III (.111w-1 III (1)1+outbreak of tuildr ha% r taken ;dm r, but no Ittglr (.0 tor or rrtit h.trmergrit as dirt tilprit,11%. let onurtu (Mg (lir 111+tor+- of thr oprtatrot) of thrairhandling, +,),trut .ti lxst + it i .1111x door from the turtnotirof the %tallof till- Rtr nook R(xmt and emir of the ()prt anon and 111aintrnatur +tallwho ha +r +ri+ ii rtl the 1111(111 .11111 by UW1101111.: III Olt (1/11%1(1(1.1b011 .1

litunbr of other factor+ relating to mildew in grtirtal and to thi+ libtat+- inparticular, a gcncrl t onclu+ion has been clia+vit that the. arr w,, Markertrntly mrrlitimidifird for .1 StlfliticIlt peri(xl to ptmit mildew to torgiti to'grow. ..), seri of matron( non+ of thy airlian(i hug +) +tem, whirh resultrdill rxtrssise Inimidif ication; r onsistrm aurnipts through sot wintrrseasons to maintain 50 irirnt trlativr htimidit+.; and the de+ign of thr+++trill as part of a lar),rr air:conditioning ++strtu oprnitrd ptimatily toprovide comfort air conditioning in the tinstaik pot (ion+ of thr rinser

134

,t A,.4 riit1.4k VtiskOtsAil

alit I ilitatN It t -mar it l.1 iiiaititaiitI*1*41 thait (41 jrtt4tit atitl o1:-tatc ail ful r tcsttrilVet ill 91,ti1II aiiil fall. all aivitt tit itar 4.i

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atilt .41 t 4311111g 14.statit,, Li,t/i t.iof tittlarvi tii j,lrtrltl thr staff tit l-tC11,4

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ttnitittrs alul silirilitIrt t )1,rt.itlilit rat -Ail atitl trti thr aft 11A1,,1111i4 irxtrttlI hr j,.11wtt 1 dui -Mil l ti% I lraltlt ..710 %...1frt)

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1J(

132 Conserving a nd Preserving Library Materials

tion about the unic Library, some of which predates me by along while,indicates that the Library, has had small mildew problems from time totime. For some reason we seem not to have been bothered by insects and wealso have reasonably tight buildings and have not had too much of aproblem with rodents. FM. mildew control in the recent past we have y4depended primarily upon thymol. At one time we used mercuric chloridewhich we gave up very quickly when we found out what it did to paper iftoo much was used. I'm becoming more interested in the use of Dowicidebecause I think the problem in our Rare Book Room stackis going to bewith us as long as we have our present ventilation system. I'll have to begoff regarding inks becatise I simply don't know.

,Gibson: Is ink, then, not.particularly a problem with paper materials? Itcertainly is a problem with nonpaper materials with the combination ofdyes and inks that are fixed to as I mentioned in my session, a paper labelon a sound recording. There is a majorcomplication.Henderson: Some inks, as I have had a chance Ito think a little moreparticularly the old iron gall inks that were widely used in manuscript,materials, can give rise to problems if they were not properly made in thefirst place. They can in such cases, become quite acid and over a longperiod cause browning and embrittleinent and finally, destruction of thepaper. Printer's ink, as it has typically been put together and as Iunder-stand it is basically carbon which essentially lays on the paper more Orlessindefinitely. Some writers have mentioned problems stemming from otherparticular types of inks. As for phonograph record labels and other mate-rials of similar nature, f suspect that,the colored dyes used are probably thecause athe problems, or at least apart of the cause.I think these are someof the things that you probably would find would vary almost from oneprinter's lot to another. I doubt if any record producer ever tried to fix aparticular standard,or recipe for-dyes used in making their labels. Don[Krumrnelj, can you lend some aid here?D.W. Krummel (Graduate School of Library and Information Science,

. University of Illinois' at Urbana-Champaign): Let me add a note on thisand then an appeal. As far as I know nobody is very much bothered aboutink. I'm not sure why. Somehow I think we should' be but I don't thinkanyof us are The one area where I think it is a problem is with photographs,and there, (*course, it's not ink as used by printers. But the printingmaterialzis a problem when it comes to deteriorating photographic copies.

Henderson: Louise Kuflick has just told me that she will be mentioningink this afternoon in her presentation. She and those she works with havefound that it sometimes presents some problems in doing some of thedeacidification processes.

X3'7

Decisions in the Local Library

to

133

Gibson: May I talk some more about ink? One problem, particularly withmanuscripts (which is, completely out of my area of work)but I wouldcaution pe$ple in deacidifying, especially manuscriptsis to make surethat the ink you're treating is not to be soluble with whatever you'reusing. The manuscript of Berg's opera Wozzeck in the Library of Congresshas some beautiful comments in the composer's hand in the manuscriptand in the margin of the manuscript in red ink. The paper was tested. Theink which he had used to write the manuscript and the pencil marks heused have been tested, but the red ink wasn't tested. In the deacidificationprocess a number'umber of the pages of this manuscript are albeautiful baby pink.Thecomments are no longer in existence. There was a microfilm made of itbefore it was deacidified but the original simply does not carry the inforrna-tion anymore. So be particularly careful in deacidifying.

LOUISE KUFLIKAssociate .

Carolyn Horton and AssociatesNew York, New York

Decisions in ConServa donand Preservation in theConservation Laboratory

The decision to conserve has already been made when a book is brought toa conservation studio. It means that the material has been found to havesome intrinsic or artifactual value. What to conserve is the decision of thelibrarian, ,the archivist, or the bibliophile. How to conserve it is fundamen-tally the Cation of the conservator, often made in conjunction with thecustodian of the material or at least with his/her consent. All decisions aremade after a careful examination and testing of the materialand a thought-ful assessment of the techniques available. Unfortunately, the question ofcost must enter into the discussion because book andpaper conservation is,a craft almost entirely executed by hand. COnserva tors employ timehonored techniques, sometimes supplemented ty modern technologicaladvances, but always guided by the principle of reversibility in deference tothe his torithl, cultural or aesthetic importance of the materialswith which ,they deal and with an awareness of the possibility that some better tech-nique or material may come along later in this developing field.

Conierva tors generally find librarians to be far more understanding ofthe nature and needs of the materials than-some kinds of clients, who maywant things completed yes terday and whose ethics are often of a questiona-ble nalqi,enoi caring to see things in the long term but merely wanting abook "held together" so that it can be sold quickly or repaired inexpen-sively. We can hold it together, reattaching boards quickly, but that bookwill not be able- to stand on the shelf very long nor have its covers openedtoo many times. And what about the state, of the paper inside? In fact,perhaps the book or document even loOks more venerable and valuablewith the dirtond grime. How ethical are requests to make repairs "invisi-ble," to remove plates or bookplates or change flyleaves or separate parts of


a manuscript? The clearly unethical nature of some requests make themeasy to turn dowlin, but requests to execute partial repairs, where moreextensive work is\ required, is often a problem to conservators, who see thebook as a functional object and are committed to the "restoration' offunction" as-wellFas-to producing-a harmonious-repair orrestoratintr.11speak, too, of the book lover who cannot afford the proper type of repair orrebinding and for Ithis reason selects historically or aethetically unsuitablematerials.Is. I

.

Let us examine the types of decisions that are made in a conservationstudio by following a book through the steps it undergoes in the conserva-ti on/res tora tion process.

First, the monetary value of an item, or to use the, proper phrase, the"limit of liability" must be established by the custodian. The conservatorshoul express,press. no opinion in the matter and the value of the materialshould i o way affect the quality of the work rendered by the conservatornor should it influence the cost of the repair.2 How realistic this principleis raises an issue of concern to conservators because the cost of the conserva-tion work can often far exceed the worth of the item. On the other harid, anitem of sentimental or personal value, but of no monetary value, is'oftenirreplateable.

The book is now given a preliminary physical examination and theusual bibliographic information is noted along with the type of binding.Of special significance, when it comes time to estimate the cost, will be thesize and number of leaves. Then the pH of the paper is taken. Under theheading "Condition When Received" everything of significance that canbe observed is described, e.g., the state. of the paper, especially its tensilestrength as revealed by folding a corner. Other aspects, too, are noted suchas water or dirt stained or discolored paper; trimming; printing on theright grain; the presence of mold, foxing, worm holes, or tape, and thecondition of the sewing. If there are inks, they must be tested. The presenceof protective sheets and their condition are cited. The condition of thebinding is also recorded, noting such things as staining, 'discoloring,abrading; detached boards or spine; cracked hinges; bent, broken; or worncorners and torn or missing headcaps. The conservator also tries to deter-mine if the binding is original. For documentation purposes, a photo-graph of the materials should be taken.

.Based on these observations, the conservator makes suggestions about

the nature of the proposed treatment. Often there is more than one pro-posal; then the custodian will have a choice.

From his or her experience, the conservator must make an educatedguess as to how long it will take to execute the proposed treatments. The,cost estimate is based on a calculation of the time required to complete thework. Sometimes, after work begins, there are unpleasant surprises'ihat

Decisions in the Conservation Laboratory 137

can throw the estimate Off and call for reappraisals of the proposed treat-ment. Such surprises include stubborn adhesives, inks that suddenlyfather or even disappear, colors that strike through, and paper moreembrittled than first thought.

Here, then, are some of the decisions theconserva tor faces, in the orderin which they are made: based on the pH, should the paper be deaddifiedand can it be done safely. If it can be deacidified, how should' it be done?(Sometimes there is no choice.) Manuscript inks that run in water but notin alcohol cars be deacidified nonaqueously, but some inks are soluble inboth. What about books paperOtif the binding and sewing are sound andthe paper is very acid, the book could be deacidified nonaqueously bybrushing on methyl magnesium carbonate in a funk hood. Nonaqueousdeacidification is not always the perfect answer. There are some printers' .

inks that can run in it and some papersdiscolor slightly. If the binding is a tall weak, the slight swelling that results from nonaqueous delcidificationcan cause the outer hinges tocrack. Nonaqueous deacidification for bookswith sound bindings and sewing may soon be replaced by a miss deacidifi-cation process. If the binding is to be replaced but the sewing is sound,what-ltype of deacidification should be used? If the patter is very discoloredit will greatly benefit from the washing that always precedes aqueousdeacidification. Conservators prefer to wash discolored and embrittledpaper if possible because it refreshes the paper. Stains and discolorationsare removed or reduced and deteriorated size and soluble acids are washedaway. The paper always feels better after it has been washed. However,washing and aqueous deacidification is a much longer process necessitat-ing disbinding and the consequent mending of foldsand resewing resultsin a more costly procedure. The decision, therefore, must always be madeas to whether a book with sound sewing should be washed.'

The type of paper mending is another consideration which must bebased on suitability and economic realities. Heatset tissue allows for fastermending and makes sense when extensive mending is required. The moretraditional Japanese tissue and paste mends-and fills, though the processtakes somewhat longer, permits a more harmonious matching of colorvalues and paper texture. An altenative treatment, not usually available inthe small conservation studio, involves the leaf casting machine.

If nonaqueou% deacidificatiOn of the bound volume is selected forembrittled paper, then nothing much can be done for the paper othet thanto repair tears. If there are a few mold-deteriorated leaves they can bebrushed sized. Only if the book is not to be heavily used should badlyembrittled paper be nonaqueously deacidified. Deacidification will notrestore paper to its original state or even improve it, but deacidificationwill slow down further deterioration.

14i


For Doer that is being aqueously deacidified and is embrittled, theoptions art more numerous. Sometimes washing. will remove enoughexcess sizing that contributed to the embrittlement, so that paper can berevitalized and allow normal sewing and binding. But if the paper remainsvery fragile even after washing and deacidification, each leaf can be sup-ported on either or beIth sides with heatset tissue. The book can then berehinged, sewn and bound; or as an alternative, after mending, the leavescan be encapsulated in a polyester envelope and housed in a postbinding.

Water stains and tide lines can usually be removed or, at least, reducedby washing. In some cases, mold stains and damage can be reduced bywashing with the damaged paper responding well to resizing. Tapes andtape stains usually must be removed with solvents; for this reason, fumehoods are a necessary piece of equipment 'because of the toxic nature ofmost solvents. Though the tapes can almost always be removed, theremaining stains often cannot be eliminated entirely. When treatingmanuscripts, conservators are sometimes faced with the dilemma of someeduction in legibility or some feathering of inks or type in order to rid thepaper of the adhesive which, if permitted to remain, would continue todegrade the paper. When this problem arises, the final decision is often leftto the custodian of the material.

Foxing and other stains on a piece of art work on paper may bebleached out if they interfere aesthetically, but on bookpaper, we almostnever bleach. As long as all the adhesive is removed and can cause nofurther damage, we can n live with the blernish, especially if it does notobscure legibility. Bleaching residues, which are difficult to removeentirely from paper, can cause damage later on.

Discolored protective sheets should be removed. They were:inserted toprotect against offset of the freshly printed plates. The ink has long sincedried and the acid from these sheets can migrate.

The next series of decisions, dealing with the nature of the bindingstructure, is usually up to the conservator alone. Hoiv should the paper andsignatures be prepared for sewing and how should the boards be attached?All these are determined by the style of the binding, the size of the book, thecondition of the paper and the intended use. Will the book be merely cased(a technique we usually restrict to cloth bindings) or will the boards beattached to the book block before the book is covered? How heavy shouldthe boards be? How many cords or tapes should the book be sewn on? Theusual practice in conservation binding is to follow the original sewingstructure if it is possible and appropriate.3 What type of headbands shouldbe used, and in what color? Color choices for headband and Coveringcloths, papers and leathers should be in keeping with the prevalent colo sof the period. Should the book be a tightback or should it have a hollotube? A tightback might be historically accurate but the conditiOn of the

Decisions in the CoOervation Laboratory 139

paper or the narrowness of the inner margins might make a hollow tubemore appropriate from a conservation perspective, If the paper is in a poorstate or the inner margins are not, very generous or for some reason it isnecessary for the book to be exceptionally flexible in its opening, the

___conservator might consider- sewing-tire -book on a concertina so that whenthe book is glued up no adhesive will touch the signature folds. Mothersolution to the flexibility problem, especially in a book of plates, would beto have each leaf or signature thrown out on guards.

If the binding on a book is original, the questions arise as to whetherthe binding can be restored; whether the client wants it restored; whetherthe bOok warrants restoration because of bibliographic, historic or aes-thetic. significance.' To help in identifying original bindings, a goodreference library, especially of exhibition catalogs, is most helpful. It is,amazing what can be done to restore adeteriorated binding. It is possible touse original parts over new flexible materials which harmonize with or aredyed to match the original. Books can be rebacked when the boards aredetached or the spine is missing. Corners can be rebuilt and recoveredandworn heads and tails can be repaired. In finishing restorations, tools thatduplicate or closely resemble those used on the original binding are some-times used. A large collection of old tools can prove indispensable for thisprocess. However, the question of whether or not to complete areas wherethe original gold hai worn away is a sensitive issue among conservators,both due to the higher costs incurred for a purely cosmetic effect and, moreimportantly, because the process might be seen as an attempt to disguise oralter the original state of the binding.

If the existing binding is beyond repair or is not original, there areseveral possibilities to be Considered concerning rebinding. A replica bind-ing, whereby the conservator will try to find papers and other materialsthat duplicate as closely as possible the original, is one option. Decoratedand other old papers from discarded bindings are saved for just such anoccasion. There are also modern decorated papers made to replicate manyof the historic patterns. Another possibility, use of a perio4 binding, is onethat will capture the spirit of the binding style of an earlier time. Or onecould opt fora modest conservation binding so that more time and expensecan be devoted to the inside work on the paper and the binding made justfunctional and conservationally sound.

A postbinding is yet another choice. Having decided that the condi-tion of the material requires polyester encapsulation, it is also necessary toconsider the nature and value of the material because its bibliographicalintegrity will be destroyed when the gatherings and folds are separated toaccommodate encapsulation. Postbindings are a fine housing for manu-script and scrapbook colleciions and are currently being recommended forholdings of permanent archival or research value because of the complete

143

140 Co/Hen/nag and Pre lawiug Library Materials

reversibility and dm protection offered by postbindings against tenpera-ture and humidity fluctuations, environmental pollutants and physicaland mechanical abuse.5 If possible, materials should be deacidified beforeencapsulation.

An alternative in conservation is to box the item, If a suitable bindingor restoration cannot be executed for economic or technical reasons, yetsomething must be done to prevent further deterioration especially in acase where boards are no longer attached or the covering materialsare in avery fragile state, the decision to box the materials, as is, might be made.Boxes arc a conservation holding action, keeping the materials together,protecting them from dirt, dust and, to some degree, from environmentalfluctuations and pollutants. They can be constructed with a lip for bookswith boards that warp, and they can be made for a newly rebound book,especially if it is desirable to keep the original binding or binding rem-.nants housed with the book. Boxes are particularly suitable for pamphlets,permitting them to be shelved along with books.

After restoration a ticket outlining.the treatments and materials usedshOuld be attached to the back insidecover to be kept as A permanent recordwith the book.

Whatever treatment is finally decided upon must be based on consider-ationi of use and stability of materials. No techniqueor materials must beused, however attractive to the eye, which may deteriorate and causeirreversible damage.

NOTES

1. Horton, Carolyn. "The Ethics of Bodk Restoration." (Paper presented at the HuntSeminar, Pittsburgh, Pa., 13 Nov. 1979).

2. American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works. Code ofEthics and Standards of Practice. Washington, D.C.: AICHAW, 1979.

3. Gains, Anthony. "Techniques of Preservation Basedon Early Binding Methods andMaterials." Paper Conservator 1(1976):2-8.

4. Morrow, Carolyn C. A Conservation Policy Statement for Research Libraries(Occasional Papers No. 139). Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Graduate School ofLibrary Science, 1979.

5. Waters. Peter. "Archival Methods of Treatment for Library Documents." In Preser-vation of Paper and Textiles of Historic and Artistic Value (Advances in Chemistry Series, no.193), edited by John C. Williams, pp. 13-23. Washington, D.C.: AmericanChemical Society,1981.

DISCUSSION

Anthony Amodeo (Newbe Library, Chicago, Illinois): When you dealwith a binding that is fairly ld and maybe not typical, especially ofsome

1 4

Decisions iu the conservation 1.alumnory 11

commocial (Auction, and when you decide to rebind it, (I() you save not

only the covets but !illa phOltiglaph the sewn 1g as it existed and the top

edge as well? Do you save pieces of the sewing tin cad for documentation of

binding history?Louise Normally we don't document. laboratory, it's probablydone automatically. In a studio, we don't, but we certainly retain all partsof the original binding until the client has picked it op, so, if they want any

remains of the binding, it's certainly theirs. If they expressed an interest inhaving this documentation, we would do it.

Arnodeo: If your:customers are libraries, do they usually request such a

saving?Ktiflik: Not really. No.Kathryn Luther Henderson (GraduateSchool of Library and InformationScience, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign): I have a three-pronged question. In dim days librarians are sometimes seeking alterna-

tive careers related to librarianship. Could you comment on the folloWingsince you hold library degrees? First of all, (10 you really consider this analternative career to librarianship? Second, how does your library degreeand your library work experience relate to your conservation experience?

And third, what advice can you offer to students who might be interested inpursuing a career using their library 'degree in the way that you are using

yours? .

Kullik: I suppose it might be viewed as an alternate career for a librarianalthough I think I slipped into it somewhat accidentally. It all hinged on

my interest in books and materials so in a sense it is related. How does myexperience help me? It is helpful especially when it comes to a bibliograph-ic concern, usually toward the end of the process. One of our problems is in

finding out from the owners of the materials how they want the book titled.What should the title be? Should we follow the title on the bindings as itcame to us? We often have to research or suggest to the client what should

be put on the finished binding. I suppose my familiarity with the referencetools has been helpful. As I said before, I was particularly luckyI camealong at just the right moment. Even tliugh there is a great need for

,people in the field, the opportunities still seem somewhat limited fortraining. Pam [Darling] mentioned earlier the program at Columbia and,if that's successful, we can hope there will be more programs in the future. Ithink if you're interested in this field you just have to be persistent. If you

want to do something, youcan dO it.

Heinke Pensky-Adams (Monastery Hill' Bindery, Chicago, Illinois): Imight be able to fill in on this a little bit, because I would like to say that

any librarian who is interested in the field, should be persistent, as Louise

145

14'4 t:onserving and Proton ling, I itahoy ilLitet411

said, in trying to Irani as much as lkSsibir. it is my difficilt to findapprenticeships in this country. It is, dim-foie, very ft ustiating. A longperiod is involved in outer to kat it evrtything. But be j ietsistent because wenerd every hand posSiblr to tin the job that nerds to be done. 'There's somuch tit:Heti:a that has to be treated and should 1w waled %time or lessimmediately,

Nancy Gwin (Research Libratirs Gump): 'Hie Library of Congress has,at times, been quoted as saying that it could cost up to $300 a volume torestore a book. I wonder if you could state a range of average figures?Kid lik: 'Item is such a range of possibilities! When you say an averagebook does that mean resewing or does it not? What type of binding is it? Is ita cloth binding; is it a leather binding? I low,big is it? I low inatiy leaves?It's impossible to give a figure without kmiwing specifics.Gwinn: Let's say that it's an average 300-page monograph with a clothbinding requiring deacifidieation but doesn't have any unusual restoia-tion properties.

Kula: But how is it being deacidified? Is it being aqueously or nonaque-N

ously'deacidified? Is it being resewed?Gwinn: Realizing all this, I wondered if you could give a range. Is it $100 to$500: or is it $200 to $300; or $50 to $100?Kuflik: It's really almost impossible without having thentaterial in hand.Perhaps the backbone of the whole field is the ability to estimate accu-rately. We keep very detailed time records for all different types of treat-ments based upon size. Mrs. Horton has graphse.g., of a 61i-inch leaf andan 8-inch leaf and the time it takes to mend. Somehow you have to come upwith an estimate by looking at the book and deciding what-it is you'regoing to do. I think one of the things that we've been doing more often isciting alternative treatments. Rather than just saying "This is what shouldbe done, ".we say "If you can't afford to have this done maybe you will wantto have a box made." Or we give the alternative between a clOth bindingand a leather binding. So, there is some range there from which the clientcan select. It's expensive work. It will certainly cost more than $100. Afterthat, there isn't much I can say.D.W. Kruminel .(Gradnate School of Library and Information Science,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign): The antiquarian booksellers say they are selling more and more to private sellers and less and lesSto institutional collections today. Wouldyoucare to comment on this? Is ityour experience that you are doing less work for institutional collectionsand more for collectors now? Or is this something that Carolyn Hortonhertelf handles?

146

1/0iinitrit trt the CortieW0I1PrI tobctrofory

KIII1 : It would he hi, #1,- hp MI a. HOLLOW% Airy !Mt I ki1,cin 11011( rd Any

trpan idat (liangr in tecent ve.11%. ,4-.Kisel; A tatted duration iliat coluel out of dais that I wkl, might he( omidetrd hos today is how molly 10u:stirs air «41%W:tug irittstotingthen own ottthr-pirmises binding and ( onset %Alton milts? 11'llat .sir thr«msidelations that might be ilIVONed in "40( 11 Him&

Pensky.itrlatn.,: I think I wonht like to say viiiirthing on this. I .ktruing toyou liblatiam and to your problems (lilting thr I.t%t few day, I havr afeeling ilhic ille.oiy;sir ( onwivator gels only a little (11(41) 01 what the1110111e111 :rally kand what you're (tying to do iii your libmi in. 'Ilirrefotr,I would like to suggest that we li:ivr ac loser trlationship with each other towotk out the pmblems and tocut out little lux esses in !Living things done.For example, I think libtat its t an have all inside shop which does minotirpaits and ( Ironing. 1)111 the II13j01 18)1k %11011111 lir (lour by t onset %%um,bet Amy they have ihr betu Ii rxixlictur and the wining and they knowhow to apptnach the ptoblem, .Man Calmes (National Archives): In regard to Mylar encapsulation,there's a debate whether or not to seal up the page entirely or ventilate at acorner. Vhat are your thoughts about that?

Ku/hk: There are pros and cons. I assume that since the Lib at y,of Con.gress (Intently has two of these sealing machines. two rieties,

,.......that they have come' to the conclusion that it's okay to co Lily sc,AI theenvelopes although with these machines you could also. I'm sure, leave a.slight gap to permit sonic passage of air. Of course, this is one of thereasons why it should be deacidified prior to encapsulation. If you're notdeacidifying the material, you're not talking about the same thing. Mate-rial should be deacidified and certainly should be completely dry at thetime ofencapsulation. I would leave to the scientists the question as towhether there should be a complete sealing or not.

Walter C. Allen (Graduate School of Library and Information Science,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) to Climes: You raised thequestion; what's the difficulty? I think there are those among us who arenot aware of the problem.

Calmes: You trap in the products of degradation if you do 'seal it upentirely. If it is deacidified, then, probably you can seal it up entirely, but itis good to caution people that if you do not deacidify, you probably shouldnot encapsulate and if you do encapsulate, then you should leave someventilation. Maybe you should take it out and air it out from time to time.

Ktif/ilt: That's redoing the whole process.Keith Dowden (Purdue University Libraries, West Lafayette, Indiana): I'dlike to hear something more about reversiblity. Some processes, I assume,

147

.,(.1111)Cfilf$g (.413 t.rrCr!".friE I ftrfry MOrtf411

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V.,11.itr%r1 Wr.%r114)11r to the itrot 11 orystatt, Most of thr pox castsair otttpIrtr4 Irtrt tilde Ilir lorattrt tit sir, who ft might hr thr matrtialthat would t, ototn ailed intotiorttion.lt trt mask only it thr itron t all foritrated with water ()I Ioat). and N1) )(Itt'%t- g441 to drtrrmine whrtltrt tlorlirto that ttoll'ir lilting of ',trolling with Mit tan tor toth-jrc test riffle., towatet tot .114(4101. I4',4 M(14 of thr tiotr 'mooted 'Him ipIrt in thr hrlflof (Auttrt5.1(14)11.111411,1441.11)1)1 k I L Ittipiroltrt1 Voolk,114.11 4 MirIr 14 11C1C11111f..:1(*.lirt r on, rim than with books, Hot this istme of iltrpito. ipIrt: what too 4.441 do Ito thr 111.1trri.11 }4)11 (.111 1111(10 to thr matrtialand it will k in thr saittr colotlition at It was below.1)0n.den: I was thinking .11xitit binding, and possibly, trbinditig.Ktifitk: 'lite binding itself is usually hilly rat) Irttoot r. Flir atIlortit rtthat wr'In using are 1:J11(14111y irs et siblr. ,klirt all, ill thr plot rtt tot trbitotl-ing, in any case, we haw for Irau off the spine brfote wr slat t trbittding. \'e(an !emote thr binding esely easily. %Ve will ptobably (Irstuty it, btu 11 (auIx remosed.

eirnodeo: This is a Solt of hyptothrtit al question, Say that you has r somrone (outing in saying, "I'm going togive this pain( ttlar book that has beenin the family for so many generations to my grand( hildien.- Assume it'sanearly nineteenth-century or late rightrtith-century ((1 111.11110wit Bibir. orsomething similar and they would like a like bland new leather «net allgussied up with ornaments, etc. NVould you try to dissuade them floutdestroying the book as it is other than irrhaps doing a little neededstructural correction, and ixthaps try to preset se the book by putting it Ma.box rather "than just rebinding the whole thing as they had asked? Orlacking that, would you photograph it and send a copy of the biltiltog to alocal research library? Do you have any sort of contingency plan if theperson insists on rtbinding it?Kuflik: No. But if they wanted it rebound in full leather and they heardwhat the cost would be, that might discourage them. There are so manyfactors. People all love their family Bibles and usually, of course, they arevery large books, as you all know.

Amodeo: I'm talking about something unusual of binding interest, sonic-thing extraordinary, in fact. If you ran across something extraordinary

14d

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Ilithert J. .1delipe.,-xer (funs: sit) of Illinois at ( Imago ( lei It's georsAll) brhesrtt that tonsils-mots should tell tit how todo things.. hat might(f* (LAIC, And .it '1111 SA{, 1..:11r 111 Air, tiAti Cs, hail illAl t 111,11014 (And l'.1111Kinks has ulld this hetitientls ) must des tale what the poolitles ate-- Is hatthings should be tonsetsed and piesetsrd. what air impoi (antglAphii ally, And so funk .1t) follow tip with Totay's I Antodeol point,though. -Ate t onseisatot trails and able toads's(' t orators (maim) of %s howsill not lx' evens rim the histoly of building Its Its, etc,), as to the ptopett}pc. of treatment if refunding is net essaty --e.g.. shill it be .1 bindingrelating to the period? Can t orators extx-t t that sort of setsit r fromconservators?

Ku /ilk; Yes, 1 think we would make rsety effort. As I said, sir h.ss r (antsextensise refetenir a tallrt non_ And we would do so.esprt tally if the t tumorexplessed.ati interest. les tip to the t mann to infoun the t onscisatot ss hathr or she would like; the t onset s atm an then resixmil to those nerds.

l'eter Chniig (Flinida State lall.shassec); I would just like fewwords (torn personal cxpsirrisr. 1,ast )em- we sent fifty rare Ixroks to acoMpany, which scot its sePsesentatise to us. Ile odd us how mus h itwould cost to do each process. We addepl it together and figured that tsrcould afford such treatment. Then, they sent us a shipment. 1 think airyaveraged about $150 each. We found this too much to spend. 'Filen wefound out ahotit another hinder who said he ((null do hand binding. Wethought this, too. would b too expensive but he gave ma liste.g.. leather

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JAMES ORRpresident

I-lertzbcrg-New, Method, Inc.Jacksonville, Illinois

Role of Commercial Services inConservation and Preservation

ROLE PF THE LIBRARY BINDER INCONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION

'1 am here to representfibraHry binders, a business that I have been in for overthirty-five years. Our,' is a small industry as industries go. It isabout a 50-million-dollar industry which means that there are probablyabOut 12 million or ko volumes bound yearly and there are roughly twenty-five to thirty binders throughout the country.

Basically,' our job is to handle current Materials such as magazines,books, theses, and more recently, paperbacks. In thisgroup there is quite aconglomeration of material. Here the concern is durability. We also handlesemi-rare materials where the need is for, mending, folding, hinging,lamina ting,'and encapsulating. Recently, we have made a.concerted'effortto look at &acidification, but my hopes were somewhat dampened yes ter

. day when I asked how many of you would be willing to move ahead with itand sign a release for responsibility of the results. I didn't get muchenthusiastic response from that request. As a complete library binder, our*firm must be reac1)1 to take care of all of these categories of material andengage in all these processes.

We are well aware of the money crunch that libraries face. Libraries,on one hand, have to pay'ay salaries 'and operating costs, while on the otherhand, they have to pay for acquisitions and binding costs:,s Because thebinding business is so labor-intensive (there are about forty-two individualoperations that go into binding each book and magazine), we're trying to

become more standardized in order to bring more economy into the pic-,ture. Up to now, the oversewing proCess, which sewed tight bindings, has

148 SConserving and Preserving Library Ma 4rials

been an accepted standard and we have not been able to compensate for theproblems of overgwingproblems which have been Complained about byarchivists, conservationists, and bibliophiles for a long ti late, we,are 'doing much more with adhesive binding which promise. to be adramatic hew development and to compensate for some of the fficul tiesof oversewing. At the 'conservation fair thisydning, we I have ondisplay some volumes to which the ew adhesive has been plied. Whatwe like about the volimes which- e been bound in way is that thevolume will lie perfectly flat without stress on the hinge when the volumeis placed on a photocopying machine. "

. Briefly 'and basically, this is what a commercial library binder does.We have, been at this work for nearly 100 years or so. There are many newdevelopments on the scene and we are trying to adjust to them and to usethem as fast as possible to serve you better.

WILLIAM ANTHONYPartner

Kner and Anthony, BookbindersChicago, Illinois

ROLE OF THE HAND BINDER INCONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION

My business is the preservation of books and documents. I have a smallstudio in Chicago which employs two people in the bindery, David Brockand Mark Esser. David is in the fifth year of his apprenticeship and Markhas been with me for about nine months. My wife, Bernie, comes in to helpin the office.

In addition to preservation work we bind fine bindings and limitededitions from private presses. For the purpose of this talk, I will stay withpreservation work.

Our customers are cuStodians of special collections in universitylibraries and other institutions, private collectors, and people who havebooks that are very special to them.

Private collectors and people with special books usually come to thestudio where I examine their books, recommend treatment and explainwhat is involved, answer any questions they might have and quote them aprice. Because of the small number of books usually involved, it is noproblem for them to bring the books tolhe studio.

In dealing with library special collections, there are more booksinvolved and many more people. There may be as many as six people

Role of Commercial Services 149

working in a special collections department, all of whom are interested inthe preservation of their collection. Because so Many books and people areinvolved, I like to go to the library and pick up bdoks in need of preserva-tion treatment and deliver books On which I've worked:

The books to be worked on have been chosen before .I get there. Wetake each book separately and discuss what has to be done. We thenexamine the books that I have brought back and discuss thoroughly thework that has been done. This way the people in the library gain someunderstanding of what is involved in book preservation.

Generally speaking, books in need of preservation treatment fall intotwo categories: books with brittle paper and books with flexible paper.Books with brittle paper are mostly from the eighteenth, nineteenth andtwentieth centuries. Books with flexible paper are from the fifteenth,sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

A thorough examination of the book reveals the condition of thepaper, the condition of the cover and the conditiqn of the construction.With this information, the curator or owner with the binder decide on the.best way to preserve the ...book.

. I would like to describe for you a couple of fairly common preserva-tion problems that are encountered in the studio and how we deal withthem. ,

Conservation means preserving the artifact in its present condition, inwhich case a drop spine box may be the answer; however, the book is anobject which has to function in order to be useful so that, in most cases,anything from minor repair to complete rebinding is necessary.

A fairly common case for preservation might be a nineteenth-centurybook with brittle paper. Examination reveals that the leather has deterio-rated due to red rot. Bath boards are broken at the hinges and the paper isbrittle and has a pH of 4. In addition to the slips being broken the sewing is-weak and broken and the spine has been glutd up with acidic animal glue.If the book is very valuable to the collection'and a better copy cannot be .

obtained, an extremely conservative binding may be possible. This bind-ing is designed to do as little damage as possible-to the book block and tofunction with as little strain as possible on the paper.

The book, then, is carefully disbound by pulling the sections from thesewing. Because of the acidic glue on the spine, the outer sheets of eachsection may break; possibly more than the outer sheet may break. Afterpulling, the sections are washed in warm water. When the folds of-thesections are weak and possibly held together by glue that has penetrated thesewing holes, I wash the book in sections rather than in single sheets. I dothis by folding polyester film called Remey" and placing a folded piecesomewhat larger than the sheets of the book into the center of each sectionand then placecthe sections in the water. When the sections have been


thoroughly washed and rehydrated, I remove them from the water andalloy, them to drain before placing them into the deacidifying solution.For this purpose we use magnesium bicarbonate or calcium hydroxide. Ifind calcium hydroxide easier to use and it gives a higher pH than magne-sium bicarbonate. If the sheets being deacidified have colored inks, thenmagnesium bicarbondate is the better solution.

After soaking thoroughly in the solution, the sections are removed bythe supporting Remey and air dried. They are then collated and lightlypressed. The successful collation of the sheets at this stage may depend onhow well loose sheets and Unnumbered sheets at the beginning and end ofthe book were marked before the book was pulled.

The sheets are examined for tears and mended with Japanese paperand acid free wheat paste. Torn folds are mended and reinforced withwet-torn Japanese paper.

When dry, the book is ready for sewing. The original binding mayhave been sewn flexible on raised cords or it may have been sewn onrecessed cords. Neither method may now be considered suitable becauseflexible sewing imposes too great a strain on the weak paper and recessedsewing is destructive to the paper. The sewing which is most compatiblewith the weak paper may be sewing on linen tapes or frayed out hempcords. This method of sewing is flush with the spine and allows the spineto open and close with a minimum of strain.

The "gluing up" of the spine is done with a mixture of wheat pasteand methyl cellulose. The methyl cellulose tends to add flexibility to thepaste. flexible polyvinyl acetate (PVA) is the modern glue designed for thispurpose. I don't use it directly On the spine because it is not water soluableand would, therefore, make reversing the binding extremely difficult, if notimpossible. Either of these adhesives are stronger than paste on this mostvulnerable part of the binding but, on 'balance, the book blOCk will lastlonger by using a reversible adhesive.

The sewing of endbands on this de licate.paper would further damagethe paper and add no strength to the binding. In this case, I favor head-i;ands made by rolling natural linen around hemp or linen inform the endbands and then adhere them to the spine.

A spine lining of Japnese paper is pasted directly to the spine, againusing a mixture of paste arid methyl cellulose. When dry, a coat of dilutedPVA is applied to the Japanese paper. This helps to keep the spine flexible.A hollow or tube is then made and attached to the spine. The book block isnow forwarded and ready for covering. This may be done by lacing on theboards and cpkring orbs' making a case.

I favor natural linen and handmade paper for this purpose becausethey are strong and durable. If the paper is decorated with colored paste andused with linen it can beliarmonious with paper from any period.

15

Role of Commercial Services 151

With this book we have recognized that the book block is brittle andweak and we have designed a binding that has been as conservative andharmonious as possible. I consider it advisable to protect such a bindingfurther in a drop spine box.

Another common problem is the book that is in need of rebacking.The most vulnerable part of the, book is the spine, and particularly thehinge area. If the boards have become detached, this means that thecovering material has broken, the inner hinge of paper, cloth or leather hasbroken, and the- slipS that have been laced into the boards have broken.Probably damage has been done to the first and last sections of the book.These sections are removed and carefully, marked so that their sequencewill not be lost. They may be washed and deacidified and mended withJapanese paper.

Next, we remove the spine. This is easy to do on a hollow back or tubespine but not so easy when the leather has been directly adhered to thespine. If the leather is weak and crumbling, then; we brush a liquid calledPliantex on the leather. This consolidates the fibers and enables us to prythe leather off With scalpels and folders. When the leather has beenremoved, the spine is paste washed and cleaned. All of this work on thespine is done with the utmost care for the sewing.

The sewing structure is examined and breaks and weaknessesrepaired. New slips are added by oversewing new hen*, cords to the oldones.

The damaged first and last sections have now been repaired and aresewn to the new slips. New linenendbands are sewn on and the spine islined. We are now ready to attach the new leather spine.

The boards are prepared by lifting the leather from the back edges andby lifting the paste down from the inside back edges of the boards. Theboards are put in place on the book and then held in a press. The leather ispared and pasted and carefully attached to the spine and inserted under thelifted leather on each board.

The ends are turned in and the headcaps are set. When dry, the-boardsare openedand a linen hinge, which has been wratiped around the repairedsections, is pasted down under the lifted paste down. Then the lifted pastedown is pasted on the new hinge and the lifted leather is put down on thenew leather. The old spine is attached to the new spine and the rebacking isfinished.

I have described to you two of the most common book preservationtechniques we use. In order to become familiar with these and many otherpreservation techniques I advise you to communicate with your binder andeven take- lessons from him/her if, possible..

In addition to the many preservation techniques needed for the conser-vation and restoration of the variety of books that come to the studio, I

155


would like to mention that we also preserve documents. 'We do this bywashing, deacidifying and encapsulating in My lar. A method I particu-larly like, especially with letters, is to lay the letter on an acid free boardunder a My lar flap.

LEEDOM KETTELLPresident and Chief Operating Office(

Gaylord Bros., Inc.Syracuse, New York

. ROLE OF THE LIBRARY SUPPLY HOUSE INCONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION

Gaylord Bros., Inc. has existed for eighty-five years. However, Ihaven't. I've been with Gaylord only two years, coming from two othercorporate experiences, eleven years with Xerox (a great portion of that timewith University Microfilms) I'd, then, with Brodart. One of the thingsthat Gaylord has had to do as a relatively older company, that is nowcaught up in the tremendous change in the technological proce3ses thatlibrarians are using, and at the same time lack of growing budgets, is to gothrough a planning process, the same kind of planning process that manyof you wrestle with every year. Especially, we have had to do this a greatdeal oyer the last six months, in an attempt to redescribe to ourselves whowe are, what we are, and what we would like to be. Eighty-five, years ago,the two Gaylord brothers would 'go out to talk with librarians in anattempt to understand their needs fOr supply-type items. They would thengo back to their place of business, tale a largely paper product and twist itaround into a different shape, print something on it, and they had a newproduct for librarians. Unfortunately today. we're dealing with plastics,metals, microprocessers, the need for cid free paper, and a whole host oftechnologies for which our small company and the library market cannotafford original R&D. So we are defining urselves as a vendor, a distributorof products, in the same way that Sears tnight be described as a vendor ofproducts. We like to be a very credible \company, concentrating on thelibrary marketplace. Because we are a credible company we have very goodrelationships with a number of very large companies, including IBM,Xerox, Kodak, 3M, etc. These companies of course, have substantialresearch and development budgets. So, we arc increasingly trying to defineour company as an interpreter of technology. We try to understand what

... \

156

Bole of Commercial Sen'ices I53

some of these larger companies are doing and, then, usetheir new technol-ogies to help librarians.

Today I'd like to talk about one such technology which, I think, willbe an interesting one for you, First of all, I would mention that there havebeen a number of companies that sell products such as pamphlet bindersand boxes of all shapes made from acid free paper used to store thedocuments you have in the library. While companies such as Gaylord,University Products, and Hollinger make a good-quality product for thesepurposes, we, at Gaylord, believe that some things happen in the paperindustry that are real problems. First of all, simply defining what is acidfree paper is somewhat of a controversial issue. How have you buffered it?Are you talking about the liner? Are you talking about the board itself? Doyou have some form of glue or joining device in it which can ruin theneutrality of the materials? Also, paper is absorbent; over the years it mightabsorb the water vapor and the acids that are in the air itself. So we believethat there is a problem with products that any vendor sells as acid free. Weknow that paper prices have gone up greatly in the past ten years and, bythe very nature of our society, and by the nature of the paper and pulpindustry, we believe prices for paper are going to accelerate very rapidly inthe next few years. At Gaylord, we have explored making storage boxes outof a different material. We believe a plastic that is called polypropolenewill be of great interest to you. This plastic product is made from a naturalgas and talc which are both raw materials quite available here in theUnited States; therefore, we do not have to be worried about importing oiland getting cut off' in the event of war.

Polypropolene has very interesting properties. First of all, it is totallyinert; thereforepacidity is simply not relevant. It is neither acidic noralkaline and never can be. It has very high temperature resistance. You canactually sterilize this material at 250 degrees and you will not damage it. Ithas great resistance to absorption of water vaporabout as great as anymaterial that we are able to findso we think that will be of great use inlibrary preservation work. The material can also be configured in virtuallyany shape that you might want to have. By indenting the material as it isformed, you can change the strength and flexibility of the material. Youcan also add different additives to make it more or less flexible. You cancolor it in alMost any way that you might possibly want, and it has thefeature called a living hinge. When this-material is compressed, it actuallychanges the molecular configuration so that this hinge can be flexedthousands and thousands of times. You are not going to have the problemof the lid of thehox coming off in your handit will last as long as thematerial itself. The material can also be textured so that'll you want it slick;we can make that; if .you want it to have a woodgrained type of pattern, we

157

151 Conserving and Presenting Library Materials

can do that. We can mint on it. By ourselves, we could not afford to developthis technology Iwcatim it is a multimilliondollarinvestment, not onlyinvesting in the plastic production itself, but also in the extrusion devicesthat are used to melt it and form sheets and to vacuum form it Into usefulproducts that you would want to buy; therefore we are in the jinxes% ofmaking arrangements with other companies to work with us to make theproduct available. After working with the pnxItict for two years, we believethat we will have this material on the market, thoroughly tested, withinsixmon tits.

Other fields such as the medical field are increasingly substitutingpolypropolene for materials such as glass, paper, and metal. In medicine,operating room trays, packages, kits, and so forth, are made of polypropo- .lene because of its inherent high resistance to chemicals, solvents, andbacterial development. Polypropolene containerization of pharmaceuti-cals is common now due to high temperature resistance combined withunusually low water absorption and moisture vapor permeability. Theseare vital characteristics to effective storage of pills, powders, capsules, andmedicines. This is material that has passed the string t requirements ofthe medical profession.

In another difficult area, food packaging deman are met morefavorably with polypropolene than with any other plastic resin. It meetsthe requirements of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as specified inthe Code of Federal Regulations, no. 21, for the safe use of articles intendedfor repeated use applications. Again, the inherent inertness of the materialmakes it resistant to oils, acids, alkalines, and practically all chemicals.Food products successfully contained in polypropolene include,dairy pro-ducts, fruit juices, vegetables, toppings, and syrups.

We believe that the use of polypropolene is more cost - effective thanany other polymer, and competes economically with all traditionally usedmaterials. Physical properties of polypropolene can be readily changed byvarying amounts of additives to obtain precise properties of impact resis-tance, tensile strength, and flexual modules. Tailoring polypropolene tospecific products and uses is relatively simple. For example, it is possible toachieve optimized balances of stiffness, impact resistance, or resistance toheat aging, plus resistance to solvents, chemicals andenvironmental stresscracking. This is accomplished by well-known, proven proceduralmethods. When you look at some samples this evening you will notice thatwe have used a sonic welding to put in an adhesive strip; This will be usedfor pamphlet binders. Sonic welding is a very permanent method ofadhering two products together. Before we bring the product out, we willdo careful testing of the adhesive to make sure that it is non-damaging topaper.

11010 o/ CrHilrYirrrldl Set Viief 155

In summary, we believe this material, polyptopoleue, will have asignificant impact On libutties because it is totally Mien. !trait lxshippedIlat so it will waive cost in transportation. We believe that it will pricedcompetitively with the paper products as we know them hxlay, The livinghinge will last as long as the ploduct. We can use sonic welding techniquest'd reduce the labor involved when we make the proIluct, and to impiove itsstrength.- The product is extremely heat resistant and tai Ix actuallysterilized at temperatures of up to 250 degrees. It is moisture resistant andvery,long lasting. It can be attractively produced, and its raw ma trrtals arereadily available. There is, however, one problem whenever you deal withthis technology. Set-up costs are somewhat high, making it prohibitivelyexpensive to produce only a few of any one particular product. We have toparticipate with sonic of the consumer inilusiries and add our demands toIxirt of their run. Thetefore, one difficulty with this product is that we willnot be able to offer the great range of sizes and shapes that we might be ableto offer in a paper prcxluct. We will probably pick the most, popular sizesand shapes, make those out of this particular product, a nd'.work our waythrough this as best we can. We believe that will be the only disadvantage ofthis prcxluct and we will have it available for marketing to you in 1982.

ANITA WERLINGManager, Collection Development

University Microfilms International,Ann Arbor, Michigan

ROLE OF THE MICROPUBLISHER INCONSERVATION AND PRESERVATION

I must say that after listening to my colleagues from the commercialend I feel somewhat in a "bind," especially since I represent a companyconcerned with microfilming which is frequently touted as an alternativeto binding of current serial materials and as an alternative method ofpreserving information as opposed to restoring the object itself. Whilemicrofilming has been around fora long time, commercial application ofmicrofilming for libraries really dates back only to the 1930s. This alsomarks the beginning of the use of microforms for preservation of librarymaterials. Newspapers were one of the first items that went under thecamera, so to speak, the reasons being primarily because the paper ishighly acidic and becomes brittle, and because newspapers are very diffi-cult to bind under any circumstances.

159

16 Cnnienting and Pre lensing Library Alattriatt

It wits also late in therlec.ide ol the di es that commercial iniciopub-!kiwis made their appearance. University Microfilms International(1111), the company that I represent, is the oldest of the commercialunclopublishers, having .bren founded in 193H; Readex Microptint wasfounded late in the next deade. 'These companies, and others which cameon the sour later, are involved in the commercial publishing of materialsOn miCrofilm, Or in inatty rases, the republishing of materials that havepreviously been published, and offering them in a..different medium. Theobjective is not primarily that of preservationnricropublishing has aprofit motive behind itbut the by-products of the filming of large retro-spective sets of materials such as the Early American Imprints Projectoffered by Rearlex,,en the Early English Books projects offered by Univer-sity Nlicrofilins, have in fact lest:lull in the preservation of laminationand the preservation of the cultural heritage of virtually all early Britishand American imprints. So preservation is an added benefit of in icropub-lish i ng. The medium of microfilm has made proliferation and dissemina-tion of the materials economically feasible in a format that can bepurchased readily by libraries and which also enables users to hand lethematerials without risk of damage to the originals:

Today, there are literally hundredsof commercial micrOpublishers. Inaddition Mere are several hundred other commercial microfilming com-panies. The distinction here is simi lat. to the difference between a printingshop and a publisher:That is basically what a commercial microfilmingservice is in comparison to a commercial micropublisher. The publishinginvolves adding value. The added value might be the editorial selection ofthe materials that arc going to be filmed, or a unique arrangement of thematerials. It may be added access to the materials that the publisher.provides through indexes or guides to the product. The commercial micro-filming.firm, like the printshop or commercial printer, makes its profitfrom the filming itself. The commercial micropublisher, on the otherhand, is also interested in disseminating and marketing the materials, sothe 'economic motive is somewhat differentdissemination and distribu-tion is the aim of the publisherwhich means that there must be someadded value to the product. Sometimes both services are offered under thesame roof: A micropublishing, company may provide some commercialfilming operations, or may handle some jobs on a custom bask where theintent is not to market the product but simply to film and preserve it. Wehave one such project at University Microfilms which has been under wayfor several decades artd which is, one of the preservation microfilmingprojects which has received widespread attention. This involves the film-ing of monastic manuscripts under the auspices of St. John's University inCollegeville, Minnesota. Thousands of medieval manuscripts, many ofthem illuminated, have been filmed in both color and black and white

note DI Cornmerrial cremes 157

hum a imffil-r of monasteries thionghont tnoe and Muth. /MU a.Univel sky IsTh whims provides technical wining and assistain r for thisplject, inspecting and %toting all of the toastri tni( lotiluis. We alsopldmr disinbutimc copies for this ploject 111011 tilletAISTs flont St,joit's, We do not mai ket the material, our selves but do pi °vide stolagt. furall Of their mastris in our vaults.

The miclopublisher and the (ontmeicial snit lotihner air in Inasinessto make money, For the micloptiblisher the only way to do that is topublish those projects which have the fora test potential for sinless. Thatis, the projects for which thew is market need. Once filmed, the materialsour preserved as long as the master negative is preselvm1 and kept inarchival conditions, Unto' tunately we have found, in litany Cases, thatonce we have filmed inojects and offered them for sale, there is no longer animmediate need for the Customer to buy them since the materials ate nowplserved, and the microfilm is going to be:Hound fora long time. You canbuy it today; you can buy it tomorrow; you can buy it five or ten yeaI S !Millnow! Therefore, one of the I.:win added benefits of microfilm can alsobecome, in some cases, a detriment to the micropublisher. A publisher,then, has to be concerned about raising the priority of purchase for theissued products.

In fact, 1 think we have seen in recent years that the micropublishingindustry, as a whole, has become more concerned with doing as much aspossible to produce products which have more immediate impact forlibraries and institutions. One way, of course, of doing this is to provideadditional valuethat of improved access to the -materials themselves.Bibliographic control has become a major issue for the micropublishingindustry and, of course, for libraries. One way to enhance the value of theproduct is to make sure that as much access as can possibly be afforded hasbeen provided. That means cataloging monographic and serial collectionsand making that cataloging data as widely available as possible-. And itmeans indexing at a fairly specific level the nonmonographic or serialprojects (archival collations, for example). It means selecting a formatthat is going to be the most usable format for a particular application.What it all boils down to is trying to make the product match the end users'needs and trying to make sure that once on film, the materials can beretrieved quickly and easily.

In recent years at University Microfilms we have spent a great deal oftime and effort in providing bibliographic control for our products. And,to give you some ideas as to how costly this actually is, we have frequentlyfound that in our operations the access is anywhere from 4 to 5 times morecostly than the actual filming of materials. Providing access is critical,nonetheless, because if the customer doesn't know what we have filmed,obviously, the customer can't purchase our microfilm. In addition, biblio-

161

I 'IN Crttitricitig ttrOi i'crterritik. fatuity Afforriali

glaidlit IMMO! tra %Ur% the -,1111011Ill of dliplit CUM :1111thig 11111

'kik' and Illis.tlr aotimtions III Wining ni thr same itrnt mole than out e,Uhr Nahorhol Begs tfrt Afit rupbta and ochre' tot ois of this soilwhit It tify 11111 whittled inks, bast- gone a long way lot ut down oil thrduplication of filming activity.

vhal wain Ws air ti(' for pleseivation filming, tit tail whittlinggrnelal? 'Iasi( ally, any matetials that have an image «uncut tan bet timid.end for trait tofilttlinh, This int hides books, pi Mud matt-nabs, mannst tiptmatt6A,, hiSl tulle( lions of tbx-untritts Idtris, etc., or visual(ilk nous, -au ha, jAtotoglaphs, onus, ntaps.Thr (let ision ou whrilict topirsetve by tint tuf l lull iig of by t tom-lying is tirvet aii casy one, because Owvalue of the otigina I as an object has to be assessed as well as the infonna.Muml value of the WWII:II, rot. IlLiirli:11% whit It 13111101 r wattled, the(-hone may become one of whether to west., ve tilt. information 01 to((illusive of plesetyr the objcl I. If an item has drtrtiolatrd to the pointwhew filming might ompIctrly destioy it,do you the objet t ol do you'ow the information? This difficult decision usual y tests in the hands oflibrarians traintl to assess these various issnes. Fortunately, the altemafives ate usually not that drastic, And the decision is one of whether theoriginal can be saved by rebinding, preserving the original through dracid-ification, or replacing the deteliorated binding, while at the satin' timepc' haps microfilming the item to provide a use copy wind' will wormfurther unnecessary handling of the original, hequently, 1111( 101ihningcan also be tol.. to make a complete edition of a wot k from severalimperfect coetk4 at are in institutions scattered over wide distances. Sothere area initur of applications for microfilming that make the value ofmicrofilming in preservation something to consider.

flow do you decide whether to microfilm locally or whether to go to acommercial microf linter, or to a mic topubl i slier? ndr what circumstances is one more desirable than another? This is a very complex issue andone that wecoulddiscussat great length. It's very expc.nsivetoset up a localpreservation microfihning operation, as many of you can attest, but fr-quently this is the best means of perserving the materials that are not likelyto be puled up by a commercial micropublisher. If there are widespreadapplications in your institution for microfilming of rare or other materialsthat are not widely available elsewhere, then setting up your own in-houseoperation might be the best way to go. Or, perhaps a commercial micuir-N,filming company is the answer for materials which cannot be marketed orfor which dissemination is really not a factor. Where there is an interest inmaking material available to other institutions, and in preServing orrearranging, materials on microfilm, then it i s a gcxxl idea to talk to one ormore micropublishers to explore the idea of pull Ish ing a pa rticula r collec-tion of materials.

162

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whet nous ul tising to tIct tele %s141( 11 p.ttt ttf that t t,)11 should Iretin...rued In ton whittling «.1 Lands h.' 4. quite t 11.111r In.;(. ahr..1e1 II thele,",..,-

ate psitrith.11..tppitt thitiTtio,rt%it% Nhe whims .1i1 help son ssith.ss %%mild 11.i1)p5 di -4 ossi them.

DISCI .S.NION

T I letulersmi (1.i1n.0 l'inseisits of Illinois at

(1Liniaign 1: It ex ( WS tt) Me (ILI( these twit petiplc 113%1.1(2%1 plw.rtl ()(ie f.){111) IX)illts ill Ins plsnt.ttion of this Ill !nevi\ .4(42)41. Krkerp the uld .11111 hiitit the nes.' along %snit us.

Kenneth /.azinelar (Nottli Tex.'s Slate Von (isits. Denton ): I hr idthis institotr is -Consvising And l'iseising I .thr.tis NI.ortials..- I he titleof the panel clisetlSsl01r is the role of yntinielt-1.11 %visit es in ((Inset 5.1tunt.Inc{ insnAtion. Mr. Anthons. in his 1.1 lk. defined I onset %anon as theprest-Nation of ithittial in its pisnt %Lite. Could sou t.ilk to the -

tion bts:ern plstsation and ( 0115C1 Atiun?flerlifersor A couple of us sshu 11.1s written paix.is fur this «nifereneet.ilket1 about this earlier !ext.'s.. %Vet ont hided t kit sve tend to use. ptt-sets.t-don anti tonservAtion inteith.inge.thlyone (vim !heses the other If itscented like. we %vte getting a bit monotonous the Ilse of it III Ma

ripts. I think sun tan nuke stone %%dole thstint tiotty. If sse hAt1 .1

163

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t,t) is tlic tilikatct tnlu f .qiucti,at)(), it scroi% hi site. IrlatcP'alictl)lti.,ar .at 114 tiara trAilliEt i*otitt (11C t atr ltr-3.11ttcut,4 lt.c AttlfAtt L'Ir sc tyt1, 4-11..inp...a3lea that _i3 Vv ell .113 all tttict t't .ate. 43111111118. 211,1 trida,i. thrift. ttittle br,3,1 l,Ismiitatii3 .33 t.-t- .13 ate.1ki1111111311.3 twit tit all air at 11\ 111C2 .Ithin ttat tir.at tti.tst trtr

thr Itttt Ntottt y ti.tg iv In t:,,,tvtrttrtirs it ;A ;Lt trit,11ttelmrt it) the litriattur lit .3 trvetu- wa4 rhat 13. IIIC if Air 3.olihr 3_31'

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t)Irtt2tactE.Nrut JAL iku1/1111C, 111 1 Attlgil114: it) tutu tt Altt111.1,1 a little tilt N1-10.r I s Askfolk% Whet) ttk to a i itilturtti.ttiundrtN,(!,,,,,:ct it toptrIttNe it iii 3cli(1 It tit t,iis f %rit`%`Itt. tint 14 IttclwLy putIlse emphasil nil. tit if,) )(qt.

sed I () tr ttr it011. What's vitit.. it trinttatim; !1,11; r:orr irlpati/e

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Dry: 1 r1,1 %%Mild hill t1I .111.111.1w (11.1101,-1)....11111.. ilf ()mullet). talIntiart don't atItottlatli (hull iirio.etscv.ing Nriatise (title atiwaIltitittict iii i)thrt ,..iN% to bind a klolk I hese I% hand ()%rtsculitg, titthtTitiv.tt ar44tttt to utipc..tittiltigh kriAlt1)..: the ("Nu-. mitt. ()I late. .1.,ihr%)%e

Role of Commercial Services

binding.'When the oversewing method was invented, binders:and proba-bly people in the libraries, thought it was the greatet thing since slicedbread, betause it was extremely strong. It is strong bindings,but to oversewyou must perforate each section from the top and the needles come up fromthe, bottom,' sewing section to section, so in essence what you have is aperforated section. Granted, if that paper becomes weak and acidic,throughout its lifetime, the book.isn't going to be all that strong. Now oflate, there are alot of improvements in adhesives. When I'm talking aboutadhesives, I'm not talking about ahot melt (used by a lot of publishers andsome binders). Hot melt has a memory and you can't round it and back itfor a scoring action. We have been using a polyvinyl that is put on in afanning method. his put on much asin the European process where theyuse an Ehlermann machine. Of course, we haVe a certain combination of ;how we make the mixture. Of late we've been using it on very coated stocks,

%. something unheard of beforeand it works very *ell. So, to answer yourquestion precisely, I can see the industry leaning to adhesive binding, andof late, I've been through other binderies and I have, seen the same in djca-dons in those plants where they are starting to get in adhesive equipmentand rely more on adhesive binding. We've been doing it fora long timenow for books that have extremely narrow'margins where there's no placeto go regardless of. whether you sew it by hand or hand oversew it, orwhatever. There, the only thing that you can do is use an adhesive binding.There was some skepticism when adhesive bindings came out and I know'they refer to adhesive binding as "periect"_binding. "Perfect" binding is acarry-over frOm the old days and has a bad connotation. So Llike to call itadhesive binding and we, personally, put a gnarantee on it- -man uncondi-tional guaranteethat this book is,going to stand up just like any other '-book that we put out That's how 'sure: we are of itHeirzke Pensk'y-Adams (Monastery Hill Bindery, Chicago, Illinois); lhavea'question for Mr. Orr. What took you so long to get thi$message to thiscountry? I know this dhesive bas been used in Europe (Or about twentyyears. . b.

a

Orr: Binders are very slog to move. Our association has beemvery slow tomove-and adopt any new ,changes. You're right! Before we adopted itatt..was being used in 'Europe forAii,,Oears prior to the time that we had itNow that ;A4e mov,ing, in/41)Oe can keep the ball roiling and the)'''''momentum up and that is fity' '".#* intend 'to go.

D. W. Krzfrorriet, (Graduate SchotiVo Library and Information Science,University' Of Illinois at Urbasia-Champaign): In all fairness; you had ategendaptfreeze in New`ork"State to wOrry about, didn't YOu? In the latefifties wasn't 'thete a .scandal---perfect bound books rendered uselessbecause the freeze had'clestro'Ved the binding substance?,

162 Conserving and Preserving Library-Materials

1 ,

Orr: We didn't start lb use Ibis until 1961 when we used it on our paperbackbooks. And, as everybody knows, the papersback was much smaller inforplat and the results were extremely good so we began to branch out intoother booksrand then into magazines. We didn't really start on magazinesuntil maybe the late sixties. The only thing I can tell you about a freeze inthe adhesive is that, when it is shippeciwe can't ship it in the winter. Wewon't take it in the wintertime. It has to be very carefully guarded and notallowed to freeze,

o. John Thompson (Billy Crahain Center Library, Wheaton College, Whea-,ton, Illinois): Most library bindings that I've been 'experienced with comeback in buckram. Recently our binder has started to supply us with asynthetic book cloth. I believe it's produced by 3M. I was .wondering -ifanyone is familiar with any tests performed on this.Orr: I have similar matena right here. It's a type twOmaterial. We've testedit in the Universal Book Te ter and the Only ihing that I can tellyou is thatthe results have been extremely favorable and haye compared equally wellto buckram. . , ,.,, , , ,

.

Henderson: On my office shelves, I have some samples of bOth this materialand buckram that have been through his book tester:If any of you want tosee them, you may do sO, They wear a little bit differently but they wearabout equally on either material.Anthony Arriodeo (Newberry Library, Chicago, Illinois): This is for Ms.Werling. We tried to do a project at the Newberry Library filming pre-1500manuscripts, and because of the tight bindings, we were restricted in thenumber that we were able to do. I'm wondering hoWyou handle bindingsthat area tight. Do you have a cradle pf some Sort that takes 90-degreeexposures, and if so, would your company be willing to rent it?Anita Werlirig (University Microfilms International): We do have a cradlecamera that was designed for the filming. of just the type of book that youdescribed. We do have a number of those holders. Certainly 'Abe happy totalk with you afterward about whether such arrangements could be made.But the camera bed itself is designed to hold the book at ari opening that isslightly greater than ninety degrees, and pivots the volume in such a waythat it is then raised up against a flat,giass plate and held there with justenough pressure to keep the page: flatakainst the glass sttrface. We used thispaftiCular camera very successfully in the filming of clime novels at theUniversity of Minnesota. And as many Of,:you are aware, the typicalcondition of dime nove4ollectioris, from the,186.0A,anct4 870s, is that thepaper Was very high' in ieicl: It was newsPrint, basically:- The materials arein most. cases, extremely tl, f you touch them to read them, you'Ve gotcnimbs all 'oker thesfloo ',,to; if ' pite siiqesSfullY with verylittle addmpnal';'damag i sa th t's an extreme case.

Role.of Commercial Services 163

Amodeo: You don't manufacture this yourself, though?Werling: We did manufacture it.ourselves, but we have made only two orthree beds for specific applications:- It may be possible toarrange for use ofthem elsewhere.

if 9

D.W. KRUMMELProfessor

Graduate Schoolof Library and Information ScienceUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Kepler and His Custody;Scholarship and Conservatioii

Poli

Johannes Kepler ends the preface to his Flarmonice mundi'of 1619 withthese sentiments: "The die is cast; my book is written, to be read either nowor posterity, I don't tare. It may wait a century fora reader, much' as Godhas waited six thousand years for an audience."' This moving statement of

th epitomizes the conservator's cause before the world of scholarship. ItsSentiments are worth remembering; for if our libraries are to survive, theircause will need to be supported by the modem Keplers who usethem, andwho expect them to keep their work around for readers a century fromnow?

What really can be expected from our scholarly researchers, thousandsof them strong, spread across a Babel of disciplines and inqtliries aroundthe world, each of them preoccupied with the importance of their efforts

,and their centrality to learning and to the human condition? Theresearcher's first contribution is to the dialogueon policy; and it is_prob-lematical insofar as it is ideological and pelitigitl: The second involvespractices of handling library materials; and it is basicakly so self-obvious asto be insulting. The third involves the pro,spect of better control over accessand use; and it is painful to consider. All three involve commitments byscholars that are essential to the survival of our libraries; and each involvesdeeply felt attitudes, ingrained as part of the practice of their art, science, orcraft. The 1976 Association of Research Libraries (ARL) Detailed Specifi-cations are right in affirming "thefundamental requirement that preserva-tion...be seen as an inseparable part of the broader objective of extendingaccess to recorded information...."3 The problem is merely one of reconcil-ing diachronous access and synchronous access: in order for Kepler to,beaccessible tomorrow, what must we do, and ask readers to do, today? *,

165

168

166 Conserving and Presenting Library Materials

It should he obvious, at the ontset, that the aim of conservation is notto provide more materials for future generations to continue to conserve.Use of library materials has to he the aim: consulting, reading, experienc-ing and handling books. This fourth verb is the problem. Readers, nomatter how fastidious their habits! will inevitably weaken the physicalitem in the act of handling it. Our growing awareness of the implicationsof the fact has been overshadowed by the very'circumstance to which weattribute great libraries in our day, namely our pragmatic philoSophy oflibrary service. Serve our readers; the more ouYbooks are used, the better we'achieve,our objectives; and knowing what books are used, the more we candevote our attention to similar books so as to make our efforts and institu-tions the more useful; and the more we should concentrate our limitedfunds on immediate needs, such as will enhance this year's readership andnext year's appropriations: Work-for the definable objective, and, for therest, dream and pray. The prevalent philosophy of librarianship, howeverpraiseworthy in its own right, can obviously work against the objectives oflibrary conservation, and of Kepler's vision. The fact remains that evenKepler tells us that his book is waiting for a reader. Ranganathan had itright in his first law: books are for use, the only questions being when andhow.

When we get around to writing the history of the modem libraryconservation movement, two events will probably stand out. One was adisasternamely; the Flotence4Ood of 1966. The other was the recogni-tion of a handling problem, specifically, the discovery that the card catalogat the New York Public Library, as it was documenting the fact that a greatinstitution had fulfilled its mission gloriously, was also suggesting thatthe institution as Well as its catalog was working its way out of existence.The awareness of our handling problems goes back even further, of course,When William Blades included bigots, servants, and children among hisenemies of books,4' he did so in an "Upstairs-Downstairs" context thatalready suggests'Ihe recurring questions. of "elitism." Randolph Adams'saddition of librarians to the hit-list ,6 in retrospect, now seems intended for

. the purpose mostly of delivering a Calvinist sermon to the damned, therebylining up the service-minded library profession against the cause of rarebooks and, with Blades in mind, of conservation as well. The list ofenemies, of course, is much larger. The fullest catalog, totny knowledge, isone proposed some twenty-five, years ago by Robert Land, who sees it asranging "from religious zealots to unconscionable forgers, from brilliant

scholars'to ignorant housemaids, from collectors with delicate sensibilitiesto second-hand furniture dealers with indelicate sensibilities, from effi-tiency experts to inefficient file clerks, from royalty and the families of-Presidents to butchers, bakers, and candlestick makers, and from censors tograngerizers."6

169

Kepler and Ris Custody 167

The greatness of modern libraries has clearly been our reward for aprofound concerti for service to all of these; and toquestion its ideal wouldbe both impolitic and wrong. But some basic distinctions do need to bekept in mind. There is a mighty important difference, for instance,between the library that stocks paperbacks to be worn out and discarded,and the librarian who condones theft and mutilation on grounds that thebooks are "at least getting used." Failure to be sensitive to the differencemakes ours an uphill battle. Unless and until our cause can be understood,conservators will end up facing a mighty formidable, if fuzzy, array ofideological opponents. In that they may appearto withhold books from anenlightened populace, they line up against Thomas Jefferson, John StuartMill, and even Karl Marx. In their concern and affection for historicalmaterials, they find themselves attacked by the old guard of social Darwin-ism and the new elite of the "paperless society." Finally (the crowninginsult), to the heirs of Sigmund Freud', conservators will be seen as display-.ing psychopathological symptoms that will be labeled as "anal-retentive."

Under the circumstances, Kepler needs to come over to our side; weneed his help. God can take the longer view of human destiny; but ifKepler's book is to be around a hundred years from now, Kepler will haveto see himself not as part of the problem but as part of the solution. Back inthe 1780s, soon after modern copyright was first established and as itsimpact was just coming to be sorted out, William Blackstone made alandmark analogy: the rights of an'author to the rewards for personalcreative efforts need to be counterbalanced by the rights of society to accessto'those ideas. So today's access needs to be counterbalanced by the rights oftomorrow's researchers. In devising our programs we need Kepler's sup-port, and his insight as well. It may be impossible and even dangerous topresume who among today's Keplers will be rediscovered in, say, A.D. 2050,2250, and 2550; who will rediscover them; for what reasons; and with whateffects.' The best we can do is talk to the Keplers of today, and learn howthey are consulting the present record. There are, indeed, different kinds ofresearch use, determined in great part by our different kinds of scholars,and with different conceptions of library conservation appropriate toeach.Adapting another classic notion of Randolph Adams,8 for instance, wemight distinguish (I) general admirers from (2) readers interested mostly inthe intellectual content and (3) bibliographers working with the physicalitems.

With significantand inevitably, highly significantexceptions, the"high spots" in our collections are there mostly to be gazed at in theexhibition cases (or, as Adains grumbled, to be pawed over by the local Boy

170

itiH conserving and Preserving Library Materials

Scouts). When last, as library administrators have been heard to muse, didan yone.sit down and actually read a Shakesiware folio? Some lx-mks are likereligious relics in a baroque monastery, more the tlerum corpus than thesanctus spiritus of our civilization; and. for much of the public' we serve, theact of worship is of profound significance. This situation will be particu-larly maddening to the zealous ascetics among us who come to be narrowlypreoccupied with the intellectual content of our collections.

Admittedly, even the robust hedonists among us still able to confessour love for books will be bothered to see, how conservation funds becomeavailable for the spectacular but unused treasure, rather than for the tiredbut loyal reference book. Faith, not necessarily supported by any question-ing spirit at all, has nourished and probably will continue to. nourish ourcollections and our conservation programs more than we care to admit.

In contrast, there is library use that is commonly seen as involving thetext exclusively: the ideaS arid, their incorporation into a verbal (ormathematical, or musical; in any event, a formal) message. When the textcan be shown' to be the only

asthat matters, the conservation options

are different, as cheap and as numerous as they are obvious. Convert toanother. .medium, be it film, reprints of widely consulted work, or digitalstorage; discard the original; and then worry about preserving the surro-gate medium. We have long done this with newspapers, and no doubt thepractice will come to beextended to more and more library materials.

Preservation of a sort can be accomplished through a transformationof the medium. In the history of civilization we have seen our intellectualdiasporas; and in folk legend we have heard about Tarnhelms in the serviceof Valhalla. (One hopes for happier outcome.) The very principle oftransformation of medium is profoundly disturbing insofar as it assumes anecessarily simplistic-answer to the question of what constitutes the textitself. What is "original evidence"? The text, for instance, consists of bothsymbols and contexts. The latter must not be forgotten now if use ofdocuments rather than mere preservation is the ultimate goal. Reading theNew York Times on a rush-hoursubWay is simply not the same as readingit in front of a microfilm reader. (Part of the difference, as others haveobserved, is that you can't wrap fish in a microfilm.) Abrams art bookssimply do not look the same on coated paper and on screen projections.The images do not read in the same way: the very content is different, in

. ways that make the word aesthetic at once highly appropriate, much toobroad, and very fuzzy.9 Scholars working on the 1930s can gather some very,meaningful impressions by comparing English paper and presswork withtheir German counterparts; but detailing the exact differences confoundsthe imagination. Even so, more library materials will surely'neetko beconverted to nonprint media, and even conceived in terms of these media..

71

keider anti 1 lir (:utiotiv 169

At this point, we must introduce our third group of readers, whoseconcern is not the life-blood of a master spirit but a collection of pieces ofpaper with printing on thein."1° Our bibliographers will clearly wider-stand the Platonic distinction between the physical and the intellectualbook.11 They might then also appear to be the conservator's true soulmates. Alas, not necessarily so, Eventually they usually will want to diginto the gutters and bend hack the headcaps in search of a cancel stub, orperform irreparable minor surgery with a penknife or even ; II-pointpen. They have been known to danglelarge folios by a single as theyhold the sheet up to the light in search for the chain lines or watermark.And asked what to do with a book that is falling apart, they will considerand.reply, "nothing at all." MeanWhile, our crystal balls threaten us withthe prospect that these readers will consist of more and more of our visitors.The reasoning behind such a prospect, admittedly, is probably too obviousto be trustworthy. Even so, the justification of our conservation efforts forbibliographical study is a particularly compelling one, especially insofaras our bibliographers serve to epitomize the scrupulous scholar's passion-ate search for and commitment to what lawyers call "best evidence."

Familiarity With the practices and intentions in creating library mate-rials should qualify our bibliographers to help us in addressing the.ques-non of context just mentioned. The thought of playing God, consigningsome originals to oblivion but not others, is acceptable and flatteringenough for any scholar; but finding authoritative grounds on which to doso is another. matter. What exactly is there about reading John Dryden inan original folio that is different from reading him in a new paperback? Toturn to timely examples, should any library really wish to bind the latestcopies of Harper's, or the Times Literary Supplement, or AB/ Bookman'sWeekly or even College dr Research Libraries (let alone CRL News)?Specificially, is there really enoughor anythinglost in contentthrough consulting a film or photocopy, so as to justify thp expense inbinding and maintaining the originals? The bibliographer might perhapsbe excused for begging off the decision on whether Playboy demands colorfilm rather than black-and-white; but for expertise Ised on the practices ofprinting, the aesthetics of the graphic arts, and the likely dangers of "bestevidence" being lost, the bibliographer is very much needed.

Ultimately, however, each of our three "special interest lobbies" has tobe seen as contributing pail; but not all, of the solution to our problems.Admittedly, the reasoning for this pluralism may riot look all that good:Our best defense is to confuse the issue through the bold, romantic plea that"the medium is the message." We must fall back on that sentimental andlibertarian notion of the "unity of learning." In specific instances, one ofour three prototypical readers may emergeas the likely objective in guid-

172

170 Convoying Prooving tibrory laterifitt.

ing .t conservation decision; hot for conservation policy in geneta I, allduce must be reCogniied.

No less problematiconeanw !tile, is the question of who we talk totsthe tepresentative of our readership. The topic is filled with ironies. Forinstance, in an age of specialisation, the. mom eminent the scholars, thesame limited their ixsitective and the more unteasonable their detnandsare likely,to. be. Given au opportunity to help, they will typically deviseexciting, new, and very. expensive "'State-of-the-art" models rather thanaddress present predicaments. The doctoral students who rewrite theirprofessors' dissertations are no great problem. Those who rewrite historyand who realign our disciplines are themes who ruin our programs, lousetip our classification schemes, and prove to us that we have been preservingthe wrong materials.

But can we expect much more by turning to that fashionable world oflibrary user studies? The consensus to diite, naturally, suggests that morework needs to be done." And the notion of dynamic scholarship by its verystature implies that today's findings may be inappropriate tomorrow. Evenso, a gOod deal nftlamage has already been done. The simplistic patternshave so far suggested that new books are consulted more often than olderones, and thus that books are most likely to be consulted within. the firstfew years after their appearance. Besides infuriating our historians, theimmediate implications have naturally been to work against the cause ofconservation in general: why preserve what so few will ever use? Moreprecisely, the enlightened but politically sensitive administrator will inev-itably ask why so much of a budget should be given over to materials thatstand the lesser chance of being consulted.

The standard advice for librarians, however, has long been to go tothose who have most benefited from the collection for advice and. support.The instincts of a seasoned scholarpreferably, of course, one of wideexperience and long involvementare likely to be able to tell us whetherthe new bibliography will allow us to discard the superseded one, or retireit to the stacks, or restore it to stand next to the new one on the referenceshelf, or refurbish it for the rare book room. Our user studies mostly are stilltoo stochastic to tell us even whether our Kepler editions are being used bystudents or professors who are unable to get theircall numbers right, or by.admirers on their pilgrimages, or by students.needing simply to verify.citations, or by astronomers about to discOver a relationship that has beenneglected for 350 years. 41

. Related to these aspects of our dialogue with scholars, of course, is thesheer burgeoning complexity of learning today. The one big feudingfamily may be what keeps the library fairly neutral and honest; it is also thesource of the best advice and the worst advice we will ever get. Theconservation dialogue is comparable in some ways to the acquisitions

173

Arrie 11/I ti nut 171

dialogue. The point is tvoit11 snaking, although the ale some baskdifflenceS, the obvious one being a wmpat ison of Ihe fifireltil Mid thenitietectith-century historian, In acquisitions, we (1111 usually dismiss thefowler with travel money while we build a collection 101 the latter;( ousel vation, an the other hand, we ( :1n usually. take the hauler quiteseriously in ilisunicelli for working on our local holdings, whereas lot theniucteenth-centtity specialist we need tor mumble assinatu es about massdeacidification being just around the cower. Btu ptitsuing this matter inany puxhictive detail would quickly get into deep waters of another kind;let us instead briefly turn to a second major topic, the question of gettingOur Keglers to handle inattjals proiwi ly.

"Ill' basic problem is that proper handling is so much a matter of merethoughtfulness. Outright malice does indeed take placescribbling, arti-cles Fanned from a periodical, defacement. Mark Twain once announced

Alis preferences for a thin book because it would steady a table, a leathervolume because it would strop a razor, and a heavy book because it could bethrown at a cat;13 and as we chuckle, perhaps we should makesure that hisbooks be kept in an area apart from that keeping our Keplers. 111 fact,thoughtless mistreatment is much more common than mischievous. And itis most likely to occur in the moment of use, which is a 1st) likely to be themoment of discovery. The flash of insight too easily blinds the reader tothat essential quality of content and form, of intellectual book and physi-cal hook. It probably follows that the more inspired the reader, the greaterthe danger.

The ensuing mischief, unfortunately, is also likely to resemble thegreat moments of Harold Lloyd, Buster Keaton, or Laurel and Hardy. Thekey ingredient is preoccupation. And no rational instruction or admoni-tion can anticipate its forms, except to' bserve after the event that theworthiest of intentions are customarily undermined by gloriousspectaclesof human fallibility. For this reason, as others have remarked, the Univer-sal Book,Tester may fail us- for being too rational.

The cause is almost always undermined by an honest and directappeal to reason. This very point, I sense, was well recognized in thatadmirable slide show developed by the Yale 'conservation program last

ring. Some of its scenes are simply too delicious to be trueexcept thatve have all seen similar circumstances, and all too. often. One more of

Blades's enemies, alas, has to be identified under the heading of sheerslapstick.

Thus while we should defer to his great experience, it may be hard to,agree with Edwin Williams's recent lament that the mishandling of,books

174

1.1"11(1"71g111141 "1"1'1ng 4.1",41,V (11111r/11111

is increased through administrative patteuts icquil ing the senior stall todelegate the clayto-day work in the collections to less irspectfid juniors."It is %landau! C11(111(14" (Or ohiIIIVIS it) Ieglel publicly their inability ti.,,walk With the books any lungel; and bless them all lot expiessing theselegiets. In fact, handling is pioably best done by the most alo t and leastpreoccupied membis of the staff; inculcating respect is 111110 II of theproblem, As (or the Mull y leadershipmiassprinted insti uctional 'ilium!.ers, as laid :11 IkMible---SII( h as are found at the leader's desk in III:601'ISeart II 10ff:tines, but win( II might also be insci tad today at a cite Illation

Aleskale probably well worth the Moil."'Digressing how the topic for the moment, let me propose that thew is

one simple ,esolve among all others that needs to be forced through, withas much noise, solidarity, and urgency as possible. Too much of ourphotocopying equipment calls for the most unnatural act that a book canbe subjected to. Flipping a book over facedown on a copying plate tooclearly shows an utter disregard for the physical construction on coulsandcovers, all the more so in that it requirs lifting off, turning right-side tip,and then flipping over for each page-turn. The only possible benefit couldbe an exposure of the basic danger in oversewing, admittedly: but this priceis much too high to pay. Much like the Luddites 150 years ago who brokeup the locims in the English Midlands, so perhaps we need our sledge-hammerwielding Xerites (or Savits) todaydie "Carrie Nations ofConservation" brigade, perhapsat least until such times as the ALA,SLA, ARL, and NCLIS can demand copying machines that photographfrom above, in the-manner of a hospital X-ray. Such observations are notmeant to disparage the photocopy as an aid to scholarship. On the con.

N)trary, the camera has been a vast and unsung bene 't to learning, savingtime, insuring an accurate transcript of 'a text, and nakingdpossible thecomparison of distant copies side fry side. Along the way it has no doubtsaved wear and tear on books as well. Rather, the price we have been payingis too high insofar as it was, and really-continues to be, so unnecessarilydestructive.

The third contribution Kepler can make to his cause would appear tobe the most painful and counterproductive of all: the library can be usedunder diminished and restricted circ6mstances. The mere suggestion has,of course, more than once evoked a classic response: fire the librarian! Thetopic is one that still needs to be addressed. Selling it to our researchersineffect, asking them (as B.F. Skinner might have it) to forgo their freedomand dignitycould be less of a problem than determining what exactlythey might appropriately be asked to forgo.

175

Indeed, dully is a widetange a,f wet rolems involving trader, wot kiltsmulct t tunsianors mow irsuictrol than v.,e grnrially lutow cooky. Theidea au Iduaties should ptovidr 1014 11(111.1611g Mlirt (lints itt.ell, in fatis u101th .1 1)14)d114 t of the rightrentht runny Enlightromem, Eseniluough the uturteentlet minty, gleat "trfercut e" !dual irs ontintled loberaablidird, this 'mu net ill tollitadisllnt (ion t1ie "t, in taming"ogle( tionsl. Among leseau h lihunirs ul 1' Mope toklay, the so 4 allcd

Pr;izentbibliothek is the ode mole than the exoeptiou."Sll 1.11(ions mei yr'415, Mid the Ifirsstilt th atti.te icadrtship, 'Loxinevitably irlided to relax our poll( les, Fhis librialitation 104)k Pl." C. 01ourse, iil !how innot cm days below out t wisely:knot' piedit aturnt was

evco lei ognized.The inc onscnirnce of trading ou thr !itmises as lippOwil (4) Liking

the IHX)IsS to the study or home is in many ways analogous to taking thehoubie to go ioa play 01 one ell instead of watt him.; the play on television,of hearing; the' music at home. Thosr who go to) the ffoit sweat by thenplacticcs to) the point of exhilaration if not of boirdom: our sees. Irams,understands mole les.consulting lxiok ire i IS pl-OpVtlibtaly context, even ifit means, along; the way, eating Get man food or arguing with Pal ismerchants or toping with Italian plumbing or freezing ill February in thefloclIian. Furthermore, at the library one meets kindred spit itS, becomespart of the gossip uncles, and is stimulated to exploit unsuspected fields.

Dc) readers actually learn mote from reading under lestricted condi-tions? And are noncirculating copies wally likely to be handled any betterthan t irculating ones? Both ideas seem plausible: but testing either woiddbe quite impossible. U'lat is almost certain is that lest' ictivc policies thatare conspicuously wise are also impossible.l'he best of intentions usuallyproduces another fine range of ironies, conundrirms. anomalies: Catch-22s, exposed flanks, and vicious circles. Calling on our Keplcrs for help insetting; up intelligent programs, and asking their indulgence in forgoingaccessthese are likely to Ix' lesser problems than those we will face later,''on as we ask them for help and.sympa thy when things go wrong: Lermeidentify some of the likely problems that will arise.

4First, what should be restricted? The decision has actually already

been addressed fairly extensively and quite intelligently. Curiously, thebasic criteria for "what makes a rare book" identify the targets for conserva-

,tion, but for somewhat different and strange:reasons. Scarcity, for instance,justifies attention in that it reminds us of our precarious tics with the past;the dealer's market value rises with'a conservator's anxiety. As for marketvalue, it offers conservators their most convincing cases in arguing withbusiness-minded administratorS Date of publication can als handyexpedient insofar as it enables. us to' devote attention first to it .osc easyproblems from the age of handmade paper, deferring to later the acid

176

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plstviti) book j.tt ketstjaliti lot ollet tiogothet than first etlitions.'") SotVisions ate what keep ow tescatt It libtal tans ill ,1,11 11 .Is()mimic to st !amble lot the (1(5 11111(111 they pist thiew away.:n

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'often have been ()versos:1r If any one area needsattention mote than otherin the stacks, this is probably the one..

In discussing spectfic trials, that flamboyant notion of an "entlangerd titles list"22 may yet be worth u holatly (onsideraticin. The ptoblettlies not with the sentiment behind the ecological anatogy but with till

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A V

. .Conserving and,Preserving Library Materials,

, eictravgant, and,the poise level high, andthe changing need's of readelfortYping, spreading ut papers; storing many books, conversation,.n, k

,

c.i telePhOrie-:liad0 rhCcomodated. Meanwhile, our instincts for control,' :;,4q!through 'ClOSedrciieui t,06iision 4film ale :with our faith;in.ciVil lilierif4, ,,-';',..

. . . . , ,

. (I could accept the former; many of My, more'ConseryatiVec 'leagues cotild ''not Do 'we , really""want all isof.:,our.lceplers: aroun and

rAtO.r.''',4'circutristanceg,--furtfid remembering their propensities ford Mrkt gib%,i,. ,

.,:-!, :tom..staff with idle di.and endless coMPlaints? Furthermore, in ti q..do

Keplers have More than'bnce ended tip thinking therovitie, placeOne senSible-Sountling'alterna(ive m'Sy be seen, mostly -in EurO' an ,., .,

libraries,. One isexpec,etl to !.ise a PhotocoWirst, turning to an prig 41only as a "lag resort.'?-:Thepitact.ceis besetwefallacies, the-one al sl '$''bin not quite facetious, the other ery real: On the facetious side: ho4.can . 1one :expect to see .anYthing 'at all ',after one has been blinded by baffir ,:.

designed microiZrm reading equipment? More real what can one expeOtO :,.,,find in thephotocopy if one is n4alerted by idiosyncrasies not picked tip .

N:

frOm the original? ;`Occasionally a....,very well 'done:photofacsimile 11,

suggest differences in' paper such -as mighr point TO different prin onitinditions. But the,retently!-Mturned holOgraph music manuscriptglinfast Berlin clearly show 'different...darkness in theink on various pa es,6dist inginshing composers' firsttheitights from their afte Oughts, su_ ..were not noticeable orr the lUxii i 'Us facsimiles prepare before the:'As for the lahoratory docunyen oft in :a scientific expef ent, it is well to

-remernber-diat7falsificatiOn witli,,aderaser will ,hardlY vertle deteeth...'"and itAA-provabie,bn a Pho toCopy.2;5 A scholar need begt evidence, 'i..

.:., forall their great afid'inonumenta...a, ntages the pro..,_ern withiphotoco41,..,,,I di., h : tooe$:orany,,kind is that you can't tell.whatiyou'can't tell. Thep4obleirii.gnot4,one of..graPhiC regolUtiqn, of definitiOP-being logt; fa ther; Wha t'igeilith ' '!''ultimate theevidenee itself. On inuclrPnblishOrriatte -; '....there'is;likely tO'be., no ,prOblem; -6 ther.ithan the fundamental problem 4.

,, wh6njo:knOW that you inay.,haie a; problem. . . ; ". ,, :-- ,,,:z.-..-,,

-OPe:Sie,P:b0Ontj the lihrary-baCkUp to phOtoccipc,Osiiliati6d, inWhiChone.haifinal'reCourse to the oiiginal, &the library setiipe'*cltisiV'ely.::,for pfeserVhdiiiii,''adesSibleonly through, photocopies. This is ib library

.

Gordon;,.

se t..:Up by G Williams at the NOrtir Pole -an A Moved by E inzl,Williams to the Greenland icecap r.ByWaYoteOntri ting tohispa u-

.3.7-

' , lar dialogue;:let me.introduce the PciSsibilitYOf:refriterated,bdolcinobiles,.,. traveling through our Western, stafes; dtsguiSed;aslPorthble. silos. Besides

confusing. the li.usSians, Such a plan WOUld:stiMitlate :the kational eon-omy (esciecially the manufa.cturers of. refrigerated Bookmobiles), arittl it Vwould make library statistics in theSeStateSall 'die:0'0re impressive.' More

c'serioUsly, we do h an interesting, niodel far reStriCted, access an 'the' National Register of microform Masters: -A4Eitd'in tieintrOdUCtion to

Kepler and His Custody

Aga

the voluMes of the Register, the principle'is that"no film is listed...which,to the kirliiedge the editors, is.available for patiOns or clients of an 'institutioi( use as'a reading' copy." The priticiplis;ivell delimited, even

.hr enforCemegt is less than trustworthy; and above all, the appropriate-s part of the overall, plan for conserving library materials, while very

.11, ,is still ieconary.k7'

O.

In 1749 Lordhesterfield'announced to his son: "Due attention to theinside of book&,,,and due contempt for the outside, is the proper relationbetween a man of sense and his books."27 His sentiments, miguided as theyare, do hold wide favor in our scholarly communities, even in our owncommunity of librarianship as well. At times, considering the vastness andthe complexity of the problem, we can understandably sympathize. But fol.better or worse, the classic distinction between physical form and intellec-tual content will not go away. No matter how illustrioUs or preoccupiedthe scholar, the medium is necessary, with all of its limitations and peat=liarities. Our sch6lars' access is through that medium. And their rights toaccess extend into the futUre as much as they exist today. If their owncontributions are to be available a hundred years hence, they must be askedto be sensitive to the problem, and sympathetic to the need for policy and to.the inevitable shortcomings of our programs., Kepler could be part of thatscientific tradition that plotted and thus predicted the courses of thc'planets. The course of the use of books and libraries through history, onthe other hand, if it will or should ever be predictableat all is a matter to beunderstood sortie distance in the futhre. Conservation and civilization haveto depend .on one anotiter.

NOTES

I. See Kepler. Johannes. "Prooemiurn." In Gesarrimelte Werke, edited by Max von I

Caspar, lines 181.84. Munich: C.H. Beck, 1940. (Si ignoscitis,.gaudebo; si Succensetis, feram;jacio en aleam-, scribo, seu praesentibus, seu posteris legendum, nihil interest:expectet ilk suuni; lectorem per annos centum; si Deus ipse per annorian milliacontemplatoiem praestoaius est.)

2. In this discussion it ,can rather simplistically be assumed that (a) any reader who .

reads a lot is a scholai;0) any scholar who stops reading a Jot is no longer a scholar, and(c) any further attempt at di f ferentia tion'would belaresumptuous,On such naive and hopeful

,..assumptions the work of the conservaVffinecessarily. must be billed, Thii approach wouldnot Of course be akijaropriate tOrnazilspOr arscUisionsag,the VIT4aily use of libraries.

Warren J. 'Ant hor's,AbSeact :7` In PoPar rrofpetailed Specificationi for a",NiitiOnd System for the,-.Preserfati6a of LibraryMaterials;colYpiled by,the Assotiation of"

. 'ReSeaTch Libraries, p. D.C.: HEW; 19/6.4. Blades, Erieraiiof BoOks. LiandOn: ElliOt Stock, 1888..

Conserving arid:Preserving Library Materials

5. 'Maros, Randolph G. "Librarians as Enemies of Books." Library Quarterly 7(July1937):31731.

6. Land, Robert I I. "Defense of Archives AgaipSt !Inman Foes." American Archivist19(1966):122.

7. I say this in respectfuldeference, of course, to Isaac Asimov's "Foundation andFinpire" books .

. 8. !must confess to having failed to find the best source. Adams's general idea is that hereally needed three aipies'of a given rare. book (sometimes specified as the Nurembergchronicle): one for readers to read, one for exhibition (or, as sometimes cited, for the local BoyScout,1 to examine), and. One to be preserved foru posterity, Other classic differentiationsbetween the' kinds of reading would probably be.fro less usefully applied to the ma tter nfconservation, i.e., Coleridges's sponges, sand-glasses, train-bags, and mogul diamondsi)Rithard I leber's show;"Use;and borrowing (perhaps Adams's model); Sir John Denham's

isclinn, piety, delight, and use; and aboVe all Bacon's ants, spidirs$nd bees analogy, also theessay. on,studies. "..

9. AMong the few svtitings on the subject, see Jackson, William A. "Some Limitationson Microfilm." Papers of the BibliOgraphical Society of America 35(1941):282-88; and Cum-mings, Lawrence A. "Pitfalls of Photocopy Research." Bulletin of the New York Public'Li 65(1960:97-101.

;Wilson, F.P, "Shakespeare and the New bibliography.'" In The BibliographicalSociety,"1892-1942: StWdies, in Retrospect. London: The Bibliographical Society, 1945, p.95..

The distinctigi is well diveloped in Tanselle, G. Thomas. "Bibliographers and theti..,i1Ary." Library Trinds 25(011 1977):745-62. See also, Brynolfson, Gaylord. "Book as

P.Ntiliji,c,i." In Preservation, of .Elbfary Mat,erials, edited by Joyce R, Russell, 'pp. New .Special Libraries Assoct;ition, 1986. II

12, The literature has been well surveyed recently in Gapen, e , and Milner, SigridP.: "Obsolescence." Library Trends 10(SUmmer 1981):107, -24. ..

,., 13. Quoted in Starrett, Vincent. ' "High Spots' and Other Mysteries." in his Bookikive,p. 348, New York: Random House, 1940.o Other relevant impressions are suggested in

'es' 13amberger, Fritz. BciOks are the Best ,Things: An Anthology from Old Hebrew Writings.".!? ;Philadelphia: Maurice Jacobs, 1962;p: '14. ("A teacher should not Strike his pupil with a

book, and the student should,not ward off a blOW with a book....Do not use:a book to protectYourself against sun or snicike.%Do not keep books together with food lest mice be lured by thefoOd to nibblelat the books. If a bobkdoes not close easily, do not force it together with yourknees.")c... .

,

th 14 Quoted in LI Hotline 10(23 Oct. 1981):1.'15. Collections, and ,analysis of the handling statements distributed by libraries to their

readers coulcrbe a very, useftit*Ifort. Notable among these is the one used in the North Library.at the British Library (copies of'which were kindly supPlied by Mr. David Paisey). SOme .statements involve particular library sittings ("Do not put books on the floor',!), but otherswould seem to be more wideINPplicable ("Do not lean on books while reading," or."Dg hot

:write on paper resting on a book, open or closede all, the,tone of Nicolas Bar r's.

statement strikes a happy balance between talking doWn`andtalking up to the readers. r an

'1, alternative that captures. the element of slapstick, see the 24-.page pamphlet prepared by thePublic Archives of Canada in 1977, entitled; A Guide to the Preservation of ArChival Mate-Tiqls. Bibliographic instruction, meanwhile, should not be overlooked as a forum for intro-

`,chcing to readers the concern for proper handling. .. .

16. The basic points are well explored in Press, Richard. L., "The Non-Circulating. Academic; Research Library: A Paradigm for Change." LibrciryiJoUrn'a/ 98(1973)2821-23.

,,.. 17. Banks, Paul N. "Some. Problems in Book ConSeryarinutLiltrary7Resources & '

° Technical Services 12(1968):332ff. ,.-

18. phrased and summarized in LJHotline 10(260c,w19311):119'. nselle, G. Tholhas. "Book-Jaekets, Blurbs, and BibliCOpber0'.TheLibrary, 5th

'series, 26 1970:91-134. - . =;4, ,,, ..,'. ..

20. "Non-Firsts." In Collectible Books: Sonie New-Paths, edited by Jean.

Peters, pp. 1-31. New York: Bowker, 1979.

Kepler and His Cuslndy, 1r 179

21,, Under the circumstances, pal tindarly relevant, to this discussion is Asheim, Lester."Not Cett;orship but 'Selection." Wilson Library .Bulletin 53( 1953):63-67.

22, The bask' statement, to my knowledge, is the -brief prest' ltation in,. the Second-isitagra ph under the rubric 1.'1.2.1 in Association of Research Libraries. Preparation uJDetailed Specifications for a National System for the Pres/71, toll o/' Materials,Washington, D.C.: IIEW: 1276, p. 20. ay

23. Stank, Taylor. "The Fate of Old Low German Printings: ,Preliniinlr V Report.' InHumaniorn; Essays in Literattoe, Folklore, Bibliography Honoring Archer Taylor.:',. LocustValley, .N.Y.: J.J. Augustin, 1960, pp, 69.77,

2.1. The legend, whether in fact true or not, is described, for htstance: in Braden, OtarlesS. Christian Science Today. Dallas: Sotithern Methodist. University Press, 1969, lip. 187.89.

25. Scientific experi Men ts, to be accepted by the scientific conniitmity, must be-replicable; but meanwhile, the precise evidence on which the inferences Were based, or eventhe exact conditions necessary for the replication cannot always he uncontrovertibly specifiedin the published description. It is not always so much,that.the limitations of the publication-format will exclude the detailed peripheral information that spetifieS eicaCtly what evidencewas recorded and what delimitations were accepted; 6in rather that the delimitations aretheMselves likely to Ix the subject of subsequent concern. Aichivar pre'servatk.in of raw dataand other primary records is likely to be ultimately crucial, tomrnc'nsurateof course with the,protection of such confidence as may be appropriate in:IWOrk with, huinan subjects. Theimportance. of primary evidence should haunt the re, der, of Such rpajoriwritings on scientific,,.frauds as Zuckerman, Harriet. "Deyiant Behavior an Soeia,lcpp trotioScithce." In Deviance,and .Social Change, edited by 'Edward Sagarin,' pp, 8 -138. Beverly:!;lills, Calif. and Landcai,,;('.Sage Public;nions, .1977: also for some of the discusiions,01 specific tnslances, sic Willgatt'lieter. "Integrity in Social Sciencethe Upshot of .1.4ndal,''.',Inicriicilioria I Socia 't,Sc'eescO.,...Journal 29(1977 ):333-36; or Hunt, Morton. "A: Fraud that Shot* the'World of Scicotice.'',York Tinies Magazine, I Nov. 1981, pp. 42-75 pais1irri,. In this fielay:the wor154,-ilte Joint: ;.7,Committee on the Archives of Science and TechnOlogySinVolving the SocietyVAMericAre7iArchivists, the History of Science SoCiety, the SoCietYfor theHistgry.of Techrio*-aiiclAssociation of Records Managers and Administrate:ors) is particularly iniport.tnt; uI.a key- A

documentis their "Preinilinary Report" on 'Thenikurientritio0 ofScieriCearid.1744ology.in America:- Needs and Opportunities, May.1980; see espeCiAlly japi 19-21. 'iin.:ityipormtn.related perspective is provided in Lick; David .",erhital Datk`-for Crttj(?al Need's."Scien'a 212(19 June 1980:134349: '" a

26. .Williams; Edwin E. "Deterioratnin of Libraxy.'ciAletions)Toclaf.:'...Library.Quarterly 40(197416.

27. Lord' chesterfield to his son, ktter,174;10 Jarir1749;as quon,'d pi his Works. New..York: Harper, 1855, 'p. 239. ..a b-5, , ..

(14

.A"

. E. 1)ALE4CLUFFDirector .of Library.Services

,,Morris LibrarySotidirrhillinois University at Carbondale

IA C.4

The ,Role and' Responsibilityof the Library in

Preservation and Conservation

INTRODUCTION

This institute has been a fine learning experience for me: It has offered avaluable mix of preservation topics. It is an important link in the chain ofrelatively recent meetings about a subject receiving increasing attention.Admittedly, Ito prograin can expect 4o beall,things to all people, but thisone has offered much to many. In two,.aild.a half days we have brieflydipped into the past, spent considerable'tnne on the present and tried tofocus on .the future. Many questions have been asked, some have beenanswered and some directions have been established: It is to be hoped that;each person.will:leave this institute with some valuable formation, agreater awaren e magnitude of 'the problem; a ren'ewe determina-tion to find an to hiilher library's preservation needs,tor. at, leastdesire to'contrib teAo the resolution of the, problem's still fading us in thismultifaceted and Challenging

Those preceding me have shared valuable insights into this complexand important matter:These insights come' rrOni pro leers as' well as fromrecent entrants in the field. Preservation of library inateriqs literature datesback several years but beComes substantial during the 1970s and is prolifer-ating now. ,The field is so new that termino180 is still being defined, aphilosophy is still emerging, a rationale is still developing, approachei<arestill being sought; and library administrators ate still seeking waykto fundlibrary preservation programs. In fact, this library adininistrator is .stillwondering why he was even invited to participate in this program withsuch notables. Perhaps my contribution stems, from experience in research'libraOes generally, and from almost two .years of involvement with a

181

183

1824

Conserving and Pre.serving /,ihrary Ahnernils,

.1

rapidly developinfeconservation program at Southern Illinois Universityat Gulxnalale (SItiC) specifically, neither of which qualifies me as anexpert no matter how you define the word. However, with excellent helpfrom some of those who have spoken earlier and from my own.conse rya-tion colleagues, especially Carolyn Morrow, I shall launch into what I seeas , the role and responsibility of the library in preservation ;aidconservation.

While reading a 1977 article by Terry Belanger,a who is involved inconservation from a rare books point of view, I was struck by the questionhe 'seemed tabs "Why do we acquirefor our libraries that few whicifwe cannot care?" A simple question, but one for which there is uo simpleanswer. On the one hand, we,weakly argue that we don't intend to keep forlong periods of time much of what is acquired for our Jibraries. On theother hand, we.boast.thatwEaCquire'research materials to support long-stimiling academic programs knowing that they will exist for many years.We proudly point out that we acquire materials for new and developingfields of knowledge. No matter how you look, at it, we are building librarycollections for the future. Though we discard some material along the way,we purposefully keep, for as long as possible, dig majority of our materialbecause it contains information which supports the research and curricu-lar needs of our institution. .

We spend thousands of dollars to install, security systems and paypeople to sit at library exits to "insure" that materials are properly chargedso they will be returned for future use. We also identify- many of ourresources as noncirculating becin.ze of their value. Now the obviousparadox: we acquire for the funik and build in elaborate and-extremelyexpensive tracking (circulation control) and security systems, yet paylittle'.4attention to the quality of the vehicle in which thci i formation is carried(paper, filin, etc.), the manner in which it is hangin which it is stored. We will subject the infohumidity, light, temperature and pollutant 15yrough handling by unconcerned or untrainetlcould double as trash compactors; stressful sheronments vulnerable to water, fire, insect, and rherisive library preservation program would adwell as disaster preparedness and appropriate binding, repair, and restora-tion' practices.

To do the job right would be too costly, right? I would argue,thavo dothe job poorly is even more costly. This statement may bean nVOsinittltfi-

; cation, but lees take a clor look. Basically, we have two charlen

.eittiyonment.11'7er toadverse

toiritturri§ ith04Ptp .

And envi-affiage,'.A compre.-

ress all ottheseissues as

first is how to cope, with ths, resources and facilities we presentlytstate it another way, howIto cure the ailments caused by so manmistakes. The second challenge ist6 insure that steps are taken io p

7184

,past.vent

firde and Responsibility o/ the !.ibrary 183

ti

the same mistakes from happening again. In other words, we ate faced withimpeding the deterioration of our present collections on one,hand andwith preventing deterioration of (unite collections on the other. The firstchallenge is probably the most expensive and overwhelming, Tile second

more iminageale. I dare say that every library could begin ttxla y, a t littleor no cost, to apply preventive measures which would save consideniblefuture "cure" money.

WHERE TO BEGIN:

begin with, before progress can be made, those who are responsible.fo the decision making and policy setting in the library must becomeaware of the need for a comprehensive cottservation program. Th is aware-ness is increasing in the profession as a result'of, the relatively °recentliterature bliti, programs such as this which have been held over the pastdecadethe emphasis placed on it in the 'American Library Association(ALA), the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) project, and manyother state and nationally funded activities.

Once administration is convinced of the need, the next -step is toestablish the need in the minds of library staff at all level Ro'bert I I.PatterSon suggests the use.of a well-chosen committee to insure it broad-h-tsed approach; I agree with Patterson that: .

_

iIt is vital that conservation be viewed from a tystems approach involvingthe 'entire library context in -which materials arc selected, processed,housed, tkilized., an cared for. To concentrate upon only one of thesedements is to lo sig t of many important factors in the life-cycle. ofmaterials and the ways in which they arc used.2

The committee approach has seveyal advantages. Patterson continues: .., .

if the.comti4ee. membership is broadly and thoughtfully constitutedif.'7conseilwitin ediication is disseminated widely through the library, intoa as w ere this heightened awareness is most useful and applicable.'I is iproach also insures a broad base ,support for conservationpr ams. creating a general interest rather than a narrow-based tonceincoming from only one department or division. It.is important...that allareas within the library with real' r potential conservation responsibili

' ties be involved in the committee.3

It is so'important to have brOadstaff interest and support early on that .

I'd like.tO spend a few If:foments Odthis:Preservation and conservation aregenerally viewed by staff as costly add -ons to existing demands on theirtime and budget, instead, of as valuable prsses which, if interspersedthrough all aspecis of then-jobs, willresult itVbetter service to the libraryuser as well as in dollar savings: Like most changes,. if conservation and

185-

IHI (:nnierning and Prewryin1'1,ibrary Materiali

preservation are viewed as being imposed front the top or as being theconcern of Only a small number Mille organization, the plogram is in fafficocky future. Conversely, problems will appear if the 'mewl vation ncigiant is tom heavily dependent upon committee, efforts, Strong supportflow the (Op is 4IS needed for a successful preservation program,

To stlike a balance, then, between a top- and grassroots-implementedprogram is the goal. This balance will insnte strong support and commitment at all levels for the program. I ,eadership at the top is needed to train,direct, listen, design, set resource support parameters and evaluate, whilestaff is needed to engender enthusiasm, carry out the plans, give initialfeedback, educate the library user, and make program modifica non sugges-tions. A program, espc lolly a new one, will function much more smoothlyand will have a greater chance of success if this kind of teamworli is evident.

I.et me. illustrate, A smoothly functioning organization might bevisualized as a sphere rolling along at a comfortable pace. All parts of theorgani zat in are in terac ling' with a single purpose.Then one day, someone'suggests an idea which necessitates change in the orpnization. lidschange causes-stress becatise it requires adjustments in scheduleS, reloca-tion of parts Of the'orkailization, additional training, and changes inthought patterns, routines, and working partners. Altre change (in thiscase, the addition of a coil program) requires additional funds,people, supplies, andequipinent, or a reallocation of such. The stressbecomes more.seVerein those parts of the organization from which eesour-ces are beingsrpho.m4At.s2, thrs Siphoning occurs, stress increases and theorganization. takes on the.sh:.rpeof a sphere with a bulge on its surface. The

, ,. ...bulge represents the part of the organization into which the dollar andhuman resources, including considerable human energies. are beingdirectecl.We all know how difficult it is to handle a ball c();-taining abulge.' This is the peridd 'n the life of the organization whit h is most

Hole (grid lie,pomibililv o/ the lihnuy IR r)

crucial, The goal is to round out the sphere and to get all ',Ails of theorganization teadjusted and working smoothly together again. This can bedone mote quickly when litcleiship and stall ate together at the genesis ofthe th.mge. When they ate together, sties% is minimal, Resistant e to thechange low, commitment high, and the progtant successful, The organiza-tional spittle adjusts, the bulge deflates and it is tolling smoothly on «.again. An mg:wiz:Mop, like a human body, has a way or either sewing orincorporating an appendage, If the'appendage (bulge) is seen as unneces-sary, it is rejected, (zmvrsly, if the appendage is seen as helpful, it will beaccepted and willingly incorporated. A comprehensive preservation pro-gram, if handled well, will be accepted by most staff and become not only avaluabl, but essential, pail of the operation of the library.

I.ces return to the topic of where to begin. One a committee has beenselected, the next task is to assess the conservation needs in sonic detail.Some outside 'help may be necessary at this stage unless the organizationpresently hat a knowledgeable i)erson in this area. This process is the .

critical one. This is the svageat which broad understanding and realizationthroughout the organization is necessary. The more people involved inidentifying and agreeing upon the needs at the outset, the more coopera-tion will be realized at time of implementation. During the needs assess-.nwnt time, the following will be evaluated:

I. the physical plant in which the materials arc stored, inchiding lights,temperature, humidity, cleanliness ;` filtration systems, potential water

/leakage and fire hazards, and,htnichng-.Security;

.-

2. the manner Which bookfare preOittlyltandled,ineluding number-

paesked rdie Shelf, how they are placed-PWitTie'slaelt;;manner in whichthey air,bOund, style of book returns and drop boxes, manner in whichbooks are handled during photocopying of pages, how books aretransported, adequate shelf size for varying book sizes, manner in whichmaicrials are packed for shipping and mailing, and even what types ofmateril Is are bestsuited for circulating as against those which ought not'%,;circnlatc,

3. the itysicAlrsOndition of the books presently on the library shelves,paying pattiat)ar attention to dirt, brittleness, disrepair, evidence offungal growth, insect or rodent damage; fading, etc-

After the needs have been firmly established, pyioritieshlust be set:The needs assessment study will likely leave the staff feelingoverWhelmed.The universe must how be brokeqin to manageable units and then placedin order of approach. Unfortunately, item reeding the most attention maynot be affordable for some.time. List them, however, and see that they beginto appear in futureplanningstatementS. I speak of items such as changing

IHti Cumming unit Prrirrvirig tibrary AInterialv

die rinitoomnt in the building, sei ming the building, di:wiling ormodifying lighting systems, aucl consetvation neatment ol valuable books,gimps, ;Intl 111:1111imliph. VIM lug thew items in planning statellrellt% willlikely int hien( (. allot ;Ilion of supporting hinds how the patent instittotion. It is imptt.int to expiess these needs in stir Ii a Illannet as MI1)111101( ethe !mien( institution to) ill( 1110e tew Sallie illslit11(1011:11.1leedN,111Nlitilli()11;11 liee(k ae ( reviewed by governing bodies kit( it as!Hunk 01 trustees. Ehe ultimate goal is toll:rye these needs reach legislativebodies whir h:Mutate funds. While seeking funding for longteti pier,giants, shot t trtin go.i Is can be accomplished.

As pi iorities and older of :wino:till begin to sort out, the fiaiewoik101 a conservation policy will evolve and pm( edures will lxgin to takeshape. Both of these should «xlified to he used to implement theprogram. Carolyn Nlortow has created a "mock" policy statement"designed to provide logical guidelines and outline optimum conditionsfor the conservation of a reseal( li library collection."'

ADMINISTRATIVE SRUCTI RE

If a committee is used in the beginning stages forasseSSiig needs,establishing priorities awl drafting policy statements, at some point adetermination must Ix made as to what the eventual organizational struc-ture for the conservation program will be. Site of budget, collection, andstaff 'as well as complexity and degree of need are all factors iinp<ntant tothis matter.

Under some circumstances such as during dire financial times, acommittee might txw the appropriate long -tens approach for operating aconservation program. The best approach, however, is to hire a trainedconservation person and to provide staff 'support to.airry out the program.Perhaps a combination of these. two approaches might work. .

Regardless of the approach, some importilm t factors should be consid-,eted. The reporting relationship is Critical. Ideally, the committee chair-person or the consef v!ition librarian should be responsible to theindividual in the Ottanixation who has stewardship over all the areas'which will be touched by the conservation program. This is important fora number of reason's.

1. Budget, allocation should be administered to include the entireprognTLlt "wbuld,,be unfortunate if mOrethan one fiscal officer wereinvolyckl since there is a- potential for competition for money and animbalance in the program.

i 8 S

Mite mid lfriptmlibririv PI dor I aunty

2, %%lien (milli( is Anse, judgment must be exru ised whit It 'Oki is theplogtain, not just 1Xution,

1. It is usually pieletahle lot poln y to be eutou rd by the jlsonmeiseriugthe entity plogtam.

1. "Ilse highet up the administi alive laddet the person 1(4)4)11 Lie ho theprowam is, the mote lout that an hr exerted.

5 slat( I)c'" el"loo (4 the valor of the conseivation plogtatu is alwaysinhliiecnil by the level of adminisnative support,

6. A unified tonsil vation plognun will most likely devehip when a singleadmiutsnator is tesponsible (01 it.

7. It eliminates the possibility of conservation Ix ing peiceived by staff asastep( bill to other plow:tins.

placement of the conseivation plogvam in the mganitation hasanother dimension: the functions it should into' porate. Some candidatesfor inclusion under the consetvatio unuella include maul ials ptepara-lion; in-house repair and maintenance. and protective encasement; wept-ninon Of items for contract binding; stack maintenance (shelving,shelf-reading, cleaning, etc.); and perhaps a full-scale consetvation treat-ment laboratory. Again, the specific needs of individual lila:tries will helpanswer this question.

Another aspect of administrative structure is whetlwr the conservationlibrarian shonldbe ilia staff o line position, Acting in a staff relationshipto an administrator provides mobility about the organiiation but does notallow authority to be exercised. by the conservation librarian. I ack of clout'can slow progress. In this stinfiguration, qte administrator would, of.necessity, need to bern607.4.iirectly involved in con4qatiiiiifbelieve it preferable to place the conservation person in a line position Si)

%That authority and responsibility can,be fixed. The position also ought tobe at a high enough level so the person can comfortably interact and carryweight with'iitherilso holding responsible positions.' Darling and OgdenPoint out that actual,67f.caniratiOnal patterns varied considerably amongsonic of the libraries which were pioneers in establishing preservationprograms, and in every rase but one, "the person charged withresponsibil-ity for the program was placed in a line.rather thalk.-staff position and given.specific authority to develop and implement programs.

Pr

PLANNING

With the needs assessment completed. priorities established and ad-ministrative structure determined, it is time to forge ahead, to lay plans for

Ikt

189

INS Coto tetvoig 0;0 Ptetrot.ottg 1 sbrdtv Alareriali

iniplententatiutt, It is 1131illy ess.ny to lentind noisily, how intrintantit is to plan any plogiain airfoil). Cototelvatiotti% ottrAt rlturnl. It IN vitalto IllSohe all People Ill the rally stage; of planning r:p atrasol telpottriltility air kitting to lie allet ted by the i vaunt) 1)101,11;1111, (;11,Inge will

lx' wow Wadi!y ai t rptrti Mid WOW 'thoilfil.}. 3tIppolleti if thew mak-1411.411It.ur ,111 (vp)Ittillity to ittlIttrin the ptivant at the outset.

Planning will involve sevrial .1 hr, litrl.ltllte 4 ouCtitls solarhelpful suggestion% on_ way% to applitat It phoning. palling states it,att tly:

rhe (1,11(1Cir ir111 It/ tai rte It) loto pt lot hit., how papet plalls Lou)ttoot tete ptivant, should be set tool' in %petili. trims, with ft-Aid(tatgrt date,. 11us may ttnolyr hllthrl analysil of (-silting lesontirl(staff, %pair, equipment, and wintry), and should lead (filet tly into theingaittiational modittiattotts that will, usually, Itr the lost ski) ot Planimplctiwiltaiit)11.6

FINANCIAL BACKING

. Ity trues of financial support, as laras I can tell, Panel son's observa-tion in 1979 still stands: "Comet %Anon i% NO new stibirqof 13;16011;dwth rill that no one has addressed in the liter:Mlle the question of fundingsoon es. Each library must simply strive to identify agencies, oroganita-tions, and individuals potentially offering, support."7..Start-up funds pr(i-.sided by granting agencies are helpful but in the final analysis, thOseinstitutions which provide their own funds will be the most successful.

By and large. those libraries which have forged ahead have done so outof dogged determination and have made inroads into this massive prob-fem. They 11' ususallv reallocated hinds in addition to the normalbinding budge to begin in a small way to make an impact on the begin-nings of a mot comprehensive conservation program.

"Ilw size of ; library's commitment to conservation can best be Inca-suret1 by the percet tage of its budget allocated to conservation. How muchis enough for an adequate conservation program? I am told that Newberryspends 10 percent of its total budget on conservation. At a recent conference, it was reported that Jim Haas asked, "Why doesn't every researchlibrary take ten percent cif its money for new acquisitions and put it into

_ .

preservation? At the same meetingitudy Rogers reported that Yale puts"$80(),000 a year into conservation as against a $3,000,000 acquisitionsexpenditure."9 This represents 26.6 percent of the acquisition budget:

put 12.6,irercent of its acquisitions budget into the conservationPro'grairi last year. At the University of Utah where Paul Voulger is the

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1. Reallocate funds internally to sup poi the plogtani. One idea is to%cal( It student wage expenditures during the year and shift unusedwages to =-spec ific pieplanned conservation or piesetsation piojet Is.End-of yeat wage money could tg. thrd, ill any number of ways. e.g..leather book pea Intent. entapsulation., etc.

S. (:hangeacisting policies. ptocednres. and staffing; to allow ful immedime implementation of low.co`st pux echoes.

ti. Identify environmental amd building mattes wh:ch nerd nicxlific ationand filing thew to the attention of those on campus Itqlio have tesponsi-bility for thew c uncerns.

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tout sour(( These «Atibitid dollars vTi used to line CAarol)n ClarkMorrow. tt :Ite Illtidrst Libohithly. ;hid hr.il air .101111 Ikwy Papers.nitre )rats hurt the plogl'am %%as shifted to, state fonds

byreseiving...1

bildget ill( It'-.1%(' to pay the ()mt.! %mot's 1/4.d.ity, solOntet nal tealkx a-non of funtk to summit the test of the opyration. ,NoincCETA positionssrtr also Niteccssitilly %ought .ind :mu. ',,it (4 14IC ograin for :thou( a

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ElleNe two appioat wetc ( onsidiably (1114(1(1( 1;)t!4 wyt1.c-00k:dile and certainly .lure,.(('. Both slat led about the came time, bothkite had. sonic funding c halletige over the )ear, and both had their genesisin spet tal collections department.. Both plograms are str,L'Ig and willcontinue. -111ry ha% pt oven their %cot- th. Roth programs dccr%e filmyfinancial backing because dirty- I; so mmit to do. Mir, other pro.grams must ;11so be cupportfl.

192

Role and Responsibility of the Library. 191

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

The control of the libra4, environment is' the responsibility of thelibrary administration and is the single; most important aspect ofma te-

trials; preservation. If a.library could be designed to address the environ-mental needs of library collections it might cOntaina't the minimum thefollowing facilities and features..The building materials used and the construction would be a_s earth-quake and fire resistant as possible.It would be built on ground which Would not be easily floodedor wouldU.-designed so that collections would not be endangered by heavy rains,flash floods, etc.The roof would be pitched and designed to insure against pooling ofwater. ;The insulation would be o( such quality that temperature ad humidity-could.be maintained at consistent levels and at levels conducive to storingthe type 'cif materials, housed in the library.The heating, cooling and humidity controls would alloW for differencesto be established in various parts of the building,. Thus tailoring the air forthe requirements of special materials.Filtering systems would be installed to eliminate, as far as possible, suchgases as sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dio/iide, ozone, and justplain dirt and dust.Building systems, including water pipes, would'be located well awayfrom stack areas and would not be on the roof dire* above library storageareas.The building would be constructed in such a way to insure againstencroachment by rodents and insects. If rooms/are to,be used for eating orfood preparation, they would be far removed from areas where collectionswere to be housed.Windows would be screened to filter din ultraviolet rays in sunlight.Lights installed would be incandescenfrt or, if fluorescent, would bescreened to filter out ultraviolet energy.Fire extinguishing systems would operate specific to the area of the fire.Stacks installed would be of heavy construction anct would accommo-date shelves of sufficient size to hold adquately different-sized books with-out their hanging over the edge. Shelves would be tied together by bracesacross the top to reduce,the possibility of tipping and would not containrough or sharp edges or surfaces /Which could cut or snag books.BOok return systerfis would be designed to lessen the distance that booksmust drop, reduce die amount pf rough jamming together, and mitigatedeep stacking of books.An adequate fire and burglir alarm system would be installed as an early.warning system.

193


_ COLLECTION DEVELOPMENT

I would like to close by emphasizing an important element of thelibrary conservation program which was touched on earlier by Mr. Patter-son and others but which warrants repeating: preservation through collec-tion development. t

A significant part cra library budget (second only to salaries and'wages). is allocated foF the acquisition of materials for thecollection. Theselarge sums of money are being expended for books and other materialswhich, if they are not subjected to some form*of disaster during theirlifetime, are destined to deteriorate in a relatively few years. We enhanceour collections by the addition of appropriate information which iswrapped in different packages or is carried on different vehicles. We canoften acquire the intellectual content at different prices based upon theinformation carrier. (Parenthetically, I recognize that we do acquire someinformation because of the package in which it is wrapped.) Of primeimportance when considering the-acquisition of material is user conve-nience. Quick access to the information is an important considerationwhich relates directly toithe format in which, the information is packaged. I.believe that we should add another dimension to our acquisitions consid-eration.'This dimension is longevity. This is not to suggest that we shouldacquire everything ort acid-free paper or on silver halide microform.It is-tosuggest, however, that we project our thinking to include the dimension ofaccess in 100 br more years from the time of acquisition. 'When thisdimension is added to the acquisition decision process, a more usablecollectiori will result* I

Some fa'ctors to be considered, once it has been determined that theinformation should be acquired/for the collection, are:

1. whether the-information i5 printed on acid-free paper',,2. whetherit is in a hard- or sift -bound cover;S. if it is in paperback, whether it ought to be bound before it is put into the

hands of the user;4. if is to be bound,-whether it should be bound in-house using less

expensive s materials or be sent to a library bindery;5. whether or not it is available in a format other than paper, such as

microform (if it available in microform, whether it would be moredesirable to acquire in that format);

6. if microform is selected, whether it is of a type, such as silver halide, forwhich longevity standards exist (it is important to remember, however,that film is, only archival -if it is processed and stored in archivalconditions);

194

Role- and Responsibility of _thf. Library-

193

7. whether or not the item will circulate; be used in the library,or beusedonly undef supervision;

8. the condiiioo of retrospective materials. If :possible, it should be ,

determined liefore pin-Chase whether the material contains mold, orinsects, or whe the it is in disrepair.

Considering these5atters before acquisition can realize long-term benefitsin both user convenience and dollar savings.

Ongoing development of a library.colle'c non includes adding, With-drawing, relocating, reformatting, an_ d replacing materials. Among the,materials added to the collection are periodicals. Most of these arrive in t

paper cover format. These single issues are generally placed on the shelvesforpublic use and at the end of the yearare gathered and bound together toforin a new physical volUme to add to the continuing run. Based on thecollection development policy and user needs, careful considerationshould be given to whether retrospective volUmes of some of the titleswould be more suitable in microfilm or microfiche. There are Several-advantages to receiving the current issues in paper and the annual outputin microformnot the least of which are: (1) space savings; (2.) eliminationof the need to seek replacement copies before being bciund; (3) eliminationof the need to retrieve, sort, process and package for: binding; (4) the,abilityto use some of the money earmailed for binding for the purchase ofmicroform periodicals; and (5) being able to keep the film longer than thepaper if it is maintained properly.

'When an item is determined to be in a condition where-it is physicallyno-longer usable, the following options are Open: withdraw it from thecollection and discard it; replace it with the exact edition,a reprint edition',or a book with similar content; replace it by reformatting, e.g.; microform;or place it where it can'the used e2ccept on rare occasions.

,Factors such,as those mentioned above are generally not consideredpart of the collection development program of al library. Under a compre-hensive preservation program, however, they are an impcirtantspart ofcollection development. Administrators should take steps to educate staffresponsible for strengthening library collections to make preservationthrough collection development an integral part of the overall collectiondevelopment program.

- CONCLUSION

Now that we know where to begin, what the administrative structureshould be, how to support financially the beginnings of a preservationprogram, and what constitutes the components of a comprehensive preser-

19 5

194 Conserving and Pres,li-ving Library. Materials

vation Programjet's go back to our libraries and either start or improve theprogram.

NOTES

I. Belanger. Terry. "The Price of Preservation." Times Literary Supplement 3947 (18Nov. 1977):1358-59.

2. Patterson, Robert H. "Organizing kir Conservation." Library Journal 104(15 MayI979):1116.

3. Ibid., p..1117. .

4.. Morrow, Carolyn C. A Conservation Policy Statement for Research Libraries(Occasional Papers No. 139). Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois Graduate School of. Library Science, 1979, p. 2.

5. Darling, liamela W., and Ogden, Sherelyn. "Froin PrOblems Perceived to Programsin Practice: The Preservation of Library Resources.in the U.S.A., 1956-1980." Library Resour-ces & Technical Services 25( Jan./March 1981):9 -29.

. 6. Darling. Pamela W. "A Local Preservation program: Where to Start." LibraryJournal 101(15 Nov. 1976):2347.

7. Patterson, "Organizing," p. 1119.8. LJ/ SLJ Hotline 10(26 Oct. 1981):3.9. Ibid., p. 3.

DISCUSSION

Richard H. Kaige (Illinois State Library, Normal): Do you Have a personon your staff who does retrospective bibliography?Dale C/uff: I see that encompassed under our present programin the brittlebooks piogram (e.g., looking at the disrepair of volumes on the shelf).There is a systematic program of going to the shelf by those individuals inconservation to identify the brittle books. That was the area that I talkedabout in the presentation which is causing us a little anxiety. Once that isdone, then, the subject librarian or the subject bibliographer is askedwhether it is important to retain thati tern in the collection. If so, then theconservation staff determines in which way it. would be best to replace it.Andrew L. MOtych (University of Arizona Library, Tucson): Are thereseparate funds for the replacement of books administered by the preserva-tion people? Do you know of any situation where funds are in existence forrepla&ment?Cluj!: Yes. But it's not at our institution and that is one of theareas, I think,we could look at. Let's see, who of. those her with conservation programshave a separate budget for the replacement of books? Onethat institutionis Texas A8cM.

1'9

Role and Rtsponsibilitj of the Library -195

,Gerald Lundeen (Graduate School of Library Science, University ofHaw'aii, Honolulu): I'd like to add one additional task to the list that yougave gus for the preservation officerthat is, education of staff and, per-haps-, patrons. Along that line I have to say I am somewhat sympathetic tothe experts if they are not provided with some guidance in makingthe decisions about the properway to go with brittle books.Cluff: I appreciate thatthat's a good comment.Karen L.,Sartipson (University of Nebraska at..0maha):,How did yourcommitment to preservation as a library adrriinistraior develop, and Whatsuggestions do you have for us. td develop awareness and commitment in

administrators?Cluff: I really can't ,point to a particular day or time ..tar article,or personwhich developed my thinking or developed the level of commitment that Ihave. I suppose that it was just,a gradualworking in various aspects of theoverall library which caused that, Certainly meeting people and a,ssociat-ing with others like people attending this conference also.contributed. Alot,of the credit goes to Carolyn Morrow, Paul,F6ulger, and other conserva-tars who share the same commitment.

;:t

As to how to convirice,or help influence library,administratdrs, I feelstrongly that in those areas where. library staff Isnotv the most aboutpreservatione.g., serials, binding, local mending and repair persons,persons' who work with special collections, rare books, manuscripts andarchivesthese persons will be pounding on the desk of the administratorin a kind and tactfulWay for the cause of preservation. I think that anyopen administrator, tiying to do a job for the overall good of the organiza-tional operation of the library, will eventually become 'tuned in. In our-own libiary, I ask for a planning statement from every area. Every year,these planning statement should have an area built into them asking forcomments and rationale fOra comprehensive preservation program.,Carolyn Clark Morrow (Southern Illinois University at Carboindale): I'dlike to add two things to what Dale saidAnd that is, first, tell the adminis-tra tor it's really going to save money in the long run, and, next, yousay thateverybody else is doing it. If we don't do it, we're goinvo, look bad.Gerald Gibson (Library of Congress, Washington,. D(C,): How manylibraries which have conservation prograrn s are involved, in any way, with

'actively consenting newspaper materials? (Editare rlotei There was a showof hands from librarians from six such libraries.),Second-question, youspoke of budget in general. IsAhere any active thought at all in applying aportion of this budget to nonpaper ,conservation? Do you have anythoughts on that?


41* Cluff: Ifyou are asking about our specific Institution, we hope that oui*overall conservation program includes those materials. One of the prob-lems that 'we have at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale is theevelat which the conservation program reports. ConservatiOn reports to thethrough the head of the serials deparptient. However, that excludes a largeportion of the overall organizationthe Learriing Resources Services.Oncampus, which is housed in the same building as the library.-LearningResources Services does not tepcirt to me but to the Dean of Library Affairs.

-Recognizing that there is a needlor conserving nonpaper materials,the conservation individuals are awa of and sympathetic to these needsand as we meet in administrative council, they discuss those needs'a,t'thatlevel. Here is the very thing that I brought up in my paperthe need for theconservation individuals reporting to: the highest level in the overallprogram. My budget is not used in the Learning ResourcerServices,area.,However,, .we do have a lot of nonprint materials in Library ervic-e-

are talking about the overall environment which is monitored constantlyby our conservation people anthif we are talking about using nonprintmaterials for the replacemen'tsof brittle books, yes, weareallocatingbudgetas part of the conservation blidget to nonpaper Preservation. *

Gibson: Do you rrally consider that simply the accident of application of aportion of yoUr btdget to preservation of nonpaper materials, because theyhappen to be in the same building.where you are keeping a basic tempera-titre and humidity level, is an adequate justification of preservation ofnonpaper any more than its an adequate justification of preservation ofpaper materials?Cluff: 1--et me indicate from my past experience and educatipn that Iconsider myself a print and nonprint individuaP. I understand ;what youare siyingrhoever, we are not sorting out paper and nonpaper. We arehoping to involve the whole program.Morrow: We' don't make that distinction in the MorriS Library' of SIUC.We have nonprint materials in Library Services, and I would remind Dale[Cluff] that we've spent hundreds and hundreds of dollars on be iter protec-tive encasement for our phonograph records", for eiainple. That was not:questioned. We had a whole procedure for improving the storage of those ,materials and I don't think that anyone considered the bias \

rint/nonprintthe phonograph recorde just part of the collection,,Cluff: When, about a year ago, the re uest for dditionalhinds for suppliesto support that program came acros my sk not weigh it as towhether: it was paper/nonpaper: I ap roved it.

193

CONTRIBUTORS

WILLIAM ANTHONY of Anthony & Associates, Bookbinders, Inc. is anative ofttreland where he served a bookbinding apprenticeship from 1942to 1949. Flom 1950 to 1962, he was a journeyman in London, England. In1961, he was a teacher of bookbinding at the Camberwell School of Art inLondon and became a member ofpe Guild of Con temporary Bookbindersin that same year. He came tothe Fine Binding Studio of Cuneo Press in1964 serving there until 1971 when he established a partnership withElizabeth Kner in a Chicago conservation studio.

E. DALE CLUFF is Director of Libraries, Texas Tech Uniersity, Lubbock. He was former Director of Library Services at Southern IllinoisUniversity at Carbondale. He has held positions in administration, refer-ence, acquisitions, and media at the University of Utah Library. He hasserved on numerous committees at the state and national level dealing with

a microforms, standards and budget and has authored articles and deliveredpapers in these areas. He hai been a member of and held offices in the ALA

`RTSD Reproduction of Library Materials Section and presently he is a,F consultant to University Microfilms International.

PAMELA W. DARLING is Special Consultant to the National Preserva-tion Program at the Library of Congress, and Lecturer in the ColumbiaUniversity School of Library Service. As Preservation Specialist at theOffice of Management Studies of the Association of Research Librariesfrom 1980-82, she prepared technical and managerial tools for librariesseeking to expand their preservation programs. She served as the Head ofthe Preservation Department, Columbia University Libraries (1974-1980),Head of the Preservation Programs Office, Conservation Division, NewYork Public Library (1973-74) an cs Executive Assistant,_,ProcessingDepartment, Library of Congress (972). She is active' in professionalorganizations, including the American LibraryiAssociation and theNational Conservation Advisory Council. She has authored many articleson the preservation of library materials and is a frequent speaker on thesubject.

.

GERALD D. GIBSON is Head of the Curatorial Section of the MotionPicture, Broadcasting and Recorded Sound Division of the Library ofCongress. He is responsible for the housing of 150,000 motion picturs, 1.3million sound recordings and 50,000 video tapes thereby becominginvolved in many aspects of the Library's preservation activities. Thiscollection includes every kited of recording from wax cylinders to quadro-phonic discs and audiovisual media front nitrate film to video disc. Prior tocoming to this position in 1978, Mr. Gibson held other positions in music

197.

199


librarianship at the. Library. of Congress and at the Eastman Schdol ofMusic. He has held numerous offices and been a member of many commit-tees including serving currently as the cfrairpersorr of the Association 'torRecorded Sound Collections' Associated'Audio Archives, Working Groupfor a Union Catalog of Sound Recordings; and as a member of the Ameri-can National Standards Committee Z-39, Subcommittee K (Standards forIndexing) and of the International Copyright Commission, InternationalAssociation of Sound Archives. He has become well known` for his bibliog-raphies of discography. ' `

CAROLYN HARRIS is Head of the Preservation Department at Colum-bia University. She has been a manuscript cataloger, Humanities ResearchCenter, University of Texas at' Austin, where her responsibilities alsoincluded developing and coordinating the preservation program. In 1981,1\she assu ed her present position where she is responsible for a microformproductio facility and its bibliographic support unit, an in-house bind-ery and repair laboratory, and other system-wide preservation activities.She was one of the twelve' participants in the Institute on the Developmentand Administration of Programs for the Preservation of Library Materials.She the author of "Mass Deacidification" in the Library Journal preser-vati6n series'and is active in ALA, RTSD's PLMS. .

.4

KA4THRYN LUTHER HENDERSON is Associate Professor of Libraryand information Science, Graduate Sthool of Library and InformationScience, University of Illinoi's at Urbana-Champaign, where she teachescourses related to cataloging and classification, bibliogQhic organiza-tion ancPcontrol, and technical services. Preservation and conservationconcerns are a part of the technical services seminar. She was the editor ofthe proceedings of two previous Allerton Park Institutes: Trends in Ameri-can Publishing and Major Classification Systems: the Dewey Centennial.In additiorr, her paper on serials cataloging is a part of the proceedings ofthe Allerton Institute on Serials Publications in Large Libraries. Sheedited MARC Uses and Users in the School's Clinic on Library Applica-tions of Data Processing series and has authored works on the history ofdescriptive cataloging. - .

WILLIAM T HENDERSON is Binding and Preservation Librarian andAssociate\ rofessor of Library Administration at the University of Illinoisp1at Urbana- ampaign. For over fifteen years he has worked on a system-wide basis with the binding and preservation aspects of a large universitylibrary. He has been instrumental in developing a local in-house mendingancli, repair section into a conservation facility. He serves as cp,rtirperson ofthe Library's Preservation Commiyee. He was a consultant for the plan-.ning of the 1980 Conservation Workshop of the Illinois Association of

2 U

Contributors 199

College and Research Libraries and shared in the leadership of the sessionsde.voted to Practical Library Conservation Techniques. No stranger toAijerton Park Institutes, he previously. presented a paper on "Serials,BindingA Librarian's View" at the 1969 conference on Serials Publica-tions in Large Libraries.

LEEDOM KETTELL is president and chief operating officer at GaylordBros., IncIn January 1981, he was appointed to his present position withGaylord Bros., Inc. a firin founded some eighty-five }Tins ago which hasconcentrated on serving the domestic and internationaimarket for librarysupplies, furniture and systems. In the past give years, the firm hasexpanded its line of prcxhicts designed for the preservation of librarymaterials. Before coming to this position, he served in sales, marketing,'administration and planning functions for Xerox Corporation, UniversityMicrofilms International, Brodart, and Gaylord. He has lectured at theInstitute for Graphic Communications and has participated in the activi-ties of the American Library Association, the National Microfilm Associa- 'tion, and the Information Indusify Association. Recently, he has beeninvited to serve on the Visitor's Council for Syracuse University's School ofInformation Studies.

D.W. KRUMMEL is a Professor at the.Graduate School of Library andInformation Science at the IlniversiTy of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.For over a decade, he has taught courses related to bibliography, libraryhistory and research libraries resources. Prior to his coming to the Univer-sity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, he was Associate Librarian of theNewberry Library in Chicago where he was involved in the developmentand administration of its conservation prograrn He is theauthor of severalstudies in historical and music bibliography and in library history

LOUISE KUFLIK is owner of her own binding studioSky' MeadowBinderyin Suffern, New York. She brings the perspective Of both alibrarian and a conservator to the decision making processesof conserva-tion and preservation. After serving as Reference Librarian with the Young& Rubicam advertising agency in New York and studying bookbindingwith Deborah Evens, she began as an apprentice in book and_documentbinding and restoration with Carolyn Horton k Associates where she was,actively engaged in conservation and preservation activities hs well assupervising the work of other employees in these activities.

GERALD LUNDEEN is Associate Professor of the Graduate School ofLibrary Science, University of I lawaii. His background includes a Doctor-ate of Philosophy from the Ilnivcrsityof Minnesota in the areas of physicaland organic chemistry. lie has developed a course at the UniveiNity ofHawaii related to the conservation of library materials. He hasauthored

20i

200 Con.serving and Preserving Library Materials

numerous publications relating to chemistry and to information storageanartrieval and watt! as the editor of the fall 1981 issue of Library Trepd.on the "Conservation of Library Materials."

CAROLYN CL ARK,NIORRO'W is Conservation Librarian at Souther,Illinois University at Carbondale. Since 1978 she has been involved itmimerous workshops, presentations and lecturrs on library and arch ivaconservation. In 1980, she conducted a Needs Assessment Survey for theIllinois Cooperative Conservation Program and has been active in pronit;ting cooperativq'conservation. Her publications include A ConservatiorBibliography for Librarians, Archivists and Administrators (Whitson1979); A Conservation Policy Statement for Research Libraries (Uiliversirof Illinois Graduate School of Library Science Occasional Papers No. 1391979); Conservation Treatment Procedures (Libraries Unlimited, 1982;and The Preservation Challenge (Knowledge Industry Publications, 1982;

JAMES ORR is president of Hertzberg-New Mekluxl, Inc. He has beeengaged in many aspects of the library binding business for over th irty-fivyears, starting his early training in binding craftsmanship and preservaLion, in the Monastery Hill Bindery (Chicago), a family business roundelby his grandfather. Liter he managed the Northwestern Bindery in van

ston, Illinois, and in 1954, assumed the sales and manufacturing duties iithe newly formed Hertzberg-New Method bindery in Jacksonville, IllinoisUpon the death of Lwrence Hertzberg in April 1970, Mr. Orr was electepresident of Hertzberg-New Metluxl, Inc., a position he holds uxlay.. Thbindery is one of the largest binderies in the United States and has pic'leered some of the newest technology and methodology in bindin,advancements.

ROBERT 11. PATTERSON is Directonof Libraries, McFarlin Library zithe University of Tulsa. He brings to this topic the perspective oflibrarian who has worked in the administrative, collection developmenspecial collection and organizational areas of librarianship in seven,different libraries. He was a participant in the Cokmbia UniversitlGraduate School of Library Service,. Institute on du; Development anAdministration of Programs for the Preservation of Library Materials. 11attended the 1980 Cambridge (England) Preservation Conference. WhipDirector of Libraries, University of Wyoming, he served as the Leaderthe Wyoming Disaster Recovery Assistance Team. Currently he servesthe editor and publisher of the Conservation Administration News (CAband as a member of the American Library Association (Al A) Resourceand Technical Services Division (RTSD), Preservatio of Library Maurials Sectkin (PI .MS).

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Contrshiamt 21)1

IERLING is NI.ArLiger of Collet him 1)selopmnt of Uniscr sitNfic rofilms Intern:112.i. She was an ASsistant Reference I:du:Arian atErirleigh 1)ickinson l'rriscsrisity lfor coming to l'irisersio, Nfic whimsInternal-ion:II in 1972. Prior toassuming her present pWition at nisersityNfic whims. she served first as Supers Rut of Books and-Setis and later asNlatiagr of Photographic- and Editorial Ojx rations. She is .0 tis e in ALAorganitations relating to replogtaphs resorm es.

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64

Conserving an(! Preserving Library Materials ,

Control: of preservation -problem, 29-30; of environment. See En viron men-tal control

Cooperation, and preservation, 13, 45-49

Cooperative services: consultationand surveying, 50; coordination, 51;,cost sharing, 50; information, 49-50;treatment, 51-53 a

Coordination, of present programs,33-34; 51

Costsstimate, of conservation, 136Cost implications, of conservation', 12-

13Cost sharing, of conservation, 50Cradle camera, 162Crosslinking, 80Crystallinity, changes in, and paper

degradation, 78-79Cunha, George, 12, 44, 47Cyclohexylomine, 60Cyclohexylomine carbonate, 60Cylinders, as form of sound recording,

95

Darling, Pamela, 2, 44, 68, 188Deacidific.ation, 3, 57-69, 115-16, 137.Deterioration, natural, as -factor in

preservation problem, 27.DEZ. See Diethyl zincDichlorodifluoro-methane, 63Deithyl zinc, 3, 65-68,-Disaster control, 14, 124Disc recordings, and groove wear, 103Discussion Paper on a National Insti-

tute for ConservatiOn of CulturalProperty, 41-42

Dowicide, 126

East Asian materials, preservation of, 35Electiostatic copying, 121"Endangered titles list," 174-75Environmental control, )4, 27:23, 30,

191. See also Climate control

Florence Flood,°2-3, 38, 166Foxing, 138

General Electric, and. Space Chamber,67

Gibson, Gerald D., 4. Goldsmith, Robert, 61Grant money, and preservation, 16Gwinn, Nancy, 60

Haas, Warren, 37, 40Handbinder; 148-52Handling,of materials, 29, 166, 171-72Harris, Carolyn, 3Heat, and nonpaper materials, 96-98Heatset tissue,. 144Henderson, William T,.4-5,Hot melt, 161HVAC. See ClimateControl SystemHydrolysis, and paper degradation, 76-

77

ICCP. See Illinois Cooperative Conser-vation PrOgram '

ILLINET, 47Illinois Cooperative Conservation Pro-

gram, 3, 47Information needs, for conservation'

programs, 49-50Information technologies, and preser-

vation possibilities, 31-32Ink, 132Intellectual content, presetVation of,

120-21

Japanese paper, 150

Kelly, George, 59;Ken tucky, Conservation

enmmitteei,-`47'Kepler,. JiAannes, 165Kettell, Leedom, 5Kodak, and :film tests, 99 -100

Kuflik, Louise, 5 t-

Labels, paper, on sound. discs, 103Land, Robert, 166Langwell VPD, 59-60LaserVision, 93LAST (coating for sound discs); 103Liability, limit of, 136Librarianship, philosophy of, 166

Epistemological problem, of preseHa-don, 112, 113, 114-20

Equipment, for preservation work,117-18 "

Film,audio materials,characteris tics of,92, 95

Financial support, for conservationprograms, 188-90

Advisory

Library. of Congress: cellulose nitratefilm in, 97.98; preservation program,40.41;' Preservation Office, 38

Library education, and preservation,17

Library use, 167.68Library nun' studies, I70Light, antliPaper degradation, 79.80Lignin, 58 74.75Limit of Liability. See Liability, limit

oflttuteen,IGerald,

MatIa ii, falconer, 175MagnesiOin bicarbonate, 150Magnesium carlnintv, 63Magnetic -tape,. recoMmended storage.

for,100-01Magnetic tape audio reconlings, 95.96Manuscripts, 156-57Medimn, transformation of, 168Methanol,,,63Methyl' magnesium einlionate, 63Methylcelltdose, 150

121-22.Sei, also MicroformsMicrofilm, lil, 98. See also MintformsMicroform masters, 42,.5,4 55,1 21Microfortus, 92, 119,121, I93, Sr@r nisi)

Mialoficlw; Microfilm; MicroformMasters .

-..MicroPublishers, 155.59Midwest Regional Study for Alateriabi

Conservation, 46MildeW, 5, 125.26Mineral oil,and diethyl zinc, 67Morpholine, 60-63, 68Morrow, Carolyn Clark, 2.3Motioft picture films, 100Mylar encapsulation, 143, 152

National conservation AdvisoryCouncil, 3, t 9, 41,'12

Nation:i1 Institute for Conservation, 42,43. ti

NatiOnaL level preservation planning,3, 40, .52-53

National.l..ibrary of Canada, 64National Preservation Planning Con-

ference, 3, 0National Preservation Program, '40-41,

43National egister Of Microform Mas-

ters, 17 -77

205

NCAC. See National' ConservationAdvisory Council

NEDCC, See Northelisr Dm...ninonConservation Center

"Need to' know," 175 .

Needs assessment, for conservation,program, 18,5

Newberry Library Conservation Labo-ratory, 38

Newspapers 155New York Pnbliq Library, 38.39, 42New York 'University Conservation'

Program; 26MC, See National institute for ConSer..

vation .

NitrosomorPholine, 62, Nonpapet materials, 4, -89-91, 104.09,

'119, 195.96Northeast Document Conservation

Center, 3, 44, 48, 51.52

Ogden,. Sherelyn, 68Organizatkmal faetors,affecting phys-

ical condition of materials, 22Organizations, changes in, clue to eon-

. Jiervation progranis,..04.85Orr, James, 5Orthophenylphenol, 5; 12 -30Oversewing, 147A,48, 160.61Oxidation, andimp6' degradation, 77,

83_ .,

Paper; accelerated aging of, 76; brittle..1,19; degradation of, 75.80; flexible,

.149; history 'of, 3-4, 74.75; mendingof, 137; permanent, 81.82; preservation of, 123; strength of, 4; washingof, 137.38

Patterson, Robert 11,, 2, 183, 188Perfect binding, See Binding, AdhesivePeriodicals, 174Permanent research value, 174 .

Personnel,.and intservation, 117Pluitochemical di!terioration, of

paper, 79.80Photocopies, 121, 170, 172Photogard, 98.99Physical examination of item to be

conserved, steps in,..136-37I'IRA test, -146Planning, for conservation prograMs,

187.88 ,Polyester encatnolation, 139,,

/4 206 Conserving and Prisen ling Library Materials1

1of .

Polyester film, 14950Polypropolene, 5;153-55Polyvinyl acetate, ISOPoole, Fritter, 40Postbinding, 139.40Priftensbibliothek, 473Preservation: basic questions of, 182

83; and collection development, 12;v. conservation, 160; and coop era.lion, 13; and Cost- implications, 1213; developing attitude toward, 23;dissemination of information about,

, 19; am( influence of technology, 12;as a library.witloneern, 10;

metluxls of, 116-17; as responsibilityof librarian, II; of specific materials,114%;15 .

Preservation Education Directory, 25Preservation Planning Program (Uni:

versity of Washington), 31:Preservation Planning Project, 20, 47Preservation plans, 14, 29.30Preservation programs, and need for

local developinent, 2Preventive measures, 122Public Archives of Canada, 64PVA. See Polyvinyl acetate

Rarity; 173.74RCA Selectavision,Readers, restrictions of, 173.76Rebacking, 151'

.

Reducing agents, and paper degrada-lion, 78

Reference libraries, 173Regional_ treatmer43 centers,:417, 52"Remey;!' 149.50Repairs; to damaged materials, 123.24Report of the Study Committee 'on Technology, and preservation, 1112

Libraries and -Archives, 41 Temperature: 87; for storage' of Maw

Research Corporation, 61 odic tape, 100:01

Research Libraries Group, hie., See Texas alkyls, .67Thymol 126, 128

138Research Libraries Information-Net Tide linenwork. See RLIN Torxme, 126

Research value, permanent. See Per. Training prbgnuns, for preservation-

mancnt research value, work, 25

Restrictions, on use, 173.70 Treatment centers, 47, 51.53 ..

Robinson, Lawrence, 40Rtissell; Ann, 52

SAA, See Society of American Archivests

Scarcity, .173-74Self.itudy project, 21.24Sewing, of signatures, 138Siting, 73.74Smith, Richard, 57.58, 63, 64Society of American Archivists, 24, 47SoUnd recordings, recommendations

for storage, 102Southern Illinois University (Carbon-.

dale, III.), 190Space, and preservat ion, 118Sparks, Peter, 40, 61.62, 65SPEC Survey, 20.21Special collections, and preservation,- 10Spine (1x)ok), 151Staff, support of, in conservation, DM.

84,Stains, 138. See also Foxing; 'Tam,yremoval of

Standards, in libraries, 83Stauffer Chemical Company, 67Storage techniques, 123 'Supplies, for preservation activities,

118Systems .and Praednres Exchange

Clearinghouse Survey. See SPECSurvey

Tanselle, Thomas, '174 .

Tapes, removal of, 138TAPPI M11 Folding Endurance Test,

76

Revrrsibility, 143.44RI.G, 3, 33, 39, 42, 48, 54RLIN,'33, 42, 54

Hilted Negro College Fund, Archives,159

Idex

Uneversity.of. UtahConsetvation, Pro -gram, 190

University oftWashingtoU Preservat(on. Planning Program, 31

Varkir Phase Deacidificatiok 3, 59.60,68

VIID, See Video lligh DensityVideo Ifigh Density, 93Videocassettes, 93.91Videmliscs: 92.14: v. videotapesVideorecordings, chitracteristies of, 92Videotapes, v. videodiscs, 94..Virginia State Library, 61Vulat(licatii m, 61.62VPD, See Vapor Phase Deacidification

Water stain's,. 138,Wei T'o (dmildificat ion process), 3,

63.65, 68Werling, Anita, 6Western Conservation Congress, 16Western States Materials Conservation

Projegt, 45.46 .

White141, Walter Muir, 14Williams, Edwin, 171.72, 176Williams, Gordon, 37Wife audio recordings, 95.96

Yak University, .establishinitnt of pre-servationdepartment, 39

3M.Company, and microfilm tests, 99

,208

207

AUtHOR Henderson, Kathryn t they, Ed. - ERIC

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