ATLAS ONLINE Annual Conference 2021

Tourism 21: Re-building Tourism –

Continuities and Changes

In cooperation with AMBIS University Prague, Czech Republic

7-10 September, 2021

Abstract Book

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Organizers The ONLINE ATLAS Annual Conference 2021 is organised by ATLAS and Ambis University, Prague.

Sponsored by:

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Association for Tourism and Leisure Education and Research ATLAS was established in 1991 to develop transnational educational initiatives in tourism and leisure. ATLAS provides a forum to promote staff and student exchange, transnational research and to facilitate curriculum and professional development. ATLAS currently has members in about 50 countries. The objectives of ATLAS are: • To promote the teaching of tourism, leisure and related subjects • To encourage the exchange of staff and students between member institutions • To promote links between professional bodies in tourism, leisure and associated subjects and to liaise on educational issues, curriculum development and professional recognition of courses • To promote transnational research which helps to underpin the development of appropriate curricula for transnational education ATLAS promotes links between member institutions through regular meetings and information exchange and its main activities are: organising conferences and Special Interest Group meetings on issues in tourism and leisure education and research; organising webinars, providing information services and publications, including the ATLAS mailing list, ATLAS website with member portal and the yearbook ATLAS Reflections and the organisation of and participation in transnational research projects, for example on cultural tourism and sustainable tourism. ATLAS is also represented at regional and local level by sections such as ATLAS Europe, ATLAS Asia-Pacific, ATLAS Africa, ATLAS Latin America and ATLAS Middle East. The regional sections of ATLAS have developed their own programme of activities and publications to respond more closely to the specific needs of members located in these regions and those with related research interests. Membership of ATLAS regional associations and special interest sections of ATLAS is open to all ATLAS members. ATLAS membership is open to bona-fide educational institutions and professional bodies with educational, research or professional interests in tourism, leisure and related areas. The 2021 annual fee for ATLAS full members is € 325. For organizations situated in countries in Central and Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia and Latin America the fee will be € 200. Patron members pay a fee of € 500.

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The benefits of membership are: • Regular mailings of information, including updates on ATLAS projects, conferences, meetings, publications and other activities • Access to the ATLAS Member Portal on Internet with exclusive access code • The annual ATLAS conference, which provide an opportunity to network with other members • Conferences organised by regional associations, such as ATLAS Asia-Pacific and ATLAS Africa • ATLAS members can participate in a wide range of projects run by ATLAS in the areas of tourism and leisure education and research • ATLAS members are listed on the ATLAS homepage, giving teachers and students easy access to information about your institution via Internet • ATLAS members have access to research information gathered through ATLAS international projects • Distribution of information about your programmes, projects and products via the ATLAS mailing list • ATLAS members are entitled to substantial discounts on ATLAS conference fees and selected ATLAS publications For more info, please visit the ATLAS website at http://www.atlas-euro.org

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Content

Carina Ren ..................................................................................................................................... 14 Laura James .................................................................................................................................. 14

Mike Robinson ............................................................................................................................... 15

Anya Niewierra ............................................................................................................................... 16 Eli Keegan ...................................................................................................................................... 16 Malcolm Bell ................................................................................................................................... 17 Dirk Schmücker .............................................................................................................................. 17

Adenike Adebayo ........................................................................................................................... 58

CONTENT .................................................................................................................................... 5

INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................................................12

KEYNOTE SPEAKERS ..................................................................................................................13

All change? Reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic as a transformative moment for tourism ...... 14

Fragile Promises: Re-working Post-covid Tourism and Heritage Relationships ............................... 15

. ................................................................................................................................................................... 16

DELEGATES ...............................................................................................................................18

PROGRAMME & ROOMS ..............................................................................................................34

Programme ................................................................................................................................................ 34 Room P1 Lobby ......................................................................................................................................... 34 Room P2 Main Conference Room ........................................................................................................... 36 Room P3 Welcome Reception ................................................................................................................. 36 Room P4 Coffee Break ............................................................................................................................. 37 Room P5 Lunch ......................................................................................................................................... 37 Room W1 - Special Track 1 ...................................................................................................................... 38 Room W2 - Special Track 2 ...................................................................................................................... 39 Room W3 - Special Track 3 ...................................................................................................................... 40 Room W4 - Special Track 4 ...................................................................................................................... 41 Room W5 - Special Track 5 ...................................................................................................................... 42 Room W6 - Special Track 6 ...................................................................................................................... 43 Room W7 - Special Track 7 ...................................................................................................................... 44 Room W8 - Special Track 8 ...................................................................................................................... 45 Room W9 - Special Track 9 ...................................................................................................................... 46 Room W10 - Workshop 1 .......................................................................................................................... 47 Room W11 - Workshop 2 .......................................................................................................................... 48 Room W12 - Workshop 3 .......................................................................................................................... 49 Room W13 - Workshop 4 .......................................................................................................................... 50 Room W14 - Workshop 5 .......................................................................................................................... 51 Room W15 - Workshop 6 .......................................................................................................................... 52 Research Cafe ........................................................................................................................................... 53 Meet senior academics ............................................................................................................................. 55 Meet the publishers .................................................................................................................................. 56 Student event ............................................................................................................................................ 57

ABSTRACTS ...............................................................................................................................58

Tourism policy and planning in the Nigerian tourism sector: Importance Performance Analysis .. 58

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Sofia Almeida ................................................................................................................................. 59 Carmen Pardo ................................................................................................................................ 59 Ana Ladeiras .................................................................................................................................. 59 Ana Cláudia Campos ..................................................................................................................... 59

Silvia Aulet ..................................................................................................................................... 60 Lénia Marques ............................................................................................................................... 60

Claudia Bauer-Krösbacher ............................................................................................................. 61 Martin K.J Waiguny ........................................................................................................................ 61 Rainer Zehetner ............................................................................................................................. 61 Iris Enz ........................................................................................................................................... 61

Kamila Bezova ............................................................................................................................... 62 Peter Wiltshier ................................................................................................................................ 62 Iride Azara ...................................................................................................................................... 62

Christoffel R. Botha ........................................................................................................................ 63 Karen Harris ................................................................................................................................... 63

Tim Brown ...................................................................................................................................... 64

Harald Buijtendijk ........................................................................................................................... 64 Eke Eijgelaar .................................................................................................................................. 64

Liliana Carvalho ............................................................................................................................. 65 Eduardo Brito-Henriques................................................................................................................ 65

Deepak Chhabra ............................................................................................................................ 66 Carly Dewland ................................................................................................................................ 66

Siya Cholakova .............................................................................................................................. 67

Alba Colombo ................................................................................................................................. 68 Michael Luchtan ............................................................................................................................. 68

Rosa Codina .................................................................................................................................. 68

Willem Coetzee .............................................................................................................................. 69

Noelle O’Connor ............................................................................................................................. 70

Noelle O'Connor ............................................................................................................................. 71 Denise Ryan ................................................................................................................................... 71 Orla Fox-Colleran ........................................................................................................................... 71

Noelle O'Connor ............................................................................................................................. 72 Tuesday Costello ........................................................................................................................... 72

Hellen Dawo ................................................................................................................................... 73

Ni Desak Made Santi Diwyarthi ..................................................................................................... 74

Building the distinctive destination: how cross-border collaboration creates new opportunities for tourism ....................................................................................................................................................... 59

Sensitizing for local cultures through tourism ...................................................................................... 60

IMC Rise®: A Case Study on Mindfulness Training in a Virtual Context ............................................ 61

Vlogging as a tool for visitor education and capacity management ................................................... 62

Bigger, better, bolder! Post COVID-19 domestic tourism - South Africa as a case study ................ 63

The future of events will be Hybrid ......................................................................................................... 64

Tourism science for transformative change – Do’s and don’ts when dealing with chameleons ..... 64

Tourism, environmental awareness, and biodiversity loss: an educational approach through botanic gardens ........................................................................................................................................ 65

Heritage Tourism as Remedy for Fostering Heritage Justice and Community Wellbeing ................ 66

Climate change vulnerability, adaptive capacity and adaptation strategies of the ski industry - the case of Pamporovo, Bulgaria................................................................................................................... 67

Online and hybrid constellations, creative cultural event formats for resilient communities .......... 68

The impacts of COVID-19 on women working in informal tourism in Peru ........................................ 68

Re-thinking the skills set of event management students ................................................................... 69

Active Learning Strategy for Student Engagement - Global Tourism Issues ..................................... 70

Environmental pillar of sustainable tourism and Irish green hotels ................................................... 71

The Socio-Cultural Impacts of Normal People on Tubbercurry, County Sligo, Ireland ..................... 72

Identification of contextual barriers for Sustainable Entrepreneurship in World Heritage sites ..... 73

Sustainability Tourism and Balinese Local Wisdom toward Covid-19 Pandemic ............................. 74

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Meron Doctori ................................................................................................................................. 74 Noga Collins- Kreiner ..................................................................................................................... 74 Nurit Kliot ........................................................................................................................................ 74

Elka Dogramadjieva ....................................................................................................................... 75

Claudia Dolezal .............................................................................................................................. 76 Cristina Alexandra Trifan................................................................................................................ 76

Siri Driessen ................................................................................................................................... 77

Geesje Duursma ............................................................................................................................ 77

Claudia Eckardt .............................................................................................................................. 78

Johan R. Edelheim ......................................................................................................................... 79

Dorthe Eide .................................................................................................................................... 80 Olga Høegh-Guldberg .................................................................................................................... 80 Anne W. Ryan ................................................................................................................................ 80 Evelina Fetingyte ............................................................................................................................ 80

Valerie Elss .................................................................................................................................... 81 Silke Pfeiffer ................................................................................................................................... 81 Emy Kurz ........................................................................................................................................ 81

Martin Falk ..................................................................................................................................... 82 Eva Hagsten ................................................................................................................................... 82

Ioanna Farsari ................................................................................................................................ 83

Kali Fauaze .................................................................................................................................... 84 Jorge Abrantes ............................................................................................................................... 84

Carlos Fernandes ........................................................................................................................... 85 Susana Rachão .............................................................................................................................. 85

Guilherme Ferreira Rodrigues ....................................................................................................... 86 Maria Dolors Vidal Casellas ........................................................................................................... 86 Silvia Aulet Serrallonga .................................................................................................................. 86

Sebastian Filep .............................................................................................................................. 86 Jelena Farkic .................................................................................................................................. 86 Steve Taylor ................................................................................................................................... 86

Harald Friedl ................................................................................................................................... 87 Daniel Nutz ..................................................................................................................................... 87

Roberta Garibaldi ........................................................................................................................... 88

Stephanie Garrison ........................................................................................................................ 89

Altruistic Volunteer Tourism in Israel-The Motives for Volunteering and the Tourist's Experience 74

Innovative city tours of Sofia, Bulgaria: experience determinants and ongoing transformations .. 75

Virtual volunteers’ contribution to sustainable development in Fiji in times of COVID-19 ............... 76

Sensitive encounters in war tourism ...................................................................................................... 77

Welcoming volunteers .............................................................................................................................. 77

How can volunteer tourism make a difference? .................................................................................... 78

What can virtual holistic education offer tourism learning in a pandemic world? ............................ 79

Approaches to innovation for sustainability: Experience-based transformations of rural communities .............................................................................................................................................. 80

Interpretation of Natural Heritage in Tourism – New changes for sustainable tourism development? ............................................................................................................................................ 81

Threats to Cultural World Heritage Sites from visitors, climate change and transportation ............ 82

Climate change and sustainable tourism in the new normal ............................................................... 83

Work Exchange in Lisbon (Portugal): a new form of tourism .............................................................. 84

What discourages the potential tourist? Food-and-wine tourism constraining factors ................... 85

From the top of the bell towers. An approach between tourism and soundscape ............................ 86

Slow adventures for wellbeing ................................................................................................................ 86

Can populist Communication help support the Fight to stop the Climate Crisis? ............................ 87

Creating gastronomic sustainable experiences: the demand-side perspective ................................ 88

Creativity and Creative Industries: A Case Study on Media Tourism in Scotland ............................. 89

On line Post Graduate Diploman and Masters in Tourism Management and Destination Leadership ................................................................................................................................................. 90

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Frances McGettigan ....................................................................................................................... 90

Ana Gonçalves ............................................................................................................................... 90

Valentina Gorchakova .................................................................................................................... 91 Giulia Rossetti ................................................................................................................................ 91 Matt Lamb ...................................................................................................................................... 91

Elizabeth Halpenny ........................................................................................................................ 92

Olga Høegh-Guldberg .................................................................................................................... 92 Dorthe Eide .................................................................................................................................... 92

Olga Høegh-Guldberg .................................................................................................................... 94 Anne Wally Falch Ryan .................................................................................................................. 94

Andrea Holešinská ......................................................................................................................... 95 Helena Kubíčková .......................................................................................................................... 95

Mireia Iglesias ................................................................................................................................ 95 Marisa P. de Brito ........................................................................................................................... 95 María Jesús Monteagudo Sánchez ............................................................................................... 95

Anna Irimiás ................................................................................................................................... 96 Serena Volo ................................................................................................................................... 96

Stanislav Ivanov ............................................................................................................................. 97

Diana James .................................................................................................................................. 98

David Jarman ................................................................................................................................. 98

Elena Jelaca ................................................................................................................................... 99 Eleni Michopoulou .......................................................................................................................... 99 Iride Azara ...................................................................................................................................... 99

Karolina Kacprzak ........................................................................................................................ 100

Sevim Sezi Karayazi .................................................................................................................... 101 Gamze Dane ................................................................................................................................ 101 Bauke de Vries ............................................................................................................................. 101

Alžbeta Kiráľová ........................................................................................................................... 102 Lukáš Malec ................................................................................................................................. 102

Julie Kircher ................................................................................................................................. 103 Tazim Jamal ................................................................................................................................. 103 Jonan Phillip Donaldson............................................................................................................... 103

Balvinder Kaur Kler ...................................................................................................................... 103 Paulin Poh Lin Wong .................................................................................................................... 103

Every Cloud has a Silver Lining: Resetting tourism practices through communing ........................ 90

Balconies as event spaces during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy .................................................... 91

Agritourism special events impact: Sustainability, local food patronage, and tourism in western Canada ....................................................................................................................................................... 92

Cross-sector innovation as a driver of regional development ............................................................. 92

The role of technology in experience-based tourism before, during and after Covid19 ................... 94

Pandemic COVID-19 as a barrier for rural tourism development ........................................................ 95

A roadmap on how to plan hybrid events and safeguard participant’s experience .......................... 95

Instagram: Compositional interpretation of live-streaming food tourism videos .............................. 96

Robotics skills development for tourism graduates ............................................................................. 97

Age Related Accessibility – Skills needed by tourism businesses to attract senior tourists, and turn them into loyal customers ............................................................................................................... 98

Events that confound, in a time without events .................................................................................... 98

Generation Y backpackers’ attitudes and behaviour towards volunteering whilst backpacking .... 99

Airbnb, city and COVID-19 pandemic: main issues in literature ........................................................ 100

The conceptualization of people’s motivation and heritage attributes in the overtourism context ...................................................................................................................................................... 101

Is local food offer important for tourists? ............................................................................................ 102

Facilitating Creative, Engaged Learning for Climate Action, Sustainability and Community Resilience................................................................................................................................................. 103

Sense of Place: Visualising Host Community Attachment to a Marine National Park .................... 103

How tourist- historic city responds to COVID-19: Kraków case study ............................................. 104

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Joanna Kowalczyk-Anioł .............................................................................................................. 104 Marek Grochowicz ....................................................................................................................... 104 Robert Pawlusiński ....................................................................................................................... 104

Aneta Krajíčková .......................................................................................................................... 105 Markéta Novotná .......................................................................................................................... 105

Tomáš Krajňák ............................................................................................................................. 106

Chantal Laws ............................................................................................................................... 107

Maria del Pilar Leal Londoño ....................................................................................................... 108 Sandra Sotomayor ....................................................................................................................... 108 Michele Barton ............................................................................................................................. 108 Sandra Zubieta ............................................................................................................................. 108

Yanan Lin ..................................................................................................................................... 108 Stephen Xu Zhang ....................................................................................................................... 108 Song Lin ....................................................................................................................................... 108

Serena Lonardi ............................................................................................................................. 109

Jozef Lopuch ................................................................................................................................ 110

Sandra Macher ............................................................................................................................. 111

Marzena Makowska-Iskierka ....................................................................................................... 112

Leigh Mathews ............................................................................................................................. 113 Joseph M. Cheer .......................................................................................................................... 113

Alexandra Matos Pereira.............................................................................................................. 113 Thanyatip Sataphan ..................................................................................................................... 113

Davorka Mikulić ............................................................................................................................ 114 Daniela Garbin Praničević............................................................................................................ 114 Smiljana Pivčević ......................................................................................................................... 114 Ljudevit Pranić .............................................................................................................................. 114

Kezia Herman Mkwizu ................................................................................................................. 115

Guillermo Nacipucha .................................................................................................................... 116

Paul Peeters ................................................................................................................................. 117 Jo Guiver ...................................................................................................................................... 117 Erdinç Çakmak ............................................................................................................................. 117 Marije Poort .................................................................................................................................. 118

Ziyi Qiu ......................................................................................................................................... 118

Karla Romina Quintero Moran ..................................................................................................... 119 Konstantina Zerva ........................................................................................................................ 119

Approaches to experience co-creation: insights from the Czech UNESCO heritage destination . 105

Factors affecting on-site tourists’ psychological responses to urban terrorism ............................ 106

Leisure communities and digital participation in mass online CAL (crochet along) events .......... 107

Wine landscapes and culture as drivers of local and regional development in pandemic times .. 108

Which Entrepreneurs Would Reopen Their Businesses After the COVID-19 Lockdowns? ............ 108

From destination attractiveness to language preservation: The Cimbrian community of Luserna (Italy) ......................................................................................................................................................... 109

Dark tourism and media: changing perception of place by watching movie ................................... 110

Social and economic restrictions of a climate-friendly travel behaviour ......................................... 111

Spycimierz as a new space for cultural tourism .................................................................................. 112

Pathological Altruism and Volunteer Tourism: A Conceptual Framework for Theory and Practice .................................................................................................................................................... 113

Tourism destination appraisal during Covid-19 pandemic: An Importance-Performance analysis to Porto, Portugal ........................................................................................................................................ 113

Soft skills as main pillar of tourism graduates employability: INCOME project outputs ................ 114

Rebuilding Tourism: Experiences and Enjoyment .............................................................................. 115

Exploring the development of innovation in coastal destinations of Ireland ................................... 116

Sustainable tourism research and Climate Change. A problematizing literature review ................ 117

The Development of Digital Tourism in China ..................................................................................... 118

The role of a host destination in the international students’ mobility experience. Case study: Girona ....................................................................................................................................................... 119

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Łukasz Quirini-Popławski ............................................................................................................. 119

André Ribeiro ............................................................................................................................... 120 Eduardo Brito-Henriques.............................................................................................................. 120

Greg Richards .............................................................................................................................. 121 Carlos Fernandes ......................................................................................................................... 121

Antonio Russo .............................................................................................................................. 122 Riccardo Valente (Rovira i Virgili University) ............................................................................... 122

Marta Salvador Almela ................................................................................................................. 122 Jordi Arcos-Pumarola ................................................................................................................... 122

Vanessa Santos ........................................................................................................................... 123

Lukas Schilcher ............................................................................................................................ 124

Elisabeth Senger .......................................................................................................................... 125

Ekaterina Shebanova ................................................................................................................... 126 Tara Duncan ................................................................................................................................ 126 Dani Blasco .................................................................................................................................. 126

Ilja Simons .................................................................................................................................... 127

Richard Shipway .......................................................................................................................... 127 Leonie Lockstone-Binney ............................................................................................................. 127 Kirsten Holmes ............................................................................................................................. 127 Tom Baum .................................................................................................................................... 127

Sofoklis Skoultsos ........................................................................................................................ 128 Nicholas Karachalis (University of the Aegean) ........................................................................... 128

Mariana Monserrat Sosa Tinoco .................................................................................................. 129

Lina Tegtmeyer ............................................................................................................................ 129

Tuan Tran ..................................................................................................................................... 130

Jane Turner .................................................................................................................................. 131 Elisa Burrai ................................................................................................................................... 131 Christopher Cooper ...................................................................................................................... 131 Nevenka Čavlek ........................................................................................................................... 131 Rodolfo Baggio ............................................................................................................................. 131 Vanja Krajinović ........................................................................................................................... 131

Jiří Vágner .................................................................................................................................... 132 Dana Fialová ................................................................................................................................ 132

A chaos theory and tourism still does matter: an econometric approach ....................................... 119

The Serra da Estrela’s cheese: a growing tourism asset? ................................................................. 120

Who is the contemporary cultural tourist in Portugal? ...................................................................... 121

Tourism Pressure and Housing Stability in European cities: A BSEM Estimation.......................... 122

Gift-exchange theory and its applicability on volunteer tourism....................................................... 122

Smart Cultural Tourism in Scheldeland Living Lab, Belgium: a systemic design approach for multi-stakeholders’ empathy ................................................................................................................. 123

Degrowth in tourism: The hidden potential of post-growth tourism development to avoid overtourism ............................................................................................................................................. 124

How can childhood imprints promote a climate-friendly travel behaviour? .................................... 125

Lifestyle mobility of Russian immigrants: crisis of tourism .............................................................. 126

What is a contemporary community event? Towards a typology of offline, online and hybrid events and communities. ....................................................................................................................... 127

Building Resilience in Volunteer Tourism ............................................................................................ 127

Festival tourism after covid-19: Maintaining “Sense of community” in Greek Community Festivals ................................................................................................................................................... 128

Community-based tourism through food? A proposal of sustainable tourism indicators for rural destinations in Mexico. ........................................................................................................................... 129

How to Use Imagery As Methodology In Tourism Research- A Proposition .................................... 129

Exploring Host Perceptions of Socio-Cultural Impacts of Volunteer Tourism on Farm Communities ........................................................................................................................................... 130

Reflections: Developing a Climate Change Adaptation Toolkit for Destination Stakeholders ....... 131

Changes in tourist and recreational function at the Orlík lake on the Vltava river .......................... 132

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Jiří Vaníček .................................................................................................................................. 133 Liběna Jarolímková ...................................................................................................................... 133

João Vasconcelos ........................................................................................................................ 134 Sónia Pais .................................................................................................................................... 134

Sandra Vasconcelos .................................................................................................................... 135 Carla Melo .................................................................................................................................... 135 António Melo ................................................................................................................................ 135 Miguel Silva .................................................................................................................................. 135

Beatrice Waleghwa ...................................................................................................................... 136 Tobias Heldt ................................................................................................................................. 136

Siao Fui Wong .............................................................................................................................. 136 Balvinder Kaur Kler ...................................................................................................................... 136

Angela Wright ............................................................................................................................... 137 Conor Murray ............................................................................................................................... 137

Tsung-chiung (Emily) Wu ............................................................................................................. 138

Brand as an important part of destination marketing ......................................................................... 133

Higher education as a driver for change. Rethinking climate change education ............................ 134

Is there life beyond COVID? The perception of event managers ....................................................... 135

Deepening the understanding of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) use in a tourism context ........ 136

How Bloggers Co-Create Tourist Experiences during the Pandemic ............................................... 136

Wicked Problems: A Situation Analysis – Rebuilding Irish Tourism ................................................ 137

The innovations of agro-tourism – A diversification framework ....................................................... 138

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Introduction

Tourism 21: Re-building Tourism – Continuities and Changes It is clear that the year-on-year growth of global tourism has been dramatically brought to a halt by the Covid-19 pandemic. For probably the first time in history on such a scale world travel has been brought to an almost complete standstill. The consequences of this are being felt by destinations at national, regional and local level with businesses and communities struggling to deal with the unprecedented decline in tourist numbers. Tourism stakeholders, from governments, state tourism organisations, transport operators, destination management organisations and attraction managers to accommodation owners, small businesses, local communities and prospective tourists themselves, are all preparing themselves for a process of re-building global tourism. However, this is also a period of reflection for all the many different sectors that comprise international tourism as they consider how they will need to adapt to a covid / post-covid future and how it will be shaped by new realities in tourist demand and tourist behaviours. Tourism 21 seeks to generate debate and discussion amongst and between academics, policy makers and practitioners regarding expectations, prospects, policies, plans, ideas and initiatives for the re-building of global tourism. We invite conference participants to consider the future of global tourism from international, cross-cultural and multi-disciplinary perspectives.

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Keynote speakers

Laura James is Associate Professor of Tourism Development and Regional Change at Aalborg University, Denmark. Her research interests are focused on tourism policy and destination governance, and the role of tourism in regional development. In recent years she has researched knowledge dynamics and innovation, tourism policymaking, and sustainability issues related to tourism development in the Nordic region and the UK. Her work has been published in journals such as Urban Studies, European Urban and Regional Studies and the Journal of Sustainable Tourism. She is co-editor of Theories of Practice in Tourism (2019).

Laura James

Carina Ren is an ethnologist and Associate Professor at Aalborg University, Denmark. Carina researches how tourism interferes with other fields of the social through cultural innovation and explores the different practices and processes through which tourism is developed, organized and valued. Geographically, her research is situated in the Nordic Arctic and Greenland and most often takes place in research collaborations with tourism organizations and industry, communities and students. She is the co-editor of books such as Tourism Encounters and Controversies. Ontological Politics of Tourism Development (2015), Co-Creating Tourism research (2017), Theories of Practice in Tourism (2018) and recently Collaborative Research Methods in the Arctic (2020).

Carina Ren

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All change? Reflections on the COVID-19 pandemic as a transformative moment for tourism

Carina Ren

Laura James Aalborg University Denmark

The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in dramatic reductions in tourism mobility and represents a huge shock to the tourism sector and the communities that depend upon it. Early reflections on the impact of the pandemic and potential post-pandemic tourism futures have ranged from the dystopian to the transformational. While some see tourism bouncing back to pre-pandemic trends, others suggest that the pandemic can be perceived as a turning point, which can inform and initiate the transitioning of tourism into greener and more sustainable trajectories.

Building on the notion of transformative moments, our presentation will reflect on the conceptualization of change within tourism in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. We will argue that the pandemic raises important issues and questions regarding the distinction between incremental and radical change, as well as the relationship between resistance, renewal and reorientation in the context of tourism. Drawing on empirical material from our research on the experience of European and Arctic tourism destinations we will explore the ways in which the pandemic can - and cannot - be understood as a transformative moment and what we might learn from pandemic innovations with regard to transitions towards more sustainable tourism futures.

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Mike Robinson Mike Robinson is full Professor of Cultural Heritage at the University of Birmingham, UK and Director of the Ironbridge International Institute for Cultural Heritage – a longstanding, unique partnership with the Ironbridge Gorge World Heritage Site and Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust - Europe’s largest independent museum. He was previously Founder and Director of the Centre for Tourism and Cultural Change. He remains Editor of the Journal

of Tourism and Cultural Change, the Channel View book series of Tourism and Cultural Change and the Routledge Series Heritage, Tourism and Communities. For 30 years Mike's work has focused upon the relations between heritage, tourism, culture and how these realms intersect. Publications relate to World Heritage and Tourism, Heritage and Popular Culture, the Concept of Tradition, and Emotion in Tourism. He is an advisor to the UNESCO World Heritage Programme in Sustainable Tourism and to the UK’s National Commission for UNESCO. He was a Government appointed member of the UK’s Expert Panel to determine the UK’s Tentative List for World Heritage. Mike has worked on heritage and tourism related projects in over 40 countries with UNESCO, European Commission, various State Agencies, NGOs and has long worked on researching, developing and evaluating Cultural Routes and itineraries including those of the Council of Europe.

Fragile Promises: Re-working Post-covid Tourism and Heritage Relationships

Mike Robinson The global Covid-19 pandemic has not only interrupted almost continuous global growth in international travel since records began, but it has also exposed the dependency of many States and regions on tourism as a driver of economic development. Clearly, while there is considerable geographical variation as to how intimately economic and social well-being is tied to the ability to accommodate and host international visitors, there are nevertheless, major questions raised regarding the resilience of the service sector and the wider cultural economy that are reliant on visitors. Though we may argue that our cultural heritage has intrinsic value, as a fundamental resource for tourism, the heritage sector, directly and indirectly, is bound to the income generating realities of being visited. In this presentation, I wish to elaborate on the cracks that have been exposed in the way that heritage resources are maintained and managed; the pandemic serving to uncover their fragility. While we may likely return to a ‘business as usual’ model, where international travel is eventually re-energised, issues remain regarding how we manage to support the heritage sites and attractions that lie at the base of much of tourism.

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Anya Niewierra

Anya Niewierra (1964, Kerkrade, NL) is General Director of Visit South Limburg (Stichting VVV Zuid-Limburg) since 1993. Visit South Limburg was founded in 1885 and is -until today- the oldest tourist board in the Netherlands. Visit South Limburg is a foundation with only 35% governmental participation on a turnover of € 5.000.000. The organization is responsible for the marketing, product development, route management, market research, event organization and of course information supply over web and 30 information locations for South-Limburg, the most southern region in the Netherlands, and located within the 3-coutnry region Meuse-Rhine. Furthermore she held and holds various supervisory board roles with organizations related to tourism, culture or landscape development.

She was in the supervisory board of the Dutch national tourist boards organization Destination Netherlands (Stichting VVV Nederland) until spring 2021. Between 2010 and 2012 Anya was the first president of the EDEN Association. Since 2014 she is member of the board of Necstour. Anya Niewierra is also the owner of The White Lily, a small tourism company. In her free time Anya Niewierra writes awarded novels.

Eli Keegan

An important part of my professional route is related to destination management. I have been the Director of the Lloret Convention Bureau from 2011 to 2015 and since then and until today I am the Managing Director of Lloret de Mar Tourist Board. My main motivation and satisfaction is to contribute to the transformation and repositioning of Lloret de Mar and its outstanding cultural heritage. We do it by innovating, structuring, analyzing and communicating! Graduated in Audiovisual Communication and Master in Management of Communication Companies and Multimedia Groups at Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona), I also worked as a professor in the Faculty of Tourism of the University of

Girona and in ESIC Business School, sharing all my know-how in meeting tourism and events. Previously I was professionally linked to the management of events and cultural projects. First as the Exhibition Coordinator and Head of the Operational Unit at the Zaragoza International Expo 2008, just after as Head of the Projects Department in Lunatus and, lastly, as Project Manager at Event Solutions (Servis Group). At the beginning of my career, I dedicated myself to audiovisual production in film, television and advertising, working for production companies such as Albiñana Films, Mamma Team Production House or GDA Pro (Grupo Godó).

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Malcolm Bell Malcolm Bell led the creation of the new private sector led Visit Cornwall CIC and managed the transition from the public sector to an industry led body in 2014, with the new organisation coming into existence in April 2015. Prior to the transition, Malcolm had been appointed Head of Tourism for Cornwall on the 1st January 2010. Previous appointments included CEO South West Tourism the Regional Tourist Board for the South West of England (1999 to 2009), Director of

Economic Development Devon and Cornwall Training & Enterprise Council (1994 to 1999) where he progressed strategic activities on economic development, tourism, inward investment, and rural and urban initiatives. Before this time, he had 15 years in the employment and vocational training arena. Malcolm is a Cornishman, married and with two daughters, and a keen dinghy and yacht sailor. He is a Fellow of the Tourism Society, Fellow of the Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufacturing and Commerce, Fellow of the Tourism Management Service and a Fellow of the Academy of Food and Wine Service. He was an expert advisor to the European Commission and a member of the EC’s Tourism Sustainability Group and is leading a working group to establish a core set of indicators to measure sustainable tourism, from 2004 to 2015. Other appointments include membership of Advisory committees for the Tate St Ives, National Trust Regional Advisory Board, a Trustee South West Lakes Trust.

Dirk Schmücker has been working as a consumer researcher for the last 25 years. His focus is on studying the demand side of tourism, and here specifically on information behaviour, decision making and choosing sustainable alternatives. He is a professor of tourism at FH Westküste University of Applied Sciences and, as head of research at NIT, he is part of the team carrying out the annual “Reiseanalyse”. Since 1971, this study has been describing the holiday travel behaviour in the German market, the biggest holiday travel market in Europe. The contribution will outline consumer reactions under COVID-19, based on long times series data and current surveys during the pandemic.

Dirk Schmücker

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Delegates

Abraira, Laura Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Spain abraura@gmail.com Abrantes, Jorge ESHTE (Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril) Portugal jorge.abrantes@eshte.pt Adebayo, Adenike University of Sunderland in London United Kingdom adebayodadenike@gmail.com Almeida, Sofia IGOT – Ulisboa Portugal aagua@campus.ul.pt Andreu Aparicio, Herminia University of Girona Spain herminia.andreu@gmail.com Antchak, Vladimir University of Derby United Kingdom v.antchak@derby.ac.uk Arcos-Pumarola, Jordi University of Barcelona Spain jordi.arcos@cett.cat Aulet Serrallonga, Silvia University of Girona Spain silvia.aulet@udg.edu Bakker, Martine Wageningen University Netherlands martinebakker@nyu.edu Balomenou, Nika Swansea University United Kingdom nika.balomenou@swansea.ac.uk

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Bauer-Krösbacher, Claudia IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems Austria claudia.bauer-kroesbacher@fh-krems.ac.at Bell, Malcolm Visit Cornwall United Kingdom mal@visitcornwall.com Bezova, Kamila University of Derby United Kingdom k.bezova1@unimail.derby.ac.uk Binder, Daniel FH Joanneum GmbH Austria daniel.binder@fh-joanneum.at Birkle, Monika HAAGA-HELIA University of Applied Sciences Finland monika.birkle@haaga-helia.fi Blasco-Franch, Daniel University of Girona Spain dani.blasco@udg.edu Botev, Lubomir Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" Bulgaria lbotev@uni-sofia.bg Botha, Christoffel Rudolph University of Pretoria South Africa christoffel.botha@up.ac.za Brito, Marisa de Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands brito.m@buas.nl Brito-Henriques, Eduardo IGOT – Ulisboa Portugal eduardo@edu.ulisboa.pt Brown, Tim University of Chester United Kingdom t.brown@chester.ac.uk

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Buijtendijk, Harald Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands buijtendijk.h@buas.nl Burrai, Elisa Leeds Beckett University United Kingdom e.burrai@leedsbeckett.ac.uk Çakmak, Erdinç Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands cakmak.e@buas.nl Carlisle, Sheena Cardiff Metropolitan University United Kingdom scarlisle@cardiffmet.ac.uk Carneiro, Juliana University of São Paulo Brazil julianacarneiro@usp.br Casal-Ribeiro, Mariana IGOT – Ulisboa Portugal mariana.ribeiro2@edu.ulisboa.pt Chhabra, Deepak Arizona State University United States of America deepak.chhabra@asu.edu Cholakova, Siya Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" Bulgaria siya@gea.uni-sofia.bg Codina Sotomayor, Rosa Oxford Brookes University United Kingdom rcodina-sotomayor@brookes.ac.uk Coetzee, Willem University of Otago New Zealand willem.coetzee@otago.ac.nz Colombo Vilarrasa, Alba Universitat Oberta de Catalunya - UOC Spain acolombo@uoc.edu

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Dawo, Hellen Lillian Atieno Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Netherlands h.l.a.dawo@rug.nl Dias Carvalho, Liliana IGOT – Ulisboa Portugal lilianacarvalho1@edu.ulisboa.pt Diwyarthi, Ni Desak Made Santi Politeknik Pariwisata Bali Indonesia santidiwyarthi@yahoo.com Doctori, Meron University of Haifa Israel meron@kinneret.ac.il Dogramadjieva, Elka Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" Bulgaria elka@gea.uni-sofia.bg Dolezal, Claudia IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems Austria claudia.dolezal@fh-krems.ac.at Driessen, Siri Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands s.r.driessen@eshcc.eur.nl Duim, René van der Wageningen University Netherlands rene.vanderduim@wur.nl Duncan, Tara Dalarna University Sweden tdu@du.se Duursma, Geesje Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Netherlands geesje@geesjeduursma.nl Eckardt, Claudia Oman Tourism College Oman claudia.eckardt@otc.edu.om

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Edelheim, Johan R. Hokkaido University Japan johan.edelheim@imc.hokudai.ac.jp Eide, Dorthe Nord University Norway dorthe.eide@nord.no Eijgelaar, Eke Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands eijgelaar.e@buas.nl Elss, Valerie Fachhochschule des Mittelstands (FHM) Germany elss@fh-mittelstand.de Engberg, Maria Novia University of Applied Sciences Finland maria.engberg@novia.fi Falk, Martin University of South Eastern Norway Norway martin.falk@usn.no Farsari, Ioanna Dalarna University Sweden ifa@du.se Fernandes, Carlos de Oliveira Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo Portugal cfernandes@estg.ipvc.pt Ferreira Rodrigues, Guilherme University of Girona Spain guilherme.ferreira@udg.edu Fetingyte, Evelina Nord University Norway evelina.fetingyte@nord.no Fialová, Dana Charles University Czech Republic danafi@natur.cuni.cz

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Filep, Sebastian Hong Kong Polytechnic University China sebastian.filep@polyu.edu.hk Flores, Montserrat Central de Reserve de Montserrat Spain mfloresg@larsa-montserrat.com Friedl, Harald A. FH Joanneum GmbH Austria harald.friedl@fh-joanneum.at Garbin Pranicevic, Daniela University of Split Croatia daniela@efst.hr Garibaldi, Roberta University of Bergamo Italy roberta.garibaldi@unibg.it Garrison, Stephanie University of Aberdeen United Kingdom stephanie.garrison@abdn.ac.uk Garrod, Brian Swansea University United Kingdom Brian.garrod@swansea.ac.uk Gerritsma, Roos InHolland University of Applied Sciences Netherlands roos.gerritsma@inholland.nl Gonçalves, Ana ESHTE (Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril) Portugal ana.goncalves@eshte.pt Gorchakova, Valentina University of Derby United Kingdom v.gorchakova@derby.ac.uk Goytia Prat, Ana University of Deusto Spain agoytia@deusto.es

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Groters, Martin NHL Stenden University of applied science Netherlands martin.groters@nhlstenden.com Guiver, Jo University of Central Lancashire United Kingdom jwguiver@uclan.ac.uk Halpenny, Elizabeth University of Alberta Canada elizabeth.halpenny@ualberta.ca Hansen, Kristina Wageningen University Netherlands kristina.ha4@gmail.com Harris, Karen University of Pretoria South Africa karen.harris@up.ac.za Herrewijn, Amber NHL Stenden University of applied science Netherlands amber.herrewijn@nhlstenden.com Høegh-Guldberg, Olga Nord University Norway olga.hoegh-guldberg@nord.no Holesinska, Andrea Masaryk University, FEA Czech Republic holesinska@econ.muni.cz Holmes, Kirsten Curtin University Australia k.holmes@curtin.edu.au Iglesias Tello, Mireia University of Deusto Spain m.iglesias@opendeusto.es Irimiás, Anna Free University of Bolzano Italy annarita.irimias@unibz.it

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Ivanov, Stanislav Varna University of Management Bulgaria stanislav.ivanov@vumk.eu Jamal, Tazim B. Texas A&M University United States of America tjamal@tamu.edu James, Laura Aalborg University Denmark leja@hum.aau.dk James, Diana Cardiff Metropolitan University United Kingdom djames@cardiffmet.ac.uk Jarman, David Edinburgh Napier University United Kingdom d.jarman@napier.ac.uk Jarolímková, Libena Prague University of Economics and Business Czech Republic jaro@vse.cz Jelaca, Elena University of Derby United Kingdom elena.jelaca@gmail.com Jepson, Allan University of Hertfordshire United Kingdom a.s.jepson@herts.ac.uk Kacprzak, Karolina University of Lodz Poland karolina.kacprzak2@edu.uni.lodz.pl Karachalis, Nicholas University of the Aegean Greece nkarachalis@aegean.gr Karayaz, Sevim Sezi Eindhoven University of Technology Netherlands s.s.karayazi@tue.nl

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Kaur Kler, Balvinder Universiti Malaysia Sabah Malaysia balvinder@ums.edu.my Keegan, Elizabeth Lloret Turisme Spain ekeegan@lloret.cat Kiralova, Alžbeta AMBIS University Czech Republic alzbeta.kiralova@ambis.cz Kircher, Julie Texas A&M University United States of America jmkircher@tamu.edu Koens, Ko InHolland University of Applied Sciences Netherlands ko.koens@inholland.nl Konings, Fianne Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands konings@eshcc.eur.nl Kowalczyk-Aniol, Joanna University of Lodz Poland joanna.kowalczyk@geo.uni.lodz.pl Krajickova, Aneta Masaryk University, FEA Czech Republic aneta.krajickova@mail.muni.cz Krajnak, Tomáš Charles University Czech Republic tomas.krajnak@natur.cuni.cz Kralikova, Andrea Mendel University Czech Republic andrea.kralikova@mendelu.cz Kubát, Patrik Mendel University Czech Republic xkubat@mendelu.cz

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Kubickova, Helena Masaryk University, FEA Czech Republic helena.kubickova.92@gmail.com Kubin, Ondrej AMBIS University Czech Republic ondrej.kubin@ambis.cz Lamb, Matthew University of Derby United Kingdom matthew.lamb1@hotmail.co.uk Laws, Chantal University of Westminster United Kingdom c.laws@westminster.ac.uk Leal Londoño, Maria del Pilar University of Barcelona Spain mpilar.leal@cett.cat Levkova, Kalina Sofia University "St. Kliment Ohridski" Bulgaria levkova.kalina@abv.bg Lin, Yanan Central University of Finance and Economics China summerlim0725@163.com Lonardi, Serena University of Innsbruck Austria serena.lonardi@uibk.ac.at Lopuch, Jozef Masaryk University, FEA Czech Republic jozef.lopuch@gmail.com Luchtan, Michael Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Spain luchtan@uoc.edu Macher, Sandra FH Joanneum GmbH Austria sandra.macher2@fh-joanneum.at

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Makowska-Iskierka, Marzena University of Lodz Poland marzena.makowska@geo.uni.lodz.pl Mannová, Martina AMBIS University Czech Republic martina.mannova@ambis.cz Marques, Lénia Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands marques@eshcc.eur.nl Matamala Guerrero, Gemma University of Girona Spain gemmamatamala@gmail.com Mathews, Leigh Alto Global Consulting Australia leigh@altoglobalconsulting.com Matos Pereira, Alexandra ISLA- Instituto Politécnico de Gestão e Tecnologia Portugal alexandra.pereira@islagaia.pt Mayer-Bonde, Conny DHBW Ravensburg Germany mayerbonde@dhbw-ravensburg.de McGettigan, Frances Athlone Institute of Technology Ireland fmcgettigan@ait.ie Melo, Carla Polytechnic of Porto Portugal carlamelo@esht.ipp.pt Mikulic, Davorka University of Split Croatia davorka.mikulic@efst.hr Mkwizu, Kezia Herman Martin The Open University of Tanzania Tanzania kmkwizu@hotmail.com

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Murray, Conor Munster Technological University Ireland conor.murray@mycit.ie Nacipucha, Guillermo TU Dublin Ireland D17125044@mytudublin.ie Neelis, Ivar Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands neelis.i@buas.nl Niewierra, Anya Visit Zuid-Limburg Netherlands Anya.Niewierra@visitzuidlimburg.nl Novotná, Markéta Masaryk University, FEA Czech Republic marketa.novotna@econ.muni.cz O’Connor, Noelle Limerick Institute of Technology (LIT) Ireland noelle.oconnor@lit.ie Onderwater, Leontine ATLAS Netherlands leontine.onderwater@atlas-euro.org Pais, Sónia Polytechnic Institute of Leiria Portugal sonia.i.pais@ipleiria.pt Pastor Alcaraz, Ana University Rovira i Virgili Spain ana.pastor@urv.cat Peeters, Paul Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands peeters.p@buas.nl Pivcevic, Smiljana University of Split Croatia smipi@efst.hr

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Poort, Marije Uppsala University Sweden marije.e.poort@angstrom.uu.se Postma, Albert NHL Stenden University of applied science Netherlands albert.postma@nhlstenden.com Pranic, Ljudevit University of Split Croatia ljudevit.pranic@efst.hr Qiu, Ziyi Beijing International Studies University China 270492442@qq.com Quintero Moran, Karla Romina University of Girona Spain romina.quintero@udg.edu Quirini-Poplawski, Lukasz Pedagocical University of Cracow Poland lukasz.quirini-poplawski@up.krakow.pl Rastelli, Sofia Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands rastellisofia@gmail.com Reinecke, Tamina Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands reinecke.t@buas.nl Ren, Carina Aalborg University Denmark ren@hum.aau.dk Ribeiro, André IGOT – Ulisboa Portugal andre.ribeiro@campus.ul.pt Richards, Greg Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands richards.g@buas.nl

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Robinson, Mike University of Birmingham United Kingdom m.d.robinson@bham.ac.uk Rossetti, Giulia Oxford Brookes University United Kingdom grossetti@brookes.ac.uk Rossi, Eleonora Dalarna University Sweden rossi.ele@live.it Russo, Antonio Paolo University Rovira i Virgili Spain antonio.russo@urv.cat Ryan, Anne Wally Nord University Norway anne.w.ryan@nord.no Salvador Almela, Marta University of Barcelona Spain msalvadoralmela@gmail.com Santos, Vanessa Agata de Abreu University of Leuven Belgium vaaa.santos@gmail.com Sataphan, Thanyatip Lusophone University of Porto - ULP Portugal tsataphan@gmail.com Schilcher, Lukas FH Joanneum GmbH Austria lukas.schilcher@edu.fh-joanneum.at Schmücker, Dirk NIT – Institut für Tourismus- und Bäderforschung in Nordeuropa GmbH Germany dirk.schmuecker@nit-kiel.de Senger, Elisabeth FH Joanneum GmbH Austria elisabeth@senger.one

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Shebanova, Ekaterina University of Girona Spain kat-shebanova@yandex.ru Silva, Goretti Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo Portugal goretti@estg.ipvc.pt Simons, Ilja Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands simons.i@buas.nl Skoultsos, Sofoklis University of the Aegean Greece sskoultsos@aegean.gr Smith, Melanie Kay Budapest Metropolitan University Hungary msmith@metropolitan.hu Sosa Tinoco, Mariana Monserrat University of Girona Spain marianam.sosat@gmail.com Sousa Oliveira, Cátia Mariana Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo Portugal catia.oliveira@estg.ipvc.pt Sterchele, Davide Leeds Beckett University United Kingdom d.sterchele@leedsbeckett.ac.uk Tegtmeyer, Lina Tourism Studies Working Group, UC Berkeley United States of America tegtmeyer@gsnas.fu-berlin.de Tran Nien, Tuan TU Dublin Ireland tuan.tran@mytudublin.ie Trifan, Cristina Alexandra University of Westminster United Kingdom c.trifan@westminster.ac.uk

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Turner, Jane Leeds Beckett University United Kingdom jane.turner@leedsbeckett.ac.uk Vágner, Jirí Charles University Czech Republic jiri.vagner@natur.cuni.cz Vanicek, Jirí Prague University of Economics and Business Czech Republic jiri.vanicek@vse.cz Veldman, Jantien ATLAS Netherlands jantien.veldman@atlas-euro.org Vodanovic Lukic, Ives Institute for Tourism Croatia ives.vodanovic@iztzg.hr Waleghwa, Beatrice Dalarna University Sweden bwg@du.se Werl, Jana-Samira Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands jana.werl@vienna.info Williams, Sarah Channel View Publications United Kingdom sarah@channelviewpublications.com Wong, Siao Fui Nanjing Tech Pujiang Institute hina siao_fui@yahoo.com Wright, Angela Munster Technological University Ireland angela.wright@cit.ie Wu, Tsung-Chiung (Emily) National Dong Hwa University Taiwan tcwu@gms.ndhu.edu.tw

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Programme & Rooms

Programme

The latest programme can be found on the ATLAS website at http://www.atlas-euro.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=VijEbboAEt4%3d&tabid=333&language=en-US. The link can also be found on the Liveto platform in the Lobby.

Room P1 Lobby

Prague Castle in spring Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu)

Some instructions In the header of the LIVETO platform you can find the general version of the program. You have received the more detailed conference program, including the workshop program in a separate PDF from us. The main structure of the program will remain the same, but some workshop presentations might be re-allocated. When changes occur you will receive a link to the newest version of the program from us. When you scroll through the menu you see a lot of rooms here at the left side of the page. All of these rooms can be accessed by the conference delegates. Below you can find a short description of each room: In the main conference hall the plenary sessions will take place. Everyone can attend at the same time. In the welcome reception room you can find a selection of videos about typical Czech alcoholic refreshments. During the welcome reception you can also meet and greet the organizers and other delegates in the Coffee Break room and the Lunch room.

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The Coffee Break room and the Lunch room can be visited by a maximum of 30 delegates. You can enter and start a(n) (informal) conversation with who is there. You can also invite other delegates in the chat to meet there. All the workshop and special track sessions will take place in room W1 to W15. These can be found in the menu under Workshops. These rooms can be entered by a maximum of 30 delegates. Should the room be full, access will be denied to remaining delegates. Therefore we strongly advise the moderators and presenters to enter the room in which they will be presenting in time. If the presenters are not in yet and the room is full, the moderator will have to ask one or more delegates to leave voluntarily to make way for the presenters. All the rooms will be open during the whole event. If you would like to talk “face to face” with another delegate or with a group of delegates, just try one of the workshop rooms and see if it is available to have a private discussion. You can communicate with other delegates through the chat. The research café will include a number of ‘tables’ at which experts from different fields will lead discussions on hot topics in tourism, leisure and events research. These will generate ideas that can lead to research projects, publications, and perhaps a new ATLAS Special Interest Group. ATLAS conferences are known for the informal, friendly and comfortable atmosphere where you have the chance to speak to other scholars very easily. In the room Meet Senior Academics, especially young academics will have a chance to talk to senior academics who they might know from their books and other work. A separate room has also been dedicated to publishers and other businesses. In the room Meet the publishers you can find a short introduction video of those who are present and you can contact the publishers and businesses here. In the student event room student will have the opportunity to meet fellow ATLAS students. During this informal event we will also invite some of the ATLAS board members and organisers to listen to your thoughts and ideas about your studies, early career experiences, ATLAS student membership, etc.

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Room P2 Main Conference Room

Vltava River and Charles Bridge - Prague Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) In this main conference hall the plenary sessions will take place. Everyone can attend at the same time. You can watch the livestream of the keynote speakers and other presenters. Questions can be posed in the chat at the right side of the page and will be picked up by the chair of the session. The program and information on the speakers can be found on the top of the page under Program and Performers.

Room P3 Welcome Reception

Picture retrieved from https://www.prague-catering.cz/lokality/Praha/prazsky-hrad/

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Room P4 Coffee Break

Picture retrieved from https://www.kavarnahellas.cz/#&gid=1&pid=20 Join the coffee break room to have a chat with other conference delegates! Please be aware that no more than 30 people can join the chat. If the room is full and/or you would like to chat with someone or with another small group, you can also use the lunchroom.

Room P5 Lunch

Picture retrieved from https://aprilhotel.cz/svatby-rauty-catering Join the lunch room to have a chat with other conference delegates! Please be aware that no more than 30 people can join the chat. If the room is full and/or you would like to chat with someone or with another small group, you can also use the coffee break room.

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Room W1 - Special Track 1 Scenario planning workshop on “Tourism as a driver of regional development and collaboration”

Holešovice Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Track convenors Albert Postma – Stenden University, Netherlands (albert.postma@nhlstenden.com) Martin Groters – Stenden University, Netherlands (martin.groters@nhlstenden.com) During a special track at the annual ATLAS conference in Prague the European Tourism Futures Institute @ NHL Stenden University (www.etfi.eu) will provide a scenario planning workshop on the theme of the conference. The aim of the session will be to bring together the expertise of various delegates on “tourism as a driver for regional development and collaboration”, to get acquainted with scenario planning and to jointly develop four different scenarios of how tourism could impact upon regional development in 2030. Such scenarios could guide authorities to establish policy frameworks.

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Room W2 - Special Track 2 Engaging in meaningful research and action for climate change and tourism: the role of scholars ATLAS SIG Climate Change and Tourism

View from Hradčany Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Track convenors Ioanna Farsari, Dalarna University, Sweden (ifa@du.se) Liliana Carvalho, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal (lilianacarvalho1@campus.ul.pt) Martine Bakker, Wageningen University, the Netherlands (mb987@nyu.edu) Climate change is increasingly becoming a topic of attention within tourism industry and tourism scholar community. Although an increasingly proliferating research topic, research has focused on industry’s and entrepreneurs’ perceptions; impacts and adaptation measures in destinations; or tourists perceptions and travel behaviour. Although the need for transformative changes in the system has drawn research interest, little research has addressed the transformative nature of tourism research and education for climate change. Transformative approaches enable self-reflexivity, researchers’ identities, acknowledgement of diverse interests and tensions and often take whole systems approaches enabling conventional as well as disruptive methodologies. With this special track we would like to draw attention to these aspects and invite for discussions around research on climate change and tourism and reflectivity over the role of the scholars in climate change and tourism: What is relevant research for us? How can we contribute with relevant results? How can we communicate the results of our research? What is relevant research for the industry and destinations? How can we engage into it? How can we minimise the gap with the industry? What about our role as educators on the topic?

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Room W3 - Special Track 3 New frontiers in volunteer tourism research ATLAS SIG Volunteer Tourism

The Nový svět (New World) neighbourhood near Prague Castle Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Track convenors Elisa Burrai, Leeds Beckett University, UK (e.burrai@leedsbeckett.ac.uk) Davide Sterchele, Leeds Beckett University, UK (d.sterchele@leedsbeckett.ac.uk) Volunteer tourism has become a well-established field of academic enquiry. Several studies have analysed the role of volunteer tourism as a driver of personal development of volunteers, cross-cultural collaboration and understanding between hosts and guests, improved living conditions for local people and increased involvement of tourists in social movements and activism. On the other hand, in the past decade a more critical scholarship has also considered volunteer tourism as a form of neo-colonialism, since the interests and motivations of western tourists tend to outweigh the needs and desires of local residents. To date, the majority of studies have focused on the impacts of volunteer tourism, motivations of tourists, perceptions of residents, and characteristics of organisations. However, emerging areas and topics offer new opportunities to investigate volunteer tourism in relation to timely issues such as the role of social media, social and environmental sustainability, power relations, segmentation of the industry, contradictions and paradoxes.

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Room W4 - Special Track 4 Legitimising visual research in tourism; building a critical mass, ethical framework and quality criteria ATLAS SIG Visual Tourism

Old Town Square - Prague Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Track convenors Nika Balomenou – Swansea University, UK (nika.balomenou@swansea.ac.uk) Brian Garrod – Swansea University, UK (Brian.garrod@swansea.ac.uk) There is a strong pull in tourism studies towards the familiar, trusted, long-established, textocentric tradition, in which it is apparently considered that numerical and textual methods are sufficient. Visual methods in tourism research are, therefore, markedly under-represented in comparison with other fields where they have been more readily accepted.

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Room W5 - Special Track 5 Re-marketing or De-marketing in the Post-COVID City? ATLAS SIG Urban Tourism

Nusle Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Track convenors Ko Koens – Inholland University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands (ko.koens@inholland.nl) Melanie Smith – Budapest Metropolitan University, Hungary (msmith@metropolitan.hu) Pre-COVID, many cities were addressing the challenges of so-called ’overtourism’ using various approaches, such as restricting tourist numbers, regulating tourist behaviour, managing tourist flows or re-directing tourists to alternative destinations. UNWTO (2018) suggested several steps to reduce the negative impacts of tourism and to avoid overtourism. These include reviewing and adapting regulation; setting monitoring and response measures; improving city infrastructure and facilities; communicating with and engaging stakeholders (including residents and visitors); and creating new experiences and attractions.

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Room W6 - Special Track 6 Challenges and new solutions in tourism and leisure education

Pond in Wallenstein Garden, St Nicholas Church Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Track Convenors Goretti Silva - Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal (goretti@estg.ipvc.pt) Sheena Carlisle - Cardiff Metropolitan University, United Kingdom (scarlisle@cardiffmet.ac.uk) Monika Birkle - Haaga Helia - University of Applied Sciences, Finland (Monika.Birkle@haaga-helia.fi) During this special track the SIG Business Tourism in cooperation with the INCOME Tourism, Next Tourism Generation (NTG) and CultSense projects, will provide a panel discussion and a workshop on the theme “Challenges and new solutions in tourism and leisure education”. This special track is meant for teachers in tourism, hospitality, event and leisure management and researchers with an interest in pedagogy and curriculum design, as well as for practitioners from the industry with an interest in developing education. In the special track delegates discuss what to consider when designing education in a post-pandemic situation. Key themes include sustainability, employability, resilience, innovation and digital adoption.

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Room W7 - Special Track 7 Gastronomy tourism as tool for sustainable development ATLAS SIG Gastronomy and Tourism

Picture retrieved from https://nomadparadise.com/czech-food/ Kulajda Kulajda is a beautiful cream soup of mushrooms and potatoes. The combination of mushrooms and sour cream helps add both sweet and savory notes to the dish. Kulajda soup also includes diced potatoes and a considerable amount of dill. A poached quail’s egg is added atop of the stew before serving. Track convenors Carlos Fernandes – Instituto Politécnico do Viana do Castelo, Portugal (cfernandes@estg.ipvc.pt) Silvia Aulet – University of Girona, Spain (silvia.aulet@udg.edu) In line with one of the main topics of the ATLAS Annual Conference, as well as the challenges and trends that tourism is facing, we propose to reflect on the importance of applying the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) in Gastronomy Tourism or, how gastronomy tourism can help in the achievement of SDG. Therefore, in this session we aim to bring together a range of abstracts that examine gastronomy tourism under the lens of SDG from both, theoretical and methodological perspectives. The main SDG that are related to food production are SDG number 2 (hunger), number 3 (health and well-being) and number 12 (responsible consumption and production).

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Room W8 - Special Track 8 Event Communities: Trends and Futures ATLAS SIG Events

Easter Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Track convenor Greg Richards – Tilburg University, the Netherlands (G.W.Richards@tilburguniversity.edu) In 2021, just as in 2020, the ATLAS Events Group will be staging its events online. Like communities around the world, our group will need to adjust to the new reality of online and hybrid events. What effects will these developments have for events in the future, and what impact will these have on the communities that shape and are shaped by events? In previous research programmes ATLAS has considered the development of event networks, and the role of events in society. That role changed radically with the pandemic, as live events were cancelled and social contacts increasingly had to be made online. How will the shift to digital events and the absence of ‘normal’ social gatherings affect communities in future? Will new models of events emerge, or will people be eager to get back to ‘normal events’?

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Room W9 - Special Track 9 Cultural tourism re-visited ATLAS SIG Cultural Tourism

An evening at the National Theatre Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Track convenor Greg Richards – Tilburg University, the Netherlands (G.W.Richards@tilburguniversity.edu) On the 30th anniversary of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Project we will be re-visiting some of the central themes of the ATLAS research over the years. When the project was launched, cultural tourism was a relatively new segment of global tourism, but it rapidly developed from a niche market into a mass tourism product, driven by low cost flights and collaborative economy accommodation. In 2021 we will be looking at how the cultural tourism market has changed, and reviewing some key trends from recent editions of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Project, for which surveys were undertaken in Prague and other locations in 2020 and 2021. Those involved in past and present editions of the ATLAS research project are welcome to present their thoughts on the development of cultural tourism, and other presenters are also invited to give their views.

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Room W10 - Workshop 1 Governance, policy and planning

Prague street Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Governance, policy and planning

To what extent are new institutional frameworks / new forms of collaboration required for the management of covid / post-covid tourism?

What adjustments will need to be made to policies at national, regional and local levels?

What provisions can be made for community involvement in shaping new forms of tourism?

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Room W11 - Workshop 2 Networks and collaboration

Old Town Square Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Networks and collaboration

What role can networks play in re-building tourism?

How can we enhance co-creation and innovation in tourism?

How can ICT support regional development

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Room W12 - Workshop 3 Sustainable tourism futures

Dancing House – Prague Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Sustainable tourism futures

How can sustainable tourism be mobilised as a driving force for job creation and economic development?

What strategies can the business community adopt to contribute to sustainable tourism recovery?

In which ways can tourism contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals?

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Room W13 - Workshop 4 Tourism and cultural change

Holešovice Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Tourism and cultural change

How has the covid pandemic shaped the cultures of tourism and travel?

To what extent can post-covid tourism contribute to deeper engagement with cultural diversity?

What are the challenges and opportunities for the cultural and heritage sectors in re-aligning with global tourism?

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Room W14 - Workshop 5 Environmental considerations in tourism development

Vltava River – riverside Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) Environmental considerations in tourism development

What ecological imperatives have been highlighted in tourism through the covid pandemic?

To what extent is the natural world challenged by tourism in recovery?

How best can peripheral areas respond to tourism as a means to social and economic development?

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Room W15 - Workshop 6 The tourist experience

Morning run on Charles Bridge Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) The tourist experience

What changes in tourist behaviours and travel patterns can be anticipated in the next decade?

To what extent can new technologies meet the challenges of sustainable tourism development?

How can we enhance the meanings of tourist visits to destinations for both host and guest?

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Research Cafe

Vinohrady Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) ATLAS is organising a new form of meeting at the online ATLAS Annual Conference 2021. Alongside the usual paper presentations, we will be focussing on key research questions and research processes in the event field through a virtual ‘research café’. The research café will include a number of ‘tables’ at which experts from different fields will lead discussions on hot topics in tourism, leisure and events research. These will generate ideas that can lead to research projects, publications, and perhaps a new ATLAS Special Interest Group. The Research Café will be based on the following principles: 1. Creating a Hospitable Space Just like the ATLAS Conference itself, the Research Café will provide a welcoming and comfortable space for interaction. No formalities, no titles, no prizes – just open conversation and mutual respect. 2. Asking Compelling Questions Each group will engage with powerful questions about research that will generate collective energy, insight, and action. 3. Encouraging Everyone to Contribute Everyone will be encouraged to contribute their ideas and perspectives, but if you just want to listen to the conversation, that is also fine. 4. Connecting Diverse Perspectives You can move between tables, meet new people, and link your own thoughts to those of others, increasing the potential for surprising new insights. 5. Sharing Collective Discoveries The conversations from each table will be connected to “harvest” the emerging wholeness of the debate about the role of tourism, leisure and events in contemporary society. The Research Café will not replace traditional paper presentations at the conference, but it will complement the traditional format by opening up discussions in a much broader and more creative way.

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Of course you can approach all participants for a conversation. The following people have indicated that they are at least open to a conversation: Antonio Russo antonio.russo@urv.cat G.W. Richards richards.g@buas.nl Smith Melanie Kay msmith@metropolitan.hu Carlos Fernandes cfernandes@estg.ipvc.pt Simons, Ilja Simons.I@buas.nl Tara Duncan tdu@du.se On the platform you can find a detailed time schedule with availabilities and research interests.

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Meet senior academics

Prague in autumn Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) ATLAS conference are known for the informal, friendly and comfortable atmosphere where you have the chance to speak to other scholars very easily. Especially young academics have a chance to talk to senior academics who they might know from their books and other work. During this ONLINE event we would like to accomplish this as well. We invite young academics to meet senior academics. We dedicated a special room to this! In the LIVETO platform you can approach the academics in the list below. You can also reach them by e-mail prior to the conference and make an appointment for meeting each other. Of course you can approach all participants for a conversation. The following people have indicated that they are at least open to a conversation: Antonio Paolo Russo – University Rovira i Virgili, Spain antonio.russo@urv.cat Greg Richards – Breda University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands richards.g@buas.nl Melanie Smith – Budapest Metropolitan University, Hungary msmith@metropolitan.hu Carlos Fernandes – Instituto Politécnico do Viana do Castelo, Portugal cfernandes@estg.ipvc.pt Ilja Simons – Breda University of Applied Sciences, Netherlands Simons.I@buas.nl Tara Duncan – Dalarna University, Sweden tdu@du.se

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Meet the publishers

Prague Castle and Charles Bridge Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) In the room Meet the publishers you can find a short introduction video of those who are present and you can contact the publishers and businesses here.

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Student event

Náplavka Picture retrieved from ©Prague City Tourism (www.prague.eu) The special student event will give students the opportunity to meet fellow ATLAS students. During this informal event we will also invite some of the ATLAS board members and organisers to listen to your thoughts and ideas about your studies, early career experiences, ATLAS student membership, etc.

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Abstracts

Tourism policy and planning in the Nigerian tourism sector: Importance Performance Analysis

Adenike Adebayo University of Sunderland United Kingdom adebayoadenike@gmail.com This research aims to examine the current situation in tourism policy and planning from the stakeholders' perspective using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA). This paper used the IPA framework to diagnose the current situation in tourism policy and planning in Nigeria. Jenkins (2015) identifies critical issues that are of global significance to tourism development since they are likely to affect the tourism sector’s sustainability in developing countries. These include: first, the question of who should be involved to formulate policy and plans for tourism. Second, the scale, type, and where to locate tourism developments. Third, the growth of the tourism industry depends on the availability of the basic infrastructures and embarking on such projects can be costly such that private investors often look up to the government to provide this. Fourth, the question of who benefits from tourism development. Fifth, should there be limits to tourism growth? The idea of carrying capacity is central here, i.e. the maximum number of tourists that any given attraction can support without causing deterioration or damage to the environment. Sixth, having measures to monitor and evaluate tourism impacts. For example, economic impacts from tourism have been said to be immediate, while other effects manifest over a more extended period. Consequently, these are fundamental issues in policy and planning are associated with a sustainable tourism sector. Similar questions were raised by Telfer and Sharpley (2008) in the same context seven years before Jenkins (2015) research. The questionnaire for data collection was designed using Qualtrics online survey software. Following the recommendations by Martilla and James (1977), the variables included in the questionnaire were selected through the review of existing literature. The variables were grouped under four major themes: 1) environmental situation analysis (micro and macro), 2) stakeholder participation, 3) endorsement of a strategic approach to destination planning and 4) implementation/monitoring and evaluation. A total of 26 questionnaires consisting of 75 questions assessing both importance and performance of the tourism policy and planning variables was distributed to respondents (experts) in the Nigeria tourism industry. The respondents consisted of the public sector (federal and state), the private sector (hoteliers, event manager), local community members, and federal training institution for professionals in tourism and hospitality industry and academics in higher institutions of learning. The data were entered into the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for analysis. The findings revealed that almost all of the tourism planning variables assessed were perceived to be important to tourism development. However, regarding performance, the tourism sector is not doing so well in most of the areas which warrant that tourism planners need to concentrate on most of the variables in future tourism planning activities. The implications for the Nigerian tourism sector is that urgent actions need to be taken to improve on most of the variables that are performing poorly to ensure that the industry develops into a tourist destination in Africa, as it aspires to be.

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Building the distinctive destination: how cross-border collaboration creates new opportunities for tourism

Sofia Almeida Universidade de Lisboa Portugal aagua@campus.ul.pt

Carmen Pardo

Ana Ladeiras

Ana Cláudia Campos Currently it is widely recognized the prominent role of tourism development in a destination’s economic dynamics, by means of the multiplier effects generated in income and employment. Fight against poverty as well as improvement of communities’ quality of life are additional benefits from tourism with impacts on economic revitalization. Positive effects such as these are well documented both at the national level and at the regional level, or even sub-regional. This research will address the potential benefits of tourism development between borders, by discussing the economic dynamics created through territorial proximity, reversing the traditional scenario of border regions living and evolving separately. Inland areas are mostly inhabited by aged communities, are rich in natural and cultural heritage, however their production structure is fragile, with little or no orientation towards internationalization. The study intends to further explore the process of tourism strategy formulation by analyzing multi-regional territories linked by distinctive resources and assets which support building of differentiation. The process may involve designing new tourism products able to stimulate visitation and increase of tourist demand, consequently drawing local entrepreneurs’ attention to market opportunities. This research presents a case-study of cross-boarding tourism in the Iberic territory – Portugal and Spain. Using a bottom-up methodology (based on a focus group field work, in-depth interviews and online surveys), in a context of quasi-non-existent and non-homogeneous sources of tourist information, this study argues it is possible to propose cross-border and multi-regional economic growth through tourism. Field work will include benchmarking to help designing coherent and viable actions to implement towards cross-border tourism development. Benchmarking will be conducted at three levels: international, European and internal, connecting specifically the cases of Portugal and Spain. An expected result of this work is the joint conception of feasible proposals to implement in cross-border regions of Portugal and Spain. Firstly, the organization of this inter-territorial destination has to be institutionally created, a process developed by inclusion of key stakeholders. Secondly, in what concerns product development, and taking into account the four key distinctive products shared by these two territories - wine, nature, heritage and water-, a cross-border wine route will be designed (integrating the rich gastronomy of both countries). Thirdly, in order to boost private sector dynamics, several actions will address opportunities to create business networking between entrepreneurs from both sides of the frontier. Fourthly, so as to institutionally support cross-border tourism development between Portugal and Spain, a system for collecting and analyzing tourism information data has to be put in place. Lastly, a marketing strategy for the cross-border territory is addressed, considering heterogeneity in the stage of tourism development and endogenous resources, by proposing the creation of an inclusive brand for this new destination. This research intends to contribute in a theoretical way by providing inputs to the body of literature on cross-border collaboration. Practical contributes will come, by identifying some avenues for governance, decision-makers and also business managers of companies located in cross-border areas to improve the competitive management of tourist inland destinations.

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Sensitizing for local cultures through tourism

Silvia Aulet University of Girona Spain silvia.aulet@udg.edu

Lénia Marques The demand in cultural tourism has been increasing over the last decades, and according to some studies there is a shift in what travellers are looking for. Underlying cultural tourism, there is a wide definition of culture that involves not only the monumental or artistic elements of culture but also its intangible elements. According to Richards (2014), one of the main reasons to travel to a destination is to know a different culture, which means learning about different traditions, norms, values, beliefs, food and ways of living. Despite this cultural take on tourism activity, some forms of cultural tourism became so popular that it has led to what we can consider mass cultural tourism. In this sense, cultural tourism has contributed to existing conflicts between residents and tourism that have emerged in some tourist destinations (e.g. Barcelona, Amsterdam, Lisbon). Words referring to overcrowded destinations, gentrification or tourismophobia have appeared in the media and in the academic literature as result of tensions between locals, tourism stakeholders and visitors. Disrespectful attitudes and behaviours of visitors concerning local customs, traditions, values or ways of living are often part of the triggers for these tensions. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in forms of culturally sensitive travelling, stimulating a deeper understanding of local cultures, as well as more sustainable forms of travelling. Different forms of tourism, like creative tourism (e.g. Richards, 2011) or community-based tourism (e.g. Okazaki, 2008), explore the connection and involvement of tourism and local communities. Despite this, much work is yet to be done in understanding and promoting more sustainable and respectful ways of travelling. Projects such as Arctisen - Culturally Sensitive Tourism in the Arctic (https://sensitivetourism.interreg-npa.eu/) or CultSense – Sensitizing Young Travellers for Local Cultures (www.cultsense.com) seek to respond to these current challenges. This paper explores the preliminary findings of CultSense, an Erasmus+ project conducted by a group of academics from different universities in Europe (Portugal, Spain, Romania, Finland and The Netherlands). CultSense investigates ways to raise awareness among young travellers in domestic and international destinations. In its initial phase, a framework for understanding cultural sensitive travelling among young people was designed which combines theories from intercultural competences, cosmopolitanism and sustainability. It is in this context that the present paper investigates how local cultures are experienced by young travellers. The study proposes a comparison of 5 countries (Portugal, Spain, Romania, Finland and The Netherlands) regarding dimensions such as level involvement with locals, perception of the local community and interest in the culture of the visited Other. A survey has been translated in different languages and data are still being collected at the moment (April 2021). With over 800 responses, we expect to pinpoint similarities, differences and trends, as well as identify areas of action for academic organisations and the tourism industry, as tourism can be a major driver for mutual cultural understanding

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IMC Rise®: A Case Study on Mindfulness Training in a Virtual Context

Claudia Bauer-Krösbacher IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems Austria claudia.bauer-kroesbacher@fh-krems.ac.at

Martin K.J Waiguny

Rainer Zehetner

Iris Enz The current COVID-19 pandemic poses significant challenges to Universities. Besides extensive alterations regarding daily university work and academic teaching it is evident that more attention needs to be paid to students’ mental resilience and strength. Therefore, it was decided that the IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems offers students a mental-physical programme, which combines concepts from mindfulness, Yoga and meditation. Successful field studies show that mindfulness trainings have positive effects on stress levels of students (Hindman et al., 2015), strengthen resilience (Stork et al., 2020) and can have positive consequences on feelings of anxiety and depression (Gallego et al., 2014). Furthermore, latest studies show positive impacts of mindfulness practice on distraction potential and concentration (Miller et al., 2019) as well as providing the “opportunity to step back from the intense pace and pressure of an often overwhelming mix of academic schoolwork, extracurricular activities, and other commitments” (Kerrigan et al., 2017). Similar results are induced by mental training methods such as meditation, strengthening cognitive abilities (Zeidan et al., 2010), as well as physical integration through Yoga (Wimmer et al., 2020). The relationships between Yoga, resilience and salutogenesis (Enz, 2013; Fathi, 2019), resilience and meditation (Stangl, 2021; Stork et al., 2020), as well as between Yoga and resilience (Sullivan et al., 2018) has already been proven by several studies. Regular Yoga practice increased the ability of self-regulation and pro-social behavior, which have positive effects on the performance of students (Butzer et al., 2015). Despite such encouraging results are mindfulness trainings, mental trainings and Yoga hardly offered at universities and are not systematically integrated in diverse curricula or extracurricular offers. Therefore, based on this scientific evidence, the IMC Rise® programme was developed to offer students different tools to be able to cope with day-to-day study life during the pandemic by strengthening their resilience and salutogenesis. The IMC Rise® programme comprises the following elements: relaxation for the body and the mind, strengthening one’s self-reflection and own resources, and strategies for the integration of newly gained insights and co-creation. As structural and content-wise basis the logical levels, i.e. the levels of alteration, suggested by Dilts et al. (2013) are applied. IMC Rise® was offered the first time in the winter term 2020/21 and was conducted online. Despite this challenge it was apparent that virtual mindfulness offers can cause the above mentioned positive effects (Messer et al., 2015). In order to offer the programme to a broad audience it was not only possible to participate in the sessions live but also in the recorded sessions. Almost 360 students (approximately 12 % of all students of the IMC UAS Krems) registered for this online offer whereas almost 260 were active (more than five calls). Overall IMC Rise® was a big success which was not only well received by the students but has also instigated interesting follow-up projects. The insights gained from this project, the development of the programme including the different elements as well as the organisation and implementation can be used as a good practice case-study.

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Vlogging as a tool for visitor education and capacity management

Kamila Bezova University of Derby United Kingdom k.bezova1@unimail.derby.ac.uk

Peter Wiltshier

Iride Azara The Internet and social media have shaped the tourism industry as tourists are nowadays searching, planning and booking online (Buhalis and Law, 2008; Nielsen, 2012; Navío-Marco et al., 2018; Buhalis, 2019). Social media serve as an information provider through all the steps of the customer journey (Christou and Nella, 2012; Fotis et al., 2012). More importantly, consumers often believe user-generated content, also known as electronic word-of-mouth, more than other forms of advertising (Bronner and Hoog, 2010). Social media have also allowed sharing the audio-visual advertisement, preferred by consumers, as it presents an opportunity for imagination and more emotional content (Josiam et al., 2012; Pandelaere et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2017). As an example, video blogging (vlogging) has become increasingly popular (Crowel et al., 2014; Tang, 2016). It has been observed that vloggers can influence customers into buying certain products, thus YouTube, the most popular platform for video sharing, serves as a marketing channel for marketers and vloggers (Tring and Nguyen, 2019). As online services are reducing costs to both suppliers and consumers and travelling becomes affordable, destinations are struggling with capacity management and negative impacts of tourism on the local community (Postma, 2013; Koens et al., 2018; Milano, Cheer and Novelli, 2018; Milano, Novelli and Cheer, 2019). Indeed, sustainable tourism development is considered vital and is reinforced by the UN Sustainable Development Goals (UN Sustainable Development, 2019; Postma and Schmuecker, 2017). Negative impacts of tourism can be reduced by visitor education (Mason, 2005; Weaver, 2013; Albrecht, 2017; Ensenat-Soberanis et al., 2019). Using technology, for example, video blogs permit the information to be shared easily and to reach many consumers in a short time (Wong, 2013; Tan and Law, 2016). The purpose of this study is to explore how the use of video blogs (vlogs) can help visitor education towards sustainable outcomes in a specific destination. The case of the Czech Republic´s capital, Prague, attracting 6 million visitors each year was chosen for this paper (Prague City Tourism, 2019). The effects of overcrowding in the city centre are starting to show and official tourism campaigns try to attract visitors to go and see less-visited areas of Prague. Through the content analysis of video bloggers, it was found out that vlogging has already made an impact on tourist behaviour. The videos encourage tourists to behave appropriately and respectfully towards the residents and can impact positively on the destination environment (Honest Guide, 2019). However, some limitations need to be considered. Firstly, the demographics of the audience is often below 30 years (Amaro et al., 2016; Yang et al., 2016; Trinh and Nguyen, 2019). Therefore, using vlogging as a tool for visitor education might be limited to a specific demographic of travellers. Another limitation is the lack of academic research and empirical evidence on the use of vlogs in tourism (Trinh and Nguyen, 2019). Hence, this study proposes the need for a better understanding of the travel vlog audience, their motivations and impact of the videos on their behaviour in the destination.

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Bigger, better, bolder! Post COVID-19 domestic tourism - South Africa as a case study

Christoffel R. Botha University of Pretoria South Africa christoffel.botha@up.ac.za

Karen Harris The COVID-19 pandemic has created an unprecedented challenge for the tourism sector from an international to a local level. The impact has had a serious effect on an industry that is integral and indispensable to the economies of countries in both the global North and the global South. Despite this being a contested issue, the United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) has indicated that tourism will be radically and fundamentally changed and transformed in every dimension for the foreseeable future given the direct and immense socio-economic impacts of the pandemic on a global scale. (UNWTO, 2020) In this context, COVID-19 has become a catalyst to compel tourism to be reconsidered, redefined, revolutionised, reignited and reinvigorated in ways which have not been conceived of before by public or private entities. From a practical point of view, the “restarting” of tourism within the global COVID-19 crisis, given the various constraints and conventions, will inevitably emerge in a reconfigured form. This paper will argue that within these prevailing circumstances, tourism will emerge and energise from within the context of the local, in other words the promotion of the domestic. This paper contends that this will be a viable initial option to rebuild confidence in the sector, but at the same time re-contextualise the domestic tourism domain to become more accessible, inclusive, diversified, transformative and sustainable. This notion will naturally entail a reconceptualization of the traditional tourism product, service and provider, as well as the conventional host, tourist and traveller. In relation to the aforementioned, it can be argued that there is an inherent and urgent need to overhaul the sector in the light of a changed post COVID-19 world, especially within select global South settings – given the region’s economic, cultural, social, political and environmental hardships brought on by the pandemic that have only deepened the already existing inequalities, disparities and positions in the modern world order. This new circumstance calls for a different approach to the problems that have arisen as a result of pandemic precautions, particularly in domestic travel settings within global South tourism contexts. By way of an exploratory case study-based research design, this paper will focus on South Africa’s domestic tourism. In this context, the country’s holistic tourism value chain will be assessed to determine: why the supply market is heavily skewed towards the global North that is an international target market; whether the institutionally designed domestic marketing campaigns like “Sho’t Left” and #WeDoTourism have been successful in inspiring “locals” to travel; as well as if provincial travelling spaces can more effectively be utilised to promote domestic tourism by way of a process of “micronisation” in rural travel landscapes. This paper will also identify possible existing gaps in the country’s domestic tourism market that might have preceded the current crisis which can now be revisited. Additionally, this paper investigates a range of potential elements of recuperation and innovation at a grassroots level within localised travel settings. It will likewise address the evident problem of trying to devise and develop new and innovative bottom-up solutions, action plans, models and toolkits to resolve these negative impacts and augment positive growth points in South Africa amidst and after the COVID-19 pandemic.

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The future of events will be Hybrid

Tim Brown University of Chester United Kingdom t.brown@chester.ac.uk The COVID-19 pandemic has created a pivotal moment for the global events management industry, and related hospitality and tourism sectors (Mohanty et al., 2020). The immediacy of the impact created by event closures across the world resulted in job losses on unprecedented scales, which may take years to recover from. Events have been a vibrant industry for decades which play an important role within people’s lives through the socialization and sense of belonging that they help to generate (Getz & Page, 2020). Whilst the transition to virtual events has aided the business events sector in particular, other parts of the event industry have struggled to pivot so easily. Despite moves to reopen live in-person events, there are still significant barriers to this from a global perspective. The most significant of these is that the public may be more cautious to return to events, as concerns about the transmission of COVID-19 (and other infections) will linger despite major vaccine programs being developed. Furthermore, the supporting tourism and hospitality sectors which are integral to the events industry will also take time to recover, with international events being the most affected due to a reduction in air travel and capacity (Mohanty et al., 2020). Hybrid events offer the perfect solution to this dilemma (Martin & Cazarre, 2016), as a global audience can still be engaged, as well as developing new markets (Sox et al., 2017). The move to hybrid events will also increase sustainable practices (Beech et al., 2014) due to decreased travel and logistics, and through the integration of event applications which will create paperless events due to the fully online content (Holmes et al., 2015). Finally, the incorporation of event technology will enable events to engage directly with a wider audience who have, in general, become more technologically adept and more willing to engage in virtual activities (Ritcher, 2020), and the technological innovations will also result in increased accessibility and inclusivity at both virtual events and hybrid events (Sarabipour, 2020). This paper will demonstrate why Hybrid Events will be a cornerstone for the future of the events industry.

Tourism science for transformative change – Do’s and don’ts when dealing with chameleons

Harald Buijtendijk Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands buijtendijk.h@buas.nl

Eke Eijgelaar Are you a scholar who wants to make active contributions to transformative change? Beware of chameleons. And be prepared to face these old-world lizards. Transformative changes that address the role of tourism in the unfolding public health and climate crisis are urgently needed. We all know that. Scores of papers have been written about this urgency. See for instance the tourism and climate change debate (e.g. Scott et al., 2016). But these changes do not come about easily. Instrumental explanations for this lack of progress have been offered (e.g. Becken, 2019). Yet, by themselves these explanations do little to change the situation. They tend to

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overlook that environmental policy struggles and the embedded conflicts tend to be deep-rooted and have a life of their own. They are products of and reproduce through past policy legacies and current policy commitments. Such path dependencies make it difficult for actors across the policy spectrum to change directions, even if they want to. In these settings, science tends to be used to legitimize pre-existing policy decisions (see e.g. Buijtendijk & Eijgelaar, 2020). Attempts to create transformative change can end up reinforcing the status quo. Promises of novel technologies and the rhetoric of ‘technological innovation’ can play a prominent role in this process. In these situations, it is not easy to speak truth to power. So, if your keen on making science contribute to bringing about transformative change, it is important to be sensitive to this political dimension of organising transformations. In this discussion, we therefore zoom in on this intricate force field, using the notion of chameleonism (Buijtendijk, 2021). Chameleons are actors that change colour but not shape to suit the new situation. Wittingly or unwittingly, they tend to talk the talk rather than walk the walk. And they are everywhere, foremost in industry and politics. In this discussion, we first introduce these old-world creatures. We will then argue that chameleon sightings are signs of hope rather than embittering experiences. Chameleons signal transformative change in the making. Questions we intend to jointly explore include: how can science best deal with chameleonism? What should scholars do and what should they avoid when speaking truth to power? We would like to identify a few promising ways forward for further academic engagement in dealings with chameleonism in the field of climate change and tourism.

Tourism, environmental awareness, and biodiversity loss: an educational approach through botanic gardens

Liliana Carvalho Centro de Estudos Geográficos, IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa Portugal lilianacarvalho1@edu.ulisboa.pt

Eduardo Brito-Henriques Botanic garden tourism is a niche product that can be promoted and developed by its educational services or by tourist entertainment companies (Benfield, 2020). In this paper, we want to explore and discuss to what extent the botanic gardens of Portugal and Spain are using tourism and visitation to communicate and promote education and environmental awareness on plant diversity and on the danger of biodiversity loss. The Iberomacaronesian gardens under study are those that are affiliated with BGCI, thirteen in Spain and twelve in Portugal. The paper focus on the activities that botanic gardens perform to expand awareness and enhance knowledge on botanic biodiversity. Data was collected from the botanical gardens websites to find educational programs aimed at various audiences and material for dissemination. Based on this information, a typology of the type of activities and respective target audience is presented. Preliminary results suggest that gardens with educational programs with a greater focus on endangered plants, particularly endemic ones, are the gardens of the Canary and Balearic Islands and that the botanic gardens dependent on universities show less dissemination of educational programs outside the school scope, as well as less updated communication of activities that can be included in educational tourism activities. Even though Iberomacaronesian botanic gardens have a considerable wealth of biodiversity in their collections, including 8721 plant species that are on one of the conservation levels considered in the IUCN red list (least concern, near threatened, vulnerable, endangered, critically endangered, extinct in the wild, and

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extinct), the data collected seems to suggest that there is still no concern with the dissemination of environmental education actions to the visitors.

Heritage Tourism as Remedy for Fostering Heritage Justice and Community Wellbeing

Deepak Chhabra Arizona State University United States deepak.chhabra@asu.edu

Carly Dewland Covid-19 has critically disrupted the travel and tourism industry across the globe. When post-pandemic heritage tourism becomes a reality, it should be guided by introspection of the shadows cast by the social ills of overtourism, exclusivity and bias that eclipsed pre-covid era tourism environments (Higgins-Desbiolles 2020). Transformative strategies are required to support pathways towards equitable, and inclusive environments that dissipate heritage showcasing of marginal heritage and promote social and cultural wellbeing. Issues associated with heritage justice are intertwined with social-political environments and daily life in travel and tourism spaces; these can navigate across various levels and modes of commitment ranging from sense of pride to heritage recognition at the institutional and societal level from and from inclusion/recognition of unique heritage expressions of the disadvantaged groups to cultural/social wellbeing. It is argued that dialogue of restoring dignity should be held in spaces and sites, cradling objects and memories (Joy 2020). Based on review of existing literature, this study examines the manner in which scholars have outlined past wrongs in heritage settings (Fortenberry 2021; Simpson 2009), such as the museums, and offers a discourse on pursued and adapted remedies. Numerous compensatory procedures are critically examined such as recognition, economic reparation and return (Joy 2020). The focus is particularly on heritage museums because they are recognized as appropriate/legitimized settings to facilitate and scrutinize difficult conversations about the past; these heritage institutions are often placed on a pedestal and expected to promote equitable showcasing of heritage expressions and the overall wellbeing of societies they serve (Baird 2014; Joy 2020). Deliberations are required on the extent to which they pass the test of their existence. This study is conceptual in nature and aims to present a heritage remedy paradigm that links heritage justice with the wellbeing of marginal communities. Heritage tourism needs to be made “responsive and answerable to the society in which it occurs” (Higgins-Desbiolles 2020, p. 617) and therefore it can serve as a remedial tool for promoting equitable expressions of heritage, sense of pride/belonging and community wellbeing. By opening up the museums for exploration, using heritage justice and wellbeing standpoints, this study can be used as a starting point to identify, explore, and suggest remedial paradigms for other heritage institutions for the post-pandemic times.

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Climate change vulnerability, adaptive capacity and adaptation strategies of the ski industry - the case of Pamporovo, Bulgaria

Siya Cholakova Sofia University 'Sveti Kliment Ohridksi' Bulgaria siya@gea.uni-sofia.bg The already observed and expected in the near future climate changes present a challenge for the tourist destinations as the physical manifestations of this phenomenon will lead to many other socio-economic changes. The mountain areas, and the ski industry respectively, are one of the first and most studied example of the climate change impacts on tourism. Still, there are a lot of gaps in knowledge, as well as different, often confronting, approaches and methodologies. Each tourist system consists of unique combination of many different factors. They would define the specific context vulnerability and adaptive capacity of the destination towards the effect of climate changes. The current PhD thesis attempts to carry out a practical assessment of the vulnerability of a ski destination in Bulgaria, as well as its adaptive capacity. It also aims to identify the possible adaptation strategies and to rank them according to a set of sustainability criteria. Using a case study approach, in the dissertation there is rich secondary information, mainly climatological, statistical and financial. The primary research was carried in two stages – first, a questionnaire survey was conducted among the tourists in the resort and the local population, and then a set of interviews were performed with representatives of the key stakeholders groups. This way both quantitative and qualitative information was included in the analysis. The thesis starts by a detailed literature review on the existing theoretical frameworks in the sphere of tourism and climate change and suggests a methodology for assessment of the vulnerability and adaptive capacity that could be applied to any destination. The first stage of the proposed framework includes an analysis of the history and trends during the years from the establishment of the resort by today, as the ‘path dependency’ forms to a big extend its current problems. It is followed by a review and appraisal of the combination of diverse physical, social, economic and political factors for the development of tourism in the destination. This mixture, summarised in a quantified situation analysis forms its current climate change vulnerability and adaptive capacity. In order to draw an effective sustainable development strategy for climate change adaptation of the destination, the perceptions of all stakeholder groups regarding the main adaptation strategies in the ski industry are presented. Conclusion regarding the suitability of the three most popular of them are made and a sustainability score given to each of them. The results in this PhD dissertation should be treated as an exploratory study as its main limitation is the small sample sizes of the questionnaire survey. Still, as it is done for the very first time for the Bulgarian ski industry, these results reveal interesting insights and allow some conclusions to be made. A team of experts would also give more accurate quantification of the assessments.

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Online and hybrid constellations, creative cultural event formats for resilient communities

Alba Colombo Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Spain acolombo@uoc.edu

Michael Luchtan Over the last decades, driven by the neoliberal trend of rising development, whether that be economic, urban, sectoral or political, not only large scale events but also community driven bottom-up events have grown disproportionately along big European cities. However, development has also been the basis of other strategies, event-related, aimed at community building such as inclusion, diversity and in some cases even personal development. Due to the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 outbreaks and restriction measures, the pandemic forced event organizations and event communities to respond by rapidly shifting towards new formats. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of these new formats on participation in event communities and organizations, observing in greater detail the perception of participation in 2020 events, to see how, and if, new formats experienced this year follow patterns that the traditional events previously held. Through a careful case study analysis of two bottom up events, we look to see what aspects, if any, of community building, inclusion and diversity are really possible to develop on the frame of the new virtual and hybrid models. We identify the strong will of citizens and communities to maintain certain events because, for event-based communities, the event is much more than just a spectacle, but the reason for the community itself. Consequently it became unthinkable to cancel certain events as they form an essential part of the social identity and its symbolic space. We selected the Al Ras Bluegrass event-based music community and Festa Major de Gràcia as a traditional popular event. Both cases, understood as community driven events, have been the basis of community building of its participants and groups where events became the place, a meeting point while linking to its context. We employed in-depth interviews and participant observation, which permitted understanding of the context and breadth of the current situation and the experience lived by both participants and organisers. We conclude with a critical appraisal of the new formats currently available for managing and reconfiguring events and detail how strong communities have adapted to the situation as a resilience response to uncertainty. The article draws upon research findings from the FestSpace project, funded by HERA and coordinated by the University of the West of Scotland, with the Technology University Dublin, Westminster University London, Göteborg University and the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.

The impacts of COVID-19 on women working in informal tourism in Peru

Rosa Codina Oxford Brookes University United Kingdom rcodina-sotomayor@brookes.ac.uk This paper examines the impacts of COVID-19 on women working in the Peruvian informal tourism industry, and related sectors. The aim was to obtain an understanding of the nature and scope of the informal tourism economy in Peru, and to examine the experience of rural women

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working in the sector, with a particular emphasis on their experience of the pandemic. The study is informed by current debates on tourism and gender, particularly the relationships between the tourism economy and the gender division of labour. Socio-cultural, political and industry structures are examined through an intersectional gender lens. Drawing on the results of eight virtual interviews with governmental stakeholders, NGO managers, and women working in the informal tourism sector, the paper explores the underlying motivations, and perceived benefits leading women to work in the informal tourism economy. Results reveal that one of the key motivations for women’s employment in the informal tourism industry, is the degree of time flexibility offered by the sector. This is important given that women in rural Peru are still expected to meet a greater share of domestic responsibilities. The reported benefits of working in the informal sector differed between women working in Pisac, a well-known tourism destination, and women working as part-time informal handicraft makers in lesser-known rural locations in Peru. Women in Pisac had been able to enter full-time employment and become the main breadwinners as a result of working in the informal tourism sector. This had brought with it financial independence, and gradually changed the socio-economic status of women in the community. In the case of Indigenous women from lesser-known rural locations, their participation in the sector was mostly on a part-time basis and was still conditional on male approval. The arrival of the pandemic abruptly stopped women’s main source of revenue. Most interviewed women used the transferable skills acquired through work in the informal tourism sector to create alternative entrepreneurial opportunities, albeit earning reduced incomes. One of the main impacts for women living in rural Peru was the inability to attend artisanal trade fairs, which severely restricted their ability to sell and connect with other artisans. There was also a stark lack of state support directed at women and the informal sector. Most state aid and funding schemes had been exclusively aimed at formal actors, whilst limited interventions had been developed for the tourism sector. There was scarce evidence of gender-sensitive policies and programmes designed to alleviate the challenges women were experiencing during the pandemic. This was also linked to a lack of sex-disaggregated data for the tourism sector. Results of this study indicate a need for increased flexibility in the conditions to be met for formalisation. Tailor-made fiscal mechanisms for informal tourism actors are needed, whilst sex-disaggregated data on the nature of female employment in tourism and the informal sector is also necessary. In the long-term, gender equality should be integrated at all levels and phases of tourism development, particularly when designing and implementing any sort of tourism measure or policy.

Re-thinking the skills set of event management students

Willem Coetzee University of Otago New Zealand willem.coetzee@otago.ac.nz The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted that the event industry is highly vulnerable and that event managers need a diverse skill-set. During the pandemic, some event venues closed their doors; others adapted their business models and converted their facilities into COVID-19 testing stations, temporary hospitals and vaccination centres. Food and beverage departments at the convention centres provided facilities to prepare meals for vulnerable communities, and members of the technical teams assist local schools in delivering remote lessons by creating temporary studios and recording lessons for online distribution. Professional conference organisers at convention centres adapt their services from everyday face-to-face events to a

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“new normal” of hybrid or online events. It became apparent that the convention centre must be adept at handling events during a pandemic and other natural and human disasters. This calls for a concomitant change in how we approach university curricula, challenging the current event management degrees to supply graduates with skills to work in crises situations. Most contemporary university event planning curricula oblige students to organise and plan community events, such as fundraisers or community sporting events. However, the event management skill set can quickly be adopted for social good when needed. We have to teach our graduates to step up in a time of crises. The event management academia should highlight that our students, although skilful and knowledgeable in their subject matters, also hold the skill set and qualifications that provide them with the prerequisites necessary to manage a crisis. Traditionally these aspects have been largely neglected and underestimated in corporate life and subsequently in university education as well. After interviewing convention centre managers of six conventions centres, this paper will highlight the skill set needed to handle a crisis. The results revealed how convention centres hinged their neoliberal business model towards a business model for social good.

Active Learning Strategy for Student Engagement - Global Tourism Issues

Noelle O’Connor Limerick Institute of Technology Ireland noelle.oconnor@lit.ie The Assigned Reading Exercise is a very effective strategy for creating a culture of reading and independent study among a student cohort especially in final year. It can also be developed to serve many higher-order, critical thinking, learning outcomes (LIT Compendium of Active Learning Strategies for Student Engagement; 18). My Teaching and Learning Context The module that will be used for this Assigned Reading Exercise is Global Tourism Issues on the B.A. (Honours) in Business Studies with Travel and Tourism Management which is designed to evaluate and critically assess the key global issues that have significance in tourism in a global context. This is a 4th Year module and there are 27 students in the group. Pedagogical Rationale for Choosing this Strategy Enamul-Hoque (2016; 46) state that the cognitive domain includes learning processes including a hierarchy of skills involving processing information, constructing understanding, applying knowledge, solving problems, and conducting research. Therefore, for the purpose of this assignment a cognitive approach was taken due to its nature. Aims for Student Engagement (Cognitive, Social and Psychomotor…other) Winn, DelSignore, Marcus, Chiell, Freiman, Stafford and Newman (2019) ascertain that cognitive learning strategies are strategies that improve a learner's ability to process information more deeply, transfer and apply information to new situations, and result in enhanced and better-retained learning. The cognitive learning strategy was chosen as its main aim is to compare and contrast documented research and literature.

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Implementation Strategy – Methodology As per LIT and COVID 19 guidelines the Global Tourism Issues module is currently being delivered online. The reading is a journal article which was issued to the students (via Moodle) 1-week prior (in the tutorial) and the students were updated on what was planned for their next tutorial and what was expected of them beforehand. Students also received these instructions via Moodle on the same day and a reminder email the day before their next tutorial so as to encourage them to read the article prior to the tutorial. Evaluation - impact on student engagement/what worked well and why/what might be changed for a subsequent implementation? Self-reflection on your own teaching. The students seem to really like working in groups and completing the Journal Review Form. The fact that the latest journal articles from the most revered tourism journal was highlighted and if they referenced correctly they could use it for their Final Year Project (FYP) as well. We had a very lively discussion and It was great to see the students being so passionate about their subject area. It was reinforced to the students that this exercise would be occurring on a weekly basis (in their tutorials, with a new journal article each week) until Easter as it would form a key part of their final assignment which is worth 50%. This assignment demonstrates how this Active Learning Strategy - Assigned Reading Exercise has had a very positive impact on my teaching style and it really benefited my students.

Environmental pillar of sustainable tourism and Irish green hotels

Noelle O'Connor Limerick Institute of Technology Ireland noelle.oconnor@lit.ie

Denise Ryan

Orla Fox-Colleran The rationale for this study stemmed from the overwhelming evidence which suggests that the tourism industry is having an immense adverse impact on climate change (Weir, 2017). In particular, research highlights the impact of climate change and the vulnerability of the tourism industry in dealing with changes as a consequence of this (Fang, Yin & Wu, 2018). Therefore, this research study aims to highlight the critical need for sustainable tourism to be developed further within the travel and tourism industry. It aims to provide useful data and knowledge for further research in the area of sustainable tourism. The global international travel and tourism industry is undeniably accountable for a major share of greenhouse gas emissions which is intensifying the climate change crisis. As technological advances alone are insufficient to conquer this catastrophe, widespread behavioural change is essential. This research critically investigates the environmental pillar of sustainable tourism on a global and national scale with a specific focus on Irish green hotels. It is underpinned by five research objectives and it is both primary and secondary research that form the foundation of these objectives. By evaluating the academic workings of experts within the field of sustainability, the concept of sustainable tourism is analysed considerably from a macro and micro scale perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with numerous hoteliers nationwide, which allowed for an in-depth investigation of how sustainability is truly embraced in Irish hotels. The empirical findings highlight that all participants had a broad understanding of sustainability and acknowledged the many advantages of implementing sustainable practices. Various green practices are executed

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by all participants despite the challenges they encounter. Insufficient support, incentives and financial funding from the government are some of the challenging factors outlined by participants referred. The concluding analysis reveals that there is a broad and varied understanding of Sustainable Tourism (ST) among participants and as a consequence sustainable practices within these hotels differs significantly. Yet each of the hotels examined are defined as “Green Hotel”. It is evident that the concept of sustainability is not adequately analysed or adopted within the Irish tourism industry. To successfully achieve a holistic (ST) approach substantial measures must be executed. Adequate direction and support at a governmental level is a prerequisite for the successful implementation of sustainable tourism in Ireland. Tourism providers must be enforced to operate in a more sustainable manner and should be held accountable for the negative impact they have on the environment. This research study highlights areas where future research is required.

The Socio-Cultural Impacts of Normal People on Tubbercurry, County Sligo, Ireland

Noelle O'Connor Limerick Institute of Technology Ireland noelle.oconnor@lit.ie

Tuesday Costello Film-induced tourism is a niche area within the Irish tourism industry and there is an increasing level of film and television production companies choosing Ireland as their filming location. Film-induced tourism is a relatively new phenomenon that has been increasing in popularity over the last thirty years mainly because of the expansion of global travel and the surge in media usage (Diaconescu, 2018). This paper examines the socio-cultural impacts of film-induced tourism on a local community in the West of Ireland, in particular the impacts of the television adaptation of Sally Rooney’s bestselling novel, Normal People on the town of Tubbercurry, County Sligo. This paper also investigates the key terminology and concepts associated with the socio-cultural impacts of tourism and film tourism. The exploration of this topic is facilitated by defining significant research aims and objectives and accomplishing the research objectives both primary and secondary research is carried out. By appraising and evaluating relevant academic sources, clarification is given about film-induced tourism and the socio-cultural impacts of such. The perception of film-induced tourism in Ireland is explored, thus demonstrating an understanding of its definition. Following the completion of primary research, the topic of sustainable tourism destination management is brought to the forefront and is then discussed in relation to the sustainable management of a film-induced tourism destination. All survey respondents and interview participants are linked to Tubbercurry and the Irish tourism industry. Roberson and Grady (2015, p. 47), point out that, “film-induced tourism has seen appreciable growth and represents a considerable opportunity for many communities to use filming locations seen in popular films and/or television to draw additional visitors”. The analysis finds that there is a positive attitude towards Normal People and film-induced tourism in Tubbercurry if incorporated alongside effective planning and communication between all stakeholders involved in film pre/post-production, tourism management, and the local community, can ensure the continued growth and development of the film-induced tourism sector in Ireland. Lastly, this paper which is concentrated on the socio-cultural impacts of film-induced tourism on a local community will be beneficial by contributing to the body of information consequently paving the

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way for future research. Proposed areas of future research based on the discoveries of this paper are also highlighted.

Identification of contextual barriers for Sustainable Entrepreneurship in World Heritage sites

Hellen Dawo Rijksuniversiteit Groningen Netherlands h.l.a.dawo@rug.nl Sustainable entrepreneurship is hailed as a holistic way to tackle wicked problems such as climate change, environmental degradation and socially corrosive business practices. This is achieved by the incorporation of environmental and social considerations, in addition to profitability, in business models. In some instances, social problems such as lack of employment and loss of population consequently lead to economic decline of a region. This is especially true for culturally rich, ecologically sensitive contexts, such as protected areas. The process of sustainable entrepreneurship requires the balancing of economic, environmental and societal benefits within a business. Thus, it may serve as an amelioration of societal, environmental and economic challenges experienced in protected areas, and contribute to sustainable regional development. However, sustainable entrepreneurship principles may not be intrinsic to the culture and heritage of a protected area. Therefore, despite the opportunities the process of sustainable entrepreneurship offers protected areas, it may encounter a dilemma when there is friction between its implementation, and existing cultural values, and sense of well-being. In order to encourage the practice of sustainable business practices by enterprises in protected areas, it is important to identify the barriers they experience. This study seeks to identify the challenges sustainability-oriented, tourism enterprises experience in culturally rich, technologically aware, semi-remote communities, and how their role as change agents is enabled or hindered in the context of protected areas. The study applies a qualitative research approach to identifying barriers for implementation of sustainable entrepreneurship. The owners and/or managers of twenty-five enterprises located in or near protected areas in the North Sea region were interviewed. The analysis of the interviews, observational data and secondary data identifies barriers experienced by the sustainable enterprises in this fragile ecological context. The results show that the sustainability-oriented enterprises experience barriers that can be categorized into social norms, external stakeholder competences and organisational limitations. Sustainable entrepreneurship provides an opportunity to access new markets, transform the impact of tourism on protected areas, and preserve the cultural heritage of these contexts. In order to explore this potential, the barriers identified need to be overcome. The study gives recommendations on mechanisms that could be used to overcome the barriers identified. This includes bricolage (efficient use of easily available resources), institutional change (formation of networks for sustainable enterprises), targeted marketing (promoting participation of stakeholders/customers in sustainability activities such as clean-ups), and capacity building (targeted training of tourism enterprises in protected areas on how they can be sustainable and profitable). The study also emphasized that there is no one-size-fits-all solution, and sustainable enterprises need to tailor their business models to the needs of the region, and the resources (institutional, cultural and nature) available.

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Sustainability Tourism and Balinese Local Wisdom toward Covid-19 Pandemic

Ni Desak Made Santi Diwyarthi Politeknik Pariwisata Bali Indonesia santidiwyarthi@yahoo.com The Covid-19 Pandemic motivated researchers studied aspects about it, such as local wisdom towards pandemic situation. Like many other areas, people in Bali are also experiencing the impact of Covid-19 Pandemic. More than 75 % of the community in Tanjung Village (92 head of family) had lost their job in tourism sector. This study aims to identify data related to Balinese culture, especially Balinese genius local wisdom in facing Covid-19 pandemic. The research is a qualitative research with purposive sampling using interview, observation and documentation methods. The research is a qualitative research with purposive sampling. The data were collected by interviews, observation and documentation methods. These methods were used to explore the character of Balinese wisdom, daily activities, and their living of style in facing the pandemic situation. Genius local wisdom has proven the capabilities of community to move together to handle the impact of Covid-19 Pandemic. The forms of Balinese genius local wisdom includes vasudewa kutumbakam, sagalak sagilik salunglung sabayantaka, paras paros sarpanaya, briuk sapanggul, sekehe truna truni, pecalang, tri krama (krama ampil / gegem, krama tamiu, tamiu).

Altruistic Volunteer Tourism in Israel-The Motives for Volunteering and the Tourist's Experience

Meron Doctori University of Haifa Israel meron@kinneret.ac.il

Noga Collins- Kreiner

Nurit Kliot Thousands of tourists visit the State of Israel every year, arriving to volunteer for significant periods via dozens of organizations with the aim of taking part in meaningful endeavor for others. This phenomenon is part of what is called 'Altruistic Volunteer-Tourism'. The central research questions are: (a) What are the motives for altruistic volunteer endeavor? (b) What are the characteristics of the volunteer-tourist's experience, both as a volunteer and as a tourist? (c) How is the combined experience expressed? In accordance with the overarching objective and research questions, we adopt the qualitative research approach. The 49 volunteers participating in our study represent a variety of ages, genders, religious affiliations, and countries of origin, and volunteered at 14 organizations and institutions in Israel. In addition to the in-depth interviews, 20 field observations were conducted encompassing 48 hours of observation in 6 different volunteer programs. Findings: Eight main motives were identified in total: 1.The desire to help those in need or to contribute to society 2.The desire to explore a future professional direction or to acquire practical or professional experience 3. A unique connection to Israel – three groups were identified under this motive: A. includes Jews seeking to become more familiar with Israel and to explore the possibility of immigrate to Israel. B. includes non-Jewish volunteers who have a special connection to Israel or who are already familiar with it. The third

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group includes non-Jewish volunteers who have a personal connection to Judaism or a desire to convert to Judaism. 4. Volunteers from Germany – the joint history of the Jewish People and Germany, and the sense of responsibility felt by many Germans for the deeds of their fellow Germans during WW2, lead many Germans to volunteer in various institutions in Israel. For some it is important to volunteer primarily in programs and organizations that care for Holocaust survivors.5. Religious-Christian volunteers – many volunteers come driven by their Christian belief, and view volunteering in the Holy Land as a religious calling and as a way to serve God and the Chosen People. 6. The desire for a personal change or the wish to take a gap year 7. The desire to travel and see the world, while volunteering for financial reasons 8. Volunteering after retirement. The first conclusion is that the motives for volunteering have varying characteristics and can be placed on different axes – between motives of altruism and personal benefit; between particular and universal motives; and between volunteering-oriented and tourism-oriented motives. The second conclusion is that the experience of the volunteer-tourist in Israel is a hybrid experience and one typified by different elements of experience – of the volunteering endeavor itself, of the tourist experience in Israel, and of general experience elements – all of which crystallize together into a multidimensional experience. The third conclusion is that this combined experience contributes to personal change, to the development of personal abilities, to awareness of and sensitivity towards underprivileged populations, and is perceived as an event that will impact the remainder of the volunteers' lives.

Innovative city tours of Sofia, Bulgaria: experience determinants and ongoing transformations

Elka Dogramadjieva Sofia University Bulgaria elka@gea.uni-sofia.bg Innovative guided tours and tour experiences significantly contributed to the positive tourism trends observed before the COVID-19 crisis in the Bulgarian capital city of Sofia that was denoted as an emerging tourist destination on the international scene (Skift, 2018). The development of various city tours stood out among recent innovations in the local tourism product and added to Sofia’s “lovely urban experience”, customer satisfaction, and value creation in the pre-pandemic times. Innovative city tours of Sofia achieved notable market success for a relatively short period of time, since they matched the growing demand of individual foreign visitors and the corresponding changes in tourists’ profiles and behaviour patterns prior to the pandemic. Yet, they were strongly hit by the Corona-crisis that shook the tourism industry around the world, with urban tourism and guided city tours in particular being among the strongest suffering sectors due to banned international travel, cancelled flights, social distancing requirements, and other restrictions. These tours present novelty through utilizing previously unemployed urban assets but are much more innovative in terms of customer interaction, delivery system, business partnerships, and revenue model comprising both “free” (tip-based) and paid tours. They are operated by NGOs and business companies that do not belong to the traditional tourism industry but introduce newcomers at the local tourism scene. In terms of the type of operation and organizational culture, they embody the model of free walking tours in different European cities as outlined by Londoño & Medina (2017) and Widtfeldt Meged & Zillinger (2018), and in the aspect of creativity, are similar to the alternative guiding services in Budapest studied by Rátz (2016). This paper outlines experience determinants and ongoing transformations of innovative city tours of Sofia, Bulgaria based on

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an extended study of customer online reviews published on TripAdvisor in 2017-2019, and face-to-face interviews conducted with company managers and tour guides in 2019 and 2020. Additionally, information retrieved from internet sites and participatory observation is utilized. Building on previous research, the qualitative analysis outlines five main determinants of a valuable city tour experience from a customers’ perspective and relates them to the tour providers’ views and underpinning philosophies, as well as the innovative business models established prior to the pandemic. Recent transformations aimed at meeting the new COVID-19 induced market conditions, customer expectations, and safety requirements are also discussed. Finally, observed continuities and changes regarding the studied city tours are summarized, and conclusions are drawn about challenges of re-shaping city tour experiences and associated business models in the ‘new normal’ circumstances.

Virtual volunteers’ contribution to sustainable development in Fiji in times of COVID-19

Claudia Dolezal IMC University of Applied Sciences Austria claudia.dolezal@fh-krems.ac.at Cristina Alexandra Trifan (University of Westminster) c.trifan@westminster.ac.uk Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and resulting border closures, the tourism industry around the world, including across the South Pacific, has been severely affected. As a consequence, many voluntourism organisations moved their projects to the virtual environment, therefore encouraging creative solutions to new practical ways of engaging in sustainable development and potentially ‘cleaning up’ some of the negative destination impacts that voluntourism is known for, especially the emotional disruptions that it creates in local communities and the dependency on inexperienced and under-trained volunteers. The question that remains, however, is in how far virtual volunteering can really contribute to sustainable development – without the volunteers’ link to the destination. This research therefore seeks to understand the challenges that virtual voluntourism brings for sustainable development in Fiji in times of COVID-19. It does so by offering an in-depth discussion of volunteers’ perception of their impact on a locality that seems to be out of reach in times of a global crisis. With volunteers being virtually connected to each other, the organization, as well as local residents, this paper offers a discussion of the role that a virtually-transmitted sense of place and connection to the local culture play in order to “make a difference”. By means of an interpretive netnographic approach combined with in-depth interviews collected during a virtual internship programme in Fiji, this research investigates the perceptions of virtual volunteers regarding their contribution to sustainability, as well as the expectations of the organization in terms of the impact that virtual volunteers have in Fiji. The findings suggest that the virtual internship’s dynamics are complex and ambiguous. Despite their commitment to partner organisations, virtual volunteers are unsure about their long-lasting and direct contributions made during the virtual internship, let alone the impact on the life of the Fijian population. The results indicate that several challenges define the problematic attempt in which virtual interns could be seen as agents of change and sustainable development, including, amongst others, the need for a clearer framework on how SDGs can be implemented on the ground and a virtual volunteering experience targeting less the professional development of volunteers but instead the wellbeing of local resident. This paper thus uncovers the challenges in making virtual volunteers ‘agents of change’, questioning

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the usefulness of shifting voluntourism to virtual spaces in order to make a more sustainable contribution to Fiji’s post-pandemic future.

Sensitive encounters in war tourism

Siri Driessen Erasmus University Rotterdam Netherlands s.r.driessen@eshcc.eur.nl In February 2021, the Dutch government announced that they will start organize and finance return trips to Bosnia for veterans that served in Srebrenica in 1995. These veterans were present during the fall of the enclave – the fall that resulted in the genocide on more than 8.000 Bosniaks. In the (inter)national media, the Dutch military has been condemned for their inaction. Many veterans have developed mission related complaints, such as PTSD. Recently, an appeal for a (partial) restitution of individual army members have been granted by the government. The organization of the return trips is part of this. Potentially, about 800 veterans will travel to Bosnia from 2022 onward, hoping to find relief for their complaints and worries by means of returning to a place of pain and suffering. Research about returning veterans predominantly focuses on the positive effects of the trips, and are often seen in terms of commemoration and the revival of feelings of comradery (e.g., Baines 2020). Frames as the ‘secular pilgrimage’ hint to the cathartic potential of the return trip (e.g., Walter 1993; Dubisch 2008; Murakami 2014). However, such framing is less adequate when considering return trips to places associated with guilt, shame, trauma, and complicity, as it fails to recognize the complexity of this kind of war tourism (Driessen 2021, upcoming). Hence, in this paper, I will critically reflect on the potential and limitations of veteran return trips to Bosnia. Specifically, I will analyze the sensitivities of the encounters between Dutch veterans and local citizens. Research suggests that encounters with local citizens and familiar places are thought to allow veterans to come to terms with their sometimes-traumatizing wartime experiences (Driessen 2021, upcoming). Still, such encounters are precarious and do not always result in mitigating existing tensions. In this paper, I argue that that considerate preparation about existing sensitivities, a willingness to listen to others, and engagement with local communities, are key in order to make the return trips successful for everyone involved. The analysis is based on ethnographic data obtained during return trips, interviews, focus groups and secondary data.

Welcoming volunteers

Geesje Duursma University of Groningen Netherlands geesje@geesjeduursma.nl Local volunteers often play an important role in shaping a welcoming experience and atmosphere for tourists. In the research field on volunteer tourism, the guest experience is dominant. ‘Targeting those who consume the tourism product than those who produce it’ (Wearing & McGehee, 2013, p.124). Host communities, locals, volunteering for tourism are less investigated (Holmes, Smith, Lockstone-Binney, & Baum, 2010). The notions of host and guest form the basis of hospitality. Uriely et al. (2003) consider the phenomena of volunteer activity,

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tourism and leisure as intertwined. But conceptual thinking on locking these phenomena to hospitality is almost completely absent. Odd because volunteers do not only shape a welcoming experience but are also shaped by a hospitable experience. For example, the top-down program management approach during the London 2012 Olympic games wasn’t always experienced as hospitable (Holmes et al., 2018). How could concepts from hospitality help tackle challenges involving volunteering? Some similarities between hospitality and volunteering can be found in the complexity to define and measure the phenomena. Salamon et al. (2011, p.221) state:

Volunteering is a complex phenomenon that has often defied definition, let alone measurement. Undertaken in leisure time, it is nevertheless a form of work. Pursued for no monetary compensation, it nevertheless produces both tangible and intangible benefits not only for its beneficiaries, but also for the volunteers. Supposed to be undertaken as a matter of free will, it is often motivated by a sense of personal, cultural, religious, or other obligation.

Hospitality is also seen as tangible and intangible. And although hospitality is often seen as an issue of free will, it is more often motivated by some sort of obligation (Lashley et al., 2007; Telfer, 2000). Lashley et al. (2007) reason from a social perspective on hospitality with the host-guest transaction as the primary focus. Defining hospitality as a transaction implies defining hospitality as a process that can add value and deliver some outcome. Lockstone-Binney et al. (2010, p. 1466) selected three disciplines to research the phenomena of volunteers and volunteering in leisure:

In a disciplinary sense, the sociological view focuses upon the conceptualisation of volunteering as leisure, the psychological view seeks to understand motivations driving volunteering, while the perspective of economists supplements these standpoints in terms of why people volunteer and further examines the value of volunteer contributions.

Based on the definitions and lenses a conceptual model is developed to intertwine the concepts of volunteering and hospitality. The model theories and models from sociology (organisational culture), psychology (motivations and behaviour) and economy (outcomes and impact). The goal is to understand better and introduce the idea of hospitality in the research field of volunteering tourism.

How can volunteer tourism make a difference?

Claudia Eckardt Oman Tourism College Sultanate of Oman claudia.eckardt@otc.edu.om How can volunteer tourism make a difference? When effectively managed, Volunteer Tourism (VT) is considered a form of sustainable tourism. It is frequently described as aiming to make a difference or doing something worthwhile, based on its intentions of addressing the needs of others and influencing social change such as alleviating poverty (Wearing et al., 2017). However, VT’s sustainability and its good intentions remain a paradox, because the evidence for positive outcomes and benefits remain largely unknown. Recent observations demonstrate how VT is impacting negatively on host communities, resulting in exploitation and power imbalances, and volunteers are considered a hindrance by their hosts (e.g. Bargeman et al., 2018). Although the power relationships between the VT stakeholders influence the sustainability performance, the processes of shared decision-making and value creation within the supply chain are currently not fully understood (Steele & Scherrer, 2018). To frame sustainability performance in VT, the connections of active agents, such as the processes which

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explore power-sharing and decision-making between the main stakeholders need to be understood. VT should be a: ‘partnership between volunteers and destination communities’ and about ‘togetherness’ (Wearing et al., 2017, p. 518). Although past studies have examined aspects of some of the stakeholders’ relations and have produced analytical frameworks to assess monitoring and evaluation (Steele & Scherrer, 2018), few have investigated the VT supply chain holistically. An evaluative framework provides new community-level insights by investigating how and why sustainability outcomes occur in VT (Eckardt et al., 2020). This innovative approach applies i.) collaboration theory which provides the essential theoretical basis for exploring the stakeholders’ relations, and ii.) realistic evaluation which determines the root causes of how and why sustainability is achieved. By doing so, the framework takes an all-encompassing approach in investigating all main stakeholders (sending and receiving organisations, volunteers, and host projects) and determines the nature of all collaborative relations within the supply chain and how they influence sustainability (Eckardt et al., in press). The evaluative framework reveals how VT can make a difference by operationalising sustainability. It shows that the organisations’ values are one of the drivers for implementing processes within the supply chain that can result in accumulative positive short-term outcomes and can lead to transformative change over time, such as social mobility. These findings demand a further longitudinal investigation.

What can virtual holistic education offer tourism learning in a pandemic world?

Johan R. Edelheim Hokkaido University Japan johan.edelheim@imc.hokudai.ac.jp Tourism higher education stands at a crossroads with the COVID-19 pandemic wreaking havoc on the tourism sector that it indirectly, or directly, has been associated with. Rather than seeing tourism as a certain source of employment in the future, prospective students and their parents are now faced with the reality that an education in the sector might be severely disrupted by natural and human made emergencies in the future too. Nobody knows at this stage what tourism and travel will look like in a future where COVID-19 already is an integral part of our global collective present. The self-centred egotism of wealthy nations to secure inoculations, and a restart of economies undermines efforts to keep the pandemic from spreading to the most vulnerable nations where health care systems and governmental agencies cannot cope with strict lockdowns and monetary stimulus packages. What is, therefore, clear already now, is that growth-oriented tourism with a single economic focus is not a responsible path for local communities. Tourism education should therefore examine its inherent values in order to offer more holistic learning experiences. With education moving largely online, an increased awareness of effective virtual pedagogies is needed. Holistic education, which this case study employs, emphasises the learner’s active role in creating knowledge and meaning in their own situated realities. Most holistic education research has focused on pre-schooling and primary education, with less examples from secondary and tertiary education. There are few examples of holistic education research in tourism higher education, and even less looking at virtual learning environments. One potential challenge with virtual education is that it can render students less active, if the whole learning experience is not planned and aligned with learning activities from the start. In this case an undergraduate unit named “Values of Tourism” is examined to illustrate how students are introduced to values-based learning. The unit is building on axiology as a first foundational philosophy, rather than an inherently epistemological

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knowledge construction, or an ontological examination of meaning and being. It is offered as a university wide elective with participants from both natural science and social science faculties. Students examine, through a flipped classroom approach, five lived values and five aspirational values that form the social realities of how tourism is understood presently, and how it can develop in the future. A key component of students’ activities is an emphasis on the visual rather than the written word. One reason for this is that illustrations rather than definitions of concepts and words free students from an epistemological stranglehold and allows for spontaneous realisations of value-infused realities. Another reason is that hardly any students in the class have English as their first language, and visual means provides access to more holistic interpretations of the varied realities that students inhabit. The case examines means of creating active and transformative learning experiences in a virtual setting based on holistic education premises.

Approaches to innovation for sustainability: Experience-based transformations of rural communities

Dorthe Eide Nord University Norway dorthe.eide@nord.no

Olga Høegh-Guldberg

Anne W. Ryan

Evelina Fetingyte Managing and responding to population change and decline is a significant challenge for many rural communities (Bullvåg et al., 2020). Tourism and other experience-based sectors are important means in the development of regional and rural economies, promising increased local employment and attractiveness (Jørgensen et al., 2021). However, experience-based sectors have been hit hard by the impact of COVID-19. Both industries and local communities need to find ways to recover (Gössling, Scott, & Hall, 2020). A general consensus acknowledging the importance of approaching sustainability challenges differently (Higgins-Desbiolles, 2020) and suggesting a broader community perspective (Saarinen, 2019) had already emerged, but there is limited knowledge on how to do so. Research on sustainability and innovation has merged, and innovation for sustainability (IFS) operates from different ontologies, focusing on different analytical levels and types of value (Bocken et al.,2019). Ritala’s (2019) summarizes IFS into three paradigms: ‘skeptical’ focusing primarily on economic sustainability and the industry (i.e. the mainstream); ‘pragmatic’ combining economic and environmental sustainability with a main focus on firms (e.g. greening of economy); and the ‘idealist’ combining strong sustainability (economic, environmental and social value) and strong partnerships (different stakeholder types). However, the latter is more complex and less researched (Bocken et al., 2019). This conceptual paper explores what is the core, potentials and challenges of the idealist paradigm to IFS when rural local communities involved in experience-based transformations (EBT) are to reverse population decline and socio-economic COVID-19 challenges. We suggest that at least the following two approaches are central to understand the idealist paradigm within tourism contexts, i.e. the community-based sustainability (CBS) and ecological economy (EE). CBS assume that it is crucial to achieve community consensus by involving different types of stakeholders (Saarinen, 2014). Saarinen (2019) suggest the following enablers: 1) stakeholder participation, 2) community empowerment

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in decision processes, 3) shared knowledge, and values, 4) trust, and 5) acknowledging that community development is situated in larger systems and need to involve governance. Research shows that there are different barriers such as dominance of powerful firms or individuals, or stakeholders with administrative, cultural and economic power hindering development (Cooper, Scott, & Baggio, 2009; Heslinga, Hartman & Wielenga, 2019). Barriers might also be related to different and often conflicting stakeholder interests, values and involvement (Lindberg, Fitchett, & Martin, 2019). EE calls attention to how cooperation and partnerships are necessary for finding solutions to common challenges related to environmental and social sustainability. Jakobsen (2019, p. 125) suggests that ecological economics attends to a holistic principle where economy and culture are part of the ecological system, it requires system changes and innovations, where economy is seen as operating within, rather than dominating, the spheres of nature, society and culture. Consequently, the approach calls for transitions from competition to collaborative networks, dialogue and co-construction, from ego-centered utility maximization to generosity, and from focus on materialistic consumption to quality of life.

Interpretation of Natural Heritage in Tourism – New changes for sustainable tourism development?

Valerie Elss Fachhochschule des Mittelstands (FHM) Germany elss@fh-mittelstand.de

Silke Pfeiffer

Emy Kurz As early as April 2020, the Federal Government Commissioner for Tourism in Germany, Thomas Bareiß, pointed out that the Corona Crisis will result in a fundamental change in travel behaviour (Deutschlandfunk, 2020). The UNWTO (2020) sees potential for domestic tourism in this context. Can these trends be used to promote tourism in rural areas, for example with reference to natural heritage? The research project "MIENAT" tries to attract tourists to this travel motive. In a 3-year Erasmus+ funded research project (MIENAT - Methodology for the Interpretation of the European Natural Heritage in Tourism), eight European universities are developing a module to be implemented as part of a Bachelor's or Master's degree programme. Through this project, which is being carried out by the University of Applied Sciences Rostock and Schwerin (Germany), the University of Economics in Prague (Czech Republic), the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University (Romania), the University of Applied Sciences Burgenland (Austria), the Universidad Europea de Madrid (Spain), the Munster Technological University (Ireland), Vytautas Magnus University (Lithuania) and the Universidade do Porto (Portugal), students of tourism and educational science courses are to be prepared for the task of imparting knowledge related to natural heritage to tourists as well as children and young people in order to support its existence, but also to use natural heritage to sustainably support tourism developments in rural destinations. Central contents are information on the respective thematic priorities of the universities, didactic elements of knowledge transfer as well as illustrative best practice approaches and case studies (topics: castle gardens, coastal landscapes, regional and national parks, etc.). The outcome of the project is a study module that includes a summary of existing interpretation methods separated into different subcategories of natural heritage and its marketing in the context of tourism, as well as corresponding didactic methods, thus

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representing a holistic teaching concept. The sustainability of the project is ensured by means of four project results: 1. Handbook as e-book with the topics European Natural Heritage, the methods of its interpretation as well as transfer strategies for tourism markets. 2. Guideline for tourism enterprises with focus on the conception and implementation of appropriate interpretation methods (best practice approaches, analysis of tourist needs, market segmentation and event management). 3. Digital didactic scenarios – podcasts 4. Digital didactic scenarios - online lectures The research project responds to current developments in tourism and aims to permanently implement the direct experience of natural heritage as a travel motive. On the other hand, tourists should be sensitised for sustainable behaviour during travel. This is achieved through the implementation of relevant teaching contents within the framework of tourism and educational science study programmes. The project also takes up new didactic requirements during the Corona crisis (i.e. implementation of digital teaching methods. The project is characterised by a close interlocking of pedagogy, environmental psychology and tourism science.

Threats to Cultural World Heritage Sites from visitors, climate change and transportation

Martin Falk University of South Eastern Norway Norway martin.falk@usn.no Eva Hagsten (University of Iceland) The UNESCO list of World heritages includes both cultural and natural sites. These sites are often located in sensitive areas and could be threatened by environmental pressures such as air pollution, waste, land conversion and crowds of visitors. Despite this, natural as well as cultural heritage sites are increasingly used as tools for national tourism marketing campaigns. This in in combination with signs of strong visitor growth raises the discussion of over-visitation (Adie, 2017; Job, Becken and Lane, 2017; Scuttari, and Orsi, Bassani, 2019). Subsequently, there are suggestions that the social and environmental carrying capacity of WHSs should be carefully monitored including an emphasis on information on visitor density (Shelby, Vaske and Heberlein; 1989; Kaltenborn et al., 2013). Previous research show that inclusion of areas in the UNESCO WHS list has a significant impact on tourism (Buckley, 2004). However, the management perspective of these aspects is still unknown. The aim of this study is to examine the management perspective on presumptive environmental issues relating to cultural World Heritage sites based on a survey of managers. The analysis focuses on four perceptions: (i) visitor accommodation (buildings) and associated infrastructure, (ii) ground transportation infrastructure, (iii) visitor impact and (iv) environmental factors (pollution, waste, land conversion). The main research question is to analyse which types of World Heritage sites are affected by these factors and to what extent. The data is based on a survey conducted on behalf of UNESCO, which is a basis of the World Heritage Management Report 2014 and includes 200 World Heritage sites that are either purely cultural or mixed with cultural landscapes. This survey is linked to the UNESCO world heritage database. An ordered Probit model is used to estimate the perceptions of the management. The explanatory factors include year of inscription, size (measured as land area in hectares), type (mixed natural site or archaeological or cultural landscape), covered by the danger list (with risk of losing the inscription) and country of location. Indicators at the country level capture the general environmental performance and attitudes.

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Those cultural sites that are inscribed early are long since commercialised and presumably also better known to potential visitors and thus more likely to be at environmental risk. Descriptive statistics show that negative impacts from “Ground transportation infrastructure” is considered a significant problem by 30 per cent of site managers. Large visitor accommodation and associated infrastructure is slightly less negative, with 20 per cent of the managements of natural World Heritage sites or WHS cultural landscapes finding this significant. Almost a third of managers consider that there are significant negative impacts from tourism/visitors/recreation. There is, however, rare that the managers express strong negative views. The perception formulated as "insignificant impact" is the one most commonly appearing in the questionnaire. The ordered Probit estimates show that perceptions related to tourism increase with the number of years since inscription and it decrease by size of the site. Environmental progress at the country level also have an influence on the manager perceptions. The major finding is that managements of world heritage sites in general are less concerned about the possible negative environmental impacts than for instance what is highlighted in recent research.

Climate change and sustainable tourism in the new normal

Ioanna Farsari Dalarna University Sweden ifa@du.se The world is experiencing an unpresented health, social, and economic crisis situation with tourism reported to be one of the most severely hit sectors (UNWTO, 2020). COVID-19 pandemic is often discussed as an imposed pause of humanity’s frantic growth and an opportunity to reflect on our choices and future paths, an invitation to tourists and the industry to reconsider their options and adopt more sustainable practices in the after COVID-19 era (Gretzel et al., 2020; Ioannides and Gyimóthy, 2020) a view shared also by UNWTO claiming that “sustainability should be the new normal” in the after covid era (https://www.unwto.org/covid-19-oneplanet-responsible-recovery).. COVID-19 crisis although reduced or even eliminated tourism and travel opportunities for certain periods, it has also contributed to the first in history reduction in greenhouse gas emissions related to reduced travels and industrial production (Gössling et al., 2020). As the world is now focusing in mitigating the adverse impacts of the pandemic and bringing economy and tourism ‘back to business’, there are also alarming voices that measures taken in the pressure of emergency to combat economic recession from COVID-19 should not contradict or jeopardise with long-term sustainability goals and SDGs should not be overlooked or neglected (Hall et al., 2020). Besides the problems created, crises can be a disruption leading to innovations. It is a period of transition and innovation to combat a rapid crisis such as the pandemic while some of these actions and innovations, if adjusted adequately, can be useful in the long run to combat the less visible slow crisis like climate change and other sustainability challenges. In this research we look on knowledge and experience generated during the pandemic crisis to attain a more sustainable development of tourism now but very importantly in the “new normal” after the crisis. We look onto how companies in Dalarna and Gotland have responded to the pandemic so far and how they work with sustainability and climate change. In this presentation I want to explore the idea of cocreating knowledge with companies. How can we engage companies? What is relevant research for them? How can we help them towards a transformational approach to embrace sustainability?

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Work Exchange in Lisbon (Portugal): a new form of tourism

Kali Fauaze kali.fm3@gmail.com

Jorge Abrantes ESHTE Portugal jorge.abrantes@eshte.pt Society has faced the emergence of major global challenges caused by the rapid changes and constant evolution of the current world. Climatic, sanitary, political and socio-economic crises, among others, have been shown to be worrisome threats to much of the planet. New technological realities, new means of communication, stronger connectivity and the increasing speed of dissemination of information, have led to the emergence of new business opportunities, along with new concerns and needs for adaptation within the current global context. As one of the sectors that suffers the most from these continuous transformations, tourism has been confronted, over time, with new challenges, at the same time as it has been able to reinvent itself, in order to adapt to the needs of travelers and destinations. Problems related to overtourism and mass tourism call into question the carrying capacity of certain territories and destinations, their environmental sustainability, together with the high speculation in real estate and the increase in the cost of living, affecting the quality and daily life of local residents. As a result of the principles of shared economy, the existence of platforms such as Workaway and Worldpackers, among others that promote this type of exchange and the new generational reality (millennials), the concept of work exchange in the tourism sector has seen an increase in its importance and impact globally, where many tourists exchange labor for accommodation and food. Through this format, tourists enable themselves to travel at a low cost, extending their stays in destinations and, at the same time, visiting and discovering more about these places. As a result of the growth in the number of hostels in Lisbon (Portugal), the city has been able to attract this new touristic demand. This investigation observes an innovative reality of combining work and leisure, as the main motivation for a trip, characterizing the profile of the working tourist in the city of Lisbon. The investigation was based on the participation of twenty voluntary respondents, that were previously contacted, since not every hostel partakes in work exchange programs, assuming, in this way, non-probabilistic sampling characteristics, of a criterial nature, taking into account the specific characteristics of the participants, as being working tourists in work exchange programs. The study aimed to understand and show a representation of the tourist that performs work exchange in Lisbon, firstly in a characterization of their profile and, finally, how they evaluate the experience during their time spent in the city of Lisbon. On the other hand, it is none the less important to realize the impact that this form of tourism represents in relation to the trip and the destination. The results show that many of these tourists would not be able to travel without the possibility of participating in work exchange programs, considering this to be a more sustainable, cheap, authentic and captivating way to explore new destinations and meet new people.

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What discourages the potential tourist? Food-and-wine tourism constraining factors

Carlos Fernandes Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (IPVC) Centro de Estudos Transdisciplinares para o Desenvolvimento (CETRAD) Portugal cfernandes@estg.ipvc.pt

Susana Rachão The Centre for Transdisciplinary Development Studies (CETRAD) The interest in food-and-wine tourism is increasing. Consequently, many tourism destinations are redesigning their food-and-wine offers according to the market segments driven by multiple and complex food-and-wine motivators. While much of the current food-and-wine tourism research focuses on the emotional and relational aspects of tourists’ purchase decision-making process, comprising pre-purchase, purchase and post-purchase behaviour, little is reported on the constraining factors among potential tourists and how may affect their travel behavioural intentions. Recent studies acknowledge the need to further explore the reasons related to the demotivation of consuming food-and-wine products in tourism destinations. This study investigates food-and-wine tourism constraints from the perspective of potential tourists in the Douro Region of Portugal. This study provides insights focusing in the constraints of the pre-purchasing decision-making process of potential tourists in food-and-wine experiences during their travels. An online questionnaire was developed and distributed across different online platforms related to travel and tourism. In total, 500 valid questionnaires were obtained. From these, 257 respondents stated that they did not participate in any enogastronomic experience while on holidays and offered a main reason to explain why they never had such experience at the destination. Through a multivariate analysis, the reasons for discouraging food-and-wine tourism have been analysed. One critical finding of this study is that while a minority of respondents stated no particular interest in enogastronomic experiences, the majority stated that they were never given the opportunity. In addition, some respondents also indicated that they were not aware about these type of activities. Furthermore, results provide a basis to explore the reasons related for the dissuasion of potential tourists to search for food-and-wine experiences, limiting the destination from achieving its full potential. The lack of awareness for such opportunities inhibits potential tourists from enjoying local culture and heritage through food-and-wine experiences. It is suggested that there is a need for a critical reflection on behalf of regional businesses and organisations to critically analyse their marketing strategies as well as develop more effective communication with this market segment. This work is supported by national funds, through the FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the project UIDB/04011/2020.

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From the top of the bell towers. An approach between tourism and soundscape

Guilherme Ferreira Rodrigues University of Girona Spain gui13fr@yahoo.com.br

Maria Dolors Vidal Casellas

Silvia Aulet Serrallonga Sound has a strong presence in our daily life, it can be produced by nature or artificially, by man. Since the Middle Ages, the sound of the bells, made through the hands of the bell ringers, has been present in the rural and urban space of the communities. This way, the bell ringer has become an important element to communicate the message with the ringing of bells, marking the time and warning of events. However, with the different changes in society and in the way of communicating, the figure of the bell ringer ceased to be notable and other forms of ringing the bells appeared. Integrated into this context, the present work aims to make a study approaching the theme of the soundscape to tourism, through the relationship of the bell ringer with the sound of the ringing bells, and to analyze what are the possibilities they offer to improve the experience of the tourist, focused on the reality of Catalonia (Spain). This work is carried out through qualitative research, using the participant observation method, semi-structured interviews with the bell ringers, people involved with the bells issue and with the tourist activity. In addition, the study of historical archives has been used and academic publications to support the literary field. It is observed as a result of anthropological research and field work that different practices have been identified such as visits to the bell towers, meetings of the bell ringers, bell concerts, guided tours made by the bell ringers themselves, which are activities that can be used to the tourism. However, the study showed that the bell ringer trade became present over time in Catalonia, but with historical events and social changes there was a rethinking of bell towers, losing the bell ringer trade in many places. Nonetheless, there are bell towers that maintain the manual ringing of the bell ringers, still adding to a movement of recovery of the bell practice in different parts of Catalonia, acquiring as the central axis the safeguarding of intangible heritage. All in all, these considerations are authentic to relate to tourist activity from another perspective, helping to expand opportunities to think about tourism, providing a connection of the bell ringers' trade integrated into the soundscape space, calling attention to the sensitivity of the tourists, who much more than seeing, can be heard and through that visit and know the place.

Slow adventures for wellbeing

Sebastian Filep The Hong Kong Polytechnic University Hong Kong SAR sebastian.filep@polyu.edu.hk Jelena Farkic (University of Greenwich) Steve Taylor (University of the Highlands and Islands) This abstract reports on a research study that aimed to examine how outdoor adventure tour guides facilitate psychological wellbeing of tourists, as their clients. Psychological wellbeing is

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defined both hedonically, as pleasure, and eudaimonically, as meaning or a sense of purpose in life. The research sample involved ten outdoor guides who were involved in choreographing so called slow adventure experiences for tourists in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland. These adventure experiences are typified by activities such as stargazing, canoeing and similar activities associated with mindful, slower passages of time. Slow adventure normally involves small social groups and nearly always necessitates immersion in the natural world by tourists and their guides. Unlike previous tour guide research that examined psychological wellbeing in high adrenaline activities like skydiving, research on wellbeing in slow adventures is scant. There is also a gap in understanding how adventure tour guides in natural settings influence tourists’ wellbeing as much of previous research examined tourists’ perspectives on wellbeing. This study has filled these important knowledge gaps. At a broader level the study adds to the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goal 3 on good health and wellbeing. The study utilised semi-structured, in-depth, interviews with ten outdoor adventure guides. Adopting a hermeneutic, interpretive approach to analyse the interview data, the results revealed three key themes that emerged from the interview findings: quality time, as a predominantly hedonic wellbeing theme, and two principally eudaimonic themes: flourishing through meaningful moments and a sense of togetherness. Collectively the findings show that interpretations of time in natural settings, meaningful moments and a sense of togetherness are all influenced by the adventure guides to enable tourists’ psychological wellbeing. The slow adventure experiences are highly immersive. They help the tourists re-establish their contact with the nature. Theoretically, the research study adds to the literature in tourism and positive psychology (or positive tourism), especially to the body of knowledge on mindfulness (sensitivity to context and high levels of engagement) and savouring (a form of emotion regulation used to maintain and extend positive emotional experiences). The findings on eudaimonic wellbeing also add to current understandings of eudaimonic tourist experiences, as opposed to tourist experiences characterised by fun and hedonism.

Can populist Communication help support the Fight to stop the Climate Crisis?

Harald Friedl FH JOANNEUM - University of Applied Sciences Austria harald.friedl@fh-joanneum.at Daniel Nutz (ÖGZ – Wirtschaftsverlag) Wearing FFP2 masks could be "in individual cases ... even potentially fatal" (cit. by Kutzner, 2021), or "COVID-19 vaccines harm fertility or pregnancy " (cit. by Hendrix 2021). Such excesses around Corona debates on social media give the impression that post-modern public opinion-forming is reducing the former legitimacy of quality journalism to absurdity: It is no longer the better argument based on carefully researched facts that counts, but the emotionally moving message. The goal of public communication is not the search for the best solutions based on scientific knowledge, but identification with moods (Bude 2017). The instrument of "fake news", defined as "false stories that appear to be news, spread on the internet or using other media, usually created to influence political views or as a joke" (Cambridge Dictionary 2021), is also used by political decision-makers. Right-wing populist politicians such as Matteo Salvini (Italy), Donald Trump (USA) or Jair Bolsonaro (Brazil) deliberately use false claims to influence public opinion in their favour. This also includes the denial of anthropogenic global warming (Jylhä & Hellmer 2020). Populist messages give the impression of representing the

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interests of a majority against the interests of a privileged elite. In doing so, "populists" essentially make use of very reduced, simplistic messages. However, such populist politics are also practised by left-wing parties, as in the case of Spain's Podemos or Greece's Syriza. This new type of politics is what Font, Graziano & Tsakatika benevolently call "inclusionary populism" (2021). In this sense, Mouffe (2018) or Zizek (2018a, 2018b) also argue that (political) opponents can only be beaten with their own weapons by practicing populism. Global warming as a consequence of globalised modern methods of production and consumption has been discussed in scientific circles for over 50 years. However, these discourses are usually characterised by a high degree of complexity, both in terms of language and content, and thus overtax the broad, non-academic audience. In response to such complexity overload, many people seek orientation in simple messages that convey security, albeit at the expense of truth. This is indicated by the fact that many climate change deniers are also deniers of the threat of coronavirus (Osaka 2020). In view of 1. the existential threat to the life chances of future generations posed by anthropogenic global warming, and 2. the so far low practical relevance of climate protection in mass parties, as well as 3. the denial of global warming by right-wing populist parties, the following research question therefore arises: From the perspective of tourism ethics, is the targeted use of populist communication methods a legitimate or even necessary means to win relevant political majorities for an effective climate protection policy (in tourism)? As a method to answer this research question, the concept of populism should first be clarified on the basis of a review in the field of tourism, political, communication and media studies. In a second step, populist methods and strategies should be examined to see to what extent they can still be effective without already manipulating the public through "fake news", i.e. deliberately misleading it. For example, the "Fridays for Future" movement was accused of populism because of its extremely abbreviated messages. In fact, this social-ecological movement supported by young people merely used the same communication methods that are common among political elites worldwide. One such populist demand is the massive increase in the price of air travel. The German politician Sarah Wagenknecht criticised this demand as a self-satisfied act of an economic educated elite, because such a measure would hit low-income earners much harder (2021). This example alone shows that there can be no simple answers in a complex world. So how can populist methods of communication serve the goal of climate protection without betraying the principle of scientifically sound facts and the better argument (Habermas 2015)?

Creating gastronomic sustainable experiences: the demand-side perspective

Roberta Garibaldi University of Bergamo Italy roberta.garibaldi@unibg.it Gastronomy tourism is argued to sustain the survival of local food production and the transmission of culinary knowledge, whilst promoting its adaptation and innovation (Berno, 2006; Everett & Aitcheson, 2008; Richards, 2019). The recent COVID-19 crisis has stimulated reflections about how this tourism practice can contribute for a better future and, therefore, can be considered an opportunity to re-think tourism in terms of sustainability, social and ecological justice (Bertella, 2020). Most considerations tend to focus on the role of gastronomy tourism in promoting healthy and nutritious diet, in the access to food for local communities, whilst the challenges in creating more resilient agricultural practices and in food waste management. The perspective of travellers seems to be of less interest. High-quality and healthy products, the

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knowledge and skills of local communities turn these ingredients into meals and, ultimately, into experiences. Promoting a sustainable approach can be no longer effective if travelers are not conscious about them. It seems of extreme importance gaining knowledge about how to create sustainable gastronomic experiences. And how to properly communicate to the audience, making travelers aware about their contribution to environmental, social and cultural protection of gastronomic heritage. The present paper provides empirical evidence of sustainable issues that can drive travelers’ decisions. It therefore contributes to advance knowledge on the development of sustainable experiences in gastronomy tourism. Data were collected online using Computer Assisted Web Interviewing technique; the invitation to participate was sent to a survey panel in the Italy balanced by gender, generational cohort and geographic region. Respondents were required to be at least 18 years of age and have taken at least one overnight trip in the two past years. In total, 1,000 valid responses were collected. Environmental, social and cultural issues are highly considered and also perceived of equal importance when choosing the gastronomic experience. Respondents are more likely to participate in winery and farm guided visits, in food events and tours when both producers and organizers adopt eco-friendly initiatives, such as appropriate waste management systems (76%) and the use of recyclable packaging (72%). The attention towards social and cultural sustainability led respondents, i.e., to be more attracted to producers that currently adopt an ethical business approach (71%) or with ongoing social initiatives to help disadvantaged groups (69%); to be more likely to choose food tours that include visits producers and groceries that have experiences or are still experiencing poverty, social exclusion and/or discrimination (66%). But developing experiences by only taking into accounts these elements seem no longer effective. What deals with sustainability must be properly communicated. Respondents also pay a large attention to contents published on websites and brochures: using terms such as “sustainable” and “eco-friendly” or giving visibility to sustainable initiatives help them to make a more conscious choice.

Creativity and Creative Industries: A Case Study on Media Tourism in Scotland

Stephanie Garrison University of Aberdeen United Kingdom stephanie.garrison@abdn.ac.uk While the role of creative industries in regional development has been explored at length, limited research has been conducted pertaining to the role of creativity and the creative industries in facilitating media tourism, particularly in countries with budding creative industries. This gap prevents us from exploring linkages to other key sectors such as tourism and leisure and those associated with both creative and cultural industries, such as small businesses, tour operators and travel bloggers. To critically address this issue, this paper draws on an ongoing case study of media tourism in Scotland. Media tourism refers to travels inspired by different types of media, including novels, television series and films. Over the past 30 years, Scotland has steadily built up the creative industries, promoting the country through media representation of Scotland found in media texts such as Braveheart (1995), Outlander (2014-) and Harry Potter (2001-2011). While the creative industries continue to flourish in Scotland, there is a lack of scholarship that investigates the link between Scotland’s embryonic creative industries, the tourism economy and media tourism. This is particularly important as Scotland’s tourism industry is one of the main economic sectors, making up £4.1 billion GVA and the creative industries contribute £4.6 billion to the Scottish economy. Together the tourism and creative

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industries account for nearly 300,000 jobs. Additionally, VisitScotland, Scotland’s national tourism board, has identified that 1 in 10 visitors are influenced by books, films or television programmes based in Scotland, making media tourism a main form of tourism. This paper illustrates this flow by presenting data collected from qualitative interviews with both regional tour operators in Scotland and international travel bloggers, along with quantitative surveys distributed to local residents and businesses. It further explores how, as a result of Scotland’s creative industries, media tourism has emerged as a prominent form of visitor engagement, and through media texts, has helped create a gateway to Scottish culture. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential challenges and barriers to Scotland’s media tourism on a global stage.

On line Post Graduate Diploman and Masters in Tourism Management and Destination Leadership

Frances McGettigan Athlone Institute of Technology Ireland fmcgettigan@ait.ie This Post Graduate and Masters on line programme was launched in January 2021. The timing for an on line Post Graduate Diplomna and Masters allowed employers and employees who had no work committments to avail of further education and up skilling. The Government funded the programme for 30 students and continues to do so for a new group of students in January 2022. It is evidence of how an educational lead innovative educational programme drives the industry forward in upskilling in Tourism Management and Destination Leadership. The participants on the programme were all working pre pandemic in tourism, aviation, hospitality, leisure and recreation. A wealth of experiences offered opportunities for student led iniatives in the modules. The internships offered in the programme offered students opportunities to change career path, engage in active research. Again the programme delivered continuous guest lectures, hosted on line symposiums and the limitations of the pandemic allowed us to gain access to a wealth of experts to deliver on the programme. This programme is noteworthy in terms of its timing for the industry and in its delivery on line and the fact it was credited by the Governement for one of the programme across all disciplines that was considered and awarded funding.

Every Cloud has a Silver Lining: Resetting tourism practices through communing

Ana Gonçalves Estoril Higher Institute for Tourism and Hotel Studies (ESHTE) / TERRiTUR, Universidade de Lisboa Portugal ana.goncalves@eshte.pt The concept of community, that “warmly pervasive word” (Williams, 1983: 76) which has always been perceived “like a roof under which we shelter in heavy rain, like a fireplace at which we warm our hands, on a frosty day” (Bauman, 2001: 1), is being rediscovered in tourism. This has been accompanied by a reinvestment in ideas of togetherness (paradoxically at times of imposed physical distancing) and belongingness. Concepts and ideas such as the ‘sharing

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economy’ or ‘collaborative consumption’, ‘cocreation’, ‘social networks’, ‘coworking spaces’, and a heightened emphasis on the ‘commons’, those resources that should, in principle, be accessible to, preserved and managed by all members of society in sustainable ways through shared social practices, have held sway in the tourism discourse. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic and the unexpected halt it produced in tourism activities has enabled all those involved – visitors, tourists, local communities, tourism businesses, and professionals as well as tourism organisations and authorities – to understand that previous tourism patterns of a not-too-distant past had worn out and that they had to be thoroughly changed and replaced by more responsible and sustainable tourism practices. In the face of adversity people often realise the need and learn to adapt their behaviours and attitudes in more respectful ways towards others and the world around them, what David Bollier calls ‘the art of commoning’. This presentation thus adopts a cultural studies conceptual and theoretical approach to tourism and aims at providing an answer to the following research questions: how have commoning practices that been reshaping tourism activities, driven by a community-trust-reputation turn? what specific forms of commoning are now being endorsed in tourism? This interpretative research stance stems from the analysis of some practical examples of cultural tourism products, services, and experiences that rely on the principles of the sharing economy and collaborative tourism. As a result, we will also understand how these societal shifts, which have been taking place in the past decade and have had their last drop with the recent pandemic, are redefining power relations within tourism and hospitality. Following the principle of shared and shareable common responsibility and wealth through the negotiation, collaboration, and coproduction of tourism spaces and activities, this presentation advances the hypotheses that, on one hand, the reset of tourism practices through commoning empowers all stakeholders and that, on the other hand, it contributes to reinforcing both ‘the right to tourism’ and a ‘more human tourism’.

Balconies as event spaces during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy

Valentina Gorchakova University of Derby United Kingdom v.gorchakova@derby.ac.uk Vladimir Antchak (University of Derby) Giulia Rossetti (Oxford Brookes University) Matt Lamb (Leeds Beckett University) The pandemic-caused lockdowns in 2020 reintroduced balconies as places of leisure, event stages, and liminal places of creativity. Residents of several Italian cities and towns became internationally known for the organised performances that occurred on the balconies of their homes during the COVID-19 lockdown in spring 2020. During those uncertain times, a balcony was transformed into an event place and performance stage and offered opportunities for emotional connection, hope, engagement, solidarity, and social cohesion. Events are platforms for social interactions (Foley, McGillivray, & McPherson, 2012), an opportunity for attendees and participants to engage with one other and are an important element of social cohesion (Greg , 2015). Experience has been consistently recognised as an intrinsic attribute of an event (e.g., Berridge, 2007; Getz, 2012; Oriade, 2010; Wale & Ridal, 2010). Hall (2007, p. 1139) argues that experience is important due to “its capacity to provide shared meanings through shared experiences”. Extraordinary experiences have been conceptualised in terms of their memorability, transformative potential, and meaningfulness (Duerden et al., 2018; Neuhofer et

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al., 2020). The research explores the phenomenon of a new event type, such as balcony-staged events and performances. In particular, it focuses on understanding key drivers for participation and exploring the meanings of these events for participants and spectators. The research adopted a mixed methods approach. The methods of data collection included semi-structured interviews with residents who participated or observed ‘balcony’ events in Italian cities in March-April 2020, an online survey, and visual analysis of the secondary data (videos and images).

Agritourism special events impact: Sustainability, local food patronage, and tourism in western Canada

Elizabeth Halpenny University of Alberta Canada elizabeth.halpenny@ualberta.ca This study reports data from a longitudinal study of visitor outcomes arising from attending Open Farm Days – where visitors are welcomed to farms to experience and learn about and enjoy locally produced agriculture products. A sample of 125 western Canadian event visitors surveyed direction after the event and 6 month later revealed increased purchase of local goods, much more than sustainable-produced goods. Connection to place, increased awareness and knowledge of local agriculture production, and influence on lifestyle choices were measured. Also documented were consumer self-reported intentions and purchase of locally- and sustainably produced food and beverage products showcased at the agritourism event. The role of visitor experience, in particular pleasant arousal, experience economy elements (i.e., education, aesthetics, education and entertainment) and outcomes such as positive memories were examined. Aesthetics was the most important of the four experience sub-dimensions, followed by education. Increased knowledge and appreciation of local agriculture production was expressed by respondents as were intentions to purchase and actual purchase of local products. However, the Open Farm Days visits had little impact on return visitation to the agritourism enterprises or the rural regions they were situated in. By contract, strong recommendations to others to visit the agritourism venues and destinations were documented. Recommendations included greater attention to training for agritourism venues to enhance visitor experiences but also education outcomes are called for. Winter-focused events and venues are needed to bridge fall to spring farmer-consumer gap. Investment in cooperative regional retail outlets may also help address this gap and build on the successes of farmers' markets.

Cross-sector innovation as a driver of regional development

Olga Høegh-Guldberg Nord University Norway olga.hoegh-guldberg@nord.no

Dorthe Eide Rural communities throughout the world struggle in remaining attractive places to visit, live, and work in. Sustainable development of such communities can be enabled by tourism and other

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experience-based sectors (Björk et al., 2020). “[T]ourism has been applied as a development thrust” (Jørgensen et al., 2021, p. 2) with cross-sector innovation not only enhancing economic development but also creating ripple effects for the local communities (Hjemdahl & Frykman, 2016). Cross-sector innovation implies collaboration between experience-based tourism sectors (nature-, culture, food-based), between experience-based and traditional tourism sectors (e.g. transportation and accommodation), and beyond tourism (farming, fishing, ICT, media, retail, etc.) to create new/improve existing experience offerings for visitors and locals. Cross-sector collaboration can spur inter-related simultaneous or consequent innovation processes taking place at several organizational and/or territorial levels since innovation levels are nested, i.e. multi-level innovation (Chesbrough and Bogers, 2014; Bogers et al., 2017). This empirical paper explores and explains how experience-based cross-sector collaboration can contribute to multi-level innovation and regional development, and what the critical factors enabling and/or hampering such innovation are. We situate the paper within the practice-based (Gherardi, 2012; Nicolini & Monteiro, 2017) and open interactive innovation (Fuglsang, 2008; Lundvall, 2013) perspectives. Innovations are important in the experience-based sectors as competition is global and customers often seek something new (Alsos, et al., 2014). However, innovation in the experience-based sectors can also be challenging since many firms are small with limited resources and often lack traditions of systematic innovation (Nordin & Hjalager, 2017) and collaboration (Sundbo, et al, 2013). Spanning boundaries of traditional communities of practices has been argued important for radical innovation (Wenger, 2003; Ferraro, et al., 2015), and we see it as cross-sector innovations. The empirical study has a qualitative multi-case design, with four Norwegian regional triple helix innovation networks (involving firms, public bodies, and research and development institutes) as cases. Semi-structured interviews are the main data-source, supplemented by documents and observations. The data is analyzed through qualitative content analysis. Selected examples of cross-sector collaboration on innovation between tourism and 1) local food in Lofoten, 2) culture in Southern Norway, and 3) media in Eastern Norway will be described and explained. Our study confirms previous research about the importance of brokers, boundary objects, and interactions across communities of practice (Gherardi, 2012; Nilsen & Gausdal, 2017), the importance of active involvement of the different stakeholders through interactive innovations, and challenges of the small and micro firms related to the limited resources and hence focus on daily practices (Rønningen and Lien, 2014; Høegh-Guldberg, et al, 2018). The preliminary findings suggest the following: A) Stakeholders having different complementing roles enable collaboration. B) Some stakeholders develop different roles in the value-network (chain) to increase their own sustainability. C) Cross-sector collaboration opens up for multi-level innovation not only on the destination level but often also for single stakeholders. D) Cross-sector innovation is a central tool in developing attractive places to visit, and further contributes to job creation and sustainable communities. However, collaboration in triple-helix networks, paving the way for cross-sector innovation, has both potentials and limitations.

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The role of technology in experience-based tourism before, during and after Covid19

Olga Høegh-Guldberg Nord University Norway olga.hoegh-guldberg@nord.no

Anne Wally Falch Ryan One year after the major travel restrictions were put in place by many European countries and beyond, businesses, governments and travelers are looking into the future inquiring how tourism is going to look like once the restrictions begin to cease. Regardless of the pace of recovery in every single country, a holistic sustainability approach (Bocken et al.,2019) needs to remain the fundament of tourism practices. Before Covid-19, technology had increasingly contributed to more sustainable tourist experiences by both improving the experience quality and boosting economic sustainability (Gretzel, Sigala, Xiang, & Koo, 2015) and contributing to destination work on environmental and social sustainability (Gössling & Michael Hall, 2019; Lalicic & Önder, 2018). Based on the holistic sustainability approach, this paper aims to explore the role of technology in experience-based tourism before, during, and after Covid-19. The paper is built on hybrid research methods: it combines a literature review on the use of technology in tourism prior to and during Covid19 with empirical research on the use of technology during and after the crisis. The empirical inquiry takes place in two rural Norwegian destinations of Røros and Vega. Preliminary findings on the use of technology prior to Covid-19 demonstrate the dominant role of ICT platforms in sharing economy (Gössling & Michael Hall, 2019), location-based, information and navigation technology as well as the use of digital data for visitor management, conceptualized among others as tourism ‘smart’ dimension (Vu, Dai, Khanh, & Quang, 2018). Spatial visitor distribution requires ICT solutions (GPS, heat maps, biometric solutions, etc.) that can be used to improve tourist experiences (VR, AR) and advice destination managers in developing appropriate visitor management strategies to secure safe, distributed movement, balance pressures on carrying capacity and optimize sustainable resource management (Mandić & Praničević, 2019). The gradual integration of spatiality into tourism has a number of macro- (infrastructure planning and zoning) and micro- (within separate attractions) implications for visitor management and must necessarily include an understanding of the reasons behind certain spatial behaviors (Riungu, Peterson, Beeco, & Brown, 2018). The analysis of literature and media publications during Covid19 illustrates examples of using the technology to sustain at least some level of activity through digital nature-based, city and museum tours (Burke, Jørgensen, & Jørgensen, 2020; Pedersen & Hansen, 2020) assisted by consumption of home technology to immerse oneself in these experience, as well as marketing campaigns reminding tourists that the crisis is temporary (Seeler, Høegh-Guldberg, & Eide, forthcoming). As for after Covid-19, it is expected that digital innovation will continue to transform the tourism experience (Westbrook & Angus, 2020) as “new business models are likely to provide shifts in how tourism experiences are bought and enjoyed” (Björk, Prebensen, Räikkönen, & Sundbo, 2020, p. 7), and the adoption of robotics and artificial intelligence in travel and tourism will likely continue (Zeng et al., 2020).

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Pandemic COVID-19 as a barrier for rural tourism development

Andrea Holešinská Masaryk University Czech Republic holesinska@econ.muni.cz

Helena Kubíčková The current situation with pandemic COVID-19 has a negative reflection on the development of tourism. (Gössling, Scott & Hall, 2021) It imposes restrictions on both tourism supply and tourism demand. Governments lockdown travel businesses and at the same time restrict the freedom of movement. Thus, the supply and demand sides have to cope with the exogenous shocks. The first evidence of experience and reactions of travel businesses presented WYSE (2020) in early March 2020. On the example of bookings Keller (2020) describes how visitors start to adapt their travel behaviour following the exit strategies. Pandemic COVID-19 is very often related to international tourism (Škare, Soriano & Porada-Rochoń, 2021). However, even rural tourism is affected by the worldwide spread crisis. To highlight the impacts on rural tourism, the research focuses on middle and small side entrepreneurs (e. g. farmers, winemakers, local rural museums, local accommodation providers; local providers of hippo-therapy) and on local tourist organizations (e.g. DMO, tourist information centres) involved in rural tourism. The aim is to find out how they overcame the situation with COVID-19. How did they cope with government restrictions? How did they react to the visitor's changed behaviour? Whether they adapted their offer to the situation, or not. In other words, the contribution deals with the changes in visitor behaviour from the perspective of rural tourism providers. The research is a case study of South Moravia and applies both qualitative (questionnaire survey) and quantitative (interviews) methods. Research data shows that rural tourism providers manage the government measures and tailor their services to visitors' changing needs as well. Besides the loss of incomes and visitors, providers of rural tourism face the increase of additional costs related to the adoption of hygienic measures. The majority of all rural tourism providers responded that their segment of visitors changed. Namely, the absence of foreign visitors was replaced by domestic ones.

A roadmap on how to plan hybrid events and safeguard participant’s experience

Mireia Iglesias University of Deusto Spain m.iglesias@opendeusto.es

Marisa P. de Brito

María Jesús Monteagudo Sánchez The world of Events has taken a dramatic hit with the widespread of covid-19. Offline events practically came to a standstill, while online events proliferated. The future of events post-pandemic is likely to be one where hybrid events get deeper rooted. This however raises some questions, such as: to what extent will hybrid events shape the experience of the participants, and how to safeguard events participants’ experience? Specially in the educational context, hybrid events have taken a leap forward. In this work we draw learnings from the educational

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context providing a roadmap on how to design events with blended formats. The “blended” and more so “hybrid” concept is fairly new and has been given a range of different meanings and interpretations (Sharma & Barret, 2007), The way a course is designed when both elements, face-to-face and distance learning, become an important part of the whole learning course design (Sharma & Westbrook, 2016), such as the mix between face-to-face learning and distance learning (Frendo, 2005). As several authors have mentioned (Hall & Preston, 1988; Saxby, 1990; Dizard, 1982; Forester, 1985), what characterizes the current technological revolution is not the central importance of gathering knowledge and information, but the way in which such knowledge and information is applied to generate knowledge and information processing. The dissemination of technology has empowered itself and has been redefined by its users. Information technologies are now not simply tools being applied, but are also processes being developed (Castells, 1996). In this work we look into the process of hybrid events in the educational context, drawing lessons which can be transferable to other contexts as well. The study uses literature from three theoretical corners: educational events, event experience and design, and blended learning (Davidson, 2019; Mannel & Kleiber, 1997; Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (1998); Richards, Marques & Mein, 2015; Nijs, 2019; Sharma & Westbrook, 2016; Castells,1996). The methodological approach is case study research. International case studies were conducted, and interviews were gathered both with experts, event organisers and participants. The interview protocol used both predetermined themes and emerging themes as well as key remarks by the interviewees. The result is a roadmap on how to plan and design hybrid events and safeguard participants’ experience. In particular a practical tool in the form of a guide with with different levels of variables and indicators is put forward. This guide supports strategic thinking in designing (educational) events with hybrid formats.

Instagram: Compositional interpretation of live-streaming food tourism videos

Anna Irimiás Free University of Bolzano Italy annarita.irimias@unibz.it

Serena Volo Instagram has become one of the platforms of ‘digital culinary adventurism’ (Patterson, Kozinet and Ashman, 2019) and provides tourism researchers with rich and valuable data to harvest on contemporary social and cultural practices (Volo and Irimiás, 2020). Travel-related live-streaming videos have increasingly become a popular form of communication on visual social media (Deng, Benckendorff and Wang, 2021; Zhang, Wang and Zhang, 2021). A critical methodological assessment of such ‘specific visual media’ (Rose, 2016:289), as legitimate objects of research (Balomenou and Garrod, 2019), is timely and relevant. This presentation advances visual tourism research by exploring how Michelin-starred Italian chefs used Instagram live-streaming videos during the pandemic to foster transformative food experiences and food tourism. Live-streaming on social media combines videos, audio and text and involves the interaction between content creator and the audience. While live-streaming on social media is widely used by tourists, destinations and travel service providers (Deng, Benckendorff and Wang, 2021), here the focus is on three Italian ‘culinary ambassadors’ of food tourism and performers of food experiences. Data was collected between November 2020 and January 2021, 30 videos shared by each chef chefs (Massimo Bottura, Simone Zanoni, Francesco Mazzei) were gathered and five videos per chef were analysed. Drawing on Goffman’s (1959)

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performance theory, and following the constructivist-paradigm (Chambers, 2012) the visual methods of compositional interpretation (Rose, 2016) was employed to 15 live-streaming Insta-videos. Findings revealed that top chefs created a performative stage to facilitate discussion, creativity and knowledge-dissemination in real-time and interactive manner. Live-streaming allowed chefs to be close to their audiences. Compositional interpretation of visuals evidenced that live-streaming videos are credible, compelling, differentiating, emotional and overarching, the five features of an appealing campaign (Pan, Tsai, and Lee, 2011). The role of audiences, the circulation of videos and the ethical issues are also discussed.

Robotics skills development for tourism graduates

Stanislav Ivanov Varna University of Management Bulgaria stanislav.ivanov@vumk.eu Recent technological developments in the field of robotics, artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things and smart technologies are disrupting the tourism and hospitality companies on a massive scale – their operations, facilities design and maintenance, servicescape, marketing, human resource management, etc. Tourism and hospitality higher education will have to react to these disruptions, enabling the human resources of the industry to deal with the new reality in the workplace. This presentation discusses the necessity to incorporate robotic skills development into the curricula of tourism and hospitality programmes and the ways to implement this in practice, elaborated in Table 1.

Status

Compulsory Optional

Type General focus module Compulsory general robotics / AI

module

Optional general robotics / AI

module

Specialised module Compulsory module on robotics /

AI in tourism and hospitality

Optional module on robotics / AI

in tourism and hospitality

No separate module One or more lectures with existing modules

Table 1. Introduction of robotics and AI in tourism / hospitality programmes’ curriculum

The presentation further focuses on the experience of Varna University of Management (VUM), Bulgaria, in delivering two specialised modules (Technologies in Tourism and Hospitality and Robonomics). Launched in October 2017, Robonomics was the first module in the world to deal with the economic, social, ethical and legal issues of the automated economy. It is offered to all students at VUM. The module Technologies in Tourism and Hospitality was introduced in February 2020 in the curriculum of the BA International Hospitality Management programme. It aims to equip students with the knowledge and skills to use various technologies, including robotics, in tourism and hospitality companies. In March 2021, the programme won the Smartourism.bg award for advancing smart tourism in Bulgaria. The module was also used to pilot test the NTG toolkit on robotics and AI skills in tourism and hospitality.

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Age Related Accessibility – Skills needed by tourism businesses to attract senior tourists, and turn them into loyal customers

Diana James Cardiff Metropolitan University United Kingdom djames@cardiffmet.ac.uk Social skills have always been and remain critical to the success of tourism businesses, and as the sector in Europe opens up, gradually and cautiously as the take-up of the Covid19 vaccinations grows, they are even more essential. Globally life expectancy is increasing and this trend is forecast to continue. Prior to the pandemic senior tourists were an important and growing market – a group with leisure time available, and disposable income that they were interested in spending on travelling and new experiences, on the condition that their needs were met, and their interests provided for. Research has shown that tourism businesses that make the effort to understand the requirements of older visitors can create loyal customers, many of whom travel outside peak seasons and so make a major contribution to business sustainability. It is important therefore that seniors are given the confidence to travel again, and the tourism sector will need to be proactive if this is to be achieved. It is undeniable that people typically experience more health-related challenges as they age. This is not an excuse to stereotype older tourists, whose interests and tastes may remain as varied as when they were younger, however, tourism businesses do need to devote time and energy to developing their premises and their customer services so that they are accessible by all. Inclusivity means that visitors of all abilities and ages can engage with and enjoy what a tourism business has to offer – this makes sound business sense. The principles of Universal Design are important in achieving this, aiming to simplify things for everyone by making products, communications, and the built environment more usable for as many people as possible. Accessibility needs to be present throughout the tourism chain, including destination management, information and advertising, buildings and infrastructure, modes of transport, accommodation, food and beverage, cultural and other activities, so is relevant for all sectors of the industry. Running an inclusive tourism business is no longer an option, it is a necessity. There is therefore a key role for educators in the Higher Education sector both to incorporate the principles of age-related accessibility, and consideration of ways of ensuring inclusivity into their core tourism and hospitality management provision, and to offer industry-based courses for tourism managers that will support them to develop their businesses to be as inclusive as possible.

Events that confound, in a time without events

David Jarman Edinburgh Napier University United Kingdom d.jarman@napier.ac.uk This paper explores the limits of attempts to understand and define events, in environments where events are not possible. The chronological context is from April 2020 onwards: in communities, cities and countries around the world, restrictions were put in place to try and manage the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic. Against this backdrop, global debates on climate,

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race, and gender experienced renewed energy and importance. The President of the USA was impeached for a second time, and the UK left the European Union. The forces at work delivered seismic and longstanding impacts; forces in search of a conceptual framework to help describe and explain them. Castells offered just such a grand theory of human activity at the turn of the millennium, characterising the “network society” (Castells, 2000). For the ATLAS Conference in 2021, this paper sets out to examine how effectively the Castellian perspective holds up in the face of unprecedented political, social, cultural and economic strains, and what roles events played in reflecting and shaping the situation through 2020 and into 2021. For Castells, the network society’s key characteristics relate to information, the connected technologies that act upon this information, the pervasiveness of these technologies, and the networking logic that they command adherence to. There is flexibility in such a situation – flexibility in such networks – yet also convergence and integration, stimulated by the same power and logic of network effects, which increase in utility in proportion to their growing membership. Notions of the network society underpin the principles of network centric eventfulness (Richards, 2017), and the identification of pulsar and iterative events (Richards, 2015). They informed contributions to a recent special issue on events and networks (Jarman, 2021);(Richards & Jarman, 2021). The network society has also helped to frame the doctoral research on which this paper is based. The paper will examine the extent to which Castells’s interpretation of the network society has equipped citizens and communities to understand events in three contemporary contexts, that were previously almost unimaginable yet are now familiar to observers around the globe. In each case, the distinctions between pulsar and iterative event types are called into question. The first category reflects the success with which many events transferred to an online delivery and presentation under Covid-19 conditions. The second category considers the hyper local community events that emerged under pandemic lockdown conditions. Thirdly, and finally, the January 2021 rally, protest and subsequent attack on the US Capitol Building in Washington, DC. Castells, and Richards, provided a means by which events can be examined and contextualised in the networked 21st century. When such events are no longer possible, when their form and feasibility face an existential threat, there is a need to look afresh at the means by which events are interpreted and understood.

Generation Y backpackers’ attitudes and behaviour towards volunteering whilst backpacking

Elena Jelaca University of Derby United Kingdom elena.jelaca@gmail.com

Eleni Michopoulou

Iride Azara Leisure and tourism appear to be particularly significant to generation Y cohort represented by high demands of self-development and self-pleasure (Halliday & Astafyeva, 2014). Jennings et al. (2010) provide an insight on backpackers within generation Y highlighting their avid appetite for new experiences and nonchalant desire for relaxation. Little is known about Generation Y in terms of travel and tourism behaviour and, as in other areas, many contradictory claims have been made (Benckendorf and Moscardo, 2010). In other words, there is a need for further research within this field in order to consolidate the present knowledge or provide new insights, following the rare studies that to contribute to the breadth of knowledge on Generation Y among

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backpackers (Ong & du Cros, 2012). Hence, this research examines the area of backpackers within Generation Y travellers and their behaviour towards volunteering whilst backpacking. Specifically, this study focuses on generation Y’s travel behaviours in a backpacking context along with generation Y’s psychological and environmental attitudes toward engaging in voluntourism while backpacking. It contributes to the previous knowledge of generation Y by exploring underlying reasons and motivations of generation Y backpackers and their opinions in terms of volunteering. (Methodology) This research was undertaken using a qualitative approach, triggered by intellectual interest in a phenomenon with its main goal - the expansion of knowledge (Tisdell and Merriam, 2015). Qualitative survey with both open-ended and closed-ended questions was designed to generate rich material providing various memories, opinions and experiences recollected for the specific situation (Eckerdal and Hagstrom, 2017). The survey has not been limited to any specific geographic region or gender. However, since the research topic is concentrated around generation Y cohort, participants aged 18-37 were targeted for the purpose of this research. (Contribution to knowledge/Findings) This study has important implications for both academia and industry as it highlights the diversity of this backpacker consumer market and the motivations for undertaking leisure and tourism activities. As Ooi and Laing (2010) have indicated, there is an overlap of backpacker and volunteer tourism motivations, and alignment of these two niche tourisms ‘may facilitate the promotion of volunteer platform, encouraging altruistic travel experiences among a more diverse tourism audience’ where merging of backpacking and volunteer tourism could have beneficial outcomes for the tourism industry in general. This study also has important implications for industry as volunteer tourism organisations could see backpackers as potentially new market and target them through specific tailor-made opportunities according to their motivations and attitudes towards volunteering.

Airbnb, city and COVID-19 pandemic: main issues in literature

Karolina Kacprzak University of Lodz Poland karolina.kacprzak2@edu.uni.lodz.pl The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected tourism and hospitality worldwide. The crisis that followed the collapse of the industry also affects short-term rentals, including the Airbnb platform. Travel restrictions and local lockdowns have caused, among other things, a drop in bookings and forced changes to the portal's operations. The coronavirus has obliged many changes to the so-called new normal. Due to the further development of the pandemic, research directions and main threads in the discussion on Airbnb are also changing. The aim of the presentation is to analyse the discussion on Airbnb in the city during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study consisted of a search of online databases: ScienceDirect, Scopus and Web of Science. All searches were conducted using a combination of keywords Airbnb and Covid, Airbnb and pandemic, Airbnb and coronavirus. The articles analysed were those in which the above-mentioned words, were present in the title, abstract or keywords.

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The conceptualization of people’s motivation and heritage attributes in the overtourism context

Sevim Sezi Karayazi Eindhoven University of Technology The Netherlands s.s.karayazi@tue.nl

Gamze Dane

Bauke de Vries Over the last years, booming tourism activities have been damaging heritages in European cities such as Barcelona, Venice, Amsterdam, Berlin and Copenhagen (Hospers, 2019). According to The World Tourism Organization (UNTWO, 2018), overtourism is described as “the impact of tourism on a destination, or parts thereof, that excessively influences perceived quality of life of citizens and/or quality of visitor experiences in a negative way.” In that sense, destinations that are attractive to visitors and locals are also affected by the consequences of overtourism. Thus, an increasing need emerges to understand why people visit particular locations and what makes these locations attractive in order to address overtourism indicators. To do so, this research introduces people’s motivation behind heritage visitation and heritage attributes in the context of overtourism. The literature explains the travel motivations of people through push-pull theory (Crompton, 1979). The push factor is an intrinsic behavior such as visitor engagement, experience (Su et al., 2020), self-growth, positive emotion, sense of belongings, cultural inheritance (Tu, 2020) that motivates and encourages people to travel. The pull factor is the travel decision caused by the attractive attributes of a destination such as heritage type, amenity, events, prominent symbols (Li & Lo, 2004), heritage status, cultural meaning, history (Bonn et al., 2007), leisure, well-preserved heritage, heritage style, surrounding tourist attractions (Tu, 2020). Based on the literature, we explored overtourism indicators as visitor oriented to consider push factors such as cultural benefits (i.e., recreation, memories, observation), self-benefits (i.e., sense of belongings and cultural inheritance) and social benefits (i.e., learning and positive emotion), and heritage oriented attributes which explore pull factors consist of heritage’s self-value (i.e., heritage types, the status of heritage and available information on-site) and heritage environment (i.e., tourist attraction, historical landscape, cleanliness). Addressing these attributes leads to a better understanding of the relation between heritage and overtourism. For further analysis, the framework can be transformed into stated data by adding levels. Hypothetical choices can be given to respondents and data can be collected via online or on-site survey. The results provide weights per attribute and policymakers can evaluate them to develop sustainable heritage tourism strategies considering the critical findings from respondents. Therefore, this framework can contribute to transforming knowledge into action.

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Is local food offer important for tourists?

Alžbeta Kiráľová AMBIS University Czech Republic alzbeta.kiralova@ambis.cz

Lukáš Malec Gastronomy is one of the most important cultural expressions of human beings. The term concerns all culinary forms, including those deriving from traditional local cuisine. Local food and beverages include those produced or grown in the local area and local specialties with a local identity (Enteleca, 2000). Local food and drinks include fresh “farm gate” sales products, regionally branded and locally produced products, and local specialties that are in some way distinctive to the region or unique. It is vital in rural areas as the relationship between food and tourism represents a significant opportunity for product development, marketing, and product diversification. Specialized local food and beverages create an opportunity to develop rural tours, direct purchasing from the farms, and specialized restaurant menus (Bessiere, 1998). In such circumstances, tourism helps create long-term relationships between visitors and producers. It offers emotional experiences to visitors who can feel and understand the uniqueness of local food and drinks while enjoying and exploring the history and function of the destination (Graham & Howard, 2008). Therefore, the maximization of economic linkages between local products and visitors is of great importance in maximizing the contribution of tourism to the development of the destination (Hall, 2004; Telfer & Wall, 1996). Food tourism can also be a tool for the economic development of those rural areas with high unemployment and low socioeconomic status in the destination. The impact and benefits of food tourism for destinations can include increased demand for food-related products, the building of brand loyalty, marketing intelligence for producers and suppliers, educational opportunities for visitors and residents, regional and local employment, an extension of the visitors’ stay in an area, more extensive distribution of spending, and protection of intellectual property (Macleod, Robertson & Smith, 2010; Hashimoto & Telfer, 2003). Local food and drinks enhance the appeal of a destination. Visitors seeking nature and local culture are also interested in sampling local products and tasting authentic food and drinks. Local food and beverages can add value to a destination as a whole and contribute to its development. Food tourism is not purely an income-generating activity but also a cultural enhancement activity contributing to the tourism experience. It needs to be considered an essential component of the marketing activities of a destination. The main objective of this study is to identify the importance of the local food and beverages for the demand and the supply side while focusing on the offer of the local producers. The study focuses on the differences between guests’ and entrepreneurs’ views on the offer based on the selected variables covering the local food. The analysis and data presented are based on both primary and secondary research. The differences between guests’ and entrepreneurs’ views on the offer based on the selected variables covering local food were examined. Then the local food was related to the economic interest of targeted gastronomic establishments.

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Facilitating Creative, Engaged Learning for Climate Action, Sustainability and Community Resilience

Julie Kircher Texas A&M University United States jmkircher@tamu.edu

Tazim Jamal

Jonan Phillip Donaldson How can we, as educators, as human beings, work with our students to proactively and empathetically address the immense challenges, injustices, and inequalities related to climate change that the current COVID-19 pandemic has revealed so clearly? Our struggles of teaching online during a mentally draining global pandemic illustrates the value and necessity of Design Thinking as a creative, collaborative activity to equip students, instructors, and practitioners alike with important skills to address “wicked problems” like climate change and facilitate social sustainability and community resilience in the (post-)COVID Anthropocene. The increasing body of literature surrounding Design Thinking (DT) and Design Thinking for Engaged Learning (DTEL) shows the power of these concepts and demonstrates the importance of incorporating DT and DTEL in practice and in courses offered across various fields of study, including tourism and hospitality, due to the emphasis on empathy and creativity. We provide examples of undergraduate student voices, explored through and showcased within creative reflective essays and cathartic artistic drawing endeavors undertaken in the Summer of 2020 (Jamal, Kircher, & Donaldson, 2021), with new additions and insights from Spring 2021 courses, that illustrate the importance of including a critical, decolonizing pedagogy to DTEL in order to facilitate engaged learning within our students. The expanded DTEL model also encourages these learners to break free of deeply entrenched assumptions and intentionally develop pluralistic, relational approaches to address the dual climate-pandemic challenges that are affecting societies and our students today. We argue that student learning and action on climate change can be better facilitated if the dominantly cognitive (mind) empathy approach in traditional design thinking approaches is balanced with affective (heart) empathy and conative (action) empathy to drive epistemic justice and praxis to create just and sustainable futures, while also encouraging healing from the globally experienced traumas of COVID-19. We also raise questions for discussion on the strategies and processes needed to advance engaged learning towards climate action and the creation of ‘just’ futures in a post-COVID world.

Sense of Place: Visualising Host Community Attachment to a Marine National Park

Balvinder Kaur Kler Universiti Malaysia Sabah Malaysia balvinder@ums.edu.my

Paulin Poh Lin Wong The literature on sense of place in tourism is growing, having thus far lived in the body of knowledge on leisure and outdoor recreation. Place theory has branched off into either understanding place meanings (qualitative) or measuring place attachment (quantitative). As a

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symbolic, emotional, and intangible construct, qualitative researchers turn to exploring lived experiences to gain insight into destination qualities and relationships which encourage the formation of strong bonds to place. A host community or residents at a tourist destination are likely to have stronger bonds to sites which transform into tourist attractions. ‘Topophilia’, (deep affection for specific qualities of place) fosters attachment and encourages protection of how the destination was prior to tourism. The research setting, a national park, specifically Tunku Abdul Rahman Marine Park (TARP) transformed from a public picnic ground into an international tourist destination in Sabah, Malaysia. This study employed an interpretive inquiry paradigm and used an innovative amalgamation of qualitative methods to understand host place experiences and relationships with TARP. This paper debates the inclusion of Visitor Employed Photography (VEP) and photo-elicitation in the research design along with focus group interviews and an adapted Q-Methodology. Twenty participants were recruited based on a purposive sampling criterion (four groups of five individuals per group). They encompassed specific groups of the host community who participated in a two-part data collection. Participants were ferried to the marine park to take photographs of meaningful scenes. Seven hundred and sixty-one photos of the ‘concourse’ of photographs taken by participants were reduced to a ‘Q-set of two hundred fifty photographs by the researcher as the instrument. VEP proved to be a key element in illuminating place experiences and contributed to the photo elicitation during the ‘Q-sort’ as well as the second focus group interview. Limitations are discussed and recommendations are suggested to improve on this research method. In sum, the use of visual methods played a crucial role in canvasing host community sense of place.

How tourist- historic city responds to COVID-19: Kraków case study

Joanna Kowalczyk-Anioł University of Lodz Poland joanna.kowalczyk@geo.uni.lodz.pl Marek Grochowicz (Institute of Urban and Regional Development) Robert Pawlusiński (Jagiellonian University) Academic papers on the COVID-19 pandemic and tourism adopt the perspective of strengthening tourism resilience or recognize the ongoing crisis as an opportunity for reflection and the need to redefine tourism development strategies. This paper examines these issues using the example of Kraków, a tourist- historic city that, on the eve of the pandemic outbreak, was experiencing symptoms of overtourism. Using a case study approach, the authors illustrate the strategies applied at the city level, as well as the range of measures and actions used to support the tourism industry during the full pandemic year. The Kraków case shows that the pandemic time can be used to reorganize relations between local tourism stakeholders and to create a new formula for a tourism city in the so-called 'new normal'. In addition, the exploratory case study allows for the formulation of research problems for further work on tourist- historic cities responses to COVID-19. This can focus on a revision of the tourist offer and profile; the role of culture and the accompanying technology-facilitated innovations; the continuation of 'being-a-tourist-in-your-own-city', as promoted in the pandemic; tourists ’reactions to introduced changes; and shaping (new) relations between tourism stakeholders in the (post) pandemic city

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Approaches to experience co-creation: insights from the Czech UNESCO heritage destination

Aneta Krajíčková Masaryk University Czech Republic aneta.krajickova@mail.muni.cz

Markéta Novotná Current trends in demand fundamentally affect how a tourism product is created. Visitors desire attractive and unique experiences, which they can co-create. The principle of co-creation, therefore, comes to the foreground (Buonincontri & Micera, 2016). Destinations seek to personalize the services provided and use tools that help meet individual demands and visitors’ expectations (Boes et al., 2016). The development of modern technologies allows the enhancement of visitors' experiences and the provision of personal experiences thanks to easy and fast access to information (Buhalis & Amaranggana, 2013). Modern technologies are indispensable for the competitiveness of destinations and thus become one of the pillars of the concept of Smart Tourism Destination (Xiang et al., 2015). Smart destinations avail modern technology for effective governance, better management of resources, increased interaction with visitors, and ensuring sustainability (Gretzel et al., 2015). The phenomenon of smart tourism destination changes mainly urban destinations in which intelligent tourist infrastructure can be built based on the Smart City concept (Gajdošík, 2018). The article connects the ideas of co-creating the product with the concept of a smart tourism destination, on the example of the Czech historical town, categorized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The case study presents the town of Třebíč, which is referred to be a smart destination of supraregional importance. The paper aims to evaluate the approaches of this smart destination to co-creating experiences in tourism and reveal weaknesses in the process of interaction with tourists. The approach to co-creation is evaluated based on the analysis of strategic documents and destination websites. Telephone interviews and e-mail communication with representatives of destination management involved in the development of smart tourism strategies of Třebíč are realized. Moreover, a field survey with mobile apps and other smart tools that the destination offers visitors is conducted. Třebíč is endowed with several tools for co-creating experiences in the destination, while they are mainly focused on the phase when the visitor is preparing the trip to the destination, or on the time he spends in the destination. The lowest level of contact is within the experience phase after the return of the destination, despite the fact that according to Neuhoffer et al. (2012) at this stage, the visitor enhances his experience through remembrance and sharing. The main smart tools that are used include websites, Facebook and Instagram profiles, and applications that allow virtual tours, monitoring the events and traffic. In general, the destination's approach can be considered comprehensive due to the inclusion of tourism in the strategic documents and the connection of social networks with other tools. The recommendations are connected to the possibilities of greater personalization of the experience, the basics of which can be seen in the offer of activities or trips to the surroundings according to the visitor segments and the expansion of communication in the post-visit phase.

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Factors affecting on-site tourists’ psychological responses to urban terrorism

Tomáš Krajňák Charles University Czech Republic tomas.krajnak@natur.cuni.cz The COVID-19 pandemic represents the main threat constraining travel in the current times (Gössling, Scott, and Hall 2021). There are, however, other omnipresent threats jeopardising tourism, amongst which belongs also terrorism. Indeed, as with tourism, terrorism will not be eradicated by the pandemic, quite the contrary (Kruglanski et al. 2020; Marone 2021). Therefore, to understand tourists’ views on and reactions to terrorism should be an important endeavour of post-covid tourism research and crucial knowledge for the tourism industry. It is well established that terrorism has in most instances substantial and adverse effects on tourism demand (Krajňák 2020; Sönmez 1998; Schmude, Karl, and Weber 2020; Fourie, Rosselló-Nadal, and Santana-Gallego 2020). This can be attributed to psychological effects terrorism produces (Adeloye and Brown 2018; Morakabati and Kapuściński 2016; Isaac 2020; Brun, Wolff, and Larsen 2011; Larsen et al. 2011; Sönmez and Graefe 1998; Ekeberg, Fauske, and Berg‐Hansen 2014). To date, nevertheless, we know very little about on-site tourists’ psychological responses to terrorism and micro-destination-related factors including antiterrorism measures affecting these responses. Qualitative methods may aid in delivering relevant findings about these issues. Apart from descriptive case studies, however, the effects of terrorism on tourism have been mainly studied from a quantitative-research perspective. This contribution aims to overcome these under-researched topics in the terrorism-tourism nexus. Specifically, the aim of the study is to evaluate urban tourists’ cognitive and emotional responses to terrorism while focusing on factors affecting these responses. Fear-arousing walking interviews were employed to collect data which were analysed using framework analysis. The interviews (n=24) were conducted with a rather young (age<40), gender-balanced, and an international sample of tourists in the city centre of Munich, Germany, which served as a model destination. The predefined route along several tourist sites, which may be considered potential terrorist targets, was used for all interviews. The findings show many participants self-reported the absence of fear of terrorism. However, all participants judged a terrorist attack to be possible within the city centre. The perceived probability of an attack, nonetheless, varied among participants and sites. The probability was considered to be the highest on sites such as the main city square, shopping street, and train station. In contrast, religious places such as the Jewish centre and Munich Cathedral, and a small street next to police HQ were rated as sites with the lowest probability. The differences may be explained by micro-destination-related factors affecting psychological responses to terrorism. A total of 12 factors were identified within the data. The amount of people and visible security measures seems to represent the most important factors since they affected the psychological responses (both cognitive and emotional) of all participants. Additionally, other factors such as the way how terrorism is comprehended by individual participants were observed to also have substantial effects on their psychological responses to terrorism in Munich’s city centre. Theoretical and managerial implications will be discussed.

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Leisure communities and digital participation in mass online CAL (crochet along) events

Chantal Laws University of Westminster United Kingdom c.laws@westminster.ac.uk The recent absence of live social and leisure gatherings during the Covid-19 pandemic has reinforced the important role that events play in social cohesion, emotional well-being and expression of identities (Jepson and Walters, 2021; Lamond and Platt, 2016; Andrews and Leopold, 2013). Whilst virtual events have been in some ways a panacea they come with clear challenges, namely in their ability to mirror and match the immediacy of emotional and social connection that in-person events are more naturally suited to achieve. As we start to consider the opening up again of leisure and social events, discussion has turned to considering the new normal under which such events might operate. This special track of the annual ATLAS conference asks us to consider: How will the shift to digital events and the absence of ‘normal’ social gatherings affect communities in future? Will new models of events emerge, or will people be eager to get back to ‘normal events’? This paper seeks to address these important questions by exploring a well-established but under-explored (in the events literature) example of organised digital leisure community interactions (Stebbins, 2017; Silk et al, 2016; Spracklen, 2015). These have been produced in the past fifteen years, utilising Web 2.0 platforms to host mass participation crafting events commonly referred to as crochet-alongs or CALs (Kouhia, 2020; Mayne, 2020). These events were initially based around crafting community online peer networks such as Ravelry, but are increasingly hosted via individual blog sites, Facebook groups and Instagram pages. Here craft entrepreneurs, serious hobbyists and major brands alike (Maciel and Wallendorf, 2012; Myselev, 2009) host events to launch and make a particular crochet project completed synchronously and as a community – the key characteristic of a CAL. As Orton-Johnson (2014) states: “In facilitating an ethos of participation alone/together [such events] add another layer in an understanding of what connectivity and creativity mean in communities of networked leisure.” (p. 318). The growth of these hybrid events, which often have a large global audience into the thousands, could therefore reveal important factors for the wider event planning community around how to create opportunities for emotional engagement, co-creation, active participation, and identity-confirmation in a hybrid event environment. Current indicators point to the 'new normal' of leisure events continuing to be volatile, and subject to short-notice changes and restrictions as the variants of Covid-19 fluctuate. It is helpful therefore to reflect on the success factors of an established and successful approach to hybrid event planning. that offer high levels of audience engagement, flexibility, co-creative planning, and opportunities for tailored off and online extensions, whilst maintaining a clear identity and community culture. If virtual engagement channels are likely to become a permanent feature of the event landscape in future, then a full mapping of the factors for effective delivery across the spectrum of event typologies will be key in forming new and viable event models.

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Wine landscapes and culture as drivers of local and regional development in pandemic times

Maria del Pilar Leal Londoño CETT-UB Barcelona School of Tourism, Hospitality & Gastronomy Spain mpilar.leal@cett.cat

Sandra Sotomayor

Michele Barton

Sandra Zubieta The tourism sector has been one of the most affected during the lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During this period, the wine cellars - some of them considered tourist attractions - have been forced to rethink and reshape their touristic offer. This situation has put the focus on the wine landscape as the main attraction instead of wine cellars since outdoor activities have been most demanded by tourists eager to run away from their cities’ lockdown restrictions. The main purpose of this communication focuses on understanding the role played by cultural heritage represented in wine landscapes and wine culture as a means to drive the tourism sector in regions where those wineries have been still operating. In addition, to understand the management decisions and how those drive local and regional development based on intangible cultural heritage (ICH). To achieve the goal, the present research proposes a comparative analysis between wine cellars in Peru and Spain. Therefore, a qualitative methodology is applied based on in-depth interviews with wine cellars managers and wine stakeholders responsible for managing destinations. The analysis focuses on the common elements of local and regional development proposed by Pike et al. (2006). The results obtained will reveal on one hand, how intangible cultural heritage represented in landscapes and traditions are crucial elements for contributing to local and regional development. Moreover, it will provide good insights regarding intangible cultural resources as a mechanism for recovering the tourism sector and how managers could take an advantage of those resources. The conclusions highlight the potential of intangible cultural heritage for tourism to recover independently from the country, but at the same time, the big room for improvement by the wine cellars managers, where the analysis identifies the lack of knowledge and creativity applied to their tourism offer.

Which Entrepreneurs Would Reopen Their Businesses After the COVID-19 Lockdowns?

Yanan Lin Central University of Finance and Economics China summerlim0725@163.com

Stephen Xu Zhang

Song Lin Business lockdowns caused direct/indirect losses under the COVID-19 pandemic, especially for new ventures. The survival of these firms after business lockdowns plays a vital role in the long-term economic recovery of the entire community. Why some new ventures choose to reopen

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immediately after the COVID-19 lockdowns are lifted while others still continue to remain closed? As an important component of entrepreneurs’ cognition, entrepreneurial alertness affects entrepreneurial activities and the potential outcomes of firms through the processing of the information in the environment. However, the relation between alertness and firms’ reopening after the lockdowns is still unclear. On the one hand, alertness makes entrepreneurs maintain a high sensitivity to changes in the environment, which can help firms quickly respond to external emergencies. On the other hand, aiming to avoid risks because of “once bitten, twice shy”, entrepreneurs with high alertness may pay too much attention to the threats in the environment, which may hinder firms’ reopening after a crisis. The real situation of the COVID-19 pandemic presents an unusual opportunity for us to examine how entrepreneurial alertness under the time of crisis affect their firms’ reopening after the lockdowns. Furthermore, the development of firms will be influenced by the interaction of individual traits, organization and environment. The COVID-19 pandemic brings high uncertainty, one of the most factors impacting organization's decision-making, to the development of new ventures. Besides, age is one of the important characteristics of the firm, which may also impact the relation between entrepreneurial alertness and their firms’ reopening after the lockdowns. So we consider the two variables as moderating conditions. Using a two-wave survey design to collect data from 134 tourism new ventures in China under the COVID-19 pandemic, we explores the relation between entrepreneurial alertness and firms’ reopening after the lockdowns. Specifically, in Mar 2020, when tourism businesses in China were in entire lockdowns, we collected data on the entrepreneurs’ alertness(IV), their perceived uncertainty, firm age and the control variables. In Jul 2020, when the lockdown was lifted up and tourism businesses could operate freely, the entrepreneurs reported whether their firms reopened after the lockdowns. Logistic regressions show that entrepreneurs with high alertness are less likely to reopen their businesses after the lockdowns. At the same time, the association between them is more negative for higher perceived uncertainty but less negative for older firms. The study expands the literature about the role of cognitive attributes in driving businesses’ reopening and further enhances scholarly understanding the boundary conditions of entrepreneurial alertness with firms’ reopening after the lockdowns. In addition, the data collecting from reopening firms under the COVID-19 pandemic distils lessons for new ventures to tide over crises or disasters in future, making a number of practical implications for entrepreneurs and policymakers to reopen tourism businesses better and faster after the lockdowns.

From destination attractiveness to language preservation: The Cimbrian community of Luserna (Italy)

Serena Lonardi University of Innsbruck Austria serena.lonardi@uibk.ac.at Recent research has highlighted two important changes in cultural tourism: increasing interest in intangible cultural heritage and in peripheral areas (Richards, 2018). According to UNESCO (2003), intangible heritage includes oral traditions and languages. Thus, minority languages, that stand for a unique worldview and are the main vehicle for cultural transmission, could increase destination distinctiveness and attractiveness. Previous studies considered minority languages as artefacts in museums (Kelly-Holmes & Pietikäinen, 2016), the labelling of souvenirs (Pietikäinen et al. 2011), the language on brochures and on social media (Whitney-Squire, 2016), on signs indicating touristic routes (Moriatry, 2014), and the use of the language

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in tours and to greet guests (Kelly‐Holmes & Pietikäinen, 2014). These scholars conclude that minority languages represent an asset and contribute to destination attractiveness (Ugolini et al., 2009). Since minority languages are spoken by a few persons, they are often endangered (Moseley, 2010). Language endangerment, therefore, threatens not only the cultural vitality of a population but also its distinctiveness and attractiveness (Whitney-Squire, 2016). Previous studies also highlight that tourism contributes language preservation. Because minority languages are fundamental for destination competitiveness, the local community might be encouraged to work towards language preservation, involving fields outside of tourism, like education (Greathouse‐Amador, 2005). Also, tourists’ interest in knowing more about peculiar cultures and languages strengthens the sense of pride among community members and encourages them to learn more (Greathouse‐Amador, 2005; Lonardi et al., 2020). Language preservation also adheres to the concept of sustainable development by UNWTO, i.e. preserving the natural and cultural environment for future generations (Brundtland et al., 1987). This paper analyses under which circumstances and to what extent tourism can lead to language preservation through destination attractiveness by considering the Cimbrian community of Luserna / Lusérn near Trento (Italy). The Cimbrian language is an Upper German dialect, brought by Bavarian settlers between the 11th and 16th century. The town is nestled in the Alps and is quite popular among mountain and sport lovers. This study will use a mixed methodology. Until now, nine unstructured interviews have been conducted, that provide an in-depth understanding of a phenomenon within a cultural context (Richards & Munsters, 2010). To ensure the validity of the findings, a content analysis of promotional websites will be conducted (Kelly-Holmes et al., 2011). The qualitative methodology show that, although the Cimbrian language cannot be properly defined a pull factor or a USP, it represents a differentiating factor for the tourists that are already in the destination or that are somehow already familiar with the minority, sometimes also leading to loyalty to the destination. Interviewees also mentioned that tourism cannot be the only tool for language preservation, but it nonetheless partially contributes to language maintenance through increased pride, economic sustainability and through the development of a writing system. Language commodification was not seen as a major problem. The content analysis of websites will bring further insight on the role of the Cimbrian language to promote the destination.

Dark tourism and media: changing perception of place by watching movie

Jozef Lopuch Masaryk University Czech Republic jozef.lopuch@gmail.com Dark tourism, which can be understood as the act of travel to sites associated with death, suffering and the seemingly macabre, is getting more and more popular in recent years. There are many ways for dark tourists to find inspiration for visiting dark tourism places. Watching TV, where those places are shown, is definitely one of these ways, whether these are movies, TV series, documentaries or fiction. They are motivated to visit those places by consuming the aforementioned media and it can be connected not only to dark tourism and film tourism, but it can also lead to getting more information about the culture and heritage of the visited country. The reason behind this is, that dark tourist sites can be connected to events that were really crucial in shaping national (or local) identities, so that the tragic past can still affect people nowadays. Thus getting the tragic story known is helping to understand the culture of those people in its broader anthropological meaning. It also works vice versa as visiting dark tourism

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places can lead to watch TV material connected to that place. This connection between dark tourism and watching movies is the topic of this paper. The historic period of the Second World War, when the area of the Czech Republic was annexed by Nazi Germany and part of it was known as the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, was shown in two movies that I chose for the research in this paper. Both are based on a true story, were filmed in the last decade and are well-known to the Czech audience. The first one, Fall of the Innocent (or The Butcher of Prague) is telling the story of the village Lidice, that was razed to the ground after the assassination of the Deputy Protector Reinhard Heydrich. Nowadays there is the Lidice Memorial that was built as a tribute to the village and it is one of the most infamous dark tourism places in Czech Republic. The second movie is called Anthropoid and depicts the assassination of Reynhard Heydrich in Prague. This movie is mostly connected to the Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius, where the assassins were hiding, and nowadays the National Memorial of the Heroes of the Heydrich Terror is nearby. This paper is theoretically based on the circular process of media tourism. This theory depicts that movies (or books and other media) are inspired by true events that are based in some physical places (in this case Lidice village or Church of Saints Cyril and Methodius). By making a movie the author constructs an imaginary place that is consumed by the audience who can visit the real physical place where the movie took place or is somehow connected to it. In our cases, this process can serve as a gateway to the history of the Czech nation, but also from the viewpoint of tourists there is line between perception and imagination blurred. The goal of this paper is to make a connection between this circular process of media tourism and theories of dark tourism consumption in a theoretical perspective. It is mainly by showing the changing perception of the dark tourism place by seeing a movie. The method of research is an analysis of those two movies and a mainly qualitative analysis of reviews to those films on Czech-Slovak film database websites.

Social and economic restrictions of a climate-friendly travel behaviour

Sandra Macher FH Joanneum GmbH Austria sandra.macher2@fh-joanneum.at Climate change and rapid global warming are scientifically proven to be human-made. The consequences of climate change are becoming increasingly visible and terms such as "climate protection" are used more and more frequently in our society. There are only a few feasible political solutions to this global problem and for this reason, a growing number of people are deciding to change their lifestyle and travel behaviour. There are general tips and practices on how to live in an environmentally friendly or climate-friendly way. But there are hardly any studies on how this climate-friendly lifestyle and travel behaviour is affecting the social and economic lives of these people. For this reason, this study was conducted to show HOW to live and travel climate-friendly and which social and economic restrictions could occur. For this purpose, qualitative interviews were conducted with Austrian people who live different climate-friendly lifestyles in order to gain a deep insight into people's lifestyles and travel behaviour. It shows that these people are very concerned with climate protection and individual measures. However, by all means, solutions are needed to make climate-friendly travel easier for these people! The respondents criticized the small offer of climate-friendly possibilities in Austria and have a strong desire for a more extensive offer at climate-friendly alternatives and products could be determined. The social environment and travel partners of these people often didn’t accept using a particular mode of transport due to the high costs of bus and train tickets and

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longer travel times. Therefore, the climate-friendly lifestyle is associated with social and economic restrictions. This unconventional research topic is so meaningful to discuss, as it has hardly been studied in international research so far. The presentation of the results of this study at the ATLAS conference could serve to shed light on the topic jointly and to discuss together for future possibilities to save the environment by travelling climate-friendly.

Spycimierz as a new space for cultural tourism

Marzena Makowska-Iskierka University of Lodz Poland marzena.makowska@geo.uni.lodz.pl The subject of this talk is both exceptionally attractive as well as unique in the world. This new space of cultural tourism has been gaining popularity in recent years, which has been reflected in increased tourism in the area. This has been an effect of not so much of simply promoting the region but rather of the activities undertaken to protect local heritage and to strengthen local traditions. Spycimierz that I am referring to is a small traditional village (about 300 inhabitants). It has been created in the 11th century as a prince's stronghold. It is located in central Poland, in the Łódź Voivodeship, in the vicinity of Uniejów (a very popular first Polish thermal spa). Spycimierz, apart from its interesting historical heritage is distinguished above all by its over 200-year-old tradition of organizing a unique procession. During the Corpus Christi festivities the village's inhabitants walk on flower carpets. The local community, along an over kilometre long procession route leading from the church along the village roads, arranges unique and exceptionally colourful flower arrangements which take different forms and colours each year. The "Spycimierski flower carpet" is made of colourful petals as well as whole garden flowers and field flowers. It also composes of leaves, twigs, grain, tree bark and sand. Religious symbols and pictures, rosettes and other floral, geometric and symbolic arrangements dominate among the motifs arranged on the flower carpets. A fleeting work is created as an expression of worship for God. After the solemn Mass, the Eucharistic procession along with the faithful walks through this flower carpets. Every year the entire community of the parish in Spycimierz is engaged in the preparation of these floral arrangements. This task strengthens the community through joint effort. This vivid, original tradition, unparalleled almost anywhere else in the world, is passed down from generation to generation. The aim of this speech is to present the characteristics of Spycimierski Corpus Christi with the tradition of arranging flower carpets which is unique on a global scale. It will also describe the existing cultural, historical and tourist potential of Spycimierz. The results of empirical field research conducted in Spycimierz in 2018-2021 will be also presented as part of a project aimed at protecting and strengthening the heritage and tradition of the village. Various contexts of this event will be shown: religious, cultural, social, tourist, spatial and economic. It should be noted that in 2018 the Corpus Christi procession with the tradition of arranging flower carpets in Spycimierz had been added to the Polish National List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. It has also applied for an entry to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The aim of the presentation will also be to determine the size and range of tourist traffic in the region. In addition, the plans, possibilities, opportunities and potential threats for the development of Spycimierz and the region will be shown. A detailed case study of Spycmierz - a unique, new space of cultural tourism, will undoubtedly have great cognitive value for the listeners.

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Pathological Altruism and Volunteer Tourism: A Conceptual Framework for Theory and Practice

Leigh Mathews ALTO Consulting Australia leigh@altoglobalconsulting.com

Joseph M. Cheer Wakayama University Japan jmcheer@wakayama-u.ac.jp The development of theoretical discourses around volunteer tourism have arguably tended to be largely practice or outcomes focused with much less emphasis on the application of complex theorizing from outside the field of tourism. Our intention is to develop a conceptual framing of volunteer tourism through the lens of pathological altruism, and in doing so, broadening the theoretical scope for discussion. Barbara Oakley (2014, p. 170) argues that “people's own good intentions, coupled with a variety of cognitive biases, can sometimes blind them to the deleterious consequences of their actions. This dynamic of pathological altruism involves subjectively prosocial acts that are objectively antisocial.” Moreover, Oakley (Ibid) asserts that “Pathological altruism can be conceived as behavior in which attempts to promote the welfare of another, or others, results instead in harm that an external observer would conclude was reasonably foreseeable.” Volunteer tourism is emblematic of this tension where the agenda for doing good is commodified and packaged for touristic consumption, while at the same time positioned as a remedy for wider social and economic ills, particularly in the global South. Beyond direct application of pathological altruism in the context of the individual volunteer, we zero in on the systemic pathological altruism of the business model of voluntourism and the problematic structures that pervade it, particularly, the volunteer tourism supply chains and the voluntourists themselves. As Oakley (p. 172) opines: “Well-meaning intentions can lead either to altruism or to pathological altruism. Self-servingly malevolent intentions, on the other hand, often have little or nothing to do with altruism, even though such malevolence can easily be cloaked with pretensions of altruism.” In applying pathological altruism, we put forward a conceptual framework for research and practice that deconstructs the ‘doing good’ narrative and queries ways forward for more fecund conceptualisations and applications of the volunteer tourism endeavour (Cheer et al, 2019).

Tourism destination appraisal during Covid-19 pandemic: An Importance-Performance analysis to Porto, Portugal

Alexandra Matos Pereira ISLA- Instituto Politécnico de Gestão e Tecnologia Portugal alexandra.pereira@islagaia.pt

Thanyatip Sataphan As travel and tourism have grown into an international multibillion-dollar industry, factors affecting the success of this industry have become of interest to urban tourism planners. The

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need for information on the factors that play a key role in the success of tourism destinations has led to an increasing number of studies on the multiple facets of destination marketing success cases. On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization characterizes COVID-19 as a pandemic. Two days later, Europe becomes the epicentre of the pandemic with more reported cases and deaths than the rest of the world combined, apart from China. From then on, the world has been experiencing an unprecedented health crisis, which has affected all sectors of the global economy. Although this scenario affects every sector of the global economy, the tourism industry has been particularly harmed. Due to the intangible nature of the tourism product, destinations are especially vulnerable to perceptions of risk by consumers. Against this backdrop, the present study aims to assess Porto’s destination attributes after Portugal’s first lockdown (12 March - 2 May) by using Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) ) as a tool to obtain tourists’ opinions visiting Porto. The sampling period lasted for three months (from August 2020 to November 2020). The survey was conducted online, via Google Forms, to domestic and international tourists visiting Porto. The survey yielded 124 valid responses. Given the number of tourists visiting Porto at that period, just in the middle of the Covid-19 pandemic, and the type of statistical analysis used, the sample size can be considered representative. The questionnaire determined how important 19 attributes were perceived by Porto tourists, and how these attributes performed. Performance was analysed in a traditional manner, recording mean or median scores for a predetermined set of attributes. Study findings reveal that Porto performed the highest importance/performance in 7 out of 19 attributes which are Safety and security; Value for money; City has a beautiful nature and landscape; Variety of cultural/heritage sites; Friendly and helpful local people; Cleanliness of the city; Good quality and variety of food. The lowest performance of a very important attribute was given to Reliable local transport. The IPA grid notes the strong performance of security, economic and environmental factors and weaker performance, relatively speaking, of the destination’s infrastructure. While the natural scenery, local people, and the history of the place were seen as strengths or opportunities that marketers could capitalize on, certain elements of the region’s infrastructure (transportation) were considered liabilities that threatened the quality of the trip experience. Describing a destination’s assets and liabilities in this manner goes some way toward diminishing future fears over the destination performance in the post-COVID period, reaffirming strategies for addressing an alleged overtourism in Porto, as research can truly inform industry policy and practice. Thus, Porto’s destination management can be more efficient, consistent with sustainable development, and meet the needs of tourists, leading to increased competitiveness in the tourism market.

Soft skills as main pillar of tourism graduates employability: INCOME project outputs

Davorka Mikulić University of Split

Croatia

davorka.mikulic@efst.hr

Daniela Garbin Praničević

Smiljana Pivčević

Ljudevit Pranić

In the context of the Tourism and Hospitality (T&H) industries, given their specific characteristics, soft skills are increasingly common place in job descriptions, indicating that

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many employers recognize their importance to their businesses’ performance and competitiveness. Although soft skills are considered of major importance, it seems there is a gap between what market needs and what European Higher Education Institutions with Tourism degrees actually offer. As one of many initiatives to cope with challenge to overcome this gap, INCOME Tourism Project aims at developing a new learning approach based on a cooperative learning process joining higher education and tourism businesses. It focused on soft skills learning which was designed and incorporated in the last year of the Tourism Bachelor degree. Although some efforts are found in different higher education contexts, there is still the need and potential to bring academia and industry closer together in a new cooperative learning model to achieve a curriculum focusing on soft skills and with learning outcomes adapted to the real, evolving and demanding needs of the tourism industry. This is the ultimate purpose of INCOME Tourism project. Thus, to improve the employability of tourism graduates in the EU’s rapidly evolving T&H sector, HEI educators must continually investigate which soft skills are essential for T&H graduates to possess across the EU and amend the T&H curriculum to meet these needs (Sisson & Adams, 2013). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to determine the critical soft skills that T&H employers across the EU want from EU’s graduates and to determine whether differences exist between competencies needed by T&H managers and competencies furnished through HEIs’ T&H curricula. An exploratory both qualitative and quantitative research techniques are employed to identify the conceptual/creative, leadership, and interpersonal competencies (i.e., soft skills), as seen through the eyes of EU’s T&H professionals, educators, recent graduates, and current students. The data collection involved three stages. Firstly, an operational definition and an initial (i.e., raw) item pool of specific T&H soft skills was generated based on Sandwith’s (1993) Competency Domain Model. The extensive review of the theoretical and empirical realms of T&H literature yielded an initial pool containing 305 items of relevance to this research. Secondly, the elicited key soft skills were further reviewed and ranked by panel of experts from six EU countries (Croatia, Germany, Italy, Malta, Portugal, and Spain). Thirdly, a final set of 30 items – 10 items per each of the three soft skills dimensions (i.e. conceptual/creative, leadership, and interpersonal) was used to create the final survey instrument which was administered to former and current T&H students. In the final part, the results of perceived importance vs. satisfaction with soft skills attained among Croatian former and current students are presented and recommendations for HEIs and curricula adjustments presented.

Rebuilding Tourism: Experiences and Enjoyment

Kezia Herman Mkwizu The Open University of Tanzania Tanzania kmkwizu@hotmail.com Rebuilding tourism locally, regionally and nationally should be embedded in the inclusion of the domestic tourism. The trajectory for recovery of the tourism sector worldwide lies on how countries include domestic tourism in efforts to rebuild tourism activities as echoed by the United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Experiences and enjoyment in the context of domestic tourism are critical in rebuilding tourism, and that focus on domestic tourism can substantially act as the force for economic recovery in destinations globally. Therefore, this paper is guided by the types of tourists theory to purposely examine experiences and enjoyment in visiting national parks among domestic tourists with a specific objective of analyzing the relationship between direct experiences and enjoyment in visiting national parks among

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domestic tourists. This study hypothesizes that direct experiences significantly influence enjoyment of visiting national parks among domestic tourists. Cross-sectional design with quantitative approach will apply to test the relationship between the independent variable (direct experiences) and dependent variable (enjoyment) in visiting national parks among domestic tourists. Primary data will be collected using survey questionnaire for quantitative information, and face to face interviews to collect qualitative data to supplement quantitative results. A sample size of 380 domestic tourists will be randomly selected at Nyerere National Park located in Tanzania. Nyerere National Park which is endowed with tourism potential was established in 2019 and thus hold the position of being the largest national park in Tanzania. Descriptive statistics, Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and content analysis will be applied as tools of analysis. Therefore, results of this study intend to avail information on direct experiences and enjoyment of visiting national parks among domestic tourists. The information can facilitate the needed tourist experiences in relation to enjoyment so as to rebuild tourism. The outcome of this paper will have theoretical, practical and policy implications for purposes of rebuilding tourism. The results can assist tourism practitioners and policy makers to consider how direct experiences influence enjoyment of visiting national parks in the context of domestic tourists since domestic tourism is expected to be the recovery engine in the process of rebuilding tourism. Future studies can explore longitudinal approach and expand the understanding of tourist experiences and enjoyment from the international tourists’ perspective.

Exploring the development of innovation in coastal destinations of Ireland

Guillermo Nacipucha Technological University Dublin Ireland D17125044@mytudublin.ie Tourism innovation is an area that has gained relevance over the last two decades, and it is imperative for tourism destinations to recognise and incorporate an innovation approach if they aim to remain competitive. However, most tourism innovation research has been undertaken at the firm level, and the destination perspective has been overlooked. While it is important for destinations that firms develop innovation alone, it is also true that not all firms are able or interested in innovation development. This means that destinations rely on fragmented efforts to develop innovation. Hence, it is necessary to explore how innovation occurs at the destination level, this means what different types of collaborative innovations or innovations that benefit the whole destination are taking place within destinations. This research aims to fill this gap by answering the research question: how does innovation develop in coastal destinations of Ireland? This research aims to get a deep understanding of how innovation develops in three coastal destinations of Ireland; therefore, it is underpinned on a qualitative methodology. To collect qualitative data, this research will use semi-structured interviews and archival research. Semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions and few in numbers (between 5 to 10) will be used to get perspectives and thoughts from the participants. The interviews will be undertaken primarily face to face, but online interviews will be an alternative in the case that COVID-19 restrictions are still in place. Interviews can last at least 30 minutes and it is considered that it may be necessary to interview people more than once. The interviewees will be different destination stakeholders (tour operators, tourism officers, representatives of tourism bodies and county councils) of the three coastal destinations selected for the study. The second research method is archival research, this involves the collection of public qualitative documents such as newspaper articles, official reports, and archival data. The types of documents are

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reports, tourism plans, local development plans, and any other relevant document. The main focus of the archival research will be to focus on the sections that refer explicitly or implicitly to innovation. It is expected that the findings of this research will contribute to understand innovation at destination level, adding to the fragmentary understanding of innovation at the firm level.

Sustainable tourism research and Climate Change. A problematizing literature review

Paul Peeters Breda University of applied sciences Netherlands paul.peeters1000@gmail.com

Jo Guiver

Erdinç Çakmak While climate change is widely recognised as the world’s most urgent and important crisis, it has a low profile in the sustainable tourism academic literature. As other industries reduce their CO2 emissions, those of the tourism sector continue to increase with no clear strategy to reverse this trend. The reasons may reflect lack of political will or ability, inadequate training, skill-sets or funding for research. This problematising review focusses on tourism research tradition’s (in)ability to understand and address tourism’s impact on climate change and its mitigation. The first research stage identified 2573 peer-reviewed papers published between 1990 and 2019 with ‘sustainable tourism’ in their title, keywords or abstract. Of these, only 168 papers (6.5%) mentioned climate change. In the second stage, a sample of the most impactful papers, was selected using recognised metrics combining citation rates from Scopus and journal rankings (SJR) resulting in a sample 35 of the most influential sustainable tourism research papers. These papers included nine mentioning climate change and 26 which did not. This mix was critical for the purposes of a problematising review aimed at understanding why sustainable tourism research does not address climate change, rather than describing the state-of-the-art or trends in the literature. The contents analysis applied a pre-decided framework to examine how sustainability was defined (eg whether weak or strong) and which aspects of tourism were considered (eg whether transport to/from the destination, the impact of targeting international markets were included). The study identifies various reasons for the relative absence of climate change issues in the sustainable tourism research literature. The definition of sustainability used tends to be weak, condoning the substitution of environmental capital by economic benefits rather than defining thresholds which should not be surpassed for aspects of economic, social and environmental sustainability (triple bottom line). The impact of travel to and from the destination is largely ignored and yet this travel accounts for 75% of tourism’s greenhouse gas emissions. Likewise, destinations are often urged to extend their appeal to wider markets, with no recognition of the impact on the environment. Sustainable tourism research often focuses on the local and short-term, but fails to acknowledge the cumulative result of such foci on long-term global climate change. The research highlights the importance for sustainable tourism research to recognise the imminent crisis of climate change facing both tourism and the world. It invites all sustainable tourism research scholars to consider the impact of their recommendations on climate change and how they can contribute to policy debates about how to integrate and optimise both domestic and international tourism for truly sustainable development. Finally, the research shows the current methods, scope and traditions of sustainable tourism research to be inadequate to tackle global sustainability issues like climate

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change. Recognising this crisis in sustainable tourism research could be the first step to improve research and its effectiveness in mitigating climate change. "The living lab is a promising methodology in sustainable tourism/sustainable destination development research"

Marije Poort Uppsala University Sweden marije.e.poort@angstrom.uu.se At the moment I am in the starting phase of my PhD research on sustainable destination development, with a special focus on innovation and entrepreneurship on the island destination Gotland. My research derives from the window of opportunity that the corona pandemic has created to transform the tourism industry and responses to calls for transformative research. Following this, my research aims at contributing to theory through the re-conceptualization of innovation within the framework of resilience and the strong sustainability perspective. Furthermore, the aim is to contribute with real-life solutions through a transdisciplinary approach in the form of a living lab. A living lab is a digital or physical space where direct and indirect tourism stakeholders collaborate and co-create innovations. It thus allows for the development of solutions and it creates an opportunity for co-creation of knowledge which can enrich the theoretical understandings within sustainable destination development. I would like to discuss the living lab approach and take the opportunity to receive feedback and get inspiration from the participants. The statement I would like to discuss is: the living lab is a promising methodology in sustainable tourism/sustainable destination development research.

The Development of Digital Tourism in China

Ziyi Qiu Beijing International Studies University China 270492442@qq.com With the emergence and development of modern information technologies such as computers, the Internet, mobile communications, the Internet of Things, big data, artificial intelligence and virtual reality, the global industry has entered the information age, and the tourism industry has gradually realized digital transformation under the impetus of information technology. China's tourism digitalization has entered a stage of high-quality, high-efficiency and intelligent development after experiencing the embryonic (1980-1996), developing (1997-2006) and

accelerating (2007-2020) times of digitalization. In the current COVID-19 pandemic，China's

tourism resources, scenic spots, online tourism, hotels industry, tourism and transportation sectors are all exploring ways to adapt to the digital trend. In the torrent of tourism digital development, there are many problems and challenges, such as the fragmentation of tourism digital resources, the restriction of digital technology, the shortage of digital talents, the problems of digital sharing and property rights protection, digital employment and industrial transformation. Taking the COVID-19 as the background and combining with the actual development of China's tourism digitalization, this paper puts forward some concrete and feasible ways to integrate tourism digitization resources, transform digital technology, cultivate

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digital talents, define digital property rights, and solve the social problems derived from digitization. To provide policy suggestions and decision support for the healthy, stable and sustainable development of China's tourism digitalization. In the future, the further application of 5G, artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, virtual reality and other tourism digital technologies will bring immortal power to the development of tourism, provide surreal, immersive and intelligent services for tourism, and deepen the digital transformation of tourism industry.

The role of a host destination in the international students’ mobility experience. Case study: Girona

Karla Romina Quintero Moran University of Girona Spain romina.quintero@udg.edu

Konstantina Zerva International student mobility is considered among young travelers an opportunity to acquire a one-of-a-kind experience because of the host destination ability to offer interactions with the socio-physical environment and tourism practices capable to cause life-changing experiences. Since tourism and travelling are strongly associated with students’ mobility, and it is well documented that these two concepts are related to shaping travelers’ perceptions of self through experiences with other people and places, this case study explores the role of a host destination in the international students’ mobility experience. Thirty-three in-depth semi-structured interviews were performed to international students from different nationalities who have finished a tourism master’s degree program at the University of Girona. This investigation reveals the ability of a host destination to create emotional attachment and unique international students’ mobility experiences when it comes to represent evolution, enlightenment, and belongingness.

A chaos theory and tourism still does matter: an econometric approach

Łukasz Quirini-Popławski Pedagogical University of Krakow Poland lukasz.quirini-poplawski@up.krakow.pl The paper returns to the idea that chaos theory may be used in tourism research. The purpose of the study was to create a model that will allow to identify periods of chaotic behavior in tourism systems. The Ukrainian resort city of Truskavets was used as a case study. Time series of tourist arrivals serve as a useful indicator of economic and tourism development in Truskavets. In methods used to project tourist traffic historical data that characterize this traffic serve a basis for quantitative analysis of trends in tourism development in a given area. While the literature on tourist demand projections based on the ARIMA model is quite extensive, it appears that in the area of tourism the use of this model to fill in gaps in historical data for a 150-year time period represents a novel approach. In addition, the present study is designed to supplement the literature in the area of empirical studies of Ukrainian tourist destinations. The analysis in the paper uses results generated by SAS Studio software. Secondary historical

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tourism volume data were used as the input data The ARIMA procedure and linear regression were used in the study to look at historical tourist volume data. The resulting analysis uses classic methods of analyzing time series. The method of least squares weighted using distance was employed to identify anomalies in the trend line for the studied issue. The research results confirm the findings of the milestone paper by Russel and Faulkner (2004) which states that use of chaos theory may yield more opportunities for understanding the unpredictable nature of tourist destinations. In particular, armed conflict, terrorism, political instability, and epidemics may emerge rapidly – without warning – and push a tourist system towards the edge of chaos. This type of approach represents a more complete approach to tourism research, given current major challenges such as COVID-19. The present study calls upon tourism planners to factor in the chaotic nature of tourism itself. The paper provides a procedure for the identification of periods of chaos in the tourism development of tourist destinations. Five periods of chaotic behavior of the investigated tourism system were identified for the studied period of 159 years. The research helped create a model that made it possible to identify periods of chaotic behavior in the studied systems. This, in turn, helped generate a more realistic picture of the development of tourist destinations. The present study shows that the analysis of past and present trends can serve as the basis for the implementation of a tourism development plan designed to manage crisis situations and anticipate probable scenarios. The paper underscores the usefulness of chaos theory in the analysis of complicated socioeconomic processes associated with the development of the tourism sector. Limitations of the approach and future research directions are also discussed.

The Serra da Estrela’s cheese: a growing tourism asset?

André Ribeiro IGOT, Universidade de Lisboa Portugal andre.ribeiro@campus.ul.pt

Eduardo Brito-Henriques Serra da Estrela is a Portuguese mountain, located in the Center region of the country, famous for being the highest point on the mainland and for being the only site in Portugal where snow is frequent in winter. Thus, Serra da Estrela is also the most significant example of a mountain destination in Portugal. Tourism has been a growing activity in this area since the 1900’s, registering various types of tourism over the years. Like many other mountain regions in the Southern Europe, Serra da Estrela has always had a typical pastoral economy throughout history. The first cheese factory from this region was created in 1287. The Serra da Estrela’s Cheese (Queijo Serra da Estrela), considered the oldest cheese in Portugal, is a Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product, well known all around the country, made using the milk of a local breed of sheep (Bordaleira da Serra da Estrela and Churra Mondegueira) and with a strict method of production. This cheese is usually associated with the rural world, the shepherds, and many other things involved in its production and, as a result, many touristic guides use its image and symbol as a promotion item from Serra da Estrela and all its features. New forms of tourism rely heavily on cultural aspects, in which local food can be inserted. Some, like slow tourism, even show concern regarding the production process. In this presentation, we will show how Serra da Estrela’s cheese has become a growing important element of the Serra da Estrela destination image in the last recent decades, since local ethnic food is calling more and more attention in the tourism promotion process. On the other hand,

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the consequences of that in the Queijo da Serra cheese production and in the revitalization of its agroproductive system will also be discussed. Research is mostly based on documental analysis, combining the content analysis of tourist bookguides and other tourism promotional materials, ranging from the beginning of the 20th century to current times, with statistical data. With this case study, we will contribute to the discussion on how food tourism can be related to small-scale producers and agricultural practices, and, at the same time, we intend to expand the discussion on cheese tourism as a niche food tourism.

Who is the contemporary cultural tourist in Portugal?

Greg Richards Breda University of Applied Sciences The Netherlands richards.g@buas.nl ; richardstourism@gmail.com

Carlos Fernandes Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (IPVC) Centro de Estudos Transdisciplinares para o Desenvolvimento (CETRAD) Portugal cfernandes@estg.ipvc.pt The relationship between tourism and the cultural sector arguably involves a high degree of synergy (UNWTO, 2018). The cultural sector creates attractions for the tourist with the intention to gather new information and experiences to satisfy their cultural needs while tourism supplies extra audiences for cultural events and activities (Tighe, 1985; Richards, 1996). Hence, cultural tourism essentially involves visits to cultural attractions and events by culturally motivated people (Richards, 2001). Unfortunately, most studies on cultural tourism segmentation have been largely unidimensional or purely psychographic. While this can help to explain attitudes, it fails to identify, access, and quantify segments to capture the complexity of cultural production and consumption and is of little use for implementing specific strategies (Pulido-Fernandez & Sanchez-Rivero, 2010; Richards & van der Ark, 2013). Collecting detailed information on the profile, motivations and experiences of cultural tourists can help to address this gap. The ATLAS Cultural Tourism Group has been operating since 1991, and the main activity of the group has been the development of the ATLAS Cultural Tourism Research Project. This project largely centres on surveys of visitors to cultural sites and events, and over the almost 30-year life span of the project, we have collected more than 50,000 visitor surveys from sites on five continents. In 2020, the main activities of the group have focussed on the development of a new wave of cultural tourism surveys. A revised version of the cultural tourism questionnaire included revised questions on information sources, experience outcomes and perceived authenticity. Due to the situation with the pandemic, the questionnaire was applied in both paper and digital form. As in previous years, the surveys were available in different language versions. In Portugal, the questionnaire was carried out by several partners, situated at different locations of the country. A total of over 500 surveys were collected. This paper sets out to establish a profile of the cultural tourist in Portugal and to examine their activities and attitudes at this critical time. Preliminary results suggest that the pandemic had significant impact on the profile and activities of cultural tourists in Portugal in 2020. There was a much higher incidence of domestic tourism at most sites, and fewer visitors were staying away from home. In spite of this, the level of satisfaction was high, and the atmosphere of the site visited was still an important element of the experience. The perceived authenticity of the site was scored high (average 8.4

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on a 10 point scale), although those with higher education levels were more likely to find the site visited authentic. Interestingly, domestic tourists were likely to have learned something new from their visit, although levels of satisfaction and intention to return were higher for international visitors, who also tended to score the authenticity higher. The overall indications are that the profile of cultural tourists has changed little in recent years, apart from the shift towards domestic tourism initiated by the pandemic. Acknowledgement This work is supported by national funds, through the FCT – Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology under the project UIDB/04011/2020.

Tourism Pressure and Housing Stability in European cities: A BSEM Estimation

Antonio Russo Universitat Rovira i Virgili Spain antonio.russo@urv.cat

Riccardo Valente (Rovira i Virgili University) Regional economics has variously engaged with estimations of the long-term influence of tourism on regional wealth. Yet, the analysis of its distributive effects, hinting at tourism as a driver of social inequalities, has largely favored the use of qualitative and case-study research, thus neglecting a cross-national perspective. In this paper, we tackle a key redistributive dimension of tourism impacts. A path analysis model is proposed to estimate the impact of the visitor economy on residential instability, via increasing rents and real estate prices. The model uses a combination of data sourced by Eurostat data and a geo-located dataset of Airbnb listings. Results emphasize the controversial influence of tourism on urban communities, indicating how the increase in the number of visitors may benefit in term of the mean income and relief the pressure of housing costs, while at the same time engendering side effects of economic polarization and residential displacement. The model’s output also establishes a clear difference between homeowners and tenants to that respect: the former can use the opportunities of rent extraction in the platform economy, to withstand the economic pressure of tourism, while the latter are more exposed to the risk of having to leave their homes.

Gift-exchange theory and its applicability on volunteer tourism

Marta Salvador Almela University of Barcelona Spain msalvadoralmela@gmail.com

Jordi Arcos-Pumarola Volunteer tourism is a worldwide and intercultural phenomenon that has increased in popularity since the 1990s. Volunteer tourists’ motivations are diverse and encompass altruistic, personal and professional motives, with ‘making a difference’ in the community where voluntourism takes place being one of the most claimed motivations. Such variety within the phenomenon leads to

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the management of intercultural conflicts as a key aspect to minimise the problems that may arise. Since in the context of voluntourism a giving and receiving dynamic is established, we explore Marcel Mauss’ theory of gift-exchange (1925) to comprehend and reflect on the intercultural issues that may arise in this social act. According to Mauss, the purpose of gifts is the creation and maintenance of relationships between individuals or groups of people. This social use of gifts is accompanied by two conditions of gift-exchange: inalienability of the presents and their reciprocity. Gift-exchange in volunteer tourism takes place between volunteers who give their time and their presence to work on different projects in local communities. The latter become receivers of help and reciprocate to this gift by giving volunteers knowledge, care, and an authentic experience during the length of the program. By being aware of the similarities between gift-exchange and voluntourism dynamics, we apply Mauss’ theoretical framework to volunteer tourism with the goal of identifying a diversity of ethical conflicts that appear from conceiving volunteers as care-givers. For instance, when reciprocity becomes mandatory to establish relationships between voluntourists and locals, conflicts regarding personal moral values may appear. At the same time, the idea of inelianibility may question some voluntourists’ motivations, especially when their main goal is to live an experience without altruistic motivations. The different issues that may arise by applying Mauss’ gift-exchange theory to voluntourism allow us to propose a diversity of theoretical concepts coming from applied ethics with the aim to manage the identified topics. In this sense, concepts such as Benhabib’s interactive universalism, the difference between ethics of conviction and ethics of responsibility, and a teleological critique of voluntourism’ motivations permit to address the ethical conflicts that may appear during a voluntourism experience. At the same time, in the voluntourism context, the mediator role of the sending organisations adds complexity to the relationships between the different agents, so there is a need to consider a diversity of ethical perspectives. In parallel to this theoretical contribution, this research also stresses the practical implications that voluntourism organisations should take into account, such as developing trainings and workshops that may help voluntourists to manage and deal with the ethical issues that appear in intercultural contexts, which are essential for the positive outcomes of voluntourism projects.

Smart Cultural Tourism in Scheldeland Living Lab, Belgium: a systemic design approach for multi-stakeholders’ empathy

Vanessa Santos KU Leuven Belgium vaaa.santos@gmail.com This paper investigates the use of service design tools in the context of the development of the Scheldeland tourist region, in Belgium. Firstly, the study will focus on the first stage of design thinking: building empathy, while reviewing what empathy is. Secondly, a practical case is presented through the work developed on Scheldeland Living Laboratory (LL), by the University of KU Leuven, Tourism Flanders and Apollo18 Design agency, that implemented the concepts and toolsets of systems thinking and user centered design to encourage empathy in the complex multi-stakeholder systems, during the COVID-19 pandemic. This Living Lab is part of SmartCultour project (Smart Cultural Tourism as a Driver of Sustainable Development of European Regions), in the frame of the Horizon 2020 project, and its goal is to support the development of cultural tourism through bottom-up development. The systemic design is the methodology used for this purpose, and it is built on process reasoning and interactive

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visualization practices, provided by MIRO - an online visual collaboration platform for teamwork, used to work remotely, and describe, map, propose and facilitate collaborative multi-stakeholder processes and interactions during the LL workshops. The results show that Miro's toolbox helps foster online visual collaboration, although empathy still requires some level of physical interaction.

Degrowth in tourism: The hidden potential of post-growth tourism development to avoid overtourism

Lukas Schilcher FH Joanneum Austria lukas.schilcher@edu.fh-joanneum.at Overtourism today symbolizes a misguided development of tourism that is based on the paradigm of endless economic growth. Particularly problematic is that the quality of life of the local population is not only noticeably reduced due to the high number of holiday guests, but also due to the associated consequences, such as the touristification of local infrastructure or gentrification processes in tourist hotspots. Furthermore, social injustices and disadvantages that arise or are at least partly caused by overtourism lead to an increasing rejection of travelers. So far, it has been established that a tourism system focused exclusively on numerical growth inevitably leads to mass tourism phenomena such as overtourism or overcrowding. The manifold problem areas caused by overtourism illustrate that endless tourism growth leads to escalating environmental and social problems that severely affect the functionality of regional ecological and social systems. From the point of view of a sustainable economy, the relentless pursuit of constantly growing guest arrivals on earth is therefore not possible. Within the scope of this work it is examined to what extent central positions of the degrowth approach can make a contribution to the avoidance of overtourism. For this purpose, the core positions of the degrowth approach as well as their theoretical strengths and weaknesses are theoretically processed and linked to the tourism system. Finally, based on various core positions of the degrowth movement, possible recommendations for action that can prevent the occurrence of overtourism will be formulated. The leading research question is: "What contribution can the current scientific discourse on the growth-critical concept of degrowth make in order to prevent the occurrence of overtourism and the associated negative impacts on the ecosystem and the people living in it?". The scientific foundation is formed by a selective and structured literature search in the areas of degrowth, post-growth and overtourism. Before starting the research, the terms post growth, degrowth, overtourism, tourism development and sustainability were defined as keywords. When searching for suitable publications, the above search terms are combined in different variations. In the course of the keyword search, works in which the specified search terms are found in the title of the source, in the index, in the abstract or in the full text are taken into account. In the course of the empirical survey, qualitative interviews with experts from the fields of post-growth economics or sustainable tourism will be conducted using the video conferencing software Zoom. Each interview will last between 30 and 60 minutes.

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How can childhood imprints promote a climate-friendly travel behaviour?

Elisabeth Senger FH Joanneum GmbH Austria elisabeth@senger.one It is undisputed that climate change awareness has to rise, so that the EU climate protection targets can be achieved and maybe even exceeded in future. Tourism plays a major role, due to its great impact on climate, nature and global citizens (not only tourists, but also locals of destinations etc.). Looking to the future, it is today’s children who will have the chance to make a difference tomorrow. Therefore, these days parents, reference persons and educators have the responsibility and opportunity to contribute to a climate-friendly future for our children and their descendants, to make a big impact for example in terms of sustainable travel behaviour. There are numerous factors that need to be taken into account: How can we, as parents and educators, contribute to an awareness of climate-friendly travelling of our children? What is the contribution of childhood imprints? If we go into more detail, other questions come up such as: Does the living and working situation have an influence? What role does the level of education of the parents play? What motivations do families have for travelling? Is there an openness for new experiences or does the fear of the unfamiliar prevail? And, of course, how do families travel today and why? If we focus on the question which impact the childhood imprints have, we must be aware of the imprinting theory that suggests that an individual’s cognitive models, values and norms are highly susceptible to environmental forces during sensitive periods (Mathias, quoted after Dickel et al., 2021, p.128). Hence, there are many points of contact in children's lives that enable them to learn about environmentally conscious lifestyles. People in their immediate environment as well as the settings in which they move just have to be aware of this. Educational institutions are one of these settings. “… given that global climate change is primarily a societal issue, chances of meeting this challenge successfully are far greater if the core impetus for action comes from the people and not the experts” (Sharma, 2012, p.48). Thus, science education plays an important role, because it can give students an idea of environmental action (Sharma, 2012, p.49). One area of this could be the desire and decision to travel in a climate-friendly way. It is the case that individual behaviour, shown by social psychologists, arises from emotional responses, from deeply held beliefs and from social dynamics (Gaborieau et al., 2021, p.556). Thus, it can be assumed that especially the relevant imprints in childhood strongly influence adult behaviour. But it is not only the individual, but also a collective effort is necessary to change current travel behaviour in case of sustainability (Gaborieau et al., 2021, p.556). If we translate this to the children’s environment, there are a variety of people who have the chance to support this change for future. All these aspects lead to the question how childhood imprints can promote a climate-friendly travel behavior.

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Lifestyle mobility of Russian immigrants: crisis of tourism

Ekaterina Shebanova University of Girona Spain ekaterina.shebanova@udg.edu

Tara Duncan

Dani Blasco Different categories of mobile actors such as traveller, tourist and migrant often have common characteristics when on the move. In this paper, we consider the transformation of individual mobility patterns through a lifestyle lens, highlighting the tourism-migration nexus. In this paper, we focus on concepts of drifters, lifestyle travellers, high-skilled migrants and lifestyle migrants to analyse facets of mobile actor’s decision-making. We suggest that there are new contradictions in the research on the tourism-migration nexus. Tourism, long-term traveling, temporary and permanent migration can be viewed as consistent stages in a one-way process of geographical movement. For instance, a former drifter might decide to migrate while moving through space. However, after the transformation through travel, mobile actors change not only their values and preferences in life, but also the perception of the destination, the way to travel and to behave while travelling. In this paper, we emphasize issues of personal crisis that lead to attempts to escape for positive emotions and experience. The research includes in-depth semi-structured interviews with Russian migrants conducted in late 2020 and early 2021. These interviews allowed us to obtain understandings about the lives and mobility experiences of the participants, who represent a population ‘out’ of a purely ‘Eurocentric’ perspective. Interviews with Russian migrants helped us to discover that different categories of the mobile actors were driven by sadness to escape through tourism. This positive touristic experience of study participants generated the consistent wish to stay on move and further influenced decisions to migrate. Unlike O’Reilly (2009) and Benson & O’Reilly (2016), we claim that contradictions between expectations and reality of the pre-migration and post-migration life relate to the collapse of the positive touristic illusions, rather than personal issues of escaping from their everyday lives. The Covid-19 pandemic has drastically impacted all forms of human mobilities, including international travel and migration. In the light of new circumstances and global challenges, individual patterns of different forms of mobility are getting even more complex. However, migration is still a global phenomenon, and it still transforms the way people behave. Our findings highlight that the idea of the personal crisis in lifestyle migration reiterate the complexity and challenges of lifestyle mobility and migration. We conclude the paper by suggesting that moments of crisis are not the consequence of a ‘nomadic’ lifestyle but are the ‘utopia’ of friendly and always positive tourism environments. These moments of crisis, or stagnation, help mobile people to re-think and re-evaluate their past mobility experiences. Decisions to migrate might uncover new factors about a destination or host community that affect previous perceptions of that touristic destination and generates new preferences for future travel and mobility.

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What is a contemporary community event? Towards a typology of offline, online and hybrid events and communities.

Ilja Simons Breda University of Applied Sciences Netherlands Simons.i@buas.nl Events have traditionally played a role as platforms for communities to create a sense of togetherness, pride and identity. Originally, the relation between events and communities involved place-based homogeneous communities, and place-based live events. Through the years, the notion of community has changed and become more complex, from place-based to interest-based, from homogeneous to heterogeneous and from offline to virtual. This has already resulted in a more diverse idea of what a community event is. But until 2020, a community event was still expected to be a live event. Due to the global pandemic, the digitalization of events has accelerated, leading to a greater variation in what we call an event: offline, online and hybrid. Given this increased complexity of both communities and events, this paper seeks to re-explore the interplay between events and communities. Based on a literature review, a typology different types of community events is presented. Moreover, based on Collins’ Interaction ritual approach (2004), this paper explores the social consequences of moving community events online.

Building Resilience in Volunteer Tourism Karen Smith Victoria University Wellington New Zealand Karen.Smith@vuw.ac.nz Richard Shipway (Bournemouth University) Leonie Lockstone-Binney (Griffith University) Kirsten Holmes (Curtin University) Tom Baum (University of Strathclyde) How can individuals, communities and society build resilience to enable a post-COVID return to volunteer tourism? Volunteering and tourism, once distinct endeavours, have become synonymous in recent decades in research discourse as ‘volunteer tourism’, with travellers spending all or part of their trips volunteering (mostly) abroad for host communities. Volunteer tourism has piqued the interest of tourism researchers and accordingly much volunteer tourism research has been developed within a tourism-silo, with researchers citing and publishing mainly in tourism journals (see, for example, Wearing and McGhee’s 2013 review). This body of work considers volunteer tourists as tourists who volunteer. Although there have been some notable exceptions (e.g., Wearing, Benson & McGehee, 2016), a parallel and largely separate body of work on has emerged on international or transnational volunteering, published in development studies and the not-for-profit literature. This is more critical of the neo-colonial perspective on volunteering as predominantly a North-South or North-North phenomenon (Baillie Smith et al., 2018; Butcher & Einolf, 2016). This second body of work considers volunteer tourists as volunteers who travel. Early studies on COVID-19’s impact on volunteering are emerging, published by both academics (e.g., Lachance, 2021; Trautwein et al., 2020) and

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sector organisations (e.g., Volunteering Australia, 2021). They suggest that while the pandemic has opened up volunteering opportunities in some contexts (e.g., health and virtual volunteering), the impact has not been consistently widespread nor positive. For example, in Australia, two-thirds of volunteers stopped volunteering in 2020, and the sector has yet to fully recover (Davies, Holmes & Lockstone-Binney, 2021). Similarly, the industry and researchers are charting the massive impact of COVID on international travel, with airline routes not operating, borders shut and passenger movements restricted to minimise the global spread of the pandemic (e.g., Prayag, 2020). This pause in international travel offers an opportunity to rethink volunteer tourism and its associated challenges and refocus on the benefits for both volunteers and communities. It seems likely, for example, that volunteer tourism can initially resume in a domestic format (Ong, forthcoming). In this paper we draw on the conceptualisation of volunteer resilience, which is the ability of communities and their volunteers to absorb and recover from these shocks, whilst positively adapting the means for delivering volunteering activity in the face of uncertain impacts of stresses (Shipway & Miles, 2020). At the heart of notions of community resilience for volunteering is the assumption that communities will become more active in seeking to maintain the integrity, identity, livelihoods and resources of their respective communities when under challenge or threat (Shipway et al., 2021). Taking into account volunteer resilience in their home (resident) and host (visiting) countries, we include consideration of the opportunities and challenges presented by COVID for volunteer tourism in terms of volunteer resilience. We examine resilience within volunteer tourism at the individual, community and societal level. This discussion canvasses options that the pandemic has provided to reassess tourism more broadly and volunteer tourism specifically (see, for example, Hertwig & Lusby, 2021; Huish, 2021; Ong, forthcoming; Tomazon, forthcoming). A related research agenda and implications for future volunteer tourism practice are presented.

Festival tourism after covid-19: Maintaining “Sense of community” in Greek Community Festivals

Sofoklis Skoultsos University Of The Aegean Greece sskoultsos@aegean.gr

Nicholas Karachalis (University of the Aegean) During the last decades, community events and festivals have been increasing in numbers globally. Regardless of their size, these are usually initiated by the local population with the support of a wider network of artists on the basis of a long-term and constant commitment. Although the initial scope of these events is not connected to commercial or tourism-related goals, eventually they attract the attention of tourists and the tourism industry; tourismification and commercialization then become threats. On the other hand, the “sense of belonging” and “socialization” are the key elements that keep these events going and ensure sustainability. Common interests, beliefs, and perspectives play a key role. As a result, long-term viability of community events is highly dependent on networking, communication, and contact (either virtually or face-to-face). Meeting both the expectations of tourists and the local community becomes a difficult balancing act. The pandemic of COVID-19 forced all type of events to cancel their schedules and activities. Event managers struggled to respond by implementing crisis management techniques to decrease negative impacts and recover. In this context, the paper examines the features or management practices of events that increase their resilience in time

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of crisis. The paper focuses on small-scale community cultural festivals in Greece and examines their response to the crisis. The selected festivals fulfill the following criteria regarding the pre-pandemic era: a. they have created the “sense of community” among their audience and the local community, b. they have attracted significant tourism flows to the host destination. Indicative examples of the selected festival selected are: Houdetsi festival in Crete (Cultural Festival) ”Music Village” Festival at Mountain of Pelion (Music festival), Melitzazz Festival at Peloponnese (Cultural Festival). The main research hypothesis is that strong “sense of community” is a key feature to respond to the crisis and appeal to a specific tourism audience. Qualitative research with semi-structured interviews with event managers are implemented to reveal practices and features during the pandemic period. The paper critically discusses practices derived from these community events that can be helpful as good practices to other types of events.

Community-based tourism through food? A proposal of sustainable tourism indicators for rural destinations in Mexico.

Mariana Monserrat Sosa Tinoco Universitat de Girona Spain marianam.sosat@gmail.com This article presents a conceptual framework for examining community tourism as a sustainable livelihood through food tourism, considering the significant increase in community-based tourism in Mexico and the impact this activity has on rural and vulnerable destinations. The main aim of this research is to generate a proposal for a set of sustainable tourism indicators for rural and isolated communities through food strategies geared towards tourism development. This information can then be used to generate a first list of indicators for creating and evaluating community tourism proposals in a region. Said theoretical list includes four dimensions (Socio-cultural, environmental, tourist, and economic), which comprise 27 indicators in total. The results, validated by different participants related to the tourism sector, show that a lack of information for quantifying indicators is one of the main limitations when evaluating a vulnerable destination and that participation by the private sector and public administrations will be essential in generating these data. This research will therefore contribute to the development of new action strategies that allow not only the strengthening of the current localized agri-food systems, but also the revaluation of forgotten food systems.

How to Use Imagery As Methodology In Tourism Research- A Proposition

Lina Tegtmeyer Tourism Studies Working Group, UC Berkeley Germany tegtmeyer@gsnas.fu-berlin.de Travel drawings have been an important method of data collection before the invention of photography. Currently, in graphic novels and information graphics, drawings return to the visually dominated world as a form of communication. The questions I research are, in how far can we transpose academic rigor of scientific methodology into drawing, and whether we should do that at all.

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In my presentation I include the category of the travel drawing, anthropological sketches, and tourist photos as background to explain the practice of drawing as method for tourism research. I will present and put into question constraints within the current limiting boundaries of academia. While science has said a great deal about art, and drawings respectively, the opposite is not the case: Is there an art form that takes up the authority to speak of sciences and comment on them? As academic, artist and researcher of tourism, I take my research on postcards, tourism imagery and travel drawings as a starting point for a reflection on possibilities of drawing as methodology for tourism research. In my presentation I will introduce a new methodology for tourism research that works with both visual studies/Cultural Studies as well as drawing/photographing as methodological practice. (If you want, I can of course also include a long list of rejections for publication and grant attempts in the past 8 years!) In my research project Non-academic Analogue Drawing As Scientific Research Method?, drawing was explored as academic practice, and how to develop its implementation into methodology within existing discourses of arts and sciences in order to put them into question and find new ways of thinking. Text, writing, reading and speaking are main formats of expression in academic scientific discourse. Particularly in tourism research, however, pictures equally play a pivotal role. However, pictures, most commonly as photography, are rarely questioned or debated, instead images are simply used self-evidently to illustrate a presentation. Visual Studies urges to study the imagery, but to do so with text. In my research, I experimented with images themselves as arguments. I juxtaposed imagery to written/spoken words/text by adding and exchanging photography and more prominently the analogue drawing as method for "scientific" research. My aim investigating drawing/s in practice and in analysis was to debate: Is it possible to produce a result with drawing that will scientifically be “worth” anything? At the intersection of „art“ and „science“, the presentation shows the arbitrariness of these two dialectical categories. The focus lies not on knowledge gain methods through reading and writing but through seeing and drawing; I experiment with drawing as format for writing, note taking, documentation, commentary, and medium for communication and research presentation. Can we explore new realms by putting them in conversation - both practically and theoretically; both cultural historiographically and in artistic practice? A juxtaposition of visual material with text concern the fundamental limitations of scientificality, but also are urgently necessary to debate within the academic setting to alter parameters of perception. Is it possible to draw, to sketch in a form that will be recognized by (dominant) academic-scientific discourses?

Exploring Host Perceptions of Socio-Cultural Impacts of Volunteer Tourism on Farm Communities

Tuan Tran Technological University Dublin Ireland d16124416@mytudublin.ie Volunteer tourism has been one of the fastest-growing tourism markets and a useful tool for community development and sustainability (Hernandez‐Maskivker et al., 2018). There are shortcomings in understandings the impacts of volunteer tourism on the host society, especially its socio-cultural impact from the host’s point of view. Indeed, understanding volunteer tourism

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from a host community’s perspective plays a vital role in the future success of a host destination since resident attitude influences tourist satisfaction and can impact on repeat visits to a tourist destination. Additionally, local people are in a position to either provide on-going support for or to hinder the development of tourism (Andereck & McGehee, 2008). Consequently, this paper aims to provide an in-depth understanding of host perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of volunteer tourism on two farm communities in a developing country. A review of existing literature from different stakeholder perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of volunteer tourism suggests that these impacts are multidimensional and revolve around four main aspects: social impacts, community development, cultural activities, and quality of life. This research integrates multiple forms of capital such as social, cultural, human, welfare, and political capital to understand host perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of volunteer tourism since these theories can provide insight into residents’ attitudes and perceptions towards volunteer tourism (Zahra & McGehee, 2013). Perceptions of the consequences of volunteer tourism in two host farm communities in Vietnam were explored through document analysis and thirty-seven semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders, including local residents, farm owners, farm staff, volunteer tourism organisations (VTOs), local authority staff, government staff, and volunteers. A qualitative thematic coding analysis was used to identify underlying themes. The findings point towards two main themes namely individual effects and community effects. Individual effects consist of educational effects, cultural exchange, health, income, and relationships. Community effects on the other hand, can be considered in terms of social awareness of environmental conservation, physical improvement, marketing local products and tourism in the community, and community resource management. The results highlight a close relationship between volunteer tourism and sustainable development in host communities (Lee & Zhang, 2019). Hence, it is important for different stakeholders to work together on volunteer activities and to build socio-cultural sustainability for the locals and the community. This paper contributes to the literature by providing empirical evidence on the socio-cultural impacts of volunteer tourism on host communities. Moreover, a model is proposed to develop a comprehensive view of the socio-cultural impacts of volunteer tourism and the co-creation between different stakeholders in the socio-cultural sustainability of volunteer tourism in the host society. Practical implications are provided for destination management and VTOs to develop volunteer tourism.

Reflections: Developing a Climate Change Adaptation Toolkit for Destination Stakeholders

Jane Turner Leeds Beckett University United Kingdom jane.turner@leedsbeckett.ac.uk

Elisa Burrai

Christopher Cooper

Nevenka Čavlek

Rodolfo Baggio

Vanja Krajinović Climate change is a crucial topic of investigation in tourism. Tourism destinations are vulnerable to climate change. However, for countries whose destinations rely heavily on natural resources, the potential consequences caused by the disruptions from climate-driven change become

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serious concerns. In recent years, the focus of studies on climate change has placed relevance on adaptation and mitigation measures for which tourism stakeholders are made responsible. Indeed, meaningful adaptation and mitigation actions have the potential to reduce the risk of natural events caused by climate change and to deliver destination resilience. This highlights the need to collaboratively identify an innovative and impactful agenda for the development of effective destination climate adaptation strategies. In our study we focus upon how the complexities of climate change and the implications for destinations can be communicated to destination stakeholders to ensure their preparedness for future climate change. The research team comprises a range of skill sets from researchers in Croatia, Italy and the UK. As befits the complexities of climate change research, the team has a range of relevant skill sets from marketing, to communication, sustainability and climate science. Our approach considers adaptive pathways to climate change for tourism stakeholders using the case study of Gorski Kotar, Croatia. In doing so, we forecast climate change scenarios to 2050 for the development of a Climate Change Adaptation Toolkit accessible to destination stakeholders. The scenarios focus on low risk, whereby CO2 emissions drop to zero by 2100; medium risk whereby emissions peak around 2040, then decline to reach half of the levels of 2050 by 2100; and high risk whereby emissions continue to rise throughout the 21st century. We also employ the tourism climate index to take into account how different tourism and leisure activities popular in the region might develop in relation to each scenario. These activities include: recreation in nature, rivers, lakes and mountains; cycling; football; golf; hiking; kayak, canoeing; windsurfing; tennis and climbing. The development of the toolkit is informed by the inputs of a purposely selected sample of local stakeholders (comprising industry and government) who collectively discuss their potential adaptive approaches to climate change scenarios during two facilitated workshops. The facilitated workshops (one hosted in English and one in Croatian) encourage group discussion on climate change adaptation which helps to understand how individual businesses, and the wider region of Gorski Kotar, can adapt to predicted climactic change. Our study has the potential to bridge both methodologically and theoretically, the gaps between academic and industry practices. It does so by 1) identifying effective ways to communicate complex research results (i.e. climate change forecasting and adaptation) to a heterogeneous group of stakeholders; 2) enabling other destinations which share similar natural and tourism-related characteristics to adopt the same toolkit; 3) examining why diverse and individualistic positions about adaptive pathways develop and how these can be reconciled for collective benefits/the collective good.

Changes in tourist and recreational function at the Orlík lake on the Vltava river

Jiří Vágner Charles University Praha Czech Republic vagner@natur.cuni.cz

Dana Fialová danafi@natur.cuni.cz The contribution evaluates changes in the functional use of the banks of the Orlík lake on the central flow of the Vltava river in the 60-year history of the waterworks, with an emphasis on changes in tourist and recreational function, especially after 1989 under the changes in political, economic and social conditions. The Orlík lake is the second largest and the deepest reservoir in Czechia. It is also typical of the enormous concentration of different types of tourism and

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recreation on its shores which causes problems of an environmental nature, but also those associated with manifestations of overtourism and socio-cultural impacts. The Orlík lake is not a solitaire, its banks and surroundings are a segment of a wide recreational area, including the whole Vltava valley. The submitted contribution is a part of interdisciplinary research within the NAKI project, supported by the Ministry of Culture of the Czech Republic, focusing on changes in the watershed and landscape functions in the Vltava river basin, with an emphasis on the period after the construction of water reservoirs. Functional analysis of the area includes analysis of accommodation facilities (hotels, campsites, houseboats) including numerous second homes, recreational activities, catering facilities, attendance of important cultural objects (Zvíkov Castle, Orlík Castle), water transport and day staycations. According to Butler's model of the tourist area life cycle (TALC), the area has been in a period of stagnation in recent years. The tourist infrastructure, built in the 1960s, has been significantly obsolete and after 1989 it undergoes transformations, modernizations in various intensities, creating new phenomena - apartment houses, campsites for foreign clients, ports for small motor-boats, golf course). It represents an example of the juvenalization stage according to TALC. The crucial question of the research was how representatives of public administrations (mayors of municipalities), municipal unions, operators of recreational centers and other actors evaluate the state, problems and possible innovations in the destination. The main analytical part of the paper is an analysis of the structured interviews which were conducted in the period before the pandemic crisis. Extreme summer seasonal concentrations and tourist congestion, followed by environmental burdens, along with fluctuating water levels and water quality and service shortages, have been identified as fundamental problems (before 2020). These problems are manifested in the outdated infrastructure of access roads, campsites and accommodation facilities, built with the construction of the dam more than half a century ago, and problems of ownership structure due to privatization processes after 1989. Reflections on changes in the territory during and after the pandemic crisis are part of the conclusions focusing on modern and more sustainable forms and activities (deepening the stage of recovery in the TALC model) as well as an emphasis on individualization of recreation – e.g. increasing cottage rentals). There is a demand for modern management of local and microregional development of the area (an important role of the association of municipalities), where tourist and recreational functions continues to dominate.

Brand as an important part of destination marketing

Jiří Vaníček Prague University of Economics and Business Czech Republic jiri.vanicek@vse.cz

Liběna Jarolímková jaro@vse.cz Six years ago, a new tourist area and its destination management was established as a result of the initiative of tourism entrepreneurs and associations of municipalities. They decided on a brand – a new name of this area – Toulava (cannot translate precisely, meaning 'county for vagrants or wanderers'). Since the establishment of this tourist area, the number of visitors to the region has been increasing. The founders were aware that the new and unconventional name and brand of this tourist destination was a certain risk from the point of view of the familiarity of visitors with this tourist brand. A questionnaire survey was conducted among

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residents in the destination and among citizens of the Czech Republic; the purpose of the survey was to find out how famous the new brand had become. A total of 500 respondents were contacted. The first part of the questionnaires aimed to determine the level of knowledge of the destination brand and also to compare the attractiveness of the brand with competing tourist destinations in the vicinity of the tourist area. The second part of the questionnaire examined the respondents' interest in spending holidays in and making trips to the tourist area. While residents of the tourist area had already identified themselves with this name (86% knew the name), the general awareness of the brand has been low (16%) despite the great efforts of the destination management. On the other hand, 55% of respondents have already visited Toulava at least once, two fifths several times. The results of the survey show that it will require a great deal of effort on the part of the destination management to make this brand more widely known.

Higher education as a driver for change. Rethinking climate change education

João Vasconcelos Polytechnic of Leiria Portugal j.vasconcelos@ipleiria.pt

Sónia Pais sonia.i.pais@ipleiria.pt Climate action urgency implies multisectoral responses and where the educational system plays a key role. Climate education can provide the knowledge and skills necessary for the adoption of new lifestyles, focused on promoting energy efficiency and reducing the carbon footprint, as well as preparing a resilient society, better adapted to the impacts of climate change. There are several international examples of Institutions of Higher Education (IHE) that are already leading by example, and that have structured not only formal response in this process of adaptation and climate mitigation (through the definition of institutional strategies, goals, and actions but also through the introduction of these subjects in the curricula and through the development of specific training programs) but also informal responses (such as the support to semi-organized student movements or from other associations focused on awareness and dissemination of climate-related issues). The long-term strategy for the carbon neutrality of the Portuguese economy in 2050 (RNC2050) highlights the need for climate literacy as it clearly indicates the role that the education system will have both at the university level, as in professional training and in research laboratories. Considering the conceptual framework for climate change education for universities, proposed by Molthan-Hill (2019), this paper focus on barriers and opportunities of the climate education perceived by the students in a Higher Education Institution in Portugal. We have conducted a survey in the School of Tourism and Maritime Technologies. Our results highlight the poor recognition of an institutional response to climate change. We suggest that there is a need of a top-down strategy centred on climate change, where both the formal and informal education actions need to be implemented.

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Is there life beyond COVID? The perception of event managers

Sandra Vasconcelos Polytechnic of Porto Portugal s.vasconcelos@esht.ipp.pt

Carla Melo

António Melo

Miguel Silva Currently facing an unforeseen crisis, resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, the tourism industry is struggling to survive and remain competitive. Albeit transversal, this crisis has been particularly hard on the events and restaurant/catering sectors, which, after experiencing a significant growth in recent years are currently at risk, due the social and economic impacts originated by this sanitary crisis. This uncertainty, together with the new rules and limitations, have left the industry wondering about the times ahead, having prompted questions regarding the future of events, as well as of current and emerging trends and whether they will endure. This extended abstract puts forward the preliminary results of an ongoing exploratory research study that is currently being applied to several subsectors of the tourism industry in Portugal, including, hotels, events, and wine tourism. Focussing on stakeholders’ perceptions, this research aims to determine which managerial dimensions were the most affected by the pandemic, as well as to establish the most relevant crisis management practices within the different sectors, gathering and crosscutting participants’ short and medium-term prospects. Drawing from the literature and taking into account dimensions such as ‘Decision-making’, ‘Health & Safety’, ‘Operations’, ‘Marketing & Sales’, ‘Human Resources’, ‘Customer Relationship Management’, ‘Sustainability’, and ‘Tourist Experience’, this study is based on semi-structured interviews with managers from different subsectors and will rely on content analysis as to establish key categories and general trends. As a result, in addition to a more segmented approach, based on each of the sectors, it will also make it possible to identify common and divergent patterns, namely in terms of business models, location, and operational contexts, thus providing a snapshot of the unique moment the industry is currently experiencing. This specific paper focuses on the events industry and on this sectors’ managers’ perceptions on the future of events. As to provide a more comprehensive perspective and identifying possible differences in the most felt impacts, the opinions of event managers of different types, namely, social, corporate, and cultural events, were collected and analyzed. In addition to outlining the strategies implemented and reflecting on the future of events, namely by discussing the role of technology and its affordances within this scope, as well as how the crisis affected their relationship with suppliers and other service providers, the participants also reflect on the changes that took place concerning the dynamics of local community involvement and the overall effects on the tourist experience. Given the topicality of the subject, its importance for the future development of the events sector, and the degree of uncertainty that still exists, the analysis of the results may contribute to the definition and subsequent adoption of strategies and initiatives that will enable future action.

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Deepening the understanding of Public Participation GIS (PPGIS) use in a tourism context

Beatrice Waleghwa Dalarna and Mid-Sweden University Sweden bwg@du.se

Tobias Heldt The purpose of this paper is to analyze visitor's mobility perception using data collected by the PPGIS method and discuss how it can be used in planning at a tourism destination. Traditionally, planning has been expert-based dominated by rational thinking and less involvement of the public. However, expert-based planning has been criticised as being an elite process excluding the view of the majority. Thus, deliberate efforts have since been made to broaden public engagement in policymaking, empowerment, and decision-making processes. For example, town hall meetings where the public gives their opinion to inform public planning. Nevertheless, methods that require the physical presence of participants and possible active engagement are often perceived as demanding. The past decades' development in technology has opened the possibility for using digital tools such as Public participation GIS (PPGIS). PPGIS is the use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to broaden public engagement in planning and management practices. Thus, this PPGIS study was done in collaboration with stakeholders in Sälenfjällen, the largest ski tourism destination in Sweden. Findings from the study indicate PPGIS as an effective way of getting spatially explicit data to inform better decision-making in destination management and planning. However, there are still challenges in areas like data collection, sampling, and quality of the data gathered from the public and its use in planning. The study adds to a growing literature exploring the use of PPGIS in the field of tourism and recreation (e.g., Brown and Weber, 2013; Wolf et al., 2018; Munro et al., 2020) and is to our knowledge among the first to use it in a tourism-transport context in a Nordic case study.

How Bloggers Co-Create Tourist Experiences during the Pandemic

Siao Fui Wong Nanjing Tech Pujiang Institute China siao_fui@yahoo.com

Balvinder Kaur Kler The global outbreak of Covid-19 continues to put the entire world tourism on hold (Briciu, Briciu, & Csiki, 2020). As the timeframe for when tourism will recover remains uncertain, the pandemic has forced destination management organisations (DMOs) to come up with innovative marketing strategies. One innovative strategy is to let potential tourists “experience the traveler’s footstep without physically being together” through content generated in social media sites (Kim & Fesenmaier, 2017, p.28). There exists various types of user-generated content (UGC). Blogs produce valuable content which facilitates destination branding and marketing by going beyond the narration of travel experiences. Blogs are platforms which allow tourists to co-create their experiences (van Nuenen, 2016). Due to the depth of content (Boukhair & Sair,

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2017), blogs entail a wider range of emotions, richer descriptions, and more personalised and subjective interpretation of a tourist’s own experiences (Seeler & Schänzel, 2020). Currently, blogs are the most influential source of information. When content generated by bloggers turns into electronic word-of-mouth (eWoM), it influences tourist travel planning and decision-making (Pourfakhimi, Duncan, & Coetzee, 2020). However, research on UGC focuses more on the roles of other social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and TripAdvisor (Mariani, 2020). How do bloggers co-create experiences for tourist destinations? The purpose of this study was to explore how bloggers co-create tourist experiences and promote destinations through narratives and visual data. The study context is Borneo, that one island shared by three countries and is managed by not one, but four competing DMOs. This study adopted an exploratory approach to explore how the Borneo experience was being co-created by bloggers. A qualitative content analysis was conducted on a purposive sample of twenty-five travel blogs on Borneo. Findings revealed that bloggers do not stop ‘travelling’ during the pandemic. Bloggers update their content during the lockdown and revisited old memories through blogs as a replacement for ‘virtual travel’. UGC by bloggers produced four main attributes for Borneo associated with nature, adventure, culture, and negative environmental impacts. These attributes allow readers to experience Borneo through imagination. Findings provide implications on the value of travel blogs as sources of consumer-to-consumer crisis communication channels (Sano & Sano, 2019) which assist rational decisions (Assaker & O’Connor, 2020) during the pandemic times influencing recovery and willingness to travel to destinations that are perceived unsafe. Limitations include that conceptual findings are based on a single case study of Borneo island, and confirmation by future work is necessary. DMOs understand the value of bloggers as influencers (Seeler & Schänzel, 2020) and used this ‘closed borders’ time to promote destinations through videos and social media. Social media is an imperative channel which will continue to guide potential tourists in decision-making. Travellers post-pandemic will require succinct information on safety, health, and convenience. Blogs could be a necessary reference tool for tourism promotion online. Essentially, the tourism industry will need bloggers in their capacity to co-create experiences online to assist with dissemination of eWoM to rebuild competitive advantage.

Wicked Problems: A Situation Analysis – Rebuilding Irish Tourism

Angela Wright Munster Technological University Ireland angela.wright@cit.ie Conor Murray (first author) conor.murray@mycit.ie There’s no way to describe the decimation of last year (2020), we had 11.3 million visitors to the island in 2019. That was worth €5.8 billion and supported 325,000 jobs. We estimated there was a fall of 80 % last year, (Niall Gibbons, CEO of Tourism Ireland). Wicked problems, (Rittel & Webber, 1973) are challenges which have multiple causes, are difficult to define and do not have a correct answer. Wicked problems emerge when understanding of an issue is limited, when there are many opinions and people involved, when the economic burden of the problem is high and when the problem is interwoven with many others (Kolko, 2012). A wealth of wicked problems face business leaders such as predicting the return on innovative concepts, winning the war for world class talent and combining profitability with social responsibility (Neumeier,

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2009). Often cited by mainstream media as a challenging year (Courtney, 2020; Viner & Asthana, 2020), the year 2020 has presented both economical and sociological challenges for all regions of the world (Ahir et al., 2021). In Western Europe, the most notable external drivers of economic uncertainty have been Brexit and COVID-19 (Ahir et al., 2021; Tetlow & Pope, 2020). Like all business and industries around the globe, the Irish Tourism sector has faced a year like no other. The challenges faced by Tourism Ireland, (the government body tasked with promoting tourism on the Island of Ireland) are indeed wicked; Brexit, COVID-19, Trade Wars, Consumer confidence and Government Policy (SOAR, 2020). Literature attempts to frame these external drivers and highlight their impact (Ahir et al., 2021; Tetlow & Pope, 2020, Berthou et al., 2019). One such line of questioning posits these complex issues just as Wicked Problems (King, 2021; Martill & Staiger, 2021; Dan, 2020; Schiefloe, 2020). This paper will seek to frame the impact of external challenges on Irish tourism in 2020 as a wicked problem and examine the Governance methodology used to minimize the impact to the Irish tourism sectors short, medium and long-term performance. As part of the research for this paper, A SWOT analysis of Tourism Ireland is conducted along with a PESTLE analysis to determine both the internal and external forces impacting the sector in the current economic environment and provide solutions to rebuild in the future. Findings reveal that Tourism Ireland have approached the external wicked forces seeking to identify solutions to rebuild the industry using effective techniques and best practice such as; clear communication through all channels to all key stakeholders, strong leadership from their CEO, Niall Gibbons, the maintenance of key relationships with stakeholders in the Irish Tourism sector, and an exploratory approach to data collection in order to frame the challenges faced by the organisation and rebuild the industry. This paper will be of interest to those involved in Governance within the tourism industry, policy makers, members of the Irish Tourism Industry, and academic researchers in the fields of Corporate Governance, Tourism, Business Strategy, Problem Solving and Crisis Management.

The innovations of agro-tourism – A diversification framework

Tsung-chiung (Emily) Wu National Dong Hwa University Taiwan tcwu@gms.ndhu.edu.tw Agro-tourism is often considered as an effective alternative for revitalizing traditional agriculture and an important drive for rural development, where tourism is introduced and incorporated with traditional farming to create new rural enterprises, hoping to increase added value and achieve sustainable livelihoods. The innovation of agro-tourism diversification create new path of potentials based on agricultural industries (farms) and recreation and tourism services. The mechanism of how the conventional agrarian industry has taken up diversified management and affiliated with the creative supply of tourist services is still indistinct. This diversification synthesis would also further our understanding of the linkage and restructuring of the two segments, which is the focal point of contemporary rural development and transformation. With this taken into account, the research is intended to de-structure and analyze the supplies of rural farms in agro-tourism practices through the perspectives of farm diversification, and their relationships with the economic benefits and household resilience will also be investigated with a view to shedding further light on sustainable rural tourism development. This study explores and analyze the agro-tourism services of 96 leisure farms in Yilan, Taiwan, which is one of the most successful agro-tourism regions in Taiwan. Mix methods, content analysis, in-depth interviews and farm surveys, are adopted to mainly understand the patterns of combinations,

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the core inputs, the benefits/attractions, the business models, motives, management and marketing strategies, and the attributes of farms. Study results reveals that the agro-tourism innovation replies on industry upgrading and crossover integration. Agro-tourism innovatively integrates three different levels of industrial operations (the primary, secondary and tertiary) to initiate and capitalize upon various functions (environment, social-culture, education, spirit, aesthetics, and recreation) of farm resources. Although the tourist services offered by agro-tourism farms are not limited only to those with traditional agriculture, the most innovations are grounded in “agriculture” in their development of diversification, which fabricate their specialty and unique attractions. As results, this study proposes an innovative framework of agro-tourism diversification, which built upon different levels of industries and functions of rural (land) resources, sets forth the innovative tourism supplies and clarifies how rural resources featured with leisure and recreational functions can be capitalized to generate complementary benefits. The innovation of agro-tourism diversification has not only brought considerable economical returns to rural farms, but also conceived as the resilience to confront possible environmental changes.