Ashtadhyayi of Panini on Bhagavad Gita part 4

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सू�-सू�चः part IV

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ओ३म ्

वभ��यथ�-�करणम ्(सुबथ�-�करणम/्कारक-�करणम)् ।

2-3-46 �ा तप#दकाथ�%ल'गप)रमाणवचनमा� े�थमा । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः नयतोपि0 थ तकः �ा तप#दकाथ�ः । मा�श2 द0 य �� येकं योगः । �ा तप#दकाथ�मा� े

%ल'गमा�ा4ा�ध� ये सं6 यामा� ेच �थमा 0 यात ्। A first case affix (‘सँु’, ‘औ’, ‘जस’्) is used to denote (i)

only the meaning of the �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) or (ii) only the additional sense of gender or

(iii) only the additional sense of measure or (iv) only number.

Note: य4 प %ल'गमा� ेप)रमाणमा� ेइ�येवा;राथ�0तथा प �ा तप#दकाथ< वना %ल'गा#द�तीतेरस>भवा#द त

तदा�ध�य इ�यु?म।्

उदाहरणा न -

�ा तप#दकाथ�मा� े– उB चैः । नीचःै । कृD णः । Eीः । Fानम ्।

Note: अ%ल'गा नयत%ल'गाH �ा तप#दकाथ�मा� इ�य0योदाहरणम ् । Those �ा तप#दका न (nominal

stems) which have no gender or have a fixed gender are examples of �ा तप#दकाथ�मा� े(denoting

only the meaning of the nominal stem.)

अ नयत%ल'गा0तु %ल'गमा�ा�ध�य0य । Those �ा तप#दका न (nominal stems) which have no fixed

gender are examples of %ल'गमा�ा�ध� ये (denoting only the additional sense of gender.)

%ल'गमा�ा�ध� ये – तटः, तटJ, तटम ्।

प)रमाणमा�ा�ध� ये – Kोणो Lी#हः । KोणMपं य�प)रमाण ंत�प)रिBछOनो Lी#ह)र�यथ�:।

वचनमा� े– वचनं सं6 या । एकः, Rौ, बहवः ।

2-3-47 स>बोधने च । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः इह �थमा 0 यात ्। A first case affix (‘सँु’, ‘औ’, ‘जस’्) is used to denote ‘address’ (in addition

to the meaning of the nominal stem) also. Note: सम ् (स>मुखीकृ�य) बोधनम ् (Fापनम)् =

स>बोधनम।् स>बोधनम ्means drawing someone’s attention (to inform him/her of something.)

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उदाहरणम ्– हे राम मां पालय।

1-4-49 कतु�रJिVसततमं कम� । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः कतु�ः WXयया आV त%ुमD टतमं कारकं कम�संFं 0 यात ्। That कारकम ्(participant in the action)

which the doer most desires to obtain/reach thru the action is called कम� (object.)

Note: कतु�: Wकम?् माषेDव[ं ब\ना त। कम�ण ईिVसता माषा न त ुकतु�:। तम2^हण ंWकम?् उपदंशेन शाकं

भु'?े। Note: वव;ात: कारका_ण भविOत।

उदाहरणम ्– ह)र ंभज त । Since the doer most desires to propitiate/reach ‘ह)र’ thru the action (of

worship), ‘ह)र’ gets the designation of कम� as per 1-4-49.

Example continued under 2-3-2

2-3-2 कम�_ण #Rतीया । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अनु?े कम�_ण #Rतीया 0 यात ्। A second case affix (‘अम’्, ‘औ`’, ‘शस’्) is used to denote कम�

(object of the action) provided it has not been expressed otherwise.

Example continued from 1-4-49

In the sentence ह)र ंभज त since ‘ह)र’ has the designation कम� (object) it takes the second case

affix (‘अम’्) as per 2-3-2.

यिaल'गं यRचनं या च वभb? व�शेDय0य ।

तिaल'गं तRचनं सैव वभb? व�शेषण0या प ॥

An adjective takes the same gender, number and case as that taken by the word it qualifies. For

example – कृDण ंवOदे जगdeुम।्

Note: अ%भ#हते तु कम�_ण �ा तप#दकाथ�मा� इ त �थमैव – But if the object has already been

expressed then a first case affix is used to denote only the meaning of the �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal

stem) – ref. 2-3-46.

अ%भधानं तु �ायेण त'कृ- fतसमासै:।

त' – ह)र: सेgयते।

कृत ्– लh>या से वत:।

Consider the sentence सु^ीव: Eीरामेण हतं वा%लन ं ददश�। Here ‘वा%लन’् is the object of two

actions – the action of killing (done by Eीराम:) and the action of seeing (done by सु^ीव:।) ‘वा%लन’्

as the object of the action of killing is already described by the कृत ्affix ‘?’ used in ‘हत’। But

‘वा%लन’् still takes the second case affix (‘अम’्) because there is nothing describing ‘वा%लन’् as an

object of the action of seeing.

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त fत: – शतेन Xiत: श�य: (ref. 5-1-21).

समास: – �ाj आनOदो यं स �ाjानOद:।

�व�चिOनपातेना%भधानं यथा – वषव;ृोऽ प संव\य� 0वय ंछे-मुसा>�तम।् सा>�त%म�य0य #ह यlुयत

इ�यथ�:।

इदं शरJरं कौOतेय ;े�%म�य%भधीयते |

एत4ो वे - त ं�ाहुः ;े�F इ त त#Rदः || गीता 13-2||

Here ‘;े�F’ does not take the second case affix because it has already been expressed by इ त।

1-4-51 अक�थतं च । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अपादाना#द वशेषैर व व;त ंकारकं कम�संFं 0 यात ्। A कारकम ्(participant in the action) which

has no other specific designation like अपादानम ्(ablation) etc gets the designation कम� (object.)

Note:

दmु याB पB दn o�ध�िB छ�चpूशासुिजमq मुषाम ्।

कम�यक्ु 0 यादक�थतं तथा 0 याOनीrकृD वहाम ्।।

दहुादJनां Rादशाना ंतथा नी�भतृीनां चतुणा< कम�णा य4ुlयते तदेवाक�थतं कमs त प)रगणनं कत�gय%म�यथ�:।

A कारकम ्(participant in the action) which connects with the primary object of any one of only the

following 12 + 4 = 16 verbal roots (and their synonyms) gets the designation कम� as long as no

other specific designation like अपादानम ्etc has been assigned to it -

(i) √दtु (दहँु �पूरणे २. ४)

(ii) √याच ्(टुयाचृँ याBञायाम ्१. १००१)

(iii) √पच ्(डुपचँष ्पाके १. ११५१)

(iv) √दn} (दnड दnड नपाते १०. ४७२)

(v) √eध ्(e�धरँ ्आवरणे ७. १)

(vi) √�B� (�Bछँ FीVसायाम ्६.१४९)

(vii) √�च (�चञ ्चयने ५. ५)

(viii) √pू (pूञ ्gय?ाया ंवा�च २. ३९)

(ix) √शास ्(शासँु अन%ुश�ौ २. ७०)

(x) √िज (िज अ%भभवे १. १०९६)

(xi) √मOथ ्(मOथ ँ वलोडने १. ४४, ९. ४७)

(xii) √मुष ्(मुष ँ0तेये ९. ६६)

and

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(xiii) √नी (णीञ ्�ापणे १. १०४९)

(xiv) √r (rञ ्हरणे १. १०४६)

(xv) √कृष ्(कृष ँ वलेखने १. ११४५)

(xvi) √वt (वहँ �ापणे १. ११५९)

Note: The above 12 + 4 = 16 verbal roots (and their synonyms) are called #Rकम�का: because they

are capable of taking two objects – a primary object (�धान-कम�/मु6य-कम�) and a secondary object

(गौण-कम�)। The �धान-कम�/मु6य-कम� gets the कम�-स�Fा by 1-4-49 कतु�रJिVसततमं कम� and the

गौण-कम� gets the कम�-स�Fा by 1-4-51 अक�थत ंच।

गौणे कम�_ण द�ुादे:, �धाने नीrकृD वहाम ्। In a passive construct (कम�_ण �योग:) the secondary

object (गौण-कम�) of the 12 verbal roots √दtु etc is expressed (अ%भ#हतम)् while the primary

object (�धान-कम�/मु6य-कम�) of the 4 verbal roots √नी etc is expressed (अ%भ#हतम)्। This is the

reason for splitting the 16 verbal roots in to two classes.


गोद�ि�ध पय:। अथवा – गां दोि� ध पयः। Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – गौदु��ते पय:।

बलेया�चते वसुधाम।् अथवा – ब%ल ंयाचते वसुधाम।् Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – ब%लया�Bयते

वसुधाम।्

तn डुलैरोदनं पच त। अथवा – तn डुलानोदनं पच त। Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – तn डुला ओदन ं

पBयOते।

गगs�य: शत ंदn डय त। अथवा – गगा�न ्शतं दn डय त। Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – गगा�: शतं

दn}यOते।

Lजेऽवeण f गाम।् अथवा – Lजमवeण f गाम।् Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – Lजोऽवe\यते गाम।्

माणवका�पO थानं पBृ छ त। अथवा – माणवकं पO थानं पBृ छ त। Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – माणवक:

पOथानं पBृ�यते।

व;ृादव�चनो त फला न। अथवा – व;ृमव�चनो त फला न। Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – व;ृोऽवचीयते

फला न।

माणवकाय धम< pूते शाि0 त वा। अथवा – माणवकं धम< pतेू शाि0 त वा। Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) –

माणवको धम�मुBयते/धम< %शDयते वा।

शतं जय त देवद-ात।् अथवा – शतं जय त देवद-म।् Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – शतं जीयते

देवद-:।

सुधां ;ीर नधेम�q ना त। अथवा – सुधां ;ीर न�ध ंमq ना त। Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – सुधां

;ीर न�धम�qयते।

देवद-ाBछतं मुD णा त। अथवा – देवद- ंशतं मुD णा त। Passive voice (कम�_ण �योग:) – देवद-: शत ं

मुDयते।

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^ामेऽजां नय त हर त कष� त वह त वा । अथवा – ^ाममजां नय त हर त कष� त वह त वा। कम�_ण –

^ाममजा नीयते/#�यते/कृDयते/उ�ते वा।

अथ� नबO धनेयं संFा । ब%ल ं%भ;ते वसुधाम ्। माणवकं धम< भाषतेऽ%भध-े व?i� या#द ।

1-4-52 ग तबु f��यवसानाथ�श2दकमा�कम�काणाम_ण कता� स णौ । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ग�या4था�नां श2दकम�काणामकम�काणा ंचाणौ य: कता� स णौ कम� 0यात ्। A कता� (agent) of a

non-causal verbal root becomes the कम� (object) of the causal verbal root provided the verbal

root either -

(i) denotes either ग त: (movement) or बु f: (perception) or ��यवसानम ्(consuming) or

(ii) has श2द: (sound) as its object or

(iii) has no object at all.

उदाहरणम ्-

श�नूगमय�0वग< वेदाथ< 0वानवेदयत ्।

आशयBचामतृं देवान ्वेदम\यापय#R�धम ्।

आसय�स%लले पqृवीं य: स मे Eीह)रग� त: ॥

त�वबो�धनी -

श�वः 0वग�मगBछन,् तान ्Eीह)रः 0वग�मगमय#द त – गमेरnयOताव0थायां श�वः कता�र0ते nयOताव0थायां

कम� अभवन।्

वेदाथ�%म त । 0वे = 0वकiया वेदाथ�म वदःु, तान ्Eीह)रवsदाथ�मवेदयत।् तथा देवा अमतृम ्आ�न,् तानाशयत।्

व�धः वेदम\यतै, तं p�ाण ंवेदम\यापयत ्– अपाठयत।् स%लले पqृवी आ0त, तां यो ह)ररासय�0थापय त

0म स ह)रमs ग त)र�यOवयः।

वा त�कम ्(under 1-4-52 ग तबु f��यवसानाथ�श2दकमा�कम�काणाम_ण कता� स णौ)

�शHे। Video

A कता� (agent) of the non-causal verbal root √�श ्(�%शरँ ्�े;णे १. ११४३) becomes the कम�

(object) of the causal verbal root.

उदाहरणम ्– दश�य त ह)र ंभ?ान।्

सू� ेFानसामाOयाथा�नामेव ^हण ंन तु त#Rशेषाथा�ना%म�यनेन FाVयते। तेन 0मर तिज�ती�यादJनां न।

0मारय त �ापय त वा देवद-ेन।

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वा त�कम ्(under 1-4-52 ग तबु f��यवसानाथ�श2दकमा�कम�काणाम_ण कता� स णौ)

अ#दखा#दनीवहJनां � तषेध:।Video

A कता� (agent) of the non-causal verbal root √अ� (अदँ भ;णे २. १), √खा� (खा�ँ भ;णे १.

५१), √नी (णीञ ्�ापणे १. १०४९) or √वt (वहँ �ापणे १. ११५९) does not become the कम� (object) of

the causal verbal root.

उदाहरणम ्– आदय त/खादय त वाOनं बटुना। नायय त वाहय त वा भारं भ�ृयेन।

1-4-53 rXोरOयतर0याम ्। Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः rXोरणौ य: कता� स णौ वा कम� 0यात ्। A कता� (agent) of the non-causal verbal

root √r (rञ ्हरणे १. १०४६) or √कृ(डुकृञ ्करणे ८. १०) optionally becomes the कम� (object) of the

causal verbal root.

उदाहरणम ्– हारय त कारय त वा भ�ृय ंभ�ृयेन वा कटम।्

1-4-46 अ�धशी'0थासां कम� । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अ�धपूवा�णामेषामाधार: कम� 0यात ्। That कारकम ्(participant in the action) which is the

location of the action denoted by any one of the following verbal roots preceded by the prefix

‘अ�ध’ is designated as कम� -

(i) √शी (शी' 0वVने २. २६)

(ii) √0था (�ा ग त नव-ृौ १. १०७७)

(iii) √आस ्(आसँ उपवेशने २. ११)

Note: This सू�म ्is a अपवाद: (exception) to the prior सू�म ्1-4-45 आधारोऽ�धकरणम ्which would

have assigned the designation अ�धकरणम ्to the location of the action.

उदाहरणम ्– अ�धशेते/अ�ध त� त/अ\या0ते वा वैकुnठं ह)र:।

1-4-47 अ%भ न वशH । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अ%भनी�येत�स'घातपवू�0य वशतेराधार: कम� 0यात ्। That कारकम ्(participant in the action)

which is the location of the action denoted by the verbal root √ वश ्( वश ँ�वेशने ६. १६०)

preceded by the combination of prefixes ‘अ%भ + न’ is designated as कम�।

Note: This सू�म ्is a अपवाद: (exception) to the सू�म ्1-4-45 आधारोऽ�धकरणम ्which would have

assigned the designation अ�धकरणम ्to the location of the action.

उदाहरणम ्– अ%भ न वशते सOमाग�म।्

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Note: ’1-4-44 प)रXयणे स>�दानमOयतर0याम’् इ त सू�ा#दह मnडूकVलु�याऽOयतर0यां̂ हणमनुव�य�

gयवि0थत वभाषाEयणा��व�चOन। पापेऽ%भ नवेश:।

1-4-48 उपाOव\या'वसः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः उपा#दपवू�0य वसतेराधार: कम� 0यात ्। That कारकम ्(participant in the action) which is the

location of the action denoted by the verbal root √वस ्(वसँ नवासे १. ११६०) along with the prefix

‘उप’ or ‘अन’ु or ‘अ�ध’ or ‘आ'’ is designated as कम�।

Note: This सू�म ्is a अपवाद: (exception) to the सू�म ्1-4-45 आधारोऽ�धकरणम ्which would have

assigned the designation अ�धकरणम ्to the location of the action.

उदाहरणम ्– उपवस त/अनुवस त/अ�धवस त/आवस त वा वैकुnठं ह)र:।

वा त�कम ्(under 1-4-48 उपाOव\या'वसः) अभु��यथ�0य न। Video

The सू�म ्1-4-48 उपाOव\या'वसः does not apply in the case where the verbal root denotes

‘fasting.’

उदाहरणम ्– वने उपवस त।

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-2 कम�_ण #Rतीया in the महाभाDयम)् उभसव�तसोः काया� �धगुपया�#दषु

��षु। #Rतीया�ेbडताOतेषु ततोऽOय�ा प ��यते। Video

Note: आ�ेbडताOतेषु = कृत#Rव�चनेषु।

A second case affix (‘अम’्, ‘औ`’, ‘शस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-

occurring with ‘उभयत:’ or ‘सव�त:’ or ‘�धक्’ or the duplicated terms ‘उपयु�प)र’, ‘अ\य�ध’ or ‘अधोऽध:’

and may be seen being used in other instances also. Note: The duplication in ‘उपयु�प)र’, ‘अ\य�ध’

and ‘अधोऽध:’ is by 8-1-7 उपय�\यधसः सामीVये।

Note: This वा त �कम ्prescribes a उपपद- वभb?: – a case affix added to a word on account of the

presence of another word (not possessing any verbal activity) requiring the addition. On the other

hand 2-3-2 कम�_ण #Rतीया prescribes a कारक- वभb?: – a case affix governed by a verb or a

verbal derivative.

Note: The प)रभाषा – उपपद वभ?े: कारक वभb?ब�लJयसी states that the force of a कारक- वभb?: is

greater than that of a उपपद- वभb?:। For example %शवं नम0करो%म। Here 2-3-2 over-rules 2-3-16.

उभयत: कृDण ंगोपा: Cowherds on both sides of Śrī Kṛṣṇa

सव�त: कृDणम ्On all sides of Śrī Kṛṣṇa

�धक् कृDणाभ?म ्Shame on the non-devotee of Śrī Kṛṣṇa

उपयु�प)र लोकं ह)र: Lord Viṣṇu is just above the world

अ\य�ध लोकम ्Just above the world

अधोऽधो लोकम ्Just below the world

8

ततोऽOय�ा प ��यते -

ऋतेऽ प �वा ंन भ वDयिOत सवs येऽवि0थताः ��यनीकेष ुयोधाः || गीता 11-32|| Even without you all

those warriors arrayed in the enemy’s camp shall cease to be.

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-2 कम�_ण #Rतीया in the महाभाDयम)्

अ%भतःप)रतःसमया नकषाहा� तयोगेऽ प। Video

Note: ‘अ%भतःप)रतः’ इ�य�ा40योभयत इ�यथ�ऽO�य0य सव�त इ�यथ� इ त ‘५-३-९ पय�%भ�या ंच’ इ�य�

भाDये। In the भाDयम ्under the सू�म ्5-3-9 पय�%भ�या ंच it is stated that here the meaning of अ%भतः

is उभयतः (on both sides) and that of प)रतः is सव�तः (on all sides.)

A second case affix (‘अम’्, ‘औ`’, ‘शस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-

occurring with ‘अ%भतः’ or ‘प)रतः’ or ‘समया’ or ‘ नकषा’ or ‘हा’ or ‘� त’।

अ%भतः कृDणम ्On both sides of Śrī Kṛṣṇa

प)रतः कृDणम ्On all sides of Śrī Kṛṣṇa

^ामं समया Near the village

नकषा ल'काम ्Near Laṅkā

हा कृDणाभ?म ्(त0य शोBयते) Sorry for the non-devotee of Śrī Kṛṣṇa

बभु�;तं न � तभा त Wकि�चत ्Nothing occurs to one who is hungry (desires to eat) – which means

that one who is hungry cannot think of anything (but food.) Note: Here � त is a उपसग�: (ref. 1-4-

59 उपसगा�ः WXयायोगे) and not a कम��वचनीय: (ref. 1-4-90 ल;णे�थ>भूता6यानभागवीVसासु

� तपय�नवः।) Hence 2-3-8 does not apply here.

1-4-90 ल;णे�थ>भूता6यानभागवीVसासु � तपय�नवः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतेDवथsषु वषयभूतेष ु��यादय: कम��वचनीय-स�Fा: 0यु: । The terms ‘� त’, ‘प)र’ and ‘अन’ु get

the designation कम��वचनीय: in the context where either ल;णम ्(mark/aim) or इ�थ>भूता6यानम ्

(description of someone/something being thus) or भाग: (portion/share) or वीVसा

(pervasion/entirety) is denoted.

Note: कम��वचनीय: is a technical term used in connection with a preposition/prefix (ref. 1-4-

58 �ादयः) which showed a verbal activity formerly but at the present time it does not show it; the

word is used as a technical term in grammar in connection with prefixes which are not used

along with a verbal root.

Note: ग�युपसग�स�Fापवाद: – The designation कम��वचनीय: is a अपवाद: (exception) to the

designation ग त: (ref. 1-4-60 ग तH) and उपसग�: (ref. 1-4-59 उपसगा�ः WXयायोगे।)

Note: The अ�धकार: of 1-4-83 कम��वचनीयाः runs down to 1-4-98 वभाषा कृ�ञ।


9

In the following examples ‘� त’/’प)र’/’अन’ु gets the designation कम��वचनीय: by 1-4-90

ल;णे – व;ृं � त पय�नु वा वो4ोतते व4ुत ्।

इ�थ>भूता6याने – भ?ो वDणु ं� त पय�न ुवा ।

भागे – लhमीह�)र ं� त पय�न ुवा । (हरेभा�ग इ�यथ�:।)

वीV सायाम ्– व;ृं व;ृ ं� त पय�नु वा %स�च त । Here वीV सा is denoted by the duplication (by 8-1-

4 न�यवीVसयोः) and not by ‘� त’/’प)र’/’अन’ु। The purpose of assigning the designation

कम��वचनीय: (by 1-4-90) to ‘� त’/’प)र’/’अन’ु is to prevent 8-3-65 from substituting the letter ‘ष’् in

place of the letter ‘स’् of %स�च त।

Examples continued under 2-3-8

2-3-8 कम��वचनीययु?े #Rतीया । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतेन योगे #Rतीया 0यात ्। A second case affix (‘अम’्, ‘औ`’, ‘शस’्) is used following a

�ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with a कम��वचनीय: (ref. 1-4-83 to 1-4-98.)

Examples continued from 1-4-90

ल;णे – व;ृं � त पय�नु वा वो4ोतते व4ुत ्। ‘व;ृ’ takes the second case affix by 2-3-8

इ�थ>भूता6याने – भ?ो वDणु ं� त पय�न ुवा । ‘ वDण’ु takes the second case affix by 2-3-8

भागे – लhमीह�)र ं� त पय�न ुवा । (हरेभा�ग इ�यथ�:।) ‘ह)र’ takes the second case affix by 2-3-8

वीV सायाम ्– व;ृं व;ृ ं� त पय�नु वा %स�च त । Here वीV सा is denoted by the duplication (by 8-1-

4 न�यवीVसयोः) and not by ‘� त’/’प)र’/’अन’ु। The purpose of assigning the designation

कम��वचनीय: (by 1-4-90) to ‘� त’/’प)र’/’अन’ु is to prevent 8-3-65 from substituting the letter ‘ष’् in

place of the letter ‘स’् of %स�च त। For ‘व;ृ’ to take the second case affix the designation

कम��वचनीय: (for ‘� त’/’प)र’/’अन’ु) is not required because the second case affix is already

available by 2-3-2.

1-4-91 अ%भरभागे । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः भागवजs ल;णादाव%भ: कम��वचनीय-स�F: 0यात ्। The term ‘अ%भ’ gets the designation

कम��वचनीय: in the context where either ल;णम ्(mark/aim) or इ�थ>भूता6यानम ्(description of

someone/something being thus) or वीVसा (pervasion/entirety) is denoted. Note: 1-4-90 mentions

ल;णे�थ>भूता6यानभागवीVसासु। After removing ‘भाग’ from the list, what remains is

ल;णे�थ>भूता6यानवीVसासु। Hence अभागे means ल;णे�थ>भूता6यानवीVसासु।


In the following examples ‘अ%भ’ gets the designation कम��वचनीय: by 1-4-91

ल;णे – भविOत स>पदं दैवीम%भजात0य भारत || गीता 16-3|| ‘दैवी’ and ‘स>प�’ take the second case

affix by 2-3-8

इ�थ>भूता6याने – भ?ो ह)रम%भ । ‘ह)र’ takes the second case affix by 2-3-8

वीV सायाम ्– देवं देवम%भ %स�च त । Here वीV सा is denoted by the duplication (by 8-1-

10

4 न�यवीVसयोः) and not by ‘अ%भ’। The purpose of assigning the designation कम��वचनीय: (by 1-

4-91) to ‘अ%भ’ is to prevent 8-3-65 from substituting the letter ‘ष’् in place of the letter ‘स’् of

%स�च त। For ‘देव’ to take the second case affix the designation कम��वचनीय: (for ‘अ%भ’) is not

required because the second case affix is already available by 2-3-2.

2-3-4 अOतराOतरेण यु?े । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः आ�या ंयोगे #Rतीया 0यात ्। A second case affix (‘अम’्, ‘औ`’, ‘शस’्) is used following a

�ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘अOतरा’ or ‘अOतरेण’। Note: As per the महाभाDयम,्

the terms ‘अOतरा’ and ‘अOतरेण’ used in2-3-4 have the नपात-स�Fा। They also have the अgयय-

स�Fा by 1-1-37 0वरा#द नपातमgययम।् (Here अOतरेण isnot the instrumental singular of ‘अOतर’)।

उदाहरणे -

अOतरा/अOतरेण �वां च मां च कमnडलु: The water pot is between you and me.

अOतरेण ह)र ंन सुखम ्There is no happiness without Hari.

2-3-5 काला\वनोर�यOतसंयोगे । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः इह #Rतीया 0यात ्। A second case affix (‘अम’्, ‘औ`’, ‘शस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्

(nominal stem) denoting (measure of) time or (measure of) path/road when continuous

connection (with a quality or action or thing) is meant.


मासमधीते – (Someone) studies continuously for a month

Xोशं कु#टला नदJ – The river is winding for the entire distance of one Krośa (approx. two miles.)

Xोशं पव�त: – The mountain covers the entire distance of one Krośa (approx. two miles.)

अ�यOतसंयोगे Wकम?्

मास0य #Rरधीते – (Someone) studies twice during a month

Xोश0यकैदेशे पव�त: – The mountain covers one part of the distance of one Krośa (approx. two

miles.)

वा त�कम ्(under 2-4-18 अgययीभावH in the का%शका) WXया वशषेणानां कम��वं

नपुंसक�वमेकवचनाOत�वं चDेयते। Video

Adverbs are treated as having the designation कम� (object) and are used in the neuter singular.


11

मOदं गBछ त (Someone) goes slowly. Here ‘मOद’ gets the designation ‘कम�’ by the above वा त �कम ्

and hence takes the second case ending (अम)् by 2-3-2.

सूhममी;ते (Someone) observes minutely. Here ‘सूhम’ gets the designation ‘कम�’ by the above

वा त �कम ्and hence takes the second case ending (अम)् by 2-3-2.

1-4-42 साधकतमं करणम ्। Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः WXया%सfौ �कृD टोपकारकं करणस�Fं 0 यात ्। That कारकम ्(participant in the action) which is

most effective/helpful in accomplishing the action gets the designation करणम ्(instrument.) Note:

The instrument is the most effective/helpful in accomplishing the action because immediately

after the use of the instrument the action is accomplished.

वव;ात: कारका_ण भविOत – When the speaker wants to express the eye as the doer he says च;ु:

प�य त । On the other hand when he wants to express the eye as the instrument he says च;षुा

प�य त ।


रामेण बाणेन हतो वालJ। ‘बाण’ gets the designation करणम ्by 1-4-42.


2-3-18 कतृ�करणयो0ततृीया । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अन%भ#हते कत�)र करणे च ततृीया 0 यात ्। A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘�याम’्, ‘%भस’्) is used to

denote कता� (the doer of the action) as well as करणम ्(the instrument of the action) provided the

doer/instrument has not been expressed otherwise.


रामेण बाणेन हतो वालJ। Here ‘राम’ has the कतृ�-स�Fा by 1-4-54 and ‘बाण’ has the करण-स�Fा

by 1-4-42. The participle हत: has expressed the object वालJ and not ‘राम’। The instrument ‘बाण’

also has not been expressed. Hence ‘राम’ as well as ‘बाण’ takes the third case affix (‘टा’) by 2-3-

18.

अन%भ#हते Wकम?्

ह)र: करो त । Here the कता� ‘ह)र’ is already expressed by the verb करो त and hence 2-3-

18 cannot apply because the condition अन%भ#हते is not satisfied. As per 2-3-46, ‘ह)र’ takes the

first case affix (‘सँु’) in the sense of �ा तप#दकाथ�मा�।े

Similarly, in पचती त पाचक: the कता� ‘पाचक’ is already expressed by the कृत ्affix ‘nवुल’्

(prescribed by 3-1-133nवaुतचृौ) and hence 2-3-18 cannot apply and the first case affix (‘सँु’) is

used (as per 2-3-46.)

12

खन�यनेने त ख न�म ्। Here the करणम ्‘ख न�’ is already expressed by the कृत ्affix ‘इ�’

(prescribed by 3-2-184अ त�लूधूसूखनसहचर इ�ः) and hence 2-3-18 cannot apply because the

condition अन%भ#हते is not satisfied. As per2-3-46, ‘ख न�’ takes the first case affix (‘सँु’) in the

sense of �ा तप#दकाथ�मा�।े

Similarly, in ऊढो रथो येन स: = ऊढरथोऽन}वान ्the करणम ्‘ऊढरथ’ is already expressed by the

बहुLी#ह: compound and hence 2-3-18 cannot apply and the first case affix (‘सँु’) is used (as per 2-

3-46.)

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-18 कतृ�करणयो0ततृीया) �कृ�या#द�य उपस'6यानम।् Video

A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘�याम’्, ‘%भस’्) is used following the �ा तप#दका न (nominal stems) ‘�कृ त’ etc.


�कृ�या चाe: Naturally charming

�ायेण वयैाकरण: A grammarian for the most part

गो�णे गा�य�: Gārgya by family name

समेन धाव त Runs evenly

वषमेन धाव त Runs unevenly

साह�ेणा[ान ्Xiणा त Buys horses a thousand at a time

सुखेन या त Goes happily

आकृ त-गणोऽयम।् The list ‘�कृ त’ etc is a आकृ त-गण: – which is a class or group of words in which

some words are actually mentioned and room is left to include others which are found

undergoing the same operations.

तेन ‘ना>ना सुतीhणH)रतेन दाOत:’ इ�या#द %सfम।् This explains usages such as ‘ना>ना सुतीhण:

Sutīkṣṇa by name’ and ‘च)रतेन दाOत: naturally restrained.’

2-3-6 अपवगs ततृीया । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अपवग�: फल�ा j0त0यां 4ो�यायां काला\वनोर�यOतसंयोगे ततृीया 0 यात ्। A third case affix (‘टा’,

‘�याम’्, ‘%भस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) denoting (measure of) time or

(measure of) path/road when there is continuous connection with an action and completion of the

action (i.e. attainment of the result) is meant.

Note: The third case affix prescribed by this सू�म ्is a अपवाद: (exception) to the second case

affix prescribed by the prior सू�म ्2-3-5 काला\वनोर�यOतसंयोगे।


13

अ�ा Xोशेन वानुवाकोऽधीत: An Anuvāka (section of the Veda) was continuously studied and

completed in one day or in (traveling the distance of) one Krośa (approx. two miles.)

अपवगs Wकम?्

मासमधीतो नायात:। An Anuvāka (section of the Veda) was continuously studied for one month

but the study was incomplete. (The student did not master the Anuvāka.)

2-3-19 सहयु?ेऽ�धाने । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः सहाथsन यु?े अ�धाने ततृीया 0 यात ्। A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘�याम’्, ‘%भस’्) is used following a

�ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with सह or a synonym of सह, provided the �ा तप#दकम ्

does not denote the primary (agent.)

Note: ‘सहेना�धाने’ इ�येव वाBये यु?^हणादथ�̂ हण%म�याह– सहाथsने त। सहाथ�कश2देन सह–साकं–

साध�%म�या#दने�यथ�ः। If पा_ण न: did not want to include the synonyms of सह he could have

composed the सू�म ्as सहेना�धाने। The fact that he has included यु?े in the सू�म ्tells us that it

applies not only when सह itself is used but also when a synonym of सह is used. The synonyms

of सह are साकम,् साध�म,् समम ्etc.

Note: पतुरेवागमनWXयास>बOधः शा2दः, पु�0य �वाथ� इ�येतावतवैा0या�ाधाOयमुBयते। The father

connects explicitly with the action of coming. On the other hand the son connects with the action

only thru interpretation (of the meaning of the sentence.) This alone is the basis of deciding that

the father is primary and the son secondary in this sentence.


पु�णे सहागत: पता The father has come with his son.

एवं साकंसाध<समंयोगेऽ प – प�ुणे साकमागत:/साध�मागत:/सममागत: पता The father has come with his

son.

वना प त4ोगं ततृीया। ’1-2-65 वfृो यूना तaल;णHेदेव वशेषः’ इ त नदsशात।् The third case affix may

be used even without explicit connection with सह because पा_ण न: has himself used it in the

word यूना in the सू�म ्1-2-65which does not explicitly contain the word सह।

2-3-20 येना'ग वकारः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः येना'गेन वकृतेना'�गनो वकारो लhयते तत0ततृीया 0यात ्। A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘�याम’्,

‘%भस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes a deformed body-part by

which a deformation of the body is indicated.

14


अhणा काण: Blind in one eye

अ�;स>बिOधकाण�व व%श� इ�यथ�: The meaning of the above sentence is – A person who is

characterized by blindness relating to one eye.

Similarly,

पादेन ख�ज: Crippled in one leg

अ'ग वकार: Wकम?्

अ�; काणम0य – This person’s one eye is blind.

2-3-21 इ�थभंूतल;णे । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः कि�च��कारं �ाj0य ल;णे ततृीया 0यात ्। A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘�याम’्, ‘%भस’्) is used

following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes a characteristic mark indicating that

someone/something is thus.


जटा%भ0तापस: An ascetic recognized by his matted hair. (An ascetic whose peculiarity

(characteristic mark) is his matted hair.)

जटाFाVयतापस�व व%श� इ�यथ�: The meaning of the above sentence is – A person who is

characterized by asceticism which is recognized by his matted hair.

Similarly,

कमnडलुना छा�: A student recognized by his water pot. (A student whose peculiarity

(characteristic mark) is his water pot.)

2-3-23 हेतौ । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः हे�वथs ततृीया 0यात ्। A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘�याम’्, ‘%भस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्

(nominal stem) which denotes a cause/reason (for a thing or quality or action.)

Note: The term हेतु: used in this सू�म ्has the meaning of cause/reason as used in popular

15

parlance and is not to be confused with the technical term हेतु: defined by 1-4-55. That which is

designated as हेतु: by 1-4-55 is also designated as कता�। Hence the third case affix is already

available by 2-3-18 कतृ�करणयो0ततृीया। 2-3-23 is not required there.

Note: The non-technical term हेतु: is a cause/reason for a thing or a quality or an action and it

does not directly participate in the action. On the other hand a करणम ्– being a कारकम ्– is only

possible when there is an action and it always directly participates in the action.


दnडने घट: A pot (made possible) on account of a stick

पुnयेन गौरवण�: Fair complexioned on account of merit

पुnयेन ��ो ह)र: Lord Viṣṇu was seen on account of merit

फलमपीह हेतु: A purpose is also considered to be a हेतु: here.

अ\ययनेन वस त Someone resides (at school) for the purpose of studying.

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-23 हेतौ in the %सfाOतकौमुदJ) ग>यमाना प WXया कारक वभ?ौ

�योिजका। Video

Even an implied (not explicitly mentioned) action can dictate a case affix following a �ा तप#दकम ्

(nominal stem) which denotes a participant in the (implied) action.


अलं Eमेण। Enough with exertion. (Stop exerting.)

सा\यं ना0ती�यथ�:। Here अलम ्stands for सा\यं नाि0त – There is nothing to be accomplished (by

exertion.)

साधनWXया ं� त Eम: करणम।् Eम: is the instrument with regard to the (implied) action of

accomplishing. (Hence it takes the third case affix by 2-3-18.)

2-3-32 पथृि�वनानाना%भ0ततृीयाOयतर0याम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ए%भय�गे ततृीया 0यात ्प�चमी#Rतीये च । A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘�याम’्, ‘%भस’्) or a fifth case

affix (‘ङ%सँ’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) or a second case affix (‘अम’्, ‘औ`’, ‘शस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्

(nominal stem) co-occurring with पथृक्, वना or नाना।

Note: अOयतर0यां^हण ंसमुBचयाथ�म।् प�चमी#Rतीये चानुवतsते। The mention of the term अOयतर0याम ्

in this सू�म ्is for the purpose of accumulation (of the fifth and second case affixes along with the

third case affix.) The अनवु ृ-: of प�चमी (from 2-3-28) and #Rतीया (from 2-3-31) comes in to this

सू�म।्

16


पथृक्/ वना/नाना रामेण रामात ्रामं वा न सुखम ्– There is no happiness without (separate from) Śrī

Rāma.

1-4-32 कम�णा यम%भ�ै त स स>�दानम ्। Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः दान0 य* कम�णा यम%भ�ै त स स> �दानस�Fः 0 यात ्। That कारकम ्(participant in the action)

whom the doer wishes to connect/endow with the object of an action is called स> �दानम ्

(recipient.)

*Note: As per the व ृ-:, in order for this सू�म ्to apply the action has to be that of giving. But

according to the महाभाDयम ्we may apply this सू�म ्even when the action is other than that of

giving.


उपा\यायाय गा ंददा त – (Someone) gives a cow to the teacher. ‘उपा\याय’ gets the designation

स> �दानम ्by 1-4-32

%म�ाय प� ं%लख त – (Someone) writes a letter to his friend. ‘%म�’ gets the designation स> �दानम ्

by 1-4-32


2-3-13 चतुथ¡ स>�दाने । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अनु?े स>�दाने चतथु¡ 0 यात ्। A fourth case affix (‘ङे’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used to denote the

स> �दानम ्(recipient) provided it has not been expressed otherwise.


उपा\यायाय गा ंददा त – Since ‘उपा\याय’ has the designation स> �दानम ्it takes the fourth case

affix (‘ङे’) by 2-3-13

%म�ाय प� ं%लख त – Since ‘%म�’ has the designation स> �दानम ्it takes the fourth case affix (‘ङे’)

by 2-3-13

अन%भ#हत इ�येव -

दJयतेऽ0मै = दानीयो व�:। The affix अनीयर ्(in दानीय:) denotes the recipient (स>�दानम)्। This

usage is justified by taking recourse to the बहुलम ्mentioned in 3-3-113 कृ�यaयुटो बहुलम।् Since

the recipient (स>�दानम)् is already expressed by the कृत ्affix अनीयर,् we cannot apply 2-3-

13 and ‘दानीय’ does not take the fourth case affix.

द- ंभोजनं य0मै स द-भोजन: सेवक:। Here the recipient (स>�दानम)् is already expressed by the

समास: and hence2-3-13 cannot apply and ‘द-भोजन’ does not take the fourth case affix.

17

वा त�कम ्(under 1-4-32 कम�णा यम%भ�ै त स स>�दानम)् WXयया यम%भ�ै त सोऽ प

स>�दानम।् Video

That कारकम ्(participant in the action) for (aiming at) whom/which the doer does an action is also

called स> �दानम ्(recipient.)


युfाय सOन�ते (Someone) gets ready for war.

Eाfाय नगह�ते (Someone) despises (aiming at) the Śrāddha ceremony.

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-13 चतुथ¡ स>�दाने) ¢ प स>प4माने चतुथ¡ वाBया। Video

When the verbal root √¢प ्(कृपूँ सामqयs १. ८६६) or any of its synonyms is employed, a fourth

case affix (‘ङे’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes that

which is produced/effected (brought about.)


भb?Fा�नाय कaपते/स>प4ते/जायते इ�या#द Devotion ‘produces’/’brings about’/’is conducive to’

knowledge.

कaपसे र;णाय You bring about (our) protection. (You are fit/adequate for protecting (us.))

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-13 चतुथ¡ स>�दाने) #हतयोगे चतुथ¡ वाBया। Video

A fourth case affix (‘ङे’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which is in

connection with the word ‘#हत’ (beneficial.)

Note: चतुथ¡समास वधानाlFापकादेतaल2ध%म त भाव:। एव ंसुखयोगेऽ प चतथु¡ बो\या। The fact that

compounding between a word which ends in a fourth case affix and the word ‘#हत’/’सुख’ is

prescribed (by 2-1-36 चतथु¡तदथा�थ�ब%ल#हतसुखर�;तःै) indicates that a fourth case affix is to be

used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which is in connection with the word ‘#हत’/’सुख’।


गो�यो #हतम/्सुखम ्Beneficial/pleasant for the cows.

1-4-33 eBयथा�नां �ीयमाणः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः eBयथा�ना ंधातनूां �योगे �ीयमाणोऽथ�: स>�दानं 0यात ्। When the verbal root √eच ्(eचँ

दJjाव%भ�ीतौ च १. ८४७) or any of its synonyms is employed, that कारकम ्(participant in the action)

who is being pleased gets the designation स> �दानम ्(recipient.)

Note: In the absence of this सू�म ्the designation कम� (by 1-4-49) would have applied.

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Note: य4 प e�चद£jाव प प¤यते तथापीह दJ jन� वव�;ता – Even though the verbal root √eच ्is

also used in the sense of दJjौ (to shine) that meaning in not intended here.


हरये रोचते भb?: Devotion is pleasing unto Lord Viṣṇu. (Lord Viṣṇu is pleased by devotion.) ‘ह)र’

gets the designation स> �दानम ्by 1-4-33 and hence takes the fourth case affix (‘ङे’) by 2-3-13.

Similarly,

देवद-ाय 0वदते मोदक: A sweetmeat is pleasing unto Devadatta. (Devadatta likes a sweetmeat.)

�ीयमाण: Wकम?्

देवद-ाय रोचते मोदक: प�थ A sweetmeat is pleasing unto Devadatta on the path. (The one being

pleased is Devadatta and not the path. Hence ‘देवद-’ alone gets the designation स> �दानम।्

‘प�थन’् does not.)

1-4-35 धारेe-मण�ः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः धारयते: �योगे उ-मण�: स>�दानस�F: 0यात ्। When a causative form of the verbal

root √ध ृ(ध'ृ अव0थाने ६. १४८) is employed, that कारकम ्(participant in the action) who is the

creditor gets the designation स> �दानम ्(recipient.)

Note: उ-मण� धन0वामी – उ-मण�: refers to one who is the creditor (the owner of the money.)


भ?ाय धारय त मो;ं ह)र: Lord Viṣṇu ‘owes’ liberation to the devotee. ‘भ?’ gets the designation

स> �दानम ्by 1-4-35 and hence takes the fourth case affix (‘ङे’) by 2-3-13.

Note: मो;ोऽVयव�यदेय�वेन ऋण ंभव त – Liberation is also considered a ‘debt’ in the sense that it

has to be given (to the devotee.)

उ-मण�: Wकम?्

देवद-ाय शत ंधारय त ^ामे (Someone) owes a hundred to Devadatta in the village. (The one being

owed is Devadatta and not the village. Hence ‘देवद-’ alone gets the designation स> �दानम।् ‘^ाम’

does not.)

1-4-36 0पहेृरJिVसतः । Video

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व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः 0पहृयते: �योगे इ�: स>�दानं 0यात ्। When the verbal root √0पहृ (0पहृ ईVसायाम ्१०. ४१०)

is employed, that कारकम ्(participant in the action) which is desired (by the agent) gets the

designation स> �दानम ्(recipient.)


पुDपे�य: 0पहृय त (Someone) longs for flowers. ‘पुDप’ gets the designation स> �दानम ्by 1-4-

36 and hence takes the fourth case affix (‘�यस’्) by 2-3-13

ईिVसत: Wकम?्

पुDपे�यो वने 0पहृय त (Someone) longs for flowers in the forest. (The ones being longed for are

the flowers and not the forest. Hence ‘पुDप’ alone gets the designation स> �दानम।् ‘वन’ does not.)

1-4-37 XुधKहेुDया�सूयाथा�नां यं � त कोपः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः Xुधा4था�ना ं�योगे य ं� त कोप: स स>�दानस�F: 0यात ्। When the verbal root √Xुध ्(Xुध ँ

Xोधे (कोपे) ४. ८६) or √Ktु(Kहँु िजघांसायाम ्४. ९४) or √ईDय ्� (ईDय¥ ईDया�थ�: १. ५८८)

or √असूय (derived by using 3-1-27 कn}वा#द�यो यक्) or a synonym of any one of these is

employed, that कारकम ्(participant in the action) against whom the ‘anger’ is directed gets the

designation स> �दानम ्(recipient.)


देवद-ाय कु\य त/K�ु त/ईDय� त/असूय त (Someone) is angry/bears malice towards/is jealous

of/invents faults with Devadatta. ‘देवद-’ gets the designation स> �दानम ्by 1-4-37 and hence

takes the fourth case affix (‘ङे’) by 2-3-13

यं � त कोप: Wकम?्

भाया�मीDय� त मैनामOयो Kा;ी#द त – (Someone) is jealous of his wife – meaning that (someone)

does not want anyone else to see his wife.

ना� भाया< � त कोप:, WकOत ुपरै��यमाना ंतां न सहत इ�येव। Here the anger is not directed towards

the wife. Someone is just not able to tolerate her being seen by others. (So the anger is really

directed towards others who see her.) Hence ‘भाया�’ does not get the designation स> �दानम।्

2-3-12 ग�यथ�कम�_ण #Rतीयाचतुqय¦ च�ेायामन\व न । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अ\व%भOने ग�यथा�ना ंकम�_ण #Rतीयाचतुqय¦ 0तHे�ायाम ्। A second case affix (‘अम’्, ‘औ`’,

‘शस’्) or a fourth case affix (‘ङे’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used to denote the कम� (object) of a verb

20

implying motion provided the motion is physical and the object is not ‘अ\वन’् (‘road’) or one of its

synonyms.

Note: अ\वOयथ�̂ हणम ्– the exclusion अन\व न applies not just to the single �ा तप#दकम ्‘अ\वन’्

but also to any �ा तप#दकम ्used in the sense of ‘अ\वन’् (‘road.’)


^ामं ^ामाय वा गBछ त/Lज त (Someone) goes to the village.

चे�ायां Wकम?्

मनसा ह)र ंLज त (Someone) mentally goes to Lord Viṣṇu.

अन\वनी त Wकम?्

पOथानं गBछ त – (Someone) goes on the road.

गO�ा�ध �तेऽ\वOयेवाय ं नषेध:। The prohibition (against using a fourth case affix when the object is

‘अ\वन’् (‘road’) or one of its synonyms) only applies when the goer actually travels on the road.

यदात�ूपथा�पOथा एवाX%मतु%मDयते तदा चतथु¡ भव�येव। But when someone desires to approach the

right road from a wrong road, the fourth case ending certainly applies. उ�पथेन पOथानं/पथे गBछ त

(Someone) goes to the right road by the wrong road.

2-3-14 WXयाथ�पपद0य च कम�_ण 0था ननः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः WXयाथा� WXया उपपदं य0य त0य 0था ननोऽ�युlयमान0य तुमुन: कम�_ण चतथु¡ 0यात ्। A fourth

case affix (‘ङे’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used to denote the कम� (object) of an implied (but not actually

expressed) verbal participle ending in the affix ‘तुमँुन’्/’nवुल’् (prescribed by 3-3-10 तुमुOnवुलौ

WXयायां WXयाथा�याम ्) which is in conjunction with another action done for the sake of the implied

(future) action.

Note: #Rतीयापवादोऽयम ्– The fourth case affix prescribed by this सू�म ्is a अपवाद: (exception) to

the second case affix which would have been prescribed by 2-3-2.


फले�यो या त। (फलाOयाहतु</फलाOयाहारको याती�यथ�:।) (Someone) goes for fruits – meaning that

someone goes to fetch fruits.

21

नम0कुम� न%ृसहंाय न%ृसहंमनकूुल यतु%म�यथ�:। We offer salutations to Lord Nṛsiṁha – meaning that

we offer salutations to propitiate Lord Nṛsiṁha.

’2-3-16 नमः0वि0त -’ इ�या#दना तु न चतुथ¡, उपपद वभ?े: कारक वभb?बलJय0�वात।् The सू�म ्2-3-

16 cannot be invoked here to justify the fourth case affix used in न%ृसहंाय। The reason is that 2-3-

16 prescribes a उपपद वभb?: while 2-3-2 prescribes a कारक वभb?: and since a कारक वभb?: has

greater force than that of a उपपद वभb?:, 2-3-2 over-rules 2-3-16.

2-3-16 नमः0वि0त0वाहा0वधालंवष}योगाBच । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ए%भय�गे चतुथ¡ 0यात ्। A fourth case affix (‘ङे’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used following a

�ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘नमः’ or ‘0वि0त’ or ‘0वाहा’ or ‘0वधा’ or ‘अलम’् or

‘वष`’।

Note: ‘नमः’, ‘0वाहा’, ‘0वधा’, ‘अलम’् and ‘वष`’ are indeclinables. ‘0वि0त’ is used both as an

indeclinable as well as a feminine/neuter noun.


हरये नम: Salutations to Lord Viṣṇu

But -

नम0करो त देवान ्(Someone) offers salutations to the gods.

Here 2-3-2 (which prescribes a कारक वभb?:) over-rules 2-3-16 (which prescribes a उपपद वभb?:)

as per the प)रभाषा – उपपद वभ?े: कारक वभb?ब�लJयसी the force of a कारक- वभb?: is greater than

that of a उपपद- वभb?:।

�जा�य: 0वि0त May it be well with the subjects

0वि0तभ�वतु ते (त�ुयम)् Good luck to you

अ�नये 0वाहा Offering an oblation to the Fire God. (0वाहा is exclamation used in offering oblations

to the gods.)

पत�ृय: 0वधा Offering an oblation of food to the Manes of deceased ancestors

अल%म त पया�§यथ�̂ हणम ्– The term अलम ्used in the सू�म ्2-3-16 stands for words meaning ‘a

match for.’ We infer this from the fact that पा_ण न: himself has used the fourth case affix (in त0मै)

in the सू�म ्5-1-101 त0मै �भव त संतापा#द�यः।

Hence -

दैते�यो ह)ररलं �भु: समथ�: श? इ�या#द Lord Viṣṇu is a match for the demons.

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�भवा#दयोगे ष¨य प साधु: – A sixth case affix may also be used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal

stem) co-occurring with ‘�भु’ etc. (but not अलम)्।

We infer this from the fact that पा_ण न: himself has used the sixth case affix (in एषाम)् in the

सू�म ्5-2-78 स एषां ^ामणीः।

वषbडOKाय Offering an oblation to Indra. (वष` is exclamation used on offering an oblation to a

deity.)

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-13 चतुथ¡ स>�दाने in the महाभाDयम)् तादqयs चतुथ¡ वाBया। Video

A fourth case affix (‘ङे’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which

denotes the purpose for which an action is done or for which another thing exists or is used.

Note: The existence of this वा त �कम ्is inferred from the सू�म ्2-1-36 चतुथ¡

तदथा�थ�ब%ल#हतसुखर�;तैः which allows compounding between a पदम ्which ends in a fourth case

affix and another पदम ्which ends in a सँुप ्affix and denotes a thing whose purpose is denoted

by the पदम ्ending in the fourth case affix.


ह)र ंभज त मु?ये (Someone) worships Lord Viṣṇu for (the purpose of) liberation.

काgयं यशसे A poem (composed) for fame

कुnडलाय #हरnयम ्Gold for (making) a ear-ring

अवहननाय उलूखलम ्A mortar (used) for threshing (grain.)

1-4-24 ©वुमपायेऽपादानम ्। Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अपायो व� लेष0 ति0 मO सा\ ये य� ©ुवमव�धभूतं कारकं तदपादान ं0 यात ्। When detachment

(moving away) is to be denoted, that कारकम ्(participant in the action) which serves as a limiting

(starting) point (uninfluenced by the detachment) gets the designation अपादानम ्(that from which

detachment takes place.)


^ामादाया त (Someone) comes from the village. ‘^ाम’ (village) gets the designation अपादानम ्

by 1-4-24

धावतोऽ[ा� पत त (Someone) falls from a running horse. ‘अ[’ (horse) gets the designation

अपादानम ्by 1-4-24because even though the horse is running it is uninfluenced by the

detachment (falling.)


कारकं Wकम?् व;ृ0य पण< पत त – ‘व;ृ’ does not get the designation अपादानम ्because it is not a

कारकम ्(participant in the action.)

23

2-3-28 अपादाने प�चमी । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अनु?ेऽपादाने प�चमी 0 यात ्। A fifth case affix (‘ङ%सँ’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used to denote the

अपादानम ्(that from which detachment/ablation takes place) provided it has not been expressed

otherwise.


^ामादाया त Comes from the village. Since ‘^ाम’ has the designation अपादानम ्(by 1-4-24) it takes

the fifth case affix by 2-3-28.

धावतोऽ[ा� पत त (Someone) falls from a running horse. Since ‘अ[’ has the designation अपादानम ्

(by 1-4-24) it takes the fifth case affix by 2-3-28.

अन%भ#हत इ�येव -

�बभे�य0मा#द त भीम: Since the अपादानम ्(that from which detachment/ablation takes place) is

already expressed by the कृत ्affix मक्, we cannot apply 2-3-28 and ‘भीम’ does not take the fifth

case affix.

उfृत ओदनो य0या: = उfतृौदना 0थालJ Here the अपादानम ्(that from which detachment/ablation

takes place) is already expressed by the समास: and hence 2-3-28 cannot apply and ‘उfृतौदना’

does not take the fifth case affix.

वा त�कम ्(under 1-4-24 ©वुमपायेऽपादानम)् जुगुVसा वराम�मादाथा�नामुपस'6यानम।् Video

Note: जुगुVसा नOदा, वरामो वर त:, �मादोऽनवधानता, एतदथ�कानां धातनूां कारकमपादानस�Fं

0या#द�यथ�:। When a verbal root having the meaning of जुगुVसा (censure/dislike/disgust) or वराम:

(cessation/turning away) or �माद: (negligence/inattentiveness) is used, the कारकम ्(participant in

the action) – that is the वषय: (topic) of the जुगुVसा/ वराम:/�माद: – is designated as अपादानम।्


पापाlजुगुVसते (Someone is) disgusted with sin.

पापा#Rरम त (Someone) turns away from (ceases to commit) sin.

धमा��मा4 त (Someone is) negligent towards duty.

Note: As per the महाभाDयम ्we can manage without this वा त �कम।् Since there is a mental अपाय:

(moving away) the सू�म ्1-4-24 ©ुवमपायेऽपादानम ्itself may be used here to assign the

designation अपादानम।्

1-4-25 भी�ाथा�नां भयहेतुः । Video

24

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः भयाथा�नां �ाणाथा�नां च �योगे भयहेतुरपादानं 0यात ्। When a verbal root having the meaning

of भयम ्(fear) or �ाणम ्(protection) is used, the कारकम ्(participant in the action) which denotes

the cause of the fear is designated as अपादानम।्


चोरा#ªभे त (Someone) is afraid of the thief.

चोरा��ायते (Someone) protects from the thief.

Note: As per the महाभाDयम ्we can manage without this सू�म।् Since there is a mental अपाय:

(moving away) the सू�म ्1-4-24 ©ुवमपायेऽपादानम ्may be used here to assign the designation

अपादानम।्

भयहेतुः Wकम?्

अरnये �बभे त �ायते इ त वा – (Someone) is afraid or protects in the forest. (Since the forest is the

location and not the cause of the fear, it does not get the designation अपादानम।्)

1-4-27 वारणाथा�नामीिVसतः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः �व ृ- वघातो वारणम ्। वारणाथा�ना ंधातनूां �योगे ईिVसतोऽपादानं 0यात ्। वारणम ्(warding off)

stands for �व ृ- वघात: (preventing from advancing.) When a verbal root having the meaning of

वारणम ्(warding off) is used, the कारकम ्(participant in the action) which denotes the thing

desired to be reached/affected (by the doer thru the action) is designated as अपादानम।्


यवे�यो गा ंवारय त (Someone) wards off the cow from the barley.




ईिVसत: Wकम?्

यवे�यो गा ंवारय त ;े� े– (Someone) wards off the cow from the barley in the field. (That which is

desired to be reached/affected by the action of warding off is the barley and not the field. Hence

‘यव’ alone gets the designation अपादानम।् ‘;े�’ does not.)

1-4-28 अOतध¦ येनादश�न%मBछ त । Video

25

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः gयवधाने स त य�कतृ�क0या�मनो दश�न0याभाव%मBछ त तदपादान ं0यात ्। When there is

concealment, the कारकम ्(participant in the action) which denotes the person by whom one

desires not to be seen is designated as अपादानम।्


मात ुन�लJयते कृDण: Śrī Kṛṣṇa hides from his mother.

अOतध¦ Wकम?्

चौरान ्न #द�;ते – (With the idea that the thieves should not see him, someone) does not wish to

see the thieves. There is nothing to conceal him from the thieves. Hence ‘चौर’ does not get the

designation अपादानम।्

इBछ त ^हण ंWकम?्

अदश�नेBछायां स�यां स�य प दश�ने यथा 0यात ्– As long as there is a desire not to be seen, the

designation अपादानम ्may be assigned even though there is actual seeing.




1-4-29 आ6यातोपयोगे । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः नयमपवू�क व4ा0वीकारे व?ापादानस�F: 0यात ्। The कारकम ्(participant in the action) which

denotes a teacher/instructor from whom a student formally (observing the proper rules of conduct)

receives knowledge is designated as अपादानम।्


उपा\यायादधीते (Someone) studies (formally receives knowledge) from an instructor.

उपयोगे Wकम?्

नट0य शणृो त – (Someone) listens to an actor. There is no formal reception of knowledge here

and hence ‘नट’ does not get the designation अपादानम।्

26

Note: As per the महाभाDयम ्we can manage without this सू�म।् Since there is a अपाय:

(knowledge transmitted from the teacher to the student) the सू�म ्1-4-24 ©ुवमपायेऽपादानम ्may be

used here to assign the designation अपादानम।्

1-4-30 ज नकतु�ः �कृ तः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः जायमान0य हेतुरपादानं 0यात ्। The कारकम ्(participant in the action) which denotes a

cause from which something/someone takes birth is designated as अपादानम।्


मिृ�पnडा� घटो जायते – A pot born from a lump of clay.

पु�ात ्�मोदो जायते – Joy born from a son.


(something/someone taking birth ‘out of’ something/someone) the सू�म ्1-4-24 ©ुवमपायेऽपादानम ्

may be used here to assign the designation अपादानम।्

1-4-31 भुवः �भवः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः भवनं भू: । भूकतु�ः �भवोऽपादानस�F: 0यात ्। The कारकम ्(participant in the action) which

denotes the place of first appearance of the agent of (the action of) being is designated as



#हमवतो ग'गा �भव त – त� �काशत इ�यथ�: – The Gaṅgā first appears in the Himālaya.


(something/someone first appearing ‘out of’ something/someone) the सू�म ्1-4-

24 ©ुवमपायेऽपादानम ्may be used here to assign the designation अपादानम।्

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-28 अपादाने प�चमी in the महाभाDयम)् aय2लोपे कम�nय�धकरणे च

। Video

When a verbal participle ending in the affix ‘aयप’् (or ‘��वा’) is elided, a fifth case affix (‘ङ%सँ’,

‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used to denote the object or the locus of the action.


�ासादात ्�े;ते (�ासादमाe� �े;ते) – (Someone) watches from the palace. (Having climbed up the

palace, (someone) watches.)

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आसनात ्�े;ते (आसने उप व�य/ि0थ�वा �े;ते) – (Someone) watches from his seat. (Having sat on

his seat, (someone) watches.)

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-28 अपादाने प�चमी in the महाभाDयम)् यतHा\वकाल नमा�णं त�

प�चमी । त4ु?ाद\वन: �थमासj>यौ । कालात ्सjमी च व?gया ॥ Video

A fifth case affix (‘ङ%सँ’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used to denote that (point in space or time) from which

distance in space or time is measured. In connection with such a term (which has thus taken a

fifth case affix), a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes the distance in space takes a first

case affix (‘सँु’, ‘औ’, ‘जस’्) or a seventh case affix (‘bङ’, ‘ओस’्, ‘सुप’्) while a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal

stem) which denotes the distance in time takes a seventh case affix (‘bङ’, ‘ओस’्, ‘सुप’्)।


वना�^ामो योजनं योजने वा – The village is at a distance of one Yojana (approx. eight or nine

miles) from the forest.

का त ��या आ^हायणी मासे – The full moon day of the month of Māgraśīrṣa is a month from the full

moon day of the month of Kārtika.

ग>यमाना प WXया कारक वभ?ौ �योिजका – क0मात ्�वम ्(आगतोऽ%स)? न4ा: (आगतोऽि0म) – From

where (have) you (come)? (I have come) from the river.

2-3-29 अOयारा#दतरतs#दक् छ2दा�च-ूरपदाजा#हयु?े । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतयै�गे प�चमी 0यात ्। अOय इ�यथ�̂ हणम ्। A fifth case affix (‘ङ%सँ’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used

following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with any one of the following:

i) ‘अOय’ (other) or a synonym of ‘अOय’

ii) ‘आरात’् (far or near)

iii) ‘इतर’ (other) Note: इतर^हण ं�प�चाथ�म ्। The mention of ‘इतर’ is only an elaboration since ‘इतर’

is a synonym of ‘अOय’ already mentioned above

iv) ‘ऋते’ (without)

v) A word that denotes a direction (in space or time) even if it is a (compound) word ending in the

verbal root√अ�च ्(अ�चुँ ग तपजूनयोः १. २१५). Note: अ�च-ूरपद0य #द�श2द�वेऽ प ‘ष¨यतसथ�-’ इ त

ष�ीं बा�धतुं पथृ�^हणम।् Why has पा_ण न: separately mentioned (compound) words ending in the

verbal root √अ�च ्(अ�चुँ ग तपजूनयोः १. २१५) when they are words which denote direction?

The reason is to prevent the sixth case affix which would have been prescribed by 2-3-

28

30 ष¨यतसथ��ययेन।

vi) A word that ends in the affix ‘आच’् (ref. 5-3-36 द�;णादाच)्

vii) A word that ends in the affix ‘आ#ह’ (ref. 5-3-37 आ#ह च दरेू)


अOयो %भOन इतरो वा कृDणात ्Other than Śrī Kṛṣṇa

आराRनात ्Far from or near to the forest

ऋते कृDणात ्Without Śrī Kṛṣṇa

पूव� ^ामात ्To the East of the village

चै�ा�पवू�: फाaगुन: The month of Phālguna comes before Chaitra

�ाक् ��य�वा ^ामात ्To the East or the West of the village

द�;णा ^ामात ्To the South of the village

द�;णा#ह ^ामात ्To the far South of the village

Note: ‘अपादाने प�चमी’ इ त सू� ेका त ��या: �भतृी त भाDय�योगात ्�भ�ृयथ�योगे प�चमी – In the

महाभाDयम ्on the सू�म ्2-3-28 अपादाने प�चमी we find the usage का त ��या: �भ ृत which tells us

that a fifth case affix is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with a word

meaning ‘�भ ृत’ (beginning).

भवात ्�भ ृत आर�य वा सेgयो ह)र: – Lord Viṣṇu is to be served starting from birth

संव�सराद\ूव�म ्/ संव�सरादनOतरम ्After one year

Note: ‘अपप)रब#ह:-’ इ त समास वधानFापकाª#हय�गे प�चमी – Compounding prescribed by the

सू�म ्2-1-12अपप)रब#हर�चवः प�च>या gives us an indication that a fifth case affix is used following

a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘ब#हस’्।

^ामाª#ह: Outside the village

1-4-88 अपपरJ वज�ने । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतौ वज�ने कम��वचनीयस�Fौ 0त: । The terms ‘अप’ and ‘प)र’ get the designation

कम��वचनीय: when used in the meaning of ‘excluding.’


29

In the following example ‘अप’/’प)र’ gets the designation कम��वचनीय: by 1-4-88

अप/प)र हरे: संसार: – (ह)र ंवज� य�वा संसार इ�यथ�:) – Excluding Lord Viṣṇu is the circuit of worldly

life.


1-4-89 आ' मया�दावचने । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः आ' मया�दायां कम��वचनीयस�F: 0यात ्। The term ‘आ'’ gets the designation कम��वचनीय:

when used in the meaning of ‘up to (but excluding) a limit.’

Note: वचन^हणाद%भ वधाव प – The mention of ‘वचन’ in the सू�म ्tells us that ‘आ'’ gets the

designation कम��वचनीय: even when used in the meaning of अ%भ वधौ – ‘up to (and including) a

limit.’

Note: वना तेने त मया�दा – ‘up to (but excluding) a limit’ is termed as मया�दा। सह तेने�य%भ व�ध: –

‘up to (and including) a limit’ is termed as अ%भ व�ध:।


In the following examples ‘आ'’ gets the designation कम��वचनीय: by 1-4-89. The ending letter ‘'’

of ‘आ'’ is a इत ्by 1-3-3 and takes लोप: by 1-3-9.

आ मु?े: संसार: – (मुb?ं मया�दJकृ�य संसार इ�यथ�:) – Up to (but excluding) liberation is the circuit of

worldly life.

आ सकला� p� – (सकलम%भgयाVय p�े�यथ�:) – Up to (and including) everything is the Supreme

Being.


2-3-10 प�च>यपा'प)र%भः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतै: कम��वचनीयैय�गे प�चमी 0यात ्। A fifth case affix (‘ङ%सँ’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used

following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘अप’/’प)र’/’आ'’ used as a कम��वचनीय:

(ref. 1-4-88, 1-4-89.)

Note: For this सू�म ्to apply ‘प)र’ must be used in the sense of वज�ने ‘excluding.’ How do we infer

this? वज�नाथsनापेन साहचया�त ्– from its association with ‘अप’ which is in the sense of वज�ने

‘excluding.’

Example continued from 1-4-88 -

अप/प)र हरे: संसार: – (ह)र ंवज� य�वा संसार इ�यथ�:) – Excluding Lord Viṣṇu is the circuit of worldly

life. ‘ह)र’ takes the fifth case affix by 2-3-10.

30

Note: प)रर� वज�ने – ‘प)र’ is used here in the sense of ‘excluding.’ ल;णादौ तु ह)र ंप)र – but if ‘प)र’

is used in the sense of ल;णम ्(mark/aim) etc. (ref. 1-4-90) then ‘ह)र’ takes the second case affix

by 2-3-8 कम��वचनीययु?े #Rतीया।

Examples continued from 1-4-89 -

आ मु?े: संसार: – (मुb?ं मया�दJकृ�य संसार इ�यथ�:) – Up to (but excluding) liberation is the circuit of

worldly life. ‘मुb?’ takes the fifth case affix by 2-3-10.

आ सकला� p� – (सकलम%भgयाVय p�े�यथ�:) – Up to (and including) everything is the Supreme

Being. ‘सकल’ takes the fifth case affix by 2-3-10.

2-3-25 वभाषा गुणेऽि«याम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः गुणे हेताव«ी%ल'गे प�चमी वा 0यात ्। A fifth case affix (‘ङ%सँ’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is optionally

used following a non-feminine �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes a quality being a

cause/reason.

Note: When the optional fifth case affix is not used, a third case affix is used as per 2-3-23 हेतौ।


जा}याlजा}येन वा बf: – (Someone) bound on account of stupidity.

गुणे Wकम?्

धनेन कुलम ्– A (prestigious) family on account of wealth.

अि«या ंWकम?्

बु�\या मु?: (Someone) liberated on account of intelligence.

वभाषे त योग वभागादगुणे ि«यां च �व�चत ्– The term ‘ वभाषा’ is split in to a separate सू�म ्

allowing us to apply the fifth case affix even if the �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) does not denote a

quality or is used in the feminine. For example -

धूमादि�नमान ्(पव�त:) – On account of smoke (it can be inferred that the mountain) possesses fire.

नाि0त घटोऽनुपल2धे: On account of non-perception, there is no pot.

2-3-34 दरूािOतकाथ¬ः ष¨यOयतर0याम ् । Video

31

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतयै�गे ष�ी 0यात ्प�चमी च । A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) or a fifth case affix

(‘ङ%सँ’, ‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with a word

having the sense of either ‘far’ or ‘near.’


दरंू ^ाम0य/^ामा� वा – Far from the village

नकटं ^ाम0य/^ामा� वा – Close to the village

2-3-35 दरूािOतकाथs�यो #Rतीया च । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ए�यो #Rतीया 0याBचात ्प�चमीततृीये । A second case affix (‘अम’्) or a third case affix (‘टा’)

or a fifth case affix (‘ङ%सँ’) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) having the sense of

either ‘far’ or ‘near.’

Note: �ा तप#दकाथ�मा� े व�धरयम ्– The case affix prescribed by this सू�म ्denotes only the

meaning of the �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem.)


^ाम0य दरंू/दरूा�/दरेूण वा – Far from the village

^ाम0य अिOतकं/अिOतकात/्अिOतकेन वा – Close to the village

अस�ववचन0ये�यनवु-ेृनsह The अनुव ृ-: of ‘अस�ववचन0य’ comes down from 2-3-33 in to this सू�म ्2-

3-35. Hence 2-3-35 does not apply in the following example -

दरू: पOथा: a distant road. Here दरू: is qualifying पOथा: which is a physical thing and hence 2-3-

35 does not apply.

2-3-50 ष�ी शषेे । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः कारक�ा तप#दकाथ�gय त)र?: 0व0वा%मभावा#दस>बOध: शेष0त� ष�ी 0यात ्। A sixth case affix

(‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) is used in the remaining sense, which is that of a syntactic relation – for

example the relation between the owner and the owned – which is other than that expressed by

a कारकम ्(a participant in the action) and that of (only) the meaning of the �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal

stem.)

Note: It is the qualifier ( वशेषणम)् which takes the sixth case affix, and not the one qualified

( वशेDयम)्।


32

0व0वा%मभावस>बOध: A relationship between the owner and the owned -

राF: पुeष: – A king’s man. (The man is being qualified by (his relation to) the king. Hence the

qualifier ‘राजन’् takes the sixth case affix.)

अवयवावय वभावस>बOध: A relationship between the whole and a part -

तरो: शाखा – A branch of a tree. (The branch is being qualified by (its relation to) the tree. Hence

the qualifier ‘तe’ takes the sixth case affix.)

जOयजनकभावस>बOध: A relationship between the begetter and the begotten -

पतु: पु�: A father’s son. (The son is being qualified by (his relation to) the father. Hence the

qualifier ‘ पत’ृ takes the sixth case affix.)

A number of relationships are possible. The above three are not the only ones.

Note: Not all the relations expressed by ‘of’ in English can be expressed by the sixth case in

Sanskrit. For example -

A man of strength – बलवान ्नर: or सबलो नर: but not बल0य नर: In the month of Vaiśākha – वैशाखे मासे and not वैशाख0य मासे

Note: कमा�दJना प संबO धमा� वव;ाया ंषD ¤येव – When the speaker wishes to express the कम�

(object) etc as having a mere relationship (to the action) – and not specifically as an object etc. –

then a sixth case affix alone is used.

भजे श> भो� चरणयोः I perform worship relating to the feet of Lord Śiva. (The speaker does not wish

to express the feet as specifically being the object of the action of worshiping. He simply wants to

express a connection between the feet and the action.)

Note: Usages such as the one above should be considered as deviations from usual practice and

should not be imitated.

वा त�कम ्(under 2-3-23 हेतौ in the महाभाDयम)् न%म-पया�य�योगे सवा�सां �ायदश�नम ्

। Video

Note: नागेश: clarifies this वा त �कम ्as न%म-ा#द�योगे ते�य0त�समाना�धकरणश2दे�यHे�यथ�:।

When the �ा तप#दकम ्‘ न%म-’ (motive) or any of its synonyms – ‘कारण’ (reason), ‘हेत’ु (cause),

‘�योजन’ (purpose) etc is used – generally any case affix may be assigned (following both the

�ा तप#दकम ्‘ न%म-’ etc as well as any �ा तप#दकम ्that is in apposition (has the same substratum)

as ‘ न%म-’ etc.)

33


Wकं न%म- ंवस त। केन न%म-ेन। क0मै न%म-ाये�या#द – With what motive/objective does

(someone) reside?

एवं Wकं कारण ंको हेतु: Wकं �योजन%म�या#द – Same meaning as above.

�ाय^हणादसव�ना>न: �थमा#Rतीये न 0त: – The mention of ‘�ाय’ gives us the indication that (when

‘ न%म-’ or any of its synonyms is used) the first and second case affixes may only be used if

there is a सव�नाम (pronoun) in apposition with ‘ न%म-’ etc.

Fानेन न%म-ेन ह)र: सेgय:। Fानाय न%म-ाये�या#द – Lord Viṣṇu is to be served with the

motive/objective of (gaining) knowledge.

Note: This वा त �कम ्makes the सू�म ्2-3-26 ष�ी हेतु�योगे as well as 2-3-27 सव�ना>न0ततृीया च

redundant.

2-3-30 ष¨यतसथ��ययेन । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एत4ोगे ष�ी 0यात ्। A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्

(nominal stem) co-occurring with a word ending in an affix having the same meaning as that of

the affix ‘अतसँुच’् (ref. 5-3-28द�;णो-रा�यामतसुच)्।

Note: ‘#दक् छ2द-’ इ त प�च>या अपवाद: – The sixth case affix prescribed by this सू�म ्is a अपवाद:

(exception) to the fifth case affix which would have been prescribed by the सू�म ्2-3-

29 अOयारा#दतरतs#दक् छ2दा�चू-रपदाजा#हयु?े।

Note: The section in which पा_ण न: prescribes affixes having the same meaning as that of the

affix ‘अतसँुच’् runs from 5-3-27 #दक् श2दे�यः सjमीप�चमी�थमा�यो #द�देशकालेDव0ता तः down to 5-3-

41 वभाषावर0य।


^ाम0य द�;णत: To the south of the village.

^ाम0य पुर:/पुर0तात ्In front (or to the east) of the village.

^ाम0योप)र/^ाम0योप)र�ात ्Above the village.

2-3-65 कतृ�कम�णोः कृ त । Video

34

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः कृ4ोगे कत�)र कम�_ण च ष�ी 0यात ्। A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) is used to denote

कता� (the doer) as well as कम� (the object) of an action denoted by a (word ending in a) कृत ्affix,

provided the doer/object has not been expressed otherwise.


कृDण0य कृ त: An act of Śrī Kṛṣṇa

जगत: कता� कृDण: Śrī Kṛṣṇa is the maker of the universe. Note: The agent ‘कृDण’ does not take a

sixth case affix here because the agent is already expressed by the कृत ्affix ‘तचृ’् (used in कता�)।

Note: गुणकम�_ण वेDयते – A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) is used only optionally to denote

गुणकम� (the secondary object) of an action denoted by a (word ending in a) कृत ्affix. (When the

sixth case affix is not used, a second case affix is used as per 2-3-2 कम�_ण #Rतीया।)

नेताऽ[0य �ुन0य �ुनं वा The leader/taker of the horse to Srughna.

2-3-67 ?0य च वत�माने । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः वत�मानाथ�0य ?0य �योगे ष�ी 0यात ्। A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) is used (to

denote कता� (the doer)) of an action denoted by (a word ending in) the affix ‘?’, provided the affix

‘?’ denotes the action in the present tense.

Note: The अनुव ृ-: of ‘कतृ�कम�णोः’ is coming down from 2-3-65 कतृ�कम�णोः कृ त in to this सू�म।् But

since कम� (the object) is already expressed by the affix ‘?’, the sixth case affix is used to denote

only the कता� (the doer) and not the कम� (the object.)

Note: ‘न लोकाgयय-’ इ त नषेध0यापवाद: – This सू�म ्is an exception to the prohibition rule 2-3-

69 न लोकाgयय न�ाखलथ�तनृाम ् which prevents 2-3-65 कतृ�कम�णोः कृ त from applying when the

action is denoted by a word ending in a न�ा affix (1-1-26 ??वत ू न�ा)।


राFां मतो/बfु:/पूिजतो वा (Someone is) desired/known/honored by the kings.

2-3-69 न लोकाgयय न�ाखलथ�तनृाम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एषां �योगे ष�ी न 0यात ्। A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) is not used (to denote कता�

(the doer) or कम� (the object)) of an action denoted by any one of the following -

(i) (a word ending in a substitute in place of) the affix ‘ल’् (लँ`, %लँ` etc.)

(ii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उ’ or an affix ending in ‘उ’

(iii) (a word ending in) the affix ‘उक’

(iv) an indeclinable

35

(v) (a word ending in) a न�ा affix (ref. 1-1-26 ??वत ू न�ा।)

(vi) (a word ending in) the affix ‘खल’् or any affix having the same meaning as that of ‘खल’्

(vii) (a word ending in) an affix from the ��याहार: ‘तनृ’् which is formed starting from ‘त’ृ in 3-2-

124 लटः शतशृानचाव�थमासमाना�धकरणे down to 3-2-135 तनृ।्


लादेशा: -

कुव�न ्कुवा�णो वा स ृ� ंह)र: Lord Viṣṇu doing creation. कुव�न/्कुवा�ण: (�ा तप#दकम ्‘कुव�त’्/’कुवा�ण’,

पुं%ल'गे �थमा-एकवचनम)् ends in the substitution ‘शतृँ’/’शानच’् in place of लँ`।

‘उ’ -

ह)र ं#द�;ु:। अलंक)रDणवुा� – (Someone) desirous of seeing Lord Viṣṇu. ‘#द�;’ु ends in the affix ‘उ’

(prescribed by3-2-168 सनाशंस%भ; उः।) Or – one who is habituated to decorating Lord Viṣṇu.

‘अलंक)रDण’ु ends in the affix ‘इDणचु’् (prescribed by 3-2-

136 अलंकृि�नराकृ��जनो�पचो�पतोOमदeBयप�पवतृुवधृसुहचर इDणचु।्)

‘उक’ -

दै�यान ्घातुको ह)र: Lord Viṣṇu habitually destroys the demons. ‘घातकु’ ends in the affix ‘उकञ’्

(prescribed by 3-2-154 लषपतपद0थाभूवषृहनकमगमशॄ�य उकञ।्)

Note: कमेर नषेध: This prohibition (against using a sixth case affix) does not apply when the

verbal root √कम(्कमँु काOतौ १. ५११) is used. For example – लh>या: कामुको ह)र: – Lord Viṣṇu

habitually longs for the Goddess Laxmi.

अgययम ्-

जगत ्सृ̄ वा Having created the universe. ‘सृ̄ वा’ ends in the affix ‘� � वा’ (prescribed by 3-4-

21 समानकतृ�कयोः पूव�काले।) ‘सृ̄ वा’ gets the designation अgययम ्by 1-1-40 ��वातोसुOकसुनः।

कृD ण ंKD टंु या त (Someone) goes to see Lord Kṛṣṇa. ‘KD टुम’् ends in the affix ‘तमँुुन’् (prescribed

by 3-3-10तुमुOnवलुौ WXयायां WXयाथा�याम ्।) ‘KD टुम’् gets the designation अgययम ्by 1-1-

39 कृOमेजOतः।

न�ा -

वDणनुा हता दै�या: The demons were destroyed by Lord Viṣṇu. ‘हत’ ends in the affix ‘?’

(prescribed by 3-2-102 न�ा।) The affix ‘?’ gets the designation न�ा by 1-1-26.

36

दै�यान ्हतवान ् वDण:ु Lord Viṣṇu destroyed the demons. हतवान ्(�ा तप#दकम ्‘हतवत’्, पुं%ल'गे

�थमा-एकवचनम)् ends in the affix ‘?वतुँ’ (prescribed by 3-2-102 न�ा।) The affix ‘?वतुँ’ gets the

designation न�ा by 1-1-26.

खलथा�: -

ईष�कर: �प�चो ह)रणा The manifestation (of the universe) is easy to be done by Lord Viṣṇu.

‘ईष�कर’ ends in the affix ‘खल’् (prescribed by 3-3-126 ईष°ःुसुषु कृB±ाकृB±ाथsष ुखल।्)

सुपान ं वष ंश'करेण Poison is easy to be drunk by Lord Śiva. ‘सुपान’ ends in the affix ‘यचु’्

(prescribed by 3-3-128आतो युच।्) The affix ‘युच’् is used in the same meaning as that of the affix

‘खल’्।

तिृOन त ��याहार: शतशृानचा व त तशृ2दादार�या तनृो नकारात।्

‘शानन’् – सोमं पवमान: (Someone) purifying the Soma juice. ‘पवमान’ ends in the affix ‘शानन’्

(prescribed by 3-2-128 प'ूयजोः शानन।्)

‘तनृ’् – कता� लोकान ्– A habitual creator of the worlds. कता� (�ा तप#दकम ्‘कतृ�’, पुं%ल'गे �थमा-

एकवचनम)् ends in the affix ‘तनृ’् (prescribed by 3-2-135 तनृ।्)

सव�ऽयं कारकष¨या: � तषेध:। शेषे ष�ी तु 0यादेव – All this prohibition (by the सू�म ्2-3-69) applies

to the sixth case prescribed by 2-3-65 कतृ�कम�णोः कृ त। The sixth case affix prescribed by 2-3-

50 ष�ी शेषे is still available (unaffected by the prohibition.)

For example -

िजFासुर प योग0य श2दp�ा तवत�ते || गीता 6-44||

2-3-71 कृ�यानां कत�)र वा । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ष�ी वा 0यात ्। A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) is optionally used to denote कता� (the

doer) of an action denoted by a word ending in a ‘कृ�य’ affix (prescribed in the अ�धकार: of 3-1-

95 कृ�याः।) Note: When the sixth case affix is not used, a third case affix is used as per 2-3-

18 कतृ�करणयो0ततृीया।


मम मया वा सेgयो ह)र: Lord Viṣṇu ought to be served by me.

Note: As per the महाभाDयम ्this सू�म ्should be split in to two parts – (i) कृ�यानां and (ii) कत�)र वा

। The अनुव ृ-: of ‘उभय�ाjौ’ (from 2-3-66) and ‘न’ (from 2-3-69) comes in to (i). Hence the

meaning of (i) becomes – When there is a possibility of using a sixth case affix with both कता�

(the doer) and कम� (the object) of an action denoted by a word ending in a ‘कृ�य’ affix, then a

sixth case affix cannot be used to denote either of them.

For example -

37

नेतgया Lजं गाव: कृDणेन The cows should be taken to the cow-pen by Lord Kṛṣṇa. (Here ‘Lज’ as

well as ‘कृDण’ could have taken a sixth case affix as per 2-3-65 कतृ�कम�णोः कृ त।)

The अनवु ृ-: of ‘कृ�यानाम’् (from (i)) comes in to (ii). The meaning of (ii) has already been

discussed above.

2-3-72 तुaयाथ¬रतुलोपमा�यां ततृीयाOयतर0याम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः तुaयथ¬य�गे ततृीया वा 0यात ्प;े ष�ी । A third case affix (‘टा’, ‘�याम’्, ‘%भस’्) or a sixth case

affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘तaुय’

(equal/similar to) or any of its synonyms – but not ‘तलुा’ or ‘उपमा’।


तaुय: स�श: समो वा कृDण0य कृDणेन वा (Someone is) an equal of Lord Kṛṣṇa.

अतुलोपमा�यां Wकम?्

तुला उपमा वा कृDण0य नाि0त There is no equal of Lord Kṛṣṇa.

1-4-45 आधारोऽ�धकरणम ्। Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः कतृ�कम�Rारा तिOनD ठWXयाया आधारः कारकम�धकरणस�F: 0 यात ्। That कारकम ्(participant in

the action) which denotes the location/support – via the agent/object – of an action subsisting in

the agent/object is called अ�धकरणम ्(location.)

Note: औप� ले षको वषै यकोऽ%भg यापक� चे� याधारि0 �धा – आधारः is of three kinds (i) औप� ले षक:

involving contact or proximity (ii) वैष यक: involving a subject matter (iii) अ%भg यापक: involving

pervasion.


औप� ले षक आधारः -

कटे आ0 ते (Someone) sits on a mat. (‘कट’ gets the अ�धकरण-स�Fा by 1-4-45.)

0 थाa यां (ओदनं) पच त (Someone) cooks (rice) in an utensil. (‘0 थालJ’ gets the अ�धकरण-स�Fा

by 1-4-45.)

ग'गायां घोष: A cattle station on (in the proximity of) the Ganges. (‘ग'गा’ gets the अ�धकरण-स�Fा

by 1-4-45.)

रा�ौ 0व प त (Someone) sleeps at night. (‘रा��’ gets the अ�धकरण-स�Fा by 1-4-45.)

वैष यक आधारः -

38

मो;े इB छाि0 त There is a desire centered on (the subject of) liberation. (‘मो;’ gets the अ�धकरण-

स�Fा by 1-4-45.)

अ%भg यापक आधारः -

सव�ि0 मOना� माि0 त The Self pervades (is present in) everything. (‘सव�’ gets the अ�धकरण-स�Fा

by 1-4-45.)


2-3-36 सj>य�धकरणे च । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अ�धकरणे सV तमी 0 यात,् चकारा°ूरािO तकाथs� यः । A seventh case affix (‘bङ’, ‘ओस’्, ‘सुप’्) is

used to denote अ�धकरणम ्(location), provided it has not been expressed otherwise. The use of

‘च’ in the सू�म ्tells us that a seventh case affix is also used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal

stem) having the sense of either ‘far’ or ‘near.’


औप� ले षक आधारः -

कटे आ0 ते (Someone) sits on a mat. (‘कट’ takes a seventh case affix by 2-3-36.)

0 थाa यां (ओदनं) पच त (Someone) cooks (rice) in an utensil. (‘0 थालJ’ takes a seventh case affix

by 2-3-36.)

ग'गायां घोष: A cattle station on (in the proximity of) the Ganges. (‘ग'गा’ takes a seventh case

affix by 2-3-36.)

रा�ौ 0व प त (Someone) sleeps at night. (‘रा��’ takes a seventh case affix by 2-3-36.)

वैष यक आधारः -

मो;े इB छाि0 त There is a desire centered on (the subject of) liberation. (‘मो;’ takes a seventh

case affix by 2-3-36.)

अ%भg यापक आधारः -

सव�ि0 मOना� माि0 त The Self pervades (is present in) everything. (‘सव�’ takes a seventh case affix

by 2-3-36.)

अन%भ#हते Wकम?्

वीरा: पeुषा: सO�यि0मिOन त वीरपeुषको ^ाम: Here ‘^ाम’ does not take the seventh case affix

because the अ�धकरणम ्(location) has already been expressed by the compound.

दरूािO तकाथs� यः -

39

वन0य दरेू/अिOतके वा – Far from or in the proximity of the forest.

‘दरूािOतकाथs�य: -’ इ त वभb?�येण सह चत�ोऽ� वभ?य: फ%लता: Including the three case affixes

prescribed by 2-3-35 दरूािOतकाथs�यो #Rतीया च, a total of four case affixes -second, third, fifth and

seventh – may be used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) having the sense of either ‘far’ or

‘near.’

2-3-37 य0य च भावेन भावल;णम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः य0य WXयया WXयाOतरं लhयते तत: (FापकWXयाEयवाचकात)् सjमी 0यात ्। A seventh case

affix (‘bङ’, ‘ओस’्, ‘सुप’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes the one

(agent/object) whose action (the timing of which is known) gives an indication of (the timing of)

another action.

Note: A सjमी used in this manner is called भावल;ण-सjमी or भाव-सjमी or सत-्सjमी or स त-

सjमी। In English it is called Locative Absolute.

Note: The action (ल;ण-WXया) in the absolute clause is generally expressed by using a participle

ending in a कृत ्affix. This participle – being in grammatical agreement with the �ा तप#दकम ्which

denotes the agent/object of the action – also takes the seventh case affix.


गोषु द�ुमानासु गत: – He left when the cows were being milked.

छा�Dेवधीयानेषु गत: – He left when the students were studying.

वकारहेतौ स त वWXयOते येषां न चेता%ंस त एव धीरा: – Those whose minds are not disturbed

(even) when there is a cause for disturbance, they alone are courageous.

�व य नाथे (स त) �जानामशुभं कुत: – You (being) the Lord, how can any mishap befall the

subjects?

Note: It is not idiomatic to have the agent/object of the absolute clause repeated in the principal

sentence. So for example – गोषु द�ुमानासु ता जलमपाययत ्is not idiomatically

proper. We should instead say द�ुमाना गा जलमपाययत।् Similarly आगतषेु व�ेषु त�ेयो द�;णां दे#ह is not idiomatically proper. We should instead say आगते�यो व�े�यो द�;णा ंदे#ह।

2-3-38 ष�ी चानादरे । Video

40

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अनादरा�ध�ये (अनादरे ग>यमाने स त) भावल;णे ष�ीसj>यौ 0त: । A sixth case also (in

addition to a seventh case affix) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes

the one (agent/object) whose action (the timing of which is known) gives an indication of (the

timing of) another action, provided there is a sense of disrespect/disregard (‘in spite of.’)

Note: In this sense, the genitive absolute is used more often than the locative absolute.


eद त eदतो वा �ाLाजीत ्। eदOतं पु�ा#दकमना��य सOOय0तवा न�यथ�: । He went forth (to become an

ascetic) in spite of (his son etc) crying.

Note: Oftentimes we find the genitive absolute being used to denote simultaneity of actions with

no sense of disrespect/disregard. For example, माता प�ो: संवदतो: पु�ोऽखेलत ्The son played

while (his) parents conversed.

2-3-39 0वामी[रा�धप तदायादसा�;� तभू�सूतैH । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतै: सj%भय�गे ष�ीसj>यौ 0त: । A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) or a seventh case

affix (‘bङ’, ‘ओस’्, ‘सुप’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘0वामी’

(master) or ‘ई[र’ (lord) or ‘अ�धप त’ (ruler) or ‘दायाद’ (heir) or ‘सा�;न’् (witness) or ‘� तभू’

(guarantor) or ‘�सूत’ (offspring.)

Note: ष¨यामेव �ाjायां पा�;क-सj>यथ< वचनम ्– This सू�म ्is necessary for prescribing the

optional seventh case in addition to the sixth case affix which is already available by 2-3-50 ष�ी

शेषे।


गवां गोषु वा 0वामी Master of the cows.

गवां गोषु वा �सूत: (गा एवानुभ वतुं जात इ�यथ�:) Born among the cows. (Born to experience cows

only.)

But -

^ाम0य राजा King of the village. (^ामे राजा is incorrect.)

2-3-41 यतH नधा�रणम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः जा तगुणWXयास�Fा%भ: ( व%श�0य) समुदायादेकदेश0य पथृ�करण ं नधा�रण ंयत: तत: ष�ीसj>यौ

0त: । A sixth case affix (‘ङस’्, ‘ओस’्, ‘आम’्) or a seventh case affix (‘bङ’, ‘ओस’्, ‘सुप’्) is used

41

following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes a group/whole from which an element/part

is to be singled out based on a genus or quality or action or proper name.


नणृां नषृ ुवा ;��य: शूरतम: Among men, the Kṣatriya is the bravest.

गवां गोषु वा कृDणा बहु;ीरा Among cows, the black one gives much milk.

गBछतां गBछ�सु वा धावन ्शी�: Among those who are on the move, the one who runs is fast.

छा�ाणां छा�षेु वा मै�: पटु: Among the students, Maitra is smart.

2-3-42 प�चमी वभ?े । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः वभागो वभ?म ्। नधा�य�माण0य य� भेद एव त� प�चमी 0यात ्। A fifth case affix (‘ङ%सँ’,

‘�याम’्, ‘�यस’्) is used following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) which denotes a class or individual

(thing or person) from which aseparate class or individual is being distinguished (based on a

genus or quality or action or name.)


माथुरा: पाट%लपु�के�य आ²यतरा: The people of Mathurā are more prosperous than those of

Pāṭaliputra.

Note: इदं च सू� ंब ुf�किaपतापायमा�E�यापादान�करणे भाDये ��या6यातम ्As per the महाभाDयम ्we

can manage without this सू�म।् Since there is a mental अपाय: (moving away) the सू�म ्1-4-

24 ©ुवमपायेऽपादानम ्itself may be used here to assign the designation अपादानम ्(and hence the

fifth case affix by 2-3-28 अपादाने प�चमी।)

समास-�करणम ्।

व ृ-: (integration/aggregation) is defined as पराथा�%भधानम ्– a word-form giving an aggregate

sense different from the exact literal sense of its constituents. In Sanskrit, there are five kinds of

व ृ-: – (i) कृदOतव ृ-: (ref. 3-1-93 कृद त') (ii) त fतघ#टतव ृ-: (ref. 4-1-76 त fताः) (iii) समासव ृ-:

(ref. 2-1-3 �ाक् कडारात ् समासः) (iv) एकशेषव ृ-: (ref. 1-2-64 सMपाणामेकशेष एक वभ?ौ) (v)

सना4Oतधातुव ृ-: (ref. 3-1-32 सना4Oता धातवः)।

Note: स वशेषणाना ंव ृ-न�, व-ृ0य वा वशेषणयोगो न। For example, ऋf0य राF: पुeष: – here we

cannot compound राF: with पुeष: because राF: is qualified by the adjective ऋf0य। Conversely,

once we form the compound राF: पeुष: = राजपeुष: we cannot bring in an adjective ऋf0य to

qualify राF:।

42

वभb?लु�Vयते य� तदथ�0त ु�तीयते।

पदाना ंचकैप4ं च समास: सोऽ%भधीयते॥

A समास: (compound) is said to be that in which – (i) the case-ending (of its components) is lost

but its sense remains and (ii) terms having the designation पदम ्combine to form a single पदम।्

2-1-1 समथ�ः पद व�धः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः पदसंबO धी यो व�धः स समथा��Eतो बो\ यः । An operation relating to terms having the

designation पदम ्(ref.1-4-14 सु jङOतं पदम)् is to be understood to be conditioned on the terms

being connected in sense.

उदाहरणम ्

राF: पुeष: = राजपुeष:।

But -

भाया� राF: पeुषो देवद-0य – here we cannot form a compound between राF: and पeुष: because

they are not connected in sense. The connection is between – (i) राF: and भाया� and (ii) देवद-0य

and पुeष:।

Note: This प)रभाषा-सू�म ्applies only to a पद व�धः and not to a वण� व�धः। For example – त�तु

द\यानय तXम।् Even though द�ध and आनय are not connected in sense, the सिOध: operation

between द�ध + आनय = द\यानय does take place because 6-1-77 इको यण�च is a वण� व�धः and

not a पद व�धः।

2-1-3 �ाक् कडारात ् समासः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः कडाराः कम�धारय इ� यतः �ाक् समास इ� य�धWXयते । The designation समास: governs the

section from this सू�म ्down to the सू�म ्2-2-38 कडाराः कम�धारये।

Note: �ा�^हणमावत�ते, तेन पूव< समासस�Fा तत: स�FाOतरमपी त ल�यते। तेनाgययीभावा#द%भ: समावेश:

%स\य त। The word �ाक् is taken twice – once as explicitly mentioned in the सू�म ्and again as

implied by the word कडारात ् (in which the fifth case has been used in connection with a word

denoting direction – ref. 2-3-29.) Thus the designation समास: applies first (�ाक्) following which

another designation (such as अgययीभाव:) may also apply (in spite of the restriction placed by the

सू�म ्1-4-1 आ कडारादेका संFा।)

Note: सम0यते (= एकiWXयते) �यो?ृ%भ)र त समास:। A compound is a word-form that is compacted

(made in to one) by the speakers. The �ा तप#दकम ्‘समास’ is derived by adding the affix घञ ्

43

(prescribed by the सू�म ्3-3-19अकत�)र च कारके संFायाम)् to the verbal root √अस ्(असँु ;ेपणे ४.

१०६) preceded by the उपसग�: ‘सम’्। The affix घञ ्used here denotes the object of the action.

2-1-4 सह सुपा । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः सुप ्सुपा सह वा सम0 यते । A term ending in a सँुप ्affix optionally compounds with another

term ending in a सँुप ्affix. (This implies that – in the classical language – a तङOतं पदम ्cannot

enter in to a compound.)

Note: Traditionally this सू�म ्has been split (योग वभाग:) in to two parts – ‘सह’ and ‘सुपा’। This is

done in order to use the first part ‘सह’ to justify the formation of those compounds which contain a

तङOत ंपदम।् Such compounds are seen only छOद%स (in the Veda) and not in the classical

language. Since we’re studying the classical language only, there is no need for us to split this

सू�म।्

Note: सँुप ्is the ��याहार: containing the 21 nominal case endings – from ‘सँु‘ to ‘सुप‘् – listed in the

सू�म ्4-1-20वौजसमौ`छ�ा�याि>भ0ङे�या>�य0ङ%स�या>�य0ङसोसा>'यो0सुप ्।

Note: The अनुव ृ-: of सँुप ्runs from the सू�म ्2-1-2 सुबामिO�ते परा'गवत ् 0वरे to all the rules down

to 2-2-29 चाथs RंRः।

Note: This सू�म ्2-1-4 is interpreted as a अ�धकार-सू�म ्as well as a व�ध-सू�म।् As a अ�धकार-सू�म ्

(a governing rule) it exerts its influence on all the rules which prescribe compounding of one term

with another term. This section goes from this सू�म ्down to 2-2-22 ��वा च। As a व�ध-सू�म ्it

prescribes (optional) compounding between one term ending in a सँुप ्affix with another term

ending in a सँुप ्affix. When we encounter an accepted usage (%श�-�योग:) of a compound which

does not fall in any one of the designated categories like अgययीभाव: (ref. 2-1-5 अgययीभावः) etc,

then we have to use this सू�म ्2-1-4 to justify the compounding. A compound thus formed is

called a केवल-समास: or सामाOय-समास: or सुVसुपा or सह सुपा।

Note: व�ृयथा�वबोधकं वा� यं व^हः – The sentence which explains the meaning of the व ृ-:

(integrated/aggregated word-form) is called व^ह: (dissolution/analysis.) स च

लौWककोऽलौWकक� चे त #Rधा । व^ह: is of two kinds – (i) लौWकक: common/popular and (ii) अलौWकक:

(शा«ीय:) technical.

Note: There is a अलौWकक- व^ह: for every compound. But on the other hand a लौWकक- व^ह: only

exists for those compounds where the compounding is optional. In the case of a न�य-समास:

either there is no लौWकक- व^ह: possible at all or if there is one it has to be अ0वपद-लौWकक- व^ह:

(constructed using words which are not actually present in the compound.)


पूव< भूत: = भूतपवू�: meaning ‘(that which has) occurred/been before.’

44

The लौWकक- व^ह: is as shown above. The अलौWकक- व^ह: is as follows:

पूव� अम ्भूत सँु । This compound gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्by 1-2-46 कृ- fतसमासाH।

= भूतपवू� 2-4-71 सुपो धात�ुा तप#दकयोः। Note: भूतपवूs चरbड त नदsशा� पवू� नपातः – In the compound

the term ‘भूत’ is placed in the prior position so as to be in conformity with the way in which

पा_ण न: himself has used the compound in the सू�म ्5-3-53 भूतपवूs चर`। In general, when there is

no rule to tell us which term is to be placed in the prior position in a compound, we have to make

the decision in accordance with accepted usage (%श�-�योग:)।

In the masculine gender, the �ा तप#दकम ्‘भूतपवू�’ declines like राम-श2द:।

Similarly -

अ��पवू< r षतोऽि0म �¯वा भयेन च �gय�थतं मनो मे |

तदेव मे दश�य देव Mप ं�सीद देवेश जगिOनवास || गीता 11-45||

and

तेषामहं समुfता� म�ृयुसंसारसागरात ् |

भवा%म न�चरा�पाथ� म³यावे%शतचेतसाम ् || गीता 12-7||

अgययीभावसमास�करणम ्

2-1-5 अgययीभावः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अ�धकारोऽयं �ाक् त� पुeषात ्। The designation अgययीभावः (becoming an indeclinable)

governs the section from this सू�म ्down to the सू�म ्2-1-21 अOयपदाथs च संFायाम ्, so the

compounds which are prescribed by the rules in this section get the designation अgययीभावः।

Note: Generally in a अgययीभाव-समास: the पूव�पदम ्(prior member of the compound) is a अgययम ्

while the उ-रपदम ्(latter member) is not. But the entire compound is always a अgययम ्as per 1-

1-41 अgययीभावH। अgययीभावः compounds are generally used as adverbs.

Note: The (स�Fा) designation अgययीभावः is अOवथा� (denotes its etymological meaning.)

अनgययमgययं भव त = अgययीभावः। Hence अgययीभावः means that which was not a अgययम ्

transforms in to a अgययम।्

Note: Generally the �धान-पदम ्(dominant member) of a अgययीभाव-समास: is the पूव�पदम।् For

example -

ये तु ध>या�मतृ%मदं यथो?ं पयु�पासते |

E°धाना म�परमा भ?ा0तेऽतीव मे �याः || गीता 12-20||

उ?मन तX>य = यथो?म ्– not transgressing what has been said (above.) The primary meaning

of the compound is expressed by the पूव�पदम ्‘यथा’ – ‘not transgressing’/’in keeping

with’/’accordingly.’

2-4-18 अgययीभावH । Video

45

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अयं नपुंसकं 0 यात ्। A अgययीभावः compound also is neuter in gender.

Note: Please do not confuse this सू�म ्with the identically worded सू�म ्1-1-41 अgययीभावH।

Note: The purpose of this सू�म ्is to facilitate the application of the सू�म ्1-2-47 �0वो नपुंसके

�ा तप#दक0य।

Please see the example नम��;कम ् under 2-1-6.

1-2-47 �0वो नपंुसके �ा तप#दक0य । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः �लJबे �ा तप#दक0याजOत0य �0व: 0यात ्। In the neuter gender, the ending vowel (if any) of

a �ा तप#दकम ्is shortened.

Please see the example नम��;कम ् under 2-1-6.

2-4-83 नाgययीभावादतोऽ>�वप�च>याः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अदO तादg ययीभावा� सुपो न लुक् Wकंतु त0 य प�चमीं वना अमादेश� च 0 यात ्। This सू�म ्has two

parts – (a) नाgययीभावादत: – following a अgययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’

a सँुप ्affix does not take the लुक् elision (which would have been done by 2-4-82 अgययादाVसुपः)

and (b) अ>�वप�च>याः – following a अgययीभावः compound ending (ref. 1-1-72) in the letter ‘अ’ a

सँुप ्affix – other than a fifth case affix – is substituted by अम।्

Note: This implies that following a अgययीभावः compound ending in the letter ‘अ’ a fifth case affix

neither takes the लुक् elision nor is it replaced by अम।् The fifth case affix stays as it is.

Please see the examples उपकृDणम ् and उपकृDणात ्under 2-1-6.

अत: Wकम?् अ�धह)र। Since the अgययीभावः compound ‘अ�धह)र’ does not end in the letter ‘अ’, 2-4-

83 cannot stop2-4-82 here.

2-4-84 ततृीयासj>योब�हुलम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अदO तादg ययीभावा-तृीयासV त> योब�हुलम> भावः 0 यात ्। Following a अgययीभावः compound

ending in the letter ‘अ’, a third case affix or a seventh case affix is substituted by अम ्variously.

Note: The अनुव ृ-: of अg ययीभावात,् अत: and अम ्comes from the prior सू�म ्2-4-83 in to this

सू�म।्

Please see the examples उपकृDणेन/उपकृDणम ् and उपकृDणे/उपकृDणम ् under 2-1-6.

2-1-6 अgययं

वभb?समीपसम ृfgय�ृ\यथा�भावा�ययास>� तश2द�ादभुा�वपHा4थानुपूgय�यौगप4सा��यस>प -

साकaयाOतवचनेषु । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः वभ� � यथा�#दषु वत�मानमg यय ंसुबO तेन सह न� य ंसम0 यते सोऽg ययीभावः । A अgययम ्

(indeclinable) used in any one of the following meanings invariably compounds with a

(syntactically related) term ending in a सँुप ्affix to yield a अgययीभाव: compound -

(i) वभb?: – a case affix

(ii) समीपम ् – close by

46

(iii) सम ृf: (ऋfेरा�ध�यम ्) – prosperity

(iv) gय ृf: ( वगता ऋ f:) – adversity

(v) अथा�भाव: – absence of something

(vi) अ�यय: (\वंस:) – disappearance (passing away)

(vii) अस>� त – presently inappropriate

(viii) श2द�ादभुा�व: – manifestation of a sound

(ix) पHा� – following

(x) यथा (यो�यतावीVसापदाथा�न तव ृ-सा��या न यथाथा�:) – appropriateness, repetition, non-

transgression of something, similarity

(xi) आनपुूgय�म ् – in orderly succession

(xii) यौगप4म ् – simultaneity

(xiii) सा��यम ् – similarity/resemblance. Note: यथाथ��वेनवै %सf ेपनु: सा��य^हण ंगुणभूतेऽ प सा��ये

यथा 0या#द�येवमथ�म ् – सा��यम ् is mentioned here again (even though it is already given as one of

the meanings of यथा in (x) above) in order to allow compounding even when सा��यम ् is used in

a secondary (adjectival) sense

(xiv) स>प -: (अनुMप आ�मभाव:) – befitting state

(xv) साकaयम ् – totality/completeness

(xvi) अOत: – termination/end

Note: The term ‘वचन’ used at the end of the compound वभb?……वचनेषु connects with each one

of the prior terms ‘ वभb?’ etc in the compound.

(i) वभ?ौ -

लौWकक- व^ह: -

हरौ = अ�धह)र। (सj>यथ�0यैवा� 4ोतकोऽ�ध:।) अ�धह)र means ‘pertaining to Lord Viṣṇu.’

अलौWकक- व^ह: -

ह)र bङ + अ�ध 2-1-6

= अ�ध + ह)र bङ 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘अ�ध + ह)र bङ’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46.

This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

= अ�धह)र 2-4-71

अ�धह)र + सँु 4-1-2

= अ�धह)र 1-1-41, 2-4-82

Note: Since the सू�म ् 2-1-6 अgयय ं वभb?समीप….वचनेषु says ‘ वभb?’, a अgययम ् which denotes

any वभb?: would qualify for compounding. But as per the commentators only a अgययम ् which

denotes a कारकम ् and that too only the अ�धकरणम ् may be compounded using this सू�म ्।

(ii) समीपे -

47


कृDण0य समीपम ् = उपकृDणम ् = The vicinity of Lord Kṛṣṇa.


कृDण ङस ्+ उप 2-1-6

= उप + कृDण ङस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘उप + कृDण ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-

46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

= उपकृDण 2-4-71

उपकृDण + सँु 4-1-2

= उपकृDण + अम ्2-4-83

= उपकृDणम ् 6-1-107

For example – उपकृDण ंर>यम ् – The vicinity of Lord Kṛṣṇa is delightful.

उपकृDण + अम ्4-1-2

= उपकृDण + अम ्2-4-83

= उपकृDणम ् 6-1-107

For example – गो पका उपकृDण ंययु: – The gopīs went to the vicinity of Lord Kṛṣṇa.

उपकृDण + टा 4-1-2

= उपकृDणेन 2-4-84, 7-1-12, 6-1-87

Optionally -

= उपकृDण + अम ्2-4-84

= उपकृDणम ् 6-1-107

For example – उपकृDणेन/उपकृDण ं वना न सुखम ् – There is no happiness without the vicinity of

Lord Kṛṣṇa.

उपकृDण + ङे 4-1-2

= उपकृDण + अम ्2-4-83

= उपकृDणम ् 6-1-107

For example – उपकृDण ंनम: – Salutations to the vicinity of Lord Kṛṣṇa.

उपकृDण + ङ%सँ 4-1-2

= उपकृDण + ङ%सँ 2-4-83

= उपकृDणात ्7-1-12, 6-1-101

For example – उपकृDणात ्परं नाि0त – There is nothing superior to the vicinity of Lord Kṛṣṇa.

उपकृDण + ङस ्4-1-2

= उपकृDण + अम ्2-4-83

= उपकृDणम ् 6-1-107

For example – उपकृDण ंमाहा�>यम ् – The greatness of the vicinity of Lord Kṛṣṇa.

48

उपकृDण + bङ 4-1-2

= उपकृDणे 2-4-84, 1-3-8, 1-3-9, 6-1-87

Optionally -

= उपकृDण + अम ्2-4-84

= उपकृDणम ् 6-1-107

For example – उपकृDणे/उपकृDण ं त��यजु�न: – Arjuna stays in the vicinity of Lord Kṛṣṇa.

(iii) समfृौ -


मKाणां सम ृf: = सुमKम ् = The prosperity of the residents of the Madra territory.


मK आम ् + सु 2-1-6

= सु + मK आम ् 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सु + मK आम ्’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46.


= सुमK 2-4-71

सुमK + सँु 4-1-2

= सुमK + अम ्2-4-83

= सुमKम ् 6-1-107

(iv) gयfृौ -


यवनानां gय ृf: = दयु�वनम ् = The adversity (lack of prosperity) of the Greeks.


यवन आम ् + दरु ्2-1-6

= दरु ्+ यवन आम ् 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘दरु ्+ यवन आम ्’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-


= दयु�वन 2-4-71

दयु�वन + सँु 4-1-2

= दयु�वन + अम ्2-4-83

= दयु�वनम ् 6-1-107

(v) अथा�भावे -


म�;काणामभाव: = नम��;कम ्= Absence of flies. (Used idiomatically to refer to mean ‘loneliness.’)

49


म�;का आम ् + नर ्2-1-6

= नर ्+ म�;का आम ् 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘ नर ्+ म�;का आम ्’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्

by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

= नम��;का 2-4-71

= नम��;क 2-4-18, 1-2-47, 1-1-52

नम��;क + सँु 4-1-2

= नम��;क + अम ्2-4-83

= नम��;कम ् 6-1-107

Similarly %भ;ाणामभाव: = द%ुभ�;म ् = Absence of alms.

(vi) अ�यये -


#हम0या�यय: = न#ह�मम ् = The passing away of winter.


#हम ङस ्+ नर ्2-1-6

= नर ्+ #हम ङस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘ नर ्+ #हम ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-


= न#ह�म 2-4-71

न#ह�म + सँु 4-1-2

= न#ह�म + अम ्2-4-83

= न#ह�मम ् 6-1-107

(vii) अस>� त -


नKा स>� त न युlयते = अ त नKम ् = Sleep is presently inappropriate. (This is not the time for

sleep.)


नKा सँु + अ त 2-1-6

= अ त + नKा सँु 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘अ त + नKा सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-


= अ त नKा 2-4-71

= अ त नK 2-4-18, 1-2-47, 1-1-52

50

अ त नK + सँु 4-1-2

= अ त नK + अम ्2-4-83

= अ त नKम ् 6-1-107

For example – उ -�! अ त नKं वत�ते – Get up! This is not the time for sleep.

(viii) श2द�ादभुा�वे -


ह)रश2द0य �काश: = इ तह)र = The exclamation ‘Hari.’


ह)र ङस ्+ इ त 2-1-6

= इ त + ह)र ङस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘इ त + ह)र ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46.


= इ तह)र 2-4-71

इ तह)र + सँु 4-1-2

= इ तह)र 1-1-41, 2-4-82

For example – भ?0य गहृ इ तह)र वत�ते – There is the cry/exclamation ‘Hari’ in the home of the

devotee.

Similarly, त�पा_ण न – The popularity of the word ‘Paṇini.’

(ix) पHात ्-


पदाना ंपHात ्= अनपुदम ्= Following/behind the steps.


पद आम ् + अन ु2-1-6

= अनु + पद आम ् 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘अन ु+ पद आम ्’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-


= अनुपद 2-4-71

अनपुद + सँु 4-1-2

= अनुपद + अम ्2-4-83

= अनुपदम ् 6-1-107

51

For example – पुरो गBछतु भवान,् अहमVयनपुदमागत एव – Please go ahead, sir. I’ll also follow

immediately behind your footsteps.

Note: पHाBछ2द0य त ुनाय ंसमास:। ‘तत: पHात ् �ं0यते’ इ त भाDय�योगात ्। But the term पHात ्itself

cannot be used in the meaning of पHात ्to form a अgययीभाव: compound using the सू�म ्2-1-6.

We know this from the fact that in the महाभाDयम ्we find the usage ‘तत: पHात ् �ं0यते’ (under the

सू�म ्1-1-57 अचः परि0मन ्पूव� वधौ।) If ‘तत: पHात ्’ were to be a compound (formed using the

सू�म ्2-1-6), पHात ् would be placed in the prior position in the compound. Hence we know that

‘तत: पHात ्’ is not a अgययीभाव: compound. And since the compounding prescribed by the सू�म ्2-

1-6 is obligatory we can conclude that the term पHात ्itself cannot be used in the meaning of

पHात ्to form a अgययीभाव: compound using the सू�म ्2-1-6.

(x) यथा (यो�यतावीVसापदाथा�न तव ृ-सा��या न यथाथा�:) -

यो�यतायाम ् -


Mप0य यो�यम ् = अनुMपम ् = fit/appropriate for the form. (in a suitable manner.)


Mप ङस ्+ अन ु2-1-6

= अनु + Mप ङस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘अनु + Mप ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46.


= अनुMप 2-4-71

अनुMप + सँु 4-1-2

= अनुMप + अम ्2-4-83

= अनुMपम ् 6-1-107

For example – मू त �मनुMपमल'कुe – Decorate the idol in a suitable manner.

वीVसायाम ् (gयाj%ुमBछायाम ्) -


#दने #दने = � त#दनम ् = day after day = every day.


#दन bङ + � त 2-1-6

= � त + #दन bङ 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘� त + #दन bङ’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्by 1-2-46.

52


= � त#दन 2-4-71

� त#दन + सँु 4-1-2

= � त#दन + अम ्2-4-83

= � त#दनम ् 6-1-107

For example – � त#दन ंभगवdीता ंपठ – Read the Bhagawad Geeta everyday.

पदाथा�न तव-ृौ -


शb?मन तX>य = यथाशb? = not transgressing one’s strength/ability = as per one’s

strength/ability


शb? अम ् + यथा 2-1-6

= यथा + शb? अम ् 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘यथा + शb? अम ्’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्by 1-

2-46. This allows2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

= यथाशb? 2-4-71

यथाशb? + सँु 4-1-2

= यथाशb? 1-1-41, 2-4-82

For example – यथाशb? य\ुय0व – Fight as per your strength/ability.

सा��ये -


हरे: सा��यम ् = सह)र = similarity to Lord Viṣṇu


ह)र टा/ङस ्+ सह 2-1-6, 2-3-72

= सह + ह)र टा/ङस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सह + ह)र टा/ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्by 1-


= सहह)र 2-4-71

= सह)र 6-3-81, 1-1-55

सह)र + सँु 4-1-2

= सह)र 1-1-41, 2-4-82

(xi) आनपुूgयs -

53


lये�0यानुपgूयsण = अनुlये�म ् = In order of seniority


lये� ङस ्+ अन ु2-1-6

= अनु + lये� ङस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘अनु + lये� ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-


= अनुlये� 2-4-71

अनुlये� + टा 4-1-2

= अनुlये� + अम/्टा 2-4-84

= अनुlये�म ् 6-1-107 or अनlुये�ेन 7-1-12, 6-1-87

For example – अनुlये�ं � वशOतु भवOत: – You sirs enter in order of seniority.

(xii) यौगप4े -


चXेणकैकाले = सचXम ् = Simultaneously with the wheel


चX टा + सह 2-1-6, 2-3-19

= सह + चX टा 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सह + चX टा’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46.

This allows 2-4-71to apply in the next step.

= सहचX 2-4-71

= सचX 6-3-81, 1-1-55

सचX + सँु 4-1-2

= सचX + अम ्2-4-83

= सचXम ् 6-1-107

For example – सचXं श'ख ंधे#ह (श'ख ंचXेणकैकाले धारय) – Hold the conch simultaneously with

the wheel.

(xiii) सा��ये -


स6या स�श: = सस_ख = Similar to (his) friend.

54


स_ख टा/ङस ्+ सह 2-1-6, 2-3-72

= सह + स_ख टा/ङस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सह + स_ख टा/ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्


= सहस_ख 2-4-71

= सस_ख 6-3-81, 1-1-55

सस_ख + सँु 4-1-2

= सस_ख 1-1-41, 2-4-82

Note: यथाथ��वेनैव %सfे पनु: सा��य^हण ंगुणभूतेऽ प सा��ये यथा 0या#द�येवमथ�म ् – Note: सा��यम ्

has already been stated as one of the meanings of यथा in (x) above. Then why is it being

repeated here? It is to allow compounding even when सा��यम ् is secondary (adjectival) in

meaning. For example – समिOदर%मदं गहृम ् – This house is like a temple. (In this sentence the

house is primary while similarity to the temple is secondary.)

(xiv) स>प-ौ -


;��ाणां स>प -: (;ि��याणां यो�यं ;��वम)् = स;��म ्= Kṣhatriya character which is befitting

Kṣhatriyas.


;�� आम ्+ सह 2-1-6

= सह + ;�� आम ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सह + ;�� आम’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-


= सह;�� 2-4-71

= स;�� 6-3-81, 1-1-55

स;�� + सँु 4-1-2

= स;�� + अम ्2-4-83

= स;��म ् 6-1-107

Note: ऋfेरा�ध�यं सम ृf:, अनुMप: (यो�य:) आ�मभाव: (आ�मन: = सम0यमानो-रपद0य भाव:)

संप -)र त भेद:। – Note: सम ृf: stands for prosperity while स>प -: (as used in this सू�म ्) stands

for character/behavior which is befitting oneself.

For example – स;��%मhवाकूणाम ् – The descendants of Ikṣhwāku have a Kṣhatriya character

which is befitting Kṣhatriyas.

(xv) साकaये -

55


तणृमVयप)र�यlय सतणृम -। साकaयेने�यथ�:। न �व� तणृभ;णे ता�पय�म ्। (Someone) eats

everything down to a blade of grass. It means that someone eats everything. It doesn’t mean that

someone literally eats a blade of grass.


तणृ टा + सह 2-1-6, 2-3-19

= सह + तणृ टा 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सह + तणृ टा’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46.


= सहतणृ 2-4-71

= सतणृ 6-3-81, 1-1-55

सतणृ + सँु 4-1-2

= सतणृ + अम ्2-4-83

= सतणृम ् 6-1-107

(xvi) अOते -


अि�न^Oथपय�Oतम ् (अधीते) = साि�न (अधीते) = (Someone studies) up to the end of the text

concerning Fire.


अि�न टा + सह 2-1-6, 2-3-19

= सह + अि�न टा 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सह + अि�न टा’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-


= सह अि�न 2-4-71

= स अि�न 6-3-81, 1-1-55

= साि�न 6-1-101

साि�न + अम ् 4-1-2

= साि�न 1-1-41, 2-4-82

Similarly सभाDयमधीते।

Note: As per some grammarians (particularly नागेश:) – एत�सू�ोपा-ानामgययानां नाgययीभाव: – The

अgयया न that are specifically mentioned in this सू�म ् cannot be used (in their own meaning) to

form a अgययीभाव: compound using this सू�म ्। Hence the अgयय ंपHात ्itself cannot be

compounded in the meaning of पHात।् Similarly the अgययं युगपत ्itself cannot be compounded

56

in the meaning of यौगप4म ्। And the next सू�म ्2-1-7 यथासा��ये should be used to compound the

अgययं यथा itself in the meaning of यथा।

6-3-81 अgययीभावे चाकाले । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः सह0य स: 0यादgययीभावे, न तु काले । In a अgययीभाव: compound, the अgययम ् (indeclinable)

‘सह’ is replaced by ‘स’ provided the latter member of the compound does not denote a period of

time.


तणृमVयप)र�यlय सतणृम -। साकaयेने�यथ�:। न �व� तणृभ;णे ता�पय�म ्। (Someone) eats

everything without leaving out even a scrap (blade of grass.) It means that someone eats

everything. (It doesn’t mean that someone literally eats a blade of grass.)


तणृ टा + सह 2-1-6, 2-3-19

= सह + तणृ टा 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सह + तणृ टा’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्by 1-2-46.


= सहतणृ 2-4-71

= सतणृ 6-3-81, 1-1-55

सतणृ + सँु 4-1-2

= सतणृ + अम ्2-4-83

= सतणृम ् 6-1-107

काले तु सहपूवा�µम ् – But when the latter member of the compound does denote a period of time,

‘सह’ is not replaced by ‘स’। For example – सहपूवा�µम ् (पूवा�µमVयप)र�यlय) – without leaving out

even the forenoon.

2-1-11 वभाषा । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अ�धकारोऽयम ् । This is a अ�धकार-सू�म ्(governing rule) which exerts its influence on the

rules from here down to 2-2-29 चाथs RंRः ।

Note: एत�सामqया�देव �ाचीनानां न�यसमास�वम ्। The fact that the अ�धकार: of ‘ वभाषा’ is starting

from this सू�म ्2-1-11 implies that the compounds prescribed by the rules prior to 2-1-11 are

obligatory (not optional.) सुVसुपे त त ुन न�यसमास:। But the general compounding (prescribed

by 2-1-4 सह सुपा with the help of the अनवु ृ-: of ‘सुप’् from 2-1-2) of one term ending in a सँुप ्affix

with another term ending in a सँुप ्affix is not obligatory. (How do we know this?) ‘अgययम ्

‘ इ�या#दसमास वधानFापकात ्। Because if the general compounding prescribed by सुVसुपा were

obligatory there would have been no need to again prescribe obligatory compounding by 2-1-

6 etc.

57

2-1-12 अपप)रब#हर�चवः प�च>या । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः वा सम0यOते सोऽgययीभाव: । The indeclinables ‘अप’, ‘प)र’, ‘ब#हस’् as well as those ending in

the verbal root√अ�च ्(अ�चुँ ग तपूजनयोः १. २१५) optionally compound with a पदम ्ending in a

fifth case affix to yield a अgययीभाव: compound.

Note: अपप)रयोगे ‘प�च>यपा'प)र%भ:’ इ त प�चमी व#हता, अ�चू-रपदयोगेऽ प ‘अOयारात’् इ�या#दना

व#हतैव। तेना� ‘प�च>या’ इ त ^हण ं‘ब#हय�गे प�चमी भव त’ इ त Fापनाथ�म।् The सू�म ्2-3-

10 प�च>यपा'प)र%भः prescribes a fifth case affix following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-

occurring with ‘अप’/’प)र’। Similarly the सू�म ्2-3-29अOयारा#दतरतs#दक् छ2दा�चू-रपदाजा#हयु?े

prescribes a fifth case affix following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with a

(compound) word ending in the verbal root √अ�च ्(अ�चुँ ग तपजूनयोः १. २१५). Hence the

mention of ‘प�च>या’ in this सू�म ्2-1-12 is to indicate that a fifth case affix is to be used following

a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with ‘ब#हस’्।

Note: The सू�म ्5-3-30 अ�चेलु�क् is used to form indeclinables ending in the verbal

root √अ�च ्(अ�चुँ ग तपजूनयोः १. २१५).


अप वDण/ुप)र वDण ुसंसार: or optionally अप/प)र वDणो: संसार:। ( वDणु ंवज� य�वा संसार इ�यथ�:) –

Excluding Lord Viṣṇu is the circuit of worldly life.


वDण ुङ%सँ + अप/प)र 2-1-12. Note: As per 1-4-88 अपपरJ वज�ने, ‘अप’/’प)र’ has the designation

कम��वचनीय: here. Hence as per 2-3-10 प�च>यपा'प)र%भः, a fifth case affix (ङ%सँ) is used following

the �ा तप#दकम ्‘ वDण’ु co-occurring with the कम��वचनीय: ‘अप’/’प)र’।

= अप/प)र + वDण ुङ%सँ 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘अप/प)र + वDण ुङ%सँ’ gets the designation

�ा तप#दकम ्by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

= अप वDण/ुप)र वDण ु2-4-71

अप वDण/ुप)र वDण ु+ सँु 4-1-2

= अप वDण/ुप)र वDण ु1-1-41, 2-4-82

Similarly -

ब#हव�नम ् or optionally ब#हव�नात ् – Outside the village.

�ा�वनम ् or optionally �ा�वनात ् – To the East of or prior to the village.

2-1-13 आ' मया�दा%भ व\योः । Video

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व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतयोरा' प�च>यOतेन वा सम0यते सोऽgययीभाव: । The indeclinable ‘आ'’ – when used in the

meaning of मया�दा ‘up to (but excluding) a limit’ or अ%भ व�ध: ‘up to (and including) a limit’ –

optionally compounds with a पदम ्ending in a fifth case affix affix to yield a अgययीभाव:

compound.

Note: वना तेने त मया�दा – ‘up to (but excluding) a limit’ is termed as मया�दा। सह तेने�य%भ व�ध: –

‘up to (and including) a limit’ is termed as अ%भ व�ध:।


आमुb? संसार: or optionally आ मु?े: संसार:। The circuit of worldly life extend up to – but not

including – liberation.


मुb? ङ%सँ + आ' 2-1-13. Note: As per 1-4-89 आ' मया�दावचने, ‘आ'’ has the designation

कम��वचनीय: here. Hence as per 2-3-10 प�च>यपा'प)र%भः, a fifth case affix (ङ%सँ) is used following

the �ा तप#दकम ्‘मुb?’ co-occurring with the कम��वचनीय: ‘आ'’।

= आ' + मुb? ङ%सँ 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘आ' + मुb? ङ%सँ’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-


= आमुb? 2-4-71, 1-3-3, 1-3-9

आमुb? + सँु 4-1-2

= आमुb? 1-1-41, 2-4-82

Similarly -

आबालं ह)रभb?: – आ बाले�यो ह)रभb?: । Devotion to Lord Viṣṇu extends up to the young boys

(included.)

4-1-76 त fताः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः आप�चमसमाV तेर�धकारोऽयम ्। This is a अ�धकार: (governing rule) which governs the

section from this सू�म ्all the way down to the end of the Fifth Chapter of the अ�ा\यायी, so the

affixes which are prescribed by the rules in this section get the designation ‘त fत’।

Note: The अ�धकार: of 4-1-76 त fताः is contained within the अ�धकार: of 4-1-1 'याV�ा तप#दकात ्

which itself is contained within the अ�धकार: of 3-1-1 ��ययः, 3-1-2 परH। All these three अ�धकारा:

end at the end of the Fifth Chapter of the अ�ा\यायी।

Note: The commentators explain the term त fताः as follows – ते�य: (�योगे�य:) #हता: – The

त fताः affixes are useful in deriving %श�-�योगा: (word-forms that are used by scholars.)

5-4-68 समासाOताः । Video

59

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः आपादसमाV तेर�धकारोऽयम ्। This is a अ�धकार: (governing rule) which governs the section

from this सू�म ्down to the end of (the fourth quarter of) the Fifth Chapter of the अ�ा\यायी, so the

affixes which are prescribed by the rules in this section become the ending members of the

compounds to which they are prescribed.

Note: The अ�धकार: of 5-4-68 समासाOताः is contained within the अ�धकार: of 4-1-76 त fताः which

itself is contained within the अ�धकार: of 4-1-1 'याV�ा तप#दकात ् which itself is contained within the

अ�धकार: of 3-1-1��ययः, 3-1-2 परH। All these four अ�धकारा: end at the end of the Fifth Chapter

of the अ�ा\यायी।

5-4-107 अgययीभावे शर��भ ृत�यः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः शरदा#द�य�च ् 0या�समासाOतोऽgययीभावे । In a अgययीभाव: compound the त fत: affix टच ्is

prescribed following the �ा तप#दकम ्‘शर�’ etc and this affix becomes the ending member of the

compound.

Note: The अनुव ृ-: of टच ्comes in to this सू�म ्from the सू�म ्5-4-91 राजाह:स_ख�य�च ्।

Note: The class of �ा तप#दका न ‘शर�’ etc is listed as follows – शर� । वपाश ् । अनस ् । मनस ् ।

उपानt । #दव ् । #हमवत ् । अनडुt । #दश ् । �श ् । वश ् । चेतस ् । चतुर ् । �य� । त� । य� । Wकयत ् ।

Note: Some of the terms listed in the शर��भ ृतगण: end in a letter belonging to the ��याहार: ‘झय’्।

In the absence of this सू�म ्5-4-107, the सू�म ्5-4-111 झयः would have only optionally prescribed

the समासाOत-��यय: टच ्following a अgययीभाव: compound ending in one of these terms. But now

this सू�म ्5-4-107 prescribes it necessarily.



शरद: समीपम ् = उपशरदम ् = Close to autumn.


शर� ङस ्+ उप 2-1-6

= उप + शर� ङस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘उप + शर� ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46.


= उपशर� 2-4-71

= उपशर� + टच ्5-4-107

= उपशर� + अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9

= उपशरद

उपशरद + सँु 4-1-2

= उपशरद + अम ्2-4-83. Note: Had the affix टच ्not been added (by 5-4-107) we would not have

been able to apply 2-4-83 because the compound would have ended in the letter ‘�’ and not the

60

letter ‘अ’। Hence 2-4-82would have applied giving an undesirable form.

= उपशरदम ् 6-1-107

2-1-14 ल;णेना%भ�ती आ%भमु6ये । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः आ%भमु6य4ोतकाव%भ�ती �च�वा�चना सह वा सम0येते सोऽgययीभाव: । The indeclinable ‘अ%भ’

or ‘� त’ – when used in the meaning of आ%भमु6यम ्‘facing towards’/’in the direction of’ –

optionally compounds with a सुबOतं पदम ्(a पदम ्ending in a सँुप ्affix) which denotes the

mark/target.



अि�नम%भ = अ�यि�न = facing towards (in the direction of) fire.


अि�न अम ्+ अ%भ 2-1-14. Note: As per 1-4-91 अ%भरभागे, ‘अ%भ’ has the designation कम��वचनीय:

here. Hence as per 2-3-8 कम��वचनीयय?ेु #Rतीया, a second case affix (अम)् is used following the

�ा तप#दकम ्‘अि�न’ co-occurring with the कम��वचनीय: ‘अ%भ’।

= अ%भ + अि�न अम ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘अ%भ + अि�न अम’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्


= अ%भ + अि�न 2-4-71

= अ�यि�न 6-1-77

अ�यि�न + सँु 4-1-2

= अ�यि�न 1-1-41, 2-4-82

अ�यि�न शलभा: पतिOत – अि�नम%भ शलभा: पतिOत – Moths fall towards the fire. (Moths fall

making the fire their target.)

� तपरसमनु�योऽhण: । गण-सू�म ्(in the शर��भ ृतगण: of the गणपाठ:) । Video

In a अgययीभाव: compound the त fत: affix टच ्is prescribed following the �ा तप#दकम ्‘अ�;’ –

provided ‘अ�;’ is preceded by either ‘� त’, ‘पर’, ‘सम’् or ‘अन’ु – and this affix टच ्becomes the

ending member of the compound.



अ�;णी � त = ��य;म ्= facing towards (in front of) the eyes

61


अ�; औ` + � त 2-1-14. Note: As per 1-4-90 ल;णे�थ>भूता6यानभागवीVसासु � तपय�नवः, ‘� त’ has

the designation कम��वचनीय: here. Hence as per 2-3-8 कम��वचनीययु?े #Rतीया, a second case

affix (‘औ`’) is used following the �ा तप#दकम ्‘अ�;’ co-occurring with the कम��वचनीय: ‘� त’।

= � त + अ�; औ` 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘� त + अ�; औ`’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्by 1-


= � त + अ�; 2-4-71

= ��य�; 6-1-77

= ��य�; + टच ्by the गण-सू�म ्‘� तपरसमन�ुयोऽhण:’

= ��य�; + अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9

= ��य;् + अ 1-4-18, 6-4-148

= ��य;

��य; + सँु 4-1-2

= ��य; + अम ्2-4-83

= ��य;म ् 6-1-107


अhण: परम ्= परो;म ्= beyond the range of sight (perception.)

Note: व ृ- वषये ‘अ�;’श2द इिOKयमा�पर: – in the compound ‘परो;’ the word ‘अ�;’ stands for not

just the eye/sight but any sense organ in general.


अ�; ङ%सँ + पर सँु Note: समासाOत वधानसामqया�दgययीभाव: – (Even though ‘पर’ is not a अgययम ्

and there is no rule that prescribes the formation of the अgययीभाव: compound ‘परो;’,) the fact

that a समासाOत-��यय: (an affix (‘टच’्) at the end of a compound) is being prescribed tells us that

a अgययीभाव: compound is allowed here.

= परो सँु + अ�; ङ%सँ Note: We know that the final form of the compound is ‘परो;’ because

पा_ण न: himself has used this form in the सू�म ्3-2-115 परो;े %ल`। In order to get this desired

form ‘परो;’, the term ‘पर सँु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound and the ending letter

(‘अ’) of ‘पर’ is replaced by ‘ओ’।

‘परो सँु + अ�; ङ%सँ’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the

next step.

= परो + अ�; 2-4-71

= परो�; 6-1-109

= परो�; + टच ्by the गण-सू�म ्‘� तपरसमन�ुयोऽhण:’

= परो�; + अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9

62

= परो;् + अ 1-4-18, 6-4-148

= परो;

परो; + सँु 4-1-2

= परो; + अम ्2-4-83

= परो;म ् 6-1-107


अhणोय��यम ्= सम;म ्= Visibly (literally – ‘fit/appropriate for the eyes’) which means ‘in the

presence of.’


अ�; ओस ्+ सम ्2-1-6

= सम ्+ अ�; ओस ्1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘सम ्+ अ�; ओस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-


= सम�; 2-4-71

= सम�; + टच ्by the गण-सू�म ्‘� तपरसमन�ुयोऽhण:’

= सम�; + अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9

= सम;् + अ 1-4-18, 6-4-148

= सम;

सम; + सँु 4-1-2

= सम; + अम ्2-4-83

= सम;म ् 6-1-107

Similarly अhणो: पHात ्= अOव;म ् = Afterwards (literally – ‘behind the eyes.’)

5-4-108 अनH । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अOनOतादgययीभावा·च ् 0यात ् । Following a अgययीभाव: compound ending in ‘अन’् the त fत:

affix टच ्is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

Note: The term अन: is qualifying अgययीभावात।् Hence as per 1-1-72 येन व�ध0तदOत0य, we get

the meaning अOनOतादgययीभावात ्।

Note: If a अgययीभाव: compound ends in a neuter �ा तप#दकम ्ending in ‘अन’् then the next

सू�म ्5-4-109नपुंसकादOयतर0याम ् only optionally prescribes the affix टच ्following such a

compound. For example चम�ण: समीपम ्= उपचम�म ्or उपचम�।



आ�म न = अ\या�मम ्= pertaining to the Self.

63


आ�मन ्bङ + अ�ध 2-1-6

= अ�ध + आ�मन ्bङ 1-2-43, 2-2-30. Note: ‘अ�ध + आ�मन ्bङ’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ्


= अ�ध + आ�मन ्2-4-71

= अ\या�मन ्6-1-77

= अ\या�मन ्+ टच ्5-4-108

= अ\या�मन ्+ अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9


6-4-144 न0त fते । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः नाOत0य भ0य टेल�प: 0या- fते । The ‘#ट’ portion (ref. 1-1-64 अचोऽO�या#द #ट) of a अ'गम ्

(base) is elided provided the अ'गम ्-

i) has the designation ‘भ’ (ref. 1-4-18 य�च भम)्

ii) ends in the letter ‘न’् and

iii) is followed by a त fत: affix


अ\या�मन ्+ अ Note: The अ'गम ्‘अ\या�मन’् has the designation ‘भ’ here by 1-4-18 य�च भम।्


= अ\या�म ्+ अ 6-4-144, 1-1-64

= अ\या�म

अ\या�म + सँु 4-1-2

= अ\या�म + अम ्2-4-83

= अ\या�मम ् 6-1-107

अथ त�पुeषसमास�करणम ्

2-1-22 त�पुeषः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अ�धकारोऽयम ्। �ा�बहुLीहे: । The designation त�पeुषः governs the section from this सू�म ्

down to (but not including) the सू�म ्2-2-23 शेषो बहुLी#हः, so the compounds which are prescribed

by the rules in this section get the designation त�पुeषः।

Note: त�पeुषः is itself a compound of the त�पeुषः class. त0य पeुष: = त�पeुषः।

Note: Generally the �धान-पदम ्(dominant member) of a त�पुeष-समास: is the उ-रपदम।् For

example when we say राजपुeषमानय – bring the king’s man – only the man is brought and not the

king. Hence ‘पुeष’ (man) has �ाधाOयम ्in the compound ‘राजपeुष’।

Note: Recall that (as explained under 2-1-3) – the designation समास: co-exists with the

designation त�पeुषः।

2-1-23 #RगुH । Video

64

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः #Rगुर प त� पeुषसंFकः 0 यात ्। A #Rगु: compound (ref. 2-1-52 सं6यापूव� #Rगुः) also has the

designation त�पeुष:।

Note: Recall that the सू�म ्2-1-22 त�पुeषः as well as 2-1-52 सं6यापूव� #Rगुः is in the अ�धकार: of 1-

4-1 आ कडारादेका संFा। Hence in the absence of this सू�म ्a #Rगु: compound would not have got

the designation त�पeुष:।

Note: समासाOत: �योजनम ् – The purpose of assigning the designation त�पeुष: to a #Rगु:

compound is to enable a समासाOत: affix (ref. 5-4-86 to 5-4-105) prescribed to a त�पeुष:

compound to also apply to a #Rगु: compound. For example प�चराजम ्(ref. 5-4-

91 राजाह:स_ख�य�च ्।)

Note: इदं सू� ं�य?ंु श�यम ्। सं6यापूव� #RगुH इ त प#ठ�वा चकारबलेन संFाRयसमावेश0य सुवच�वात ्।

As per the %सfाOत-कौमुदJ this सू�म ्may be discarded. Why? Because it is easier to add ‘च’ to

the सू�म ्2-1-52 सं6यापूव� #Rगुः making it सं6यापवू� #RगुH। By force of the mention of ‘च’, the two

designations त�पeुष: and #Rगु: would co-exist (in spite of 1-4-1 आ कडारादेका संFा।)

2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतयोः परपद0 येव %ल'गं 0 यात ्। The gender of a त�पुeष: compound as well as a ROR:

compound is the same as the gender of the latter member of the compound.

For example -

कु�कुटमययूा� वमे । The ROR: compound कु�कुटमयूय¦ (= कु�कुटH मयूरJ च) is feminine in gender

because the latter member ‘मयूरJ’ of the compound is feminine.

मयूरJकु�कुटा वमौ । The ROR: compound मयूरJकु�कुटौ (= मयूरJ च कु�कुटH) is masculine in

gender because the latter member ‘कु�कुट’ of the compound is masculine.

राजपeुषोऽयम ्। The त�पeुष: compound राजपeुष: (= राF: पeुष:) is masculine in gender because

the latter member ‘पुeष’ of the compound is masculine.

आ�मFान%मदम ्। The त�पeुष: compound आ�मFानम ्(= आ�मनो Fानम)् is neuter in gender

because the latter member ‘Fान’ of the compound is neuter.

2-1-24 #Rतीया �Eतातीतप ततगता�य0त�ाjापOनैः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः #RतीयाO तं �Eता#द�कृ तकैः सुबO तःै सह वा सम0 यते स च त� पeुषः । A पदम ्ending in a

second case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम ्composed by adding

a सँुप ्affix to either ‘�Eत’ or ‘अतीत’ or ‘प तत’ or ‘गत’ or ‘अ�य0त’ or ‘�ाj’ or ‘आपOन’ and the

resulting compound gets the designation त�पeुष:।

Note: �EतादJना ंग तवशेषवा�च�वात ्‘ग�यथा�कम�क-’ इ त कत�)र ?ः – Since the terms ‘�Eत’ etc convey

65

a kind of motion, as per 3-4-72 ग�यथा�कम�कि¸षशी'0थासवसजनeहजीय� त�यH the affix ‘?’ used in

these terms denotes the agent of the action.


कृD ण ं�Eतः = कृD ण�Eत: – dependent on Lord Kṛṣṇa. Note: #Rतीया वभb?: is used in कृD णम ्as

per 2-3-2 कम�_ण #Rतीया because 2-3-69 न लोकाgयय न�ाखलथ�तनृाम ् blocks 2-3-65 कतृ�कम�णोः

कृ त।


कृD ण अम ्+ �Eत सँु 2-1-24. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘कृD ण अम’् gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म2्-1-24 (which prescribes the compounding) the term #Rतीया ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘कृD ण अम’् is placed in the prior position in

the compound. Note: ‘कृD ण अम ्+ �Eत सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This

allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

= कृD ण�Eत 2-4-71

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘कृD ण�Eत’ is

masculine here since the latter member ‘�Eत’ of the compound is masculine.

We can similarly construct the neuter compound कृD ण�Eतम ्= कृD ण ं�Eतम।्

The �ा तप#दका न ‘�Eत’, ‘अतीत’ etc (mentioned in the सू�म ्2-1-24) also represent their feminine

counterparts ‘�Eता’, ‘अतीता’ etc. This is as per the प)रभाषा – �ा तप#दक^हणे %ल'ग व%श�0या प

^हणम ्– whenever a �ा तप#दकम ्is employed in grammar, it denotes not only itself but also that

which is derived from it by adding an affix denoting gender.

Hence we can also construct the feminine compounds कृD ण�Eता = कृD ण ं�Eता etc.

In the masculine gender ‘कृD ण�Eत’ declines like राम-श2द: and in the neuter gender it declines like

वन-श2द:। In the feminine gender ‘कृD ण�Eता’ declines like रमा-श2द:।

Similarly -

द:ुखमतीत: = द:ुखातीत:।

कूपं प ततः = कूपप ततः।

^ामं गतः = ^ामगतः।

तर'गान�य0त: = तर'गा�य0तः।

सुख ं�ाjः = सुख�ाjः।

दःुखमापOनः = दःुखापOनः।

वा त�कम ्(under 2-1-24 #Rतीया �Eतातीतप ततगता�य0त�ाjापOनैः)

ग>यादJनामुपसं6यानम ्। Video

66

The terms ‘ग%मन’् etc. should be added to the list of terms ‘�Eत’ etc (mentioned in the सू�म ्2-1-

24 #Rतीया �Eतातीतप ततगता�य0त�ाjापOनःै।) Hence a पदम ्ending in a second case affix

optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम ्composed by adding a सँुप ्affix to either

‘�Eत’ etc or ‘ग%मन’् etc and the resulting compound gets the designation त�पeुष:।

Note: The �ा तप#दकम ्‘ग%मन’् is formed using the उणा#द-सू�म ्4-6 गमे)र न:। As per the सू�म ्3-3-

3 भ वDय त ग>यादयः, the affix ‘इ नँ’ used to form the �ा तप#दकम ्‘ग%मन’् denotes an action in the

future tense. ग%मDयती त गमी।

Note: ग>यादयH �योगतो Fेया: – the list of terms ‘ग%मन’् etc is to be known from the usages (of

the scholars) encountered in the language.


^ामं गमी = ^ामगमी। Note: #Rतीया वभb?: is used in ^ामम ्as per 2-3-2 कम�_ण #Rतीया

because 2-3-70अकेनोभ� वDयदाधमnय�योः blocks 2-3-65 कतृ�कम�णोः कृ त।

अOनं बुभु;ु: = अOनबुभु;ु:। Note: #Rतीया वभb?: is used in अOनम ्as per 2-3-2 कम�_ण #Rतीया

because 2-3-69 न लोकाgयय न�ाखलथ�तनृाम ् blocks 2-3-65 कतृ�कम�णोः कृ त।

2-1-29 अ�यOतसंयोगे च । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः कालवा�चन: श2दा #RतीयाOता अ�यOतसंयोगे सुपा सह वा सम0 यOते स च त� पुeषः । When

uninterrupted connection is meant, words ending in a second case affix and denoting (a period of)

time optionally compound with a (syntactically related) पदम ्ending in a सँुप ्affix and the

resulting compound gets the designation त�पeुष:।

Note: The अनुव ृ-: of काला: comes down from the prior सू�म ्2-1-28 कालाः in to this सू�म ्2-1-29.

But the अनुव ृ-: of ?ेन does not come down (from the सू�म ्2-1-25 0वयं ?ेन) in to this सू�म ्2-1-

29.


मुहूत< सुखम ्= मुहूत�सुखम ्– Happiness lasting for a moment.

Note: As per the सू�म ्2-3-5 काला\वनोर�यOतसंयोगे a second case affix is used following the

�ा तप#दकम ्‘मुहूत�’।


मुहूत� अम ्+ सुख सँु 2-1-29. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘मुहूत� अम’् gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म2्-1-29 (which prescribes the compounding) the term #Rतीया (which comes

as अनुव ृ-: from 2-1-24 #Rतीया �Eतातीतप ततगता�य0त�ाjापOनःै) ends in the nominative case.

And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘मुहूत� अम’् is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note:

‘मुहूत� अम ्+ सुख सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in

the next step.

= मुहूत�सुख 2-4-71

67

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘मुहूत�सुख’ is neuter

since the latter member ‘सुख’ of the compound is neuter. The compound declines like वन-श2द:।

2-1-30 ततृीया त�कृताथsन गुणवचनेन । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ततृीयाO त ंततृीयाO ताथ�कृतगुणवचनेनाथsन च सह वा सम0 यते स च त� पeुषः । (As per the

महाभाDयम)् this सू�म ्consists of two parts -

i) ततृीया त�कृतेन गुणवचनेन – A पदम ्ending in a third case affix optionally compounds with a

(syntactically related) पदम ्which denotes that which possesses a property instrumentally caused

by that which is denoted by the पदम ्ending in a third case affix and the resulting compound gets

the designation त�पeुष:।

ii) अथsन – A पदम ्ending in a third case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related)

पदम ्(composed by adding a सँुप ्affix to) ‘अथ�’ (wealth) and the resulting compound gets the


Note: त�कृते त लुjततृीयाकम ् – In this सू�म,् a third case affix at the end of the term ‘त�कृत’ has

been irregularly elided. Hence ‘त�कृत’ stands for ‘त�कृतेन’।


श' कुलया खnड: = श' कुलाखnड: (श'कुलाकृतखnड�वगुण व%श�:) – A piece cut off with a pair of

scissors.

Note: As per the सू�म ्2-3-18 कतृ�करणयो0ततृीया a third case affix is used following the �ा तप#दकम ्

‘श' कुला’।


श' कुला टा + खnड सँु 2-1-30. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘श' कुला टा’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म ्2-1-30 (which prescribes the compounding) the term ततृीया ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘श' कुला टा’ is placed in the prior position in

the compound. Note: ‘श' कुला टा + खnड सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This


= श' कुलाखnड 2-4-71

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘श' कुलाखnड’ is

masculine/neuter since the latter member ‘खnड’ of the compound is masculine/neuter. The

compound declines like राम-श2द: in the masculine and वन-श2द: in the neuter.

धाOयेनाथ�: = धाOयाथ�: – Wealth on account of grain.

Note: As per the सू�म ्2-3-23 हेतौ a third case affix is used following the �ा तप#दकम ्‘धाOय’।


धाOय टा + अथ� सँु 2-1-30. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘धाOय टा’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म ्2-1-30 (which prescribes the compounding) the term ततृीया ends in the

68

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘धाOय टा’ is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: ‘धाOय टा + अथ� सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-

71 to apply in the next step.

= धाOय + अथ� 2-4-71

= धाOयाथ� 6-1-101

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘धाOयाथ�’ is

masculine since the latter member ‘अथ�’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines

like राम-श2द:।

‘त�कृत’ इ त Wकम ्? Why does the सू�म ्2-1-30 contain the stipulation ‘त�कृत’? Consider the

example – अhणा काण: – Blind in one eye. There is no compounding possible here because the

eye is not the instrument causing blindness. Note: The third case affix at the end of अhणा is

prescribed by the सू�म ्2-3-20 येना'ग वकारः।

2-1-31 पूव�स�शसमोनाथ�कलह नपुण%मE¸hणैः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ततृीयाOतमेतै: सह वा सम0 यते स च त� पुeषः । A पदम ्ending in a third case affix optionally

compounds with (a syntactically related पदम ्composed by adding a सँुप ्affix to) any one of the

following and the resulting compound gets the designation त�पeुष: -

i) ‘पूव�’ (prior)

ii) ‘स�श’ (like/similar)

iii) ‘सम’ (equal to)

iv) ‘ऊनाथ�’ – ‘ऊन’ (less) or any of its synonyms

v) ‘कलह’ (quarrel)

vi) ‘ नपुण’ (skillful)

vii) ‘%मE’ (mixed)

viii) ‘¸hण’ (gentle/polished.)

Note: इह समस�शा�यां योगे ’2-3-72 तुaयाथ¬रतुलोपमा�यां ततृीयाOयतर0याम ्’ इ त ततृीया। The सू�म ्2-

3-72 justifies the use of a third case affix following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with

‘सम’ or ‘स�श’। अOययै�गे �वत एव वचनात,् ’2-3-23 हेतौ’ इ त वा ततृीया। The use of a third case affix

following a �ा तप#दकम ्(nominal stem) co-occurring with any one of the other terms ‘पवू�’ etc may

be justified by the very fact that this सू�म ्2-1-31prescribes compounding between a पदम ्ending

in a third case affix and ‘पवू�’ etc. Or the सू�म ्2-3-23 हेतौ may be used to justify the third case affix.


मासेन पूव�: = मासपूव�: – Prior by one month.


मास टा + पूव� सँु 2-1-31. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘मास टा’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because

69

in the सू�म ्2-1-31 (which prescribes the compounding) the term ततृीया (which comes as अनवु ृ-:

from 2-1-30 ततृीया त�कृताथsन गुणवचनेन) ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-

30 the term ‘मास टा’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘मास टा + पवू� सँु’ gets

the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71to apply in the next step.

= मासपूव� 2-4-71

In the masculine gender ‘मासपूव�’ declines like राम-श2द: and in the neuter gender it declines like

वन-श2द:। In the feminine gender ‘मासपूवा�’ declines like रमा-श2द:।

Similarly -

मा�ा स�श: = मातसृ�श:। Similar to a mother.

प�ा सम: = पतसृम:। Equal to a father.

माषेणोनम ्= माषोनं (काषा�पणम ्।) माषेण वकलम ् = माष वकलं (काषा�पणम ्।) A coin that is less (short)

by a particular weight.

वाचा कलह: = वा�कलह:। Quarrel with words.

आचारेण नपुण: = आचार नपुण:। Skillful in conduct.

गुडने %मE: = गुड%मE:। Mixed with molasses.

आचारेण ¸hण: = आचार¸hण:। Gentle/polished in conduct.

Note: %मE^हणे सोपसग�0या प ^हणम ् – Compounding is allowed even when ‘%मE’ is preceded by

a उपसग�: (preposition.) How do we know this? ’6-2-154 %मE ंचानपुसग�मसंधौ’ इ�य�ानपुसग�̂ हणात ् –

The fact that पा_ण न: has put the condition अनुपसग�म ्in the सू�म ्6-2-154 tells us that a उपसग�:

(preposition) is allowed with ‘%मE’। Otherwise there would be no point in specifying अनपुसग�म।्

Hence the following compound is allowed – गुडने सि>मEा (धाना:) = गुडसि>मEा (धाना:) –

(Cereals) well mixed with molasses.

Note: The वा त �कम ्‘अवर0योपस' 6यानम ्’ states that ‘अवर’ should be added to the list of terms ‘पूव�’

etc mentioned in the सू�म ्2-1-31. For example -

मासेनावर: = मासावर: – junior (younger) by a month.

ऊनाथs�येव %सf�वा#ददं सु�यजमेव – Actually the above वा त �कम ्is not required because ‘अवर’ can

be included in the category ‘ऊनाथ�’।

2-1-32 कतृ�करणे कृता बहुलम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः कत�)र करणे च ततृीया कृदOतेन बहुलं सम0 यते स च त� पeुषः । A पदम ्ending in a third case

affix – denoting either the agent or the instrument of the action – variously compounds with (a

syntactically related पदम ्composed by adding a सँुप ्affix to) a term ending in a कृत ्affix (ref. 3-

1-93 कृद त') and the resulting compound gets the designation त�पुeष:।


70

ह)रणा �ात: = ह)र�ात: – protected by Lord Viṣṇu.


‘ह)र’ which denotes the agent of the action.


ह)र टा + �ात सँु 2-1-32. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘ह)र टा’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because

in the सू�म ्2-1-32 (which prescribes the compounding) the term ततृीया (which comes as अनवु ृ-:

from 2-1-30 ततृीया त�कृताथsन गुणवचनेन) ends in the nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-

30 the term ‘ह)र टा’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note: ‘ह)र टा + �ात सँु’ gets

the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71to apply in the next step.

= ह)र�ात 2-4-71

In the masculine gender ‘ह)र�ात’ declines like राम-श2द: and in the neuter gender it declines like

वन-श2द:। In the feminine gender ‘ह)र�ाता’ declines like रमा-श2द:।

नख%ैभ�Oन: = नख%भOन: – Split by the nails.


‘नख’ which denotes the instrument of the action.

The derivation of the compound नख%भOन: is similar to that of ह)र�ात: shown above.

Note: The प)रभाषा ‘कृ�^हणे ग तकारकपवू�0या प ^हणम ्’ says – whenever a (term ending in a) कृत ्

affix is employed in grammar, it also includes such terms as are (ending in that कृत ्affix and)

preceded by either a उपसग�: (preposition) or a कारक: (a word denoting a case relation with the

word ending in the कृत ्affix.)

Hence the following compound is allowed -

नख ैन�%भ�Oन: = नख न%भ�Oन: – Completely split by the nails.

‘कतृ�करणे’ इ त Wकम ्? Why does the सू�म ्say कतृ�करणे? It is to prevent compounding in examples

such as %भ;ा%भe षत: – (someone) stayed because of alms. The third case affix employed in

%भ;ा%भ: denotes neither the agent nor the instrument of the action. हेतावेषा ततृीया – It instead

denotes the cause/reason.

बहुल^हण ंसव�पा�धgय%भचाराथ�म ्। The mention of बहुलम ् in this सू�म ्tells us that all conditions may

be relaxed. तेन दा�णे लूनवा न�यादौ न – hence no compounding is allowed in examples such as

दा�णे लूनवान ्(someone) has cut off with a sickle, ह0तेन कुव�न ्making by hand, etc.

And conversely, we sometimes do see compounding taking place even when the condition

कतृ�करणे is not satisfied. For example – मदेनाOध: = मदाOध: – blind on account of lust/passion.

The third case affix used in मदेन denotes the हेतु: (cause/reason) and not the doer or the agent.

71

But still compounding has taken place. The mention of बहुलम ् in this सू�म ्may be used to justify

such compounds.

वभ��यOतरम प सम0यत इ�य0योदाहरण ंतु – पादहारकः। And sometimes (a पदम ्ending in an) affix

other than the third case affix does compound. For example पादा�यां #�यमाण: = पादहारकः

(something) being removed from the feet. #�यत इ त हारकः। बाहुलका�कम�_ण nवलु।् The affix nवुल ्

used in हारकः (irregularly) denotes the object of the action. पादा�या%म�यपादानप�च>यOत0य

समासः – the fifth case affix (and not the third case affix) used in पादा�याम ्(which has entered in

to the compound) denotes the अपादानम ्(that from which detachment takes place.)

Note: The mention of बहुलम ् in this सू�म ्may also be used to justify compounds like the

following -

धमा�य नयम: = धम� नयम: (चतथु¡-समास:) – a precept for righteousness.

वामा#दतर: = वामेतर: (प�चमी-समास:) – other than left – meaning right.

भु व देव: = भूदेव: (सjमी-समास:) – (like a) god on earth.

Some grammarians use the technique of योग- वभाग: (rule-splitting) to justify the above

compounds while some others classify these compounds as being in the सह सुपा (ref. 2-1-4 सह

सुपा) category.

कृता Wकम ्? Why does पा_ण न: specify कृता in this सू�म?् Consider the example का�ै: पच ततराम ्।

There is no कृत ्affix in पच ततराम ्। Hence no compounding takes place even though the third

case affix used in का�ै: does denote the करणम ्(the instrument of the action.)

2-1-36 चतुथ¡ तदथा�थ�ब%ल#हतसुखर�;तैः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः चतुqय�Oताथा�य य-Rा�चना, अथा�#द%भH चतुqय�Oत ंवा सम0 यते स च त� पुeषः । A पदम ्ending in

a fourth case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम ्denoting that which is

for the purpose of that which is denoted by the पदम ्ending in the fourth case affix, and so also

with a (syntactically related) पदम ्(formed by adding a सँुप ्affix to) ‘अथ�’ or ‘ब%ल’ or ‘#हत’ or ‘सुख’

or ‘र�;त’ and the resulting compound gets the designation त�पeुष:।

Note: तदथsन �कृ त वकृ तभाव एव ग�ृते ब%लर�;त^हणाlFापकात ् – By the expression ‘तदथ�’ (for the

purpose thereof) only the restricted sense of �कृ त वकृ तभाव: (a material cause and its effect) is

accepted here (by the महाभाDयम)्। We infer this from the fact that ‘ब%ल’ and ‘र�;त’ have been

mentioned (in addition of ‘तदथ�’) in the सू�म।् (If ‘तदथ�’ were intended to have the general

meaning of ‘for the purpose thereof’ there would have been no need to separately mention ‘ब%ल’

and ‘र�;त’ in the सू�म।्)

Hence the compound यूपाय दाe = यूपदाe is allowed but not रOधनाय 0थालJ (pan for frying)

because there is no sense of material cause and its effect.

72

अ[घासादय0तु ष�ी-समासा: – Compounds such as ‘अ[घास’ (the horse’s grass) etc are ष�ी-समासा:

and not चतुथ¡-समासा:।


यूपाय दाe = यपूदाe – wood for the sacrificial post.

Note: As per the वा त �कम ्(under 2-3-13 चतुथ¡ स>�दाने in the महाभाDयम)् तादqयs चतथु¡ वाBया a

fourth case affix is used following the �ा तप#दकम ्‘यूप’।


यूप ङे + दाe सँु 2-1-36. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘यूप ङे’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because in

the सू�म ्2-1-36(which prescribes the compounding) the term चतुथ¡ ends in the nominative case.

And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘यूप ङे’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note:

‘यूप ङे + दाe सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the

next step.

= यूपदाe 2-4-71

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘यूपदाe’ is neuter

since the latter member ‘दाe’ of the compound is neuter. The compound declines like मधु-श2द:।

We can similarly form the following compounds -

भूते�यो ब%ल: = भूतब%ल: – An offering/oblation for the spirits.

गो�यो #हतम ् = गो#हतम ् – Beneficial for the cows.

गो�यो सुखम ् = गोसुखम ् – Pleasant for the cows.

गो�यो र�;तम ् = गोर�;तम ् – Reserved for the cows.

वा त�कम ्(under 2-1-36 चतुथ¡ तदथा�थ�ब%ल#हतसुखर�;तैः) अथsन न�यसमासो

वशDेय%ल' गता च ेत व?gयम ्।Video

The compounding (prescribed by the सू�म ्2-1-36 चतुथ¡ तदथा�थ�ब%ल#हतसुखर�;तैः of a पदम ्ending

in a fourth case affix) with a syntactically related पदम ्formed by adding a सँुप ्affix to ‘अथ�’ is

obligatory (not optional) and the gender of the resulting compound is the same as the gender of

that which it qualifies.

Note: In the absence of this वा त �कम,् compounding would have been optional as per the अ�धकार-

सू�म ्2-1-11 वभाषा। Also, as per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः the gender of the

compound would have been masculine because the latter member – ‘अथ�’ – of the compound is

masculine.


73

गुरवेऽयं गुव�थ� व�र: – A seat (stool/chair) for the teacher.

Note: As per the वा त �कम ्(under 2-3-13 चतुथ¡ स>�दाने in the महाभाDयम)् तादqयs चतथु¡ वाBया a

fourth case affix is used following the �ा तप#दकम ्‘गुe’।

Note: The व^ह-वा�यम ्‘गुरवेऽयम’् is not a 0वपद- व^ह-वा�यम ्because the compound गुव�थ�: is a

न�य-समास: (as stated by the above वा त �कम।्)


गुe ङे + अथ� सँु 2-1-36. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘गुe ङे’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because in

the सू�म ्2-1-36(which prescribes the compounding) the term चतुथ¡ ends in the nominative case.

And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘गुe ङे’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note:

‘गुe ङे + अथ� सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the

next step.

= गुe + अथ� 2-4-71

= गुव�थ� 6-1-77

As per the above वा त �कम,् the compound ‘गुव�थ�’ takes the gender of that which it qualifies. Here

the compound is masculine because it is qualifying ‘ व�र’ which is masculine.

Similarly -

In the feminine: गुरव इयं गुव�था� पी#ठका – A seat (stool) for the teacher.

In the neuter: गुरव इदं गुव�थ�मासनम ्– A seat for the teacher.

2-1-37 प�चमी भयेन । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः प�च>यOतं भय�कृ तकेन सुबOतेन सह वा सम0यते स त�पeुष:। A पदम ्ending in a fifth case

affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम ्(formed by adding a सँुप ्affix to)

‘भय’ and the resulting compound gets the designation त�पeुष:।


चोरा¹यम ्= चोरभयम ्– fear from the thief.

Note: As per the सू�म ्2-3-28 अपादाने प�चमी a fifth case affix is used following the �ा तप#दकम ्

‘चोर’ which has the designation अपादानम ्here as per the सू�म ्1-4-25 भी�ाथा�ना ंभयहेतःु।


चोर ङ%सँ + भय सँु 2-1-37. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘चोर ङ%सँ’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म ्2-1-37 (which prescribes the compounding) the term प�चमी ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘चोर ङ%सँ’ is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: ‘चोर ङ%सँ + भय सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-

74


= चोरभय 2-4-71

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘चोरभय’ is neuter

since the latter member ‘भय’ of the compound is neuter. The compound declines like वन-श2द:।

Note: वा त �कम ्– भयभीतभी तभी%भ)र त वाBयम ् – In the सू�म ्2-1-37 प�चमी भयेन, the word भयेन

should be extended to भयभीतभी तभी%भ:।

Hence we can also construct compounds like -

वकेृ�यो भीत: = वकृभीत: (someone) afraid of the wolves

वकेृ�यो भी त: = वकृभी त: fear from the wolves

वकेृ�यो भी: = वकृभी: fear from the wolves

Note: कथं त#ह� ‘भोगोपरतो ^ाम नग�तः’ इ�या#द�योगा:? How do we justify compound formations such

as भोगे�य उपरत: = भोगोपरत: and ^ामािOनग�त: = ^ाम नग�तः etc? The answer is –

बहुल^हणा��व�च#Rभ��यOतरम प कृता सम0यते – The mention of ‘बहुलम ्’ in the सू�म ्2-1-

32 कतृ�करणे कृता बहुलम ् gives us the clue that a पदम ्ending in a case affix –even if it is not a third

case affix – may occasionally compound with (a syntactically related पदम ्composed by adding a

सँुप ्affix to) a term ending in a कृत ्affix (ref. 3-1-93 कृद त') and the resulting compound gets the


2-2-8 ष�ी । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ष¨यOत ंसुबO तेन सह वा सम0यते स त�पeुष:। A पदम ्ending in a sixth case affix optionally

compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम ्ending in a सँुप ्affix and the resulting compound

gets the designation त�पeुष:।


राF: पुeष: = राजपुeष: – a king’s man.

Note: The sixth case affix in राF: is as per the सू�म ्2-3-50 ष�ी शेषे।


राजन ्ङस ्+ पुeष सँु 2-2-8. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘राजन ्ङस’् gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म2्-2-8 (which prescribes the compounding) the term ष�ी ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30the term ‘राजन ्ङस’् is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: ‘राजन ्ङस ्+ पeुष सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-

4-71 to apply in the next step.

= राजन ्+ पeुष 2-4-71. Note: Here ‘राजन’् has the designation पदम ्as per 1-4-14 सु jङOतं पदम ्

with the help of 1-1-62 ��ययलोपे ��ययल;णम।् This allows 8-2-7 नलोपः �ा तप#दकाOत0य to apply

in the next step.

= राजपeुष 8-2-7

75

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘राजपeुष’ is

masculine since the latter member ‘पeुष’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines


2-2-10 न नधा�रणे । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः नधा�रणे या ष�ी सा न सम0यते । A पदम ्ending in a sixth case affix prescribed by the

सू�म ्2-3-41 यतH नधा�रणम ् cannot be compounded.


नणृां ;��य: शूरतम: – Among men, the Kṣatriya is the bravest. Since the sixth case affix (आम)् in

नणृाम ्is prescribed by the सू�म ्2-3-41 यतH नधा�रणम ्, we cannot form a compound between

नणृाम ्and ;��य:।

Note: अथ कथं पeुषो-म इ त? Now how do we explain a compound like पeुषाणामु-म: = पeुषो-म:?

The answer is – य0मािOनधा�य�ते, यHैकदेशो नधा�य�ते, यH नधा�रणहेतुः – एति��तयसं नधाने स�येवाय ं

नषेध इ त ‘५-३-५७ #Rवचन वभlयोप-’ इ त सू� ेकैयटः। Commenting on the सू�म ्5-3-

57 #Rवचन वभlयोपपदे तरबीयसुनौ, the grammarian कैयटः (who has written a well-acclaimed

commentary on the महाभाDयम)् says that the prohibition ordained by the सू�म ्2-2-10 न नधा�रणे

applies only when all the following three are present – i) the group/whole from which an

element/part is singled out ii) the item that is singled out and iii) the cause or basis for singling

out. In the example पeुषाणामु-म: = पeुषो-म: compounding is not prohibited because ii) is not

present. If the example were to be पeुषाणा ंराम उ-म: then the सू�म ्2-2-10 न नधा�रणे would

prohibit पुeषाणाम ्(‘पुeष आम’्) from compounding with राम: (‘राम सँु’)।

5-4-91 राजाह:स_ख�य�च ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतदO ता-� पeुषा·च ्0 यात ्। Following a त�पeुष: compound ending in either ‘राजन’् or ‘अहन’्

or ‘स_ख’ the त fत: affix टच ्is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the

compound.


काशे राजा = का%शराज: (ref. गीता 1-5) – King of Kāśi.

Note: The sixth case affix in काशे: is as per the सू�म ्2-3-50 ष�ी शेषे।


का%श ङस ्+ राजन ्सँु 2-2-8. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘का%श ङस’् gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म2्-2-8 (which prescribes the compounding) the term ष�ी ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30the term ‘का%श ङस’् is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: ‘का%श ङस ्+ राजन ्सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This


76

= का%शराजन ्2-4-71

= का%शराजन ्+ टच ्5-4-91

= का%शराजन ्+ अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9. Note: The अ'गम ्‘का%शराजन’् has the designation ‘भ’ here

by 1-4-18 य�च भम।् This allows 6-4-144 to apply in the next step.

= का%शराज ्+ अ 6-4-144

= का%शराज

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘का%शराज’ is

masculine since the latter member ‘राजन’् of the compound is masculine. The compound declines


The derivation of the compound कृDण0य सखा = कृDणसख: is similar to that of का%शराज: shown

above except that6-4-144 is not applicable. We have to instead apply 6-4-148 य0ये त च to elide

the ending letter ‘इ’ of ‘कृDणस_ख’।

For ‘अहन’् please see the example म\या�: (mid-day) under the सू�म ्5-4-88.

2-2-1 पूवा�पराधरो-रमेकदे%शनैका�धकरणे । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अवय वना सह पूवा�दय: सम0यOते, एक�वसं6या व%श�Hेदवयवी । (A पदम ्formed by adding a

सँुप ्affix to) either ‘पूव�’ (front/prior part) or ‘अपर’ (back/latter part) or ‘अधर’ (lower part) or ‘उ-र’

(upper part) optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) सुबOतं (ending in a सँुप ्affix) पदम ्

denoting a single substance/thing consisting of parts and the resulting compound gets the


Note: ष�ीसमासापवाद: – The compounding prescribed by this सू�म ्is a अपवाद: (exception) to the

ष�ी-समास: prescribed by the सू�म ्2-2-8 ष�ी।


पूव< काय0य = पवू�काय: – the front/prior part of the body.

Note: The sixth case affix in काय0य is as per the सू�म ्2-3-50 ष�ी शेषे।


पूव� सँु + काय ङस ्2-2-1. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘पूव� सँु’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because in

the सू�म ्2-2-1(which prescribes the compounding) the term पूवा�पराधरो-रम ्ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘पूव� सँु’ is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: If a ष�ी-समास: were to be formed, ‘काय ङस’् would become the prior member of

the compound, giving an undesirable form. That is why the सू�म2्-2-

1 पूवा�पराधरो-रमेकदे%शनैका�धकरणे is necessary to get the correct form. Note: ‘पवू� सँु + काय ङस’्

gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the next step.

= पूव�काय 2-4-71

77

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘पूव�काय’ is masculine

since the latter member ‘काय’ of the compound is masculine. The compound declines like राम-

श2द:।

We can similarly form the following compounds -

अपरं काय0य = अपरकाय: – the back/latter part of the body.

अधरं काय0य = अधरकाय: – the lower part part of the body.

उ-रं काय0य = उ-रकाय: – the upper part part of the body.

एकदे%शना Wकम ्। पवू< नाभे: काय0य – The part of the body which is prior to the navel. We cannot us

this सू�म ्2-2-1पूवा�पराधरो-रमेकदे%शनैका�धकरणे to form a compound between पूव�म ्and नाभे:

because ना%भ: (navel) is not the one which has parts.

एका�धकरणे Wकम ्। पूव��छा�ाणाम ् – Front of the students. छा�ा: (students) is not singular and hence

there is no compounding possible between पवू�: and छा�ाणाम ् using this सू�म ्2-2-

1 पूवा�पराधरो-रमेकदे%शनैका�धकरणे।

पूवा�पराधरो-र%म त Wकम?् द�;ण ंकाय0य। Since ‘द�;ण’ is not one of the four words

‘पूव�’/’अपर’/’अधर’/’उ-र’ mentioned in the सू�म ्2-2-1 पवूा�पराधरो-रमेकदे%शनकैा�धकरणे we cannot us

this सू�म ्to form a compound between द�;णम ्and काय0य।

सव�ऽVयेकदेशोऽ�ा सम0यते – Any word – and not only ‘पूव�’/’अपर’/’अधर’/’उ-र’ – which denotes a part

may compound with ‘अहन’् to yield a एकदे%श-समास:। ‘६-३-११० सं6या वसाय-’ इ त Fापकात ् – We

know this from the fact that the सू�म ्6-3-110 – which prescribes the optional substitution of ‘अहन’्

in place of ‘अ�’ when followed by the affix ‘bङ’ and preceded by a numeral or ‘ व’ or ‘साय’ –

presupposes the formation of the compound सायोऽ�: = साया�: – evening (the ending part of the

day.) Similarly म\यम�: = म\या�:। Please see detailed derivation under the सू�म ्5-4-88.

के�च- ुसव�ऽVयेकदेश: कालेन सम0यते न �व�ैव, Fापक0य सामाOयापे;�वात ् – According to some

grammarians, any word – and not only ‘पवू�’/’अपर’/’अधर’/’उ-र’ – which denotes a part may

compound with any word – not only ‘अहन’् – which denotes a period of time to yield a एकदे%श-

समास:। This is inferred by generalizing the indication given by the सू�म ्6-3-110. Hence we may

form compounds like म\य ंरा�:े = म\यरा�: – mid-night.


म\य सँु + रा�� ङस ्2-2-1 (extended based on the Fापकम ्from 6-3-110). As per 1-2-43 the term

‘म\य सँु’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because in the सू�म ्2-2-1 (which prescribes the

compounding) the term पूवा�पराधरो-रम ्(extended to include ‘म\य’) ends in the nominative case.

And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘म\य सँु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note:

‘म\य सँु + रा�� ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the

next step.

= म\यरा�� 2-4-71

78


5-4-87 अह:सव¬कदेशसं6यातपुnयाBच रा�ःे । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ए�यो रा�रेच ्0यात ्, चा�सं6याgययादे: । The त fत: affix अच ्is prescribed following a त�पeुष:

compound ending in the word ‘रा��’ – provided ‘रा��’ is preceded by one of the following – and

this affix becomes the ending member of the compound -

i) ‘अहन’्

ii) ‘सव�’

iii) a word denoting a part (of the night)

iv) ‘सं6यात’

v) ‘पुnय’

vi) a सं6या (numeral)

vii) a अgययम ्(indeclinable)

Note: अह^�हण ंRORाथ�म ्– The mention of ‘अहन’् in this सू�म ्is for the purpose of a ROR: (and not

a त�पeुष:) compound.


म\यरा��

= म\यरा�� + अच ्5-4-87

= म\यरा�� + अ 1-3-3, 1-3-9

= म\यरा� ्+ अ 1-4-18, 6-4-148

= म\यरा�

Since ‘रा��’ is feminine in gender, as per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पeुषयोः, the compound

�ा तप#दकम ्‘म\यरा�’ would also be feminine in gender, but the सू�म ्2-4-29 रा�ा�ाहाः पुं%स

intervenes.


2-4-29 रा�ा�ाहाः पंु%स । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः एतदOतौ RORत�पeुषौ पु0ंयेव । The gender of a ROR:/त�पुeष: compound ending in either ‘रा�’

or ‘अ�’ or ‘अह’ is always masculine.

Note: The %सfाOतकौमुदJ makes the point that this सू�म ्is a अपवाद: (exception) to not only the

सू�म ्2-4-26परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः but also to the सू�म ्2-4-17 स नपुंसकम ्।


As per this सू�म ्2-4-29 रा�ा�ाहाः पु%ंस, the compound ‘म\यरा�’ is masculine in gender. It declines


Note: (from %सfाOतकौमुदJ) सं6यापवू< रा� ं�लJबम ्– A त�पeुष: compound in which the prior

member denotes a numeral (or has the technical designation सं6या – ref. 1-1-23 बहुगणवतुड त

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सं6या) and the final member is ‘रा�’ is neuter (and not masculine) in gender. For example – नवानां

रा�ीणां समाहार: = नवरा�म।्

5-4-88 अ�ोऽ� एते�यः । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः सवा�#द�य: पर0याहOश2द0या�ादेश: 0यात ् समासाOते परे । When followed by the affix ‘टच’्

(prescribed by 5-4-91राजाह:स_ख�य�च ्), the word ‘अहन’् is replaced by ‘अ�’ provided ‘अहन’् is

preceded by any one of the following -

i) ‘सव�’

ii) a word denoting a part (of the day)

iii) ‘सं6यात’

iv) a सं6या (numeral)

v) a अgययम ्(indeclinable)

Note: एतBछ2देन ‘अहःसव¬कदेश-’ इ त सू�0थाः पराम�ृयOते – The pronoun ‘एत�’ (used in the सू�म ्5-

4-88 अ�ोऽ�एते�यः) refers to the terms listed in the सू�म ्5-4-87 अह:सव¬कदेशसं6यातपnुयाBच रा�ःे।

But अहःश2द इह न ग�ृते, असंभवात ्– the word ‘अहन’् is not included because it is not possible to

compound ‘अहन’् with ‘अहन’् itself. ‘पुnय’ is also not included because of the prohibition contained

in the सू�म ्5-4-90 उ-मैका�यां च।


म\यम�: = म\या�: – mid-day.


म\य सँु + अहन ्ङस ्2-2-1 (extended based on the Fापकम ्from 6-3-110). As per 1-2-43 the term

‘म\य सँु’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because in the सू�म ्2-2-1 (which prescribes the

compounding) the term पूवा�पराधरो-रम ्(extended to include ‘म\य’) ends in the nominative case.

And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘म\य सँु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note:

‘म\य सँु + अहन ्ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in

the next step.

= म\य + अहन ्2-4-71

= म\य + अहन ्+ टच ्5-4-91

= म\य + अहन ्+ अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9

= म\य + अ� + अ 5-4-88, 1-1-55

= म\या� + अ 6-1-101

= म\याº + अ 1-4-18, 6-4-148

= म\या�

As per the सू�म ्2-4-29 रा�ा�ाहाः पुं%स, the compound ‘म\या�’ is masculine (and not neuter) in

gender. It declines like राम-श2द:।

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8-4-7 अ�ोऽदOतात ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अदOतपूव�पद0थाKेफा�पर0यऽ�ादेश0य न0य ण: 0यात ् । The letter ‘न’् of the term ‘अ�’ (ref. 5-4-

88 अ�ोऽ� एते�यः) is substituted by the letter ‘ण’् when preceded by a पूव�पदम ्(prior member of a

compound) which ends in the letter ‘अ’ and contains the cause – the letter ‘र’् – for the

substitution.

Note: The �थमा वभb?: (nominative case ending) used in the word अ�: (in this सू�म ्8-4-7)

actually stands for the ष�ी वभb?: (genitive case ending.)


पूव�म�: = पूवा�µ: – AM (early part of the day.)


पूव� सँु + अहन ्ङस ्2-2-1. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘पूव� सँु’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because

in the सू�म ्2-2-1(which prescribes the compounding) the term पूवा�पराधरो-रम ्ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘पूव� सँु’ is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: ‘पूव� सँु + अहन ्ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-


= पूव� + अहन ्2-4-71

= पूव� + अहन ्+ टच ्5-4-91

= पूव� + अहन ्+ अ 1-3-3, 1-3-7, 1-3-9

= पूव� + अ� + अ 5-4-88, 1-1-55

= पूवा�� + अ 6-1-101

= पूवा�º + अ 1-4-18, 6-4-148

= पूवा�µ 8-4-7

As per the सू�म ्2-4-29 रा�ा�ाहाः पुं%स, the compound ‘पूवा�µ’ is masculine (and not neuter) in

gender. It declines like राम-श2द:।

2-2-2 अध< नपुंसकम ् । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः समांशवाBयध�श2दो न�यं �लJबे सोऽवय वना सह सम0यते, एक�वसं6या व%श�Hेदवयवी । (A पदम ्

formed by adding a सँुप ्affix to) ‘अध�’ when used (exclusively) in the neuter – and hence having

the meaning ‘(exactly) half’ – optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) सुबOतं (ending in

a सँुप ्affix) पदम ्denoting a single substance/thing consisting of parts and the resulting

compound gets the designation त�पeुष:।

Note: ष�ीसमासापवाद: – The compounding prescribed by this सू�म ्is a अपवाद: (exception) to the

ष�ी-समास: prescribed by the सू�म ्2-2-8 ष�ी।

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�लJबे Wकम ्? (^ाम0याध�: =) ^ामाध�: – a part of the village. Here ‘अध�’ is used in the masculine (not

neuter) – and hence does not mean ‘(exactly) half.’ Therefore the सू�म ्2-2-2 अध< नपुंसकम ् does

not apply.

Kgयै�य एव। अध< पVपलJनाम ्। The सू�म ्2-2-2 अध< नपुंसकम ् applies only when the substance/thing

consisting of parts is singular. Consider the example अध< पVपलJनाम ् – half of the (many)

peppers. Since पVपलJनाम ् is not singular, the सू�म ्2-2-2 does not apply.


अध< पVपaया: = अध� पVपलJ = (Exactly) half of a pepper.


अध� सँु + पVपलJ ङस ्2-2-2. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘अध� सँु’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म ्2-2-2 (which prescribes the compounding) the term अध�म ्ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30the term ‘अध� सँु’ is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: ‘अध� सँु + पVपलJ ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This


= अध� पVपलJ 2-4-71

Now the सू�म ्1-2-44 एक वभb? चापूव� नपाते would like to assign the designation उपसज�नम ्to

‘ पVपलJ’।


1-2-44 एक वभb? चापूव� नपाते । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः व^हे यिOनयत वभb?कं तदपुसज�नसंFं 0यात ्, न तु त0य पवू� नपात: । In the व^ह:

(explanatory sentence) of a compound, a पदम ्which takes a fixed case affix – while the case

affix of the other पदम ्in the compound varies – gets the designation उपसज�नम,् but this

designation (prescribed by this सू�म)् cannot be used for the purpose of placing the पदम ्in the

prior position in the compound.


Let us see what happens when we add different case-endings to the compound �ा तप#दकम ्

‘अध� पVपलJ’ -

अध< (�थमा) पVपaया: = अध� पVपलJ।

अध< (#Rतीया) पVपaया: = अध� पVपलJम।्

अधsन (ततृीया) पVपaया: = अध� पVपaया।

अधा�य (चतुथ¡) पVपaया: = अध� पVपaय।ै

अधा�त ्(प�चमी) पVपaया: = अध� पVपaया:।

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अध�0य (ष�ी) पVपaया: = अध� पVपaया:।

अधs (सjमी) पVपaया: = अध� पVपaयाम।्

In the व^ह: of the compound ‘अध� पVपलJ’, ‘ पVपलJ’ always takes the sixth case affix, while the

case affix attached to ‘अध�’ varies. Hence as per this सू�म ्1-2-44 एक वभb? चापवू� नपाते we would

have to assign the designation उपसज�नम ्to ‘ पVपलJ’। This would in turn trigger the (undesired)

application of the सू�म ्1-2-48गोि«योeपसज�न0य।


1-2-48 गोि«योeपसज�न0य । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः उपसज�नं यो गोश2द: «ी��ययाOत ंच तदOत0य �ा तप#दक0य �0व: 0यात ् । (The ending vowel

of) a �ा तप#दकम ्is shortened if the �ा तप#दकम ्ends in either -

i) the term ‘गो’ that has the designation उपसज�नम ्or

ii) a term which ends in a feminine affix and has the designation उपसज�नम।्


If ‘ पVपलJ’ (which ends in the affix ‘ङJष’् prescribed by the सू�म ्4-1-41 षdौरा#द�यH) were to get

the designation उपसज�नम ्(by the सू�म ्1-2-44 एक वभb? चापवू� नपाते), the ending vowel ‘ई’ of

‘अध� पVपलJ’ would be shortened by this सू�म ्1-2-48 गोि«योeपसज�न0य resulting in the undesired

form ‘अध� पVप%ल ‘। But 1-2-44 is prevented from applying in this situation by the following

वा त �कम ्– एक वभ?ावष¨यOतवचनम ्।

Example continued under the वा त �कम ्– एक वभ?ावष¨यOतवचनम ्।

वा त�कम ्(under 1-2-44 एक वभb? चापूव� नपाते) एक वभ?ावष¨यOतवचनम ्। Video

In the सू�म ्1-2-44 एक वभb? चापूव� नपाते, the term एक वभb? (a पदम ्which takes a fixed case

affix) should be qualified by the condition अष¨यOतम ् (provided the पदम ्does not end in a sixth

case affix.) Hence the modified meaning of the सू�म ्1-2-44 एक वभb? चापवू� नपाते becomes – In

the व^ह: (explanatory sentence) of a compound, a पदम ्which takes a fixed case affix (other

than a sixth case affix) – while the case affix of the other पदम ्in the compound varies – gets the

designation उपसज�नम,् but this designation (prescribed by this सू�म)् cannot be used for the

purpose of placing the पदम ्in the prior position in the compound.

Note: एकदे%शसमास वषयकोऽयमुपसज�नसंFा नषेध: – This prohibition of the designation उपसज�नम ्is

only valid for a एकदे%शसमास: (prescribed by the सू�म ्2-2-1, 2-2-2 or 2-2-3.)


This वा त �कम ्prevents the सू�म ्1-2-44 from assigning the designation उपसज�नम ्to ‘ पVपलJ’

because in the व^ह: of the compound अध� पVपलJ, ‘ पVपलJ’ always takes the sixth case affix.

Now that ‘ पVपलJ’ does not have the designation उपसज�नम,् 1-2-48 गोि«योeपसज�न0य cannot

shorten the ending vowel ‘ई’ of ‘अध� पVपलJ’।

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As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘अध� पVपलJ’ is

feminine since the latter member ‘ पVपलJ’ of the compound is feminine. The compound declines

like नदJ-श2द:।

2-4-31 अध�चा�ः पुं%स च । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः अध�चा�दयः श2 दाः पु%ंस � लJबे च 0 युः । The words ‘अध�च�’ etc are masculine as well as neuter

in gender.


अध�मचृ: = अध�च�:/अध�च�म ्= (Exactly) half of a hymn.


अध� सँु + ऋच ्ङस ्2-2-2. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘अध� सँु’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्because

in the सू�म ्2-2-2(which prescribes the compounding) the term अध�म ्ends in the nominative case.

And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘अध� सँु’ is placed in the prior position in the compound. Note:

‘अध� सँु + ऋच ्ङस’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-71 to apply in the

next step.

= अध� + ऋच ्2-4-71

= अध�च ्�◌् 6-1-87, 1-1-51


Note: एवं \ वजतीथ�शरJरमn डपयपूदेहा'कुशपा�सू�ादयः । Similarly, the words ‘\ वज’, ‘तीथ�’, ‘शरJर’,

‘मn डप’, ‘यूप’, ‘देह’, ‘अ'कुश’, ‘पा�’, ‘सू�’ etc are masculine as well as neuter in gender.

5-4-74 ऋ�पूर2ध:ूपथामान;े । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः ऋगा4O त0 य समास0 य अ�� ययोऽO तावयवोऽ; ेया धू0 तदO त0 य तु न । Following a compound

ending in either ‘ऋच’् or ‘परु’् or ‘अप’् or ‘धुर’् (when it is not related to अ;: ‘axle’) or ‘प�थन’् the

त fत: affix ‘अ’ is prescribed and this affix becomes the ending member of the compound.

Note: ‘अ अन;’े इ तB छेदः – The term आन; ेcontained in the सू�म ्5-4-74 ऋ�पूर2धू:पथामान;े

should be split as अ + अन;े। The first case affix at the end of ‘अ’ has been irregularly elided.


अध�च ्�◌्

= अध�च ्�◌् + अ 5-4-74

= अध�च�

Since the final member of the compound ‘अध�च�’ is feminine in gender, as per the सू�म ्2-4-

26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः the entire compound would have been feminine in gender. But as

per the सू�म ्2-4-31 अध�चा�ः पुं%स च the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘अध�च�’ is masculine as well as

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neuter in gender. In the masculine gender it declines like राम-श2द: and in the neuter gender it

declines like वन-श2द:।

2-1-40 सjमी शौnडःै । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः सj>यOतं शौnडा#द%भ: सुबOतै: सह वा सम0यते स त�पeुष: । A पदम ्ending in a seventh

case affix optionally compounds with a (syntactically related) पदम ्composed by adding a सँुप ्

affix to ‘शौnड’ etc and the resulting compound gets the designation त�पeुष:।

Note: बहुवचन नदsशाdणपाठसामqया�Bच आ4था�वग त: – The word शौnडःै (used in this सू�म ्2-1-40)

stands for शौnडा#द%भ:। We know this from the fact that शौnडःै is a plural form and also from the

fact that the शौnडा#द-गण: is listed in the गणपाठ:।

Note: The शौnडा#द-गण: is listed in the गणपाठ: as follows – शौnड। धूत�। Wकतव। gयाड। �वीण।

संवीत। अOतर।् अ�ध। पटु। पिnडत। कुशल। चपल। नपणु।


अ;षेु शौnड: = अ;शौnड: – Skilled at playing dice.

Note: The seventh case affix in अ;षेु is as per the सू�म ्2-3-36 सj>य�धकरणे च। व-ृौ

�सb?WXयाया अOतभा�वाद�धकरणे सjमी – the implied action of �सb?: (attachment/addiction)

makes it possible to use the seventh case affix here in the sense of अ�धकरणे।


अ; सुप ्+ शौnड सँु 2-1-40. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘अ; सुप’् gets the designation उपसज�नम ्

because in the सू�म ्2-1-40 (which prescribes the compounding) the term सjमी ends in the

nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘अ; सुप’् is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: ‘अ; सुप ्+ शौnड सँु’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-

4-71 to apply in the next step

= अ;शौnड 2-4-71

As per the सू�म ्2-4-26 परविaल'गं RORत�पुeषयोः, the compound �ा तप#दकम ्‘अ;शौnड’ is

masculine since the latter member ‘शौnड’ of the compound is used in the masculine here. The

compound declines like राम-श2द:।

Similarly -

वनेऽOत: = वनाOत: (= वनम\ये) – In the forest in the middle. For example – वनाOतव�स त –

(Someone) dwells in the forest in the middle.

Note: The seventh case affix in वने is as per the सू�म ्2-3-36 सj>य�धकरणे च।


वन bङ + अOतर ्2-1-40, 2-4-82. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘वन bङ’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्


nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘वन bङ’ is placed in the prior position in the

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compound. Note: ‘वन bङ + अOतर’् gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-

71 to apply in the next step

= वन अOतर ्2-4-71

= वनाOतर ्6-1-101

वनाOतर ्+ सँु (default) 4-1-2

= वनाOतर ्2-4-82

= वनाOत: 8-2-66, 8-3-15

Another example -

ई[रेऽ�ध = ई[राधीन: – reliant on God.

Note: The सू�म ्1-4-97 अ�धरJ[रे assigns the designation कम��वचनीय: to ‘अ�ध’ here. In

connection with ‘अ�ध’ (which has the designation कम��वचनीय: here as per the सू�म ्1-4-

97 अ�धरJ[रे), ‘ई[र’ takes a seventh case affix as per the सू�म ्2-3-9 य0माद�धकं य0य चे[रवचन ं

त� सjमी।


ई[र bङ + अ�ध 2-1-40, 2-4-82. As per 1-2-43 the term ‘ई[र bङ’ gets the designation उपसज�नम ्


nominative case. And hence as per 2-2-30 the term ‘ई[र bङ’ is placed in the prior position in the

compound. Note: ‘ई[र bङ + अ�ध’ gets the designation �ा तप#दकम ् by 1-2-46. This allows 2-4-

71 to apply in the next step

= ई[र अ�ध 2-4-71

= ई[रा�ध 6-1-101


5-4-7 अषड;ा%शतं�वलंकमा�लंपुeषा\यु-रपदा�ख: । Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः 0वाथs । The following �ा तप#दका न invariably take the त fत: affix ‘ख’ with no change in

meaning – i) ‘अषड;’ ii) ‘आ%शत'गु’ iii) ‘अलंकम�न’् vi) ‘अलंपुeष’ and v) a compound having ‘अ�ध’ as

its latter member.


ई[रा�ध + ख 5-4-7


7-1-2 आयनेयीनी ययः फढखछघां ��ययादJनाम ् Video

व ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ःव ृ-ः �� ययादेः फ0 य आयन,् ढ0 य एय,् ख0 य ईन,् छ0 य ईय,् घ0 य इय ्एते 0 यःु । The letters ‘फ्’, ‘²’,

‘ख’्, ‘�’ and ‘घ’् – when they occur at the beginning of a ��यय: (affix) – are replaced respectively

by ‘आय’्, ‘एय’्, ‘ईन’्, ‘ईय’् and ‘इय’्।

Note: As per the सू�म ्1-3-10 यथासं6यमनदेुशः समानाम,् the substitutions take place respectively.

86


ई[रा�ध + ख

= ई[रा�ध + ईन 7-1-2

= ई[राध ्+ ईन 1-4-18, 6-4-148

= ई[राधीन

This compound is an adjective which is declined in the masculine like राम-श2द:, in the neuter like

वन-श2द: and in the feminine (as ‘ई[राधीना’) like रमा-श2द:।

Ashtadhyayi of Panini on Bhagavad Gita part 4

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Transcript of Ashtadhyayi of Panini on Bhagavad Gita part 4