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IAC-13,E5,2,3,x16387

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF A RESEARCH SPACE STATION IN THE VENUSIAN CLOUDS

Author: Ms. Despoina Linaraki, Technical University of Crete, Greece, dlin.arch@gmail.com

Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Konstantinos-Alketas Oungrinis

Technical University of Crete, Greece, kouggrinis@isc.tuc.gr

The proposed paper presents a research project of a space station architectural design on the Venusian atmosphere. The research project is based on human psychology and physiology, on the sociology of enclosed spaces, on the technology required to exploit the chemical elements available, and the environmental conditions in the clouds of Venus. The research follows a multidisciplinary approach in order to examine how architectural space can affect humans’ living in extreme environment in a positive way. The main purpose of this research was to elevate the participation of architectural design methodology in order to address complex humanistic issues in the creation of new space communities. Specifically, the main research questions were: How architectural design is going to be if it regards people in isolation in outer space? How the extreme environment of Venus will affect the design? The choice of study area is based on the research of Geoffrey A. Landis, Colonization of Venus, Feb. 6.2 2003, in which he describes the possibility of a floating city in the Venusian atmosphere. The design aims to create a beneficial biosphere, it is trying to transfer an earth-like environment in the clouds of Venus, with new approaches of architectural design. The community is designed for 40 people, (about 17.000sqm) but it can accommodate another 20 and it has the capability of future expansion. The design began with diagrams about new life experiences into the clouds. The operating plan includes private rooms for rest and research, public sites, cultivation areas, industrial areas and places of emergency. The space station will incorporate the outcome of research and investigations that were deemed as suitable to support a friendly and homey environment for the astronauts by creating an interplay habitant. The quality of the place that has been designed is based on theories deriving from human psychology and sociology. The color, sound and light change whenever it is necessary to make them feel more intimate. New experiences are formatted according to environmental parameters and human feelings.

Fig. 1, Venus Space Station, image of the Venus Space Station while floating in the atmosphere of Venus.

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I. INTRODUCTION The expansion of human activity in space have provided a plethora of advances, either technological, such as satellites, or biological, such as bacteria related research that provided solution or facilitated the understanding and management of complex problems. So far the progress of science, related to space exploration, has supported efficiently and improved the quality of human life. But while this is true at technological level, it has not progressed enough for the living conditions of astronauts, a field where architectural research can develop the necessary tools to improve it greatly. According to research evidence (e.g. Stephen William Hawking1) the need for further processing and development of space science is apparent in order to continue research missions in space and to accomplish more ambitious goals. This will be accomplished by the development of a stable base in outer space resident by humans. One of the requirements for the successful development of such a project is to address the issue that living and spatial conditions provided so far are restricted by vital factors and consequently they are not sufficient for conducting long-term expeditions. Weightlessness, disorientation, confinement, lack of personal space and a hectic working schedule, all have significant impact on their psychobiological function and as a consequence the emotional balance of researchers, the communication with their colleagues and, finally their overall performance. These facts, that prohibit or hinder long-term missions, are the reasons behind the slow development of outer space expeditions and the excessive cost required for each. The project: Living in Extreme Environments: Architectural Design Of A Research Space Station In The Venusian Clouds involves human physiology, psychology, sociology, neurology and biotechnology, both fundamental and applied. The research follows a multidisciplinary approach in order to examine how architectural space can affect human psychology and achieve a positive and stable psychological state for people living it. Specifically it aims to minimize the effects of isolation feelings through the principles of transformable design. The construction is transforming according to the parameters of time, activity, environmental conditions and psychology of the residents. A multi-functional space has been created, which aims first to give the impression of a non-ending shape, second to avoid boredom through different experiences, third to design an earth-like environment in the cloud of Venus and finally to protect the residents from the extreme environmental conditions. The particular design of the space station could result in reducing the human factor risks of

long-term travel duration thereby increasing the feasibility of longer expeditions. The choice of Venus is based on the abstract of Geoffrey A. Landis:’ Colonization of Venus’2 (2003) in which he describes the possibility of a floating city in the Venusian atmosphere. He believes that at 50km altitude from the ground level Venus is a paradise planet. Gravity is 94% of the one at the surface of earth so people will not be affected from weightlessness, temperature ranges between 0C-50C and the atmosphere contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur all the vital substances for a human being. The community is designed as an interior landscape for 40 people and not only as a place to accommodate them. The space station is about 17.000sqm and has a possibility to support another 20 people, as well as the capability of future expansions. Studying the paradigms of previous colonization efforts it is evident that 40 people seems the minimum appropriate number for colonization. In this scenario three successive missions could achieve the colonization in Venus. In order to achieve this, a basic module will be built into earth's orbit, and then it will be transferred into the orbit of Venus, from where it will be deployed in the atmosphere at the desired altitude. The module is consisted by living quarters, basic labs and essential equipment that can convert carbon molecules to useful materials, process Venus’ gases to produce oxygen and water, and some hydroponic installations to grow crops of food are also necessary. The rest of the structure will be built on site. II. PROCESS OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN Space architecture is the multidisciplinary research in the fields of physiology, psychology, sociology, technology and environmental conditions in order to create architectural synthesis.

Fig. 2, Process of architectural design, Section of the construction in which appears all the basic elements such us the electro/mechanical system, the living modular and the shelter. Isolation in outer space ‘Living on a space station means being in a confined, limited-volume place, in close proximity to fellow crewmembers, with no chance to ‘get away’.’ Scott Howe & Brent Sherwood (2009)3 As Susmita Mohanty, Jesper Jørgensen, and Maria Nyström (2006) argued, architectural design

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should be created based on psychological issues associated with long-term isolation and confinement, such us: monotony, boredom, low morale, reduced productivity, micro society, cultural issues, relationships, sleep disorder, mental health, or daydreaming.4 The most important emphasis in this research is to overcome the feeling of isolation and its role as a way of thinking about the architectural design. Particularly, the study investigates feelings of isolation and how architectural design can be beneficial for individuals to avoid boredom, abstraction, over-familiarization etc. Up to now the only scientific information available comes from the International Space Station5, where trained astronauts stay for 6 months, or from the simulations of outer space such as Mars 5006. Apart from these, the knowledge of how humans react in outer space and under the lack of sense of freedom and the effects of these in the architectural design is sparse. The theoretical models adopted to try to answer these questions, in an architectural point of view, were the situationist movement, the biomimetic principles on architecture, the sociology on isolated spaces and the Neuroplace System7 research. These theoretical models have been proven useful in order to address in some extend the feeling of isolation that the astronauts living in Venus will experience. The theory of the situationist movement in architecture could be used in order to create a game between the artificial environment and the humans, which is going to reduce the feelings of isolation through the development of new experiences from the same place. These experiences are going to be born from the transformability and the final design of the station. The user discovers the space through interplay between him and the environment. The goal is to avoid monotony and boredom and increase performance of the mind. Through transformability different experiences of the place could be gained. Guy Debord, in his book ‘The Society of the Spectacle’ (1967)8, describes the possibility to envisage society via different perspectives, according to the way that a person interacts with the surroundings. Specifically Guy Debord provides a way to travel inside the city discovering a new personal experience of freedom, in which a person can find different ways of being part of the society. The right to the city is not merely a right of access to what already exists, but a right to change it after our hearts desire. (Robert Park, 1967)9 The current research aims to suggest a different architectural design from the one currently used in the space stations. The proposed design emphasizes on analogues referring to an earth-like environment. The negative feelings of isolation could be minimized

through a non-ending shape, which cultivates the illusion of freedom. A non-ending shape, inspired from biomimetic principles, could be achieved through variations of the shame basic modular. Also the use of curved forms provides a richer visual environment that maintains interest for longer periods and generates a feeling of expansion through the repeated flow. Moreover, water and greenhouse are necessary elements for an earth-like environment. Research studies from Mars500 (2012)10 showed that growing plants is very important for human emotions and for fighting depression and anxiety. Research evidence has also shown the importance of water for suppressing emotional discomfort. So this vital resource can be employed not only as to satisfy thirst but also additionally act as emotional regulator. Additionally, another significant factor in order to survive in extreme environments is the ability to cooperate. This is necessary so as everything will work in tandem. The particular architectural design aims to discourage competition among the residents and to clearly differentiate between private and public areas. Moreover, the internal design should allow people to work alone or in groups. Linaraki and Voradaki (2011) (ibid) carried out a research project, which provides answers to the question of controlling feelings of isolation in outer space. The study investigates spatial elements and their interaction with human feelings. The research follows a multidisciplinary approach through the fields of architecture, psychology, neurochemistry and advanced technology. Linaraki and Voradaki (ibid) created a Neurospatial Matrix, which describes how architectural space can stimulate the human senses, cause hormonal changes and finally affect the human emotions. The research aims to minimize the human psychological disorders and the use of medicines, based on the principles of transformable architecture. In the space station there could be sensors able to measure hormonal levels and “respond” to them by transforming the spatial elements of the station in order to make people feel better. The responsive spaces could be equipped with smart materials and sensor-actuator systems with programmed actions (haptic, olfactory, chromatic and so on). Moreover, experiments have shown that drugs can lose their effectiveness and expire prior to the due date. That may prevent someone from using anxiolytics or antidepressants. Human beings could feel weak sometimes and architecture can help them improve their psychological health and prevent them from irrational use of medicines, at least in cases of everyday life.

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Environmental conditions and Technology on Venus

Fig. 3, Aero-hydrodynamic shape, first approach for a dynamic shape of a space station that could float on Venus clouds and resist the strong wind. The space station is floating between 50-55klm altitudes from the surface. The atmospheric pressure is 0.94 atm. This is like being on earth at 2 km above the sea level. The effect of atmospheric pressure on earthlings begins above 2,1km, as there the oxygen begins to decline. Today, Tibetans live in 4km altitude and the highest city in the world is located in Bolivia 4km above the sea level. The speed of the wind is 62 m / s. With 100 m / s wind speed the space station could make the circle of Venus in 1 day. With 62 m / s at the altitude of 55km from the ground it will require approximately 35 hours, so its shape with the help of some propulsion systems will help it to reach the 24hour circle. According to those parameters and because the atmosphere is thick, the design should be both aerodynamic, for the horizontal movement, like airplanes and hydrodynamic, for the vertical movement, like submarines in order to sink and emerge on the appropriate altitude and air pressure. The spacecraft could use air instead of water in order to emerge or submerge in Venus’ atmosphere. In order the construction to float and resist the strong wind the materials should be light, flexible and durable. The structure must also be protected from the elements, such as acid rain. The materials proposed present these abilities. The atmosphere of Venus is full of CO2, so the most common material that could be used is carbon nanotubes and sheets (graphene), which are flexible, lightweight and strong enough to carry the stresses and loads presented. Another material is the basaltic silicate, which can be found in the surface of Venus. Using graphene, a form of carbon that is promised to be the strongest material in the world in the coming years, researchers at Cornell University11 created a film that has a thickness of only one atom, but is strong enough to resist internal pressures of several atmospheres. These surfaces could create enclosures that form living spaces by inflating them with air. Landis (ibid) argued, elaborating in favor of a balloon-like space, that if one could just take a room where he/she in sitting in and replace the walls with something thinner, the room would float in Venus. They could also help keep the balance of the floating structure. Finally, special compartments filled with lighter gases (preferably ones found in the particular

atmosphere) could help the space station’s ability to change altitude. This happens by increasing or decreasing its weight, acting like ballast used by the submarines. Another material suggested is the amorphous carbonia. It is a crystalline solid that is formed when carbon dioxide (CO2) comes under extreme pressure conditions. The material that is created is transparent, hard as diamond, and has an atomic structure resembling that of the glass window.

III. ARCHITECTURAL SYNTHESIS As it is mentioned above the space station is

designed for a small group of 40 people. The areas that included in the program are: private units, toilets, kitchen, dining room, multipurpose areas, gym, swimming pool, medical examination rooms, general storage, research laboratories, green house, compost facilities, structure growth modules, manufacturingarea, waste processing area, automation area, electromechanical infrastructure, docking area, water system, cooling tower, solar power panels, pre-fabrication area, tool storage.

Fig. 3, Activity based design, diagram that shows the connections between the places.

Structure For the final architectural design decisions it was

used a combination of the results from the research on how the architectural design could be beneficial in order to overcome in some way the isolation feelings,the impact of the environment in the construction and the materials that could be used on site. The result was an aero-hydrodynamic biomimetic shape filled with air that could float in the clouds of Venus. The construction consists of three basic external layers in order to protect the residents from the environmental conditions such us atmospheric pressure, sulfuric acidand strong wind.

The most important layer that keeps everything structurally sound and maintains the general form of the structure is the ‘skeleton’, which comprises the third layer. It is made from carbon nanotubes, weaved to create a dense web consistency, and it has the macroscopic view resembling living tissue. The form is not elaborated but it is produced as the most efficient possible as the special construction modules

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Fig. 5, Carbon nanotubes connection, Detail of the carbon nanotubes connection, in which appears the rhizomatic space that they create. produce it. The dense web creates a flexible construction that can resist the impact of the environmental conditions and procure a stable and safe space for the residents. The result is a rhizomatic12 transformable environment similar to a tree house. The skeleton is designed also to support the intricate system that supports the living modules. In order the inner spaces be adequately protected they are designed to ‘float’ in space, avoiding any real damage in the case of deformation of the external structure. All activity modules are suspended by the ‘skeleton’ with a variety of cables that can re-adjust position when required. The suspension cables vary in consistency and dimensions that some of them even act as paths of the entire living transportation network. The exterior layer is comprised by vertical nanotubes, forming a thick layer, that are not connected with each other in order to succeed a more freely movement but can change their elasticity by employing electro restrictive actuation. Inspired from mammal and bird anatomy and specifically the skin, these nanotubes act as fur. This is the first layer of protection from the environment. The ‘fur’ plays a role in the movement of the structure, act as insulation from extreme temperatures and winds, and provides protection from the direct contact with acidic rain. The ‘hair’ of the ‘fur’ can also act as

Fig. 4, Diagram of the carbon nanotubes connection with the living modular.

energy generators with the combination of piezoelectric materials or exploit electrostatic phenomena. The role of the ‘fur’ is to assist in maintaining balances environmental conditions in the interior with he minimum energy cost.

The middle layer of the outer shell is the cladding that covers all the openings of the construction. It is a combination of three different materials. The first one is a thin sheet from graphene. At strategically important points graphene balloons are located to facilitate balance, through regulation of lighter air consistency, and act as possible embarkation areas.The second is a strong glass made from amorphous carbonia with the use of CO2, that protect the inside structure, while it allows the residents to watch outside from the settlement. Some parts carry photovoltaic panels or the most efficient technology that will exist in the future, for producing energywhile others have the ability acts as hatches to allow Venunauts to go outside of the shelter. From the internal side this layer features expanding structures from graphene. This layer has multiple uses, as it can create spaces if the need occurs or act as additional protection from possible hull breaches.

Fig. 6, Section of the Space station, this image shows the structure of the station.

Living zone The skeleton from the internal side of the space

ship as it was mentioned above has multiple uses, such us carrying the loads of the living and workingmodules, while its design protects the people from the outside violent atmospheric conditions.

The interior living space consists of spherical domes that are made from graphene and held in place by the suspension system. Their flexibility depends on the needs of residents. They can be inflated with

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Fig. 6, Zoom on the living zone. In the 3d image above appears the connection of the skeleton with the living modular.

Fig. 7, Rest room, diagram section of a rest room modular. air to create space or they can be deflated to avoid being a visual obstacle and allow the eye to gaze. These systems are controlled and coordinated by the control system so that all work together as an integrated whole. This interplay between the residents and the environment helps humans to overcome the feelings of isolation. This can happen through the different experiences generated from the same place. The crewmembers have the ability to get familiar with their living space via pictures, color, and sound and a number of ambient stimuli that comprise a visual syntax. Electrical/mechanical system The electrical/mechanical system is designed as heavily dependent from carbon-based micro fabrication, as they promise high structural and conductive attributes, and it is the basic resource extracted from the atmosphere of Venus. It is a very important part of the station, as it is responsible for

the maintaining the living support systems of the residents. Through the network of electrical mechanical systems all the areas are provided with energy, air and water. It is also responsible for the creation of water and oxygen from the environment of Venus through the decomposition of H2SO2. In specific areas there is a system, which decomposes sulfide acid and produces oxygen and water. This system is also made of transparent material, which allows the residents to watch the water while walking in the station. Secondly, it sustains the greenhouse that is responsible for the production of oxygen and food. Last, but not least it provides the appropriate energy for electricity. Electricity can be produced by three different sources: the movement of the ‘fur’ elements, the movement of air generators and by photovoltaic panels. Ground floors The design of the final space station consists of four basic horizontal levels, and three vertical zones, which are connected by the transportation system-road. Vertically, from top to bottom, there is the living zone, the entertainment/social zone and the working zone. According to research evidence the feeling of going somewhere is very important in such situations. For people in isolation the feeling that there are pathways is very important. This is just like a road system on earth. On a colony’s road a person could have the opportunity to breathe fresh air, to see other people and interact with nature, to play or just sit and observe.

Fig. 8, Exploded image of the Venus Space Station, by order seen from top of the lower: balloons from grafene, fur from carbon nanotubes, skeleton, electro/mechanical system, internal skeleton from carbon nanotubes, living modular from grafene, greenhouse and water.

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Fig. 9, four levels of Venus Space Station. There are four horizontal sections of the station. In the first one appears the greenhouse (green shapes) and the water (blue shape), in the second and the third appears the greenhouse and the living modular and in the forth appears the control zone.

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Greenhouses and water would cover the lowest level of the station in order to give the impression of a ground on earth. This helps to avoid disorientation in the clouds. Moreover, due to the aerodynamic stability principles it carries all the heavy equipment in order tilting motion of the station to be reduced. Specifically, there are a big park with hydroponic plants, floating moving water and the biology research module. The greenhouse provides the residents with oxygen and food. Swimming pools are used for gym or relax. Except from the park there are the construction area with the robotics, a big storage, the repair room and the energy management systems. The second and the third level are similar. There is the living zone. In the first part there are the sleeping module. In every group of six modules there are a living room with a toilet and oxygen gardens like small neighborhoods. Every level has approximately four neighborhoods. Every crewmember has its own room. The rooms are open and close according to the timetable. The rooms are big enough in order to sleep, read a book, listen to music, accompany with two-three friends, or be alone. The lower level of the sleeping unit has a memory foam substrate. The second part consists of three eating rooms, a multipurpose room, two laboratories, a kitchen, a storage, two toilets, a medical examination room, an earth room, a movie room, a coffee room, a music room and some oxygen gardens. In the third part are the research labs and the construction area. The labs are similar to International Space Station. There are the Human Physiology Research, Physical Science and Material Research and Venus and Space science. Also there are the compost facilities, storages, the recycling module and the waste processing room. Finally the fourth level consists mainly from the control rooms and the navigation rooms. Each part of the space station contains navigation and a control room. In case of emergency the station can be separated with airlocks in these three parts, each one has an emergency spacecraft, so people can be safe.

Fig. 10, Detail image of a neighborhood that shows five rooms, a dining/toilet room and a garden.

Fig. 11, Section of the Venus Space station that appears the internal construction.

Fig. 12, Image of the Venus Space station that appears the outside shelter of the station.

Fig. 13, Image of the construction area.

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Fig.14, Image of the swimming pools. Transformability The building reacts like a living organism, it has an extended sensor system and it responds according to the human needs, or to the environmental issues. The outside transformability (OT) is formed by the ‘fur’ and the inflatables and it depends on a diagram with two parameters, the parameter E (environmental condition) which is the environmental conditions existing on the cloud top levels on Venus such us temperature, atmospheric pressure, sulfuric acid and wind and the parameter T (time) which is based on the program management and the prediction that has been done. According to that, the construction is changing in order to protect the human life and engage the conditions most efficiently. The inside transformability (IT) has to do with the living space conditions according to activity and is also based on a diagram with two parameters, the first is the AR (activity requirements) parameter which is the defined functional requirements for each activity and the second is the F (feelings) parameter which is based on the human feelings such as aggressive behavior, anger, stress, depression and fear. The parameters of time, activity, feeling and environmental conditions create a non-predictable system. This dynamical system is able to provide the residents with a variety of different experiences in order to avoid boredom and over familiarization. Last but not least it, a tube map has been created, in order to provide residents with the knowledge of all the possible ways they could experience in this complex system.

Fig. 15, VSS Tube Map.

Fig. 16, The first image illustrates (blue color) the variation of the places used for activities in a 24hour circle. In the second image appears the transformability of the outside shelter, according to the environmental conditions. In case of acid rain the outside carbon nanotubes protect the construction, in order to resist the strong wind carbon nanotubes take a more freely shape, in case of low or high temperature the balloons filled with hellion change the temperature of the station. The third image shows the variations of the rest rooms, according to the residents feeling. For example when an astronaut suffer from depression, the lights in the modular turns blue in order to help him feel calm. In addition when he feels stressed the lights turn green. The last picture illustrates this non-predictable system.

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The example A video has been uploaded in you tube that describes a day in the space station (www.youtube.com/watch?v=PKNp0WR9XIU). A male crewmember woke up and asks from the control center to suggest him a ‘mountain experience’ as he is to head for the labs. His experience consists of slow walking full of fresher air (air richer in oxygen concentration), and a lot of high vegetation. Roads narrow and challenging to pass, lead him at the highest point of the space station where he could feel like he is up in the mountain. He could sit on the clouds and observe the whole colony. The temperature there is 13 Co in order to give the impression of an earthly mountain. New experiences for people are born in the Venus space station, such us the above or such us running in the clouds. Scenario: Living on the VSS a day of a Venunaut ‘I woke up this morning, I was really nervous because we had to conduct a really important experiment. The screen in my modular showed a landscape with beautiful mountains. Maybe it was a dream I had… I ask from the control center to suggest me a ‘mountain experience’ as he is to head for the labs. Slow walking full of oxygen and clean air, a lot of trees and bird eye sight. I lift my modular in order to get dressed. After ten minutes I was ready to start my journey. I went out. It was a little bit freeze I needed a jacket. I grabbed my jacket and I closed the modular. There were still many rooms open. It was really early in the morning. I went to the toilet I drank some water and I asked my GPS to indicate the way. I passed through the green house and some living rooms. I was going up and up. My ears had blocked. The way that my GPS showed was really narrow and impassable. I finally was at the navigation room. I looked on the right and noticed that the path that connects SS3 with SS2 was open. I went there. My god the view was breathtaking. I couldn’t stop gazing. I sat down and started gazing. I had half an hour left before breakfast. The clouds had a yellow-white color and I could see some volcanoes on the surface of Venus. I was feeling so relaxed and free, I was happy. Time passed, I had to return back at my room to change cloths, as I was horribly swept. I turned on my favorite music in my earrings and I left. A lot of us had woken up, there were a lot of close modular and I could see far away. I finally reached my room. I opened it again and took some cloths. I was ready. On my way to the living room I meet my friends John and Merry. We walked together, so I had time to tell them my experience this morning. We took the shorter way because we were really hungry. My GPS told me to go to the kitchen and take away my

Fig. 17, Captures from the video in which appear different places of the VSS. breakfast because I was late. So, we went there, we fixed some bread and coffee and we carry on

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walking. We passed through a beautiful greenhouse, our plants were growing fast. We arrived in the construction area and from there we took different ways. I had to go to our lab. The time for the experiment was there.’ A Venunaut. IV. CONCLUSION This research resulted in an architectural design for a Venus colony based on a multidisciplinary approach combining psychology of space, predicted near-future technology and the identified environmental conditions on Venus. The station aimed to create an earthly environment in an unearthly planet. The important note is the metaphor of the essential elements that consist an Earthly experience in the Venusian clouds. The possibility of choosing different roads due to the design and the overall transformability of the station provides residents with different experiences of space that address diverse situations. The goal is to help people living in extreme environments to overcome feelings of isolation and specifically boredom and monotony. Architecture as a science is a dynamic field, rapidly developing, as the importance of the environment in almost every aspect of human existence is uncovered. One should consider that the complexity of astronauts’ life and the results showing the stresses deriving from the indifference presented at their surroundings, render the reformulation of architectural design regarding all possible space habitats evident, even critical for a successful next step in humanities space faring dream. V. REFERENCES                                                                                                                1 http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/ space/2006-06-13-hawking-humans-space_x.htm, viewed 10-09-2011 2 Geoffrey A. Landis, Colonization of Venus, NASA John Glenn Research Center, mailstop 302-1, 21000 Brook Park Road, Cleveland, Feb. 2-6 2003 3 Scott Howe & Brent Sherwood Out of This World: The New Field of Space Architecture, 2009, AIAA, USA, page 60 4 Susmita Mohanty, Jesper Jørgensen, Maria Nyström: Psychological Factors Associated with Habitat Design for Planetary Mission Simulators, 19 - 21 September 2006, San Jose, California 5 Kanas, N. (2011). From Earth’s orbit to the outer planets and beyond: Psychological issues in space. Acta Astronaut, 68, 576-581 6 Urbina, D., Charles, R. (2012). Enduring the isolation of interplanetary travel: A personal account of the Mars 500 mission. Paper # IAC-12-A1.1.1.  

                                                                                                                                                                     International Astronautical Federation. Proceedings, 63th International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, October 1–5, 2012. 7 Linaraki, D., Voradaki, G., Supervisors: Liapi, M., Oungrinis, K. A. (2011), Thesis Research Project: NeuroPlace System: Responsive architecture as a tool to suppress the psychological disorders of an individual and replace medicines, Technical University of Crete, Department of Architecture 8 Guy Depord, The Society of the Spectacle, 1967, Zone Books, France 9 Robert Park, On Social Control and Collective Behavior, Chicago 1967, p. 3 10 Urbina, D., Charles, R. (2012). Enduring the isolation of interplanetary travel: A personal account of the Mars 500 mission. Paper # IAC-12-A1.1.1. International Astronautical Federation. Proceedings, 63th International Astronautical Congress, Naples, Italy, October 1–5, 2012. 11 http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/2008/09/cu-physicists-create-worlds-thinnest-balloon), viewed February 21-02-2012 12 Rhizome is a philosophical concept developed by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari in their Capitalism and Schizophrenia (1972–1980) project. Deleuze and Guattari introduce A Thousand Plateaus by outlining the concept of the rhizome (quoted from A Thousand Plateaus): 1 and 2: Principles of connection and heterogeneity: any point of a rhizome can be connected to any other, and must be 3. Principle of multiplicity: only when the multiple is effectively treated as a substantive, "multiplicity" that it ceases to have any relation to the One 4. Principle of asignifying rupture: a rhizome may be broken, but it will start up again on one of its old lines, or on new lines 5 and 6: Principle of cartography and decalcomania: a rhizome is not amenable to any structural or generative model; it is a "map and not a tracing" Deleuze, Gilles and Félix Guattari. 1980. A Thousand Plateaus. Trans. Brian Massumi. London and New York: Continuum, 2004. Vol. 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia. 2 vols. 1972-1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux. Paris: Les Editions de Minuit.