Antifungal Activity of Capparis decidua Extracts against Seed-borne Pathogenic Fungi

www.wjpps.com Vol 4, Issue 10, 2015.

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Tripathi et al. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF CAPPARIS DECIDUA EXTRACTS

AGAINST SEED-BORNE PATHOGENIC FUNGI

Y.C. Tripathi1*

, Sushma Singh2, Nishat Anjum

1, K.K. Srivastava

2

1Chemistry Division, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun – 248006, India

2Forest Protection Division, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur – 342005, India

ABSTRACT

Biodeterioration of seeds due to fungal infestation cause considerable

losses in terms of their viability, chemical composition and end-use.

Control of such fungi using synthetic fungicides has limitation of

adverse health and environmental consequences. This can be overcome

through persistent exploration and promotion of eco-friendly botanical

fungicides. With this milieu, methanolic extracts of wood, bark and

seeds of Capparis decidua, traditionally acclaimed for medicinal value

were evaluated for antifungal efficacy against six seed-borne pathogenic

fungal species causing severe deterioration to economically important

seeds during storage. Methanol extracts of wood, bark and seeds of C.

decidua showed very low MIC values against all the six fungi. Results

indicated that extracts of all the three parts at all the tested concentrations were effective as

compared to negative control. However, extracts of different parts exhibited varying degrees

of inhibition. Extent of activity also differed with concentration of extracts used. Radial

growth inhibition was minimum with extracts of all the three parts at 5mg/ml concentration and

maximum at 100mg/ml. Among the treatments, bark extract was found more effective than that

of seeds and wood. Growth inhibition with bark and seed extract at concentration of 25mg/ml

was almost at par with the synthetic fungicide carbendazim. Further, growth inhibition of all

the six fungi with 50 mg/ml concentration of extracts of the three parts is significantly higher

as compared to carbendazim. The study thus revealed the promising antifungal efficacy of C.

decidua.

KEYWORDS: Biodeterioration, Seed-borne fungi, Capparis decidua, Extract, Antifungal

activity.

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Article Received on

06 Aug 2015,

Revised on 27 Aug 2015,

Accepted on 18 Sep 2015

*Correspondence for

Author

Y.C. Tripathi

Chemistry Division Forest

Research Institute P.O.

New Forest, Dehradun –

248006, India


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INTRODUCTION

Capparis decidua (Forsk.) Edgew (Syn. Capparis aphylla Roth.) belonging to the family

Capparidaceae, is a glabrous densely branched spinous shrub or small tree found in dry and

bare habitat of Sind, Baluchistan, Egypt, Socotra, Arabia, Tropical Africa, Western and

Central India and Pakistan[1]

and growing wild in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab, Deccan

Peninsula and Western Ghats of India.[2]

It is commonly known as Gudhapatra, Korira, Karer

or Kair and traditionally acclaimed for its immense medicinal and livelihood importance. The

unripe fruits are considered anthelmintic and laxative and employed in the treatment of

asthma, constipation, coughs, hysteria and other psychological problems.[3]

In traditional

medicinal systems, it is regarded as laxative, astringent and vermifuge.[4]

The root bark is

prescribed for the treatment of toothache, intermittent fevers, asthma, cough, inflammations

and rheumatism.[5]

Fruits and seeds are regarded as diuretic, antidiabetic, astringent to bowels

and said to be beneficial for cardiac troubles and seed oil is used to cure skin diseases.[6]

Phytochemical studies of the plant have revealed the presence of a number of chemical

constituents including sterols,[7]

fatty acids,[8]

flavones,[9]

oxygenated heterocyclic

constituents,[10]

alkaloids[11-15]

and an isothiocyanate glucoside[16]

in different parts of the

plant. Pharmacological studies have reported its CNS sedative and depressant[17-18]

and

antimicrobial properties.[19]

Alcoholic extract of the root bark and fruit pulp is claimed to

have anthelmintic activity.[20]

Methanol and water extracts possessed hepatoprotective

activity.[21]

The effects of plant extracts on human plasma triglycerides, total lipids and

phospholipids have also been reported.[22]

The fruit has been shown to possess anti-

atherosclerotic,[23]

antidiabetic,[24-25]

anti-hypertensive[23]

and anti-hyperlipidemic

properties.[26]

Capparidisine, a spermidine alkaloid from the plant is reported to have

cardiovascular activity.[27]

Besides pharmacological efficacy, the chemical constituents and extracts of C. decidua are

reported to have varied biocidal properties.[28-29]

Our earlier work reported aphicidal properties

of different parts of C. decidua against the aphids Mysus persicae [30]

and Lipaphis erysimi.[31]

The present study reports antifungal activity of extracts of different parts of C. decidua against

certain seed-borne pathogenic fungi which are most common associates of forest seeds.


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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Plant Material

The plant materials of C. decidua, viz. bark, wood and fruits were collected from suburbs of

Jodhpur, (Rajasthan), India and got authenticated in consultation with Botany Department,

J.N.V. University, Rajasthan as well as by using the ‗Flora of Indian Desert‘.[32]

Processing of plant material

The collected plant materials i.e. bark, wood and fruits of C. decidua were surface sterilized

with 0.1% HgCl2 and washed two to three times with sterile distilled water. Properly cleaned

plant materials were dried in shade. Air dried bark and wood cuttings were powdered using

powdering mill to 50 mesh size. Seeds were separated by depulping the fruits and powdered

after proper cleaning and drying. Powdered plant materials were stored in sterile cellophane

bags in a cool dry place till further use.

Extraction of plant material

The powdered plant materials i.e. bark, wood and fruits (300gm each) were extracted with

methanol in a soxhlet extractor for 8 to 10 hours. The process was run till the decolourisation

of the solvent, after which the extract was filtered with Whitman filter paper (No.1) and the

filtrates were concentrated using rotary evaporator. Then the extracts were evaporated to

dryness over water bath and solvent free extracts of respective parts were obtained.[33]

Extracts

of wood, bark and seeds of C. decidua were weighed and kept in labelled sterile specimen

bottles.

Isolation of seed borne fungi

The isolation of seed-borne fungi was carried out by blotter test method.[34]

A pair of white

blotter papers of 8.5 cm diameter was jointly soaked in sterile distilled water and placed in

pre-sterilized petridishes of 9 cm diameter. Stored seeds of Salvadoa persica (Jal) Pongamia

pinnata (Karanj) and Azadirachta indica (Neem) were placed at equidistance on moist

blotters in autoclaved separate petridishes. All petridishes were incubated at room

temperature (28±20C) for 6 days. Altogether six dominant fungi were isolated and identified as

Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Phytophthora sp., Penicillium sp. and

Mucor sp. based on growth characteristic, mycelial morphology, spore morphology and other

important characters using standard protocol.[35-36]

Pure cultures of each of the isolated and

identified fungal species were made separately and maintained at 50C on PDA slants. These

pure cultures were used for antifungal assay.


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Preparation of test solutions

Test solutions of a series of concentrations viz., 5, 10, 25, 50 and 100 mg/ml were prepared from

methanolic extracts of wood, bark and seeds of C. decidua by dissolving extracts in Dimethyl

sulfoxide (DMSO). All test solutions were kept in refrigerator at 40C for future use.

Preparation of fungal inoculums

For antifungal assay cultured slants were used for preparing spore suspension in 0.9% saline

water. The fungal spore suspension was adjusted to give a final concentration of 1-5x105

cfu/ml.

Preparation of media

The medium was prepared by dissolving Potato dextrose agar (PDA) media (HiMedia) in

distilled water and autoclaving at 1210

C for 15 minutes. 20 ml of sterile PDA media was

poured in sterilized petridishes (9 cm diameter) and allowed to solidify which were used for

antifungal assy.

Antifungal activity assay

Antifungal activity of methanolic extracts of wood, bark and seeds of C. decidua was

determined using agar-well diffusion method.[37]

Spore suspensions (0.2ml) were applied on

the surface of the presterilized and autoclaved PDA petridishes and spread by using a sterile

glass spreader. Wells of 6mm diameter were made in centre of each of the PDA petriplates

with the help of sterilized cork borer. The wells were filled with test solutions of wood, bark

and seeds of C. decidua as prepared above with three replications for each treatment.

Carbendazim (2mg/ml) and DMSO were served as positive and negative control respectively

for each of the three extracts. All the petridishes including treatments and controls were

allowed to diffuse at room temperature for 2 hours and then incubated at room temperature

(28±20C) for 72 hours. After incubation, the antifungal activity of extracts was determined by

measuring the diameter (mm) of inhibition zones.

Determination of Minimum inhibitory concentration

The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined through the broth dilution

method.[38-39]

Fungi were first grown in the potato dextrose broth for 24 hrs and then the

inoculums were diluted for five times (10-5

dilution) to control its vigorous growth. Then each

test tube was added with 1.8 ml of potato dextrose broth and different concentrations (1-10

mg/ml) of wood, bark and seed extracts separately followed by inoculation of 0.2 ml of


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respective fungi and kept at 28°C for 48 hrs. The tubes were examined for visual turbidity.

Lowest concentrations of the extracts showing no turbidity (without microbial growth) were

considered as the minimal inhibitory concentration.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The antifungal activity of wood, bark and seeds of C. decidua obtained by the agar-well

diffusion method is shown in Table 1.

Table 1: Antifungal activity of Capparis decidua extracts against Seed-borne Pathogenic

Fungi

Plant

Parts

Conc.

(mg/ml)

Zone of Inhibition in mm

A. niger A. flavus F. moniliforme Phytophthora sp Penicillium sp Mucor sp

Wood

5 6.61±0.41 6.23±0.53 4.59±0.33 5.29±0.41 6.16±0.47 6.96±0.23

10 11.50±0.65 10.87±0.31 8.64±0.25 9.89±0.33 10.51±0.31 11.19±0.43

25 18.23±0.33 16.93±0.51 15.71±0.23 16.66±0.43 17.53±0.33 17.83±0.41

50 33.53±0.31 31.87±0.33 29.63±0.25 30.69±0.31 32.66±0.43 31.36±0.35

100 48.41±0.19 46.26±0.31 46.81±0.43 44.93±0.53 45.53±0.31 46.29±0.09

Bark

5 8.89±0.23 7.13±0.41 5.99±0.31 6.61±0.41 7.33±0.43 7.26±0.26

10 15.53±0.41 13.83±0.33 12.31±0.25 12.29±0.33 14.51±0.33 15.29±0.13

25 24.46±0.23 22.91±0.33 21.63±0.53 22.33±0.41 23.21±0.35 23.63±0.51

50 35.83±0.36 34.29±0.31 32.64±0.33 32.81±0.33 33.56±0.43 32.86±0.53

100 51.41±0.29 49.23±0.53 49.83±0.31 48.33±0.33 49.23±0.31 48.63±0.16

Seed

5 11.61±0.33 10.43±0.36 9.63±0.45 10.53±0.55 10.23±0.46 11.13±0.38

10 19.13±0.45 17.73±0.46 18.31±0.24 18.21±0.30 19.51±0.73 18.51±0.45

25 30.41±0.56 28.91±0.33 28.23±0.54 29.63±0.68 29.11±0.56 28.23±0.27

50 41.83±0.47 34.29±0.17 32.64±0.53 32.81±0.27 33.56±0.38 32.86±0.35

100 63.41±0.38 61.23±0.62 59.83±0.28 58.33±0.45 59.23±0.46 58.63±0.32

Carbendazim [

Control] 20.00±0.07 19.67±1.08 21.33±0.41 23.46±0.71 22.67±0.71 24.25±0.82

DMSO [ Control]

Methanolic extracts of wood, bark and seeds exhibited varying degrees of antifungal activity

against six fungal species A. niger, A. flavus, Fusarium moniliforme, Phytophthora sp.,

Penicillium sp. and Mucor sp. isolated from Salvadoa persica, Pongamia pinnata and

Azadirachta indica seeds. The data presented in Table-1 clearly indicate significant reduction

in growth of seed borne fungi with different concentrations of methanolic extract. Different

parts i.e. wood, bark and seeds showed significant differences in their efficacy. Methanolic

extracts of bark showed the maximum inhibition of mycelia growth of all species whereas

minimum inhibition is recorded with wood extract. From the result it is also evident that

growth inhibition of all the fungi increased with increase in concentration of extracts. Of the

concentrations of different parts, it is observed that inhibition of radial growth at concentration


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of 5 and 10 mg/ml is less than that of positive control. However, 25mg/ml and above

concentrations of extracts of all the three parts of C. decidua are more effective on growth

inhibition of all the tested fungi. Growth inhabitation impact of bark extract at 25 mg/ml

concentration is better than the positive control whereas impact of the same concentration of

seed extract is almost at par with positive control. Maximum growth inhibition of all the test

fungi is evident at concentration of 100 mg/ml of all the extracts followed by 50 mg/ml

concentration (Fig. 1). The mean radial growth inhibition of A. niger, A. flavus, Fusarium

moniliforme, Phytophthora sp., Penicillium sp. and Mucor sp. with various concentrations of

extracts of all the three parts of the plant ranged between 6.61- 63.41, 6.23 - 61.23, 4.59 - 59.83,

5.29 - 58.33, 6.16 - 59.23 and 6.96 - 58.63 mm respectively.

Results indicated that all the treatments were effective as compared to negative control (Fig. 1).

Radial growth inhibition was minimum at 5mg/ml concentration and maximum at 100mg/ml

concentration of extracts of all the three parts. Among the treatments bark extract was found

more effective than extracts of seeds and wood. Individual effect of extracts on radial growth

followed the descending order as Bark > Seed > Wood.

Fig. 1: Growth inhibition (in mm) of tested fungi under different treatments

Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of wood, bark and seed extracts of C. decidua were

found in the range of 3.25–3.75, 2.75–3.25 and 3.00–3.50 mg/ml respectively (Table 2).

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

A.niger A.flavus F.moniliforme Phytophthora sp. Penicillium Mucor

Wood Ext. Seed Ext.Bark Ext.


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Table 2: Minimum Inhibitory concentration of wood, bark and seed extracts of C. decidua

Fungal species Minimum inhibitory concentration (mg/ml)

Wood Extract Bark Extract Seed Extract

Aspergillus niger 3.50 2.75 3.00

Aspergillus flavus 3.25 3.00 3.25

Fusarium moniliforme 3.75 3.25 3.50

Phytophthora sp 3.25 3.00 3.50

Penicillium sp 3.25 3.00 3.25

It is finally confirmed by the results that extracts of different parts of C. decidua have very

low MIC values against fungi. Extracts of bark and seeds of the plant at concentration of

25mg/ml have shown growth inhibition almost at par with synthetic fungicide Carbendazim

(positive control). Further, growth inhibition of all the six fungi at 50 mg/ml concentration of

extract of the three parts is significantly higher as compared to positive control. Maximum

inhibition however is recoded at 100 mg/ml concentration of extracts of all the three parts

(Fig. 1). The antifungal potency of different parts of C. decidua may be due to presence

chemical constituents which are too complex in their structure and show diverse action

mechanisms.

Biodeterioration of seeds due to fungal diseases cause considerable losses in terms of seed

germination capacity and their chemical composition.[40-44]

Treatment of seeds to control

seed-borne fungal diseases using synthetic chemical fungicides has limitation of pesticide

toxicity and serious environmental consequences.[45]

In recent years, large number of

synthetic fungicides has been banned in the western world because of their undesirable

attributes. In addition, many pathogenic microorganisms have developed resistance against

chemical fungicides.[46]

Plant based biocides proved to be one of the better alternatives owing

to their negligible health and environmental hazard in contrast to synthetic chemicals.[47-48]

Extracts of many higher plants have been reported to exhibit antifungal properties.[49-57]

However, a few seed borne fungi remain constantly posing serious problems by deteriorating

seed viability and vigour. In view of these, the present investigation was undertaken to

examine the extracts of different parts of C. decidua for their antifungal potency against

phytopathogenic seed borne fungi causing significant deterioration of forest tree seeds during

storage.

CONCLUSION

Capparis decidua has a wide range of biological activity due to the presence of different

types of bioactive phytochemicals like alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, flavonoids, fatty


1507


acids, etc in good quantity. Recent studies on this plant showed that it may be used as

antibacterial agent.[20,28,58-59]

Based on these facts, it was decided to evaluate different parts of

the plants for their fungicidal action against harmful seed-borne fungi. The efficacy of wood,

bark and seed extracts of C. decidua in inhibiting the growth of some detrimental seed-borne

fungi as found in the present study is suggestive of its promising antifungal activity which has

not been reported so far. The study further revealed that the antifungal activity of the extracts

enhanced by an increase in the concentration of the extract. In vitro evaluation of plants and

plant products for antifungal property is the first step towards achieving the goal for

developing ecofriendly management of fungi. Demand for herbal biocides is increasing in

order to find effective alternatives to synthetic fungicides. In this context, antifungal efficacy

of methanolic extracts of tested parts of C. decidua is interesting. Therefore, it may be

concluded that C. decidua is a significant addition in the existing record of phytofungicides that

could be exploited as the source of effective herbal fungicide which can be an eco-friendly

option for the management of seed borne fungi and development of antifungal commercial

formulation.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors are highly thankful to the Director, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun and the

Director, Arid Forest Research Institute, Jodhpur (India) for providing necessary facilities for

carrying out this work.

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Antifungal Activity of Capparis decidua Extracts against Seed-borne Pathogenic Fungi

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