Anth.310 Ppt. lecture-4: Early Dyn.18 rulers, including Ahmose, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I-II, & the...

ANT 310:

Imperial and Post-Imperial Egypt: 1550 – 332 BCE

Lecture 4:Early Dynasty 18: Historical Background

© Gregory Mumford 2021

Contents:

(1). Ahmose (Amasis) I 5

Summary of reign (see preceding lecture for details of his reign)

(2). Amenhotep I 7

Background; domestic affairs; Nubia; Syria-Palestine; Burial.

(3). Thutmose I 22

Background; Nubia; Syria-Palestine; domestic affairs; burial (KV)

(4). Thutmose II 54

Background; Shasu-Bedu; Nubia; domestic affairs; burial (KV)

(5). Thutmose III (with Queen regent → co-King Hatshepsut) 70

Background; Hatshepsut’s progression to co-kingship;

domestic affairs; Syria-Palestine; Sinai; Red Sea (Punt);

Mortuary temple (Deir el-Bahari); tombs.

(6). Attempted erasure of Hatshepsut … 117

(7). Selected sources for the above monarchs / reigns … 124

General studies on early Dynasty 18 125

Amenhotep I 128

Thutmose I 133

Thutmose II 137

Hatshepsut (& Thutmose III) 141

The Egyptian rulers of Early Dynasty 18 (Late Bronze Age 1A-B):

Egyptian name: Greek name: Dates :

(1). Ahmose Amasis I 1550 – 1525 BCE

(2). Amenhotep I Amenophis I 1524 – 1504 BCE

(3). Thutmose I Thutmosis I 1504 – 1492 BCE

(4). Thutmose II Thutmosis II 1492 – 1479 BCE

(5). Thutmose III Thutmosis III 1479 – 1425 BCE

Regent advising young king:

Queen Hatshepsut: Chief Queen of Thutmose II & Aunt of T.III

Thutmose III Thutmosis III 1479 – 1458 BCE

Co-regency 1473 – 1458 BCE

Hatshepsut → Full king ca. 1473–1458 BCE

Thutmose III Still a king alongside Hatshepsut

Sole rule:

Thutmose III Survives aunt’s death 1458 – 1425 BCE

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DYNASTY 18:

Ca. 1550 – 1295 BC

1. Ahmose (I)

(Greek: Amosis/Amasis I)

Ca. 1550 – 1525 BC

See previous lecture: Ahmose is covered under late 2IP (SIP)

• i.e., Ahmose’s role as a transitionary ruler

from late Dynasty 17 to early Dynasty 18

• He defeats the Hyksos (Asiatics) at Tjaru & Avaris (delta)

• He founds a re-unified Egypt and an early “Empire”

• He initiates raids against and captures Sharuhen (Ajjul?)

i.e., a Canaanite stronghold/town in SW Palestine

• He conducts a long-range campaign of subjugation into

Syria-Palestine (to Djahi), receiving tribute, etc.

i.e., no direct governing; = loose suzerainty via intimidation

• He is the last Egyptian ruler using a pyramid-type tomb,

following the small SIP types in Memphite area, Abydos,

and Thebes (e.g., Kamose, his brother).

DYNASTY 18:

Ca. 1550 – 1295 BC

2. Amenhotep I

(Greek: Amenophis)

Ca. 1525 – 1504 BC

DYN.18 no.2: Amenhotep I (21 yr reign)

Amenhotep I (Greek: “Amenophis” I.).

High Chronology: 1525-1504 BC

Low Chronology: 1514-1493 BC

• Succeeds his father Ahmose

ca.1525 BC +/-10.

• P. Ebers records heliacal rising of Sirius

in yr 9, day-9 of 3rd month of summer.

i.e., We can tie his reign into astronomical data

• Depending upon many factors, including

a. latitude / location of sighting

(Memphis?; Thebes?; Elephantine?)

b. angle of star on E. horizon (latitude?),

c. known reign length (A-I & other rulers),

d. other factors,

→ advent of A-I's reign = ca. 1537 – 1517 BC

Amenhotep I

Domestic affairs: Building etc.

• He commissions building works

throughout Egypt

e.g., construction and decoration

of temples.

• Evidence for buildings mostly from

ex-situ (dismantled) blocks, etc.:

e.g., Abydos

Karnak Temple (alabaster chapel)

Kom Ombo

Elephantine (Satis temple)

• No buildings known from Delta.

Amenhotep

I

Osiride

statue

at

Deir el-

Bahari

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/587532

Amenhotep I relief frag., prob. Karnak Temple

https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/587532

Amenhotep I

Domestic affairs: Buildings etc.

• He commissions building works

throughout Egypt

e.g., construction and decoration

of temples.

•

• Evidence for building mostly from

ex-situ (dismantled) blocks, etc.:

e.g., Abydos

Karnak Temple (alabaster chapel)

Kom Ombo

Elephantine (Satis temple)

• No buildings known from the delta.

Abydos

ThebesKom Ombo

Elephantine

Kingdom

of Kush

EGYPT

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_I#/media/File:AmenhotepI-StatueHead_Museum

OfFineArtsBoston.png

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_I#/media/File:AmenhotepI-StatueHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenhotep_I#/media/File:AmenhotepI-StatueHead_MuseumOfFineArtsBoston.png

Amenhotep I

• Karnak: Alabaster barque chapel

begun by A-I (completed by T-1)

• Housing wooden boat & cult image

of Amun-Re (a cult fig. sanctuary)

• Re-assembled from blocks in later

constructions in Karnak Temple.

Thebes

Now re-assembled in

Karnak Temple

Karnak Temple

Karnak Temple

Amenhotep I

Reconstructed bark-

sanctuary of Amun:

Probably in front of

MK Senwosret shrine

Deir el-Medina

AMENHOTEP I

West Bank of Thebes:

Deir el-Medina.

Tomb workers

Thebes

Ptolemaic temple

Amenhotep I

Lower Nubia:

• Minor campaign to suppress rebellion

(by Iwntyw) in Lower Nubia.

• Tomb texts: Ahmose son of Ibana &

Ahmose-Pennekhbet.

New: Vice-Roy of Kush.

• A-I appoints commander

of Buhen, Turi, →

Viceroy of Kush *(T.-1).

• Vice-Roy’s other titles:

a. “Overseer of the southern lands”

b. “King's son of Kush”

• Pharaoh's deputy

governing Aswan-Sai.

• Controls mining gold, stone, minerals.

• Obtains items from Upper Nubia & Africa.

• Directs construction of temples & other

buildings in Lower Nubia for the king.

• Conducts military operations for the king.

Sai

Aswan (Elephantine)

Buhen

LOWER

NUBIA

Second

Cataract

Kerma

LOWER NUBIA: Vice-Roy of Kush

Trading

missions

Amenhotep I:

Gold-mining in the E. Desert.

Economic imperialism

• the “gold of Kush”

• Wadi AllaqiBuhen

Lower Nubian Eastern Desert: Wadi Allaqi gold mining region.

Corridor to African products

Tell el-Farah (S)

Tell el-HesiLachish

Beth Shemesh

Tell el-Ajjul

(Egy.Fort)

Amenhotep I.

Syria-Palestine:

South Palestine:

• Distribution of items with

A-I’s name.

• Egypt likely maintained

hold of Sharuhen (=‘Ajjul?),

ensuring access to &

domination of S. Palestine.

• Four sites with A-I’s name

on scarab-seals lie 30-70

km from ‘Ajjul (1-2+ days):

• Trade relations? or

• Egyptian domination?

• Semi-autonomous city-

states (vassals to Egypt?)

Amenhotep I:

Syria-Palestine.

• Possible campaign into Syria-Palestine

(not mentioned by military officers).

Karnak Temple text:

• Early Dyn.18 doorjamb notes Syrian campaign

& retrieval of unguents (Redford: = A-I).

• Cites Qedem (“East”; = Byblos hinterland)

Tunip (75-125 km NE of Byblos)

2 illegible places.

Booty, gifts, or trade products:

• Tomb of Qn. Ahmose-Nefertari, who lived into

A-I's reign, yielded vase noting Qedem

(possible hunting trip?).

• Tomb of Ineni notes “Asiatic copper”

destined for mortuary temple? of A-I. THEBES

QEDEM

TUNIP

Byblos

Amenhotep I

Royal Burial.

• Possibly 1st NK king to separate physically

the royal mortuary temple from burial place.

• Location of A-I’s tomb = unconfirmed.

• A-I = reburied in a coffin originally made

for priest (Djehutymose) & placed in

Deir el-Bahari cache 320.

Several “candidates” for A-I’s tomb:

a. Dra Abu el-Naga: Tomb AN-B?

-Stone vessels late Dyns.17-18 rulers

(+Dyn.22 reuse of tomb)

b. Valley of the Kings Tomb KV 39?

-Odd features in plan, i.e., two chambers

at end of a S & E passage.

-Remains of 9+ persons and items with

names of Amenhotep I, II, Thutmose I, II?

KV 39

Tomb AN-B

Dynasty 18: Mortuary temple of Amenhotep I on West Bank of Thebes

DYNASTY 18:

Ca. 1550 – 1295 BC

3. Thutmose I

(Greek: Thutmosis)

Ca. 1504 – 1492 BC

DYN.18 no.3: Thutmose I (12 yrs)

Thutmose I (Greek: “Thutmosis” I)

High Chronology 1504-1492 BC

Low Chronology 1493-1481 BC

Background:

• His mother = not described as a

king’s wife/daughter

→ probable non-royal status.

• He married Princess Ahmose

• Legitimation via Ahmosid link

a. daughter of Ahmose and

Ahmose-Nefertiry.

b. sister of Amenhotep I

• He may have belonged to

a. Collateral branch of

Theban royal family.

b. Earlier Theban royal line.

Thutmose I.

Nubia:

• Year 2 (c.1505 BC): Defeats & captures

Kerma & Kingdom of Kush.

• Kerma in 3rd Cataract region

• Traces of burning & destruction at Kerma

(may =T-I yr 2 campaign & earlier attacks)

• Kerma’s fortifications demolished to

a. nullify its role as a stronghold

b. prevent potential future rebellions

• Troops left graffiti at Kurgus (4th Cataract).

• Garrisons placed at Sai & Tombos:

a. securing region against future rebellion

b. ensuring shipments of African products

c. Nubian slaves, metals, minerals, stone.

Sai

Tombos

Kurgus

UPPER

EGYPT

LOWER

NUBIA

KINGDOM

OF KUSH

Kerma

https://thinkafrica.net/the-kingdom-of-kerma-2500-1500-bc/

https://thinkafrica.net/the-kingdom-of-kerma-2500-1500-bc/

Kerma

Fortification

wall around

Kerma

Kingdom of Kerma:

• City was fortified

during 2IP+ …

• Evidence that the

fortifications were

breached several

times.

• Thutmose I (?)

Thutmose I.

Nubia:

• Year 2 (c.1505 BC): Defeats & captures

Kerma & Kingdom of Kush.

• Kerma in 3rd Cataract region

• Traces of burning & destruction at Kerma

(may =T-I yr 2 campaign & earlier attacks)

• Kerma’s fortifications demolished to

a. nullify its role as a stronghold

b. prevent potential future rebellions

• Troops left graffiti at Kurgus (4th Cataract).

• Garrisons placed at Sai & Tombos:

a. securing region against future rebellion

b. ensuring shipments of African products

c. Nubian slaves, metals, minerals, stone.

Sai

Tombos

Kurgus

UPPER

EGYPT

LOWER

NUBIA

KINGDOM

OF KUSH

Kerma

Tombos: NK cemetery …

Thutmose I inscription at Kurgus

Early Dynasty 18:

victory rock-cut text of Thutmose I at Kurgus

Tombos Rock-Stela excerpt: T-I’s victory in Nubia (Breasted 1905 vol.2: 30)

“He hath overthrown the chief of the Nubians;

the Nehesy [BAR = ‘Negro’] is helpless in his grasp.

He hath united the boundaries of his two sides,

there is not a remnant among the Curly-Haired,

who come to attack him;

There is not a single survivor among them.

The Nubian Troglodites fall by the sword,

and are thrust aside in their lands;

Their foulness, it floods their valleys;

The […] of their mouths is like a violent flood.

The fragments cut from them are too much for the birds,

carrying off the prey to another place.

[…] the sole staff of Amun;

Keb, divine begetter, whose name is hidden,

reproducer, Bull of the divine ennead,

chosen emanation of the divine members

who doeth the pleasure of the Spirits of Heliopolis.

The lords of the palace have made a fortress for his army,

(called) ‘None-Faces-Him-Among-the-Nine-Bows-Together,’

like a young panther (leopard!) among the fleeing cattle;

the fame of his Majesty blinded them.” Nehesy also translated as “Black”

Tombos Stela

dated to

Year 2

of Thutmose I

TombosKerma

El-Kab tomb of Ahmose son of Abana (J. H. Breasted 1905 vol.2: 33-34)

Ahmose son of Abana records his service in the Nubian war under Thutmose I:

“I sailed the King Aakheperkare (Thutmose I), triumphant,

when he ascended the river to Khenthennofer,

in order to cast out violence in the highlands,

in order to suppress the raiding of the hill region.

I showed bravery in his presence in the bad water,

in the passage of the ship by the bend.

One appointed me chief of the sailors.

His majesty was [… text lost …].

His majesty was furious thereat, like a panther (leopard!);

His majesty cast his first lance,

which remained in the body of that fallen one.

This was [… text lost …]

powerless before his flaming uraeus,

made so in an instant of destruction;

Their people were brought off as living prisoners.

His majesty sailed down-river (north),

with all countries in his grasp,

that wretched Nubian Troglodyte being hanged head downward

at the prow of the barge of his majesty, and landed at Karnak.”

Year 2-3

campaign

Kerma

El-Kab tomb of Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet (J. H. Breasted 1905 vol.2: 35)

Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet also records his service in the Nubian war under

Thutmose I:

His account is less detailed in many ways,

BUT adds other information and confirmation

about the Nubian campaign.

“I followed the King Aakheperkare (Thutmose I),

triumphant; I captured for him in Kush,

two living prisoners, beside three living prisoners,

whom I brought off in Kush, without counting them.”

→ Presumably 2 POWs handed over to the state;

→ 3 more POWs kept by Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet?

Kerma

First Cataract Inscriptions at Sehel Island: yr.3 of Thutmose I (after Tombos)

Viceroy of Kush, Turi (Thure) cut 2 texts in rocks:

The newly established viceroy (King’s son of Kush),

Turi, places two rock-cut texts on the Island of Sehel

commemorating the return journey from the victorious

Nubian campaign & the clearing of Senwosret III’s canal.

Sehel Island: Thutmose I rock text no.1.

“Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22,

under the majesty of the King of Upper & Lower Egypt,

Aakheperkare (Thutmose I), who is given life.

His Majesty commanded to dig this canal,

after he found it stopped up with stones,

(so that) no ship sailed upon it.

He sailed downstream (i.e., north) upon it,

His heart glad, having slain his enemies.

The king’s son, Turi (Thure).”

Sehel Island: Thutmose I rock text no.2.

“Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22.

His Majesty sailed the canal in victory and in power,

at his return from overthrowing the wretched Kush.

The King’s son, Turi (Thure).”

View from Sehel Island looking at First Cataract region (north of Aswan dam)

Example of rock texts

Aswan inscription of Thutmose I:

“Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22,

under the majesty of Thutmose (I).

His majesty arrived from Kush, having overthrown the enemy.”

Thutmose I

Subjugation of Upper Nubia:

New: Vice-Roy of Kush.

• A-I appointed Turi commander of Buhen

• T-1 next appoints him →

Viceroy of Kush (NEW).

• Vice-Roy’s other titles:

a. “Overseer of the southern lands”

b. “King's son of Kush”

• Pharaoh's deputy:

governing Aswan-Sai.

• Controls mining gold,

stone, minerals.

• Obtains items from

Upper Nubia & Africa.

• Directs construction of temples & other

buildings in Lower Nubia for the king.

• Conducts military operations for the king.

Sai

Aswan (Elephantine)

Buhen

LOWER

NUBIA

Second

Cataract

Kerma

LOWER NUBIA: Vice-Roy of Kush

Thutmose I

Syria-Palestine:

• Yr 3+ campaign into Syria-Palestine

(see Tombos Stela & officers)

• Reached River Euphrates

LATER REF.:

• Erected commemorative stela.

(T-3 later places a stela beside T-1)

• Official accounts relate no resistance

occurred during T-1’s march through

Palestine to River Euphrates.

• Says northerners brought him

“official gifts” (inw --also translated

as “tribute”).

T-1? Fragmentary D. el-Bahari text:

• Notes elephant hunt in Niya (Syria).

Sharuhen

Mitanni

Egypt

Beginning of

Egyptian Royal

elephant hunt

NIYA

Thutmose I

Battle against Mitanni (Naharin):

Ahmose son of Abana (El-Kab):

• Notes resistance in Naharin (Syria)

• Claims “great slaughter” of enemies.

• Captures chariot,horse team,charioteer

(booty given to king; he receives gold).

Pen-Nekhbet (El-Kab):

• Participates in Naharin campaign

• Killed 21 persons (21 “hands”)

• Captured horse & chariot.

Tomb of Ineni (TT81):

• Notes T-1 overthrowing Asiatics

• Depicts bringing of Syrian bear &

POWs (men; women; children)→Egypt.

Amenemhet (Theban Tomb C2):

• Notes arriving in Naharin (= Mitanni)

• Claims Egypt destroyed it.

Dyn.5

Syrian Bear

http://inscriptionslibrary.bibalex.org/presentation/monument.aspx?lang=en&ins_

id=13&mon_id=2987#ad-image-0

Tomb of Ahmose son of Abana

http://inscriptionslibrary.bibalex.org/presentation/monument.aspx?lang=en&ins_id=13&mon_id=2987#ad-image-0

http://inscriptionslibrary.bibalex.org/presentation/monument.aspx?lang=en&ins_id=13&mon_id=2987#ad-image-0

El-Kab tomb of Ahmose son of Abana (J. H. Breasted 1905 vol.2: 34-35)

Ahmose son of Abana records his service in the Asiatic war under Thutmose I:

After describing the Nubia campaign,

he discusses T1’s Asiatic campaign:

“After these things one journeyed to Retenu

to wash his heart (i.e., get revenge/satisfaction)

among the foreign country.

His majesty arrived at Naharin (= Mitanni [Syria]);

His majesty found that foe

when he was planning destruction;

His majesty made a great slaughter among them.

Numberless were the living prisoners,

which his majesty brought off from his victories.

Meanwhile I was at the head of our troops,

and his majesty beheld my bravery.

I brought off a chariot, its horses,

and him who was upon it as a living prisoner,

and took them to his majesty.

One presented me with gold in double measure.”

Thutmose I


















Dyn.5

Syrian Bear

El-Kab tomb of Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet (J. H. Breasted 1905 vol.2: 35)

Ahmose-Pen-Nekhbet records his service in the Asiatic war under Thutmose I:

This officer also places the Asiatic campaign

after the Nubian war:

As before, he provides less detail than

Ahmose-Son-of-Abana, but he confirms &

augments our knowledge of this battle:

“Again I served for King Aakheperkare

(Thutmose 1), triumphant;

I captured for him in the country of Naharin

21 hands, one horse, and one chariot.”

→Claims to have killed/taken 21 persons.

Keeping “count” of enemy killed:

i.e., severing foe’s right hand

Thutmose I


















Dyn.5

Syrian Bear

Thutmose I

Syrian coast (Lebanon):

• Obtaining of cedar for

construction & fixtures at

Karnak Temple & Abydos.

1. Abydos Stela: cedar for

a new sacred barque.

2. 4 cedar columns installed

by T-1 between pylons IV-V

in Karnak Temple

(T-1 later installs sandstone ones).

3. Cedar for temple flagstaffs placed

before pylons of Karnak Temple.

• Obtaining Asiatic copper:

4. Asiatic copper for door at Karnak

Temple (Sinai?; Cyprus?; Levant?)

Dynasty 18 no.3: Thutmose I royal name items →wider spread

DYN.18 no.3: Thutmose I

International relations:

Thutmose I’s name

appears on several

items outside Egypt:

Serabit el-Khadim

(temple votives)

A scarab (forgery?)

at Akhziv

A ring at Hama

(Syria).

A scarab at Qal'at

Sherghat (Ashur)

(T-II versus IV)

Thutmose I scarab base showing king defeating Asiatic warrior

Thutmose I.

Domestic affairs:

• T-I catered to cults of diverse deities

throughout Egypt.

• Prime focus on priesthood & cult of Amun

• Amun = patron god of Thebes (capital)

Theban royal family.

King provided

a. Estates & their produce,

b. Much booty from foreign expeditions to

Amun cult (rewarding success granted

to Theban kings in battle and at home).

Prime centre of Amun at Karnak Temple:

a. increased wealth

b. new structures

c. modifications

d. repairs

e. inscribed walls,

columns, fixtures

f. monuments

g. votive offerings

ThebesAmun-Re

Ineni, the Overseer of Works for Thutmose I, records his work at Karnak Temple:

Building a set of pylons (i.e., gateway towers):

“I inspected the great monuments which he made …

Great pylons on its either side of fine limestone of Ayan;

August flagstaves were erected at the double façade of

the temple of the new cedar of the best of the Terraces;

Their tops were of electrum.

I inspected […] wrought with electrum.”

Installing a new doorway for the temple:

“I inspected the erection of the great doorway (named):

‘Amon-Mighty-in-Wealth’;

its huge door was of Asiatic copper whereupon was the

Divine Shadow, inlaid with gold.”

Erecting a pair of obelisks in the temple:

“I inspected the erection of two obelisks […]

Built the august boat of 120 cubits (= 60 m) in its length,

40 cubits (= 20 m) in its width,

in order to transport these obelisks.

(They) came in peace, safety and prosperity,

And landed at Karnak […] of the city.

Its track was laid with every pleasant wood.”

T.1’s work at Karnak

E.g., obelisk at Karnak

Karnak Temple: Thutmose I construction

- Lintel bearing his name and a former

Middle Kingdom ruler: Senwosret I.

(i.e., early founder of Amun’s temple)

Karnak Temple: NE exterior area

Near the temple of Montu

Thutmose I treasury (the “White House”)

in an administrative sector of Thebes.

2 parts: secular magazines for king, etc.

bark shrine for deity Amun-Re

Designated as “Treasury of king”

NOT the god/Amun

Theban tomb of Ineni (see J. H. Breasted 1905 vol.2: 42-44)

Ineni records his service to Thutmose I as an Overseer of the king’s

Building projects, especially in preparing the king’s tomb at Thebes: KV20?

Aside from discussing his work at Karnak Temple,

Ineni boasts of overseeing the cutting of the king’s

tomb (in the Valley of the Kings):

“I inspected the excavation

of the cliff-tomb of his majesty,

alone, no one seeing, no one hearing.

I sought out the excellent things upon […]

I was vigilant in seeking that which was excellent.

I made fields of clay,

in order to plaster their tombs of the necropolis;

It was a work such as the ancestors had not done

which I was obliged to do there […]

I sought out for those who should be after me.

It was a work of my heart, my virtue was wisdom;

There was not given to me a command by an elder.

I shall be praised because of my wisdom after years,

By those who shall imitate that which I have done,

[…], while I was chief of all works.”

KV.38

KV.20

KV.38 has long been the traditional tomb ascribed to King Thutmose I:

It yielded a sarcophagus of Thutmose I, but it is now argued that he had

originally prepared KV.20 (= adopted by Hatshepsut) and was reburied in KV.38

KV.38

Thutmose I.

Royal burial:

• 1st known royal burial in Valley of the Kings.

KV 20 vs 38 may = original tomb for T-I.

• His first tomb may actually be KV 20,

modified by his daughter Qn. Hatshepsut,

who partly legitimized her rule by

associating herself closely with her father

(she placed their sarcophagi side-by-side).

• Thutmose III later removes T-I's body to

another tomb (KV 34 [D. Baker says KV38]).

• However, unlike his predecessors, the

mummy of T-I remains unlocated/unverified.

• In Dyn.21, his coffins were reused by

the High Priest of Amun, Pinudjem I.

(Note: one mummy from D. el-Bahari 320

is sometimes identified as Thutmose I).

KV.38

= long

ascribed

to T.-1

KV.38

KV 20

KV 38

Thutmose I.

Royal burial:
















KV 20

KV.20

Thutmose I.

Royal burial:
















Sometimes identified

as “Thutmose I”

Deir el-Bahari:

False door stela of Thutmose I (from

Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple).

Relief depiction in Hatshepsut’s mortuary

Temple depicting deified father Thutmose I.

Dynasty 18: Where is the Theban West Bank mortuary temple of Thutmose I?

? near T-2(?)

South Temple?

DYNASTY 18:

Ca. 1550 – 1295 BC

4. Thutmose II

(Greek: Thutmosis)

Ca. 1492 – 1479 BC

DYN.18 no.4: Thutmose II. 13/2 yrs.



• Two eldest sons of T-I, namely

princes Wadjmose and Amenmose,

predeceased their father.

• Younger son T-II succeeded T-I.

• T-II married half-sister Hatshepsut

to solidify his claim to kingship.

• Thutmose II & Qn. Hatshepsut had

one child: Princess Neferure.

• T-II & minor concubine Isis had a

son: Thutmose III (→ later = king).

• Thutmose II ascribed a reign

as little as 2 years

as much as 13 years.

https://www.reddit.com/r/interestingasfuck/comments/ixt4ls/reconstructing_the_face_of_queen_hatshepsut_of/


DYN.18 no.4: Thutmose II. 13/2 yrs.



• Two eldest sons of T-I, namely

princes Wadjmose and Amenmose,

predeceased their father.

• Younger son T-II succeeded T-I.

• T-II married half-sister Hatshepsut

to solidify his claim to kingship.

• Thutmose II & Qn. Hatshepsut had

one child: Princess Neferure.

• T-II & minor concubine Isis had a

son: Thutmose III (→ later = king).

• Thutmose II ascribed a reign

as little as 2 years

as much as 13 years. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferure#/media/File:BlockStatueOfSenenmutAndNeferura-LeftProfile-

BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg

Senenmut

& Princess

NeferureSecondary

queen

Isis (Iset),

behind

her son

(via T.II),

later King

Thutmose

IIIhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

Iset_(queen)#/media/File:Isis-

tutmosis3.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferure#/media/File:BlockStatueOfSenenmutAndNeferura-LeftProfile-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neferure#/media/File:BlockStatueOfSenenmutAndNeferura-LeftProfile-BritishMuseum-August19-08.jpg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iset_(queen)#/media/File:Isis-tutmosis3.jpg



Thutmose II.

Year 1 Aswan rock-text:

a. delivery of tribute (“official gifts”)

by Asiatics & Nubians.

b. ascribes Egypt’s boundaries

ranging from southern Nubia

to Euphrates in SW Asia.

• Some scholars ascribe a fragmentary

Deir el-Bahari text, concerning

an elephant hunt in Niya, to

Thutmose II (rather than T-I).

• Otherwise there is no evidence for

any Syrian military or hunting

expedition by Thutmose II.

• One text records that his messengers

travelling in Syria (i.e., Fenkhu)

were not attacked (i.e., acceptance

of Egyptian political domination).

EGYPT

LOWER

NUBIA

NIYA?

Thutmose II.

• The threat of an Egyptian retaliatory

invasion probably encouraged many

Syro-Palestinian city-states to send

(annual) tribute to Egypt.

• Otherwise these states apparently

retained full “independence.”

• Ahmose Pen-Nekhbet notes a

campaign against Shasu-Bedouin,

= a peoples dwelling in an undefined

region east of Egypt:

a. Eastern Desert,

b. Sinai-Negev

c. Eastern Palestine.

• “I followed King (Thutmose II),

triumphant; there were brought off

for me in Shasu, very many living

prisoners; I did not count them.”

EGYPT

LOWER

NUBIA

Egyptian

domination

(by threat of

Invasion)

Shashu

Bedouin

Egyptian

Domination

Thutmose II.

Nubia:

• Evidence for frequent Kushite rebellions

in the vicinity of Kerma.

• Attempts to remove Egypt’s domination

of the formerly independent Kingdom of

Kush.

• Thutmose II conducted at least one

campaign against Upper Nubia.

Sai

Tombos

Kurgus

UPPER

EGYPT

LOWER

NUBIA

KINGDOM

OF KUSH

Kerma

T-I had defeated Kerma;

T-II fought to keep it.

?

Kumma

The Aswan rock-cut inscription occurs along the road between Awan & Philae:

The text dates to year 1 of Thutmose II & announces a ‘rebellion’ in Kush:

“One came to inform his majesty as follows:

‘The wretched Kush has begun to rebel,

those who were under the dominion

of the Lord of the Two Lands purpose hostility,

beginning to smite him.

The inhabitants of Egypt are about to bring away

the cattle behind this fortress

which thy father built in his campaigns, the King

of Upper & Lower Egypt, Aakheperkare (T1), living forever,

in order to repulse the rebellious barbarians,

the Nubian Troglodytes of Khenthennofer,

for those who are there on the north of the wretched Kush

[…] with two Nubian Troglodytes among the children

of the chief of the wretched Kush who […]

Before the Lord of the Two Lands […].’

His majesty was furious thereat, like a panther (leopard!),

when he heard it.

Said his majesty, ‘I swear, as Re loves me, as my father, lord of the gods, Amon,

lord of Thebes, favors me, I will not let live anyone among their males

[…] among them.’” (the text dates to the co-regency between T.1 & T.2)

Rebellion in Kush

Kerma

The text continues with details of Thutmose II’s campaign against Kush:

“Then his majesty dispatched a numerous army

into Nubia on his first occasion of a campaign,

in order to overthrow all those who were rebellious

against his majesty or hostile to the Lord of the Two Lands.

Then this army of his majesty arrived at wretched Kush […].

This army of his majesty overthrew those barbarians;

They did not let anyone live among their males,

according to the command of his majesty,

except one of those children of the chief of wretched Kush,

who was taken away alive as a living prisoner

with their people to his majesty.

They were placed under the feet of the Good God;

For his majesty had appeared on the throne when

the living prisoners were brought in,

which this army of his majesty had captured.This land was made a subject of his majesty as formerly,

the people rejoiced, the chiefs were joyful;

they gave praise to the Lord of the Two Lands,

they lauded this god, excellent in examples of his divinity.It came to pass on account of the fame of his majesty,

because his father Amon loved him so much more

than any king who has been since the beginning …”

Kerma

Thutmose II.

Domestic affairs:

• He embellished & inscribed

various temples & monuments

throughout Egypt.

E.g., Karnak Temple:

T-II built a “Festival Courtyard”

in limestone with a pair of

obelisks at the temple’s front.

Thebes

Karnak

Temple

Karnak Temple: postulated position of the pylon & festival court of Thutmose II

Thutmose II

Lm. block from a

structure he built

in Karnak Temple

Karnak Temple: reconstruction of the pylon & festival court of Thutmose II

Note: obelisks of Thutmose II erected in his festival court

Obelisk

Thutmose II.

Nubia:

• T-II embellished the Temple of

Khnum (ram-deity) in the fort

at Kumma.

• Second Cataract frontier fort.

Kumma.

Thutmose II.

Royal burial:

• Tomb of Thutmose II awaits

discovery

• Many candidates suggested.

• Better candidate = Tomb 358.

• Its location outside Valley of

the Kings makes it less likely.

• T-II’s body had been rewrapped

and placed in a coffin in year 6

of Smendes (Dyn.21).

• Under Sheshonq I (Dyn.22),

the body was relocated to its

final resting place in Deir

el-Bahari cache 320.

• Mortuary temple on West Bank.

DB-358

https://polandin.com/47053662/3500yearold-box-with-pharaoh-name-on-it-found-

in-egypt

Other clues to T.2’s tomb

https://polandin.com/47053662/3500yearold-box-with-pharaoh-name-on-it-found-in-egypt

https://polandin.com/47053662/3500yearold-box-with-pharaoh-name-on-it-found-in-egypt

Thutmose II.

Royal burial:


discovery













Thutmose II.

Royal burial:


discovery













Thutmose II had a small mortuary temple

DYNASTY 18:

Ca. 1550 – 1295 BC

5a-6. Thutmose III

(Greek: Thutmosis)

Ca. 1479 – 1425 BC

5b. Hatshepsut

Ca. 1473 – 1458 BC

DYN.18 no.5: Hatshepsut-Thutmose III

Co-regency: 1,479-1,457 BC (22 yrs)

• Thutmose II died in his early 30s, leaving

throne to

a. young son: Thutmose III, and

b. chief queen: Hatshepsut.

• T-III = recognized initially as the

lawful & sole King of U- & L-Egypt.

• However, his youth necessitated that

Hatshepsut act as regent on his behalf.

• Years 1-2: Qn. Hatshepsut officially

maintained her former position, namely

a King's wife acting on behalf of T-III.

• The mayor of Thebes, Ineny, mentions

the reality of Qn. Hatshepsut’s position:

• “... conducting the affairs of the country,

the Two lands being in her control.”

Hatshepsut-Thutmose III

• By late yr 2, or early yr 3, of T-III,

Hatshepsut introduced radical changes:

• She is no longer portrayed simply as a Great

King's Wife, standing behind & supporting T-III.

• She now adopts the full aspects of a king:

a. She is crowned “king” with full powers.

b. For depictions and statuary, she adopts

royal male regalia associated with kings.

c. Female elements appear wherever possible

in otherwise traditionally male royal titles.

Fivefold royal titulary = modified:

a. Female Horus, Wosretkau versus Weser

b. King of Upper and Lower Egypt not queen

c. Maat-ka-re prenomen

d. Daughter of Re vs. “Son” of Re

e. Khnumet-Amun Hatshepsut not Khnum

= female variant.

Queen Hatshepsut → “King” Hatshepsut.

- As a female ruler (co-regent with T-3)

- As a bearded male sphinx (king)

Hatshepsut depicted as a fully “MALE” king (pharaoh) in trad. regalia


• Hatshepsut legitimized claim to kingship

by promoting officially (through inscriptions

& depictions) her divine birth via Amun.

• She stresses links to her royal father, T-I.

i.e., she is a FULL royal daughter

• Hatshepsut's claim to the throne does not

appear to have been openly contested:

i.e., she is also a FULL royal queen (Gr. Qn.)

• T-III is still recognized as a ruler alongside

Hatshepsut: She never replaces him …

He is always credited as a king

Of note:

• T-III only reclaimed his throne, as rightful king,

20 years later (in yr 22).

• Only at the end of his reign did he give vent

to frustrations? via a deliberate, widespread

campaign to eradicate Hatshepsut's name &

memory from buildings and monuments.


How did Hatshepsut manage her coup?

• She gained support from several capable

& prominent high officials.

Key officials: (a) Senenmut:

• Her favourite official, Senenmut, held the

post of spokesman and Chief Steward.

• He also acted as a tutor (male-nurse)

to her daughter, princess Neferure.

• He supervised the buildings of Amun

• He oversaw quarrying & transport of

a pair of obelisks (Aswan-Karnak Temple)

Two pairs: Yr 2 & yr. 15/16.

Hatshepsut: Construction

Thebes:Karnak Temple

(a) Senenmut’s works.

Karnak Temple: Hatshepsut’s construction of the “Red Chapel”Probable location of the dismantled Red Chapel based on architectural analysis

Karnak Temple: Partially reconstructed “Red Chapel” built by Hatshepsut

Amun-Re bark way-station en-route to Mut temple

Karnak

Temple:

Bark way-

station for

deity Amun

En-route to

Visit Mut

(his consort)


Senenmut (continued):

• He directed construction of her

mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari.

• He was granted the special favour of

placing his tomb near this temple.

• However, Senenmut apparently later fell

from favour? at court, being replaced by

other Chief Stewards:

b. Amenhotep; c. Wadj-ren-powet

d. Thut-hotep

Senenmut & Hatshepsut:

-A sexual/close relationship?

CONTEXT: above Hatshepsut’s

mortuary temple at Dr. el-Bahri

- Male with “supervisor hat”

- Female with royal-type wig

male features

→ Senenmut & Hatshepsut(?)


Other key officials:

(e) Senmen:

-a brother of Senenmut, received

the office of Steward.

(f) Hapuseneb:

-filled the post of

High Priest of Amun.

(g) Nehesi:

-held the post of

Chancellor.

(h) Inebny:

-served as Viceroy of Kush

(Nubia) under Hatshepsut.

(i) Thuty:

-the office of Treasurer.


Levantine International Relations:

• During her regency & reign, there is

relatively little evidence for Egyptian

military activity in Syria-Palestine.

-Other activities include:

a. A possible inspection tour sent

to Syria-Palestine (unverified).

b. Probable mission to Byblos to obtain

cedar (texts note its use in temples).

c. Allusion to receipt of military equipment

that enhanced Hatshepsut's army (said

to have been previously unequipped).

d. Receipt of captives & tribute from

Syria-Palestine (→ estate of Amun)

e. Labourers & hostages sent to Egypt

from Syria-Palestine.

Byblos

Cedar

trade

Hatshepsut-Thutmose III: Hatshepsut’s claims regarding status of empire

Obelisk text sample:

“[Hatshepsut speaks: [I am a] good [heir], ... one to whom the kingship of the

Black Land and the Red Land was given, all foreign lands being beneath my

feet.

My southern frontier is on the shores of Pwenet and [God's land is in my

grasp].

My eastern frontier is on the marshes of Asia, and the Mentjiu of Asia

are in my grip.

My western frontier is at Manu-mountain and I rule [Libya.

My northern frontier is at ...] and my power overwhelms them that are across

The sand all together.

As grain is shipped, so myrrh of Pwenet brought to me [...] and all the marvels

of this foreign land -they are directed to my palace as a single item.

The Asiatics provide [...] of turquoise from the land of Roshayt, they bring me

the choicest products of Negaw, namely cedar, juniper(?) and mrw-wood [...]

all the fine woods of God's land.

And I have brought the produce of Libya, namely 700 tusks of ivory that were

there, numerous panther [hides], six cubits along the back and four in

circumference, that is of the southern panther, apart from a variety of products

from this foreign land“

(Redford, 1992: 151-2, 152 note 104: Urk IV, 372:2-373:11).

Hatshepsut-Thutmose III.

Symbolic? allusions to military activity:

Yr.2 Epithet:

• “Smiter of the Shasu” (in previous reigns).

Boasts:

• Comparing her exploits to military activity by T-I.

Predictions

• By a deity concerning the decapitation of hosts

& seizing of chiefs of Syria (the ones remaining

after her father's Syrian campaign [D. el-Bahari]).

Re-equipping army

• Noted in Speos Artemidos yr.9+ shrine texts

• A cliff temple of Pakht at Beni Hasan:

“My power causes foreign countries to kneel,

while the uraeus that is upon my brow brings fear

to all lands .... The roads that were formerly

blocked-up, are now well trod; and my army, which

was formerly unequipped, now has riches since I

appeared as king.”


Symbolic? allusions to military activity (continued):

Domination of Syria-Palestine & foreign lands

Mostly symbolic images in other texts:

E.g., “I place fear of thee in all lands ...”

(Speos Artemedos; Karnak chapel)

E.g., “All lands and every hill country crushed

beneath my sandals” (Speos Artemidos)

E.g., “None rebels against me in all lands.

All foreign lands are my subjects”

(Hatshepsut Karnak Temple obelisks)

E.g., “My eastern frontier is on the marshes of

Asia, and the Mentjiu of Asia are in my grip”

E.g.,“The Asiatics provide [...] of turquoise from

the land Roshayt, they bring me the choicest

products of Negaw, namely cedar, juniper(?)

and mrw-wood [...] all the fine woods of

God's Land ...”

(Hatshepsut Karnak Temple obelisks).

Hatshepsut-Thutmose III:

Distribution of royal-name

Items of Hatshepsut in

Near East.

• Potsherd at Tell el- ‘Ajjul

(Sharuhen)

• Scarab at Tell el-Sultan

(Jericho)

• Scarab at Tell el-Hosn

(Beth Shan)

• Scarab from Khirbet esh-

Sheikh Ishak (el-Ishaqiya)

near Kefar Yehoshua in

E. Jezreel Valley.

i.e., Hatshepsut maintains

control of Canaan.

Ajjul

Jericho

Beth Shan

Sheikh

Ishak

Serabit


• Expedition attested at Wadi Maghara.

• Mining expeditions to Serabit el-Khadim

& construction at the Hathor Temple

in yrs 5, 11, & 13

• Qn. Hatshepsut associated with

21 royal votives (including Qn.Neferure)

• six stelae and statuary,

• 10 architectural elements.

Maghara

Ajjul

Punt


• Yr 8/9 voyage to Punt, via Red Sea,

retrieving var. products, including

live trees for mortuary temple

garden at Deir el-Bahari.

TRADE: Hatshepsut’s year 8/9 expedition to Punt (mid-Dyn.18)

• 5 ships with approx. 50 crew each (250 personnel)

• Carrying Egyptian products to Punt (unloading in base register)

• Obtaining Puntite products for Egypt (loading in top register)

Dyn.18 Hatshepsut:Egyptians list bringing:

• Beer, wine, bread, meat,

fruit, all Egyptian things.

Egyptians depict bringing:

• Amphorae, baskets, sacks,

11 necklaces, 2 collars(?),

5 rings(?), 1 axe, 1 dagger,

1 table, and a shrine for cult

statues of Amun-Hatshepsut

Dyn.18 Hatshepsut:

Egyptians list/depict obtaining:

• “All kinds of good herbs of God’s

Land.”

• Many bundles (tied at neck)

• Sacks (of grain?; re-stocking?)

• Heaps of nodules of myrrh

• Trees of fresh myrrh

• Imht-myrrh

• Incense (frankincense?)

• Trays of “green” gold (of Amau)

• Eye-paint (malachite)

• Pieces of ebony wood (freshly

hewn)

• Tishepes-wood (cinnamon)

• ihmt-wood

• Fauna: baboons, monkeys, dogs

• Pure ivory

• Southern leopard skins

• Puntite servants & their children.

• Chiefs of Punt.

JANUARY JULY

RED SEA

• Sailing

Sea currents

Winds halfway

Sea currents

Winds full way

DYN.18: Queen → regent → “King” Hatshepsut. Mortuary temple Deir el-Bahari


Senenmut directed the construction of

Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple (“mansion

of millions of years”) at Deir el-Bahari.

Dyn.18: Mortuary Chapel of Hatshepsut

at Deir el-Bahari.

• Very different from standard Theban

pylon-courtyard design.

• Several colonnaded terraces against

cliff face at Deir el-Bahari

• Probably copying Dyn.11 adjacent

mortuary temple of Montuhotep II

• Unusual decoration at front of temple:

(a) Transportation of obelisks for Karnak

Temple

(b) Trading mission by sea to Punt

NOT battle/war scenes normally placed

in other mortuary temples.

• Scene of “divine birth” and coronation

of Hatshepsut – stressing her right to rule

• Back area of temple = closer to norm

- regular deities; solar court; Osiris; Amun

- her links with royal ancestors (father T.1)

Hatshepsut:

Traces of valley temple

37 m long causeway

Pylon entryway(!)

Barque station & sphinxes

T-shaped pools & trees

Ramp to first terrace

NW: Anubis cave-shrine

DYN.18: Queen → regent → “King” Hatshepsut. Mortuary temple Deir el-Bahari

DYN.18: Hatshepsut

D. el-Bahari mortuary temple

– Osiride statues of

Hatshepsut as a “king”

DYN.18: Hatshepsut

Deir el-Bahari mortuary

• N: Solar court & altar for Re-Horakhty

• NW: Shrine for Amun (Theban form)

• Main court: festival court

• S: Chapels for Hatshepsut & father T1

• SE: Symbolic cult palace (elsewhere)

• Further south = Hathor shrine & pillars

• West: Barque sanctuary & shrine for

Hatshepsut and Amun.

Dyn.18: Mortuary Chapel of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari.

Southern Hathor Shrine

-- for Hatshepsut (initially) and Amun.

Dyn.18: Mortuary Chapel of Hatshepsut

at Deir el-Bahari.Shrine for Hathor and (initially) Hatshepsut.

(→ statue of Thutmose III placed here later …)

North:

Solar courtyard & cult

Solar altar

West:

Barque sanctuary and shrine

DYN.18: Hatshepsut

Deir el-Bahari mortuary

temple (mansion of millions

of years: memorial temple)

West: Barque sanctuary

and shrine for (King)

Hatshepsut and Amun.


Hatshepsut and her burial site:

• She initiated work on two tombs at Thebes.

First tomb, WA-D:

= whilst she was a King's Daughter/Wife.

• located & cut into sheer cliff face,

• Abandoned during construction at the

point when Hatshepsut adopted the

role of co-regent & appointed herself

King of U & L Egypt.

• Contains yellow quartzite sarcophagus,

some pottery, and plain limestone slabs.

• Abandoned sarcophagus inscribed:

“The Hereditary Princess, great in favour

and grace, mistress of all the lands, the

king's daughter, king's sister, wife of the

god, great royal wife, and lady of the

Two Lands, Hatshepsut.”


Second Tomb, KV-20:

• Placed in Valley of the Kings

• Included sarcophagus for her father

T-I (with whom she stressed links as

a legitimate heir and ruler of Egypt).

• She re-inscribed one of her sarcophagi

for her father.

• She cut a new sarcophagus for herself.

• Tomb's passageway yielded shattered

pieces from funerary equipment:

e.g., stone vase fragments and statuary.

• Otherwise tomb devoid of Hatshepsut's burial.

• Thutmose III moved T-I's body to a new

tomb that he built for his grandfather,

making a point to place it far away from

his detested(?) step-mother's tomb.

• Mummy of Hatshepsut = unlocated???

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/27/

egypt.science

Septicemia: Hatshepsut dying from tooth infection?

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/27/egypt.science

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/jun/27/egypt.science


Hatshepsut’s body(?):

• Don Ryan, who worked in KV.60, suggests that a female body, with arms

crossed in the royal fashion, may = Hatshepsut (see recent documentary).

• Thutmose III/A-II may have disposed of Hatshepsut's body, since he is known

to have initiated a thorough program to erase her name from structures,

monuments, and memory (not the case: Hatshepsut’s body = prob. found)

• His program succeeds in that Hatshepsut's name is omitted from later King

Lists, with Thutmose III given sole credit for the 22 years of shared reign.

Thutmose III before deceased Hatshepsut in Osiride form …https://egypt-museum.com/post/188504591751/thutmose-iii-before-hatshepsut

https://egypt-museum.com/post/188504591751/thutmose-iii-before-hatshepsut

Attempted

erasure of

Hatshepsut

for “eternity”

The “Lost Queen”:

-The Queen who would be King!

- Why did subsequent rulers try

to erase, destroy, or usurp her

monuments and memory?


• Hatshepsut legitimized her claim to kingship

by promoting officially (through inscriptions

& depictions) her divine birth via Amun.

• She stresses links to her father, T-I.

• Hatshepsut's claim to the throne does not

appear to have been openly contested.

• T-III is still recognized as a ruler alongside

Hatshepsut.

Of note:

• T-III only reclaimed his throne, as rightful king,

20 years later (in yr 22).

• Only at the end of his reign did he give vent

to frustrations? via a deliberate, widespread

campaign to eradicate Hatshepsut's name &

memory from buildings and monuments.

Aswan


• Satet Temple at Elephantine (Aswan).

• Wall decoration completed by Hatshepsut

(deities: Satet with antelope horns; Amun; Khnum;

Anukis).

• Usurped by Thutmose III (erasing Hatshepsut).

Attempts to erase Hatshepsut from

History – a later reaction.

-Thutmose III-Amenhotep II erased

or usurped her cartouches (name),

her depictions, & her sculpture.

Red Chapel in Karnak Temple:Erasure of Hatshepsut’s figure & name (cartouche); T-3 = left intact.

(selected)

SOURCES FORAmenhotep I,

Thutmose I-III and

Queen Hatshepsut

Selected studies on pharaohs and/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular

20052008

Sterne Library Ref. (1st Floor) DT58 .B35 2008x Sterne Library (3rd Floor) DT87 .F67 2005

Selected studies on various rulers of Dynasty 18

1967

Not in Sterne Library: → Interlibrary loan

Selected studies on various rulers of early Dynasty 18

2018


(.a). Selected

SOURCES ON

Early Dyn.18 rulers:

(a). Amenhotep I

Amenhotep I in Studies on pharaohs &/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular

2008

See Baker (2008) entry on pp.37-39

and bibliography for full references

Sterne Library reference section

Sterne Library Ref. (1st Floor) DT58 .B35 2008x

2005

Amenhotep I in Studies on pharaohs &/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular

Sterne Library (3rd Floor) DT87 .F67 2005

(a). Selected sources on the reign of Amenhotep I and related topics …

1978 1971

Not in Sterne Library: → Interlibrary loan Not in Sterne Library: → Interlibrary loan

Selected sources on Amenhotep I at Karnak Temple

2006

(.b). Selected

SOURCES ON


(b). Thutmose I

Thutmose I in Studies on pharaohs &/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular

2008




Thutmose I biblio …Sterne Library Ref. (1st Floor) DT58 .B35 2008x

2005

Thutmose I in Studies on pharaohs &/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular


Selected sources on Thutmose I at Karnak Temple

2006

(.c). Selected

SOURCES ON


(c). Thutmose II

Thutmose II in Studies on pharaohs &/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular

2008





2005

Thutmose II in Studies on pharaohs &/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular


Selected sources on Thutmose II at Karnak Temple

2006

(.d). Selected

SOURCES ON


(d). Hatshepsut

(with Thutmose III)

Hatshepsut in Studies on pharaohs &/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular

2008





2005

Hatshepsut in Studies on pharaohs &/or rulers of Dynasty 18 in particular


2018

Hatshepsut in Studies on female rulers in Ancient Egypt

Sterne Library: DT83 .C66 2018

Hatshepsut in Studies on pharaohs and people in Ancient Egypt

Sterne Library (3rd Floor): DT61 .B66 2006

2006

Hatshepsut in a multiple articles on Thutmose III (see index pp.509-10)

2006Six more papers in this volume …

Hatshepsut is discussed in all of these papers

to varying degrees (see index)

Sterne Library (3rd Floor): DT87.2 .T48 2006

2 copies?

Hatshepsut in Selected studies on various rulers of Dynasty 18

1967


(d). Selected sources on the reign of Hatshepsut (with Thutmose III)

20141996

Sterne Library (3rd Floor): DT87.15 .T95 1996 Sterne Library (3rd Floor): DT87.15 .C66 2014


20142005

Sterne Library: DT87.15 .T44 2010 Sterne Library (3rd Floor): DT87.15 .H378 2005

Documentaries on Queen Hatshepsut and related aspects of her reign …

2007 –Secrets of Egypt’s Lost Queen

2001 –Women Pharaohs …

Making & testing a boat: using examples from Hatshepsut’s mortuary temple

2013 –replicating ship (Hatshepsut)


2012



19772000

Not in Sterne Library: → Interlibrary loan Not in Sterne Library: → Interlibrary loan


1971


Selected sources on Hatshepsut at Karnak Temple

2006

Sterne Library: DT73.K4 B59 2006


2004 reprint of 1906 publ.2001 reprint of earlier publ.

Sterne Library: → DT62.T6 N38 2016 Now in Sterne Library …

Hatshepsut in selected historical and related sources (early Dyn. 18)

2016

Anth.310 Ppt. lecture-4: Early Dyn.18 rulers, including Ahmose, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I-II, & the...

Documents

Transcript of Anth.310 Ppt. lecture-4: Early Dyn.18 rulers, including Ahmose, Amenhotep I, Thutmose I-II, & the...