Annotated checklist of Hongkong Lichens - André Aptroot

57

Tropical Bryology 17: 57-101, 1999

Annotated checklist of Hongkong Lichens

André Aptroot

Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 273, NL-3740 AG Baarn, The Netherlands

Mark R.D. Seaward

Department of Environmental Science, University of Bradford, Bradford, West YorkshireBD7 1DP, United Kingdom

Abstract. An annotated checklist of the lichens of Hong Kong, based on all available literaturereports and specimens, including those recently collected by the authors, is presented. In total, 261species are reported, of which 176 are new records for Hong Kong, 132 of which are new for China,43 are new for East Asia, and 27 are new for Asia. The lichen vegetation is mainly tropical, as isshown by the distribution patterns of the identified species: 53 species are cosmopolitan, 40 northerntemperate, 122 pantropical, 17 paleotropical and 29 endemic to tropical East Asia. With regard tosubstrata, 129 species are corticolous, 148 saxicolous, 17 foliicolous and 19 terricolous. Four speciesare newly described: Anisomeridium conorostratum Aptroot, A. hydei Aptroot, Caloplacapulicarioides Aptroot and Placidiopsis poronioides Aptroot.

The flora is rather poor in species; for example, no Caliciales have been found. In the past,the numbers of species of several groups such as the Graphidaceae, Heterodermia and Xanthoparmeliahave been overestimated, whereas few pyrenocarps have been reported. The flora of wet graniticoutcrops is surprisingly well developed in Hong Kong. Although not a single Peltula species wasreported before, six species were identified, including one that was previously only known fromAfrica. In addition, several other cyanophilic genera are present, such as Euopsis, Psorotichia,Pyrenopsis and, most unexpectedly, Vestergrenopsis, each with one species.

A comparison between old and recent records shows that many Lobarion species are nowextinct. The drastic decline of species of the Lobarion vegetation indicates that air pollution andother habitat disturbances, mainly deforestation, to which these species are very sensitive, are seriouslythreatening the lichen biodiversity of Hong Kong.

58

Introduction

The lichen flora of Hong Kong received scantattention in the 19th century with only a fewrecords provided by the following collectors:E.M. Bodinier, P.J.M. Delavay, H.F. Hance, F.von Hochstetter, R. Rabenhorst, B.C. Seemann,H.R. Wawra von Fernsee and C. Wright. A smallcollection of Hong Kong lichens mounted on 14sheets, in poor condition and as yet unidentified,is to be found in the Herbarium of the Hong KongGovernment Offices (HK). This is comprised of1 specimen collected by C.Ford (1844-1927) in1882 and 13 specimens by S.T.Dunn (1868-1927) collected from various localities bewteen1903 and 1905.

No lichenologist has collected in HongKong until the 1960s, when Stella Throwerstarted working on its lichens, resulting in apreliminary lichen flora (Thrower 1988). In1983, the second author (MRDS) commencedhis studies on the lichen flora, the workintensifying in the 1990s due to collaborativeinvestigations with F. Joanna Chu on coastallichens, which culminated in a doctorate for thelatter (Chu 1997). In June 1998, the first author(AA) collected over 700 specimens during a two-week stay in Hong Kong at the invitation of DrK.D. Hyde.

Prior to 1998, only 89 species had beencorrectly reported in the literature, under thename accepted here or a synonym. This numberincludes several species of which no material hasbeen seen by the authors, but four dubious recordsare excluded.

Study area

Hong Kong, located at 22°9'- 22°37' N and113°52'-114°30' E on the southern coast ofmainland China, comprises the KowloonPeninsula and New Territories on the mainland,Hong Kong island and many other islands. Thetotal area is c. 1092 km2 (Howlett 1996), with acoastline of c. 870 km (So 1985). The terrain ismountainous with little natural level ground.However, reclamation of land from the sea andthe levelling of hills since the 18th century hassignificantly changed the natural landscape. The

vast increase in Hong Kong’s population overrecent decades has necessitated the infill ofshallow bays and coves to create land for largehousing estates and industrial areas. By 1994,the total reclaimed land was over 5000 ha andthe population was six million. Since then, thepopulation has risen still further and more landhas been reclaimed for an airport, portdevelopment and a new town, with furtherreclamation programmes in progress or planned.In all cases, substantial lengths of natural rockycoastlines and their associated lichen floras havebeen lost. The artificial sea-walls created in theirplace have not proved favourable as habitats formaritime lichens, although some Peltula speciesare present.

Hong Kong has a subtropical monsoonclimate, with warm rain-bearing south-easterliesin summer and cold north-easterlies in winter(Morton & Morton 1983; Morton & Harper1995). The summer is hot and bright with c. 6-7hours of sunshine per day and a mean monthlyair temperature of c. 28°C; the hottest period isfrom June to September when the maximum airtemperature reaches c. 36°C and rock surfacetemperatures can exceed 50°C (Williams 1994).About 80% of the annual rain falls during thesummer, the wettest month being August with arainfall of more than 390 mm; summer humidityvaries between 78 and 82%. The highest monthlyhumidity levels of 83% are recorded in April andMay. The prevailing wind turns from north-eastto east in May, then to south-east (and evensouth-west) from June to September, and thenback to east in October. The mean wind speedvaries from 18.5 to 21.9 km/h during thesummer, but tropical cyclones, with wind speedsin excess of 118 km/h, are frequent (Howlett1996). The cold dry winter is dominated by thenorth-easterly monsoon. January and Februaryare usually the coldest months with a meantemperature of c. 16°C, although minimumtemperatures approaching zero have beenrecorded. The lowest average humidity level of68% occurs in December, the driest month isJanuary with a monthly rainfall average of littlemore than 20 mm, and March has the lowestdaily mean of sunshine of only 3 hours. Althoughtyphoons are uncommon in winter, the meanwind speed is higher than in summer, being c.

59

24 and 27 km/h in January and Februaryrespectively.

Hong Kong lies on the edge of thenorthern tropical zone as characterized by thefew remaining patches of sclerophyllous forest,mainly composed of Fagaceae and Lauraceaetrees, i.e. the oak-laurel forest (Hill et al. 1978).The vegetation of Hong Kong has been affectedby human impact for about 6000 years, but moreprofoundly over the past 1000 years due tolarge-scale deforestation (felling and burning).The former evergreen broad-leaved rainforesttrees and shoreline mangrove forests have forthe most part disappeared. The fragile soilsbeneath the forests, which although giving theappearance of being deep and rich, are in factpoor in humus and often on steep hillsides, arefrequently washed away by heavy summer rainsor wind-eroded when exposed following forestremoval. Replacement vegetation is restricted tograssland with a few associated shrubs whichare often resistant to fire damage. The frequencyof fire, the degree of shelter, availability of waterand depth of soil in any area will determine howwell scrub will grow (Hill et al. 1978); in time,if left undisturbed, such areas may betransformed into scrubland with a fairlycontinuous cover, and eventually restored to (sub-)tropical forest.

The majority of species which constitutethe rather poor terricolous lichen flora of HongKong are to be found in these grasslands andscrublands. Scrubland in Hong Kong is either atransitory phase in the succession of denudedforest back into rain forest or forms a narrowaltitudinal belt separating hilltop grassland fromforest on the lower slopes. The largest and bestdeveloped forests of Hong Kong are nowprotected; these are essentially composed ofplanted trees around which natural forest hasdeveloped. Such habitats often contain some ofHong Kong’s rarest lichens, but in forests withdense shade the lichen flora is much reduced.Due to extensive and wide-ranging agriculturalpractices it is often difficult to differentiatebetween native and naturalized species.Nevertheless, a wide variety of trees outsidebuilt-up areas collectively support a diverseepiphytic lichen flora, and reasonably diverseassemblages, including such species as Lecanora

leprosa, Chrysothrix candelaris, Pyxine cocoësand Dirinaria picta, are often to be found ontree trunks in suburban areas and occasionallyin urban parks and gardens.

The geology of Hong Kong is variable,the types of rocks, their classification and genesisbeing described in detail by Atherton & Burnett(1986). Rocks undoubtedly provide importantsubstrata for lichens, the different geologicalcomposition and microtopography dictating theassemblages. Of particular interest are thesaxicolous assemblages of granitic boulderswhich occur from sea-level to hilly slopes atreasonably high altitudes. Even where thereappears to be consistency, as in the case ofsiliceous rocks dominating the shorelines, widevariation in rock texture and chemistrysignificantly affects lichen species distribution(Chu 1997).

Although lichens show zonationalpatterns on some Hong Kong shores, a generalpicture of zonation similar to that found intemperate regions of the world cannot bedelimited (Chu 1997). However, it would apppearthat cyanobacteria, which are an importantcomponent of intertidal biofilms on tropicalrocky shores (Nagarkar & Williams 1997), havea greater potential to delimit local littoralzonations. Due to Hong Kong’s geographicalposition, there is no regular tidal rhythm;although the mean tidal range is 1.5 m, themaximum tidal range of c. 2.8 m at the time ofsprings may be as little as 1.0 m at neap tides(Morton & Harper 1995). Furthermore, the tidalrange is often overridden by wave heights, theaction of which is determined by the directionand speed of the prevailing winds; naturally thepredominating south-easterlies will subjectfacing shores to greater wave action and springtidal heights can be elevated to as much as 6 min winter (Morton & Harper 1995). The speciescomposition, diversity and distribution of lichensaccording to the different maritime andgeological factors operating on Hong Kong’sshorelines have been extensively researched byChu (1997). More often than not the lichencommunities on the upper shore are dictated byterrestrial effects, the downwash of soil, waterand chemicals (e.g. pig manure, domestic andindustrial effluents) seasonally enhancing these

60

considerably.Undoubtedly, the domination of more

than 20% of Hong Kong’s landscape by urbanand industrial development will have had, andcontinues to have, a very considerable impacton the lichen flora. The replacement of naturalsubstrata by building materials and theatmospherically polluted environment havedramatically reduced lichen diversity. To date,the lichens of man-made substrata in Hong Konghave received only limited attention and muchwork remains to be done on this aspect of itsflora. The first results, presented below, showthat some unexpected species are present,including several not previously known fromAsia. A simple biomonitoring scale using a few(sub-)tropical epiphytic lichens has beendeveloped by Thrower (1980); this waseffectively employed to show how the distributionof these lichens was related to sites of powerstations, a desalting plant and industrializedareas.

Material and methods

This annotated checklist is based on all availablecollections and references in the literature.Collecting localities are given for all identifiedcollections made by the authors. For all otheridentified collections seen, the collector, numberand herbarium, and sometimes the collectinglocality are given. This study contains referencesto all previous literature reports. All old records,based on material and/or published descriptionsand illustrations, have been re-evaluated.

For some species, attempts have beenmade to isolate the mycobiont in pure culture.When this was successful, the strain has beengiven a CBS-collection number and will bepreserved in the CBS culture collection.

All material collected by the authors iskept in their respective herbaria (ABL andMRDS), and some duplicates have been lodgedin the mycological herbarium of the Departmentof Ecology and Biodiversity, University of HongKong - HKU(M). For other herbaria the officialabbreviations are indicated, e.g. HK = HongKong Government Offices, Kowloon; CUHK =Chinese University of Hong Kong. In the

collecting localities, NT means New Territories.

Results

As this treatment is based on all availablecollections and references in the literature, somepreliminary statistics can be presented on thelichens of Hong Kong. All old records based onmaterial and/or published descriptions andillustrations, have been re-evaluated. This workhas shown that in the past too many species weredistinguished and reported from Hong Kong forseveral groups, notably the Graphidaceae,Heterodermia and Xanthoparmelia, whereas fartoo few have been reported in other groups,especially the cyanophilic and pyrenocarpousgenera.

During the two-week field trip by the firstauthor, 218 species were collected and identified.Some material remains unidentified, e.g. variousLecanora, Ocellularia and Porina species andmany sterile crusts. In total 261 lichens are nowknown from Hong Kong. The flora is not veryrich, with often just one species of a certain genuspresent. Some groups are poorly represented oreven absent, e.g. no Caliciales s. lat. were foundat all. The actual number of species occurring inHong Kong may well be below 400. This figure,which is very low compared to other (sub-)tropical regions, is probably mostly due to theanthropogenic disturbances in the area, includingdeforestation and air pollution.

Among the species, 176 are new recordsfor Hong Kong, of which 132 are new to China,43 are new for East Asia and 27 are new forAsia. This means a considerable range extensionfor many species most of which are northerntemperate in distribution.

As Hong Kong is located close to theTropic of Cancer, species with either (sub-)tropical or more temperate distribution can beexpected. The types of distribution of theidentified species are as follows: 53 species arecosmopolitan, 40 northern temperate, 122pantropical, 17 paleotropical and 29 endemic totropical East Asia or part thereof. This showsthat the majority of the flora is (pan-)tropical.

An ecological subdivision shows thefollowing pattern: 129 identified species were

61

Fig. 1. Location of major survey sites, 1990-1998.

1 Tai O Beach, sea-level, weathered quartzitic coastal rocks2 Lung Kwu Tan, sea-level, granitic coastal rocks3 Tong Fuk, sea-level, volcanic coastal rocks4-5 Ma Wan, sea-level, volcanic coastal rocks6 Peng Chau, sea-level, granitic coastal rocks7-9 Lamma Island, sea-level, granitic coastal rocks10 Aberdeen, Ocean Park, c. 100 m, park11 Pok Fu Lam, Lung Fu Shan, Sai Ko Chun, Victoria Peak & Gap, 0-500 m12 Big Wave Bay, sea-level, volcanic coastal rocks13 Shek O Beach, sea-level, granitic coastal rocks14 Cape d’Aguilar, sea-level, volcanic coastal rocks15 Shek Mai Tau, sea-level, granitic coastal rocks16 Clearwater Bay, sea-level, granitic coastal rocks17 Kiu Tau, sea-level, granitic coastal rocks18 Sai Kung Country Park, entrance area, sea-level, park and mangrove19 Sai Kung Country Park, Ngau Yee, Shek Shan, c. 200 m, mountain slope20 Wu Kai Sha, sea-level, granitic coastal rocks21 Grass Island, sea-level, granitic and volcanic coastal rocks22 Tai Po Kau, c. 150 m, mountain forest23 Tai Po Kau, Fire Lookout, c. 350 m, mountain peak24 Shin Ming Reservoir, Bamboo Garden, c. 400 m, iron-rich boulders25 Tai Mo Shan, c. 800 m, open mountain slope26 Tai Mo Shan, c. 500 m, mountain forest

62

found to be corticolous, 148 saxicolous, 17foliicolous and 19 terricolous; the total is higherthan the number of species, since some specieswere found on different substrata.

The flora of wet granitic outcrops issurprisingly well developed in Hong Kong.Although not a single Peltula species waspreviously reported, six species were identified,including one known only from Africa. Inaddition, several other cyanophilic genera arepresent, such as Euopsis, Psorotichia, Pyrenopsisand, most unexpectedly, Vestergrenopsis, eachwith one species.

The figures show that only 37 of thepreviously known species were not recollectedby the first author in 1998. An analysis of therespective species shows that this concernsmainly macrolichens characteristic of theLobarion vegetation; for instance, no species ofCollema, Menegazzia, Physma,Pseudocyphellaria, Sticta and Usnea werefound. This cannot merely be due to chance, asthese are conspicuous species, and many of theprevious collecting localities have been re-investigated. The drastic decline of these speciesof the Lobarion vegetation indicates that airpollution, and other habitat disturbances, mainlydeforestation, to which these species are verysensitive, is threatening the lichen biodiversityof Hong Kong. The source of noxious gases mayvery well be outside Hong Kong, in neighbouringregions of China, where industries are boomingand no strict regulations regarding pollutionexist.

The species

Acarospora fuscata (Schrader) Th. Fr.On granite in mountain area at 200 m.

New to China; cosmopolitan.Sai Kung Country Park, Shek Shan, NT,

1998, Aptroot 43511 & 43517.

Acarospora oligospora (Nyl.) ArnoldOn granite in coastal and mountain areas,

also along streams. New to East Asia; northerntemperate.

Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43462;Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43083; Pok Fu Lam

Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot 43705; Big Wave Bay,1994, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108746 &HKU(M) 10426), 1994, Chu (MRDS 106722);also Kiu Tau, Grass Island, Cape d’Aguilar &Clearwater Bay (Chu 1997: 48).

Acarospora smaragdula (Wahlenb.) Massal.On granite and brick in coastal and

mountain areas, also along streams. New to HongKong; cosmopolitan.

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43434; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43117,43147 & 43413A; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43210; Kai Kung Shan, 1975, Thrower 2406(CUHK).

Agonimia pacifica (Harada) DiederichOn shaded, weathered granite in coastal

area. New to Hong Kong; known from tropicalEast Asia, but recent as yet unpublished recordsshow a pantropical distribution.

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43448.

Anisomeridium anisolobum (Müll. Arg.)Aptroot

On shaded trees, but also on shaded rock,especially in forests. A pantropical species thathas not previously been recorded from rock.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43049 &43090; Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43024 & 43032; Pok Fu Lam Reservoir,1998, Aptroot 43696; Thrower (1988: 15, underits synonym Anisomeridium feeanum (Müll.Arg.) R.C. Harris).

Anisomeridium conorostratum Aptroot sp.nov.

Anisomeridium macropycnidiis rostratis,rostro capillaceo, macroconidiis linearibus,uniseptatis, 20–25 × 1–1.5 µm.

Typus: Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island,Lung Fu Shan, mountain slope, 200 m alt., June1998, Aptroot 43116 (HKU(M)—holotypus,ABL—isotypus).

(Figs 2, 6, 7)Thallus epilithic, c. 1–2 cm diam.,

metallic grey, shiny or partly dull, not corticate,thin but continuous, without a conspicuoushypothallus, but often bleached near the margins.

63

Algae trentepohlioid. Macropycnidia conical,black, c. 0.1–0.2 mm diam., superficial, but thesides immersed in the thallus. Ostiole rostrate;rostrum regularly tapering, black, c. 0.2–0.4 mmlong, c. 60–80 µm wide at the base, c. 30–35µm wide at the tip. Tip hyaline over c. 10 µm.Wall of the rostrum prosoplectenchymatous,consisting of elongated, straight or somewhatwavy cells, lumina clear, but cell walls darklypigmented, cells c. 8–12 × 1.5–2.5 µm.Macroconidia hyaline, linear, straight or a bitwavy, one-septate, not constricted near theseptum, 20–25 × 1–1.5 µm. Ascomata not

observed. No secondary substances detected.On exposed granite along mountain

stream.This species differs from all previously

known species of Anisomeridium by the longer,one-septate macroconidia. Only two species ofAnisomeridium, viz. A. polypori and A.throwerae, are so far described with rostratepycnidia and, surprisingly, both are known fromHong Kong. Both have smaller, a-septate,macroconidia; in A. throwerae they are up to 20µm; in A. polypori (= A. nyssaegenum) they areup to 5 µm.

Anisomeridium consobrinum (Nyl.) AptrootOn shaded trees, e.g. Liquidambar,

mostly in forests. New to China; known fromtropical Asia and Oceania.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43255 &43280; living culture CBS 101364.

Figs 2-5. Ascospores and conidia. Fig. 2.Conidia of Anisomeridium conorostratum. Fig.3. Ascospores of Anisomeridium hydei. Fig. 4.Ascospores of Caloplaca pulicarioides. Fig. 5.Ascospores of Placidiopsis poronioides. All fromholotypes. Bar = 10 µm.

Figs 6-7. Anisomeridium conorostratum. Fig. 6.Ostiole of conidioma. Fig. 7. Conidia. All afterholotype. Bar = 10 µm.

64

Anisomeridium hydei Aptroot sp. nov.Anisomeridium ascis cylindricis,

ascosporis ellipsoideis, simplicibus vel mediouniseptatis, crassitunicatis, 10–20 × 4–6 µm.

Typus: Hong Kong, Hong Kong Island,Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 150 m alt.,June 1998, Aptroot 43026 (HKU(M)—holotypus,ABL—isotypus).

(Figs 3, 8-10)Thallus epilithic, covering areas of up to

8 cm diam., metallic grey, dull, not corticate,thin but continuous, without a conspicuoushypothallus. Algae trentepohlioid. Ascomatahemispherical, black, 0.2–0.5 mm diam.,superficial, but the sides immersed in the thallus.Ascomatal wall densely carbonized on all sides,c. 50–80 µm thick. Ostiole apical, depressed,

whitish or black, c. 50–80 µm diam. Ascicylindrical, 8-spored, 60–80 × 10–13 µm.Hamathecium consisting of less than 1 µm widefilaments, anastomosing above the asci.Ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid, hyaline, simpleor with one median or slightly sub- or supra-median septum, not constricted at the septum,very variable in length, even within one ascoma,10–20 × 4–6 µm, wall c. 0.5 µm thick, smooth.Pycnidia black, superficial, c. 0.1 mm diam.,without conidia. No secondary substancesdetected.

On shaded concrete in park-like area.This species differs from all previously

known species of Anisomeridium in the partlynon-septate ascospores reminiscent ofMonoblastia species. It is quite unexpected tofind a species new to science on concrete on a

Figs 8-10. Anisomeridiumhydei. Fig. 8. Thallus withascomata. Figs 9-10. Asciwith ascospores andhamathecium. All afterholotype. Bar = 1 mm infig. 8; bar = 10 µm in figs9-10.

65

university campus, where it was found close tothe HKU(M) herbarium. The species is namedin honour of the prolific ascomycete taxonomistDr Kevin D. Hyde.

Anisomeridium polypori (Ellis & Everh.) M.E.Barr

On trees, but also on shaded rock, mostlyin park-like areas. New to East Asia;cosmopolitan.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43016; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot43054 & 43100.

Anisomeridium subnexum (Nyl.) R.C. HarrisOn shaded trees and branches, mostly in

forests. New to China; known from tropical Asiaand Oceania.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43243,43240, 43312 & 43366; Victoria Peak Gap, 1998,Aptroot 43667; Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot43613; on Clerodendron inerme, Kau Sai Chau,NT, 1975, Thrower 2305 (CUHK & HK); onCratoxylum ligustrinum, Chek Keng-Wu KauTang, NT, 1976, Thrower 2478 (HK); on Euryajaponica, Fei Ngo, Shan, NT, 1980, Thrower3485 (CUHK); on Altingia chinensis, Tai ShuiHang, NT, 1980, Thrower 3190 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 15 & 57, wrongly identified asArthopyrenia annulata R.C. Harris ined., anundescribed species mainly differing by the non-anastomosing pseudoparaphyses and the flatter,often ringed, ascomata).

Anisomeridium tamarindi (Fée) R.C. HarrisOn shaded trees in forest. New to China;

pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43259.

Anisomeridium terminatum (Nyl.) R.C.Harris

On shaded trees in forest. New to China;pantropical.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43264.

Anisomeridium throwerae R.C. HarrisOn shaded trees in forest. Described, and

so far only known, from Hong Kong.Cheung Uk, NT, 1977, Thrower 2900

(NY); Harris (1995: 150).

Arthonia cf. astropica Krempelh.On exposed trees. The identity of the

present material with this species restricted totropical Asia remains uncertain.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43019; Aberdeen, Ocean Park, 1998,Aptroot 43707; Kowloon Tsi Park, NT, 1999,Seaward & Maxwell (MRDS 109087); onExcoecaria agallocha, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT,1972, Thrower 1416 (HK); on Macarangatanarius, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT, 1984, Thrower3728 (HK); on Sapium discolor, Sai O Beach,NT, 1973, Thrower 1600 (HK); on Excoecariaagallocha, Chek Keng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2273(CUHK); Grassy Hill, NT, 1976, Thrower 2799(CUHK); on Strychnos umbellata, South LammaIsland, 1978, Thrower 3112 (CUHK); Thrower(1988: 15 & 51); on Celtis sinensis, Caped’Aguilar, 1974, Thrower 2137 (HK); Thrower(1988: 15 & 56, wrongly identified as Arthoniacf. schoepfiae Zahlbr.; the illustration anddescription show no major differences with theother material cited here).

Arthonia cinnabarina (DC.) Wallr.On exposed base of Phoenix palm. New

to Hong Kong; pantropical to nearlycosmopolitan.

Kowloon Tsi Park, NT, 1999, Seaward &Maxwell (MRDS 109086).

Arthonia cf. leioplacella Zahlbr.On exposed trees, especially branches.

The identity of the present material with thisspecies restricted to tropical Asia remainsuncertain.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43180; onAcacia confusa, Soko Island, 1975, Thrower2216 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 54).

Arthonia cf. lopingensis Zahlbr.On exposed trees, especially branches.

The identity of the present material with thisspecies restricted to tropical Asia remainsuncertain.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43176;Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43139; Sai KoChun, 1998, Aptroot 43655; Sai Kung CountryPark, Shek Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43516; WuKai Sha, NT, 1973, Thrower 1619 (HK); on Ficus

66

hispida, Hok Tsui Wan, Cape d’Aguilar, 1974,Thrower 2139 (HK); Soko Island, 1975, Thrower2236 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 55); onMacaranga tanarius, Sai Kung, 1983, Thrower3700 (HK); on Macaranga tanarius, Kei LingHa Hoi, NT, 1984, Thrower 3715 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 15 & 49, wrongly identified asArthonia cf. albofuscescens Tuck.; theillustration and description show no majordifferences with the other material cited here);Thrower (1988: 15 & 50, wrongly identified asArthonia cf. antillarum (Fée) Nyl., which differs,e.g. by yellowish ascomata; the illustration anddescription show no major differences with theother material cited here).

Arthonia spadicea LeightonOn shaded trees in forests. New to China;

probably cosmopolitan, at least widely distributedin warm temperate areas of both hemispheres.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43037,43056 & 43057; Victoria Peak Gap, 1998,Aptroot 43679; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43263; Shin Ming Reservoir, NT, 1998, Aptroot43403; on Excoecaria agallocha, Chek Keng,NT, 1975, Thrower 2269 (HK); on Acaciaconfusa, Keung Shan, Lantau, 1982, Thrower3488 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 52, wronglyidentified as Arthonia complanata Fée, whichdiffers, e.g. by the truely black (not dark reddishbrown) ascomata).

Arthonia trilocularis Müll. Arg.On living leaves of ferns, Pandanus and

trees in forests. New to China; pantropical.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43034 &

43035; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43324,43331 & 43383; living culture CBS 101371.

Aspicilia caesiocinerea (Nyl. ex Malbr.)Arnold

On exposed granite, especially in coastalareas, but found up to 800 m alt. New to HongKong; cosmopolitan.

Sai Ko Chun, 1998, Aptroot 43650; LungFu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43165; Shek O Beach,1998, Aptroot 43201 & 43202; Tai Mo Shan,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43570; Shek Mai Tau, NT,1998, Aptroot 43482; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43439; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot

43234; Big Wave Bay, 1994, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108827); Clearwater Bay, NT, 1994, Chu(HKU(M) 10427); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1972,Thrower 1402 (HK); Tsing Yi Island, 1974,Thrower 1990 (HK); Ma Shi Chau, NT, 1979,Thrower 3219 (CUHK); South Ninepin Island,1980, Thrower 3282 (CUHK); Needle Hill, NT,1980, Thrower 3267 (CUHK); Tai Mo Shan, NT,1980, Thrower 3309 (CUHK); Thrower (1988:15 & 58, wrongly identified as Aspicilia cf.cinerea (L.) Körber, which differs, e.g., by theKOH+red reaction of the thallus); also Lung KwaTan, Ma Wan, Kiu Tau, Grass Island, Tong Fuk& Cape d’Aguilar (Chu 1997: 48, as Aspiciliacf. cinerea).

Astrothelium cinnamomeum (Eschw.) Müll.Arg.

On tree in forest. New to China;pantropical.


Bacidia arnoldiana KörberOn trees, but also on granite and concrete

in shaded forests and parks. New to China;known from Europe, Asia and North America.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43017; Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot43642; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43599;living culture CBS 101361.

Bacidia delicata (Larbal. ex Leighton)Coppins

On trees, but also on granite in shadedforests and parks. New to Asia; known fromEurope, but probably also occurring elsewhere.

Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43692; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43124,43135 & 43136; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot43592.

Bacidia medialis (Tuck. ex Nyl.) B. de Lesd.On trees, but also on rock in shaded

forests and parks. Pantropical.Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,

Aptroot 43025; Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998,Aptroot 43691 & 43697; Lung Fu Shan, 1998,Aptroot 43050, 43088, 43112 & 43113; livingculture CBS 101492; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43302; Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1972, Thrower

67

1441 (HK); Soko Island (North), 1975, Thrower2235 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 61).

Bacidia triseptata (Hepp in Zollinger) Zahlbr.On soil of roadbanks, but also on rock.

New to China; only known from tropical Asiaand Australia, where it is widespread and rathercommon.

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43627; LungFu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43418; Clearwater Bay,NT, 1995, Chu (MRDS 108861); on path, TaiAu Wan & Tai Wan Tau, NT, 1971, Thrower1264 (HK & CUHK); on soil, roadside bank, MaiPo, 1974, Thrower 2118 (HK & CUHK);Thrower (1988: 15 & 60, under its possiblesynonym Bacidia cf. hunana Zahlbr.).

Baeomyces rufus (Hudson) Rebent.On exposed rock in forest area. New to

Hong Kong; probably cosmopolitan.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43230.

Bellemerea cinereorufescens (Ach.) Clauzade& Roux

On exposed rock in mountain area at 800m alt. New to Hong Kong; northern temperate.

Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43572.

Buellia efflorescens Müll. Arg.On exposed coastal trees; in Hong Kong

e.g. found on Araucaria and Casuarina. New toChina; pantropical.

Aberdeen, Ocean Park, 1998, Aptroot43711 & 43712; Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1983, Seaward& Thrower (MRDS 105897).

Buellia lauricassiae (Fée) Müll. Arg.On exposed coastal trees; in Hong Kong

e.g. found on Kandelia and Sapium discolor.New to Hong Kong; pantropical.

Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43506 & 43529; on Excoecariaagallocha, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT, 1972, Thrower1459 (HK); on Sapium discolor, Sai O Beach,NT, 1973, Thrower (MRDS 107611); CheungUk, NT, 1978, Thrower 2949 (HK); also Thrower(1988: 15, wrongly identified as Buelliadisciformis var. triphragmia Boistel, which is atemperate taxon).

Buellia sequax (Nyl.) Zahlbr.On coastal granite rocks. New to Asia;

so far known from Europe and adjacent Africa.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43186;

Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward; Big Wave Bay,1994, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108742, 108756& HKU(M) 10431).

Buellia spuria (Schaerer) AnziOn exposed, inland granite rocks. New

to Asia; so far known from North America,Australia, Europe and adjacent Africa, soapparently cosmopolitan.

Mount Davis, 1998, Aptroot 43551; LungFu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43097 & 43410; Tai PoKau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43216; Wu Kwai Sha,NT, 1972, Thrower 1407 (CUHK); Caped’Aguilar, 1974, Thrower 2176 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 15, as Buellia cf. spuria-group).

Buellia stellulata (Taylor) MuddOn exposed, inland granite rocks. New

to China; so far known from Asia, Australia,North America, Europe and adjacent Africa, soapparently cosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43149;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108829); Big Wave Bay, 1994, Chu(MRDS 108760); Thrower (1988: 15, as Buelliacf. stellulata-group).

Buellia subdisciformis (Leighton) VainioOn coastal and inland granite rocks and

tombstones. Northern temperate.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43143 &

43209; Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43703; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43155;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43435 &43444; Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43463;Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS108664); Big Wave Bay, 1994, Chu (ABL &HKU(M) 10430); Lamma Island, 1994, Chu(MRDS 108690 & HKU(M) 10435); ClearwaterBay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108662,108700), 1994, Chu (HKU(M) 10429); LungKwu Tan, 1994, Chu (MRDS 108839 withBuellia cf. testacea); Stanley, 1994, Chu(HKU(M) 10432); Ma Wan, 1995, Chu(HKU(M) 10428); Tai O Beach, Lantau, 1995,Chu (MRDS 108860 with Pertusaria flavicans);

68

Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS108870 with Caloplaca holochracea), 1972,Thrower 1407 (CUHK) & 1408 (HK, CUHK);also: Thrower 1453, 2115, 2149, 2636 (HK) &1454, 1988, 2090, 2094, 2176, 2177, 2228, 2311,2315, 2343, 2402, 2404, 2489, 2764, 3050, 3060,3135, 3215, 3233, 3277, 3279, 3428, 3472, 3505,3506, 3517, 3518 (CUHK); Thrower (1988: 15& 65); also Peng Chau, Kiu Tau, Tong Fuk &Grass Island (Chu 1997: 48).

Buellia cf. testacea Müll. Arg.On coastal and inland granite rocks. So

far known from South America. The identity ofthis species remains uncertain.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43185 &43208; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43098 &43154; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43443; Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43471;Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43571; Caped’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS 108836);Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108673, HKU(M) 10433); Big WaveBay, 1994, Chu (MRDS 108760 with Buelliastellulata); Lamma Island, 1994, Chu (MRDS108838); Lung Kwu Tan, NT, 1994, Chu (MRDS108839); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1994, Seaward &Chu (MRDS 108691), 1994, Chu (ABL &HKU(M) 10434); Tai O Beach, Lantau, 1995,Chu (MRDS 108860 with Pertusaria flavicans);also Ma Wan, Peng Chau, Kiu Tau, Tong Fuk &Grass Island (Chu 1997: 48 as Buellia cf.subdisciformis 2).

Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) HaleOn trees & shrubs, but also on painted

granite pole, in upland areas. Pantropical.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43577,

43578 & 43587; Black’s Link, Mount Nicholson,1966, Thrower 1193 (HK); on Scheffleraoctophylla, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1974, Thrower 1876(HK); Luggard Road, 1976, Thrower 2457 (HK);on Euonymus chinensis, Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976,Thrower 2545 (CUHK, HK, MRDS 107567);Ngong Ping Shan, NT, 1978, Thrower 3123(CUHK); on Viburnum odoratissimum, Ma OnShan, NT, 1980, Thrower 3244 (HK); also:Thrower 1876, 2457 (HK) & 2551, 2559, 2564& 2569 (CUHK); Tchou (1935, wronglyidentified as Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale),

which is a temperate taxon; Thrower (1988: 15& 67).

Byssolecania deplanata (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.On living leaves of Pandanus and trees

in forests. New to Hong Kong; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43374 &

43384.

Calopadia puiggarii (Müll. Arg.) V3zdaOn living leaves of trees in forests. New

to Hong Kong; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43353 &

43386; living culture CBS 101254.

Caloplaca conversa (Krempelh.) JattaOn granitic coastal rocks. New to China;

northern temperate.Pok Fu Lam, 1998, Aptroot 43006 &

43009; Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43206; BigWave Bay, 1994, Seaward & Chu (MRDS107277, 108767, 108853 & HKU(M) 10442);Shek O Beach, 1971, Thrower 1297 (HK); Caped’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS 108669),1994, Chu (HKU(M) 10443), 1974, Thrower2151 (HK); Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward& Chu (MRDS 107281 & HKU(M) 10436),1994, Chu (MRDS 108710); Pearl Island, 1993,Chu (HKU(M) 10439); Lamma Island, 1994,Chu (HKU(M) 10441); Tai O Beach, Lantau,1995, Chu (MRDS 108671, HKU(M) 10440);Cafeteria Beach, 1994, Chu (MRDS 107274,HKU(M) 10437); Shek O Beach, 1994, Chu(MRDS 107278, 107279, 107280, 108703 &HKU(M) 10438); Lung Kwu Beach, NT, 1994,Chu (MRDS 107275); Cape d’Aguilar, 1974,Thrower 2150 (HK); Soko Island, 1975, Thrower2231 (CUHK); Kau Sai Chau, 1975, Thrower2304 (CUHK); Lai Chi Wo, NT, 1975, Thrower2310 (CUHK); Bluff Island, 1980, Thrower 3328(CUHK); also: Thrower 2151, 3507, 3510(CUHK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 64, wronglyidentified as Blastenia handelii Zahlbr. p.p., lefthand photo only); also Ma Wan, Wu Kai Sha,Lung Kwu Tan, Peng Chau & Grass Island (Chu1997: 48 as Caloplaca conversa and C.carneofusca).

Caloplaca flavovirescens (Wulfen) Dalla Torre& Sarnth.

69

On granitic coastal and inland rock andconcrete. Northern temperate. The material isextremely variable and may represent twodifferent taxa: one from concrete with an areolatethallus and one from coastal and inland graniticrock with a smooth thallus.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43416;Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43634; VictoriaPeak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43674; Shek Mai Tau,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43474; Clearwater Bay, NT,1998, Aptroot 43433; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993,Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108674, 108701); KiuTau, Sharp Island, 1995, Chu (HKU(M) 10444);Shek O Beach, 1971, Thrower 1296 (HK); Caped’Aguilar, 1974, Thrower 2146 (HK & CUHK);Soko Island, 1975, Thrower 2224 (CUHK); BluffIsland, 1976, Thrower 2645 (HK & CUHK),1980, Thrower 3323 (CUHK); Tai O Beach,Lantau, 1995, Chu (MRDS 108663); Sai Wan,NT, 1978, Thrower 2925 (CUHK); also: Thrower2017 (CUHK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 70);erroneously reported by Rabenhorst 1873: 287(as its synonym Callopisma aurantiacum var.flavovirescens (Wulfen) Th. Fr.) on the basis ofa corticolous specimen collected by R.Rabenhorst in 1871-72, and by Krempelhuber1873: 471 & 1874: 66 (wrongly identified asCaloplaca aurantiaca (Lightf.) Th. Fr.).

Caloplaca holochracea (Nyl.) Zahlbr.On exposed, coastal or inland granitic

rocks and tombstones. New to China; knownfrom temperate Asia.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43145;Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43158; ClearwaterBay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108678,HKU(M) 10445); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1972,Thrower 1405 (HK), 1974, Thrower 1976(CUHK), 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS108870); Stanley, 1994, Chu (HKU(M) 10432with Buellia subdisciformis); Grass Island, 1995,Chu (HKU(M) 10446); Naam Gwoh Chau, 1970,Thrower 1372 (HK); Shek O Beach, 1971,Thrower 1467 (CUHK); Waglan Island, 1972,Thrower 1517 (CUHK); Lamma Island, 1973,Thrower 1668 (CUHK); Nai Chung Ferry Pier,NT, 1973, Thrower, 1674 (HK & CUHK); TsingYi Island, 1974, Thrower 1994 (CUHK); Caped’Aguilar, 1974, Thrower 2147 (CUHK); ChekKeng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2296 (CUHK); Pak

Nai, NT, 1975, Thrower 2380 (CUHK); KaiKung Shan, NT, 1975, K.K.Mark (Thrower2403, CUHK); Soko Island (North), 1975,Thrower 2223 (CUHK); Ma On Shan, NT, 1978,Thrower 3047 (CUHK); also: Thrower 1405(HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 69, wronglyidentified as Caloplaca cf. cinnabarina (Ach.)Zahlbr., which differs, e.g. by the carmine-redinstead of orange colour of the thallus); also MaWan, Lamma Island, Peng Chau, Kiu Tau, TaiO Beach, Tong Fuk & Big Wave Bay (Chu 1997:48 as C. cf. cinnabarina).

Caloplaca leptozona (Nyl.) Zahlbr.On coastal rocks. New to China; known

from subtropical America, Asia and Australia.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43144; Pok

Fu Lam, 1998, Aptroot 43007; Clearwater Bay,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43450; Clearwater Bay, NT,1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 107281); PearlIsland, 1993, Chu (MRDS 106696 & HKU(M)10447); Kadorie Beach, 1994, Chu (MRDS108743); Lamma Island, 1994, Chu (HKU(M)10448); Thrower (1988: 15 & 64, wronglyidentified as Blastenia handelii Zahlbr. p.p., righthand photo only); also Peng Chau & Caped’Aguilar (Chu 1997: 48 as Caloplaca exsecuta(Nyl.) Dalla Torre & Sarnth.).

Caloplaca pulicarioides Aptroot sp. nov.Caloplaca corticola, thallo griseo,

apotheciis discis fuscatis, marginibus thalloideisgriseis, ascosporis uniseptatis, 13–15 × 5.5–6.5µm, septum 5–7 µm crassis.

Typus: Hong Kong, New Territories, SaiKung Country Park, on Kandelia in mangrovenear entrance area, 1 m alt., June 1998, Aptroot43538 (HKU(M)— holotypus, ABL—isotypus).

(Figs 4, 11-13)Thallus corticolous, up to 5 cm diam.,

greenish to metallic grey, shiny (mostly inmarginal areas) to dull, continuous, smooth towarty in the centre; warts low, rounded toangular, crowded, c. 0.1 mm diam., without aclearly defined hypothallus. Algae chlorococcoid.Apothecia sessile, rounded to angular, crowdedor not, 0.2–1.0 mm in diam., c. 0.2 mm high.Young apothecia immersed and then c. 0.2 mmdiam., most of which is margin. Apotheciummargin concolorous with the thallus, persistent,

70

corticate, often shiny, 100–200 µm wide, usuallyirregular in thickness (but not crenate), causingan angular outline. Apothecium disc medium todark brown, shiny, of the aspect of e.g. Lecanorapulicaris. Excipulum c. 70–100 µm wide,corticate, hyaline or with a pale brown tinge,densely filled with algae, but without crystals.Parathecium present, c. 15 µm thick, hyaline butfuscous brown at the rim. Hymenium c. 100–150 µm high, hyaline, with pale brownepihymenium. Hypothecium hyaline, with algae.Asci clavate, 8-spored, 50–70 × 10–15 µm.Paraphyses up to 2 µm wide. Ascospores hyaline,irregularly arranged in the ascus, ellipsoid, polar-diblastic with 2 loculi, 13–15 × 5.5–6.5 µm,septum 5–7 µm, measuring about half of theascospore length. Pycnidia not observed. Thallus

reactions C–, K– UV–; no secondary metabolitesobserved.

On trees, e.g. Bischoffia trifoliata andKandelia.

Additional material seen: Alberose, 1965,Thrower 2394 (HK); on Bischoffia trifoliata, WuKai Sha, NT, 1972, Thrower 1431 (HK) & 1429(CUHK); also: Thrower 1614, 1903 (HK) &1903, 2132, 2136, 2247, 2274, 2872 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 15 & 68, wrongly identified asCaloplaca cf. cerina (Ehrh. ex Hedwig) Th. Fr.,which differs, e.g. by the yellowish to orange-red disc.

This species has the aspect of a Lecanoraof the L. pulicaris-group, and therefore differsfrom all other known Caloplaca species exceptC. homologa (Nyl.) Hellbom and C. triloculans

Figs 11-13. Caloplacapulicarioides. Fig. 11.Thallus with ascomata. Fig.12. Section through marginof apothecium. Fig. 13.Ascus with ascospores andhamathecium. All afterholotype. Bar = 1 mm infig. 11; bar = 40 µm in fig.12; bar = 10 µm in fig. 13.

71

Zahlbr. (Hafellner & Poelt 1979), which bothdiffer by the consistently 3-loculate ascospores.

Catillaria picila (Massal.) CoppinsOn granitic inland rock and concrete.

New to Asia; so far known only from temperateEurope.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43066,43121 & 43422; Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot43645; Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43683.

Catinaria laureri (Hepp ex Th. Fr.) Degel.On trees in sheltered forest. New to Asia;

so far known only from temperate Europe,Australia and North America.


Celothelium dominicanum (Vainio) AguirreOn trees in open forest. New to China;

pantropical. The species was synonymized withCelothelium cinchonarum (Müll. Arg.) Vainioby Harris (1995: 162). However, these speciesdiffer markedly in their ascocarp organization,and have been observed by the first authorgrowing side by side, retaining their separateintegrity, in Brazil and in Papua New Guinea.

Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43666.

Chrysothrix candelaris (L.) LaundonOn trees in open areas and in forests.

Cosmopolitan.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43104; Sai

Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43530;Alberose, 1965, Thrower (MRDS 101243); onPhyllanthus emblica, Conduit Path, aboveUniversity of Hong Kong, 1970, Thrower 1557(HK); on Albizia lebbek, Pokfulam Road, 1970,Thrower 1250 (HK); on Prunus, Wu Kai Sha,NT, 1972, Thrower 1440 (HK); on Wickstroemiaindica, High West, 1974, Thrower 1906 (HK);Tsing Yi Island, 1974, Thrower 1962 (HK); onPinus massoniana, Nai Chung, NT, 1972,Thrower 1423 (CUHK); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1983,Thrower & Seaward (MRDS 105897); also:Thrower 1430, 1594, 1657, 2320, 2806, 2821,2901 & 3055; Thrower (1980 & 1988: 15 & 74).

Cladia aggregata (Sw.) Nyl.On soil and rock, especially in grasslands.

Pantropical.

Victoria Peak, 1967, Thrower 1280 (HK);Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1971, Thrower 1256 (HK &CUHK), 1972, Thrower 1477 (CUHK), 1973,K.K. Mark (Thrower 1853, CUHK); 1975, S.Y.Hu (Thrower 2250, HK & CUHK), 1976,Thrower 2558 (HK); Ma On Shan, NT, 1978,Thrower 3085 & 3095 (CUHK); West Point,1930, G.A.C.Herklots (Herb. Univ. Leeds);Thrower (1988: 15 & 75).

Cladonia macilenta Hoffm.On trees, rocks and soil in open areas and

in forests. Cosmopolitan.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43160;

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43595; Mirror Pool,NT, 1974, H.M. Hang (Thrower 2101, CUHK);Ho Mang Hang, 1975, Thrower 2191 (HK); SaiKung, NT, 1976, Thrower 2726 (HK); Lantau,1979, Thrower 3148 (HK); Hunchbacks, NT,1980, Thrower 3195 (HK); Tai Shui Hang, NT,1980, Thrower 3192 (CUHK); Tai Po Kau, NT,1980, Thrower 3208 & 3211 (CUHK); Thrower(1988: 15, 77 & 78, partly under its synonymsCladonia bacillaris Nyl. and C. bacillaris f. nanaAsah.).

Cladonia nana VainioOn exposed iron-containing rocks and

granite. New to East Asia; apparentlypantropical.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43038; ShinMing Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot 43400; not C.bacillaris f. nana Asah. (Thrower 1988: 15, 78).

Cladonia pseudogymnopoda Asah.On rocks and soil in open areas and in

forests. Known from tropical Asia.Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43597; Sai

Kung Country Park, Shek Shan, 1998, Aptroot43514; Black’s Link, 1966, Thrower 1192(CUHK); Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1971, Thrower 1255(HK & CUHK), 1972, Thrower 1480 (HK), 1976,Thrower 2622 (HK); loc. non. cit., c. 1972,Thrower (MRDS 107616); also: 1270, 1875,2027, 2301, 2560, 2728, 3316, 3320 & 3350(CUHK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 79); additionalHong Kong records probably also referable tothis species: Cladonia rappii A. Evans(Sandstede 1938); Cladonia verticillaris (Raddi)Fr. (Sandstede 1938) and Cladonia verticillaris

72

forma penicellata Vainio (Hue 1898); the lattertwo are both endemic to the neotropics.

Cladonia ramulosa (With.) LaundonOn trees, rocks and soil in open areas and

in forests. Cosmopolitan.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43063;

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43629; Tai Po Kau,Fire Lookout, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43398A; TaiMo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43585; Sai KungCountry Park, Shek Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43515;Tai Au Mun - Tai Wan Tau, NT, 1971, Thrower1266 (CUHK); Tai Hang Hau, NT, 1971,Thrower 1269 (HK); Victoria Peak, 1972,Thrower 1692 (HK); also: 1464, 2106, 2126,3069, 3210 (HK) & 1194, 1195, 1252, 1300,1578, 1588, 1692, 1985, 1986, 2106, 2300, 2783,2796, 3045, 3213, 3290 (CUHK); Thrower(1988: 15 & 76, under its synonym Cladoniaanomaea (Ach.) Ahti & P. James); probably alsoreferable to this species: Cladonia cariosa (Ach.)Sprengel (Wawra c. 1868-71, in Krempelhuber1876: 436).

Cladonia subradiata (Vainio) ScribaOn exposed soil. New to China;

pantropical.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43605;


Clathroporina nuculastrum Müll. Arg.In Hong Kong repeatedly found on

sheltered granite; in other regions usuallycorticolous. New to China; pantropical.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43111 &43131; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43219.

Coccocarpia erythroxyli (Sprengel) Swinscow& Krog

On trees in forest. Pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43283;

on Viburnum, Ngong Ping Shan, NT, 1980,Thrower 3241 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 80);Hue (1908).

Coccocarpia palmicola (Sprengel) Arvidsson& D. Galloway

On trees in forest and terrestrial in acoastal site. Pantropical.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43320;

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1971, Thrower 1289 (HK &MRDS 107586, 107598); Cape d’Aguilar, 1972,Thrower 1502 (CUHK & MRDS 107599); ChekKeng-Wu Kau Tong, NT, 1976, Thrower 2466(HK); on Syzygium jambos, Nai Chung, NT,1976, Thrower 2422 (HK & MRDS 107609); TaiMo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2668 (CUHK &MRDS 107587); on Altingia chinensis, Ma OnShan, NT, 1980, Thrower 3187 (CUHK); MauPing, Ma On Shan, NT, 1981, Thrower 3364(HK); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1994, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 106770, 107609); Thrower (1988: 15& 81).

Coccocarpia pellita (Ach.) Müll. Arg.On trees in forest and along coast.

Pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43218;

Hok Tsui Wan, Cape d’Aguilar, 1978, Thrower2958 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 82).

Coenogonium linkii Ehrenb.On trees and sheltered granite rocks in

forest. New to Hong Kong; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43233 &

43279.

Collema leptaleum Tuck.On trees in forest. Pantropical.On Ficus, Ping Shan Tsai, NT, 1973, K.K.

Mark (Thrower 1889, HK); Tai Po Kau, NT,1971, Thrower 1301 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15& 84).

Collema leptaleum var. biliosum (Mont.)Degel.

On trees in forest. Pantropical.On fallen tree, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT,

1973, Thrower 1527 (HK, CUHK & MRDS107553); Thrower (1988: 15 & 85).

Collema pulcellum var. subnigrescens (Müll.Arg.) Degel.

On trees in forests and more rarely oncoastal rocks. Pantropical.

On coastal rocks, Big Wave Bay, 1994,Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108823); on Aleuritesmoluccana, Tai Tam Bay, 1971, Thrower 1290(HK); on Litsea monopetala, Sai O Beach, NT,1973, Thrower 1654 (CUHK); Kei Ling Ha Hoi,

73

NT, 1973, Thrower 1524 (HK); High West, 1973,Thrower 1580 (CUHK); Soko Island, 1975,Thrower 2209 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 86);Cape d’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 1382 (HK), 1972,Thrower 3262 (HK & CUHK); Thrower (1988:15 & 83, wrongly identified as Collemacomplanatum Hue).

Collema rugosum Krempelh.On trees in forests and on granitic outcrop

on roadside. Paleotropical.Cape d’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 1381

(CUHK), 1972, Thrower 1498 (HK); Sai Wan,NT, 1973, S.T.Chan (Thrower 1641, CUHK); TaiTam, Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS106167); Thrower (1988: 15 & 87).

Cresponea leprieurii (Mont.) Egea & TorrenteOn trees, e.g. Callitris, in forest. New to

Asia; known from the neotropics andAustralasia.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43274;living culture CBS 101255.

Cresponea proximata (Nyl.) Egea & TorrenteOn trees in forests. Known from tropical

Asia, the neotropics and Australasia.Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot

43698; Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43664;Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43274A; onSchefflera octophylla, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1976,Thrower 2784 (HK); Cheung Uk, NT, 1977,Thrower 2879 (HK), 1978, Thrower 3503(CUHK); Egea & Torrente (1993: 329); Thrower(1988: 15 & 62, wrongly identified as Bacidiacf. morula Zahlbr., which differs, e.g., by the darkbrown, not truely black, hypothecium andexcipulum).

Cryptothecia subtecta StirtonOn trees, e.g. Kandelia, in forests. New

to China; known from tropical Asia.Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,

Aptroot 43531; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43361.

Dibaeis sorediata Kalb & GierlOn soil, especially in roadside cuttings

in upland areas. New to China; paleotropical.Sai Kung Country Park, Shek Shan, NT,

1998, Aptroot 43512; Tai Po Kau, Fire Lookout,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43398; Hunchbacks, NT,1982, Thrower 3439 (HK); loc. non cit., 1976,Thrower (MRDS 107020); Thrower (1988: 15& 63, wrongly identified as Baeomyces absolutusTuck., which differs, e.g., by the absence ofsoralia).

Dichosporidium boschianum (Mont.) ThorOn trees, e.g. Liquidambar, in forest. New

to China; known from tropical Asia andAustralasia.


Dichosporidium cf. nigrocinctum (Ehrenb. :Fr.) Thor

On trees in forest. New to Asia; knownwith certainty only from the neotropics; thepresent collection is sterile, and its identityremains dubious.


Dimerella dilucida (Krempelh.) R. Sant.On living leaves of Pandanus, bamboo

and trees in forests. New to China; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43322,

43378 & 43391.

Dimerella epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant.On living leaves of trees in forests. New

to Hong Kong; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43330.

Dimerella lutea (Dickson) TrevisanOn sheltered trees and rock in forests.

New to Hong Kong; cosmopolitan.Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot

43694.

Diploschistes actinostomus (Pers. ex Ach.)Zahlbr.

On exposed granite, both coastal andinland. Nearly cosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43153 &43166A; Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43146;Cape d’Aguilar, 1972, Thrower 1509 (MRDS105045), 1990, Seaward (MRDS 108821), 1994,Chu (MRDS 107809); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1972,Thrower 1404 (HK & CUHK), 1993, Seaward& Chu (MRDS 108843); Big Wave Bay, 1994,

74

Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108986); Grass Island,1995, Chu (HKU(M) 10450); Tai O Beach,Lantau, 1995, Chu (HKU(M) 10451); Fat TongChau, 1993, Chu (MRDS 107584); ClearwaterBay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu (HKU(M)10448), 1995, Chu (MRDS 107810); also:Thrower 1977, 2381, 3281 (HK) & 1535, 1669,3223, 3229, 3278 (CUHK); loc. non cit., 1871-72, R. Rabenhorst (in Rabenhorst 1873: 287 &Krempelhuber 1873: 471 & 1874: 67, all as itssynonym Limborina actinostoma (Pers. ex Ach)Massal.; Herb. M - specimen not seen); Thrower(1988: 15 & 88); also Ma Wan, Lamma Island,Peng Chau, Kiu Tau & Tong Fuk (Chu 1997:48).

Dirinaria aegialita (Ach. in Afz.) MooreOn exposed trees, branches and granite,

both coastal and inland. Nearly cosmopolitan.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43190; Tai

Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43340; Shek Mai Tau,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43479; Clearwater Bay, NT,1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108699), 1994,Chu (HKU(M) 10452); Yung Shui Wan, LammaIsland, 1993, Chu (HKU(M) 10453); Big WaveBay, 1994, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 109093);Stanley, 1994, Chu (MRDS 108837); Tai OBeach, Lantau, 1995, Chu (MRDS 109092); onLitsea chinensis, Cheung Keng, Wu Kai Sha,NT, 1974, Thrower 1966 (CUHK); Centre Island,1979, Thrower 3226 (CUHK); Ma Shi Chau, NT,1979, Thrower 3220 (CUHK); Sham Wat,Lantau, 1979, Thrower 3216 (HK); Nai Chung,NT, 1983, Thrower 3660 (HK); Thrower (1988:15); also Wu Kai Sha, Kiu Tau, Grass Island,Tong Fuk & Cape d’Aguilar (Chu 1997: 48).

Dirinaria applanata (Fée) AwasthiOn exposed trees and granite, coastal.

Nearly cosmopolitan.Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43467;

Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS108763, HKU(M) 10454); loc. non cit., 1891,Delavay (in Awasthi 1975: 81; Herb. PC -specimen not seen).

Dirinaria picta (Sw.) Clem. & ShearOn exposed trees, branches and granite,

both coastal and inland. Cosmopolitan.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43082;

Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43476; SaiKung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43532;Alberose, 1965, Thrower (MRDS 101242); TaiWan Tau, NT, 1970, Thrower 1254 (CUHK); onAlbizia lebbek, Pokfulam Road, 1970, Thrower1249 (HK); Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT, 1978, Thrower3081 (HK & CUHK); also: Thrower 1386, 1412,1425, 1434, 1516, 1530, 1627, 1640, 1659, 1878,2093, 2245, 2319, 2655, 3269, 3319 (CUHK);loc. non cit., 1891, Delavay (in Zahlbruckner1930, as its synonym Physcia picta (Sw.) Nyl.)and (in Awasthi 1975: 75; Herb. PC - specimennot seen); Thrower (1980, 1988: 15 & 89); alsoTai O Beach & Clearwater Bay (Chu 1997: 48).

Echinoplaca cf. epiphylla FéeOn living leaves of ferns, Pandanus and

trees in forests. New to China; pantropical. Thematerial is not well developed, so the identityremains uncertain.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43325,43327, 43355, 43375, 43380 & 43389; Sai KungCountry Park, 1998, Aptroot 43486 & 43498.

Endocarpon pusillum Hedw.On exposed and sheltered soil, cement

and granite, both coastal and inland. New toHong Kong; cosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43068,43157 & 43413; Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot43633; Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43478& 43484; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43440; Kowloon Tsi Park, NT, 1999, Seaward& Maxwell (MRDS 109089).

Enterographa pallidella (Nyl.) RedingerOn exposed trees and branches. New to

China; pantropical.Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,

Aptroot 43014 & 43021; Lung Fu Shan, 1998,Aptroot 43103; on Acacia confusa, Soko Island(North), 1975, Thrower 2215 (HK); Thrower(1988: 15 & 53 wrongly identified as Arthoniacf. fissurina Nyl., which differs, e.g., by the lessdeveloped excipulum).

Enterographa praepallens (Nyl.) RedingerOn sheltered, overhanging, coastal

granite rocks. New to China; so far only knownfrom tropical Asia and Australasia.

75

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43431.

Euopsis pulvinata (Schaerer) VainioOn exposed, wet granitic rock along

streams. New to China; northern temperate, butrecently also reported from the mountains ofSouth East Asia (Aptroot 1998: 30).

Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43700; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43096.

Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) V3zdaOn leaves, e.g. of Citrus and Pandanus.

Cosmopolitan.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1976, Thrower 2424

(HK) & 2426, 2427, 2429, 2451 (CUHK &MRDS 107552, 107607, 107608), 1982, Thrower3438 (CUHK); South of Tai Po Kau, NT, 1981,Thrower (MRDS 107606); on Quercus edithae,Wong Chuk Yeung, NT, n.d., Thrower 3157(CUHK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 73, as itssynonym Catillaria bouteillei (Desm.) Zahlbr.).

Glyphis cicatricosa Ach.On exposed trees and branches.

Pantropical.On Excoecaria agallocha, Kei Ling Ha

Hoi, NT, 1972, Thrower 1457 (CUHK); onSapium discolor, Sai O Beach, NT, 1973,Thrower 1603 (HK); Ping Shan Tsai, NT,Thrower, 1917 (HK); on Excoecaria agallocha,Chek Keng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2267 (HK);Thrower (1988: 15 & 91).

Graphina analoga (Nyl.) Zahlbr.On exposed trees and branches, rarely

also on exposed granite along stream, fromcoastal mangrove forest to 800 m alt. Pantropical.Reported under various, partly synonymous,names from Hong Kong before, due to over-emphasizing characters which are quite plasticwithin single specimens of Graphidaceae, likeascospore size and extension of carbonization.

Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43701; Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43609; SaiKung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43519& 43535; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot43562; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43360;Upper Tai Tam Reservoir, 1966, Thrower 1202(CUHK); Lugard Road, Victoria Peak, 1966,

Thrower, 1399 (HK & CUHK); on Excoecariaagallocha, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT, 1972, Thrower,1458 (HK); on Eurya japonica, Mt Collinson,1973, Thrower, 1539 (HK & CUHK); on Schimasuperba, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1975, Thrower 2363(HK, CUHK & MRDS 101244), 1983, Thrower& Seaward (MRDS 104631); Cheung Uk, NT,1977, Thrower 2888 (HK); Ngong Ping Shan,NT, 1978, Thrower 3118 & 3124 (HK); also:Thrower 1387, 1393, 1546, 1550, 1571, 1683,1922, 1926, 3077, 3275, 3476 (CUHK); Thrower(1988: 15 & 93, as Graphina cleistoblephara(Nyl.) Zahlbr.); on Excoecaria agallocha, KeiLing Ha Hoi, NT, 1972, Thrower 1458 (HK); onStrychnos umbellata, Lamma Island, 1978,Thrower 3115 (CUHK); Thrower (1988: 15 &96, as Graphina hiascens Müll. Arg.).

Graphina fissofurcata (Leighton) Müll. Arg. On granite boulders in shaded forest or

along stream beds, but also on sheltered trees.New to Hong Kong; known from tropical Asia,including China. The identity of the saxicolousspecimens of this species, which was so farknown only from trees, was confirmed by thejoint occurrence of identical corticolous andsaxicolous specimens at the same locality.

Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43690; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43138; TaiPo Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43227 & 43242; onSchefflera octophylla, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1983,Seaward & Thrower (Thrower 3665 & MRDS108830); Mau Ping, NT, 1980, Thrower 3250(HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 99, as its probablesynonym G. lapidicola Müll. Arg.).

Graphina incrustans (Fée) Müll. Arg.On exposed trees and branches.

Pantropical. Previously reported under two,possibly partly synonymous names from HongKong.

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43638;Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43665; SaiKung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43504;Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43268, 43286,43315 & 43345; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot43604; on Symplocos, Ma On Shan, NT, 1973,S.T.Chan (Thrower 1609, HK); Ping Shan Tsai,NT, 1973, Thrower 1915 (HK); on Aquilariasinensis, Sai O Beach, NT, 1973, Thrower 1634

76

(CUHK); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1974, Thrower 1951& 1968 (HK); on Euonymus chinensis, Tai MoShan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2578 (HK); also:Thrower 2662 (CUHK); Thrower (1988: 15 &98); Shing Mun Reservoir, NT, 1970, Thrower1246 & 1376 (HK); on Ardisia quinquegona, WuKau Tang, NT, 1976, Thrower 2486 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 15 & 92, as Graphina adscribens(Nyl.) Müll. Arg.); Thrower (1988: 15, 94 & 95,erroneously reported as Graphina colliculosa(Mont.) Hale).

Graphina mendax (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.On sheltered trees. Known from tropical

Asia. Previously reported under two possiblysynonymous names from Hong Kong.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43045 &43106; on Aquilaria sinensis & Sapium discolor,Sai O Beach, NT, 1973, Thrower 1650 & 3740(HK); Sai Wan, NT, 1973, S.T.Chan (Thrower1645, HK); Fung Yuen Valley, NT, 1977,Thrower 2882 (HK); on Aquilaria sinensis,Plover Cove, NT, 1984, Thrower 3721 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 15 & 100); Thrower (1988: 15& 97, as Graphina cf. hologlauca Zahlbr.;Thrower (1988: 15 & 101, as Graphina cf.virginea (Eschw.) Müll.Arg.).

Graphis afzelii Ach.On exposed trees, e.g. Callitris, especially

on branches. Pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43251 &

43287; Tai Tum Tuk Reservoir, 1965, Thrower1224 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 102).

Graphis alboglauca VainioOn sheltered trees, especially on

branches. New to China; known from tropicalAsia.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43365;Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot43508.

Graphis aphanes Mont. & v. d. BoschOn sheltered trees, also on granite

boulders along streams. New to China; knownfrom tropical Asia. The identity of the saxicolousspecimens of this species, which was so farknown only from bark, was confirmed by thejoint occurrence of identical corticolous and

saxicolous specimens at the same locality.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43231,

43238 & 43239; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot43601; on Cinnamomum camphora, Tai Po Kau,NT, 1983, Seaward & Thrower (MRDS 108831);Thrower (1988: 16 & 136, wrongly identified asPhaeographina maxima Groenh., which differs,e.g., in having brown, muriform spores).

Graphis caesiella VainioOn exposed and sheltered trees and

branches, rarely also on granite boulders, fromcoastal mangrove forest to 800 m alt. Pantropical.Previously reported under various, partly possiblysynonymous and partly erroneous names fromHong Kong, due to over-emphasizing theextension of carbonization as a specific character.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43181;Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43048, 43077,43107 & 43108; Victoria Peak Gap, 1998,Aptroot 43669; Sai Ko Chun, 1998, Aptroot43649; Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43520; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43232 & 43319; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot43593; on Cratoxylum ligustrinum, Chek Keng,NT, 1976, Thrower 2501 (HK); on Plumeriarubra, Happy Valley Cemetery, 1976, Thrower2767 & 2771 (CUHK) & 2807 (HK); Thrower(1988: 16); Cheung Uk, NT, 1977, Thrower 2880& 2894 (CUHK); on Schefflera octophylla, TaiPo Road, NT, 1978, Thrower 3035 (CUHK) &3038 (HK); Cheung Shu Tan, NT, 1980, Thrower3335 (CUHK); on Bombax malabaricum, ChiMa Wan, Lantau, 1983, Thrower 3523 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 16, incorrectly reported asGraphis glaucescens Fée; Wu Kai Sha, NT,1972, Thrower 1385 (HK & CUHK); Thrower(1988: 16, as Graphis glauconigra Vainio).

Graphis dumastii FéeOn exposed and sheltered trees and

branches. New to China; pantropical. Previouslyreported under another, possibly synonymousname from Hong Kong (see below).

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43012; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot43051; Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43533; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43254, 43262 & 43351; on Phyllanthus emblica,Pak Kung Au, NT, 1983, Thrower 3699 (HK);

77

Thrower (1988: 16, as Graphis tachygraphaNyl.).

Graphis lineola Ach.On exposed and sheltered trees and

branches, once on terrace walls, from coastalmangrove forest to 800 m alt. Pantropical.Specimens Aptroot 43241 and 43534 differ byan inspersed hymenium. Previously reportedunder various, partly synonymous names fromHong Kong, due to over-emphasizing thecharacters ascospore size and septation.

Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43699; Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43493 & 43534; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43563 & 43588; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43241 & 43359; Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1983,Seaward & Thrower (MRDS 108832); ChekKeng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2271 (CUHK); also:Thrower 3387 (HK) & 2934, 3034, 3184(CUHK); Thrower (1988: 16); Wu Kau Tang,NT, 1976, Thrower 2485 (HK); on Altingiachinensis, Tai Shui Hang, NT, 1980, Thrower3180 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15, as Graphisbatanensis Vainio); Tai Mo Shan Public Road,NT, 1976, Thrower 2669 (CUHK); Tai Mo Shan,NT, 1976, Thrower 2610, 2617 & 2619 (HK) &3293 (CUHK); Thrower (1988: 16, as Graphiscervina Müll. Arg.); Upper Tai Tam Reservoir,1966, Thrower 1197 (CUHK); also Thrower1422, 2306, 2333, 3179, 3485 (HK) & 1204,1215, 3349, 3353, 3388, 3481, 3484, 3487, 3694(CUHK); Thrower (1988: 16, as Graphisdesquamescens (Fée) Zahlbr.); Tai Mong Tsai,NT, 1974, Thrower 2186 (CUHK); on Acaciaconfusa, Soko Island (North), 1975, Thrower2214 (HK); Tai Po Kau, NT, 1975, Thrower 2373(HK); Thrower (1988: 16, as Graphis guimaranaVainio); on Cratoxylum ligustrinum, Tai Po Kau,NT, 1975, Thrower 2346 (HK); Thrower (1988:16, as Graphis leptocarpa Ach.; Tai TamReservoir, 1965, Thrower 1226 (CUHK); Wu KaiSha, NT, 1983, Seaward & Thrower (MRDS105902); also: Thrower 1465, 2500, 2877, 2881,3389 (HK) & 1465, 2378, 2398, 3038, 3355,3678, 3703; Thrower (1988: 16 & 106, asGraphis librata C. Knight); on Aquilariasinensis, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1975, Thrower 2327(HK & CUHK); also Thrower 2104, 2359, 3351(HK) & 2345, 3533, 3710 (CUHK); Thrower

(1988: 16, as Graphis sapii Zahlbr.); Thrower(1980, as Graphis tenellula Vainio).

Graphis rimulosa (Mont.) TrevisanOn exposed and sheltered trees and

branches. Pantropical. Previously reported undervarious, possibly partly synonymous names fromHong Kong, due to over-emphasizing theascospore size and septation as specificcharacters.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43252;Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43590A; ShingMun Reservoir, NT, 1970, Thrower 1238(CUHK); on Aquilaria sinensis, Tai Po Kau, NT,1975, Thrower 2328 (HK); on Syzygium jambos,Nai Chung, NT, 1976, Thrower 2421 (HK); onEurya japonica, Fei Ngo Shan, NT, 1980,Thrower 3256 (HK); Thrower (1988: 16); TaiMo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2624 (HK);Thrower (1988: 16, as Graphis dupaxanaVainio); Thrower (1988: 16, as Graphis treubiiZahlbr.); Thrower (1988: 15) and Zahlbruckner(1930: comm. Tuckerman, Herb. FH, as Graphisasterizans Nyl.).

Graphis turgidula Müll. Arg.On exposed and sheltered trees and

branches. New to China; pantropical. Previouslyreported under another, possibly synonymousname from Hong Kong (see below).

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43344;Victoria Park, 1966, Thrower 1213 (HK &CUHK); Fei Ngo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2731(CUHK); Hunchbacks, NT, 1980, Thrower 3197(HK); Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1983, Thrower 3530 &3532 (HK) & 3531 & 3534 (CUHK); Thrower(1988: 16, as Graphis bifera var. cinereaZahlbr.).

Gyrostomum scyphuliferum (Ach.) Nyl.On exposed trees, e.g. Kandelia,

especially on branches. New to China;pantropical. Previously reported under another,possibly synonymous, name from Hong Kong(see below).

Aberdeen, Ocean Park, 1998, Aptroot43708; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43052; SaiKung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43490& 43521; Kowloon Tsi Park, NT, 1999, Seaward& Maxwell (MRDS 109088); Alberose, 1965,

78

Thrower 2321 (HK & MRDS 101245); onAquilaria sinensis, Aberdeen Reservoir, 1980,C.C. Lay (Thrower 3337, HK); Wu Kai Sha, NT,1972, Thrower 1436 (CUHK & MRDS 109081),1973, Thrower 1612 (HK) & 1618 (CUHK),1983, Thrower & Seaward (MRDS 104623); onExcoecaria agallocha, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT,1972, Thrower 1457 (CUHK); on Lumnitzeraracemosa, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT, 1973, Thrower1660 (CUHK); Ping Shan Tsai, NT, 1973,Thrower 1899 (CUHK); on Aquilaria sinensis,Lok Wo Sha, NT, 1974, Thrower 1960 (CUHK);on Melia azedarach, Mai Po, NT, 1974, Thrower2120 (CUHK); on Acacia confusa, Soko Island(North), 1975, Thrower 2249 (CUHK); onPlumeria rubra, Happy Valley Cemetry, 1976,Thrower 2772 & 2810 (CUHK); on Bombaxmalabaricum, Chi Ma Wan, Lantau, 1983,Thrower 3524 (HK); also: Thrower 1602 & 2915(HK); Thrower (1988: 16 & 137, asPhaeographina obfirmata Zahlbr.).

Haematomma persoonii (Fée) Massal.On exposed trees, especially on branches.

New to China; pantropical.Hok Tsui Wan, Cape d’Aquilar, 1978,

Thrower 2962 (HK); on Excoecaria agallocha,Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT, 1972, Thrower 1420 (HK);on Cerbera manghas, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT,1984, Thrower 3713 & 3714 (CUHK) & 3709(HK); Thrower (1988: 16 & 107, as its synonymHaematomma similis Bagl.)

Hafellia bahiana (Malme) SheardOn exposed trees, especially on branches.

New to China; pantropical, but so far onlyreported from the neotropics.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43173; SaiKung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43528;Alberose, Pokfulam Road, 1965, Thrower 2399(CUHK); on Pinus massoniana, Nai Chung, NT,1972, Thrower 1427 (HK, CUHK, MRDS107597); Sai O Beach, NT, 1973, Thrower(MRDS 107611); on Phyllanthus emblica, TsingYi Island, 1974, Thrower 1963 (HK & MRDS107615); on Celtis sinensis, Cape d’Aguilar,1974, Thrower (MRDS 107588); on Acaciaconfusa, Soko Island, 1975, Thrower 2248(CUHK); on Excoecaria agallocha, Chek Keng,NT, 1975, Thrower 2270 (CUHK); Grassy Hill,

NT, 1976, Thrower 2801 (CUHK); on Cassiasiamea, Chung Hom Kok, 1977, Thrower 2870(CUHK); on Pinus massoniana, Ma On Shan,NT, 1981, Thrower 3412 (CUHK); AberdeenReservoir, 1980, C.C. Lay (Thrower 3341,CUHK); also: Thrower 2121 (HK) & 2105, 2116,2931, 3052, 3059, 3105 & 3181 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 15, wrongly identified as Buelliadives Th. Fr. and Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd,which are both temperate species, differing bythe lack of ascospore wall thickenings).

Heterodermia speciosa (Wulfen) TrevisanOn exposed rocks, including painted

granite poles, especially in the mountains.Cosmopolitan. There is no doubt that only onespecies of Heterodermia has so far been foundin Hong Kong, although it was illustrated underseveral names by Thrower (1988).

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43213;Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43556 & 43573;loc. non cit., 1846-51, Hance & 1850, Seemann(in Seemann 1852-57: 432 as Parmelia speciosa(Wulfen) Ach.; Zahlbruckner 1930, asAnaptychia speciosa (Wulfen) Massal.); Tai TamTuk Reservoir, 1965, Thrower 1219 (CUHK); TaiPo Kau, NT, 1971, Thrower 1288 (CUHK); Caped’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 1277 (CUHK), 1972,Thrower 1501 (CUHK), 1975, A.Proud (Thrower2206, CUHK); Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1965, Thrower2414 (CUHK), 1972, S.T.Chan (Thrower 1512,HK & CUHK), 1972, P.Tam (Thrower 1492,1494, 1495, CUHK), 1972, Thrower 1479(CUHK), 1973, Thrower 1582 & 1585 (CUHK),1584 (HK & CUHK) & 1587 (HK), 1976,Thrower 2555 (CUHK) & 2563 (CUHK &MRDS 107551), 1978, Thrower 3040 (CUHK);Mui Tse Lam, NT, 1973, Thrower 1870 (CUHK);Black’s Link, 1973, Thrower 1815 (CUHK &MRDS 109080); Tai Mon Tsai, 1974, K.K.Mark(Thrower 2117, CUHK); Wu Kau Tang, 1976,Thrower 2465 (CUHK); Ma On Shan, 1978,L.B.Thrower (Thrower 3091, CUHK); alsoThrower 1870, 2258 & 3443 (HK); Thrower(1988: 16 & 108, wrongly identified asHeterodermia diademata (Taylor) Awasthi;Thrower (1988: 16 & 109, wrongly identified asHeterodermia diademata f. angustata (Räsänen)Kurok.); Victoria Peak, 1966, Thrower 1216(CUHK); Kwan Yum Shan, 1987, Thrower 3099

79

(CUHK); also Thrower 1242, 2415, 3442, 3535(HK) & 1473, 2456 (CUHK); Thrower (1988:16 & 110, under the probable synonymHeterodermia pseudospeciosa (Kurok.) W.Culb.).

Hymenelia lacustris (With.) M. ChoisyOn exposed rocks, submerged or not,

especially along streams in the mountains; morerarely on coastal rocks. Probably cosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43084 &43137; Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43671;Sai Ko Chun, 1998, Aptroot 43648; Tai Po Kau,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43226; Clearwater Bay, NT,1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108866), 1995,Chu (MRDS 108865); Ma On Shan, NT, 1978,S.H. Kwan (Thrower 3108, HK & CUHK), 1981,Thrower 3416 (HK); Thrower (1988: 15 & 59,under its synonym Aspicilia lacustris (With.) Th.Fr.).

Julella vitrispora (Cooke & Harkness) M.E.Barr

On exposed trees; usually on wood but inHong Kong found on dead branches amonglichens. New to China; cosmopolitan. Previouslyreported under another, probably synonymousname from Hong Kong. The two species wereseparated by Harris (1995: 85) on the basis ofthe number of spores in the asci and a slightdifference in ascospore size. However, thesecharacters were shown by Aptroot & van denBoom (1995: 1) to be variable even within singlespecimens of the genus.

Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43623;living culture CBS 101259; Thrower (1988: 17& 148, under the probable synonymPolyblastiopsis geminella (Nyl.) Zahlbr.).

Lecanora chrysocardia Zahlbr.On coastal rocks. New to Hong Kong;

known from East Asia.Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS

108668), 1994, Chu (MRDS 107276).

Lecanora farinaria BorrerOn exposed trees; usually on wood but in

Hong Kong found on bark among lichens. Newto Asia; so far known from temperate Europeand North America. The identity remains slightly

uncertain as the material bears no apothecia,which, however is often the case.


Lecanora flavoviridis Krempelh.On granite boulders, but also on painted

granite poles, in the mountains, up to 800 m alt.Originally described from Hong Kong.

Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43555,43560 & 43584; loc. non cit., 1871-72, R.Rabenhorst (in Krempelhuber 1873: 470 &1874: 65; Rabenhorst 1873: 287; Zahlbruckner1930; Herb. UPS - specimen not seen); Thrower(1988: 16); Lumbsch (1994: 157).

Lecanora gangaleoides Nyl.On granite boulders in the mountains, up

to 800 m alt. New to Hong Kong; cosmopolitan.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43575.

Lecanora leprosa FéeOn exposed trees, especially on branches,

rarely on exposed granite boulders. Pantropical.Pok Fu Lam, 1998, Aptroot 43005 &

43010; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43089 &43095; Aberdeen, Ocean Park, 1998, Aptroot43713; Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43487 & 43539; on Acacia confusa,Kowloon Tsi Park, NT, 1999, Seaward &Maxwell (MRDS 109091); Naam Gwoh Chau,South Ninepin Island, 1970, Thrower 1236(CUHK); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1972, Thrower 1435,1438 (CUHK) & 1429, 1439 (HK & CUHK),1973, Thrower 1605 & 1614 (CUHK), 1974,Thrower 1902 (CUHK); on Sapium discolor, SaiO Beach, NT, 1973, Thrower 1601 (CUHK); onLumnitzera racemosa, Kei Ling Ha Hoi, n.d.,Thrower 1666 (CUHK); on Cerbera manghas,Kei Ling Ha Hoi, NT, 1984, Thrower 3708 &3712 (CUHK); also: Thrower 1414, 1595 (HK)& 1595, 1907, 1964, 1987, 2014, 2119, 2246,3173, 3174, 3175, 3176, 3182 (CUHK); Thrower(1980, 1988: 16 & 111).

Lecanora oreinodes (Körber) Hertel &Rambold

On granite on coastal rocks. Describedfrom Hong Kong under a synonymous name (seebelow); cosmopolitan.

Loc. non cit., 1871-72, R. Rabenhorst (in

80

Hertel 1977: 297, as Lecidea oreinodes (Körber)W.A. Weber & Hertel; also under its synonymLecidea internigrans Krempelh. in Rabenhorst1873: 286; Krempelhuber 1873: 468 & 1874:60; Zahlbruckner 1930; Herb. M - specimen notseen); Thrower (1988: 16, as L. internigrans).

Lecanora orosthea (Ach.) Ach.On exposed coastal granite. New to Asia;

so far known only from temperate Europe, Africaand North America. The identity remains slightlyuncertain as the material bears no apothecia,which, however is often the case.

Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43481;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43425, 1993,Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108679), 1995, Chu(HKU(M) 10455).

Lecanora pseudistera Nyl.On granite, most common on coastal

rocks, but also on lower slopes. New to China;nearly cosmopolitan.

Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43704; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43099 &43152; Sai Ko Chun, 1998, Aptroot 43652 &43652A; Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43170 &43205; Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43461;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43427, 1993,Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108747 & HKU(M)10457), 1994, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 107209),1994, Chu (HKU(M) 10456), 1995, Chu (MRDS108670); Tsing Yi Island, 1974, Thrower 1989,2089 (HK) & 2108, 2112 (CUHK); Lung KwuBeach, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 106813,107209, 107585), 1994, Chu (HKU(M) 10458);Fat Tong Chau, 1993, Chu (MRDS 108745);Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS 108748),1994, Chu (HKU(M) 10459); Big Wave Bay,1994, Chu (MRDS 108759 & HKU(M) 10460);Thrower (1988: 17 & 168, wrongly mentionedas Squamaria sp.); also Wu Kai Sha, Ma Wan,Peng Chau, Kiu Tau, Lamma Island, GrassIsland, Tai O Beach & Tong Fuk (Chu 1997:48).

Lecanora subimmersa (Fée) VainioOn granite in coastal areas and along

mountain stream on lower slope. New to HongKong; pantropical.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43114;

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108875); Big Wave Bay, 1994, Chu(MRDS 107812, 108874); Kiu Tau, 1995, Chu(MRDS 108826); Sai Wan, NT, 1980, Thrower3371 (HK); Thrower (1988: 16, as Lecania sp.).

Lecanora sulphurescens FéeOn granite boulders and on granite rock

in walls on lower slopes. New to China;pantropical.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43151 &43421; Cape d’Aguilar, 1994, Chu (MRDS108744); loc. non cit., 1871-72, R. Rabenhorst(in Rabenhorst 1873: 287; Krempelhuber 1873:470, 1874: 65; Zahlbruckner 1930; Thrower1988: 16 - all under its probable synonymLecanora subfusca var. chlarona f. microcarpaKrempelh.); also Ma Wan, Tai O Beach &Clearwater Bay (Chu 1997: 48).

Lecidea granifera (Ach.) VainioOn shaded trees and lianas along

mountain stream. Pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43246 &

43299; on Schefflera octophylla, Tai Po Kau,NT, 1975, Thrower 2351 (HK); on Machilusthunbergiana, Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower2584 (HK); Plover Cave, NT, 1978, Thrower2947 (CUHK); Ngong Ping, Ma On Shan, NT,1980, Thrower 3395 (HK); Thrower (1988: 16& 113).

Lecidea hypomela Nyl.On shaded trees and lianas along

mountain stream. New to China; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43300.

Lecidella enteroleucella (Nyl.) HertelOn coastal rocks and on exposed granite

on mountain peak of low mountain at 250 m.New to Hong Kong; paleotropical, extending intoadjacent subtropics, including Macao.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43166; BigWave Bay, 1994, Seaward & Chu (MRDS108844 & HKU(M) 10461); Clearwater Bay, NT,1995, Chu (MRDS 108873).

Lempholemma chalazanum (Ach.) B. de Lesd.On brick and compacted soil on peaks of

low mountains at 300-500 m. New to East Asia;

81

northern temperate. This is one of the mostunexpected records. The species has mostprobably been overlooked, due to the lack ofattention to lichens on man-made areas outsidewestern Europe. It may be present only in therainy season.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43408 &43415; Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43606 &43608.

Lepraria lobificans Nyl.On shaded soil and mossy rocks.

Cosmopolitan. TLC revealed atranorin and thestictic acid complex.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43060;Chinese University of Hong Kong, NT, 1974,Thrower 2028 (HK); Tai Po Kau, NT, 1980,Thrower 3312 (HK); Thrower (1988: 16).

Lepraria neglecta (Nyl.) LettauOn exposed to shaded granite and soil,

in coastal areas, but also in the mountains, up to800 m alt. New to East Asia; so far known fromtemperate Europe, Asia, Australia and NorthAmerica, so probably cosmopolitan. TLCrevealed atranorin and alectorialic acid.

Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43693; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43062 &43081; Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43631; ShekO Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43203; Tai Mo Shan,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43582; Tai Tam, Caped’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS 107829,107830); Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward &Chu (MRDS 108681); Big Wave Bay, 1994, Chu(HKU(M) 10462); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1994,Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108877 & HKU(M)10463); Shek O Beach, 1994, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108676); Hunchbacks, NT, 1982,Thrower 3454 (CUHK); Lepraria sp. in Chu(1997: 48) is this species.

Leprocaulon pseudoarbuscula (Asah.) Lamb& Ward

On shaded soil. Pantropical.Ma On Shan, 1931, G.A.C.Herklots

(Herb. Univ. Leeds, Thrower 1852, CUHK);Lamb & Ward (1974); Thrower (1988: 16 &115).

Leproloma membranaceum (Dickson) Vainio

On shaded granite in coastal areas andon mountains. New to Hong Kong;cosmopolitan.

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43637; ShekO Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43196; Thrower (1988:114, as Lepraria sp., left-hand specimen only).

Leproloma vouauxii (Hue) LaundonOn shaded trees along mountain stream.

New to China; cosmopolitan.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43339.

Leptogium corticola (Taylor) Tuck.Mostly on shaded trees, but also on

shaded granitic rock along streams. New toChina; pantropical.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43266,43284 & 43285; Shing Mun Reservoir, NT,1970, Thrower 1377 (CUHK); Tai Po Kau, NT,1971, Thrower 1299 (HK & CUHK), 1980,Thrower 3193 (CUHK), 1982, Thrower 3435(CUHK); Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2552(HK, CUHK & MRDS 107550); on Fraxinusretusa, Ngong Ping, NT, 1980, Thrower 3247(HK & CUHK), 1981, Thrower 3362 (CUHK &MRDS 109079); Thrower (1988: 16 & 116,wrongly identified as Leptogium azureum (Sw.ex Ach.) Mont., which differs, e.g., by the morebluish-black thallus).

Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) KörberMostly on shaded trees, but also on

shaded granitic rock along streams. Pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43212 &

43337; on Cinnamomum, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1971,Thrower 1287 (HK & CUHK); Cape d’Aguilar,1972, Thrower 1499 (HK & CUHK), 1978,Thrower 2955 (CUHK); Nai Chung, NT, 1972,Thrower 1421 (HK & CUHK); on Ficus superba,Sai O Beach, NT, 1973, Thrower 1632 (CUHK);Sai Wan, NT, 1973, S.T.Chan (Thrower 1642,CUHK); Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2625& 2679 (CUHK); on Gnetum montanum, Tai PoKau, NT, 1978, Thrower 3070 (CUHK); Ma OnShan, NT, 1979, Thrower 3172 (CUHK); MauPing, NT, 1981, Thrower 3363 (CUHK); also:Thrower 1368, 1537, 1656, 2294 (HK); Thrower(1988: 16 & 117).

Leptogium denticulatum Nyl.

82

Mostly on shaded trees, but also onshaded granitic rock and on Ficus roots.Pantropical.

Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43673& 43675; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43211& 43265; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1971, Thrower 1306(CUHK), 1980, Thrower 3194 (HK); Caped’Aguilar, 1972, Thrower 3264 (CUHK); Tai MoShan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2590 (HK); Wu KauTang, NT, 1976, Thrower 2467 (HK); NgongPing, Ma On Shan, NT, 1981, Thrower 3351(HK); Mau Ping, NT, 1981, Thrower 3365(CUHK); Thrower (1988: 16 & 118).

Mazosia dispersa (Hedrick) R. Sant.On living leaves of Pandanus in forests.

New to Asia; apparently pantropical, as it wasknown from tropical Africa and the neotropics.


Mazosia melanophthalma (Müll. Arg.) R.Sant.

On living leaves of trees and Pandanusin forests, but also on bark of trees, e.g. Callitris.Pantropical.

Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43661;Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43272 & 43356;on Pandanus furcatus, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1983,Thrower & Seaward (Thrower 3658, HK &MRDS 106038); Thrower (1988: 16 & 119).

Mazosia phyllosema (Nyl.) Zahlbr.On living leaves of Pandanus in forest.

New to Hong Kong; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43377.

Melaspilea diplasiospora (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.On exposed trees; usually on wood but in

Hong Kong found on branches among lichens.New to China; known from the neotropics andAustralia, but recently also reported from EastAsia (Aptroot 1998: 31), therefore probablypantropical. The records from Great Britain areerroneous. This is not the same species asreported and illustrated by Thrower (1988: 16& 121) as Melaspilea sp. The latter is animmature Opegrapha (specimen seen: Tai PoKau, NT, 1975, Thrower 2330, HK).


Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) Massal.On granite boulders in mountain area.

Northern temperate.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2601

(HK); Thrower (1988: 16 & 122).

Micarea bauschiana (Körber) V. Wirth &V3zda

On compacted soil on mountain slope oflow mountain at 200 m. New to East Asia;northern temperate.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43123;living culture CBS 101363.

Micarea lutulata (Nyl.) CoppinsOn iron-containing rock and soil along

path in coastal areas, but also on mountain slopesof low mountains up to 400 m. New to Asia; sofar known from temperate Europe and NorthAmerica.

Sai Kung Country Park, Shek Shan, NT,1998, Aptroot 43513; Sai Kung Country Park,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43499; Shin Ming Reservoir,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43405.

Micarea peliocarpa (Anzi) Coppins & R. Sant.Mostly on shaded trees, but also on

granite, moss on rock and soil. New to Asia; sofar known from Europe, Africa, Australasia andNorth America, so apparently cosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43070;Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43611; Tai MoShan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43561, 43590 & 43598;Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43215, 43247,43282, 43296 & 43314.

Multiclavula vernalis (Schw.) PetersenOn compacted soil on road banks, from

sea-level to 800 m alt. New to Asia; so far knownfrom temperate Europe, Australia and NorthAmerica. This is one of the most unexpectedrecords. The species has most probably beenoverlooked. It may be present only in the rainyseason.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43223;Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot43497; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot (fieldrecord).

Myelochroa aurulenta (Tuck.) Elix & Hale

83

On rock in mountain areas. Pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1974, Thrower 1873

(HK); Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1975, Thrower 2302(CUHK), 1976, Thrower 2626 (HK); also:Thrower 3133 (HK) & 2553, 2817 (CUHK); Hale(1976b: 22); Thrower (1988: 16 & 125, all underits synonym Parmelina aurulenta (Tuck.) Hale).

Myriotrema compunctum (Ach.) HaleOn shaded trees. New to China;


Myriotrema minutum (Hale) HaleOn shaded trees. New to China; so far

only known from tropical Asia.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43214.

Myriotrema subcompunctum (Nyl.) HaleOn shaded trees. New to China;

pantropical.Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43659;


Neocatapyrenium cladonioideum (Vainio) H.Harada

On soil on coastal rock. Already reprotedas new to China by Breuss (1998), on the basisof the material mentioned below; only knownfrom East Asia.

Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS107619), 1994, Chu.

Ocellularia perforata (Leighton) Müll. Arg.On shaded trees. New to China;


Ochrolechia tartarea (L.) Massal.On shaded rock along stream at 800 m

alt. New to Hong Kong; probably cosmopolitan.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43583;

Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2608 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 16 & 124, as Ochrolechia sp.).

Opegrapha varia Pers.On shaded trees. New to China;

cosmopolitan.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43301,

43304 & 43309.

Opegrapha viridis (Pers. ex Ach.) Nyl.On trees, e.g. Kandelia, in coastal areas.

New to China; cosmopolitan.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43191; Sai

Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43540;Thrower (1988: 16, under the probable synonymOpegrapha cf. multiseptata var. plicatulaRedinger).

Paraparmelia owariensis (Asah.) Elix &Johnston

On granite (and more rarely basalt)boulders, especially in coastal areas.Paleotropical.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43142 &43188; Tai O Beach, Lantau, 1995, Chu (MRDS108667); Pokfulam Reservoir Road, 1966,Thrower 1189 (BM & HK); Mui Tse Lam, NT,1973, Thrower 1893 (CUHK); Chek Keng, NT,1975, Thrower 2253 & 2260 (CUHK); Ngo MeiChau, NT, 1976, Thrower 2527 (CUHK); Tai MoShan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2557 (CUHK); BluffIsland, NT, 1976, Thrower 2628 (CUHK); MaOn Shan, NT, 1978, Thrower 3048 (CUHK) &3049 (HK); Sham Wat, Lantau, 1979, Thrower3145 (CUHK); Shek Pik Reservoir, NT, 1979,Thrower 3166 (CUHK) & 3168 (HK); MongTung Wan, NT, 1983, Thrower 3516 (CUHK);also: Thrower 2494, 2635, 3291 (HK); Hale(1976a: 39); Thrower (1988: 17 & 154, all underits synonym Pseudoparmelia owariensis (Asah.)Hale).

Parmelinella wallichiana (Taylor) Elix & HaleOn granite boulders, occasionally on trees

or on painted granite pole, in mountain areas.Paleotropical.

Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43557& 43576; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1973, Thrower 1586(HK & US) & 1976, Thrower 2556 & 2562(CUHK); also: Thrower 2667 (HK) & 2599,2666, 2667, 2673 (CUHK); Hale (1976b: 52);Thrower (1988: 16 & 126, all under its synonymParmelina wallichiana (Taylor) Hale).

Parmotrema incrassatum Hale ex DePriest &B. Hale

On trees, e.g. Kandelia, in mangrove, andon granite boulders, in coastal areas. Apparentlyendemic to Hong Kong, but easily confused with

84

other species, and possibly overlooked elsewhere.Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,

Aptroot 43542; Soko Island, 1975, Thrower 2220(CUHK & US); Po Toi Island, NT, 1975, Thrower2288 (CUHK) & 2299 (HK); Sam Pak, Lantau,1975, W.T.Kok (Thrower 2297, HK); Tai MoShan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2670 (CUHK); NamShan, Lantau, 1982, Thrower 3489 (CUHK);also: Thrower 2926, 3317 (HK) & 2218 (CUHK);Tchou (1935, wrongly identified as Parmeliasubrugata Krempelh., which differs, e.g., by thepresence of two types of rhizines); Thrower(1988: 16 & 128); DePriest & Hale (1998: 207);also Kiu Tau & Tai O Beach (Chu 1997: 48).

Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) HaleOn trees, e.g. Kandelia, in mangrove, and

on granite boulders, mostly in coastal areas.Pantropical.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43039,43046 & 43128; Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43460; Sai Kung Country Park, NT,1998, Aptroot 43543; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43429, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS10659, 107224, 107213); Cape d’Aguilar, 1990,Seaward (MRDS 108822); Big Wave Bay, 1994,Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108848); Tai O Beach,Lantau, 1995, Chu (HKU(M) 10464); Tam TaiTuk Reservoir, 1965, Thrower 1220 (CUHK);Nai Chung, NT, 1972, Thrower 1443 (HK &CUHK); Chek Nai Ping, NT, 1973, Thrower1854 (HK & CUHK); Black’s Link, MtNicholson, 1973, Thrower 1814 (HK & CUHK);Ping Chau Island, NT, 1974, Thrower 2018(CUHK); Chek Keng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2256(CUHK); Bluff Island, NT, 1976, Thrower 2651(CUHK); Wu Kau Tang, NT, 1976, Thrower 2464(HK, CUHK & MRDS 109078); Sai Wan, TaiLong Bay, NT, 1978, Thrower 2920 (CUHK);Tung Lung Island, NT, 1981, Thrower 3385(CUHK); also: Thrower 1872, 2095, 2140, 2460,2518, 2523 (HK) & 1271, 1295, 1449, 1451,1515, 1892, 1894, 1965, 2092, 2167, 2184, 2207,2211, 2254, 2257, 2284, 2298, 2470, 2905, 2919,2921, 3092 (CUHK); loc. non cit., 1846-51,Hance & 1850, Seemann (in Seemann 1852-57:432 wrongly identified as Parmelia perlata(Huds.) Ach., which differs, e.g., by thechemistry); Tchou (1935, as Parmelia perlata);Thrower (1988: 16 & 129); also Tai Tau, Grass

Island & Tong Fuk (Chu 1997: 48).

Parmotrema tinctorum (Despr. ex Nyl.) HaleOn trees, e.g. Kandelia, in mangrove, and

on granite boulders, in coastal areas. Pantropical.Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43458;

Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot43544; Victoria Peak, 1965, Thrower 1196(CUHK); Cape d’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 1275(CUHK), 1975, A.Proud (Thrower 2193,CUHK); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1972, Thrower 1400(CUHK); on Excoecaria agallocha, Kei Ling HaHoi, NT, n.d., Thrower 1411, 1525 (CUHK);Soko Island, 1975, Thrower 2210 (CUHK); TaiMo Shan, NT, n.d., P.Tam (Thrower 1493, HK);Chek Keng, NT, 1975, Thrower (MRDS101241); also: Thrower 1239, 1265, 1267 (HK);Thrower (1980, 1988: 16 & 131).

Peltula bolanderi (Tuck.) WetmoreOn coastal granitic rocks, but also on

concrete, affected by freshwater downflow. Newto China; known from Africa, Australia and theneotropics, but recently also reported from SouthEast Asia (Aptroot 1998: 31), so apparentlypantropical.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43172;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43453 &43454.

Peltula clavata (Krempelh.) WetmoreOn coastal granitic rocks, affected by

freshwater downflow. New to East Asia;pantropical.

Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1994, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 106721 with P. placodizans, 107548 &ABL).

Peltula coriacea Büdel, Henssen & WesselsOn coastal granitic rocks, affected by

freshwater downflow. New to Asia; so far knownfrom tropical South Africa.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43193;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43451; ShekMai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43473.

Peltula euploca (Ach.) Poelt ex Ozenda &Clauzade

On coastal granitic rocks, but also onconcrete, affected by freshwater downflow. New

85

to China; pantropical.Pok Fu Lam, 1998, Aptroot 43001;

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43442; Caped’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS 107549).

Peltula obscurans (Nyl.) GyelnikOn concrete and granitic rocks, mostly

coastal, often affected by freshwater downflow.New to China; pantropical.

Pok Fu Lam, 1998, Aptroot 43001A;Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43635 ClearwaterBay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108675);Lamma Island, 1994, Chu (MRDS 108677 &HKU(M) 10465); also Ma Wan, Wu Kai Sha,Peng Chau & Cape d’Aguilar (Chu 1997: 48 asPeltula sp.).

Peltula placodizans (Zahlbr.) WetmoreOn coastal granitic rocks, affected by

freshwater downflow. New to Asia; known fromAfrica, Australia and the neotropics before, soapparently pantropical.

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43441; Lung Kwu Beach, NT, 1994, Seaward &Chu (MRDS 108765), 1994, Chu (ABL); WuKai Sha, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS106721, 108680); Lido Beach, 1993, Chu(MRDS 107116, 107734); Tai Lam Chung, 1993,Chu (HKU(M) 10466); Lamma Island, 1994,Chu (MRDS 107735, 108704 & HKU(M) 10467,10448 with Caloplaca leptozona); also Ma Wan,Peng Chau & Cape d’Aguilar (Chu 1997: 48incorrectly reported as P. impressa (Vainio)Swinscow & Krog).

Pertusaria excludens Nyl.On coastal and inland, exposed granitic

rocks. New to Asia; northern temperate. TLCrevealed norstictic acid and in one collection alsolichexanthone.

Cape d’Aguilar, 1994, Chu (MRDS108661); Kiu Tau, Sharp Island, 1995, Chu(MRDS 107583); Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976,Thrower 2544 (CUHK); Nai Chung, NT, 1983,Thrower 3659 (HK); Thrower (1988: 16 & 134,wrongly identified as cf. Pertusaria subvaginatavar. orientalis Räsänen, which differs, e.g., bythe chemistry); loc. non cit., 1871-72, R.Rabenhorst (in Rabenhorst 1873: 287;Krempelhuber 1873: 469 & 1874: 61;

Zahlbruckner 1930; Thrower 1988: 16 - allwrongly identified as Pertusaria leucopsaraKrempelh., which differs, e.g., by the chemistry);also Clearwater Bay (Chu 1997: 48 as P.subvaginata var. orientalis).

Pertusaria flavicans LamyOn coastal and inland, exposed granitic

rocks. New to Hong Kong; known so far fromEurope and Asia. The material agrees well withEuropean specimens. TLC revealed thiophaninicacid.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43197;Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43085, 43129 &43163; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward &Chu (MRDS 108689, HKU(M) 10468); Fat TongChau, 1993, Chu (HKU(M) 10469); Tai OBeach, Lantau, 1995, Chu (MRDS 108860);Cape d’Aguilar, 1972, Thrower 1461 (CUHK);High West, 1973, Thrower 1574 (HK & CUHK),1974, Thrower 2148 (CUHK); Ping Shan Tsai,NT, 1973, Thrower 1862 (HK); Tsing Yi Island,1974, Thrower 1996 (HK); Ma Shi Chau Island,NT, 1973, Thrower 1677 (CUHK); Lai Chi Wo,NT, 1975, Thrower 2312 (CUHK); Thrower(1988: 16 & 132, under the possible synonymPertusaria amarescens Nyl.); also LammaIsland, Wu Kai Sha, Kiu Tau, Grass Island, TongFuk & Big Wave Bay (Chu 1997: 48 as P.amarescens).

Pertusaria pseudocorallina (Liljeblad) ArnoldOn coastal and inland, exposed granitic

rocks. New to Hong Kong; northern temperate.Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot

43688; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43568;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108764); Big Wave Bay, 1994, Chu(MRDS 108762).

Pertusaria tetrathalamia (Fée) Nyl.On exposed trees. New to China;

pantropical.On Prunus, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1980,

Thrower 3651 (HK); on Cerbera manghas, KeiLing Ha Hoi, NT, 1984, Thrower 3705 (HK);Thrower (1988: 16); Thrower (1988: 16 & 133,wrongly identified as Pertusaria cf. subtruncataMüll. Arg., which differs, e.g., by the chemicalcompounds present).

86

Phaeographina pyrrochroa (Mont. & v.d.Bosch) Zahlbr.

On sheltered trees in forests. New to HongKong; pantropical.

Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43536; Tai Tam Reservoir, 1965,Thrower 1286 (CUHK); Shing Mun Reservoir,1970, Thrower 1247 (CUHK); Ping Shan Tsai,NT, 1973, K.K.Mark (Thrower 1886 & 1916CUHK); nr Chinese University of Hong Kong,1974, Thrower 1934 (CUHK); Wu Kai Sha, NT,1974, Thrower 1973 (CUHK); Tai Mong Tsai,NT, 1974, Thrower 2187, 2188 & 2194 (CUHK);Soko Island (North), 1975, Thrower 2234(CUHK); also: Thrower 1394, 1538, 2474 (HK)& 2275, 2337, 2865 2895, 3203, 3258, 3339,3701; Thrower (1988: 16 & 135, under thesynonym Phaeographina chlorocarpoides (Nyl.)Zahlbr.).

Phaeographina quassiaecola (Fée) Müll.Arg.On sheltered trees in forests. Pantropical.On Viburnum odoratissimum, Ngong

Ping, Ma On Shan, NT, 1980, Thrower 3240(HK), 1981, Thrower 3357 (HK); Thrower(1988: 16 & 138).

Phaeographina scalpturata (Ach.) Müll.Arg.On sheltered trees in forests. New to

China; pantropical.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43044; Tai

Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43318.

Phaeographis exaltata (Mont. & v.d. Bosch)Müll. Arg.

On sheltered trees in forests, e.g. onKandelia in mangrove. Pantropical. Previouslyreported under various, partly synonymousnames from Hong Kong, due to over-emphasizing characters which are quite plasticwithin single specimens of Graphidaceae, suchas ascospore size and extension of carbonization.

Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43681;Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43257 & 43303;Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot43523 & 43537; on Excoecaria agallocha, KeiLing Ha Hoi, NT, 1972, Thrower 1415 (HK);Tai Tam Reservoir, 1965, Thrower 1282 (HK);Lugard Road, Victoria Peak, 1966, Thrower 1212(HK & CUHK); on Sapium discolor, Tai Po

Road, NT, 1978, Thrower 3036 (HK); Upper TaiTam Reservoir, 1965, Thrower 1281 (CUHK) &1282 (HK & CUHK), 1966, Thrower 1198, 1200(HK) & 1205 (HK & CUHK); on Excoercariaagallocha, Chek Keng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2317(CUHK); also: Thrower 2307, 2591, 3693, 3698(HK), 2196, 2331, 2395, 2591, 2598, 2878, 2933,3106, 3183, 3677, 3692, 3702, 3711, 3720(CUHK) & 2477 (HK & CUHK); Thrower(1988: 16 & 139, as Phaeographis balansanaMüll. Arg.); Thrower (1988: 16 & 140, asPhaeographis circumscripta (Krempelh.)Zahlbr.); Thrower (1988: 16 & 141, asPhaeographis computata Müll. Arg.); Thrower(1988: 17 & 142, as Phaeographis dendritica(Ach.) Müll. Arg.); Thrower (1988: 17 & 144,as Phaeographis inustoides Fink).

Phaeographis lobata (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.On tree in forest. New to China;

pantropical.On Prunus, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1980,

Thrower 3649 (HK); Thrower (1988: 17 & 173,as the incorrectly reported Thelotrema expansumC. Knight).

Phaeographis sericea (Eschw.) Müll. Arg.On sheltered trees in forests, e.g. on

Kandelia in mangrove. New to China;pantropical.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43182; SaiKung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43549;on Plumeria rubra, Happy Valley Cemetry, 1976,Thrower 2765, 2766 (CUHK); on Excoecariaagallocha, Chek Keng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2316(HK); on Phyllanthus emblica, Pak Kung Au,NT, 1983, Thrower 3697 (HK); Thrower (1988:17 & 146); Thrower (1988: 17 & 143, under itspossible synonym Phaeographis heterochroaZahlbr.).

Phlyctis argena (Sprengel) FlotowOn exposed trees. New to Hong Kong; so

far known from Europe, North America andtemperate Asia, only recently reported fromChina (Prillinger et al. 1997: 579, 582 & 583;identified by A. Aptroot). TLC revealed norsticticacid.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43040; PokFu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot 43695.

87

Physcia albinea (Ach.) Malbr.On coastal rock. New to Hong Kong;

northern temperate.Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward &

Chu (MRDS 106549, 108871), 1995, Chu(MRDS 108666).

Physcia atrostriata MobergOn sheltered trees in forests, e.g. on

Kandelia in mangrove, and on coastal rock. Newto Hong Kong; recently reported from China(Prillinger et al. 1997: 579, 582 & 583; identifiedby A. Aptroot); pantropical.

Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43496 & 43547; Waglan Island, 1972,L.B.Thrower (Thrower 1452, CUHK).

Physcia crispa Nyl.On coastal rock. New to Hong Kong;

pantropical.Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward &

Chu (MRDS 108872).

Physcia integrata Nyl.On roadside granitic outcrop and coastal

rocks. New to China; pantropical.Tai Tam, Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward

(MRDS 106155).

Physcia sorediosa (Vainio) LyngeOn coastal rocks. New to China;

pantropical.Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward &

Chu (MRDS 106556); also Cape d’Aguilar &Big Wave Bay (Chu 1997: 48 as Physcia sp.).

Physma byrsaeum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.On trees, mostly in roadside woodlands.

Pantropical.On Bauhinia, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1974,

Thrower 1874 (HK, CUHK & MRDS 109075);on Cinnamomum camphora, Wu Kai Sha, NT,1974, Thrower 1974 (CUHK); Kei Ling Ha Hoi,NT, 1978, Thrower 3082 (HK & MRDS 107574);Thrower (1988: 17 & 147, under its synonymPhysma byrsinum f. hypomelaenum Hue).

Placidiopsis poronioides Aptroot sp. nov.Placidiopsis saxicola, squamulis minutis

adpressis griseis, ascosporis 11–13 × 3–4 µm.Typus: Hong Kong, New Territories, Tai

Mo Shan, 800 m alt., June 1998, Aptroot 43566(HKU(M)—holotypus, ABL—isotypus); livingculture CBS 101262.

(Figs 5, 14, 15)Thallus superficial, crustose, consisting

of rounded to angular or lobate, closely appressedsquamules, brownish grey, not pruinose.Squamules 0.2–0.5 mm diam., c. 0.1 mm thick,solitary or in groups of up to 20, forming thalliof up to 2 mm, surrounded by and partlyinterspersed with a black, up to 0.2 mm widehypothallus. Algae chlorococcoid, ofVerrucariaceae-type, cells up to 15 µm diam.Ascomata immersed in the thallus, round topyriform, only the black ostioles visible fromabove, wall very thin (c. 5 µm), hyaline to palebrown. Ostioles black, c. 0.1 mm wide, slightlyprotruding, wall c. 20 µm thick and always darkbrown. Hamathecium consisting of unbranched,relatively short periphyses of c. 1.5 µm wide anddesintegrating interascal filaments. Asci clavate,c. 30–40 × 8–10 µm. Ascospores irregularlyarranged in the ascus, long ellipsoid, hyaline,with one supramedian septum, 11–13 × 3–4 µm.

On exposed granite on mountain slope.This species differs from all other species

of this genus (Breuss 1996) by the combinationof the saxicolous habitat and ascospore size. Mostspecies of this genus grow only on soil and all ofthose have larger squamules than the presentspecies. The two other known saxicolous specieshave either smaller or larger ascospores, and bothdiffer in additional details, as P. minor R.C.Harris is has a pruinose thallus, and P. cavicolaEtayo & Breuss has finely notched-incisedsquamules (see Breuss 1996).

Placopyrenium trachyticum (Haszlinsky) O.Breuss

On coastal rock. New to East Asia; knownfrom temperate and subtropical Africa, Europeand Asia.

Big Wave Bay, 1994, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108876).

Placynthiella oligotropha (Laundon) Coppins& P. James

On exposed granite rock. New to East

88

Asia; northern temperate.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43159.

Polyblastia vouauxii B. de Lesd.On sheltered concrete. New to Asia; so

far known from Europe, but doubtlessly oftenoverlooked due to the lack of attention to lichenson man-madesubstrata outside western Europe.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43022; living culture CBS 101362.

Polymeridium proponens (Nyl.) R.C. HarrisOn sheltered trees in forests. New to

China; pantropical.Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43677;

Tai Tam Tuk Reservoir, 1965, Thrower 1225(CUHK); Upper Tai Tam Reservoir, 1966,

Thrower 1203 (HK); on Excoecaria agallocha,Chek Keng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2324 (HK); onHibiscus tiliaceus, Kau Sai Chau, NT, 1975,Thrower 2308 (HK); Thrower (1988: 17 & 149,as Polymeridium sp.).

Polysporina cyclocarpa (Anzi) V3zdaOn sheltered soft, calcareous, rock. New

to China; so far known from Europe, NorthAfrica and East Asia.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43069.

Porina chlorotica (Ach.) Müll. Arg.On sheltered granitic rock. New to China;

cosmopolitan.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43087 &

43132.

Figs 14-15. Placidiopsisporonioides. Fig. 14.Thallus with ascomata. Fig.15. Section through ascomashowing ascus withascospores andhamathecium. Bar = 500µm in fig. 14; bar = 10 µmin fig. 15.

89

Porina coralloidea P. JamesOn trees in forest and on granitic rock

along stream. New to Asia; so far known fromEurope, Africa and Australia.

Pok Fu Lam Reservoir, 1998, Aptroot43702; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43350.

Porina epiphylla (Fée) FéeOn living leaves of Pandanus. New to

Hong Kong; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43332.

Porina guentheri (Flotow) Zahlbr.On sheltered granitic rock. New to China;

cosmopolitan.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43134;

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43670; Tai Po Kau,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43221.

Porina leptalea (Durieu & Mont.) A.L. Sm.On sheltered granitic rock. New to China;

cosmopolitan.Pok Fu Lam, 1998, Aptroot 43004; Pok

Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998, Aptroot43013 & 43033; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot43133; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43228.

Porina limbulata (Krempelh.) VainioOn living leaves of trees and Pandanus.

New to China; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43333,

43390 & 43397.

Porina nitidula Müll. Arg.On living leaves of ferns and Pandanus.

New to China; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43326 &

43373.

Porina nucula Ach.On exposed trees, e.g. Kandelia, in

mangrove forest. New to Hong Kong;pantropical.

Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43545 & 43546; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43293.

Porina rubentior (Stirton) Müll. Arg.On living leaves of Pandanus. New to

China; pantropical.


Porina tetracerae (Afz. in Ach.) Müll. Arg.On sheltered granitic rock, trees, lianas

and living leaves of creeping Araceae. New toHong Kong; pantropical. Most Hong Kongspecimens are isidiate.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43029; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43237, 43297, 43329, 43341 & 43347.

Porpidia platycarpoides (Bagl.) HertelOn exposed or sheltered granitic rock in

mountain areas, sometimes submerged inmountain stream. New to China; northerntemperate.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43093 &43420; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43224;Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43564, 43567& 43581; Shin Ming Reservoir, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43404; Fei Ngo Shan, NT, 1979,Thrower 3142 (HK), 1980, Thrower 3253 (HK);Ma On Shan, NT, 1980, Thrower 3205 (CUHK);Tai Po Kau, NT, 1982, Thrower 3598 (HK);Thrower (1988: 17 & 112, wrongly identified asLecidea albocaerulescens (Wulfen) Ach., fromwhich it differs, e.g., by the conspicuousKOH+red (crystals) reaction).

Porpidia superba (Körber) Hertel & KnophOn exposed granitic rock on mountain at

800 m alt. New to Hong Kong; northerntemperate.

Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43565.

Pseudocyphellaria argyracea (Delise) VainioOn exposed granitic rock in mountain

area. Pantropical.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2549

(HK) & 2573 (CUHK); Thrower (1988: 17, 152& 153).

Pseudopyrenula subnudata Müll. Arg.On exposed or sheltered trees, often on

branches, occurring in the mountains up to 800m alt. Pantropical.

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43612; TaiPo Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43358; Tai Mo Shan,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43559; on Raphiolepis indica,Mt Collinson, 1973, Thrower 1547 (HK);

90

Thrower (1988: 17 & 155, under its synonymPseudopyrenula subgregaria Müll. Arg.).

Psorotichia schaereri (Massal.) ArnoldOn exposed or sheltered concrete and

brick, often affected by run-off from water. Newto East Asia; northern temperate.

Pok Fu Lam, 1998, Aptroot 43003; LungFu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43067 & 43414; VictoriaPeak, 1998, Aptroot 43644.

Pyrenocollema halodytes (Nyl.) R.C. HarrisOn maritime rocks, including granite, but

characteristically on calcareous shells ofbarnacles in the littoral zone. New to China;cosmopolitan.

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43436; Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS106547); Talo Harbour, 1990, Seaward; Tai OBeach, Lantau, 1994, Chu (MRDS 108828); loc.non cit., 1851-53, Eugenie-expedition (inSantesson 1939: 63, under the probable synonymArthopyrenia sublitoralis (Leighton) Arnold;Herb. S - specimen not seen).

Pyrenopsis furfurea (Nyl.) Th. Fr.On coastal rocks, often affected by run-

off from terrestrial freshwater. New to Asia;known from temperate Europe and NorthAmerica.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43192 &43199; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43428, 43449 & 43452; Shek Mai Tau, NT,1998, Aptroot 43459, 43468 & 43472; Caped’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS 108857);Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108673 with Buellia cf. testacea &HKU(M) 10470); Shek O Beach, 1994, Chu(MRDS 107736); 1994, Seaward & Chu (MRDS106720, 108849 & HKU(M) 10471); Big WaveBay, 1994, Seaward & Chu (HKU(M) 10472);Lamma Island, 1994, Chu (MRDS 108854 &HKU(M) 10473); Kiu Tau, Sharp Island, 1995,Chu (HKU(M) 10474).

Pyrenula anomala (Ach.) VainioOn sheltered trees in forests. Pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43260;

on Aquilaria sinensis, Sai Wan, NT, 1973,S.T.Chan (Thrower 1604, CUHK); on

Cratoxylum ligustrinum, Wu Kau Tang, NT,1976, Thrower 2472 & 2475 (HK); on Sterculialanceolata, Cape d’Aguilar, 1978, Thrower 2982(HK); Thrower (1988: 16 & 120, under itssynonym Melanotheca anomala (Ach.) Massal.and wrongly identified as Paratheliummicrocarpum Riddle, which is restricted to NorthAmerica).

Pyrenula aspistea (Ach.) Ach.On sheltered trees in forests. New to Hong

Kong; pantropical.Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43658;

Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot43492; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43244 &43349; on Aquilaria sinensis, Sai O Beach, NT,1973, Thrower 1633 (CUHK); on Sterculialanceolata, Hok Tsui Wan, Cape d’Aguilar,1978, Thrower 2960 (CUHK).

Pyrenula astroidea (Fée) R.C. HarrisOn sheltered tree in forest. New to China;

pantropical. This species has been reported asAnthracothecium sp. by Thrower (1988: 15).

On Aquilaria sinensis, Sai O Beach, NT,1973, Thrower 2727 (HK).

Pyrenula falsaria (Zahlbr.) R.C. HarrisOn sheltered trees in forests. New to Asia;

pantropical. This species has been reported asParmentaria sp. by Thrower (1988: 16 & 127).

On Aquilaria sinensis, Sai Wan, NT,1973, S.T.Chan (Thrower 2733, CUHK); onAquilaria sinensis, Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1974,Thrower 1949 (HK).

Pyrenula leucotrypa (Nyl.) UpretiOn sheltered tree in forest remnant. New

to China; so far only known from India,including the Andaman Islands.

Sai Kung Country Park, near entrancearea, 10 m alt., Aptroot 43491.

Pyrenula macularis (Zahlbr.) R.C. HarrisOn exposed trees, e.g. Bombax, in forest.

New to China; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43253.

Pyrenula mamillana (Ach.) TrevisanOn sheltered trees in forests. New to Hong

91

Kong; pantropical.Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43663;

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43245 & 43335.

Pyrenula ochraceoflava (Nyl.) R.C. HarrisOn exposed Pandanus in coastal area.

New to China; pantropical.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43141.

Pyrenula parvinuclea (Meyen & Flotow)Aptroot

On exposed trees in coastal areas. Newto China; pantropical.

Aberdeen, Ocean Park, 1998, Aptroot43706; Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43501.

Pyrenula pileata VainioOn sheltered trees in forests. New to

China; only recorded from tropical Asia, whereit is widespread and common.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43011; Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot43071; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43281;Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43602.

Pyrenula pseudobufonia (Rehm) R.C. HarrisOn exposed and sheltered trees, especially

branches. Known from East Asia and NorthAmerica.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43177;Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43641; Sai KungCountry Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43488; ShingMun Reservoir, NT, 1970, Thrower 1248 (HK);Cape d’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 1395 (CUHK);on Excoecaria agallocha, Chek Keng, NT, 1975,Thrower 2323 (CUHK); on Litsea, Tai Po Road,NT, 1976, Thrower 2819 (CUHK); Thrower(1988: 17 & 156, under its synonym Pyrenulaneglecta R.C. Harris).

Pyrenula pyrenuloides (Mont.) R.C. HarrisOn exposed and sheltered trees in forests.

New to China; pantropical.Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43596; Sai

Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43503;Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43343.

Pyrrhospora quernea (Dickson) KörberOn exposed or sheltered trees, e.g.

Araucaria, Callitris and Kandelia, in parksforests or mangrove. New to East Asia; northerntemperate. The Hong Kong material is mostlyfertile, which is rare elsewhere.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43073 &43101; Aberdeen, Ocean Park, 1998, Aptroot43716; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43269;Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot43550.

Pyxine cocoës (Sw.) Nyl.On exposed trees, rarely on coastal rocks.

Pantropical.Mount Davis, 1998, Aptroot 43552;

Kowloon Tsi Park, NT, 1999, Seaward &Maxwell (MRDS 109103); Alberose, 1965,Thrower 2377 (HK); on Tristania conferta, WuKai Sha, NT, 1972, Thrower 1428 (HK); on Ficusmicrocarpa & Celtis sinensis, near Ha Hang,1976, Thrower 2531 (CUHK & MRDS 107569);on Bauhinia blakeana & Ficus microcarpa,Kowloon Tong Park, NT, 1977, Thrower 2903(CUHK); Yuen Long, NT, 1977, G.Wong(Thrower 2899, HK); on Excoecaria agallocha,Mai Po, NT, 1978, Thrower 2911 (HK); Sai Wan,NT, 1978, Thrower 2918 (HK); Cape d’Aguilar,1990, Seaward; on old ? Eucalyptus, KowloonPark, NT, 1979, Thrower 3154 (CUHK);Thrower (1980, 1988: 17 & 157); also GrassIsland (Chu 1997: 48).

Pyxine endochrysina Nyl.On coastal rocks (granite and basalt).

Paleotropical.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43189;

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 108665), 1995, Chu (MRDS 108666with Physcia albinea); Bluff Island, 1976,Thrower 2642 (HK & CUHK); Thrower (1988:17 & 158).

Pyxine microspora VainioOn coastal granitic rock. New to Hong

Kong; pantropical.Grass Island, 1995, Chu (MRDS

108761); Tai O Beach, Lantau, 1995, Chu(MRDS 107210).

Pyxine sorediata (Ach.) Mont.On exposed, coastal granite. New to

92

China; pantropical.Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43469;

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1984, Thrower 3730 (CUHK);Thrower (1988: 17, wrongly identified as Pyxinecf. copelandii Vainio, which differs, e.g., by thelacking yellowish colour in the medulla).

Ramalina inflata J.D. Hook. & TaylorOn exposed and sheltered trees,

particularly Atalantia buxifolia, in coastal areas,especially branches; more rarely on coastal rocks(basalt). New to Hong Kong; pantropical.

Tai Wan Tau, Clearwater Bay, NT, 1970,Thrower 1253 (CUHK); Cape d’Aguilar, 1971,Thrower 1273 (HK) & 1388, 1389 (CUHK);Ninepins Island, 1973, M.H.Ho (Thrower 1851,HK & CUHK); on Atalantia buxifolia, PingChau Island, NT, 1974, Thrower 2023 (HK &CUHK); on Atalantia buxifolia, Po Toi Island,NT, 1975, Thrower 2293 (CUHK); on Atalantiabuxifolia, Ngo Mei Chau, NT, 1976, Thrower2521 (CUHK); coastal rocks (basalt), BluffIsland, 1976, Thrower 2648 (CUHK); Hok TsuiWan, Cape d’Aguilar, 1978, Thrower 2953(CUHK); on Atalantia buxifolia, Sai Wan, TaiLong Bay, 1978, Thrower 2930 (CUHK); onAtalantia buxifolia, Bluff Island, 1980, Thrower(MRDS 107605); on Atalantia buxifolia, HamTin, 1982, Thrower (MRDS 107589); also:Thrower 3273 (HK); loc. non cit., 1853-56Expedition (det. Magnusson) - Thrower 1988:17 & 160, wrongly identified as Ramalinageniculata J.D. Hook. & Taylor, which isrestricted to New Zealand).

Ramalina minuscula Nyl.On exposed and sheltered trees in coastal

areas, especially branches, e.g. Kandelia, inmangrove. Known from Asia, North Americaand Europe.

Sai Kung Country Park, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43525; Cape d’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower1380 (CUHK) & 1390 (HK); Tai Mo Shan, NT,1972, P.Tam (Thrower 1496, HK); on Sterculialanceolata & Celtis sinensis, Hok Tsui Wan,Cape d’Aguilar, 1974, Thrower 2130 & 2134(CUHK); on Atalanta buxifolia, Po Toi Island,NT, 1975, Thrower 2293 (CUHK); on Acaciaconfusa, Soko Island, 1975, Thrower 2212 (HK& CUHK); on Excoecaria agallocha, Chek

Keng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2255 (HK & CUHK);on Sterculia lanceolata, Chung Hom Kok, 1977,Thrower 2868 (CUHK); on Atalanta buxifolia,Sai Wan, Tai Long Bay, NT, 1978, Thrower 3030(CUHK); Mai Po Marshes, NT, 1978, Thrower2908 (CUHK); also: Thrower 2192, 2952, 2954,3164 (HK); Thrower (1988: 17 & 159, under itssynonym Ramalina dilacerata (Hoffm.) Vainio).

Ramalina nervulosa (Müll. Arg.) des Abb.On exposed rocks on mountain and twigs

in lowland area. New to China; paleotropical.Victoria Peak, 1966, Thrower 1218 (HK),

1972, Thrower (MRDS 107595); Mai PoMarshes, NT, 1978, Thrower 2909 (HK);Thrower (1988: 17 & 163, incorrectly reportedas R. pollinaria (Westr.) Ach.).

Ramalina pacifica Asah.On exposed branches on mountain.

Paleotropical.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1972, P.Tam (Thrower

1497, HK); Thrower (1988: 17 & 162).

Ramalina tenella Müll. Arg.On exposed granitic rock (more rarely

basalt) in coastal areas, rarely on tree branches.New to China; pantropical.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43187;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43446; ShekMai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43466; SouthNinepin, Naam Gwoh Chau, 1970, Thrower 1234(HK) & 3270 (CUHK); Cape d’Aguilar, 1971,Thrower 1272 (CUHK & MRDS 107614), 1974,Thrower 2145 (CUHK & MRDS 107593), 1990,Seaward (MRDS 108984); Shek O Beach, 1971,Thrower 1294 (HK); Waglan Island, 1972,Thrower 1514 (HK & MRDS 107591), 1972,L.B.Thrower (Thrower 1448, 1450 & 1514,CUHK); Po Toi Island, 1975, Thrower 2123(CUHK) & 2287, 2289 & 2291 (HK); SokoIsland, 1975, Thrower 2219 (CUHK); ChekKeng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2252 (CUHK &MRDS 109084); Bluff Island, 1976, Thrower2649, 2659 (CUHK); Ham Tin Wan, n.d.,Thrower (MRDS 107596); Sai Wan, Tai LongBay, NT, 1978, Thrower 2929 (CUHK); LammaIsland, 1978, Thrower 3116 (CUHK); Mai PoMarshes, NT, 1978, Thrower 2907 (CUHK); FanLau, Lantau, 1979, Thrower 3178 (CUHK); Tap

93

Mun Island, NT, 1979, K.K.Mark (Thrower3234, CUHK); Tung Lung Island, NT, 1981,Thrower 3384 (CUHK); Clearwater Bay, NT,1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 106551); Shek OBeach, 1994, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108688);Tai O Beach, Lantau, 1995, Chu (HKU(M)10475); loc. non cit., 1846-51, Hance & 1850,Seemann (in Seemann 1852-57: 432, wronglyidentified as Ramalina linearis (Sw.) Ach.);Zahlbruckner (1930, as Ramalina linearis);Thrower (1988: 17 & 161, wrongly identified asRamalina rel. litoralis Asah., which is restrictedto Japan); also Grass Island & Big Wave Bay(Chu 1997: 48, as R. rel. litoralis).

Relicina abstrusa (Vainio) HaleOn exposed granitic rock (including

stream-beds) and on fence post. Pantropical.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1965, Thrower 2412

(CUHK), 1976, Thrower 2554 (HK) & 2665(CUHK); Pokfulam Reservoir Road, 1966,Thrower 1191 (CUHK); Lugard Road, VictoriaPeak, 1972, Thrower 1472 (HK); Tai Mong Tsai,NT, 1974, K.K.Mark (Thrower 2175, CUHK);Hunchbacks, Ma On Shan, NT, 1978, Thrower3084 (HK), 1982, Thrower 3441 (CUHK); KwanYum Shan, NT, 1978, Thrower 3103 (HK);Thrower (1988: 17 & 164).

Rimelia reticulata (Taylor) Hale & FletcherOn trees, e.g. Kandelia in mangrove, and

on granite boulders, mostly in coastal areas.Cosmopolitan.

Grassy Hill, NT, 1970, Thrower 1241 (HK& CUHK); Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1973, Thrower1581 (HK) & 1583 (HK, CUHK & MRDS109077), 1976, Thrower 2664 (HK & CUHK) &Thrower 2602 (MRDS 109083); also: Thrower2458 (HK) & 2534, 2600 (CUHK); Moreau &Moreau (1951, wrongly identified as Parmeliacetrata Ach., which differs by the complete lackof soredia); Thrower (1988: 16 & 130, under itssynonym Parmotrema reticulatum (Taylor)Hale).

Rinodina cornutula Zahlbr.On siliceous rock on exposed mountain

peak. New to Hong Kong; known so far onlyfrom the type from China. The material agreeswith the description in Mayrhofer (1984), based

on the scanty type, but it may be added that thethallus is C+yellow and the hymenium inspersed.

Lung Fu Shan, 250 m alt., Aptroot 43150.

Rinodina lecideina Mayrh. & PoeltOn granite in mountain forest. New to

Asia; so far known from Europe and NewZealand, probably cosmopolitan, but probablymuch overlooked.

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43636.

Rinodina oxydata (Massal.) Massal.On exposed coastal rocks. Cosmopolitan.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43207; loc.

non cit., 1871-72, R. Rabenhorst (in Rabenhorst1873: 286, under its synonym Buellia discolor(Hepp) Anzi; Krempelhuber 1873: 468 & 1874:60 as B. discolor; Zahlbruckner 1930, asRinodina discolor (Hepp) Zahlbr.; Thrower1988: 25 & 66 as Buellia discolor).

Rinodina perminuta Groenhart ex Mayrh.On siliceous rock in coastal area. New to

China; known so far only from Java. The materialagrees well with the holotype in L and with thedescription in Mayrhofer (1984).

Pok Fu Lam, near cemetery, 1 m alt.,1998, Aptroot 43008.

Rinodina xanthomelana Müll. Arg.On siliceous rock on mountain peaks at

300–500 m alt. New to China; known so far fromAustralia and tropical Asia.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43411;Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43628.

Roccella sinensis Nyl.On supra-littoral granitic rock. Endemic

in China and adjacent islands.Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43184;

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43447; ShekMai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43475; Shek OBeach, 1971, Thrower 1370 (CUHK); Caped’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 2144 (CUHK &MRDS 107592), 1974, Thrower 1948 (HK); WuKai Sha, NT, 1972, Thrower 1401 (CUHK &MRDS 107600); Po Toi Island, NT, 1975,Thrower 2292 (CUHK); Mong Fu Shek, NT,1980, Thrower 3343 (CUHK); North NinepinIsland, 1980, Thrower (MRDS 107601); Tai

94

Tam, Cape d’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward (MRDS106156); also: Thrower 1520, 2650, 3177 (HK);Darbishire 1898: 39 and 1928: map 4 - probablyerroneously based on Meyen & Flotow 1843:214, which is actually a record of R. tinctoria f.hypomecha Ach. from Macao (cf. Wei 1991:228); Thrower (1988: 17 & 165); also GrassIsland (Chu 1997: 48).

Roccellina niponica (Nyl.) TehlerOn overhanging supra-littoral granitic

rock. New to China; so far known to be endemicin Japan.

Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43464.

Sarcographa intricans (Nyl.) Müll. Arg.On trees, mainly in mountain forests.

New to China; pantropical.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43079;

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43594 & 43639;on Viburnum odoratissimum, Po Shan Road,1975, Thrower 2251 (HK); on Excoecariaagallocha, Chek Keng, 1975, Thrower (MRDS101246); on Acacia confusa, Wu Kai Sha, NT,1983, Thrower 3679 (HK); Thrower (1988: 17,wrongly identified as Sarcographa labyrinthica(Ach.) Müll. Arg., which differs by a morecompact stroma with much shorter discs, andunder the probable synonym Sarcographa aff.subtricosa (Leighton) Müll. Arg.).

Sarcographa protracta (Krempelh.) Zahlbr.On trees in mountain forests. New to

China; known from tropical Asia. The identityof this material is slightly uncertain as no typeor authentic material of the taxon has recentlybeen studied. Important characters are theinspersed hymenium and the 5-septateascospores. It was repeatedly found on the sametrees as the former and the following species,each species retaining its own integrity.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43041,43043 & 43080.

Sarcographa tricosa (Ach.) Müll. Arg.On trees, e.g. Callitris and Kandelia, in

coastal areas, but also in mountain forests up to500 m alt. Pantropical.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43058,43078; Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43174 &

43175; Sai Ko Chun, 1998, Aptroot 43656; SaiKung Country Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43505,43510 & 43548; Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43477; Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot43603; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43271;Upper Tai Tam Reservoir, 1966, Thrower 1201(HK & CUHK); Tai Mong Tsai, NT, 1974,Thrower 2189 & 2190 (HK); also: Thrower 1283,1661, 2264, 3129, 3522 (HK) & 1413, 1544,1662, 1900, 1908, 1927, 1932, 2204, 2213, 2214,2479, 2808, 2809, 2251 (CUHK); Thrower(1988: 17 & 167).

Sarcographina glyphiza (Nyl.) K. Singh &Awasthi

On sheltered trees. Originally describedfrom Hong Kong; known from tropical Asia only.

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43278;Shing Ma Reservoir, 1970, Thrower 1371 (HK);on Cratoxylum ligustrinum, Chek Keng, NT,1976, Thrower 2473 (HK & CUHK), 2480(CUHK) & 3704 (HK); Nylander (1863: 374,under its synonym Graphis glyphiza Nyl.);Zahlbruckner (1930, under its synonymPhaeographina glyphiza (Nyl.) Zahlbr.); Singh& Awasthi (1978: 139); Thrower (1988: 17 &145, under its probable synonym Phaeographisneotricosa Redinger).

Stereocaulon japonicum Th. Fr.On granitic rock on mountain peaks at

500-800 m alt. Endemic in East Asia.Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43630; Tai

Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43580A; Tai MoShan, NT, 1965, Thrower 2417 (CUHK), 1972,Thrower 1478 (HK), 1973, Thrower 1592 (HK),1975, Thrower 2280 (CUHK), 1976, Thrower2678 (HK), 1980, Thrower 3308 (HK); GrassyHill, NT, 1970, Thrower 1240 (CUHK); Ma OnShan, NT, 1978, Thrower 3094 (CUHK), 1981,Thrower 3410 (CUHK); Hue (1898: 253); Lamb(1977: 263); Thrower (1988: 17 & 169).

Stereocaulon pileatum Ach.On exposed iron-containing boulders at

c. 400 m alt. New to Hong Kong; cosmopolitan.Shin Ming Reservoir, NT, 1998, Aptroot

43401; Ma On Shan, NT, 1974, K.K.Mark(Thrower 2011, CUHK).

95

Stereocaulon sorediiferum HueOn granitic rock on mountain peaks at

800 m alt. Endemic in East Asia.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43580;

Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1973, Thrower 1593 & 1689(HK), 1975, Thrower 2281 (HK); Hue (1898:250); Lamb (1965: 274 & 1977: 270); Thrower(1988: 17 & 170).

Sticta weigelii (Isert in Ach.) VainioOn stream-bed rocks in mountain area.

Pantropical.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2535

(CUHK) & 2548 (HK), 1983, Thrower 3538(CUHK); Thrower (1988: 17 & 171).

Strigula schizospora R. Sant.On living leaves of trees in forests. New

to China; pantropical.Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43381 &

43387; on Quercus edithae, Wong Chuk Yeung,NT, 1979, Thrower 3155 (HK); Thrower (1988:17 & 150, wrongly identified as Porinaphyllogena Müll. Arg.; the Hong Kong materialwas already reported to differ in ascosporedimensions).

Strigula submuriformis (R.C. Harris) R.C.Harris

On bark of trees in forests. New to Asia;so far known from the neotropics.


Strigula subtilissima (Fée) Müll. Arg.On living leaves of trees in forests. New

to China; pantropical.Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43622 &

43625; on Quercus edithae, Wong Chuk Yeung,NT, 1979, Thrower 3155 (CUHK).

Thelenella luridella (Nyl.) Mayrh.On exposed to sheltered granite, mainly

in coastal areas. New to China; reported fromtropical Asia, Australia, Oceania and theneotropics, so probably pantropical.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43167;living culture CBS 101277; Victoria Peak Gap,1998, Aptroot 43658; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43432; Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43457; Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward &

Chu (MRDS 108868 & HKU(M) 10476); ShekO Beach, 1994, Chu (MRDS 108869); GrassIsland, 1995, Chu (HKU(M) 10477); also BigWave Bay (Chu 1997: 48, as Thelopsis sp.).

Thelidium minutulum KörberOn brick in sheltered park. New to East

Asia; northern temperate, no doubt overlookedelsewhere, due to the lack of attention to lichenson man-made saxicolous substrata in areasoutside western Europe.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,Aptroot 43027.

Thelopsis isiaca Stizenb.On coastal granitic rocks in only one bay.

New to Asia; known from Europe, Africa andNorth America, extending into Mexico.

Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot43426, 1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 106815),1995, Chu (MRDS 108825).

Thelotrema porinoides Mont. & v.d. BoschOn trees in forest. Pantropical.Cape d’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 1379

(CUHK); Thrower (1988: 17 & 174).

Tomasellia eschweileri (Müll. Arg.) R.C.Harris

On trees, especially on branches, fromsea-level up to 800 m alt. Pantropical.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43179;Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43140; Tai MoShan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43589; Thrower (1988:17).

Trapelia coarctata (Sm.) M. ChoisyOn exposed weathered granitic rock in

mountain areas. New to Hong Kong;cosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43119; TaiPo Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43217.

Trapelia involuta (Taylor) HertelOn exposed weathered granitic rock in

mountain areas. New to China; known fromEurope, North America and Asia; probablycosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43127 &43148; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43235;

96

Shin Ming Reservoir, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43399.

Trapelia placodioides Coppins & P. JamesOn exposed weathered granitic rock in

mountain areas. New to China; known fromEurope, temperate Asia and North America, onlyrecently reported from East Asia (Aptroot 1998:32); probably cosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43118 &43126.

Trapeliopsis cf. gelatinosa (Flörke) Coppins& P. James

On sheltered soil in mountain area. Newto East Asia; northern temperate. The identityof the specimen remains uncertain, as it is notfertile.


Trapeliopsis wallrothii (Flörke) Hertel & G.Schneider

On exposed weathered granitic rock inmountain areas. New to East Asia; probablycosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43094; TaiPo Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43569.

Tricharia santessonii D. Hawksw.On bark, e.g. of Araucaria and Citrus and

living leaves of Pandanus, bamboo and trees inforests and parks, rarely on sheltered rock, fromsea-level to 800 m alt. Originally described fromHong Kong; pantropical. Most material containsthe characteristic hyphophores, but no ascomata.An additional, unidentified, species of Trichariawas found once.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43178;Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43061, 43074,43102 & 43116A; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43323, 43364, 43370 & 43388; Tai Mo Shan,NT, 1998, Aptroot 43586 & 43607; Sai KungCountry Park, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43495 &43502; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1969, V. So (Herb. IMI160016); Tai Po Kau, NT, 1976, Thrower 2423& 2450 (HK & MRDS 107568) & 2425 (CUHK);Hawksworth (1972); Thrower (1988: 17 & 176).

Trypethelium eluteriae SprengelOn exposed trees in parks and open

forests. Pantropical.

On Callitris, Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998,Aptroot 43248; living culture CBS 101278; onMangifera indica, Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1973,Thrower 1611 (HK); Cheung Keng, Wu Kai Sha,NT, 1974, Thrower 1967 (CUHK); on Bischoffiatrifoliata, Fanling, NT, 1976, Thrower 2661(CUHK); on Aleurites montana, Tai Po Road,NT, 1976, Thrower 2818 (HK); ChineseUniversity of Hong Kong, NT, 1983, Thrower3676 (HK); Thrower (1988: 17 & 177).

Trypethelium epileucodes Nyl.On sheltered trees in forests. New to

China; known from Malaysia, Australia andPapua New Guinea (Aptroot et al. 1997).

Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43317;living culture CBS 101279.

Trypethelium nitidiusculum (Nyl.) R.C.Harris

On exposed trees, e.g. Callitris, in parksand open forests. New to China; pantropical. Thespecies is occasionally gall-forming by distortingthe otherwise smooth bark of trees. We do notagree with Harris (1995: 120), who synonymizedthis well-known species with T. variolosum Ach.The material from Hong Kong is uniform andagrees well with T. nitidiusculum. The presenceof only one taxon from this complex in a certaingeographic area stresses that the charactersdefining the species within the aggregate(presence or absence of lichexanthone in thallusand/or pseudostromata; separate or fusedostioles) are genetically based. As the charartersmentioned above are correlated with subtlethallus differences, the taxa in this complex meritrecognition at species level.

Mount Davis, 1998, Aptroot 43553; LungFu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43042; Victoria PeakGap, 1998, Aptroot 43660; Sai Ko Chun, 1998,Aptroot 43654; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot43250, 43290 & 43316; Tai Tam Reservoir,1966, Thrower 1208 (CUHK).

Trypethelium tropicum (Ach.) Müll. Arg.On exposed trees, e.g. Callitris, in parks

and open forests. New to Hong Kong;pantropical.

Sai Ko Chun, 1998, Aptroot 43651; TaiPo Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43249; Kowloon Tsi

97

Park, NT, 1999, Seaward & Maxwell (MRDS109104).

Usnea baileyi (Stirton) Zahlbr.On trees and rocks in the mountains.

Pantropical. This is a very variable and commonspecies in the tropics. Judging from the material,illustrations and descriptions of Thrower (1988),some Usnea species treated by her may refer tothe above species, and some are U. rubicunda;all other previous records refer to speciescurrently not known to occur in East Asia andmay therefore also refer to the above species.

Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1965, Thrower 2413(CUHK); Cape d’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 1274(CUHK); Ma On Shan, NT, 1973, P.Tam(Thrower 1606, CUHK), 1978, L.B.Thrower(Thrower 3087, CUHK), 1981, K.K. Mark(Thrower 3426, HK); Kwan Yum Shan, NT,1978, Thrower 3064, 3100, 3102 (CUHK) &3065, 3096 (HK); Thrower (1980, 1988: 17 &178); loc. non cit., 1897, Bodinier (in Olivier1898: 82, as Usnea scabrata Nyl.); Zahlbruckner(1930: 207, as Usnea ceratina Ach.); loc. noncit., n.d., Hochstetter (in Motyka 1936-38: 548,as Usnea orientalis Motyka; Herb. LD, W -specimens not seen); Thrower (1988: 17 & 179as Usnea confusa Asah.).

Usnea rubicunda StirtonOn rocks in the mountains. New to Hong

Kong; cosmopolitan.Tai Mo Shan, NT, 1976, Thrower 2602

(CUHK) & 2603 (HK); Hunchbacks, Ma OnShan, 1978, L.B.Thrower (Thrower 3086,CUHK; 3087, HK, CUHK & MRDS 109076);Kwan Yum Shan, NT, 1978, Thrower 3066 (HK);Lantau Peak, Lantau, 1980, Thrower 3294 (HK)& 3296 (CUHK); Thrower (1988: 17 & 180 asUsnea cf. eumitrioides Motyka); Thrower (1988:17 & 181 as Usnea cf. glabrata (Ach.) Vainio).

Verrucaria dolosa HeppOn sheltered concrete and brick. New to

East Asia; known from Europe, North Africa,temperate Asia and North America, butdoubtlessly overlooked elsewhere, due to the lackof attention to lichens on man-made rock in areasoutside western Europe.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, 1998,

Aptroot 43023; Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot43632; living culture CBS 101360.

Verrucaria halizoa LeightonOn maritime rocks. New to China;

cosmopolitan.Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward &

Chu (MRDS 106550); Talo Harbour, Sai Sa,1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 106553).

Verrucaria macrostoma Dufour ex DC.On sheltered concrete and weathered

granite. New to East Asia; known from Europe,Australia, temperate Asia and North Africa, butdoubtlessly overlooked elsewhere, due to the lackof attention to lichens on man-made rock in areasoutside western Europe.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43156;Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43643.

Verrucaria margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb.On wet or even submerged granite along

streams in mountains at 200-800 m alt. New toChina; known from Europe, Africa, temperateAsia, Australia and North America, but recentlyalso reported from South East Asia (Aptroot1998: 32), probably cosmopolitan.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43125; TaiMo Shan, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43579.

Verrucaria muralis Ach.On sheltered concrete, weathered granite

and brick. New to Hong Kong; cosmopolitan.Pok Fu Lam, 1998, Aptroot 43002; Lung

Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43412, 43417 & 43423;Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43483.

Verrucaria nigrescens Pers.On sheltered concrete. New to Hong

Kong; cosmopolitan.Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43424.

Verrucaria ochrostoma (Borrer ex Leighton)Trevisan

On sheltered or exposed concrete. Newto Asia; so far only known from Europe, butdoubtlessly overlooked elsewhere, due to the lackof attention to lichens on man-made rock in areasoutside western Europe.

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43065;

98

Victoria Peak, 1998, Aptroot 43646.

Verrucaria praetermissa (Trevisan) AnziOn shaded, wet or even submerged

granite along streams in mountains at 10-350 malt. New to China; known from Europe,temperate Asia, North America and Australia,but recently also reported from East Asia(Aptroot 1998: 32), probably cosmopolitan.

Victoria Peak Gap, 1998, Aptroot 43682& 43684; Tai Po Kau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43225,43229 & 43236; Sai Kung Country Park, NT,1998, Aptroot 43500.

Vestergrenopsis isidiata (Degel.) E. DahlOn supra-littoral granitic rocks, affected

by freshwater downflow. New to Asia; so farknown from Europe and North America. This isone of the most unexpected species. It was foundamong numerous other cyanophilic lichens,including several Peltula species.

Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43195.

Woessia pseudohyphophorifera R. Lücking &Sérusiaux

On shaded rock in park. New to Asia; sofar known from the neotropics, but doubtlesslyoverlooked. The species was so far known to beobligately foliicolous. The material has a fewapothecia, but abundant conidiomata.

Pok Fu Lam, University Campus, Aptroot43028; living culture CBS 101334.

Xanthoparmelia congensis (B. Stein) HaleOn coastal and inland rocks. Pantropical,

but overlooked and confused with other species(mentioned below).

Lung Fu Shan, 1998, Aptroot 43161 &43162; Shek O Beach, 1998, Aptroot 43198;Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43470; Caped’Aguilar, 1990, Seaward; Lung Kwu Beach,1993, Seaward & Chu (MRDS 108766);Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993, Seaward & Chu(MRDS 106813, 107211); Kiu Tau, Sharp Island,1995, Chu (MRDS 108850 & HKU(M) 10478);Tai O Beach, Lantau, 1995, Chu (MRDS 108860with Pertusaria flavicans); High West, 1973,Thrower 1575 (CUHK); Ping Shan Tsai, 1973,Thrower 1860 (CUHK); Tsing Yi Island, 1974,Thrower 1999 (CUHK); Cape d’Aguilar, 1974,

Thrower 2164 (CUHK) & 2168 (HK); YuenLong, NT, 1975, K.K.Mark (Thrower 2408,CUHK); Sham Wat, Lantau, 1979, Thrower 3217(CUHK); also: Thrower 1190, 2107, 2382, 3292(HK); loc. non cit., 1871-72, R. Rabenhorst (inRabenhorst 1873: 287, erroneously reported asParmelia mougeotii Schaerer; Krempelhuber1873: 471 & 1874: 66 as P. mougeotii;Zahlbruckner 1930 as P. mougeotii); Thrower(1988: 17 & 183, erroneously reported asXanthoparmelia mougeotina (Nyl.) D.J.Galloway and Xanthoparmelia conspersa (Ach.)Hale); Hale (1990: 90); also Ma Wan, LammaIsland, Wu Kai Sha, Lung Kwu Tan, Peng Chau,Kiu Tau, Grass Island, Tong Fuk & Big WaveBay (Chu 1997: 48, as Xanthoparmeliamougeotina).

Xanthoparmelia scabrosa (Taylor) HaleOn granitic and basalt rocks, mainly

coastal. Known from temperate Asia, Australasiaand South America.

Shek Mai Tau, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43465;Clearwater Bay, NT, 1998, Aptroot 43455; Caped’Aguilar, 1971, Thrower 1381 (HK), 1972,Thrower 1500, 1503 & 1504 (HK), 1990,Seaward (MRDS 108985); Sai Wan, NT, 1978,Thrower 2916 (HK); Clearwater Bay, NT, 1993,Seaward & Chu (MRDS 106557 & HKU(M)10480), 1995, Chu (HKU(M) 10479); Yung ShueWan, Lamma Island, 1993, Chu (MRDS 108824& HKU(M) 10481); Mui Tse Lam, NT, 1973,Thrower 1855 (CUHK & MRDS 109082) &1866, 1871 (CUHK); Wu Kai Sha, NT, 1973,Thrower 1978 (CUHK); Ping Chau Island, NT,1974, Thrower 2019 (CUHK); Soko Island(North), 1975, Thrower 2225 (CUHK); ChekKeng, NT, 1975, Thrower 2259 (HK) & 2261(CUHK); Po Toi Island, NT, 1975, Thrower 2283(CUHK) & 2290 (HK & CUHK); Bluff Island,NT, 1976, Thrower 2632, 2654 (CUHK) & 2640(HK & CUHK), 1980, Thrower 3322 (CUHK);Tsing Yi Island, 1978, Thrower 2904 (CUHK);Mai Po Marshes, NT, 1978, Thrower 2906(CUHK); loc. non cit., 1871-72, R. Rabenhorst(in Rabenhorst 1873: 287, erroneously reportedas Parmelia mutabilis Taylor; Krempelhuber1873: 471 & 1874: 66, as P. mutabilis;Zahlbruckner 1930, erroneously reported as P.hypoleia Nyl.); Thrower (1988: 17 & 184, as

99

Xanthoparmelia scabrosa and erroneouslyreported as X. tinctina (Maheu & A. Gillet)Hale); also Ma Wan, Wu Kai Sha, Lung KwuTan, Peng Chau, Kiu Tau, Grass Island, Tai OBeach, Tong Fuk and Big Wave Bay (Chu 1997:48, as X. scabrosa and the erroneously reportedX. tinctina).

Unverified dubious records

Arthonia varia (Ach.) Nyl. Hue (1891).Lecidea chlororphnia Tuck. Zahlbruckner(1930).Lecidea lygea [sic] (Ach.) Zahlbr. On rocks, loc.

non cit., 1871-72, R. Rabenhorst (inRabenhorst 1873: 286; Krempelhuber1873: 468 & 1874: 60).

Physcia setosa Ach. Hee Chau Man, 1885,Delavay (in Hue 1887: 23).

Acknowledgements

We wish to express our sincerest thanks to ProfessorI.J. Hodgkiss and Dr K.D. Hyde for providing uswith the opportunity to undertake this study, to DrG.Maxwell, to the Curators of the Herbaria (HK &CUHK), and to Dr F.J. Chu and Dr S.L. Thrower formaking their extensive records and collectionsavailable to us. We would also like to thank thefollowing colleagues for identifications: Dr O. Breuss(Neocatapyrenium cladonioides ), Dr A. Fletcher(Verrucaria halizoa), Dr H.Th. Lumbsch (Lecanorachrysocardia ), Dr M. Nakanishi (Graphinafissofurcata and Graphis aphanes) and Dr R. Moberg(Physcia sorediosa). Mrs A.L. van Iperen is warmlythanked for assistance with the culture work and MrsM. Aptroot-Teeuwen for inking the drawings.

References

Aptroot, A. 1998. New lichens and lichen recordsfrom Papua New Guinea, with thedescription of Crustospathula, a new genusin the Bacidiaceae. Tropical Bryology 14:25-34.

Aptroot, A. & Boom, P.P.G. van den 1995. Strigulalateralis spec. nov., with notes on the genusJulella (Ascomycetes). Mycotaxon 56: 1-8.

Aptroot, A. & Sipman, H. 1991. New lichens andlichen records from New Guinea.

Willdenowia 20: 221-256.Aptroot, A., Diederich, P., Sérusiaux, E. &

Sipman, H.J.M. 1997. Lichens andlichenicolous fungi from New Guinea.Bibliotheca Lichenologica 64: 1-220.

Atherton, M.J. & Burnett, A.D. 1986. Hong KongRocks. Urban Council, Hong Kong.

Awasthi, D.D. 1975. A monograph of the lichen genusDirinaria. Bibliotheca Lichenologica 2:1-108.

Breuss, O. 1996. Revision der FlechtengattungPlacidiopsis (Verrucariaceae) .Österreichische Zeitschrift für Pilzkunde 5:65-94.

Breuss, O. 1998. Catapyrenium und verwandteGattungen (lichenisierte Ascomyceten,Verrucariaceae) in Asien - ein ersterÜberblick. Annalen der NaturhistorischesMuseums Wien 100B: 657-669.

Chu, F.J. 1997. Ecology of supralittoral lichens onHong Kong rocky shores. Ph.D. thesis,University of Hong Kong.

Darbishire, O.V. 1898. Monographia Roccelleorum.Ein Beitrag zur Flechtensystematik.Bibliotheca Botanica 945: 1-102.

Darbishire, O.V. 1928. Roccellaceae (Massal.) Nyl.Die Pflanzenareale 2: 1-4.

DePriest, P.T. & Hale, B. 1998. A validated speciesand a new combination in Parmotrema(Ascomycotina: Parmeliaceae). Mycotaxon67: 207-209.

Egea, J.M. & Torrente, P. 1993. Cresponea, a newgenus of lichenized fungi in the orderArthoniales (Ascomycotina). Myxotaxon 48:301-331.

Hafellner, J. & Poelt, J. 1979. Die Arten der GattungCaloplaca mit pluriloculären Sporen(Meroplacis, Triophthalmidium,Xanthocarpia). Journal of the HattoriBotanical Laboratory 46: 1-41.

Hale, M.E. 1976a. A monograph of the lichen genusPseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae).Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 31:1-62.

Hale, M.E. 1976b. A monograph of the lichen genusParmelina Hale (Parmeliaceae).Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 33:1-60.

Hale, M.E. 1990. A synopsis of the lichen genusXanthoparmelia (Vainio) Hale(Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae). SmithsonianContributions to Botany 74: 1-250.

Harris, R.C. 1995. More Florida Lichens . New York,privately published.

Hawksworth, D.L. 1972. A new species of Tricharia

100

Fée em. R. Sant. from Hong Kong.Lichenologist 5: 321-322.

Hertel, H. 1977. Gesteinsbewohnende Arten derSammelgattung Lecidea (Lichenes) ausZentral-, Ost- und Südasien. Khumbu Himal6(3): 145-378.

Hill, D.S., Gott, B., Morton, B. & Hodgkiss, J.1978. Hong Kong ecological habitats: flora& fauna. Department of Zoology, Universityof Hong Kong.

Howlett, B. 1996. Hong Kong 1996. GovernmentPrinter, Hong Kong.

Hue, A.M. 1887. Lichenes Yunnanenses a claroDelavay anno 1885 collectos, et quorumnovae species a celeb. W. Nylanderdescriptae fueruent, exponit A.M. Hue.Bulletin de la Société botanique de France34: 16-24.

Hue, A.M. 1891. Lichenes exotici a professore W.Nylander descripti vel recogniti. NouvellesArchives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,sér. 3, 3: 33-192.

Hue, A.M. 1898. Lichenes extra-europaei. NouvellesArchives du Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle,sér. 3, 10: 213-280.

Hue, A.M. 1908. Lichenes morphologice etanatomice. Nouvelles archives du muséumd’histoire naturelle, ser. 4, 10: 169-224.

Krempelhuber, A. von 1873. Chinesische Flechten.Flora 56: 465-472.

Krempelhuber, A. von 1874. Chinesische Flechten.Hedwigia 13: 33-35, 59-61 & 65-67.

Krempelhuber, A. von 1876. Aufzählung undBeschreibung der Flechtenarten, welche Dr.Heinrich Wawra Ritter von Fernsee vonzwei Reisen um die Erde mitbrachte.Verhandlungen der kaiserlich-königlichenzoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft inWien 26: 433-446.

Lamb, I.M. 1965. The Stereocaulon massartianumassemblage in East Asia. Journal ofJapanese Botany 40: 270-275.

Lamb, I.M. 1977. A conspectus of the lichen genusStereocaulon (Schreb.) Hoffm. Journal ofthe Hattori Botanical Laboratory 43:191-355.

Lamb, I.M. & Ward, A. 1974. A preliminaryconspectus of the species attributed to theimperfect lichen genus Leprocaulon Nyl.Journal of the Hattori Botanical Laboratory38: 499-553.

Lumbsch, H.T. 1994. Die Lecanora subfusca -Gruppe in Australasien. Journal of theHattori Botanical Laboratory 77: 1-175.

Mayrhofer, H. 1984. Die saxicolen Arten der

Flechtengattungen Rinodina undRinodinella in der alten Welt. Journal ofthe Hattori Botanical Laboratory 55:327-493.

Meyen, J. & Flotow, J. von 1843. Lichenes.Verhandlungen der KaiserlichenLeopoldinisch-Carolinischen DeutschenAkademie der Naturforscher 19, suppl. 1:209-232.

Moreau, M. & Moreau, F. 1951. Lichens de Chine.Revue de Bryologie et Lichénologie 20:183-199.

Morton, B. & Harper, E. 1995. An Introduction tothe Cape d’Aguilar Marine Reserve, HongKong. Hong Kong University Press, HongKong.

Morton, B. & Morton, J. 1983. The Sea ShoreEcology of Hong Kong . Hong KongUniversity Press, Hong Kong.

Motyka, J. 1936-38. Lichenum Generis UsneaStudium Monographicum . Leopoli,privately published.

Nagarkar, S. & Williams, G.A. 1997. Comparativetechniques to quantify cyanobacteriadominated epilithic biofilms on a tropicalrocky shore. Marine Ecology ProgressSeries 154: 281-291.

Nylander, W. 1863. Prodromus florae Novo-Granatensis. Lichenes. Annales desSciences Naturelles, Botanique, sér. 4, 19:286-382.

Olivier, H. 1898. Un lichen de Hong-Kong. Mondedes plantes; Revue Mensuelle de Botanique;Organe de l’Académie Internationale deGéographie Botanique 7: 82-83.

Prillinger, H., Kraepelin, G, Lopandic, K.,Schweigkofler, W., Molnár, O., Weigang,F. & Dreyfuss, M.M. 1997. New speciesof Fellomyces isolated from epiphytic lichenspecies. Systematic and AppliedMicrobiology 20: 572-584.

Rabenhorst, L. 1873. Chinesische Flechten in derUmgegend von Saison, Hongkong,Wampoa, Shanghay u.s.w. gesammelt im J.1871/72 von Rudolph Rabenhorst fil.,bestimmt von Dr. v. Krempelhuber inMünchen. Flora 56: 286-287.

Sandstede, H. 1938. Cladoniaceae A. Zahlbr. II. DiePflanzenareale 4: 83-90.

Santesson, R. 1939. Amphibious pyrenolichens I.Arkiv för Botanik 29A: 1-67.

Seemann, B.C. 1852-57. [Section on ‘Flora of theIsland of Hong Kong’ published in 1857]The Botany of the Voyage of H. M. S. Heraldunder the command of Captain Henry

101

Kellett, R. N., C. B., during the Years 1845-51. Lovell Reeve, London.

Singh, K.P. & Awasthi, D.D. 1978. Two new speciesand two new combinations in Graphidaceae.Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 20:136-139.

So, C.L. 1985. Hong Kong. In: The World’s Coastline(ed. E.C.F. Bird & M.L. Schwartz), pp.823-827. Van Nostrand Reinhold, NewYork.

Tchou, Y.T. 1935. Note préliminaire sur les lichensde Chine. Contributions from the Instituteof Botany, National Academy of Peiping 3:299-322.

Thrower, S.L. 1980. Air pollution and lichens inHong Kong. Lichenologist 12: 305-311.

Thrower, S.L. 1988. Hong Kong Lichens . UrbanCouncil, Hong Kong.

Wei, J.-C. 1991. An Enumeration of Lichens in China .Beijing.

Williams, G.A. 1994. The relationship between shadeand molluscan grazing in structuringcommunities on a moderately-exposedtropical rocky shore. Journal ofExperimental Marine Biology and Ecology178: 79-95.

Zahlbruckner, A. 1930. Botanische Ergebnisse derExpedition der Akademie derWissenschaften in Wien nachSüdwest-China 1914/1918. SymbolaeSinicae 3: 1-254.

Annotated checklist of Hongkong Lichens - André Aptroot

Documents

Transcript of Annotated checklist of Hongkong Lichens - André Aptroot