АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ НЕЯЗЫКОВЫХ ...

МИНИСТЕРСТВО НАУКИ И ВЫСШЕГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение

высшего образования

«УЛЬЯНОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ»

Ю.В. Жукова

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ

НЕЯЗЫКОВЫХ ВУЗОВ

Учебное пособие

Ульяновск

УлГТУ

2020

УДК 420 (075)

ББК 81.2-923 я7

Ж 86

Рецензенты:

кафедра английского языка Ульяновского государственного

педагогического университета им. И.Н. Ульянова;

доцент кафедры иностранных языков Ульяновского института

гражданской авиации имени Главного маршала авиации Б.П. Бугаева,

кандидат педагогических наук М.А. Морозова

Учреждено редакционно-издательским советом университета

в качестве учебного пособия

Жукова, Юлия Владимировна Английский язык для студентов неязыковых вузов : учебное пособие

по дисциплине «Английский язык» для студентов всех

специальностей первого и второго курсов технических вузов /

Ю.В. Жукова. – Ульяновск : УлГТУ, 2020. – 250 с.

ISBN 978-5-9795-2080-3

Учебное пособие предназначено для формирования умений и навыков

различных видов чтения (просмотрового, поискового, ознакомительного,

изучающего) англоязычных текстов тематической направленности,

монологической и диалогической речи, письма на английском языке, а также

развития общего кругозора. Пособие состоит из 10 тематических уроков и

поурочного грамматического справочника.

УДК 420 (075)

ББК 81.2-923 я7

© Жукова Ю.В., 2020.

ISBN 978-5-9795-2080-3 © Оформление. УлГТУ, 2020.

Ж 86

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ

Введение .............................................................................................................. 5

Lesson 1: Higher Education Section 1: Словообразование -tion / sion / cion; -al; -ics; -ly .................... 6

Section 2: Чтение ........................................................................................... 9

Section 3: Грамматика Глагол to be; Оборот there + be;

Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении; Типы вопросов .......... 16

Lesson 2: Learning Foreign Languages Section 1: Словообразование -er/-or/-ar; -ant/-ent ................................... 25

Section 2: Чтение ......................................................................................... 27

Section 3: Грамматика Личные местоимения; Объектные

местоимения; Притяжательные местоимения; Указательные

местоимения; Вопросительные местоимения ........................................ 34

Lesson 3: Environment Section 1: Словообразование -ment; -able / ible; -free; re- ....................... 43

Section 2: Чтение ......................................................................................... 45

Section 3: Грамматика Времена группы Simple Active/Passive;

Функции it/one/that; Степени сравнения прилагательных ..................... 53

Lesson 4: Electricity Section 1: Словообразование -en; un-/-in-/im- ........................................... 66

Section 2: Чтение ......................................................................................... 68

Section 3: Грамматика Времена группы Continuous Active/Passive;

Предлоги места и направления ................................................................. 75

Lesson 5: Means of Communication Section 1: Словообразование -ing; -ure; -less; dis- .................................. 86

Section 2: Чтение ......................................................................................... 88

Section 3: Грамматика Времена группы Perfect Active/Passive;

Предлоги времени ........................................................................................ 97

Lesson 6: Computers Section 1: Словообразование -ance; -ic; -ive; -ty .................................... 107

Section 2: Чтение ........................................................................................ 110

Section 3: Грамматика Модальные глаголы; Предлоги причины и цели 117

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Lesson 7: Transport Section 1: Словообразование -ness; -ise (ize); ous; -ed ........................... 124

Section 2: Чтение ........................................................................................ 126

Section 3: Грамматика Согласование времен .......................................... 134

Lesson 8: Health Section 1: Словообразование -age; -ful; -ify ............................................ 142

Section 2: Чтение ........................................................................................ 144

Section 3: Грамматика Причастие I, Причастие II; Даты

и время в английском языке ...................................................................... 150

Lesson 9: Scientific and Technical Progress Section 1: Словообразование -ist; -ary/-ory; -ate .................................... 159

Section 2: Чтение ........................................................................................ 161

Section 3: Грамматика Герундий; Заглавные буквы

в английском языке .................................................................................... 168

Lesson 10: Going Online

Section 1: Словообразование en-; over-, under-, sub- ............................. 176

Section 2: Чтение ........................................................................................ 178

Section 3: Грамматика Условные предложения ...................................... 187

Поурочный грамматический справочник ................................................. 194

Библиографический список .......................................................................... 250

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ВВЕДЕНИЕ

Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов технических вузов всех

специальностей первого и второго курсов, изучающих дисциплину

«Английский язык», а также может быть использовано с целью развития и

совершенствования уровня сформированности иноязычной коммуникативной

компетенции на основе широкого спектра вопросов научной и

социокультурной проблематики.

Пособие состоит из 10 тематических уроков, включающих в себя

основной и дополнительные тексты, назначением которых является

формирование и развитие у студентов умений и навыков различных видов

чтения (просмотрового, поискового, ознакомительного, изучающего)

англоязычных текстов тематической направленности, монологической и

диалогической речи, письма на английском языке, а также развития общего

кругозора. Каждый урок содержит блок лексических и грамматических

упражнений для активизации грамматических структур, а также

общественной лексики и научно-технической терминологии.

Учебное пособие включает в себя большой грамматический раздел, в

котором представлен основной теоретический материал, реализованный в

комплексе упражнений по грамматике английского языка, что позволяет

максимально эффективно развить умения и навыки правильного оформления

речи в типичных коммуникативных ситуациях.

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LESSON 1

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) -tion / sion / cion; -al; -ics; -ly

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 1A. Higher Education in Russia Text 1B. Higher Education in England Text 1C. Higher Education in the USA Text 1D. A Letter

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Глагол to be Оборот there + be Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении Типы вопросов

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation)

глагол + -tion / sion / cion = существительное

указывает на действие, состояние или абстрактное понятие.

Суффикс -tion прибавляется к словам, которые оканчиваются на -t, - ate, и другие сочетания букв.

to edit (издавать) → edition (издание) to locate (находиться) → location (местонахождение) to invent (изобретать) → invention (изобретение)

Суффикс -sion присоединяется к словам, которые оканчиваются на - de, -d, -se, ss, -mit, а также после согласных -l, -n, -r.

to decide (решать) → decison (решение) to permit (разрешать) → permission (разрешение) to confess (признавать) → confession (признание)

Суффикс -cion встречается только в двух словах.

suspicion (подозрение) coercion (принуждение)

to educate – education; to vacate – vacation; to graduate – graduation; to organize – organization; to qualify – qualification; to complete – completion; to

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select – selection; to inform – information; to examine – examination; to direct – direction; to decide – decision; to diffuse – diffusion; to provide – provision; to explode – explosion; to invite – invitation; to commit – commission.

Суффикс -al выражает отношение к чему-то, качество.

person (личность) → personal (личный, персональный) form (форма) → formal (формальный)

education – educational; profession – professional; centre – central; nature – natural; vocation – vocational; practice – practical; commerce – commercial; industry – industrial; music – musical; region – regional.

прилагательное с суффиксом -ic + s = существительное с суффиксом -ics

Суффикс -ics используется для обозначения названий научных дисциплин, искусства, общественных наук, спорта, военного искусства, названия ремесел и других занятий.

acoustic (акустический) → acoustics (акустика) mathematic (математический) → mathematics – (математика)

mechanic – mechanics; linguistic – linguistics; economic – economics; ceramic – ceramics; genetic – genetics; phonetic – phonetics; athletic – athletics.

прилагательное + -ly = наречие

Суффиксы -ly и -ily указывают на способ, образ действия.

high (высокий) → highly (высоко) true (честный) → truly (честно)

quick – quickly; usual – usually; successful – successfully; increasing – increasingly. Упражнение 1. Определите по суффиксу часть речи данных слова.

identical, acceleration, dynamics, naturally, technical, intensively, impression, athletics, erosion, practical, slowly, installation, solution, economics, additional, happily, connection, industrial, electronics, carefully, politics, integral, revision, transportation.

существительное + -al = прилагательное

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Упражнение 2. Образуйте от основ выделенных слов существительные, прилагательные или наречия с указанными суффиксами и напишите их.

1. She exhibited her paintings to the public.

It was the opening day of the … .

2. He connected two devices by wire.

She replaced the receiver before the … was made.

- tion

3. He dictated a report to his secretary.

He used a tape recorder for … .

1. Each region has its own customs.

This change takes place at … level.

2. The music was a little same. She is blessed with … talent. -al 3. Government often regulates industry.

New technology is being applied to almost every … process.

1. He was a dynamic personality in the business world.

The … of this class are different from those of other classes.

2. This physic phenomenon was discovered by an international team of scientists.

The universe is governed by the laws of … . -ics

3. She loves listening to acoustic folk music.

The hall has excellent … .

1. It was polite of him to hold the door for her.

She asked him … to hold the door for her.

2. The hotel offers excellent conditions at reasonable rates.

Despite her anger, she had behaved very … .

-ly

3. That seems easy to you. You can … imagine my surprise. Упражнение 3. Преобразуйте слово так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию.

1. He takes part in all … at the university. to compete 2. She speaks … everywhere. loud 3. She likes drinking coffee, … , in the morning. special 4. My father is a very … singer. origin 5. I hope you will take into … what I’ve told you. to consider 6. I’ve been to the theatre with my mom … . recent 7. There are many … places of visit. culture 8. He has got the best … of different stamps. to collect 9. The partnership is aimed at developing ….. in the region. electronic 10. I wait for …to go abroad. to permit 11. Turn to the right and you’ll … see this beautiful monument. immediate 12. There are a lot of … projects to protect the environment. globe

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SECTION 2: Чтение (Reading) Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

system ['sɪstəm], principle ['prɪnsəpl], bachelor ['bæʧələ], specialist ['speʃəlɪst], master ['mɑːstə], course [kɔːs], period ['pɪərɪəd], fundamental [ˌfʌndə'mentəl], humanitarian [hjuːˌmænɪ'teərɪən], mathematics [ˌmæθə'mætɪks], linguistics

[lɪŋ'gwɪstɪks], literature ['lɪtərəʧə], specialized ['speʃəlaɪzd], mechanical [mɪ'kænɪkəl], engineering [ˌenʤɪ'nɪərɪŋ], equivalent [ɪ'kwɪvələnt], thesis ['θiːsɪs], certificate [sə'tɪfɪkət], discipline ['dɪsəplɪn], qualified ['kwɔlɪfaɪd], qualification [ˌkwɔlɪfɪ'keɪʃ(ə)n], distance ['dɪst(ə)ns], industry ['ɪndəstrɪ], status ['steɪtəs], academics [ˌækə'demɪks], progress ['prəugres], process ['prəuses], candidate

['kændɪdeɪt], doctoral ['dɔktərəl], commercial [kə'mɜːʃəl], fund [fʌnd], technical ['teknɪkəl], to focus ['fəukəs], result [rɪ'zʌlt]. Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов.

high [haɪ], higher education ['haɪə] [ˌedju'keɪʃən], future ['fjuːʧə], necessary

['nesəsərɪ], to provide [prə'vaɪd], to preserve [prɪ'zɜːv], knowledge ['nɔlɪʤ], value

['væljuː], to exchange [ɪks'ʧeɪnʤ], based [be͟ɪst], to include [ɪn'kluːd], postgraduate [ˌpəust'græʤuət], initial [ɪ'nɪʃəl], direction [dɪ'rekʃən], natural science ['næʧrəl] ['saɪəns], scientist ['saɪəntɪst], to complete [kəm'pliːt], vocational [və'keɪʃənəl], to defend [dɪ'fend], success [sək'ses], successful [sək'sesful], to award [ə'wɔːd], to grant [grɑːnt], according [ə'kɔːdɪŋ], further

['fɜːðə], security [sɪ'kjuərətɪ], to issue ['ɪʃjuː], extremely [ɪks'triːmlɪ], competitive

[kəm'petɪtɪv], entrance ['entrəns], common ['kɔmən], research [rɪ'sɜːʧ], experience [ɪk'spɪərɪəns], to confirm [kən'fɜːm], legislation [ˌleʤɪ'sleɪʃən], development [dɪ'veləpmənt], through [θruː].

СЛОВА И СЛОВОСОЧЕТАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЗАПОМИНАНИЯ

to be based on – быть основанным на to include – включать в себя a bachelor’s degree – степень бакалавра a specialist degree – специалист a master’s degree – степень магистра a postgraduate course – аспирантура to defend thesis – защищать дипломную работу to be awarded – присуждаться to further studies – продолжить обучение to pass an exam – сдать экзамен full-time study – очное обучение

hands-on experience – практический опыт to enter an university – поступить в университет to graduate from – выпуститься on a commercial basis – на коммерческой основе on state-funded basis – на бюджетной основе to play an important part – играть важную роль highly-qualified specialists – высококвалифицированные специалисты

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part-time study – вечернее обучение a distance education system – система дистанционного образования a way to success – путь к успеху to depend on – зависеть от to do research work – выполнять исследовательскую работу

to preserve culture – сохранять культуру to develop knowledge and skills – развивать знания и навыки to form values – формировать ценности to exchange information – обмениваться информацией

Text 1A

Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Higher Education in Russia Russia’s present-day education system is based on the Bologna principles

and includes such levels of education as bachelor’s degree, specialist degree, master’s degree and a postgraduate course.

Bachelor’s degree is the initial stage in the higher education system. Educational period is 4 years and gives general fundamental training. Russian universities offer a lot of bachelor’s programs by different directions (technical, humanitarian or natural science profile with such directions as nanotechnologies, mathematics and sciences, linguistics and literature, general and high-specialized mechanical engineering, agriculture and many more). At the end of the course of studies, students defend their thesis. If successful, students are awarded a Bachelor’s Degree certificate (Bachelor of Art, Bachelor of Science) that grants them the right to work according to profession or to further their studies on a Master’s Degree course.

Unlike bachelor’s degrees, specialist degrees are more focused on practical work in industry according to the selected discipline. These programs are offered to individuals who have education equivalent to Russian general secondary or vocational secondary education. The course of studies lasts 5 years. Based on the examination results and thesis defence, a Specialist Degree certificate specifying the qualification (e.g., “Mechanical engineer”, “Teacher”, “Information Security Specialist”, etc.) may be issued. Graduates of a Specialist Degree may work in industry or further their studies on a Master’s or other postgraduate course.

To get onto a Master’s course you will need to have successfully graduated from a Bachelor’s or Specialist degree and pass an entrance exam. Most universities in Russia offer MA (Master of Arts), MSc (Master of Science) and MBA (Master of Business Administration) courses. These can be taught on a full-time, part-time or distance basis with courses both in Russian and in English that is becoming increasingly common. The course lasts two years and involves students training for research work. Students defend a thesis which, if successful, leads to a Master’s Degree certificate and the qualification of Master.

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Graduates of Master’s Degrees may work in industry or further their studies on a postgraduate course.

A postgraduate course is a form of training for academics. Graduates of a Master’s or Specialist Degree can enroll in a postgraduate course. The course includes study, teaching, hands-on experience, and research. Postgraduate students select a research field and subject of research for their dissertation. Full-time study lasts at least 3 years, while part-time study lasts 4 years. A graduate is awarded a postgraduate certificate with the corresponding qualification. Depending on the result of the dissertation defence, a Candidate of Science Degree is given which is the first Degree to confirm the status of scientist. Candidates of Sciences proceed to their Doctoral Degree (the second Degree to confirm the status of scientist).

Russian legislation grants Russians only one free higher education (of levels 1, 2, or 3) while subsequent study must always be paid for. Foreign citizens who have graduated from a university outside the Russian Federation may enter a second higher education course both on a commercial and state-funded basis. This can be done as part of a Bachelor’s (up to 4 years), Specialist (up to 6 years), or Master’s (at least 2 years) Degree. The selection process is based on entry examinations.

It is necessary to note that higher education plays an important part in the life of any country as it provides the country with highly-qualified specialists for future development and progress. It trains people to become teachers, engineers, doctors and other professional workers.

Education is a process through which culture is preserved, knowledge and skills are developed, values are formed, and information is exchanged. Education is the way to success.

Упражнение 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What is Russia’s present-day education system based on? 2. Who can enroll in a Bachelor’s Degree course? 3. In what case are students awarded a bachelor’s degree certificate? 4. What can students do after getting a bachelor’s degree certificate? 5. What are specialist degrees focused on? 6. How long does a specialist degree study last? 7. What does a master’s degree course involve? 8. What is a postgraduate course? 9. Why is a second higher education on the commercial basis? Упражнение 4. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1.The academic year in higher educational institutions... 2. Students take exams at the end of each semester and if...

1. two weeks in winter and two months in summer. 2. helps working professionals to continue their education while

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3. Twice a year students have vacations... 4. The first- and second year students... 5. At the third year students get more... 6. A distance education system is...

remaining at their jobs. 3. advanced knowledge and concentrate on their major subjects. 4. study general engineering subjects. 5. the results are good, they get grants. 6. begins on the 1st of September and is divided into 2 terms.

Text 1B

Прочитайте текст. Расскажите об особенностях обучения в Великобритании.

The System of Higher Education in Great Britain Higher education in Britain has a long and distinctive history. The system

of higher education in Britain includes universities, colleges of higher education and advanced courses in the further education. The British educational system on the higher level is still more selective and class-divided than secondary education, particularly so far as the oldest universities are concerned.

There are the following main types of universities in Great Britain: ancient universities, Redbrick universities, New universities and Open University.

The two oldest universities in England – Oxford and Cambridge – refer to the first group called ancient universities. They were founded in 12th and 13th centuries accordingly. Each university is a federation of colleges. Cambridge consists of 24 colleges and Oxford consists of 48 colleges. Each college is largely independent: it has its own staff of teachers, a separate building, and its own financing and individual curricula. Each college organizes term exams but university is responsible for final exams and awarding degrees to college students. Besides, some colleges are only for male students and others are only for female ones. Moreover, there is a tutorial system these universities are famous for all over the world. Tutors teach students one-to-one or in very small groups. Such lessons are called tutorials.

The universities founded between 1850 and 1930 including London University are known as redbrick universities. They were called so because that was the favorable building material of the time. They are in London, Durham, Manchester, Birmingham, Leeds, Sheffield, Bristol, Nottingham, etc. The University of London is the largest of them. The division between Oxford and Redbrick is sharp and essentially class one. Redbrick universities were built to provide a liberal education for the poorer boys and to give technological training.

The universities founded after the World War II are called the new universities because of their modern approach to university courses. They are in Staffordshire, Kent, Essex, Lancaster, Sussex, York and were built as a result of Industrial Revolution. After World War II the UK began to develop its

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industries very quickly. British plants and factories needed a lot of qualified specialists. That’s why a number of New Universities appeared in large industrial cities.

The last type is Open University. It started in 1960 for people who wanted to continue their education but couldn’t attend classes because they worked full-time and studied only in free time. University provides its students with lecture materials and tests by e-mail, TV and radio programs. Such form of education is called distance training. Every year in October Open University students take exams.

All British Universities are private institutions. Every university is independent, although they all receive financial support from the state. The Department of Education and Science has no control over their regulations, curriculum, examinations, appointment of staff, or the way they spend money. The number and type of faculties differ from university to university.

The universities in Great Britain are classed as higher educational institutions because they award degrees. After four years of studying students get a traditional bachelor’s degree. A master’s degree is usually awarded after another year or two of further studies. The highest degree is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) that is awarded for research only after getting bachelor’s and master’s degrees.

Text 1C

Прочитайте текст. Расскажите об особенностях системы высшего образования в США.

Higher education in the USA There is no national system of higher education in the United States. There

are over 2100 various higher educational institutions including colleges, technological institutes and universities both private and public. Most of them charge for tuition. Private universities are generally smaller but very expensive. It means that the tuition fees are extremely high. State colleges and universities are not so expensive, and if the students are state residents, they pay much less.

American universities and colleges are usually built as a separate complex called “campus” with teaching blocks, libraries and many other facilities grouped together on one site often on the outskirts of the city. Some universities are comprised of many campuses.

All the universities are independent offering their own choice of studies, setting their own standards. The greater the prestige of the university, the higher the credits and grades are required.

The terms “college” and “university” are often used interchangeably as “college” is used to refer to all undergraduate education; and the four-year undergraduate program leading to a bachelor’s degree can be continued at either college or university. Universities tend to be larger than colleges and also have

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graduate schools where students can receive post-graduate education. Advanced or graduate university degrees include law and medicine.

Most colleges and universities’ undergraduate courses last for four years. During the first two years students usually take general courses in the art or sciences and then choose a major – the subject or area of studies they concentrate on. The other subjects are called minors. Credits (with grades) are awarded for the successful completion of each course. These credits are often transferable so students who have not done well in high school can choose a junior college (or community college) which offers a two-year “transfer” program preparing students for degree-granting institutions. Community colleges also offer two-year courses of vocational nature leading to technical and semi-professional occupations such as journalism or others.

Students are classified as freshmen, sophomores, juniors and seniors. Freshmen and sophomores are the first- and second year students accordingly, a junior is a third year student, and a senior is a fourth-year student. A student working for the Bachelor’s Degree (BA or BS) is called an undergraduate; one working for the Master’s (MA or MS) or Doctor of Philosophy Degree (PhD) is called a graduate student. Some students receive grants which cover all or a part of their tuition. A person on such a fellowship is called a university fellow.

The student’s progress is evaluated by means of tests, term works and examinations. The student’s work is given a credit, usually on a five point scale. Letters indicate the level of achievement: “A” is the highest mark and “F” denotes a failure. There are no final examinations at colleges and universities, and students receive a degree if they have collected enough credits in a particular subject.

Упражнение 5. Укажите, являются ли утверждения из текстов 1B и 1C верными (true) или неверными (false)

1. Oxford and Cambridge are the oldest and the most famous universities in Great Britain. 2. Oxford and Cambridge consist of colleges that are largely independent. 3. One of the traditions of Oxford and Cambridge is that some colleges are only for male and others only for female students. 4. New Universities were founded after the First World War as a result of Industrial Revolution. 5. Open University is for those who work part-time. 6. There is a national system of higher education in the United States. 7. Higher education in the USA is given in both colleges and universities. 8. Most colleges and universities’ undergraduate courses last for three years. 9. A student working for the Bachelor’s Degree is called a postgraduate. 10. The student’s work is given a credit usually on a five point scale.

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Text 1D Прочитайте и переведите письмо. Напишите мотивационное письмо.

Motivation letter for a Master’s in Computer Science

Dear sir/madam,

First of all, let me introduce myself. I am Mike and recently I have been working in E-telecom as a Network Engineer. I have attended my Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science and Engineering from UlSTU.

The undergraduate curriculum in Computer Science and Engineering has a wide variety of engineering subjects. Various courses like Artificial Intelligence (Robotics), Programming Languages, Electronics, Software Engineering, System Programming, Micro Processor, Interfacing & Assembly, Algorithm Analysis and Design, Digital Signal Processing, Network and System Security, Digital system, Algorithm analysis and design, Computer graphics and multimedia, Computer Simulation and Modeling provided me with a strong foundation in the theoretical concept of Computer Science and Engineering.

While offering both depth and breadth across this field, these courses put into perspective the importance and relevance of Computer Science and Engineering and the application of its fundamentals to the problems faced by the real world. I will have a great contribution to the society since our country begins to transfer manual system to computerize.

I am much eager to adopt and know new technologies. I am really enthusiastic to attend a Master of Computer Science in order to understand different Computer Science concepts because every industry needs them. The good reputation of high-quality education standards, an extremely distinguished faculty members, and research facilities are the factors which have motivated me to choose for my M.Sc. studies the Newcastle University.

Moreover, I feel I am responsible for making a big move in this field and this grant will give me a big chance to be one day someone who is remembered for his innovations. Our grandchildren should be proud of us one day when they look back and find how hard we worked to make the world a better place. I believe my qualification and your needs would be an excellent fit. I will be happy to provide any further information or documents if required.

I look forward to your positive response. Thank you for your time and consideration.

Yours faithfully, Mike

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Упражнение 6. Выполните письменный перевод текста.

Higher education plays an important part in the life of every country as it trains highly-qualified specialists for further development and progress of the country. It must be taken into consideration that in order to become a highly-qualified specialist a person should develop skills in many fields of study, learn foreign languages and improve the level of achievements. The serious need to find ways of ensuring continuous adoption of the universities to contemporary needs in our rapidly changing world is widely recognized. This means that styles of teaching, quality of teaching materials that should match individual students’ needs and organization of the university itself have to be brought up to date and improved. The university’s way to success is by means of high quality of leaning materials and a high level of professionalism of its teachers. Currently, the popularity of distance learning is growing. The top benefit of distance education is its flexibility. Students can choose when, where, and how they learn by selecting the time, place, and medium for their education. For those who want direct and live access to teachers there are video conferencing options.

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Заполните пропуски, употребив глагол to be в настоящем времени.

1. Where ... you? – I ... at the lecture. 2. Where ... Peter? – He ... in the dinning room. 3. Where ... Lisa and Alex? – They ... at the university. 4. ... you busy? – No, I ... not. Sam ... busy. He ... the busiest person I’ve ever met. 5. It ... half past eight. She ... late for classes again. 6. How ... you? – I ... very well today. 7. We ... interested in doing maths. 8. Vera ... afraid of missing the lecture. 9. He ... not nervous and ... rarely upset. He ... the kindest person I’ve ever seen. 10. I ... sorry. They ... not at the office at the moment. 11. What time ... it now? – Quarter to ten. 12. It ... the highest building I’ve ever seen. 13. Which sport do you think ... the most dangerous? 14. Chess and aerobics ... not as exciting as skydiving and figure skating. 15. What ... the weather forecast for tomorrow? Упражнение 2. Заполните пропуски, употребив глагол to be в прошедшем времени.

1. When I ... a child, I ... afraid of dogs. 2. ... the weather nice, when you ... out? 3. We ... not hungry after the journey, but we ... tired. 4. Yesterday it ... raining all morning. It stopped at lunchtime. 5. It ... hot in my office, so I opened the window. 6. The concert ... very long. It started at 7.30 and finished at 10. 7. The weather ... warm yesterday, but today it is raining the whole day. 8. We ... on holiday last year. It ... at a lovely place. 9. When he ... at their place, they ... very happy. 10. She ... good at communicating with strangers. 11. We ... looking for

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someone with an outgoing personality. 12. There ... difficulties with translating these technical texts among students. 13. There ... few students at the lecture yesterday. 14. The examination ... short and superficial. 15. It ... my own idea to do it in this way. Упражнение 3. Заполните пропуски, употребив глагол to be в будущем времени.

1. I ... at the university tomorrow. 2. They ... at the international conference next week. 3. Mike ... here later. 4. The weather ... good tomorrow. 5. There ... a lot of students at tomorrow’s laboratory work. 6. It ... snowing when you are coming back. 7. He ... travelling to London all night. 8. The task ... done next Friday. 9. A test ... completed in 2 hours. 10. He ... very happy to see you again. 11. Where ... you ... tomorrow after lectures? 12. Who ... you ... writing letters to after dinner? Упражнение 4. Заполните пропуски, употребив глагол to be в настоящем, прошедшем или будущем времени.

1. I … (to be) very busy today. 2. They … (to be) in the reading room now. 3. It … (to be) a cold day tomorrow. 4. We … (to be) students of one of the Ulyanovsk universities. 5. You … (to be) late for classes yesterday. 6. We … (to be) in the university laboratories last week. 7. They … (to be) in Moscow next month. 8. They … (to be) participants of the scientific conference tomorrow. 9. Every University … (to be) headed by Rector. 10. Many scientific articles … (to be) published in our university last year. 11. They ... not there the day before yesterday. 12. He ... eighteen soon. 13. She ... as pretty as her sister. 14. I … not ashamed of what I do. In fact I .. quite proud of it. 15. He ... the best among all participants of this competition. 16. I … (to be) sorry I … (to be) busy during the examination period in a month as I will spend my time getting ready for exams. 17. We … (to be) lucky to have a brilliant lecturer in strength of materials this year. 18. Computers may … (to be) useful for practicing simple skills but they … (to be) not an essential feature of modern education. 19. When I came home my parents … (to be) having lunch and at the same time they … (to be) watching TV. 20. When a child I … (to be) never any good at art. Упражнение 5. Определите функцию глагола to be.

1. Everything is in constant motion. 2. We are from Russia. 3. This article is of great scientific value. 4. They were told to do their work quickly. 5. They are writing a test now. 6. It is interesting but difficult to study at our university. 7. This work is of great importance. 8. The number of participants is twenty five. 9. То do this is to spoil the device. 10. That problem will be discussed at the meeting. 11. Не is to do the work well. 12. The only way out is changing the parameters. 13. То listen is not to hear. 14. The proposition is not true. 15. We

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are to take exams in winter. 16. They were doing their research during the last week. 17. In our experiment we are to compare two substances. 18. They are interested in completing this task. 19. All seasons are beautiful in their own way. 20. This problem can be solved. 21. Our purpose was to determine the effect of X-rays on the substance. 22. He is to leave on the fifth of November. 23. He will be making an experimental work tomorrow at this time. 24. Protocol is currently under consideration by the government. 25. They are doing their best to achieve success in this field. 26. The President is to make a speech tomorrow. 27. He is being taught to drive a car right now. 28. She is at the university now. Упражнение 6. Заполните пропуски, употребив глагол to be в обороте There + be в нужной форме. Поставьте английские предложения в вопросительную форму.

1. There … three windows in the lecture hall. 2. There … a big tree near the main building last year. 3. There … a text book and two exercise-books on the table. 4. There … much chalk in the classroom. 5. There … few students at the lecture yesterday. 6. There … a sport center in our university next year. 7. There … a lot of trees in the territory of the campus. 8. There … many foreign students in the hostel. 9. There … a lot of mistakes in his dictation that was last week. 10. There … two thousand students in the university this year. 11. There … many natural and applied sciences in the curricilum this year. 12. There … specialized subjects in the third year of studies. 13. There … some interesting stories in this book. 14. There … a round table in the middle of the conference hall. 15. There … a new library and a computer center in the main building next year. Упражнение 7. Согласитесь или опровергните следующие утверждения. Дайте правильный ответ.

Например: There are 50 minutes in one hour. (В одном часе 50 минут.) – No, there aren’t. There are 60 minutes in one hour. (Нет. В одном часе 60 минут.)

1. There are 3 buildings in our university. 2. There are two degrees that students can get in higher educational institutions. 3. There is one rector who is the head of the university. 4. There are three hostels in the territory of the university’s campus. 5. There are five months in one term. 6. There are three terms in the academic year. 7. There are ten floors in the main building of our university. 8. There is one sport center in our university. Упражнение 8. Составьте и запишите предложения.

1. meanings / are / the word “education” / many / of / there. 2. there / four lectures / were / yesterday? 3. many / this / there / tools / in / are / workshop.

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4. highly-qualified specialists / there / next year / a lot of / after the graduation / will be. 5. Oxford / there / which / in the world / is famous for / a tutorial system / is. 6. engineering subjects / there / a wide variety of / is / in our university 7. enough credits / at colleges and universities / there / in America / if to collect / in a particular subject / final examinations / are / no. 8. between / is / and / Great Britain / time difference / there / Russia. 9. in the conference / there / many / tomorrow / will / participants / be? 10. difficult / is / answer / to / this / no / there / question / simple. Упражнение 9. Опишите свой город, используя обороты There is / There are. Составьте утвердительные (+) и отрицательные (-) предложения.

Например: a theatre (+) – There is a theatre in the town. (В городе есть театр.)

many cinemas (+); two rivers (+); four castles (-); one library (-); a zoo (-); 5-star hotels (+); two bridges (+); many higher educational institutions (+); metro (-); many foreign students (+). Упражнение 10. Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский, используя оборот There + be.

1. Есть такая теория, разработанная известным ученым. 2. Сегодня состоится научная конференция по вопросам образования. 3. В аудитории несколько иностранных студентов. 4. В моем городе есть много университетов. 5. В университете существует пятибалльная система, по которой оценивают уровень успеваемости студентов. 6. В Америке есть много колледжей и университетов, в которых можно получить высшее образование. 7. В Великобритании существуют следующие основные типы университетов: древние университеты, “краснокирпичные” университеты, новые университеты и Открытый университет. 8. В хорошо оборудованных лабораториях было проведено много полезных экспериментов. Упражнение 11. Отметьте предложения, в которых нарушен порядок слов и перестройте их в соответствии с правилами.

Например: Tom walks every morning to work. – Tom walks to work every morning.

1. Jim doesn’t like very much baseball. 2. Ann drives every day her car to work. 3. When I heard the news, I immediately called Tom. 4. Maria speaks very well English. 5. Last Friday very interesting cartoons children watched. 6. After eating quickly my dinner, I went out. 7. You watch all the time television. 8. Two books Liza reads every month. 9. I think I’ll go early to bed tonight. 10. In London we were in July last year. 11. You should to the dentist go every six months. 12. We went last night to the movies.

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Упражнение 12. Исправьте, если это необходимо, местоположение подлежащего согласно правилу о порядке слов в предложении.

1. A bachelor’s degree has her brother. 2. He likes his way of living abroad. 3. A test she did with mistakes. 4. It froze hard last night. 5. These exercises I did well. 6. He met the participants of the conference at the station. 7. Many courses I take on this subject. 8. Coffee break they have in the big dining-hall. 8. Four exams they will pass next semester. 9. He entered a postgraduate course last year. 10. Thesis we must defend next year. 11. From the university I graduated two years ago. 12. Homework he is doing for tomorrow. Упражнение 13. На основе приведенных слов постройте предложения, соблюдая порядок слов.

1. she / won / easily / the game. 2. tennis / every weekend / Sam / plays. 3. quietly / the door / I / closed. 4. his name / after a few minutes / I / remembered. 5. a letter to her parents / Ann / writes / every week. 6. interesting books / found / we / in the library. 7. in the park / they / a new hotel / are building. 8. to the bank / I / every Friday / go. 9. I / on Saturday night / didn’t see / at the party / you. 10. brightly / is / shining / sun / the. 11. gave / the librarian / all / us / books / necessary / the / yesterday. 12. if / pass / exams / all / successfully / grants / they / get / students / will. Упражнение 14. Определите верный порядок слов в английском повествовательном предложении. Переведите.

1. Они в парке вечером играют в футбол 2. Они будут на следующей неделе писать тест 3. Студенты после лекций что-то с интересом обсуждают. 4. Мы всем родственникам отправили приглашения. 5. Встречались в кафе они вчера вечером. 6. Мама мне письмо передала от друга вчера. 7. Машину он вел медленно 8. На занятии мы новые слова выучили. 9. В Лондоне часто идет дождь. 10. Они поедут через две недели в Америку. Упражнение 15. Укажите, какой тип вопроса представлен.

1. Do you study English at the university? 2. Who of you studies French? 3. What do you prefer: going to the cinema or watching TV at home? 4. They made many mistakes in the test, didn’t they? 5. Will you go abroad next month? 6. How many people are there in the lecture hall? 7. Does she like tea or coffee in the morning? 8. What will she do next? 9. Who lectures you on mathematics? 10. They don’t understand this grammar rule, do they? 11. How long do you live here? 12. What was discussed at the meeting? 13. He is a distinguished scientist, isn’t he? 14. Are you satisfied with your education?

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Упражнение 16. Задайте общий и специальный вопрос к предложениям.

1. My sister is at the university now.

a. Is ……..….....? b. Where ……...?

2. It is getting cold at night.

a. Is …….…..... ? b. When …..…..?

3. They were school-children last year.

a. Were …….....? b. When ……....?

4. They will be busy tomorrow because they will have a test soon.

a. Will ….….....? b. Why ……..…?

5. He entered the Aviation institute last year.

a. Did ……..…..? b. Where …..….?

6. My friend studies at the state technical university. a. Does ……..…? b. What …..…..?

7. The students will have industrial training next summer. a. Will ………...? b. What ….....…?

Упражнение 17. Задайте все типы вопросов к данным предложениям.

1. John wants to become a highly-qualified specialist in the field of electrical engineering. 2. At the end of the course of studies students defend their thesis. 3. They will make many calculations during their laboratory work. 4. Scientists obtained valuable data on gene engineering. 5. There are a lot of mistakes in his dictation. 6. There were many letters for me yesterday. 7. There will be twelve students in my group. 8. Full-time study in the postgraduate course lasts 3 years. 9. After two years of further study students can get a master’s degree.

Test yourself

1. Определите функцию глагола to be – They are at home.

A. смысловой глагол B. глагол-связка C. вспомогательный глагол

2. Определите функцию глагола to be – He is an architect.


3. Определите функцию глагола to be – He’s tall although he's only fifteen years old.


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4. Определите функцию глагола to be – He is reading a scientific magazine now.


5. Найдите предложение, в котором to be употребляется в функции глагола-связки.

A. I am going to the theatre. B. It is evident that he is right. C. A book is read.

6. Выберете правильный перевод – They are to do research in the field of physics.

A. Они проводят исследования в области физики. B. Они будут проводить исследования в области физики. C. Они должны провести исследования в области физики.

7. Найдите предложение, в котором to be имеет функцию смыслового глагола.

A. It is a book. B. This book is interesting. C. This book is of scientific value.

8. Выберете правильный вариант перевода – There are many universities in our town.

A. Много университетов в нашем городе. B. В нашем городе много университетов. C. В нашем городе есть университет.

9. Выберете правильный ответ на вопрос – Are there many diagrams in the book?

A. Yes, she does B. Yes, it is C. Yes, there are

10. Какое предложение составлено грамматически неправильно.

A. There is a table and two chairs in the room. B. There is much milk in the bottle. C. There are one student in the classroom.

11. Отметьте предложение, в котором нарушен порядок слов.

A. I like her songs very much. B. At 5 o’clock started my favourite film. C. He gave me this interesting book.

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12. Отметьте предложение, в котором нарушен порядок слов.

A. We can’t visit the museum. There isn’t enough time. B. I will do my homework in the morning tomorrow. C. He likes to the gym going every evening.

13. Выберете предложения с правильным порядком слов.

A. He went to school yesterday. B. He is often late for classes. C. They always are interested in new innovations.

14. Выберете предложения с правильным порядком слов.

A. I think, I’ll tomorrow in the evening go to cinema. B. Yesterday I went to bed too late. C. We don’t like at all cooking.

15. Составьте утвердительное предложение – degrees / on practical work / specialist / in industry / are / focused / more / on.

A. Specialist are more focused on practical work in industry degrees. B. Specialist degrees are more focused on practical work in industry. C. Specialist degrees in industry are focused more on practical work.

16. Укажите, какой тип вопроса представлен – Who of you studies French?

A. Общий вопрос B. Вопрос к подлежащему C. Альтернативный вопрос

17. Укажите, какой тип вопроса представлен – Are you at home?

A. Общий вопрос B. Вопрос к подлежащему C. Альтернативный вопрос

18. Найдите разделительный вопрос.

A. Do you like reading? B. What do you like? C. You like reading, don’t you?

19. Найдите вопрос к подлежащему.

A. Who are you looking at? B. Whom didn’t you invite? C. Who came?

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20. Найдите предложение с ошибкой.

A. What do you prefer: tea or coffee? B. Who did study at the university? C. They were pupils, weren’t they?

21. Найдите предложение с ошибкой.

A. What did you enter this university? B. Are you a student? C. He studied part-time, wasn’t he?

22. Найдите верный ответ на вопрос – Did you do anything interesting last weekend?

A. No, I did B. Yes, he does C. Yes, I did

23. Выберете правильный ответ на вопрос – Where are you going on holiday?

A. No, thanks. B. Yes, he is C. England

24. Составьте вопрос – go / or / will / the park / to / they / the cinema / to?

A. Will go they to the park or to the cinema? B. They will go to the park or to the cinema? C. Will they go to the park or to the cinema?

25. Составьте вопрос – get / he / when / up / did?

A. When did get he up? B. When did he get up? C. When he did get up?

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LESSON 2

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) - er/-or/-ar; -ant/-ent

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 2A. Learning Foreign Languages Text 2B. The importance of the English language Text 2C. The Language of Science

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Личные местоимения Объектные местоимения Притяжательные местоимения Указательные местоимения Вопросительные местоимения


глагол + -er / -or / -ar = существительное

Суффиксы -er, -or, -ar указывают на исполнителя действия, профессию или инструмент.

to train (тренировать) → trainer (тренер) to act (действовать) → actor (актер) to beg (просить) → beggar (попрошайка)

to regulate – regulator; to invent – inventor; to generate – generator; to transform – transformer; to indicate – indicator; to compute – computer; to radiate – radiator; to visit – visitor; to rectify – rectifier; to cut – cutter; to contain – container.

глагол или существительное + -ant / -ent = прилагательное

Суффикс -ant (-ent) имеет значение характеристики «передающий качества».

to please (радовать) → pleasant (приятный) to resist (сопротивляться) → resistant (сопротивляющийся, стойкий) to differ (отличаться) → different (разнообразный)

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-Ant присоединяется к глаголам, которые оканчиваются на -ate и -y, а также к основам существительных, которые оканчиваются на -ance, -ancy.

to hesitate (колебаться) → hesitant (колеблющийся) brilliance (блеск, великолепие) → brilliant (замечательный,

блестящий) to occupy (занимать, оккупировать) → occupant (житель, оккупант)

-Ent присоединяется к глаголам, которые оканчиваются на -ere и ударный конечный -er, а также к основам слов, которые в форме существительного принимают суффикс -ence, -ency.

to cohere (согласовываться) → coherent (согласованный) to prefer (предпочитать) → preferent (предпочтительный) intelligence (интеллект, ум) → intelligent (образованный, ум)

urgent; sufficient; important; efficient; distant; evident; confident; recent; frequent; insistent; assistant; convenient; vacant; transparent; different; arrogant; abundant; relevant; tolerant; absent; present.

Упражнение 1. Составьте предложения по образцу, получив слово, означающее род деятельности или профессию.

Например. Someone who interviews people is an interviewer.

1. A person who plays football is a … . 2. A person who builds houses is a … . 3. A person who treats people is a … . 4. A person who rules the country is a … . 5. A person who explores new lands is a … . 6. A person who drives a taxi is a … . 7. A person who always causes trouble is a … . 8. A person who makes films is a … . 9. A person who travels to another place is a … . 10. A person who designs building is a … . 11. A person who controls air traffic is a … . 12. A person who delivers lectures is a … .

Упражнение 2. Образуйте от основ выделенных слов существительные или прилагательные с указанными суффиксами и напишите их.

1. The report was untrue. It’s a job of a news … to separate facts from fiction.

2. They translate the new edition.

The new edition includes the comments of a … .

-er -or

3. He invented the machine but spent years refining the design.

The … of the machine spent years refining the design.

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4. He created and reproduced a system.

He was a … and a …. of a system.

1. Their visits increased in frequency.

… guests receive the discount.

2. His style of dressing differs from others.

He has a very … style of dressing.

3. The professor was known for his brilliance.

He was a … professor. -ant -ent

4. His answer came with relevance.

We received all the … information.

Упражнение 3. Преобразуйте слово так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию.

1. An … is someone who travels to places about which very little is known, in order to discover what is there.

to explore

2. She was … that they should all meet for dinner. to insist 3. We need to be … in our approach. to consist 4. Some of the local people are suspicious of … . foreign 5. The salary is … on experience and qualifications. to depend 6. The way the system works will be transparent to the … . to use 7. She sometimes comes across as being rather … . arrogance 8. If you say that someone is a good … or a bad … , you are saying how well or badly they can dance.

to dance

9. I’m a great … in regular exercise. to believe 10. It is … that they all be present. urgency

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

problem ['prɔbləm], socially ['səuʃəlɪ], especially [ɪs'peʃəlɪ], present ['prezənt], progress ['prəugres], technology [tek'nɔləʤɪ], information [ˌɪnfə'meɪʃən], total ['təutəl], to double ['dʌbl], efficient [ɪ'fɪʃənt], planet ['plænɪt], absolutely [ˌæbsə'ljuːtlɪ], international [ˌɪntə'næʃənəl], contact ['kɔntækt], to communicate [kə'mjuːnɪkeɪt], career [kə'rɪə], planning ['plænɪŋ], naturally ['næʧərəlɪ], magazine [ˌmægə'ziːn], professional [prə'feʃənəl], business ['bɪznɪs], intellectual [ˌɪntə'lekʧuəl], horizon [hə'raɪzən], culture ['kʌlʧə], cultural ['kʌlʧərəl], literature ['lɪtrəʧə], original [ə'rɪʤənəl], grammar ['græmə], to concentrate ['kɔnsəntreɪt], aspect ['æspekt], to ignore [ɪg'nɔː], interest ['ɪntərəst], interesting ['ɪntrəstɪŋ], resource [rɪ'sɔːs], subtitle ['sʌbˌtaɪtl], process ['prəuses], to collaborate [kə'læbəreɪt], internet ['ɪntənet].

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Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов.

learning ['lɜːnɪŋ], foreign ['fɔrɪn], foreigner ['fɔrɪnə], language ['læŋgwɪʤ], to demand [dɪ'mɑːnd], science ['saɪəns], scientific [ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪk], explosion

[ɪk'spləuʒən], knowledge ['nɔlɪʤ], known [nəun], to contribute [kən'trɪbjuːt], overflow [ˌəuvə'fləu], mankind [ˌmæn'kaɪnd], means [miːnz], exchange [ɪks'ʧeɪnʤ], our ['auə], necessary ['nesəsərɪ], other ['ʌðə], future ['fjuːʧə], branch [brɑːnʧ], to raise [reɪz], ability [ə'bɪlətɪ], more [mɔː], mutual ['mjuːʧuəl], wider

['waɪdə], through [θruː], another [ə'nʌðə], without [wɪ'ðaut], to develop [dɪ'veləp], exercise ['eksəsaɪz], essential [ɪ'senʃəl], some [sʌm], same [seɪm], vocabulary [və'kæbjulərɪ], boring ['bɔːrɪŋ], to lose [luːz], quickly ['kwɪklɪ], should [ʃud], to vary ['veərɪ], studies ['stʌdɪz], connection [kə'nekʃən], access ['ækses], cartoon [kɑː'tuːn], to broaden ['brɔːdn], movies ['muːvɪz], eventually

[ɪ'venʧuəlɪ], opportunity [ˌɔpə'tjuːnətɪ], to touch [tʌʧ], chatting [ʧætɪŋ], talking [tɔːkɪŋ], thus [ðʌs], exciting [ɪk'saɪtɪŋ], to share [ʃeə], own [əun].


to learn foreign languages – изучать иностранные языки an explosion of knowledge – рост знаний (информационный взрыв) an overflow of information – переизбыток информации an efficient means – эффективное средство information exchange – обмен информацией to be able to communicate – иметь возможность общаться to read scientific books – читать научные книги to raise a professional level – повысить уровень профессиональных навыков to develop mutual understanding – развивать взаимопонимание to make horizons wider – сделать кругозор шире to do writing tasks – выполнять письменные задания

to read foreign literature in its original form – читать зарубежную литературу в оригинале to develop skills – развивать навыки to do exercises – выполнять упражнения at the same time – одновременно, в то же самое время to lose an interest (to) – утратить интерес (к) to have internet connection – иметь подключение к интернету to have the access to many useful resources – иметь доступ ко множеству полезных ресурсов to broaden vocabulary – увеличивать словарный запас to feel at ease – чувствовать себя комфортно to have an opportunity – иметь возможность to get in touch (with) – поддерживать связь (с), быть на связи

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Text 2A Прочитайте и переведите текст. Назовите главные причины, по которым

необходимо изучать иностранные языки.

Learning Foreign Languages The problem of learning languages is very important today. Foreign

languages are socially demanded especially at the present time when the progress in science and technology has led to an explosion of knowledge and has contributed to an overflow of information. The total knowledge of mankind is known to double every seven years. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange of the people of our planet.

Foreign languages are absolutely necessary for people nowadays because of our growing international contacts with foreign countries. The ability of speaking one, two or even more foreign languages helps people from different countries to develop mutual friendship and understanding. We can also make our intellectual and cultural horizons wider through contacts with people of another culture. Native speakers are always happy when someone is trying to learn their language so they will be proud of you when people practice their skills with them, and even if learners make mistakes, native speakers always try to help by correcting mistakes and by explaining their language.

There are many reasons why we begin to study foreign languages. One studies a foreign language to be able to communicate with other people who speak this language; others study it for future career. If we are planning to travel to countries where the language we know is spoken, we can communicate with people there and understand what they are saying to us. If we are working in any branch of science, we wish to read scientific books and magazines in other languages to raise our professional level. It is very interesting to read foreign literature in its original form without any help and translation. Making business nowadays also means the ability of speaking foreign languages.

Learning a foreign language is one of the hardest things a brain can do. What makes a foreign language so difficult is the effort we have to make to transfer between linguistically complex structures. It’s also challenging to learn how to think in another language. Above all, it takes time, hard work and dedication.

Learning a foreign language is a long and complex process because learners are required to cover all the aspects of a new language such as the structure and culture of the target language. When you learn a foreign language, you should develop all your skills. You should speak and do writing tasks, study grammar, do exercises, read texts and even books, listen to the speech of native speakers, etc. It is essential not to concentrate only on some aspects and ignore others. Studying grammar and doing exercises on

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vocabulary may be boring and difficult at the same time. You may lose an interest to them very quickly. That’s why you should vary your studies. Nowadays it is much easier to do it as we have the internet connection and the access to many useful resources. You may start from watching cartoons with subtitles which are not very difficult to understand. When your vocabulary is broadened, you may turn to movies and series. Eventually, you will be able to feel at ease watching them even without subtitles. Moreover, you have an opportunity to learn a foreign language with the help of native speakers. And this is not about lessons on Skype. It is about modern social networks by means of which you can get in touch with people from other countries chatting or talking with them. Thus, it is possible to learn a foreign language and to make the process exciting and interesting. Train all parts of the language, collaborate with foreigners and share your own knowledge. Упражнение 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What are the main reasons for studying foreign languages? 2. What skills are developed while learning foreign languages? 3. Why is it necessary to train all parts of the language? 4. Why do you study English? 5. How many languages would you like to know? Which ones? 6. Is it easy or difficult to study English grammar? Why? 7. Do you agree with the statement: the more languages you speak, the more times you are a human being? Why? Why not? Give your reasons. Упражнение 4. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1. All over the world … 2. Everybody knows his own language 3. It is important to know foreign languages … 4. English is necessary in the 21st century … 5. There are more than 2700 languages in the world … 6. English is considered to be the international language … 7. What makes a foreign language so difficult is ...

1. when we travel abroad or when we read foreign literature in the original. 2. and some of them are international ones. 3. the effort we have to make to transfer between linguistically complex structures. 4. by plenty of world systems and associations. 5. but to know a foreign language is very useful as well. 6. when international cooperation is sat its highest level. 7. people are learning foreign languages.

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Упражнение 5. Установите соответствие между словами, их толкованием и переводом этих слов.

language концентрировать внимание

an occupation undertaken for a significant period of a person’s life and with opportunities for progress

foreign игнорировать, пренебрегать

the language in which something was first written

international взаимный, совместный

a periodical publication containing articles and illustrations, often on a particular subject or aimed at a particular readership

career оригинальный, исходный

an act of giving one thing and receiving another

magazine обмен the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way

mutual иностранный, зарубежный

existing, occurring, or carried on between nations

original журнал fail to consider concentrate язык coming or introduced from outside exchange международный having the same specified relationship to

each other ignore карьера focus all one’s attention on a particular

object or activity

Text 2B Прочитайте и переведите текст. Почему необходимо развивать все виды

речевой деятельности при изучении английского языка.

The importance of the English language English, the most widely internationally used language in many world

countries, is the language of education, business, medicine, banking, tourism, diplomacy, etc. English is also the language of computing that is why it is a global language. The number of users increases on daily basis. Use of the English language is very useful to achieve personal goals such as getting a job, making a successful communication with people and also promoting one’s position in the workplace. Therefore, English is advantageous for those people travelling to the English-speaking countries to help them easily understand the language and overcome language problems. However, people face lots of

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challenges in the learning process and mastering this language such as cultural differences, accent, slang, grammar and vocabulary, pronunciation and so on.

English has four major skills that are very important to improve English language learning properly, namely, reading, listening, speaking and writing.

Listening skill is as important as other skills. There are some approaches to improve listening skill such as: listening to English songs; listening to short stories and short paragraphs; listening to English news on Radio and TV, especially native English channels; listening to English poems.

Speaking is another important skill in English language. It means the way of producing sound, utterance and sentences correctly and accurately. Speaking means the use of language orally for the purpose of communication and delivering the message. Researchers suggest some techniques to improve speaking skill such as: joining English clubs and courses in order to speak freely and fluently; the role of teacher is important to motivate the learners to speak English; a suitable environment should be provided because it makes positive results on learning language because most of the learners feel shy and anxious while speaking; making presentations and debates in English.

Reading is another skill in the English language which enriches the vocabulary and improves language comprehension. The following steps are useful to improve reading skill: while you start reading, you should focus on the new vocabularies; read about interesting topics or those topics that you are interested in; find something like short stories and children’s book because it is a good way to improve your reading and vocabulary in early stages.

Writing is an important skill in language which influences the result of learning language avoiding repetition and long sentences; it is good for the learners to choose and use clear words and expressions. The following ways help learners to improve their writing skill: follow spelling rules; know the abbreviations in English language; puncuation mark is so important in English language because it changes the meaning; to improve writing, it is good to write poems and short stories to overcome the difficulties of writing skills. It means when learners know the writing steps, follow and apply them, they will do better and better in writing.

If learners want to be fluent in the English language, they should practice well in all skills because practicing makes learners familiar with all aspects of language. Practicing has a great impact on the result of learning language. Learners must know that it is a usual thing to make mistakes because even native speakers make them. That’s why learners must have a good plan for practicing each day.

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Text 2C Прочитайте и переведите текст. Назовите главные причины, почему

английский язык является языком науки.

The Language of Science Every major science journal you have ever heard of is in English. This isn’t

exactly a coincidence, however. Since science is a broad and collaborative field, it seemed necessary at some point in the past to decide upon a sort of scientific lingua franca and use it. As in many other fields, English was chosen and remains the bridge language of science.

There are some obvious advantages of having English as the language of science. First of all, it is widely spoken and learned as a second language around the world. It is used in business, medicine, and many other fields, so why not science too? Having just one language as the “official” scientific language also expedites the process of communication between scientists who all have crucial new information and research to share with the rest of the world. As long as you are a scientist and have a certain level of English, you can participate internationally in science.

The disadvantages of having a “primary” language for scientific communication are not entirely obvious at first, but once you start to analyze and think about how it probably affects scientists who don’t speak English as their first language, you begin to see where problems might arise. To start, we all express ourselves differently in different languages, even if we aren’t aware of it. If you know a second language and take a moment to try and write out anything complex or technical in that language, you will see how difficult it can be. This means scientists from different linguistic backgrounds have to spend extra time and energy when they are writing up their research papers in English.

Not only does it take more energy and time to write in a language that isn’t your native language, it is also might be difficult to explain exactly what you meant to convey. There is more to language than just putting words together to form cohesive sentences and phrases; there is also the cultural and contextual aspect. When you add complicated scientific terminology into the mix, you end up with scientific writing that doesn’t express itself as authentically as it would if it were written in the scientist’s native language.

To expect everyone in the scientific community all over the world to be proficient in English as well as be an expert in whatever they are researching is to expect a lot, especially, from scientists in countries where getting any kind of decent education at all costs a good chunk of change. By limiting the language of the scientific community to one, English, we are not giving space for brilliant minds that just happen not to have the right level of English to share with the rest of the world. If we could figure out a way around that, we would advance much more quickly as a society in terms of scientific research and discoveries.

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Упражнение 6. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. How many letters are there in English? 2. How many words are there in English? 3. How to determine the level of knowledge of the English language? 4. In which countries does English have the status of a state language? 5. Why has English become international? 6. What are the features of the English language in contrast to Russian and other languages? 7. How to learn English online? 8. Is it difficult to learn English? 9. How to expand the vocabulary of the English language? 10. Do you want to become a scientist? Why? Why not? 11. How does English affect communication in the scientific field? 12. What are the benefits of using English in science? Упражнение 7. Выполните письменный перевод текста.

In the world of globalization, English has increasingly become the medium in every field of communication. As a result, the demand for using English effectively is necessary in every country. Teaching and learning English, except for the native language, is thus crucial for communicative purposes to cope with the growing local, national and international demands for English skills. English is considered as a foreign language, and is used for the purposes of academic advancement, career advancement, and traveling abroad. The process of learning English is slow and progressive and it could be interpreted as a series of challenges to face. Practising with a native speaker is the best way of exchanging information and helps you develop mutual understanding through training listening and speaking skills at the same time. Speaking skills include not only transforming your passive vocabulary into active, but also pronunciation practice. Moreover, you learn new words and expressions from your language partner. It is much easier to memorize them through a live conversation than through reading because usually your brain perfectly links the new word to the situation from your real life.

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar)

Упражнение 1. Выберите из списка слова, которые можно заменить личными местоимениями he, she, it, they.

innovations, a foreign language, a scientist, business, specialists, an actress, an actor, vocabulary, a professional level, skills, useful resources, science, a female cousin, scientific books, a woman, writing tasks, February, summer, a river, Peter and Mike, windows, Tuesday, communication, English words, features, Mary, a niece, grammar, a nephew, a ruler, a doctor, a student, an interpreter, a businesswoman, a businessman, women, men, the sun, the moon, Mr. Brown, Mrs. Smith, Ms Black, a wife, a husband, a daughter, a brother, an aunt, an uncle, a daughter, a son, a family.

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Упражнение 2. Замените выделенные слова личными местоимениями.

1. Andrew is from Australia. But now … lives in the USA. 2. Laura is a foreign student. … studies in Russia. 3. Karl and his brother live in London. … like it. 4. Olga and me are good friends. … have met for 5 years. 5. Are you and your sister twins? … look so alike. 6. Iren is very nice. …’s my best friend. 7. Tom and I aren’t English. … are from Sydney. 8. George is my brother. …’s 30 years old. 9. Sam and Alise are married. … have got three children. 10. Sandra is 28 years old. …’s a nurse. 11. This is Ann. … is having lunch now. 12. Look at the children! … are playing snowballs. 13. Ivan is my cousin. … is riding a bicycle now. 14. Look at John’s parents. … are walking over there. 15. Lisa is Bob’s niece. Listen, … is singing. Упражнение 3. Выберете правильное указательное местоимение.

1. this/these scientists; 2. this/these professor; 3. this/these football player; 4. this/these articles; 5. that/those scientific magazine; 6. this/these opportunities; 7. this/these information; 8. that/those specialists; 9. this/these foreign language; 10. this/these course of studies; 11. that/those education; 12. this/these dictionary; 13. that/those people; 14. this/these man; 15. this/those women. Упражнение 4. Постройте предложения по образцу. Используйте повелительное наклонение глагола look и указательные местоимения this – этот и these – эти.

scientist / a Nobel winner pictures / unusual

Look at this scientist. He is a Nobel winner. – Посмотрите на этого ученого. Он – призер Нобелевской премии. Look at these pictures. They are unusual. – Посмотрите на эти картины. Они необычные.

1. woman / Minister for Foreign Affairs 2. sportsman / a two-time champion 3. sportswoman / famous 4. children / well-educated 5. windows / clean 6. innovations / revolutionary 7. experiments / important 8. foreigners / different Упражнение 5. Выберете правильный вариант.

1. This … is easy. a) questions b) homework 2. These … are my neighbors. a) women b) man 3. What are you doing … afternoon? a) that b) this 4. Who is … speaking? a) this b) these 5. These are my glasses and … are hers. a) those b) that 6. We are going to the seaside … summer. a) that b) this 7. … man over there is a famous politician. a) That b) These 8. You’d better take … gloves. The others we saw a) this b) these

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don’t match your dress. 9. I couldn’t forget … girl I had met in the park. a) that b) these 10. Do you know that … ? a) little boy b) little boys 11. Can you get … old books on the top shelf? a) these b) those Упражнение 6. Заполните пропуски подходящим указательным местоимением this, that, these, those.

1. … people over there are waiting for the bus. 2. The day I first came to London was wonderful. I will remember … day for ever. 3. … summer I’m pretty busy. 4. I’m working as an interpreter … days. 5. … were the wonderful days! 6. Do you remember … winter when we all went to Egypt? 7. Hello! ... is Tom. Can I speak to George, please? 8. … is a new cathedral and … one over there was built 900 years ago. 9. Will you come at five o’clock? I’ll be at home at … time. 10. The summer of 2019 I spent in the country. I remember we had a lot of rain … year. 11. … are my sisters. They have just arrived from London. 12. Who was … girl I saw you with last night? 13. Do you want to sit on … chair here or on … one over there? 14. … sweets you gave me last night were very nice. 15. Look at … colourful air balloons in the sky. 16. Nick and Nancy have decided to buy a house … year. 17. … trees over there were planted by the students of our university. 18. … buildings in front of you were built in the 18th century. Упражнение 7. Заполните пропуски притяжательными местоимениями my, your, his, her, our, their.

1. I’d like to raise ... professional level in this field. 2. We’d like to learn foreign languages in ... country. 3. The children are able to communicate easily with ... friends. 4. He’d like to find an efficient means to improve … listening skills. 5. He makes ... business successfully enough. 6. You made ... horizons wider thanks to travelling a lot. 7. He lost ... interest to this field of studies. 8. We have internet connection in ... house. 9. Thanks to reading foreign literature in … original form he broadened ... vocabulary. 10. This is Mr. Smith and this is ... business partner. 11. These are foreigners. And those ones are … friends. 12. This is Minister for Foreign Affairs and these are … assistants. 13. We are sportsmen. This is … coach. Упражнение 8. Внесите изменения в предложения, используя местоимения, данные в скобках. Не забывайте про окончание -s у глагола-действия в Present Simple.

Например: I have three rooms in my flat (He). – He has three rooms in his flat.

1. I practice my language skills every day (She). 2. I try to correct my spelling mistakes (He). 3. I want to share my knowledge with students (They). 4. I have

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to get working on improving my writing skills (He). 5. I do my homework in the evening (We). 6. I want to achieve my goal (They). 7. I make my process of learning English interesting (You). 8. I publish my scientific articles every year (He). 9. I often vary my studies of English (You). 10. I have my English classes at 5 o’clock (She). Упражнение 9. Переведите на английский язык сначала местоимения, потом предложения полностью.

1. Мой учебник по английскому языку на твоем столе. 2. Он дал ему свой электронный адрес. 3. Ее курсы по английскому языку начинаются в 10 часов утра. 4. Я нашел его расписание на сайте университета. 5. Она видела их новую лабораторию. 6. Я получаю большое удовольствие от своей работы. 7. Она сказала мне свой номер телефона. 8. Ты видел нашего нового декана? 9. Она любит своих родных. 10. Мы видели их новое оборудование две недели назад. 11. По этому поводу вы должны связаться с нашим общим другом. 12. Это твой шанс познакомиться с ним. 13. В день ее десятилетия мы подарили ей поездку в другой город. 14. Я хотел бы прочесть некоторые из его сочинений. Упражнение 10. Переведите притяжательное местоимение «свой».

Примечание: В английском языке нет местоимения «свой». Вместо него нужно употреблять соответствующее притяжательное местоимение (мой, наш, твой, его, ее, их).

1. I always keep … (свое) word. 2. Everything resumed … (свой) usual appearance. 3. He had a belief in … (свой) own cleverness. 4. I’ve changed … (свой) day-off by their request 5. You always manage to impress us with … (своими) ideas. 6. Thanks to the culture we reflect … (свой) national experience and … (свои) human values. 7. Our country has strengthened … (свою) national health strategy. 8. These institutions argue that developing countries must build … (свой) capacity for their own sake. 9. She used to love to tell me stories about … (своей) youth. 10. There many countries that have announced … (своей) support. Упражнение 11. Переведите с английского, обращая внимание на употребление самостоятельной формы притяжательного местоимения.

1. I have a scientific article. This is my scientific article. This scientific article is mine. 2. We have useful resources in this field. These are our useful resources in this field. These useful resources are ours. 3. They have goals to achieve. These are their goal. These goals are theirs. 4. You have a desire to go abroad. This is your desire. This desire to go abroad is yours. 5. She has a talent for languages. This is her talent for languages. This talent for languages is hers. 6. He has an

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analytical mind. This is his analytical mind. This analytical mind is his. 7. We have a choice. This is our choice. This choice is ours. 8. There are many countries smaller than ours. 9. Our plan is better than theirs. 10. This is not my task, mine is difficult. 11. My family is large, yours is larger. 12. That’s her own business, not yours. Упражнение 12. Вставьте нужную форму притяжательного местоимения.

1. I have a suggestion to make. This is … suggestion. 2. Do you have an invitation? Is this invitation …? 3. Whose idea was that? – It’s … . 4. The landscape is beautiful in … own unique way. 5. She does all the translation on … own. 6. He saw it with … own eyes. 7. Here is your hat, but where is …? 8. We have arranged with a driver of … about a trip. 9. Do you know … address? I forgot where she lives. 10. … parents live in Italy. Sometimes we stay at … house. Упражнение 13. Переведите на английский язык, используя притяжательные местоимения.

1. У меня есть компьютер. Это мой компьютер. Этот компьютер мой. 2. У них есть расписание. Это их расписание. Это расписание их. 3. У тебя есть проект. Это твой проект. Этот проект твой. 4. У него есть друзья-ученые. Это его друзья. Эти друзья его. 5. У вас есть дом. Это ваш дом. Этот дом ваш. 6. У нее есть план. Это ее план. Этот план ее. 7. У нас есть возможности. Это наши возможности. Эти возможности наши. 8. У него есть научные статьи. Это его статьи. Эти научные статьи его. Упражнение 14. Дополните предложения личными и объектными местоимениями.

Например: I want to see them but they don’t want to see me.

1. He wants to see her but … doesn’t want to see … . 2. You want to see him but … doesn’t want to see … . 3. They want to see you but … don’t want to see … . 4. She wants to see us but … don’t want to see … . 5. We want to see them but … don’t want to see … . 6. He wants to talk with her but … doesn’t want to talk with … . 7. They want to talk with us but … don’t want to talk with … . 8. We want to talk with you but … don’t want to talk with … . Упражнение 15. Переведите предложения. Вставьте объектные местоимения по смыслу.

1. I don’t know these men. Do you know …? 2. Where is Tom? I want to speak to ... 3. We live in Russia. Our parents live with … . 4. I bought some bread. Will you take … out of the bag? 5. The children are in the yard. Can you see …?

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6. I like Jane and Tom. Do you like … ? 7. These people know … and I don’t know … . 8. We know this actress and she knows … . Упражнение 16. Вставьте объектные местоимения в правильной форме. Переведите предложения.

1. Are you talking about … ? (обо мне) 2. Do you know … ? (его) 3. He gave … a beautiful flower. (ей) 4. He gave … good advice. (мне) 5. He is staring at … . (на нас) 6. He saw … in the street. (меня) 7. I bought this dress for … . (для тебя) 8. I know … very well. (его) 9. I sent a letter to … . (им) 10. I want to go with … . (с вами) 11. She looked at … in silence. (на нас) 12. Show … the book. (ей) 13. Show the book to … . (ему) 14. Tell … to call me up right away. (ему) 15. Tell me everything about … (о них) Упражнение 17. Заполните пробелы соответствующим вопросительным местоимением who, what, whose, how, when, where.

1. … sits next to Frank? Clara. 2. … does the boy come from? – From Newcastle. 3. … old are her children? – Seven and ten. 4. … is Peter’s birthday? – In April, I think. 5. … much is the shirt? – It’s twenty pounds. 6. … is best at playing tennis? – Bob. 7. … are you going? – To my friends. 8. … much is an orange juice? – It’s fifty pence. 9. … does the restaurant open? – At six o’clock. 10. … can I get some ice cream? – At the snack bar. 11. … are you going to order? – Fish and chips. 12. … are you going to do on Saturday? – I don’t know. 13. … has got my pullover? – I have got it. 14. … is your name? – Carol. 15. … is Susan’s party? – On Friday. 16. … can I do for you? – I want two white T-shirts. 17. … can I get a newspaper? – At Park Street. 18… is your best friend? – It’s Paul. 19. … does Nick live? – In Boston. 20. … colour is your new bike? – It’s blue. 21. … do you collect? – Stamps.

Test yourself

1. Выберете подходящее по смыслу личное местоимение – Look at the children! … are playing football in the snow!

A. We B. They C. You

2. Выберете подходящее личное местоимение – Lisa is Pavel’s friend. Listen! … is singing!

A. She B. It C. He

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3. Выберете подходящее личное местоимение – (My friends and I) are at school.

A. You B. We C. They

4. Найдите предложения с объектными местоимениями.

A. Jack’s car is smaller than yours. B. Look at that! There is a friend of mine. C. I don’t know what to tell him about her.

5. Выберете подходящее по смыслу местоимение – He is quit right, I agree with …

A. he B. his C. him

6. Выберете правильный вариант – Who is that lady? – Why are you looking at … ?

A. she B. her C. it

7. Выберете подходящее местоимение – Please, listen to … . I want to express my point of view.

A. I B. me C. my

8. Выберете подходящее местоимение – You can fully rely on … . We won’t let you down.

A. we B. us C. them

9. Выберете подходящее по смыслу местоимение – I hope you enjoy … holiday. A. his B. you C. your

10. Выберете подходящее по смыслу местоимение – Jill and Jack write articles for … university newspaper.

A. his B. them C. their

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11. Замените слова в скобках на притяжательное местоимение – Your exams are easier than … .

A. our B. ours C. theirs

12. Выберете нужную форму притяжательного местоимения – What does your cat drink? … likes milk.

A. My B. Mine C. Yours

13. Найдите предложения с неверными притяжательными местоимениями.

A. The photos on the table are my. B. Jane is watching her favorite film. C. We talked about ours problems.

14. Найдите предложения с верными притяжательными местоимениями.

A. I met my friends at the café. B. That camera is their. C. This sandwich is his.

15. Выберете подходящее по смыслу местоимение – This house is not mine, mine is … green cottage next to it.

A. this B. these C. that

16. Выберете подходящий вариант перевода – те здания

A. this buildings B. these buildings C. that buildings

17. Выберете подходящий вариант перевода – этот перевод

A. this translation B. these translations C. that translation

18. Выберете подходящий вариант перевода – то письменное задание

A. this writing task B. that writing task C. those writing tasks

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19. Обьясните, какое время описывает местоимение that – Many small companies went bankrupt that summer.

A. текущий отрезок времени B. время в прошлом C. время в будущем

20. Обьясните, какое время описывает местоимение this – This month you are studying better that last month.

A. текущий отрезок времени B. время в прошлом C. время в будущем

21. Какое вопросительное местоимение требует после себя использование глагола-сказуемого в форме третьего лица единственного числа?

A. what B. which C. who

22. Какое местоимение предполагает выбор между ограниченным набором лиц или предметов:

A. what B. which C. who

23. Какое местоимение имеет перевод что и какой?

A. what B. which C. how

24. В каком случае вопросительное местоимение who переводится как «кого, кому» в предложении – Who did you invite?

A. чтобы заменить дополнение в предложении B. чтобы заменить подлежащее в предложении C. чтобы указать признак предмета

25. Выберете правильный вариант употребления вопросительного местоимения в функции определения и определяемого существительного – Какую ручку я могу взять?

A. What pen I can take? B. What pen can I take? C. What can I take a pen?

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LESSON 3

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) -ment; -able / ible; -free; re-

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 3A. Environment protection Text 3B. Global ecological problems we face today Text 3C. Ecological Problems of Big Cities

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Времена группы Simple Active / Passive Функции it / one / that Степени сравнения прилагательных


глагол + -ment = существительное

Суффикс -ment обозначает действие, состояние, результат действия.

to enjoy (наслаждаться) → enjoyment (наслаждение) to environ (окружать) → environment (окружающая среда) to advance (достигать) → advancement (достижение)

to develop – development; to invest – investment; to announce – announcement; to improve – improvement; to argue – argument; to move – movement.

глагол + -able / -ible = прилагательное

\

Суффикс -able (-ible) указывает на возможность и значение «выполнимый».

-Able используется, когда основа слова, к которому присоединяется суффикс, может использоваться самостоятельно. Если слово оканчивается на согласный, то он удваивается перед -able.

to notice (замечать) → noticeable (заметный) to advise (советовать) → advisable (целесообразный) to read (читать) → readable (читабельный) to forget (забывать) → forgettable (незапоминающийся)

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-Ible присоединяется к основам, которые не используются самостоятельно или в случае исключения из правил использования -able.

to access (получать доступ) → accessible (доступный) to flex (менять, разминать) → flexible (гибкий) to permit (позволять, допускать)→ permissible (допустимый)

to consider – considerable; to use – usable; to rely – reliable; to avail – available; to comfort – comfortable; to detect – detectable; to divide – divisible; to fuse – fusible; to deduct – deductible; to digest – digestible; to suggest – suggestible.

существительное + -free = прилагательное

Используется со значением «без», «не содержащий».

sugar (сахар) → sugar-free (без сахара) nuclear (ядро)→ nuclear-free (безъядерная зона).

waste – waste-free; smoke – smoke-free; tax – tax-free; duty – duty-free.

re + глагол = глагол со значением «сделать заново»,

«переделать»

Префикс re- указывает на повторность действия и чаще всего переводится на русский приставкой «пере-». Часто присоединяется к глаголам.

to write (писать) → to rewrite (переписывать) to paint (красить) → to repaint (перекрашивать) to direct (направлять) → to redirect (перенаправить)

Префикс re- пишется через дефис в следующих случаях:

1. Если слово начинается на букву e: to edit (издавать) – to re-edit (переиздавать).

2. Если слово с префиксом re- по форме совпадает со словом, которое имеет совсем другое значение: to re-create (создать заново, воссоздать) – to recreatе (отдыхать, оздоравливаться, поправляться).

3. Когда слово начинается на заглавную букву: to Re-Christianise (повторно обратить в христианство).

to use – to reuse; to cover – to re-cover; to enter – to re-enter; to organize – to reorganize; to do – to redo; to make – to remake; to evaluate – to re-evaluate; to open – to reopen; to press – to re-press; to read – to reread; to marry – to remarry.

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Упражнение 1. Определите по суффиксу, к какой части речи относятся следующие слова.

measurement, possible, visible, movement, desirable, achievement, acceptable, water-free, suitable, fancy-free, enrollment, value-free, usable, accessible, amusement, profitable. Упражнение 2. Назовите глаголы, образованные от следующих слов и переведите их.

adorable (обожаемый), equipment (оборудование), agreeable (допустимый), fulfillment (выполнение), available (доступный), management (управление), believable (правдоподобный), replacement (замена). Упражнение 3. Переведите слова с префиксом re-.

to rename, renewable, to regroup, reorganization, to re-examine, to rebuild, to replay, refreshment, rediscovery, recooler, to Re-X-ray, to re-serve, to rewrite, to reread. Упражнение 4. Преобразуйте слово так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию.

1. People face the fact that the media is controlled by the … . to govern 2. There are a lot of …hotels here. fashion 3. You’ve failed the exam. You should … it. to write 4. Brighton is the ideal place for night … . to entertain 5. They enjoy a … lifestyle. to comfort 6. The army was called in to … order. to store 7. The patient felt much better after proper … . treat 8. Such action is neither necessary nor … . to advise 9. … technological process is very cost effective. waste 10. This … is still functional. to equip 11. The … was good but it can’t be compared with the original. to make


problem ['prɔbləm], industrial [ɪn'dʌstrɪəl], ecology [iː'kɔləʤɪ], real [rɪəl], planet ['plænɪt], global ['gləubəl], proportion [prə'pɔːʃən], transport [træn'spɔːt], energy

['enəʤɪ], traffic ['træfɪk], limit ['lɪmɪt], toxic ['tɔksɪk], electricity [ˌelek'trɪsətɪ], plastic ['plæstɪk], technological [ˌteknə'lɔʤɪkəl], process ['prəuses], technology

[tek'nɔləʤɪ], ignore [ɪg'nɔː], experimental [ɪkˌsperɪ'mentəl], special ['speʃəl],

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resource [rɪ'sɔːs], action ['ækʃən], result [rɪ'zʌlt], atmospheric [ˌætməs'ferɪk], social ['səuʃəl], carbon ['kɑːbən], dioxide [daɪ'ɔksaɪd], serious ['sɪərɪəs]. Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов.

environment [ɪn'vaɪərənmənt], environmental [ɪnˌvaɪərən'mentəl], important [ɪm'pɔːtənt], development [dɪ'veləpmənt], to create [krɪ'eɪt], huge [hjuːʤ], amount [ə'maunt], pollutant [pə'luːtənt], to become [bɪ'kʌm], danger ['deɪnʤə], dangerous ['deɪnʤərəs], acid ['æsɪd], pollution [pə'luːʃən], to threaten ['θretən], the Earth [ɜːθ], to discuss [dɪ'skʌs], throughout [θru'aut], to suffer ['sʌfə], to reach [riːʧ], tremendous [trɪ'mendəs], to cause [kɔːz], means [miːnz], factory ['fæktərɪ], plant [plɑːnt], disease [dɪ'ziːz], to appear [ə'pɪə], to damage ['dæmɪʤ], scientific [ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪk], knowledge ['nɔlɪʤ], to eliminate [ɪ'lɪmɪneɪt], considerable [kən'sɪdərəbl], alternative sources [ɔːl'tɜːnətɪv] [sɔːsiz], to support [sə'pɔːt], to encourage [ɪn'kʌrɪʤ], efficiently [ɪ'fɪʃəntlɪ], gasoline ['gæsəliːn], to entangle [ɪn'tæŋgl, en-], fertiliser ['fɜːtɪlaɪzə], eventually [ɪ'venʧuəlɪ], to allow

[ə'lau], recycling [riː'saɪklɪŋ], successfully [sək'sesfulɪ], oceanic [ˌəuʃɪ'ænɪk], renewable [rɪ'njuːəbl], effort ['efət], measure ['meʒə], success [sək'ses], purifying

['pjuərɪfaɪɪŋ], air [eə], water ['wɔːtə], safeguarding ['seɪfgɑːdɪŋ], circumstance

['sɜːkəmstæns].


environment protection – защита окружающей среды pollutant – загрязняющее вещество global warming – глобальное потепление acid rains – кислотные дожди pollution – загрязнение воздуха и воды overpopulation – перенаселение to threaten human life – угрожать человеческой жизни throughout the world – по всему миру to suffer from – страдать от to reach tremendous proportions – достигать огромных масштабов to cause – вызывать, быть причиной harmful emissions – вредные выбросы to do harm to – наносить вред to eliminate a problem – устранить проблему alternative sources – альтернативные источники carbon dioxide – углекислый газ

to dump wastes into – сбрасывать отходы в down the drain – просто так recycling – переработка waste-free technologies – безотходные технологии up-to-date – современный to carry out large-scale experimental work – проводить крупномасштабную экспериментальную работу to study data on – изучать данные о renewable and non-renewable – возобновляемый и невозобновляемый to make joint efforts – прилагать совместные усилия to take necessary measures – принимать необходимые меры to achieve success – достигать успеха to purify air, water and soil – очищать воздух, воду и почву to safeguard natural resources – сохранять природные ресурсы

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Text 3A Прочитайте текст и ответьте, какие виды загрязнений существуют и

какие меры необходимы для успешного решения проблемы защиты окружающей среды в глобальном масштабе.

Environment Protection Currently, ecological problems are becoming more and more important.

Due to the development of industrial cities that create a huge amount of pollutants the problem of ecology has become real. Our planet is in serious danger these days. Global warming, acid rains, air and water pollution, overpopulation are the problems that threaten human lives on Earth. All over the world people are discussing environmental protection problems and go on polluting air, water and soil.

It is known that many cities throughout the world suffer from air pollution that is now reaching tremendous proportions. It is usually caused by different means of transport such as cars, buses and planes that are among the worst air polluters. Factories and plants also pollute air by pouring harmful emissions into the air causing lung diseases and doing harm to our health. As a result, acid rains appear and damage forests and soil.

However, our scientific knowledge and technological advancement make it possible to eliminate it if people use good will and make considerable investments for that purpose. First of all, people should try to use alternative sources of energy, such as solar, water or wind energies, or at least to burn smokeless fuels. There are ways to reduce air pollution caused by road traffic. It is possible to build more railways and to support public transportation. Also, people should be encouraged to drive at the speed limit in order to use fuel more efficiently. Another way is to encourage tree planting because trees absorb carbon dioxide. Special kinds of gasoline for cars can also help to reduce air pollution.

Water pollution is as dangerous as air pollution. Factories and plants dump wastes into rivers and lakes polluting them. Wastes that get into rivers, streams and oceans can entangle wildlife or be mistaken by them for food and spread diseases to humans. Rain or excess water can wash fertilisers into rivers and streams causing excess weeds to grow. There are several things that can be done to restore polluted waterways back to normal. You should make sure you never throw anything that could be toxic down the drain or onto soil. Basically, it is important to remember that anything that gets onto the ground can eventually end up in a river, lake or stream.

Soil pollution does not allow plants to grow and makes people sick after they eat fruit and vegetables grown on polluted soil. People also pollute soil by throwing litter onto it. Forests are full of used bottles and cans. Such litter can be found in rivers and lakes too which makes wild animals sick and causes their

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death. This can be stopped if you make sure that you throw litter into recycling bins and take litter with you after a picnic in a forest or on a river bank.

Everybody should know the rule of three Rs: Reduce, Reuse and Recycle. Water and electricity should be reduced. We should reuse whatever we can: plastic bags, paper, cans, glass and bottles. Paper and plastic, for example, are also recycled at factories and plants and we get paper and plastic bags made from recycled materials.

It is impossible to stop technological process, to close all factories and plants to prevent pollution, but people need to invent new waste-free technologies that will not damage the environment. There are new inventions such as self-destructible plastic bags which turn into powder if you keep them for some time or leave them in the forest. There are up-to-date filters that make water and air clean and that some factories and plants have started using to prevent pollution.

We must not ignore the problems of environmental pollution and we have to make everything possible to stop or at least reduce it. Large-scale experimental work in this area is successfully being carried out.

It is necessary to develop an international program to study data on land, forest, atmospheric and oceanic resources, both renewable and non-renewable. It is the joint efforts of many scientists and special public organizations that can deal with the problem and take necessary measures to protect the environment. By means of planned actions of all countries we can eliminate pollution and achieve successes in purifying air, water and soil and in safeguarding natural resources. At the same time one must realize that social and political circumstances may stand in the way of further progress in this field.

It is still a big job and much remains to be done.


1. Are the ecological problems important today? 2. What causes air pollution and what kind of emissions are in the air? 3. How can acid rain be caused? 4. How does acid rain affect our environment? 5. Why are trees important for life on earth? 6. What kind of climate changes can air pollution cause? 7. What are the ways of reducing air pollution? 8. How does water pollution occur? 9. What can be done to reduce water pollution? 10. What is soil pollution caused by? 11. What are the possibilities of reusing waste materials? 12. How can we get rid of waste of all kinds? 13. What is the role of technology in reducing pollution?

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Упражнение 4. Составьте словосочетания, используя слова ниже.

an international program, circumstances, problems, efforts, proportions, pollution, measures, resources, protection, work, success.

1. ecological …; 2. air and water …; 3. to reach tremendous …; 4. to develop …; 5. to make joint …; 6. large-scale environmental …; 7. to take necessary …; 8. to achieve …; 9. social and political …; 10. environment …; 11. non-renewable … . Упражнение 5. Установите соответствие между словами, их толкованием и переводом этих слов.

to safeguard обстоятельство extremely great, important or strong advancement очищать

facts or information used for making calculations or decisions

tremendous мера one of two or more available possibilities to eliminate существенный,

неотъемлемый a fact or condition connected with or relevant to an event or action

data охранять, защищать

progress

essential потрясающий, огромный

a plan or course of action taken to achieve a particular purpose

to purify альтернативный to protect something or someone from being harmed or having problems.

measure данные completely remove or get rid of (something)

circumstance устранять completely necessary, most basic and typical

alternative продвижение, прогресс

to make something clean by removing dirty or harmful substances from it

Text 3B

Прочитайте текст. Укажите отрицательные стороны научно-технического прогресса. Приведите примеры экологической ситуации в вашей стране.

Ecological problems we face today Global warming, climate change, pollution, and ecological balance – these

are some of the major concerns of the ecologists around the world these days. Following are some common environmental problems that our world faces.

1. Air pollution is one of the world’s biggest environmental problems as it tends to be a typical byproduct of the modern life. Air pollution is the result of fossil fuel combustion as well as various gases and toxins released by industries and factories. The most common air pollutants today are: 1. Ozone – a colorless,

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odorless gas generated when nitrogen oxides – is found in motor vehicles and industrial machinery and can trigger health problems including chest pain, cough, throat irritation, etc; 2. Carbon monoxide – a poisonous gas produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels – reduces the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity; 3. Nitrogen dioxide – a highly reactive gas formed when fuel is burned at high temperatures (such as in motor vehicle exhaust, electric utilities and industrial boilers) – reacts with water and oxygen to make nitric acid, one of the main components of acid rain; 4. Lead is a common element in many manufactured products. Gasoline and paint are the major sources of lead emissions.

2. Water pollution is of great importance. Today, we don’t think of water as something valuable but scientists believe that in the future fresh water will be able to become as rare and valuable as oil and gold. We take the supply of fresh running water for granted in our homes today; however, we don’t really understand how important water is for life. As the world’s population increases, freshwater systems around the world will become more stressed. At the current rate of pollution and overpopulation, scientists speculate that two thirds of the world’s population may have difficulty accessing clean drinking water by 2050.

3. Climate changes affect our world. A majority of the scientists, ecologists and environmentalists around the world believe that the global climate is changing and it’s mainly because of human activities. When carbon dioxide (CO2) is released into the atmosphere, it acts like a blanket preventing heat from escaping. This buildup of CO2 leads to one of most obvious impacts of climate change: a global warming. Climate changes like global warming are the result of human practices like emission of greenhouse gases. Global warming leads to rising temperatures of the oceans and the earth’ surface causing melting of polar ice caps, rise in sea levels and also unnatural patterns of precipitation such as flash floods, excessive snow or desertification.

4. Loss of biodiversity is one more global problem. Our activities are directly impacting the ecology and biodiversity of the earth. Deforestation, pollution of land, air, and water, over fishing, hunting, climate change, and unplanned agriculture, all affect natural evolution and biodiversity, giving rise to more serious ecological imbalances. Humans have destroyed and are continuously destroying wildlife and habitat and causing damage to biodiversity.

5. Overpopulation is one of the crucial problems. The population of the planet is reaching unsustainable levels as it faces shortage of resources like water, fuel and food. Population explosion in less developed and developing countries is straining scarce resources. Intensive agriculture practiced to produce food damages the environment through use of chemical fertilizer, pesticides and insecticides.

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Text 3C Прочитайте текст. Приведите примеры экологической ситуации в вашем

городе.

Ecological Problems of Big Cities The ecological aspect of urbanization is reflected in the fact that cities are

increasingly concentrating all types of environmental pollution having a direct and indirect effect on large areas. The development of urbanization has led to the formation of zones of active interaction of territorial communities of people with the environment. The result of this is the pollution and destruction of the components of the natural environment, primarily due to the production and communal activities of the population and the deterioration of the natural conditions of people’s lives. The growth of population, industrial enterprises and cars are accompanied by significant changes in natural landscapes and conditions in cities and suburbs, the occurrence of specific natural phenomena in them, and the deterioration of the ecological qualities of the urban environment.

It is important to note that the larger the city is, the stronger the environmental conditions are, the more difficult it is to solve environmental problems. Compared to the countryside, most cities in the world have the worst environmental conditions for human life. This is due to the fact that all the components of nature in cities are changed by human activities. The modern city with its powerful social and economic and engineering infrastructure is becoming one of the main reasons for environmental degradation. Citizens face such serious problems as poor health and a decline in living standards. It is the change in the health of city residents that is not only an indicator of the ecological state of the supercity, but also its most important social and economic consequence which should determine leading directions for improving the quality of the environment. In general, many factors affect the health of citizens, especially the characteristic features of the urban lifestyle – physical inactivity, increased stress on the nervous system, transport fatigue, and a number of others, but most of all is environmental pollution.

The first and certainly the most obvious problem caused by urbanization is air pollution. Transport is a huge source of air pollution in megacities, since along with the development of living standards in the countries the number of cars is growing.

Water and soil are in critical condition as well. This is influenced by car exhaust emissions, a lot of household waste and landfills in the city, industrial emissions and waste dumping into the rivers. Enterprises, power plants, sewer systems and domestic wastewaters form a real waste river which the outdated treatment technology cannot handle.

Modern people are so used to the endless noise from construction work, sound advertising, sounds of the highway, etc., that they do not even notice the harmful effects. However, such pressure seriously affects the human nervous

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system. In turn, LED advertising, working around the clock, the flickering lights of shopping centers and entertainment complexes also greatly loosen nerves, lead to headaches, sleep disorders and other diseases.

Thus, considering the city as an integral system, three aspects can be distinguished that determine the environmental safety of the urban population: the pollution of the atmosphere by enterprises and transport, the low quality of drinking water, and food products inadequacy to the necessary standards. However, if the consumption of drinking water or food still implies the possibility of quality control and management (a person can choose what to use), the ecological state of the atmosphere in the modern city continues to deteriorate under the pressure of transport and other technogenic factors, greatly limiting the ability to manage the situation.

Упражнение 6. A. Назовите 10-15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему “Environment Protection”.

B. Составьте сообщение на тему:

1. Global ecological problems. 2. Environment protection must be global. 3. The problem of clean water in your town. 4. The problem of waste disposal in your town. 5. Measures to solve a problem of air pollution in your town. Упражнение 7. Выполните письменный перевод текста.

Large-scale and global environmental hazards to human health reach tremendous proportions and include global warming, climate change, ozone depletion, air and water pollution, changes in ecosystems due to loss of biodiversity, land degradation and overpopulation. Up-to-date appreciation of this scale and type of influence on human health requires a new perspectives which focuse on waste-free technologies production as well as development of renewable and non-renewable sources of energy. Protecting health from global environmental change requires management at many levels from the social and economic drivers of environmental change to the resulting hazards and exposures for human populations. It is necessary to carry out large-scale experimental work in the field of purifying air, water and soil, safeguarding natural resources and taking care of our nature by stopping dumping wastes into rivers and harmful emissions into the atmosphere. We can achieve success only on the level of world community taking necessary measures in protecting the environment.

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Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глагол в правильную форму Present Simple.

1. I … (to like) spending my free time outside. 2. This scientist … (to develop) a new theory. 3. We … (to want) to achieve a success in this field. 4. You … (to work) very hard every day. 5. My partner … (to spend) much time on inventing this device. 6. They … (to take) part in scientific conferences once a month. 7. I … (to visit) international meetings every year. 8. He … (to want) to become a highly-qualified specialist in his field. 9. My scientific work … (to be) of great importance. 10. Her achievements… (to help) her in her work. 11. We … (to invite) foreign participants to the conference. 12. You … (to know) this distinguished scientist. 13. They … (to go) to English courses on Sundays. 14. We … (to have) our English lessons twice a week. 15. He … (to have) many publications in different magazines and journals. Упражнение 2. Составьте противоположные предложения в Present Simple.

1. The scientists do research in the field of computer engineering. 2. I like the way he lives and works. 3. She doesn’t work on Sundays. 4. My friends don’t visit me. 5. You have an important task. 6. My boss works overtime. 7. We don’t travel very often. 8. He sometimes uses dictionary while translating texts. 9. Our colleagues like our new office. 10. I go to the theatre very often. 11. My neighbor listens to the music late at night. 12. She doesn’t like modern art. 13. They prefer visiting the exhibition. 14. My cat sleeps all day long. 15. She doesn’t spend much time shopping. Упражнение 3. Заполните предложения do или does.

1. What colour … you like? 2. Where … she work? 3. Where … your parents live? 4. What kind of films … you prefer? 5. … he play football at the weekends? 6. How … your friends spend their free time? 7. … Allan have green eyes? 8. What time … she return from work? 9. What university … you study at? 10. … you have breakfast in the morning? 11. Where … they put their key? 12. …your son often go to the gym? 13. … this girl and that boy get on well? 14. … your friend know any celebrities? 15. What subject … you study at the university? Упражнение 4. Поставьте глаголы в следующих предложениях в утвердительную форму Past Simple.

1. I … (to do) morning exercises yesterday. 2. He … (to work) at a factory last year. 3. She … (to sleep) after dinner. 4. We … (to work) part-time 5 days ago. 5. They … (to drink) tea every day last week. 6. Mike … (to be) a student last

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year. 7. Helen … (to buy) a car last month. 8. You … (to see) your friend yesterday. 9. You … (to be) at Moscow 2 years ago. 10. It … (to be) a good day yesterday. Упражнение 5. Поставьте данные предложения в Past Simple в отрицательную форму.

1. My working day began at six o’clock. 2. It took me much time to get there. 3. I had breakfast at seven o’clock. 4. I left home at half past seven. 5. I took a bus to the institute. 6. They played football at the institute. 7. Classes started at eight. 8. We had four classes yesterday. 9. I drove there very fast. 10. She prepared for the test. Упражнение 6. Сделайте предложения в Past Simple вопросительными.

Например: They passed all their exams successfully. – Did they pass all their exams successfully?

1. He made some mistakes. 2. He turned on the radio. 3. They visited Moscow one month ago. 4. Anna talked to me last Sunday. 5. I did my maths homework yesterday. 6. You called Kate. 7. Mark worked yesterday. 8. She traveled to Japan last year. 9. They lived in Texas. 10. She saw a movie yesterday. Упражнение 7. Напишите отрицание и вопрос к предложениям в Future Simple.

Например: They will take all the necessary books. – They will not take all the necessary books. – Will they take all the necessary books?

1. My friends will visit the conference next Monday. 2. The weather will be good tomorrow. 3. We will take an exam next week. 4. You will go to the park today. 5. Ben will be at the university in 10 minutes. 6. You will call me tomorrow. 7. He will play chess tomorrow. 8. I will see him next week. 9. The conditions will be fine next month. 10. We will go to England next year. Упражнение 8. Поставьте следующие предложения в Past Simple и Future Simple, добавляя слова last/next year, last/next week, yesterday, tomorrow и т.д.

1. I go for a walk every day. 2. Many cities throughout the world suffer from air pollution. 3. Ecological problems reach tremendous proportions. 4. Many factories pour harmful emissions into the rivers. 5. Acid rains damage forests and soil. 6. Scientific knowledge and technological advancement make it possible to eliminate global ecological problems. 7. People pollute nature by throwing litter everywhere. 8. To save the planet people reuse whatever they can. 9. Scientists invent new waste-free technologies. 10. They take necessary measures to protect the environment.

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Упражнение 9. Поставьте сказуемое в отрицательную форму.

1. They achieved successes in purifying air, water and soil. 2. They will reduce air pollution caused by traffic. 3. They try to use fuel more efficiently. 4. Today we face a lot of environmental problems. 5. He took all the necessary books about ecology. 6. Global climate changed because of human activities. 7. Our planet will face shortage of resources like water, fuel and food in the nearest future because of careless attitude to the nature. 8. We have lectures, seminars and course works on such subjects as ecology and material science. 9. Intensive agriculture damaged the environment through use of chemicals. 10. Many factors will affect the health of citizens. Упражнение 10. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в Present, Past, Future Simple.

1. My brother … (to go) to work every day. He … (to leave) home at seven o’clock. His office … (to be) near our house and he … (to walk) there. He … (not to take) a bus. Yesterday he … (not to go) to work because he … (to have) a day-off so he … (to get) up at nine o’clock. 2. Yesterday my father … (not to read) newspapers because he … (to be) very busy. He … (to read) newspapers tomorrow. 3. I … (not to go) to the university every day. Sometimes I … (to have) days-off. Yesterday I … (not to have) classes at the university but there … (to be) three tutorials. 4. Yesterday Liza … (to have) many things to do. Today she … (to be) exhausted. She … (to want) to go on holiday now. 5. Sue lives life to the full. Last month she … (to be) in Germany. Today she … (to be) in London. Tomorrow she … (to visit) Rome. Next week she … (to be) in Greece. 6. They … (to complete) this work in two weeks. That is why next week they … (to work) without days off. 7. Her parents … (to live) in the village in a three-storeyed house with a large garden around it two years ago. Then they … (to move) to the town. They … (to plan) to go on a trip around Prague to see sightseeing in the Czech Republic. 8. My life … (to be) very exciting and interesting. I … (to meet) a lot of people every day and … (to travel) a lot. 9. They … (to discuss) an important problem tomorrow at the meeting. 10. Swan … (to buy) new clothes yesterday. He … (to be) very glad that he … (to find) what he was looking for. Упражнение 11. A. Поставьте общие вопросы к предложениям

A. 1. You will go to the library tomorrow. 2. They took necessary measures to protect the environment last year. 3. He works at the university every day. 4. They built a new library a year ago. 5. Global warming leads to rising temperatures of the oceans and the earth’s surface. 6. Fossil fuel consumption will result in emission of greenhouse gases over the next few years. 7. Climate change has various harmful effects. 8. Human activity caused the extinction of

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species. 9. These measures will help in regulating temperature and rainfall. 10. These toxic gases reach the upper atmosphere. B. Вставьте соответствующие вопросительные слова, дайте ответы на получившиеся вопросы.

1. … is your name? 2. … are you good at? 3. … are you interested in? 4. … do you like reading? 5. … knows the answer to this question? 6. … did he do this task? 7. … did they talk about? 8. … will they finish this project? 9. … can we meet? 10. … must he write? 11. … should they go to this lecture? 12. … were you last night? 13. … doesn’t understand this rule? 14. … did the group of students see yesterday? 15. … did he buy at the supermarket? 16. … were you born? 17. … lectures you on mathematics? 18. Here are the books. … is yours? Упражнение 12. Определите время и залог. Переведите предложения.

1. Students ask the lecturer many questions. The lecturer is asked many questions. 2. Thomas Edison invented a lighting bulb. A lighting bulb was invented by Thomas Edison. 3. Scientists carry out many unusual experiments. Many unusual experiments are carried out by scientists. 4. Pushkin wrote a lot of famous novels. A lot of famous novels were written by Pushkin. 5. Popov invented the radio in 1895. The radio was invented by Popov in 1895. 6. They will introduce a new system of education next year. A new system of education will be introduced next year.7. We must finish our work as soon as possible. Our work must be finished as soon as possible. 8. They do research every month. Research is done every month. 9. We will finish our work in the evening. Our work will be finished in the evening. 10. You can do this exercise. This exercise can be done by you. Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление страдательного залога. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

1. They were told to do their work quickly. 2. It is a big international company. Two thousand people are employed by it. 3. A lot of money was spent to carry out this project. 4. This flat is cleaned every day 5. I am invited to parties very often but I don’t like noisy companies. 6. This book will be translated into several languages. 7. New methods were developed. 8. Much attention must be paid to improvement of standards. 9. A country must be provided with highly-qualified specialists. 10. Electricity is widely used nowadays. 11. This document will be checked later. 12. An experiment was conducted successfully.

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Упражнение 14. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный залог. Переведите предложения.

1. They take necessary measures to protect the environment. 2. We develop a new international program. 3. He achieved success in his field. 4. Factories and plants pollute air. 5. They will study data on all resources. 6. Students carried out practical work. 7. We must safeguard natural resources for future generations. 8. They purify water for domestic purposes. 9. He will eliminate a problem within 2 hours. 10. He made efforts to solve this problem. Упражнение 15. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный залог, обращая внимание на место предлога. Переведите предложения.

Например: We often speak about her. – She is often spoken about. (О ней часто говорят.)

1. We will take care of our grandmother. 2. They often refer to his scientific discovery. 3. They will carry out this work tomorrow. 4. They insisted on this experiment. 5. The scientists listened to him with great attention. 6. She will send for the documents next week. 7. Today people speak about this poet much. 8. Parents looked for the child everywhere. 9. Teachers paid attention to the work of this student. 10. His friends always wait for him. Упражнение 16. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный залог, обращая внимание на прямое и косвенное дополнение в роли подлежащего.

Например: They showed (1) us (2) a new film. (Они показали нам новый фильм) 1) We were shown a new film. (Нам показали новый фильм) 2) A new film was shown (to) us. (Нам был показан новый фильм)

1. They offer him the job. 2. She will send you a fax. 3. They show me new equipment. 4. Someone gave her a book. 5. The teacher will give the students extra lessons. 6. They should send you a receipt. 7. Students asked a lecturer many questions. 8. They will write a letter to him. 9. She told her friend a secret. 10. They awarded a gold medal to top 10 universities. Упражнение 17. Переведите предложения с it в различных функциях.

1. It is summer. It is warm outside. 2. It is the most interesting article on this subject. We will discuss it next week. 3. It is important to understand this grammar rule. 4. Scientists find it necessary to solve this problem. 5. It is joint efforts of all countries that can deal with the problem of pollution. 6. It is the 25th of March now but it seems that it is winter because of the cold and snowy weather. 7. Electricity is universal. It is necessary to say that it is the most efficient sources of power. 8. It is known that electricity has a range of

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advantages: it is clean, cheap and easily-regulated. 9. What is it? It is an electric motor – a new source of electric power. 10. It is the invention of an engine that started the first industrial revolution. 11. Mathematics is studied at all technical universities and every engineer must know it well. 12. The use of new methods and equipment made it possible to solve this problem and even eliminate it. Упражнение 18. Переведите предложения с one в различных функциях.

1. Engineer is one the most important professions, the one that is taught at technical universities. 2. If one doesn’t work hard, he can’t achieve success. 3. These methods are highly efficient, but those ones are even better. 4. One must present his report to the end of July. 5. I have a watch, a very good one. 6. We must do only one exercise now. 7. One cannot translate this article without a dictionary. 8. One destroys nature without thinking about future generations. 9. There are several interesting articles in your specialty here. Translate the one our professor has spoken about. 10. One must study well to get grants every month. Упражнение 19. Переведите предложения с that в различных функциях.

1. This method of work is much more efficient than that of your team. 2. That the launching of the manned space ship is the greatest achievement of the Soviet science is clear to everybody. 3. The fact is that turbo-jet and turbo-prop planes can fly at greater speed which adds to the passenger’s comfort. 4. The machines that you see are produced by our machine-building plant. 5. That professor is our lecturer on mathematics. 6. It is the high qualification of future specialists that will determine the scientific and technological progress of any country. 7. It is known that many cities throughout the world suffer from air pollution. 8. People need to invent new waste-free technologies that will not damage the environment. 9. It is the joint efforts of many special public organizations that can solve the problem environment protection. 10. It is necessary to take into consideration the positive experiences of international systems existing for different means of transport. Упражнение 20. Определите функции it, one, that, переведите предложения.

1. Modern machines are better than the old ones. 2. She says that she did not get this letter. 3. He finds it useful to read and translate much English literature. 4. That the level of sulphur dioxide in the air is high is evident to all. 5. These pictures are as nice as those that you painted last month. 6. It was Lomonosov who first determined the existence of atmosphere round Venus. 7. That experiment carried out by our scientists was successful. 8. Atomic energy can serve people but one should never forget that energy can also destroy the world. 9. Take a dictionary; it is difficult to translate this text without it. 10. I have read

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your article and found it very interesting. 11. The speaker touched upon only one important problem – the state of higher education in Great Britain. 12. Scientists develop new processes and improve old ones to produce better kinds of steel. 13. They know that the number of cars is growing all the time. 14. I find it necessary to read these articles. 15. That there are many environmental problems in the world is a well-known fact. 16. People who study languages like those that play the piano must have much practice. 17. It was Mendeleyev who established the periodic table of elements. 18. That lecture will give you more information than any book. 19. One can easily regulate the speed of this machine. 20. It was clear that computers could perform the work that man could not. 21. One of the most useful applications of Ohm’s law is the measuring of resistance. Упражнение 21. Сгруппируйте прилагательные-синонимы со сходными значениями.

fast (быстрый); dirty (грязный); angry (сердитый); clever (умный); hot (горячий); big (большой).

large, smart, warm, filthy, evil, huge, intelligent, quick, humid, dusty, massive, furious, ardent, wise, polluted, speedy, enormous, savvy, heated, ill-tempered, vast, rapid, witty, muddy, enraged, stuffy, swift, bulky, greasy, gifted, annoyed, torrid, prompt.

Упражнение 22. Распределите прилагательные по тематическим категориям.

1. A man’s character (характер человека); 2. Appearance (внешность); 3. Colours (цвета); 4. Taste (вкус); 5. Sound (звук); 6. Object’s quality (качество предмета).

savoury, loud, ugly, bossy, solid, violet, mute, aggressive, graceful, sour, cheerful, silver, noisy, smooth, evil, scarlet, spicy, handsome, responsible, sticky, silent, shy, pink, squeaky, mad, fluffy, fruity, beautiful, jealous, emerald, skinny, bitter, careless, wet, pretty, deafening, purple, soft, polite, sweet, attractive, ivory, brave, greasy, slim, salty, beige, moody, creaky, glamorous, serious Упражнение 23. Допишите недостающие формы прилагательных.

small younger the thinnest taller fine newer the busiest more suitable

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good the worst many less sensitive the most charming more expensive comfortable Упражнение 24. Раскройте скобки, поставив прилагательные в сравнительную степень.

1. He is … (young) than my brother. 2. This new building is … (large) than that one. 3. What’s the temperature? I think today is … (hot) day than it was yesterday. 4. This is a … (interesting) book than the previous one! 5. She is … (good) than I used to think. 6. The weather today is … (bad) than yesterday. 7. The house in the mountains was … (cosy) compared to the house we rented at the seaside. 8. New York streets are … (busy) than Philadelphian ones. 9. A … (clever) student will get an opportunity to go to the contest. Упражнение 25. Используйте превосходную степень прилагательных.

Например: It’s a very good room. It is the best room in the hotel.

1. It’s a very cheap restaurant. It’s … (the town). 2. It was a very happy day. It was … (my life). 3. She’s a very intelligent student. She … (the class). 5. It’s a very valuable painting. It … (the gallery). 6. Spring is a very busy time for me. It … (the year). 7. This house is big. It is … (I have ever seen). 8. We work in the profitable company. It is … (the world). Упражнение 26. Раскройте скобки, выбирая правильную форму прилагательного.

1. This man is … (tall) than that one.

a. taller b. the tallest c. more tall

2. Asia is … (large) than Australia.

a. more large b. the largest c. larger

3. The Volga is … (short) than the Mississippi.

a. shortter

b. shorter c. more short

4. Mary is a … (good) student than Lucy.

a. gooder

b. better c. more good

5. This garden is the … (beautiful) in our town.

a. beautifulest b. more beautiful

c. most beautiful

6. She speaks Italian … (good) than English .

a. the best b. gooder

c. better

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7. Spanish is … (easy) than German.

a. easyer

b. easier c. more easy

8. This book is … (interesting) of all I have read this year.

a. the most interesting

b. interesting c. more interesting

9. January is … (cold) month of the year.

a. colder b. the most cold

c. the coldest

10. My sister speaks English … (bad) than I do.

a. bader b. worse c. more bad

11. A bus is … (fast) than a tram.

a. faster b. more fast c. the fastest

12. The … (tall) trees in the world grow in California.

a. most tall b. taller

c. tallest

13. Who is the … (attentive) student in your group?

a. attentivest

b. most attentive

c. more attentive

14. It is autumn. Every day the air becomes … (cold).

a. colder

b. more cold c. the coldest

Упражнение 27. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление сравнительных союзов than, as … as, not so … as.

1. It is nicer to walk with someone than to go alone. 2. She has more good marks than he has. 3. Learning English is more difficult than most people think. 4. Their house is twice as big as ours. 5. These boxes are not as heavy as those ones. 6. It is sometimes better to walk than to take a bus. 7. In winter days are not so long as in summer. 8. A mountain is higher than a hill. 9. I need the information quickly, so please let me know as soon as possible. 10. Italy is not as big as Germany. 11. Chemistry is as difficult as physics. 12. I like to keep fit so I go swimming as often as I can. 13. His second book was not so good as the first one. Упражнение 28. Переведите обороты в сравнительной степени на русский язык.

1. The sooner, the better. 2. The harder we study, the more we know. 3. The more you work, the better you know English. 4. The more we study nature, the more we know about it. 5. The nearer the earth is, the denser the atmosphere is. 6. The stronger the wind is, the harder the conditions of work for weather observers are. 7. The quicker we finish, the sooner we will go home. 8. The bigger the cities are, the greater the pollution is. 9. The more cars are in the streets, the worse the air in the cities is. 10. The bigger the city is, the more opportunities you can get.

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Test Yourself

1. Выберете правильную форму глаголов в форме 3 лица единственного числа – to study / to play / to watch.

A. studies / plaies / watchs B. studies / plays / watches C. studyes / plays / watches

2. Выберете правильный вариант отрицательного предложения – He likes going in for walk.

A. He doesn’t likes going in for walk. B. He doesn’t like going in for walk. C. He don’t likes going in for walk.

3. Составьте общий вопрос к следующему предложению – He goes to the university every day.

A. Do he go to the university every day? B. Does he goes to the university every day? C. Does he go to the university every day?

4. Выберете подходящий вспомогательный глагол – … she come tomorrow?

A. Does B. Did C. Will

5. Выберете подходящий вспомогательный глагол – … they visit this museum yesterday?

A. Does B. Did C. Will

6. Выберете подходящий вспомогательный глагол – … she do her homework every day?

A. Does B. Do C. Did

7. Выберете подходящий маркер времени – They passed all their exams … .

A. next semester B. last semester C. every month

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8. Выберете подходящий маркер времени – They will call you … .

A. two days ago B. the day after tomorrow C. every day

9. Переведите – I was given good advice.

A. Мне дали хороший совет. B. Я дал хороший совет. C. Мне дают хороший совет. 10. Выберете правильную форму – This work … every day.

A. will be done B. is done C. was done

11. Определите время и залог – Students ask the lecturer many questions.

A. Present Simple / Passive B. Past Simple / Passive C. Present Simple / Active

12. Определите время и залог – An experiment will be carried out.

A. Present Simple / Passive B. Future Simple / Passive C. Future Simple / Active

13. Определите время и залог – Students were told to go there.

A. Past Simple / Passive B. Past Simple / Active C. Present Simple / Passive

14. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный – They will invite him to the conference.

A. He will invited to the conference by them. B. He will be invited to the conference by them. C. He will invite to the conference by them.

15. Преобразуйте предложения из страдательного залога в действительный – This exercise can be done by him.

A. He can does this exercise. B. He can done this exercise. C. He can do this exercise.

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16. Определите функции one и that – One must know that these rays produce a harmful effect on man.

A. Числительное / указательное местоимение B. Неопределенное местоимение / союз доп. придаточного предложения C. Заменитель существительного / относительное местоимение

17. Определите функции it и that – It is important to know that there four seasons in a year.

A. указательное местоимение / относительное местоимение B. формальное подлежащее / союз доп. придаточного предложения C. формальное подлежащее / союз подлежащего придаточного предложения

18. В каком предложении it употребляется в функции формального подлежащего?

A. It will be important to practice in a laboratory. B. I find it necessary to read these articles. C. It is he who tells the truth.

19. Найдите предложение с усилительной конструкцией.

A. It was clear that computers could perform the work faster. B. It is industrialization that makes ecological problems very serious. C. It is known that he works a lot.

20. Найдите предложение с неопределенно-личным местоимением one.

A. I have only one task to do. B. It is necessary to say that one should read a lot. C. I have a lot of Russian books as well as foreign ones.

21. Найдите предложение с относительным местоимением.

A. The device that is used here is very important. B. That man is a stranger in this city. C. I think that you are right.

22. Выберете правильный вариант – Every year The Guinness Book of World Records announces … person in the world.

A. most higher B. the highest C. highest

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23. Выберете правильный вариант – This chair is … than the other one.

A. much comfortable B. very comfortable C. more comfortable

24. Выберете правильный вариант – The harder he works, … he becomes.

A. very successful B. the more successful C. the most successful

25. Выберете правильный вариант – Their car was twice as … as ours.

A. more expensive B. expensive C. the most expensive

26. Выберете правильный вариант – I’ve heard James playing the piano. He doesn’t seem to be getting … .

A. gooder B. the best C. better

27. Выберете правильный вариант – For … information call our assistant.

A. farther B. furthest C. further

28. Выберете превосходную степень слова good.

A. best B. the best C. better

29. Выберете сравнительную степень слова bad.

A. worse B. the worst C. the worse

30. Выберете положительную степень слова more.

A. the most B. many C. much

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LESSON 4

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) - en; un- / in- / im-

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 4A. Electricity Text 4B. A Great Inventor of the World Text 4C. Russian Inventors that changed the world Text 4D. Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Времена группы Continuous Active / Passive Предлоги места и направления


прилагательное или существительное + -en = глагол

Суффикс -en имеет значения «становиться», «использовать», «воздействовать».

hard (твердый) → harden (делать(ся) твердым) weak (слабый) → weaken (слабеть, ослабевать) short (короткий) → shorten (укорачивать, укорачиваться)

fast – to fasten; soft – to soften; threat – threaten; fright – to frighten; glad – to gladden; length – to lengthen; height – to heighten; wide – to widen.

un- / in- / im- + прилагательное = прилагательное-антоним

Префиксы un-, in-, im- используются для образования отрицательной формы слова или его антонима. В предложении их можно заменить отрицательной частицей not.

I am unable to do this. (Я не в силах сделать это) → I am not able to do this. (Я не в силах сделать это)

It’s impossible! (Этого не может быть!) → It’s not possible! (Этого не может быть!)

Префикс un- используется чаще всего и присоединяется к словам, начинающимся как с гласной, так и с согласной букв. Не существует

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четкого правила, когда и где его нужно употреблять. Поэтому слова с этим префиксом нужно просто запоминать. Но существуют некоторые частные случаи, например, префикс un- всегда используется со словами, которые заканчиваются на -ed или -able.

known (известный) → unknown (неизвестный) comfortable (комфортный) → uncomfortable (некомфортный) prepared (готовый) → unprepared (неготовый)

Префикс in- используется со словами, которые начинаются на гласные (кроме i и u) и согласные, а также перед сочетанием букв ac (исключение: unacceptable) и согласной с.

accurate (точный) → inaccurate (неточный) organic (органический) → inorganic (неорганический) appropriate (подходящий) → inappropriate (неподходящий) capable (способный) → incapable (неспособный)

Префикс im- присоединяется к словам, которые начинаются только на согласные m и p.

mobile (подвижный) → immobile (недвижимый) possible (возможный) → impossible (невозможный) polite (вежливый) → impolite (невежливый)

definite – indefinite; active – inactive; capable – incapable; correct – incorrect; reliable – unreliable; important – unimportant; usable – unusable; helpful – unhelpful; usual – unusual; limited – unlimited; necessary – unnecessary; personal – impersonal; practical – impractical; patient – impatient; material – immaterial. Упражнение 1. Допишите отрицательные приставки следующим прилагательным.

an ...friendly look; an …interesting book; an …natural colour; an …important task; an …possible answer; an …personal letter; an …definite article; an …correct answer; …direct speech; …accurate data; an …known author; an …appropriate joke. Упражнение 2. Замените фразы одним словом.

Например: not countable – uncountable

not necessary – ; not safe – ; not tidy – ; not breakable – ; not real – ; not expensive – ; not happy – ; not possible – ; not usual – ; not comfortable – ; not direct – ; not interesting – ; not patient – ; not convenient – ; not popular – .

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Упражнение 3. Подберите к данным прилагательным сначала слова с противополным значением, а потом синонимы по образцу.

Например: friendly – unfriendly – hostile

Прилагательные: friendly, usual, doubtful, expensive, correct, clean, interesting, natural, healthy, important, polite.

Синонимы: artificial, rude, dirty, cheap, wrong, extraordinary, boring, confident, sick, insignificant, hostile. Упражнение 4. Преобразуйте слово так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию.

1. It’s … to predict the future. possible 2. Saltwater intrusion may not only damage arable land but also … water supplies.

threat

3. She could see a figure sitting … , facing the sea. mobile 4. Hard water may be … . to soft 5. Explorers penetrated deep into … regions. to know 6. The cold … the butter. hard 7. The report has been criticized as … and … . accurate

complete 8. I am … to take on such a responsibility. prepared 9. He has just … the papers together with a paper clip. fast 10. It is … for you to wear shorts at a formal reception. appropriate 11. It is … to interrupt someone who is speaking. polite 12. His influence on modern art is … . questionable 13. The city is going to … the road. wide 14. The plan will only … tensions between the two groups. height


electricity [ˌelek'trɪsətɪ], form [fɔːm], energy ['enəʤɪ], mechanical [mɪ'kænɪkəl], generation [ˌʤenə'reɪʃən], kerosene ['kerəsiːn], lamp [læmp], experiment [ɪk'sperɪmənt], Philadelphia [ˌfɪlə'delfɪə], principle ['prɪnsəpl], distance ['dɪstəns], efficiently [ɪ'fɪʃəntlɪ], business ['bɪznɪs], dynamo ['daɪnəməu], machine [mə'ʃiːn], transmission [træns'mɪʃən], distribution [ˌdɪstrɪ'bjuːʃən], commercial [kə'mɜːʃəl], industrial [ɪn'dʌstrɪəl], activity [æk'tɪvətɪ], laser ['leɪzə], technological [ˌteknə'lɔʤɪkəl], function ['fʌŋkʃən], television ['telɪvɪʒən], computer [kəm'pjuːtə], controllable [kən'trəuləbl], regulated ['regjəleɪtɪd].

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widely ['waɪdlɪ], source [sɔːs], conversion [kən'vɜːʃ(ə)n], nuclear ['njuːklɪə], primary ['praɪm(ə)rɪ], alongside [əˌlɔŋ'saɪd], wheel [wiːl], slightly ['slaɪtlɪ], wood

[wud], burning ['bɜːnɪŋ], stove [stəuv], kite [kaɪt], stormy ['stɔːmɪ], gradually ['grædjuəlɪ], bulb [bʌlb], lighting ['laɪtɪŋ], moreover [mɔː(r)'əuvə], whole [həul], range [reɪnʤ], various ['veərɪəs], labour ['leɪbə], appliance [ə'plaɪəns], supply [sə'plaɪ], require [rɪ'kwaɪə], aircraft ['eəkrɑːft], advantage [əd'vɑːntɪʤ], easily ['iːzɪlɪ], by-product ['baɪˌprɔdʌkt], cover ['kʌvə], advance [əd'vɑːns], truly ['truːlɪ], provide [prə'vaɪd], mankind [ˌmæn'kaɪnd], importance [ɪm'pɔːtəns], rarely ['reəlɪ], granted [grɑ͟ːntɪd], heating ['hiːtɪŋ], cooling ['kuːlɪŋ], convenient [kən'viːnɪənt].


to be widely used – быть в широком использовании an energy source – источник энергии conversion – преобразование coal – уголь natural gas – природный уголь oil – нефть nuclear power – ядерная энергия invention – изобретение an electric light bulb – электрическая лампочка outdoor lighting – наружное освещение indoor lighting – внутреннее освещение a whole range of – целый ряд time and labour saving appliances – приборы, экономящие время и труд to become a part of our everyday lives – стать частью повседневной жизни over long distances – на большие расстояния

to be located far from – быть расположенным далеко от transmission – передача distribution – распределение advantage – преимущество to generate by-products – вырабатывать побочные продукты to cover all fields of human activity – охватывать все области человеческой деятельности recent technological advances – недавние технические достижения to take for granted – считать само собой разумеющимся heating – отопление cooling – охлаждение application – применение to solve a problem – решать проблему to be based on – быть основанным на

Text 4A Прочитайте текст и назовите важные изобретения в области

электротехники. Переведите текст.

Electricity Electricity is a basic part of nature and it is one of our most widely used

forms of energy. We get electricity which is a secondary energy source from the conversion of other sources of energy like coal, natural gas, oil, nuclear power and other natural sources which are called primary sources. Many cities and

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towns were built near waterfalls (a primary source of mechanical energy) that turned the movement of water wheels to perform work. Before electricity generation began over 100 years ago, houses were lit with kerosene lamps, food was cooled in iceboxes, and rooms were warmed by wood-burning or coal-burning stoves. Beginning with Benjamin Franklin’s experiment with a kite one stormy night in Philadelphia, the principles of electricity gradually became understood. In the mid-1800s, everyone’s life changed with the invention of the electric light bulb. Prior to 1879, electricity had been used in arc lights for outdoor lighting. Thanks to the development of the electric lamp by Thomas Edison this invention used electricity to bring indoor lighting to our homes. Moreover, a whole range of various time and labour saving appliances based on electricity have become a part of our everyday lives.

To solve the problem of sending electricity over long distances, George Westinghouse developed a device called a transformer. It allowed electricity to be efficiently transmitted over long distances. This made it possible to supply electricity to homes and businesses located far from the electric generating plant.

One more important invention in the field of electricity made by Michael Faraday was a generator. An electric generator also called dynamo is any machine that converts mechanical energy to electricity for transmission and distribution over power lines to domestic, commercial, and industrial customers. Generators also produce the electrical power required for automobiles, aircraft, ships, and trains.

One of the greatest advantages of electricity is that it is clean, easily-regulated and doesn’t generate by-products. Applications of electricity now cover all fields of human activity from house washing machines to the latest laser devices. Electricity is the efficient source of some of the most recent technological advances such as the laser and electron beams. Truly electricity provides mankind with the energy of the future.

Despite its great importance in our daily lives, most of us rarely stop to think what life would be like without electricity. We tend to take electricity for granted like air and water. Every day we use electricity to do many functions for us from lighting and heating/cooling our homes to being the power source for televisions and computers. Electricity is a controllable and convenient form of energy used in the applications of heat, light and power.


1. What is this text devoted to? 2. What is electricity? 3. What are the sources of electricity? 4. What are the advantages of electricity? 5. What are home uses of electricity? 6. What the latest industrial applications of electricity do you know? 7. Who invented the electric light bulb? 8. What did George Westinghouse develop? 9. Do you know who invented a generator? 10 What is a principle of generator operation? 11. Can you imagine your life without electricity? Why?

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Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте слова, означающие:

1 абзац: 1. main 2. version 3. alteration 4. to conduct, to do 5. production 6. slowly 7. outside 8. inside 9. before 10. a number of 11. device.

2 абзац: 1. probable 2. to provide 3. remote 4. factory.

3 абзац: 1. significant 2. area, sphere 3. apparatus 4. home 5. to demand.

4 абзац: 1. plus 2. pure 3. usage 4. newest 5. humanity.

5 абзац: 1. in spite of 2. everyday 3. seldom 4. role 5. regulated 6. comfortable. Упражнение 5. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1.The greatest advantage of electricity is that … 2. Electricity … 3. The generator, a new source of electricity … 4. The applications of electricity in the home and industry … 5. Thanks to Benjamin Franklin’s experiment with a kite … 6. Electricity is a convenient form of energy …

1. are becoming universal. 2. that is used in the applications of heat, light and power. 3. the principles of electricity became understood. 4. it is clean and easily-regulated. 5. was developed by Michael Faraday. 6. offers improved service at reduced cost.

Text 4B

Прочитайте текст. Назовите величайшие достижения выдающегося изобретателя.

A Great Inventor of the World Nikola Tesla (1856–1943) was one of the greatest scientists who played a

key role in the development of electromagnetism and other scientific discoveries of his time. Despite his breathtaking number of patents, his achievements were often underplayed during his lifetime. Tesla invented fluorescent lighting, the Tesla induction motor, and the Tesla coil. He developed the alternating current (AC), electrical supply system that included a motor and transformer as well as three-phase electricity.

He had a unique capacity to visualize images in his head. When working on projects, he would rarely write down plans or scale drawings, but rely on the

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images in his mind. Tesla travelled around the world. For example, he worked for a telegraph company in Budapest. During this time, he became acquainted with twin turbines and helped develop a device that provided amplification when using the telephone. Living in Paris, he worked for the Continental Edison Company. Here he improved various devices used by the Edison company and also conceived the induction motor and devices that used rotating magnetic fields. With a strong letter of recommendation, Tesla went to the United States in 1884 to work for the Edison Machine Works company where he became one of the chief engineers and designers. Moreover, Tesla worked on a form of X-Rays. He was able to photograph the bones in his hand; he also became aware of the side-effects of using radiation. However, his work in this area gained little coverage, and much of his research was lost in a fire.

One of his best known statements is “The scientific man does not aim at an immediate result. He does not expect that his advanced ideas will be readily taken up. His duty is to lay the foundation for those who are to come, and point the way”.

In addition to science, he had many artistic and literary friends; in later life he became friendly with Mark Twain inviting him to his laboratory. He also took an interest in poetry, literature and modern Vedic thought. Tesla was thoughtful about greater problems of war and conflict, and he wrote a book on the subject called “A Means for Furthering Peace” (1905). This expressed his views on how conflict may be avoided and humanity learns to live in harmony.


1. Why did Tesla say that the scientific man did not aim at an immediate result? 2. What qualities should a person have to become a great inventor? 3. What inventor do you consider to be great? Why? Point out his or her qualities, contribution to science and inventions that have revolutionized our world.

Text 4C Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски о великих русских

изобретателях и их достижениях.

Russian Inventors that changed the world Russian inventors have contributed generously to the development of

global scientific thought. Many of their inventions in the field of electricity have transformed the world and people’s way of thinking.

The invention of an electrically-powered railway wagon was a precondition for the transport revolution that spurred the development of towns and industrial centers. It all started in 1874-1876, when Fyodor Pirotsky conducted a slew of experiments on transmitting electricity over a distance, with one rail serving as a direct conductor and the other as a reverse conductor. An electric motor located one kilometer from the power source worked. A few years later, he conducted

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an experiment at a railway spur near Sestroretsk. There were 40 people in the wagon. The first electrified tram line was opened as late as 1881 in a Berlin suburb on the basis of designs by the Russian inventor.

It is owing to discoveries by Russian physicist Alexander Stoletov that we enjoy television today. In the late 1880s, he produced a theoretical justification of photoelectric effect through a series of experiments. Photoelectric effect formed the basis for the production of solar cells which are broadly used in practice now. Stoletov created the first solar cell based upon outer photoelectric effect and discovered the proportionality between the intensity of light and photo induced current.

You cannot have a power grid without transformers. Transformers were invented, built and put into operation by Russian electrical engineer Pavel Yablochkov and physicist Ivan Usagin. The solution that made it to history books as the “distribution of light” was produced by Yablochkov in the mid-1870s. The invention which consisted of a transformer and condenser was displayed in Paris and St Petersburg and, as early as 1882, the open-core transformer was patented in France by inventors Lucien Gaulard and Josiah Willard Gibbs.

The creation of the first incandescent lamp is closely connected with the name of the well-known Russian scientist and inventor, Alexander Lodygin. Lodygin laid the foundation for the production of the present-day incandescent lamps that are more economical than those with carbon electrodes. He was also the first inventor who discovered the advantages of the metal wire filaments in comparison with other ones. Lodygin invented an incandescent light bulb before Thomas Edison, but it was not commercially profitable. Lodygin produced an improved lamp having two carbon electrodes instead of one and a longer life. In 1873 the scientist demonstrated his invention in several Petersburg streets lighting them by means of his electric lamps. It was the first practical application of the incandescent lamp for lighting purposes. Lots of people went out into the streets to see electric lights for the first time in their life and for the first time in the world.

Text 4D Прочитайте текст. Изложите основное содержание текста по-

английски.

Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy There are several global problems in the modern world. One of them is the

depletion of natural resources. Every minute the world uses a huge amount of oil and gas for human needs. Therefore, the question arises: what happens if we continue to use them in the same huge amount? According to calculations, the planet’s oil reserves will be exhausted by the end of this century. That is, our grandchildren and great-grandchildren will have nothing to use as a source of

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energy. That sounds scary. Also, the use of traditional natural resources affects the ecological situation in the world. Therefore, humanity is now increasingly thinking about alternative sources of energy.

Today alternative energy sources (AES) are already widely used for solving energy problems not only commercially but also in the private sector. The availability of technologies for producing energy from inexhaustible sources allows you to build a house with volatile environmentally friendly infrastructure in remote areas, and to solve energy problems of the existing facilities.

Wind resources can produce electricity in regions where sustained winds blow. Electricity generated by wind turbines is absolutely free of emissions, although research is still needed on reducing the noise levels of the turbines. Giant wind turbines capture wind energy and use it for generators, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships.

Biomass is a material that is formed from living organisms such as wood or agricultural waste. Biomass can be burned to produce electricity or converted to gas used as fuel. But using fuels produced from biomass results in the release of various gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides which all contribute to air pollution.

Geothermal energy is hot water or steam from depths or below the surface of the earth to generate electricity. Earth’s geothermal energy comes from the original formation of the planet (20%) and from radioactive decay of minerals (80%). Once a geothermal plant is built, it is generally self-sufficient energy-wise. But improper drilling into the earth can release hazardous minerals and gases.

Hydropower had the greatest influence on people’s lives during the 20th century. It played a major role in making electricity a part of everyday life and helped spur industrial development. Hydro power is one of the largest sources of energy which accounts for 20% of the worldwide demand of electricity. Compared to other sources of energy, hydroelectric power is one of the cheapest, non- carbon emitting, non polluting sources. Hydropower converts the energy of flowing water into electricity.

Solar energy can also be used to generate electricity. Solar panels convert the radiant energy of the sun into electrical energy. Some calculators and portable radios are powered by solar panels. Solar panels or modules located on the roof can supply electricity to the building. Solar power is a renewable resource. As long as the Sun exists, its energy will reach Earth. Solar power generation releases no water or air pollution because there is no chemical reaction from the combustion of fuels. But solar power does not produce energy if the sun is not shining.

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1. What are renewable energy sources? 2. What are non-renewable energy sources? 3. What is the main difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources? 4. What is solar energy? 5. What is wind energy? 6. What is biomass energy? 7. What is water power? 8. What is geothermal energy? 9. Where are these types of renewable sources of energy used? 10. What are the pros and cons of each type of renewable energy sources? Упражнение 8. Выполните письменный перевод текста.

It is impossible to imagine our life without electricity. Electrical power has become universal. Many devices are based on properties of electricity that made their applications most widely used today. Nowadays there is a whole range of home and industrial applications of electricity from time and labour saving appliances to modern advances in different fields of industry. But there is a big problem of local of electricity generation these days. Many consumers are taking steps to reduce their electricity consumption. This is as a result of the recent increase in electricity tariffs for users. We should all try to use less electricity by insulating our houses, turning off the light when leaving a room and using less hot water. We must try to develop alternative sorces of energy to provide electricity for domestic and industrial purposes. Among the most widespread one is solar energy. It is known that solar power is pollution free and causes no greenhouse gases to be emitted after installation. Moreover, it is renewable clean power that is available every day of the year; even cloudy days produce some power.

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Добавьте окончание -ing к глаголам, распределяя их по строчкам в соответствии с написанием.

come, clean, swim, do, write, make, shop, live, sing, run, dance, play, work, sit, sleep, take, have, eat, jump, cry

cleaning, _______________________________ coming, ________________________________ swimming, _____________________________ Упражнение 2. Напишите глаголы, от которых образованы данные слова, переведите их на русский язык.

reading, living, showing, giving, cleaning, opening, sitting, taking, standing, saying, calculating, beginning, realizing, playing, wondering, sending.

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Упражнение 3. Дополните предложения нужной формой глагола to be (am, is, are).

1. Anna and Max … doing the translation now. 2. Olga … getting ready for exams at the moment. 3. Our teacher … writing something on the blackboard. 4. It … getting dark. 5. After their working day people are hurrying home. 6. I … preparing for my report at the moment. 7. Children … decorating the hall for the party. 8. The wind … blowing now. 9. People … speaking quietly in the conference-hall. 10. You … waiting for the call. Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол-действие в скобках в Present Continuous.

1. Tom and Angela … (to sit) in a cafe now. 2. It … (to snow) outdoors now. 3. We … (to wait) for our teacher in the lecture hall. 4. I … (to watch) the children playing in the yard. 5. The girls … (to argue) about what present to buy for their mutual friend. 6. Alex … (to have) a rest at the moment. 7. Look! All the people … (to come) into the hall. 8. Fortunately our experiment … (to go) according to the plan. 9. The students … (to have) a lecture now. 10. Her health … (to improve) day after day. 11. The rainforests … (to disappear) from our planet nowadays. 12. Look! The guide … (to point) at some ancient building. Упражнение 5. Составьте предложения по образу.

Например: Tim … (not to read) now. He … (to sleep) at the moment. Tim isn’t reading now. He is sleeping at the moment.

1. Students … (not to write) a dictation now. They … (to translate the text). 2. Margaret … (not to wash) the dishes. She … (to sweep the floor). 3. The days … (not to get) shorter. They … (to get longer). 4. My Granny … (not to read) a magazine. She … (to watch TV). 5. My friend and me … (not to sunbath). We … (to swim). 6. Sam and Julia … (not to dance at the disco). They … (to prepare) for the test. 7. I … (not to learn) a poem now. I … (to write an essay). 8. You … (not to skate) now. You … (to play snowballs). Упражнение 6. Сделайте данные предложения вопросительными. Дайте краткие ответы.

1. Scientists are working at improving traditional production processes. 2. Nowadays mankind is experiencing changes in life and work on a global scale. 3. We are using computers in all spheres of technology, science and

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everyday life. 4. They are planning the protection of global natural resources. 5. The use of electricity is offering improved service at reduced cost. 6. He is working in the field of electrical engineering. 7. They are using much electricity per day. 8. She is looking at the new invention with great interest. 9. They are drawing the sketches of their inventions. 10. They are trying to find an instruction to this device. Упражнение 7. Переведите предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление Past Continuous.

1. This time last year I was moving to France. 2. We noticed him but he wasn’t looking at us. 3. What were you doing at 8 o’clock yesterday? 4. They were taking steps to reduce their electricity consumption. 5. It was snowing hard when I got up. 6. I saw you in the park on Thursday. You were walking and eating an ice-cream. 7. Her grandmother was watering flowers while she was working in the garden. 8. We were watching TV when the door bell rang. 9. She was reading when somebody knocked at the door. 10. They were talking about him when he suddenly came in. Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в форму Past Continuous.

1. While I … (to write down) a grammar rule, my friends … (to do) new exercises. 2. When we entered, the children … (to read) their books. 3. The girls … (to feed) the birds in the garden while the boys … (to make) a bird-house. 4. Some of the children … (to ski) while other children … (to play) snowballs. Everybody … (to have) a lot of fun. 5. When we came, the family … (to get) everything ready for Christmas. Sam and Julia … (to decorate) the Christmas tree. 6. When I went out into the garden, the sun … (to shine). 7. I … (to talk) on the phone when you met me in the park yesterday. 8. When I came home, he … (to repair) his computer. Упражнение 9. Задайте вопросы по образцу, используя времена Past Simple и Past Continuous.

Например: When did you meet Jerry? I met Jerry when I was walking in the park.

1. When did you break the window? (to play football) 2. When did you learn new words? (to take an English lesson) 3. When did she write the story? (to fly to London) 4. When did he catch that butterfly? (to go through the fields) 5. When did you see the rainbow? (to walk in the garden) 6. When did he see Jane? (to cross the street) 7. When did you learn about it? (to get ready for exams) 8. When did you find this article? (to surf the Internet)

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Упражнение 10. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в форму Future Continuous.

1. I … (to do) my English test tomorrow at 11 a.m. 2. This time next week I … (to take) an exam on physics. 3. I am sure that she … (to communicate) with her friends tomorrow at this time. 4. You … (to clean) your room while I … (to cook). 5. The government … (to state) a law about the environment protection tomorrow in the morning. 6. This time next month I … (to work) in an international company in London. 7. This time at weekends she … (to go) sightseeing in Italy. 8. They … (to write) an entrance test tomorrow at 9 o’clock in the morning. 9. I … (to lay) the dinner table while my mother … (to cook) a meal. 10. I … (to take) a course in English tomorrow from 8 till 10. Упражнение 11. Поставьте данные предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную формы.

1. She will be doing aerobics at 7 o’clock tomorrow evening. 2. We will be cycling tomorrow morning. 3. Henry will be walking his dog at 2 o’clock tomorrow. 4. Mary will be making a cake for our party at 3 o’clock tomorrow. 5. The girls will be preparing the costumes for the performance since 3 o’clock tomorrow. 6. Tom will be writing an article at this time next Friday. 7. We will be exercising in the gym from 2 p.m. till 5 p.m. tomorrow. 8. Mr. Peters will be visiting our country from Monday till Friday. 9. It will be raining all day tomorrow. 10. You will be watching an interesting film at 5 o’clock next Thursday. Упражнение 12. Составьте вопросы в Future Continuous. Дайте ответ, используя словосочетания в скобках.

Например: What will John be doing tomorrow at 5 p.m.? (to move to London) – John will be moving to London.

1. What will Mary be doing this time on Monday? (to do a research) 2. What will Michael be doing in 2 days at this time? (to design a new car model) 3. What will Nick’s father be doing on Sunday evening? (to work in the garden) 4. What will Alex be doing at the University tomorrow in the afternoon? (to study languages) 5. What will Bob’s mother be doing tomorrow in the evening? (to cook a delicious meal) 6. What will the singer be doing at the concert? (to sing his new songs) 7. What will the teacher be doing next lesson at this time? (to explain a new grammar rule) 8. What will the scientist be doing next week from Wednesday to Friday? (to conduct the scientific experiment)

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Упражнение 13. Выберите из скобок нужную форму Present Simple или Present Continuous. Объясните сделанный выбор.

1. It sometimes (snows / is snowing) here in April. 2. It (snows / is snowing) now. 3. Every morning mother (cooks / is cooking) breakfast for us. 4. It is 8 o’clock now. Mother (cooks / is cooking) breakfast. 5. Every day father (leaves / is leaving) the house at half past eight. 6. Now it is half past eight. Father (leaves / is leaving) the house. 7. We often (watch / are watching) TV. 8. Now we (sit / are sitting) in armchairs and (watch / are watching) TV. 9. Sometimes Mike (does / is doing) his homework in the evening. 10. Look at Mike. He (does / is doing) his homework. 11. It often (rains / is raining) in September. 12. It (rains / is raining) now. 13. Every day the family (has / is having) tea at 5 o’clock. 14. It is 5 o’clock now. The family (has / is having) tea. Упражнение 14. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Present Simple или Present Continuous.

1. My wife usually … (to work) at home, but she … (to spend) this month in Italy. 2. Tom usually … (to cycle) to work but now he … (to go) by bus. 3. When … the lesson … (start) today? 4. What’s your brother doing? He … (to do) the crossword in the newspaper He … (to do) it every day. 5. I’m afraid I’ll lose this game of chess. I … (to play) very badly this time. I usually … much better (to play). 6. Every day she … (to learn) English. Her English … (to get) better day after day. 7. You can borrow my dictionary. I … (to use) it a lot, but I … (not use) it now. 8. We … (not travel) by train very often. We … (to like) travelling by car. 9. I … (to write) English exercises twice a week. 10. Don’t shout! The baby … (to sleep). The baby always … (to sleep) after dinner. 11. It … (to snow) right now. It’s beautiful! I … (to like) this weather. Упражнение 15. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в Past Simple или Past Continuous.

1. We … (to sit) at the breakfast table when the doorbell … (to ring). 2. He … (to meet) a lot of friendly people while he … (to work) in California. 3. When they … (to leave) the museum, the sun … (to shine). 4. While the children … (to sleep), their parents … (to watch) TV. 5. It … (to start) to rain while she … (to water) the flowers in her garden. 6. When I … (to open) the door, it … (to rain). 7. He … (to hear) a loud bang while he … (to talk) to his friend. 8. I … (to see) Sue in town yesterday but she … (not/see) me. She … (to look) the other way. 9. I … (to meet) Tom and Ann at the airport a few weeks ago. We … (to have) a chat while we … (to wait) for our flights.

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10. I … (to drive) home yesterday when suddenly a man … (to step) out into the road in front of me. I … (to go) quite fast but luckily I … (to manage) to stop in time and … (not/hit) him. 11. When I … (to go) to school the day before yesterday, I met Mike and Pete. They … (to talk) and … (to laugh). They told me a funny story. Soon I … (to laugh), too. I still … (to laugh) when we came to school. After school I … (to tell) this story at home. My father and mother … (to like) it very much. Упражнение 16. В каждой паре предложений поставьте глагол в одной из форм: Future Simple или Future Continuous.

1. to fly: We … to India this summer. – We … to India at this time next Saturday.

2. to drive: I can give you a lift to the office in a couple of minutes, I … that way anyway. – If you are late I … you to school

3. to take: Don’t call me at 7 a.m., I … a course in English. – I … a course in English after work.

4. to swim: He … across the river during the competitions tomorrow. – He … across the river next competitions.

5. to read: Our granny … 3 fairy-tales to us in the evening. – Our granny … a fairy-tale to us when mum and dad come home.

6. to discuss: They … their plans for holidays tomorrow. – We … actual problems at the meeting tomorrow at the morning meeting.

7. to have: I … a rest the whole evening next Saturday. – I … a rest after work.

8. to do: They … nanotechnology research. – They … nanotechnology research the whole year. Упражнение 17. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный залог. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времен группы Continuous.

1. They are building new research institutes to develop a scientific basis. 2. She is publishing her new book of poems. 3. He will be playing the guitar at this time tomorrow 4. The teacher was correcting students’ translations. 5. She is looking through the newspaper now. 6. The students will be having an interesting discussion after lectures. 7. Our direction is discussing important matters. 8. The government is stating laws. 9. They are solving many important problems on machine building development.

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10. We will be using less hot water. 11. Our family was watching television. 12. This hotel was holding a wedding party on that day. 13. The authorities were looking for proper solutions. 14. The company will be sponsoring the World Cup. 15. The workers were reconstructing the houses. 16. Maria is ignoring the message. 17. The boy was drawing a picture. 18. The President was making his speech. 19. They will be getting ready for their exams. 20. They were doing much for the development of non-renewable energy sources. 21. Are they building a new shopping mall in our town? 22. Are they repairing car? 23. Were they doing exercises? 24. Was your father washing the car? 25. Will you be writing a poem? 26. Will they be talking about the meeting? Упражнение 18. Вставьте соответствующий предлог in / on / at.

1. … a room; 2. … Russia; 3. … the top of the page; 4. … the sea; 5. … the traffic lights; 6. … a wall; 7. … a car; 8. … the bus; 9. … the city center; 10. … bus-stop; 11. … the tree; 12. … bed; 13. … the dentist’s 14. … the middle of; 15. … the door; 16. … a photograph; 17. … home; 18. … the street; 19. … a newspaper; 20. … a football match; 21. … the south of Italy; 22. … a conference; 23. … the first floor; 24. … a motor-bike. Упражнение 19. Вставьте соответствующий предлог in / on / at / to.

1. There is a nice picture … the wall. 2. She never keeps her money … her bag. 3. Don’t sit … the ground. 4. I talked to some nice people … the party. 5. I think her flat is … the third floor of that building. 6. Who is the boy … that photo? 7. The boy jumped into the river and swam … the other side. 8. The children are playing … the garden. 9. Joy didn’t go … work yesterday. 10. It is very dark … night. 11. There are no stars … the sky. 12. Let’s meet … the entrance to the supermarket. 13. She will be … home tomorrow afternoon. 14. She waited for him … the bus stop … the corner of Green Street and Long Street. 15. There is nobody … the building. 16. I left my bag … the chair … the corner of the room. 17. When we were … Spain, we stayed … a hotel. 18. My name was … bottom of the list. 19. … the middle of the room there are three small boxes. 20. We met … a conference last Thursday. 21. We had a good meal … restaurant and then we went back … the hotel.

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Упражнение 20. Выберите подходящий предлог и переведите предложения.

1. The clock hangs on the wall … the table. (above / under / on) 2. He has played Hamlet … the stage many times. (on / in / next to) 3. The bank is … the post-office and the beauty salon. (behind / at / between) 4. The ball has rolled … the bed. (on / under / above) 5. Bob and Jane were sitting in the café … each other. (between / behind / in front of) 6. The gym is … my college. (next to / on / between) 7. The monument is … the right. (in / at / on) 8. The supermarket is … the cinema. (between / on / opposite) 9. You can see this wonderful waterfall … my back. (in / among / behind) 10. He drives … the tunnel slowly. (in / across / through) 11. You should go 5 steps … the house. (towards / above / at) 12. I jumped … the wall into the garden. (up / over / round) 13. We walked … the town and took many photographs. (round / through / into) 14. The dog swam … the river. (around / between / across) 15. They jumped … the bridge into the river. (over / off / with) 16. I looked … the window and watched the people in the street. (to / in / out of) 17. They walked … me. They didn’t notice me. (past / over / at) 18. Let’s go for a walk … the river. (across / between / along)

Test yourself

1. Как образуется Continuous Tense Active?

A. be + Ved B. have + V3 C. be + Ving

2. Определите, в каком времени и залоге составлено предложение – I am conducting an experiment now.

A. Present Simple / Passive B. Past Continuous / Active C. Present Continuous / Active

3. Выберете форму для Future Continuous Active:

A. will be being done B. will be doing C. will have been doing

4. Выберете правильный вариант: – He … (to translate) a text yesterday at 5.

A. translated B. was translate C. was translating

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5. Как образуется Continuous Passive?

A. be + being + V3 B. be + V3 C. be + being + V2

6. Выберите форму для Present Continuous Passive.

A. is being asked B. was being asked C. will be asked

7. Выберите форму для Past Continuous Passive.

A. is being written B. had been written C. was being written

8. Выберите форму для Future Continuous Passive.

A. will being invited B. will was invited C. will be invited

9. Определите время страдательного залога – I am being invited to all the meetings.

A. Present Simple B. Past Simple C. Present Continuous

10. Определите время и залог – When I came in, he was speaking to my friend.

A. Present Continuous / Active B. Past Continuous / Active C. Past Continuous / Passive

11. Определите время и залог – The question was being studied by the scientists.

A. Present Continuous / Passive B. Past Continuous / Active C. Past Continuous / Passive

12. Определите время и залог – My father is working in his room.

A. Present Continuous / Active B. Present Continuous / Passive C. Past Continuous / Active

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13. Переведите – He was being asked many questions.

A. Ему задали много вопросов. B. Ему задавали много вопросов. C. Он задавал много вопросов.

14. Какое время и залог используется в данном предложении – Noise was being reduced by filtering.

A. Present Simple / Passive B. Past Continuous / Active C. Past Continuous / Passive

15. Переведите – I am being listening to with great attention.

A. Меня внимательно слушали. B. Меня внимательно слушают. C. Я внимательно слушаю.

16. Выберите предложение в страдательном залоге.

A. A task is being done very carefully. B. He was reading an interesting article. C. I was going here yesterday at 5 o’clock.

17. Найдите предложение, составленное в Past Continuous Passive.

A. He was working on the project the whole month. B. He was being asked many questions at the conference. C. He liked spending his free time outdoors.

18. Найдите синоним предлогу above.

A. against B. under C. over

19. Укажите предлог, противоположный по значению behind.

A. under B. inside C. in front of

20. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Земля вращается вокруг Солнца:

A. The Earth goes in front of the Sun. B. The Earth goes round the Sun. C. The Earth goes next to the Sun.

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21. Как переводится предлог at в предложении – Sam stood at the window?

A. у B. на C. за

22. Какой предлог соответствует значению за пределами?

A. inside B. outside C. into

23. Какой предлог называет положение предмета между двумя другими предметами?

A. behind B. among C. between

24. Какой предлог не имеет значения рядом?

A. beside B. next to C. inside

25. Как переводится предлог opposite?

A. внутри B. напротив C. впереди

26. Какой предлог означает проходить сквозь?

A. across B. towards C. through

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LESSON 5

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) - ing; -ure; -less; dis-

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 5A. Means of Communication Text 5B. From the History of Television Text 5C. Morse and Telegraph Invention Text 5D. Telephone

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Времена группы Perfect Active / Passive Предлоги времени


глагол + -ing = существительное

Суффикс -ing обозначает действие, результат, процесс, материал, продукт. Этот суффикс не стоит путать с окончанием -ing для глаголов.

to meet (встречаться) → meeting (встреча) to proceed (продолжать, действовать) → proceeding (поведение) to build (строить) → building (здание, строительство)

to develop – developing; to begin – beginning; to read – reading; to swim – swimming; to understand – understanding; to head – heading; to boil – boiling; to open – opening; to train – training; to travel – travelling; to act – acting.

суффикс существительного -ure

Суффикс -ure указывает на действие, результат, инструмент, функцию или определенное ведомство.

pressure (давление) departure (отправление) measure (мера)

structure; agriculture; manufacture; future; nature; closure; failure; leisure; mixture; literature; pleasure; procedure; treasure; temperature; furniture; feature.

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существительное + -less = прилагательное

Суффикс -less указывает на отсутствие какого-то признака, качества.

hope (надежда) → hopeless (безнадежный) fear (страх) → fearless (бесстрашный) use (польза) → useless (бесполезный)

harm – harmless; doubt – doubtless; aim – aimless; sound – soundless; taste – tasteless; joy – joyless; help – helpless; expression – expressionless.

dis- + глагол / существительное / прилагательное =

противоположное действие / понятие / качество

Префикс dis- присоединяется к словам, начинающимся как на согласную букву, так и на гласную. Указывает на противоположность действия, качества.

to like (нравиться) → to dislike (не нравиться) to agree (соглашаться) → to disagree (не соглашаться) order (порядок) → disorder (беспорядок)

to approve – to disapprove; to appear – to disappear; connection – disconnection; ability – disability; to satisfy – to dissatisfy; organized – disorganized; similar – dissimilar; comfort – discomfort; respectful – disrespectful. Упражнение 1. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление суффикса -less.

a moonless night, a cloudless sky, a noiseless machine, the numberless stars in the universe, a heartless ruler, a homeless cat, a leafless tree, a nameless author, a sunless room, a sunless smile, an endless street, a colorless liquid, a friendless child, a sleepless night, careless people, a doubtless victory. Упражнение 2. Напишите основу, от которой образованы следующие слова:

architecture, beginning, to disconnect, studying, commonless, to disjoin, creature, mixture, tasteless, meaningless, singing, disbalance, powerless, moisture, pressure, disadvantageous, disrespectful, shining. Упражнение 3. Преобразуйте слово так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию.

1. My parents changed all … in the house. to furnish 2. I … with you. He is not a lazy boy. to agree

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3. His business is … cars. to repair 4. My grandmother … living in the old house. She wants to buy a new one.

to like

5. Your blood … is high. You need to call a doctor. to press 6. He is a … driver. He drives a car badly. care 7. I’ve had some … nights, so I feel exhausted. to sleep 8. The … will take two hours. to proceed 9. She gave … answers to our questions. honest 10. The … will be brief. to meet 11. The prize is awarded for an outstanding contribution to … . to broadcast 12. He spent his income all on … . pleasant


role [rəul], communication [kəˌmjuːnɪ'keɪʃən], television ['telɪvɪʒən], telegraph ['telɪgrɑːf], radio ['reɪdɪəu], telephone ['telɪfəun], Internet ['ɪntənet], information [ˌɪnfə'meɪʃən], effectively [ɪ'fektɪvlɪ], service ['sɜːvɪs], mobile ['məubaɪl], operator ['ɔpəreɪtə], technology [tek'nɔləʤɪ], person ['pɜːsən], standard ['stændəd], distance ['dɪstəns], channel ['ʧænəl], data ['deɪtə], to demonstrate ['demənstreɪt], idea [aɪ'dɪə], global ['gləubl], product ['prɔdʌkt], navigation [ˌnævɪ'geɪʃn], coordinate [kəu'ɔːdɪnət], location [ləu'keɪʃn], situation [ˌsɪʧu'eɪʃn], traffic ['træfɪk], fact [fækt], music ['mjuːzɪk], kilometer [kɪ'lɔmɪtə], reality [rɪ'ælətɪ], modern ['mɔdən] Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов.

great [greɪt], importance [ɪm'pɔːtəns], means [miːnz], nowadays ['nauədeɪz], appliance [ə'plaɪəns], society [sə'saɪətɪ], breakthrough ['breɪkθruː], mankind [ˌmæn'kaɪnd], discovery [dɪ'skʌvərɪ], opportunity [ˌɔpə'tjuːnətɪ], to imagine [ɪ'mæʤɪn], addition [ə'dɪʃən], labour ['leɪbə], available [ə'veɪləbl], unthinkable

[ʌn'θɪŋkəbl], without [wɪ'ðaut], cellular ['seljulə], allow [ə'lau], valuable ['væljuəbl], entertainment [ˌentə'teɪnmənt], access ['ækses], additional [ə'dɪʃənəl], matter ['mætə], dissemination [dɪˌsemɪ'neɪʃən], through [θruː], to overestimate [ˌəuvə'estɪmeɪt], previously ['priːvɪəslɪ], further ['fɜːðə], significantly [sɪg'nɪfɪkəntlɪ], permissible [pə'mɪsəbl], to conduct ['kɔndʌkt], feature ['fiːʧə], tool [tuːl], to receive [rɪ'siːv], to expand [ɪk'spænd]


to imagine – представить себе, вообразить means of communication – средства

high-speed access to – высокоскоростной доступ к to overestimate – переоценить

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связи to be of great importance – быть важным technological breakthrough – технический прорыв mankind – человечество a discovery – открытие an opportunity – возможность in addition to – кроме, наряду с cellular communication – сотовая связь no longer – уже не, больше не time and labour saving appliances – электроприборы, экономящие время и труд to stay in contact with – оставаться на связи с

data transfer – передача данных “smart home” – умный дом Internet things – интернет вещей to take into consideration – принять во внимание an artificial satellite – искусственный спутник indispensable – незаменимый to be dependent on – зависеть от to solve problems – решать проблемы to require time and effort – требовать времени и усилий both … and – как …, так и … a range of – целый ряд to enable – давать возможность

Text 5A Прочитайте текст и расскажите о том, какие средства связи

существуют.

Means of Communication The technological breakthrough of mankind in the twentieth century has

brought many interesting discoveries and opportunities into our lives, without which it is difficult to imagine a comfortable life today. In addition to home time and labour saving appliances, cars, airplanes, comfort and new opportunities have become available thanks to the means of communication such as television, telegraph, radio, telephone which play an important part in the development of society.

Today our life is unthinkable without cellular communication. It allows us not only to stay in contact with family and friends, call up at work and solve important problems but also receive answers to a range of other questions. A mobile phone is a valuable tool for finding information on the network, entertainment, and even able to replace a wallet. The development of cellular network standards has enabled mobile phones high-speed access to the Internet which provides additional opportunities. Today we can talk on the phone as well as see the person speaking no matter what distance is. An important role in the spread of information is played by modern communication channels through which it comes to the consumer very quickly.

It is difficult to overestimate the role of communication in our lives. With the advent of the Internet and modern mobile technologies it is no longer necessary to perform many actions that previously required both time and effort. We can pay any bills for light, gas, water using a mobile phone. Mobile communication technologies take care of our safety. By activating additional

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options with the operator, you can track where the child is and see his location on the map.

Further development of cellular networks will significantly increase the permissible amount of data transfer which will significantly expand the scope of their application. According to experts, the introduction of the fifth generation of cellular networks will make it possible to full and more effective use of technologies for “smart home” and Internet things, and even transport will be “smart”. Examples of remote control of cars, conducting complex medical research through fifth-generation cellular networks are already being demonstrated by developers.

Satellite communications systems must also be taken into consideration. The idea that prompted the creation of the first artificial satellite and its launch into Earth orbit was in the creation of a global communication system. It was the need to unite the continents by telephone with the globe that led to the sharp development of satellite communications, and subsequently was of great importance in human life.

The creation of a satellite communications system made it possible to bring telephony capabilities as well as other communication channels to a new level. Satellite Internet, cellular phones and television are just a few of the new features.

One of the common satellite communication products is navigation. This allows the user to get the exact coordinates of their location which can be indispensable in an unforeseen situation if a person is lost. Satellite navigation allows us to reduce the time when receiving certain services, for example, find the nearest store, or get information about the traffic situation in a certain place.

In fact, nowadays a person is less and less dependent on wires. Music and television through the air, and a conversation with a man for thousands of kilometers – all this today is no longer a fairy tale but the reality of a modern citizen.


1. What has many interesting discoveries and opportunities brought into our lives in the twentieth century? 2. What means of communication do you know? 3. Why is it unthinkable today to live without cellular communication? 4. What is a mobile phone used for today? 5. What opportunities do mobile phones with high-speed access to the Internet provide? 6. In what way do mobile communication technologies take care of our safety? 7. What will be caused by the introduction of the fifth generation of cellular networks? 8. Why must satellite communications systems be taken into consideration?

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Упражнение 4. Составьте словосочетания, используя слова в рамке.

cellular, smart, technological, situation, access, communication, mobile, artificial, saving appliances, technologies, high-speed

1. … breakthrough; 2. time and labour … ; 3. means of … ; 4. … network; 5. … to the Internet; 6. mobile communication … ; 7. … home; 8. … satellite; 9. unforeseen … ; 10. … Internet; 11. … phone. Упражнение 5. Установите соответствие между словами, их толкованием и переводом этих слов.

appliance распространение let (someone) have or do something opportunity развлечение

to consider something that is greater in amount or importance than it really is

unthinkable переоценивать something that consists of cells cellular появление extra to what is already present or

available to allow невообразимый the appearance of invention entertainment сотовый

a chance that makes it possible to do something

additional устройство an event, performance, or activity designed to make fun

dissemination возможность a device or piece of equipment designed to perform a specific task

to overestimate дополнительный too unlikely or undesirable to be considered a possibility

advent позволять the act of spreading something Упражнение 6. Расставьте предложения из текста 4A в правильном порядке.

We can pay any bills using a mobile phone thanks to the advent of the Internet and modern mobile technologies.

Today our life is unthinkable without cellular communication. One of the common satellite communication products is navigation that

can be indispensable in an unforeseen situation if a person is lost. 1 The technological breakthrough of mankind in the twentieth century has

brought many interesting discoveries. The advent of a satellite communications system made it possible to bring

telephony capabilities and other communication channels to a new level. The development of cellular network standards has enabled mobile phones

high-speed access to the Internet. New opportunities have become available thanks to the means of

communication.

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Text 5B Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию о развитии различных видов

телевизионных систем в хронологической последовательности.

From the History of Television Television sets can be found in billions of homes around the world. But

100 years ago nobody even knew what television was. The name “television” comes from Greek word meaning “far” and a Latin word meaning “to see” so the word «television» means “to see far”.

A mechanical television set was the first step in the history of television development. These early TV-sets started appearing in the early 1800s. They involved mechanically scanning images transmitted onto a screen. A German inventor Paul Gottlieb Nipkow was the first who developed the mechanical television. That device sent images through wires using a rotating metal disk. Instead of calling the device a television, however, Nipkow called it an “electric telescope”. The device had 18 lines of resolution. In 1907, two inventors Boris Rosing from Russia and an Englishman A.A. Campbell-Swinton combined a cathode ray tube with a mechanical scanning system to create a totally new television system. Ultimately, the early efforts of these inventors would lead to the world’s first electrical television a few years later.

In fact, electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in San Francisco in September 7, 1927. The system was designed by Philo Taylor Farnsworth, a 21-year-old inventor, who had lived in a house without electricity until he was 14. While still in high school, Farnsworth had begun to develop a system that could capture moving images in a form that could be coded onto radio waves and then transformed back into a picture on a screen. It is necessary to take into consideration that Farnsworth’s invention which scanned images with a beam of electrons is the direct ancestor of modern television. Those first television broadcasts were transmitted in black-and-white.

The earliest mention of color television was in a 1904 German patent for a color television system. In 1925, Russian inventor Vladimir Zworykin also filed a patent disclosure for an all-electronic color television system. While both of these designs were not successful, they were the first documented proposals for color television. Actually, 1953 was a year of a successful development of color television system based on a system designed by RCA (Radio Corporation of America) that began commercial broadcasting.

At present TV communication is provided with help of a system of artificial earth satellites so that people living in different parts of the country and all over the world and in different time zones are able to watch the central TV programs at the most convenient hours. Nowadays many countries also have cable TV – a system using wires for the transmission of television programs (like telephone calls). Cable television first appeared in 1949 as a means of transmitting TV signals to rural and mountain areas far from big cities. A few

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years ago it became evident that the next major advance for TV would be digital television. In a digital system the usual continuous signal is replaced by a digital code contain information on brightness, color, etc.

By the end of 1980s television has moved to a new and the most important stage in its development since the appearance of colour television. Technically it is called high-definition television (HDTV) or Hi-Vision. This is much higher resolution television of the 21st century. This revolution was started by Japanese manufacturers when they developed a new video system with a picture several times sharper than in the existing TV sets. The new system increases the screen’s width-to-height ratio (16:9). Besides, recent developments in plasma display panel technology make HDTV commercially practicable.

IPTV (Internet Protocol Television) is the new generation telecasting system whereby television services are delivered via the Internet Protocol route by means of a fast and reliable Internet connection. IPTV services have three main features:

1. VOD: Video on demand (VOD) is an option available to the users of IPTV. Each user is given the option to choose from a catalog of videos and watch them as many times as required.

2. DVR: IPTV allows users to watch TV shows broadcast in the past using digital video recorder (DVR) which is also known as time shifted programming.

3. Live Television: IPTV allows users to watch live transmissions with minimal latency. It provides live television broadcasts either with or without interactivity, without being just like traditional TV broadcasts.

Упражнение 7. Укажите, являются ли утверждения из текста 5B верными (true) или неверными (false).

1. Television sets can be found in a few homes around the world. 2. The name “television” comes from Greek word meaning “near”. 3. Mechanical television sets was the first step in the history of television development. 4. Early televisions started appearing in the early 1700s. 5. A German inventor Paul Gottlieb Nipkow was the first who developed the mechanical television. 6. An electronic television was first successfully demonstrated in New York. 7. A successful development of color television system was designed by Radio Corporation of America. 8. Internet Protocol Television services have one main feature. Упражнение 8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. How many hours do you spend watching TV? 2. What TV shows do you like? Why? 3. What types of programmes don’t you like? Why? 4. What is your attitude to gossip shows? documentaries? quiz shows? 5. Which channels are your favourite? Why? 6. What do you prefer: watching TV at home or going to the cinema? 7. What genres of TV series do you like the most? 8. Are

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advertisements necessary during films or programs? 9. What are advantages of digital television over analog one?

Text 5C Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию о том, с какими трудностями

столкнулся Морзе при создании телеграфа.

Morse and Telegraph Invention Long before Samuel Morse electrically transmitted his famous message

“What hath God wrought?” from Washington to Baltimore on May 24, 1844, there were signaling systems that enabled people to communicate over distances. Most were visual or “semaphore” systems using flags or lights. In the eighteenth century, such systems used an observer who would decipher a signal from a high tower on a distant hill and then send it on to the next station.

The idea of using electricity to communicate over distance is said to cross Morse’s mind during a conversation on board a ship when he was returning from Europe in 1832. Michael Faraday’s recently invented electromagnet was much discussed by the ship’s passengers, and when Morse came to understand how it worked, he speculated that it might be possible to send a coded message over a wire. While a student at Yale College years before, he had written his parents a letter about how interesting he found the lectures on electricity. Despite what he had learned at Yale, Morse found when he began to develop his idea that he had little real understanding of the nature of electricity, and after sporadic attempts to work with batteries, magnets, and wires, he finally turned for help to a colleague at the University of the City of New York, Leonard D. Gale – a professor of chemistry who was familiar with the electrical work of Princeton’s Joseph Henry, a true pioneer in the new field. Gale’s help and his knowledge proved crucial to Morse’s telegraph system because Gale not only pointed out flaws in the system but showed Morse how he could regularly boost the strength of a signal and overcome the distance problems he had encountered by using a relay system Henry had invented. Henry’s experiments, Gale’s assistance and hiring the young technician Alfred Vail were keys to Morse’s success.

To transmit messages across telegraph wires in the 1830s Morse and Vail created what came to be known as Morse code. The code consisted of letters in the alphabet and numbers as a set of dots (short marks) and dashes (long marks) based on the frequency of use; letters used often (such as “E”) got a simple code, while those used infrequently (such as “Q”) got a longer and more complex code. The inconvenience of the Morse telegraph was that only specialists could decrypt its code, while it was completely incomprehensible to ordinary people. Therefore, over next few years many inventors worked to create a device that would register the message text itself.

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Telegraph companies were formed in many cities. By 1861 telegraph wires stretched from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In Europe too, Samuel Morse’s system became popular. Cables were laid to Central and South America. After 1900 transpacific cables were laid to Asia and Australia. At last news and business information could be sent instantly to almost every country in the world.

Упражнение 9. Прокомментируйте следующие утверждения.

1. With the appearance of the telegraph development the world changed. 2. Telegraph invention revolutionized a long-distance communication. 3. Although the telegraph that Samuel Morse successfully tested in 1837 is no longer in use today, its fall gave rise to many other forms of long distance communication. 4. Telegraph opened people up to a whole new world of socialization and brought people closer together. 5. Telegraph transmission takes much longer than electronic communication methods used today. 6. Telegraph is incapable of transmitting video, audio or documents.

Text 5D

Прочитайте текст и скажите, что нового вы узнали из текса. Перескажите текст.

Telephone Alexander Graham Bell, best known for his invention of the telephone,

revolutionized communication as we know it today. His interest in sound technology was deep-rooted and personal as both his wife and mother were deaf. He launched the Bell Telephone Company in 1877. Ultimately, the talented scientist held more than 18 patents for his inventions and work in communications.

“Watson, says Bell! If you can hear me, go to the window and wave your hat”. This phrase, said on March 10, 1876, was the first to be spoken by telephone. The speaker, Alexander Graham Bell, became known all over the world as the inventor of the device. In fact, the history of the phone invention is complicated. In the early 1850s, New Yorker Antonio Meucci discovered that electric current had a positive effect on people’s health. He designed a generator and began private practice. Once, Meucci connected the wires to the patient’s lips, and he himself went into the remote room where the generator was located. When the doctor turned on the device, he heard the patient scream as distinctly as if standing next to him. After that Meucci turned his attention to experiments with the device. By the beginning of the 1870s, he had already created drawings of the device which he called a telephone.

Another competitor of the well-known inventor of telephone communications Alexander Graham Bell was a man named Elisha Gray. He

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filed an application with the Patent Office two hours later than Bell. There’s some debate over who should be credited with the invention of the telephone. It’s said that Bell raced to the patent office to be the first to secure the rights to the discovery. There was no ringer in the very first telephone. It was later invented by Bell’s assistant, Thomas Watson. The microphone was finalized by Thomas Edison. By the way, it was Edison who came up with the idea of starting a conversation with the word “Hello”.

Telephone installation was rapidly spreading around the world. The first city where devices began to appear in the apartments of wealthy people was Boston where Bell lived and worked. In 1879, the invention appeared in Paris. In 1881 it became possible to talk with a friend in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Odessa, Berlin, Riga and Warsaw. By the beginning of the 20th century international and intercity lines began to spread over the planet. By 1910 there were more than 10 thousand stations all over the world which served more than 10 million subscribers.

Officially, the first conversation on a cell phone took place in 1973 in New York. But there is a version that the world’s first wireless devices appeared in the Soviet Union. The radio engineer Leonid Kupriyanovich had developed a telephone model that could transmit voice to a base station by radio. The device weighed 500 gr and could work in standby mode for 20-30 hours. It looked like a box with a dial plate, a pair of toggle switches and a connected handset. The owner of such a device should either hold the case in one hand, and a receiver in the other hand, or hang a box on his belt. This time is considered to be the start of the history of mobile phones.

Упражнение 10. Дайте развернутые ответы на следующие вопросы.

1. Why do parents want their children to have a mobile phone? 2. What are the advantages of having a mobile phone? 3. What problems can you have with a mobile phone? 4. When did you get your first mobile phone? 5. What do you usually use your mobile phone for? 6. How do you feel when you forget your mobile phone at home? 7. Do you think it is right that mobile phones are not allowed in some places? 8. In what place would you recommend people switch off or turn down their mobile phones? Why? 9. Think about these people. Find 3 pros and cons in buying a mobile phone for them: a 5-year-old boy; - an old lady; - a teenager. Упражнение 11. Назовите 10-15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему “Means of communication”. Упражнение 12. Выполните письменный перевод текста.

It is only through technology that mass media can exist. Humans like to both watch and listen to something at the same time. For at least 140,000 years,

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humans have been entertained and informed by watching and listening to the things going on around them. Nowadays it is impossible to imagine our life without such a technological breakthrough as television because it is one of the most popularly used modes of electronic form of communication and is of great importance today. Television is widely used for purposes like information as relates to news broadcasting, entertainments ranging from sports to artistic production in dramas, movies and music to commercial use in advertising. Among popular advancements after invention is the development from black and white to colored televisions, from analogue to digital transmissions as well as the introduction of the 3D televisions. TV development has also included the introduction of the “liquid crystal display” television. The development that was started many years ago by TV manufacturers including Panasonic, Hitachi, Sony, Philips and Toshiba among others also took the technology to another level.

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Распределите глаголы в 3й форме таким образом: сначала напишите глаголы, образованные от правильных глаголов, затем – от неправильных.

had, met, written, done, cleaned, rained, seen, said, gone, sung, cut, happened, locked, made, lived, asked, liked, slept, told, fallen. Упражнение 2. Раскройте скобки и поставьте глаголы в Present Perfect. Поставьте предложения в вопросительную и отрицательную форму.

1. John … (to stay) in contact with his old school friends. 2. I … (to overestimate) the importance of this decision. 3. He … (to solve) all the problems. 4. It … (to give) students the opportunity to practice their speaking skills. 5. The project … (to require) a great amount of time and efforts. 6. You … (to make) a mistake in your dictation. 7. Demand … (to overtake) the supply. 8. They … (to solve) equations simultaneously. 9. I … (to tell) the truth about that event. 10. Some people (to refuse) to participate in this competition. Упражнение 3. Ответьте на вопросы утвердительно, поставив глагол в Present Perfect и используя слова already / just.

Например: Are the rooms clean? (to clean) — Yes, my mother has just cleaned them.

1. Does she know the song? (to learn) 2. Is breakfast ready? (to cook) 3. Do you know how tasty the pie is? (to eat) 4. Is she at home? (to come) 5. Do you know the melody? (to hear it many times) 6. Can you speak on the subject? (to read about it) 7. Is Ann on holiday? (to go to Italy) 8. Are you ready with the report? (to write it) 9. Can you do this work? (to finish it)

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Упражнение 4. Дополните предложения словами for или since.

1. I’ve lived in Washington … 1997. 2. Alex has studied English … three years 3. They haven’t visited their grandparents … months. 4. Kate is ill. She has been in bed … Tuesday. 5. My dad has had his car … sixteen. 6. It has been ten years … we moved to Oxford. 7. I have known him … 2 years. 8. They haven’t seen each other … 10 years. Упражнение 5. В письме есть 4 ошибки на использование for и since. Найдите и исправьте их.

Dear Mum and Dad,

I’ve lived in Africa since two weeks and I love it! Africa is beautiful! I haven’t travelled to any faraway place for last summer. I’m so happy now! I’ve already seen Mr. Brown. He is working for World Wildlife Fund here and taking photos of wild animals. I haven’t seen any lions yet. I think I’ll see them later. Thank you for the trip. I’ve dreamed of Kenya for my childhood. I haven’t seen you since ages! I miss you so much!

Love, Tom. Упражнение 6. Перепишите предложения по образцу, используя слово yet.

Например: I am still doing my homework. – I haven’t done my homework yet.

1. I am still translating the text. 2. I am still writing the exercise. 3. I am still cleaning my room. 4. He is still reading the story. 5. He is still washing his bike. 6. They are still discussing the book. 7. They are still conducting an experiment. 8. We are still having breakfast. 9. She is still making sandwiches. 10. She is still answering the questions. Упражнение 7. Дополните предложения, используя форму глаголов в Past Perfect, приведенных ниже.

Например: to learn the poem – I went to bed after I had learnt the poem.

to have dinner, to do homework, to come, to read the book, to clean the room, to go shopping, to return from Australia, to finish work

1. I went to see my friend after... . 2. I watched TV after... . 3. They went home after... . 4. He phoned me after... . 5. She went to dance after... . 6. We wrote a composition after... . 7. They rebuilt the house after... . 8. We went for a walk after...

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Упражнение 8. Определите, что произошло раньше. Объедините два предложения в одно, не меняя части местами. Используйте Past Perfect и слово before.

Например: I sent a telegram. I met my friend. – I had sent a telegram before I met my friend.

1. The rain stopped. I went for a walk. 2. I did my homework. My mother returned home. 3. We met in the street. We went to the park. 4. They packed their things. Then they started. 5. I had dinner. I switched on the TV set. 6. He returned home. The guests left. 7. We came to the cinema. The film began. 8. I read the book. I saw the play. 9. They lived here. They moved to another place. 10. We played tennis. We went to the gym. Упражнение 9. Вставьте глагол во времени Future Perfect.

1. I … (to be) a Londoner for five and a half years by next September. 2. By Tuesday Jill … (to read) these novels by O’Henry. 3. Next year is Fred and Kate’s 10th wedding anniversary. They (to be) … happily married for ten years. 4. Molly thinks the film … (to start) by the time she gets to Fred’s. 5. Before his holiday Tom … (to spend) all his money. 6. The train … (to leave) by the time they get to the station. 7. I … (to finish) my chemistry homework before he comes home. 8. Before Lisa arrives, I … (to cook) dinner. 9. Jonny … (to translate) this document by 7pm o’clock this afternoon. 10. Helen … (make) this awesome doll by her daughter’s birthday. Упражнение 10. Раскройте скобки, используя Present Perfect и Past Simple.

Например: I … (to write) a letter to my cousin. – (already, yesterday). 1. I have already written a letter to my cousin. 2. I wrote a letter to my cousin yesterday.

1. Mother … (to bring) our tea. – (a few minutes ago; not yet) 2. He … (to go) to London in a few days. – (already; last week) 3. Students … (to clean) their classrooms. – (for 2 hours; last Saturday) 4. Anna … (to read) a new novel by Chekhov. – (this month; last year) 5. The boys … (to play) football in the yard now. – (yesterday; many times) 6. The bell … (to ring). – (just; some minutes ago) 7. The teacher … (to explain) a new rule. – (just, last lesson) 8. Ann … (to do) the flat. – (since Friday; on Friday) 9. They … (to discuss) this plan. – (many times; a few days ago) 10. Granny … (to make) a birthday cake. – (just; yesterday)

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Упражнение 11. Найдите и исправьте в предложениях ошибки во временной форме глаголов Past Simple / Past Perfect.

1. They were late but the lecture didn’t start yet. 2. I had remembered that I left the iron switched on. 3. The floor was slippery because Tom spilt some juice on it. 4. Mary had given me the book I hadn’t read before. 5. He returned home because he remembered that didn’t lock the door. 6. Before the pupils had started the exam, they had switched their mobiles off. 7. Fred gave me the car back after he used it. 8. The concert had finished and we had gone to a nice restaurant. 9. I didn’t recognize Henry because he lost much weight and grew a moustache. 10. I visited so many beautiful places in China before I had come to the Great Wall. Упражнение 12. Выберете правильную форму глагола, обращая внимание на употребление Future Simple, Future Continuous, Future Perfect.

1. By the time I get home, my wife … watching her favourite TV series on her favourite channel.

A. will have finished

B. will finish C. will be finishing

2. When she arrives, Ann and Tom … .

A. will cook B. will be cooking

C. will have cooked

3. By the time I’m 35, I … my own business.

A. will have started B. will start

C. will be starting

4. When she arrives, we … on the platform.

A. will have waited

B. will wait C. will be waiting

5. You … your exams if you don’t study.

A. won’t have passed

B. won’t be passing C. won’t pass

6. Goodnight. I … you tomorrow.

A. will be seeing

B. will see C. will have seen

7. This time tomorrow I … in the ocean.

A. will be swimming

B. will have swum C. will swim

8. I’m so tired. I think I … to bed.

A. will go

B. will be going C. will have gone

9. By next year, she … her promotion.

A. will receive

B. will have received

C. will be receiving

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10. This time next week he … to South Africa.

A. will be flying

B. will fly C. will have flown

11. By the time the guests arrive, I … the room.

A. will have cleaned B. will clean

C. will be cleaning

12. Tomorrow at nine I … a test.

A. will be writing B. will have written C. will write Упражнение 13. Преобразуйте предложения из действительного залога в страдательный залог. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление времен группы Perfect.

1. She has just sent those letters. 2. I haven’t taken the books back to the library yet. 3. The teacher has already checked my test. 4. Has he lost the key? 5. We have opened all the windows. 6. I haven’t bought bread on the way home. 7. Have you done this exercise? 8. He had written a letter by the evening. 9. She had watered the flowers before the rain started. 10. Had you done your task? 11. They hadn’t built a new house by the end of this month. 12. The speaker had presented his project by 6 o’clock. 13. They will have built the airport by next April. 14. We will have decorated the Christmas tree before the children come back. 15. Will they have visited three countries by 2021? 16. I think we won’t have launched our new product by the end of December. Упражнение 14. Определите время и залог глаголов.

1. takes 2. has given 3. is sleeping 4. has been studied 5. will be doing 6. had realized 7. are being built 8. will consider 9. caught 10. costs 11. will have given 12. were playing 13. have 14. had been worked 15. are answered 16. had won 17. will appreciate 18. was translated 19. went 20. will be done 21. were being produced. Упражнение 15. Выполните упражнение по образцу.

Например: Present Simple Active (to spend) – spend / spends Past Continuous Passive (to write) – was/were being written

1. Present Continuous Active (to sing) 2. Future Perfect Active (to learn) 3. Present Simple Passive (to do) 4. Past Simple Active (to think) 5. Future Continuous Passive (to assemble) 6. Present Continuous Passive (to take) 7. Past Perfect Passive (to finish) 8. Past Continuous Active (to calculate) 9. Present Perfect Active (to walk) 10. Future Simple Active (to win) 11. Past Continuous Passive (to divide) 12. Present Simple Active (to carry out) 13. Past Perfect Active (to watch) 14. Past Simple Passive (to build) 15. Future Perfect Passive (stop) 16. Present Perfect Passive (to produce) 17. Future Continuous Active (to play) 18. Future Simple Passive (to get).

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Упражнение 16. Раскройте скобки, обращая внимание на употребление групп времен Simple, Continuous, Perfect и на ключевые слова.

1. He … (to write) a test. (every semester / now / already / 2 days ago / by 2 o’clock) 2. We … (to play) football. (at the moment / last month / when he came / tomorrow at this time) 3. They … (to make) a scientific report. (now / just / often / by the evening / yesterday / yet / yesterday at 5 p.m. ) 4. We … (to watch) TV. (when it started to rain / while she was cooking / when they came home / when they come home) 5. She … (to solve) important problems. (yesterday / tomorrow / at the moment / by the next week / already / usually) 6. You … (to study) new English grammar rule. (every day / now / just / a week ago / next week / by tomorrow / the whole evening yesterday) Упражнение 17. Выберете подходящий предлог времени at / on / in.

1. … 6 June; 2. … 8 o’clock; 3. … Wednesday; 4. … 12.30 a.m.; 5. … 1977; 6. September; 7. … 24 September; 8. … Friday; 9. … present; 10. … the morning; 11. … the moment; 12. … night; 13. … Monday morning; 14. … weekends; 15. … Christmas. Упражнение 18. Вставьте предлоги времени at / on / in, где нужно:

1. Where were you … 28 February? 2. I got up … 8 o’clock this morning. 3. I like getting up early … the morning. 4. I’m leaving … next Saturday. 5. My sister got married … May. 6. Diana and I first met … 1998. 7. Will you be at home … this evening? 8. Did you go out … Friday? 9. Did you go out … Friday evening? 10. Do often out … the evening? 11. She phones me … every Sunday. 12. I always feel tired … the evening. 13. We went to Scotland … last summer. 14. What do you usually do … the weekend? 15. Can you play tennis … next Sunday? 16. I’m afraid I can’t come to the party … Sunday. 17. We went to bed late … last night. 18. I don’t like going out alone … night. 19. I won’t be out very long. I’ll be back … ten minutes. 20. I’m leaving … Saturday. Упражнение 19. Поставьте подходящий предлог времени after, before, since, for, ago, until, during, by.

1. We have lived in this house … six years.

Мы живем в этом доме вот уже шесть лет.

2. We lived there 5 years … . Мы жили здесь 5 лет назад. 3. She has worked here … 2012. Она работает здесь с 2012 года. 4. I’ve been waiting for him … 20 minutes.

Я жду его уже 20 минут.

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5. You should wash the floor … your mother comes home.

Ты должен помыть полы до того, как придет мама.

6. I’ll be at the office … 7 o’clock. Я буду в офисе до 7 часов. 7. I have never seen that woman … . Я никогда не видел ту женщину

раньше. 8. She went to the market 2 hours … . Она ушла на рынок 2 часа назад. 9. Ann works hard … the week. Аня много работает в течение недели. 10. He must buy warm clothes … winter comes.

Он должен купить теплую одежду до наступления зимы.

11. I can come but only … ten minutes.

Я могу прийти, но только на десять минут.

12. It’s been raining … last night. Дождь идет с прошлой ночи. 13. … 11 o’clock I had read five pages.

К одиннадцати часам я прочитал пять страниц.

14. He waited … they were quiet. Он ждал, пока они не успокоятся. 15. I’ve been painting … my childhood. Я рисую с детства. 16. No one was allowed to use any written materials … the exam.

Никому не разрешалось использовать письменные материалы во время экзамена.

17. He found his passport, 6 months … losing it.

Он нашел свой паспорт через 6 месяцев после его потери.

18. The month … June is May. Месяц до июня – май. 19. The day … Tuesday is Wednesday. День после вторника – среда. 20. I waited for her call … 6 p.m. but she didn't call. I suppose she was busy.

Я ждал ее звонка до 6 вечера, но она не звонила. Я полагаю, она была занята.

Test yourself

1. Как образуется Present Perfect Active?

A. be + V3 B. have/has + V3 C. have been + V3

2. Найдите предложение, составленное во времени Present Perfect Active?

A. I like the whole school to participate in the sports. B. I wanted to see results. C. Most people have joined the game.

3. В каком времени составлено предложение – I had made an experiment.

A. Past Simple B. Past Continuous C. Past Perfect

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4. Выберете правильный вариант: – He … (to translate) a text yesterday by 5 p.m.

A. translated B. had translated C. was translating

5. Выберете форму для Future Perfect Active.

A. will had done B. will have doing C. will have done

6. В каком времени составлено предложение – I will have done by the time they arrive.

A. Future Simple / Past Continuous B. Future Perfect / Future Simple C. Future Perfect / Present Simple

7. Как образуется Present Perfect Passive?

A. have/has been V3 B. had + V3 C. have/has V3

8. Выберете подходящий вариант для Present Perfect Passive?

A. has played B. had been played C. have been played

9. Выберите форму для Past Perfect Passive.

A. was asked B. has been asked C. had been asked

10. Выберите форму для Future Perfect Passive.

A. will has been written B. will have be written C. will have been written

11. Определите время страдательного залога – I have been asked many questions.

A. Present Perfect B. Past Perfect C. Present Perfect Continuous

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12. Переведите: She will have finished this work by tomorrow.

A. Она закончит эту работу завтра. B. Она закончит эту работу к завтрашнему дню. C. Она закончила эту работу вчера.

13. Определите время и залог в данном предложении – I haven’t done my homework yet.

A. Present Perfect/Passive B. Past Perfect/Active C. Present Perfect/Active

14. Переведите – I have already done a test.

A. Я только что сделал тест. B. Я уже сделал тест. C. Я делал этот тест раньше.

15. Выберите предложение в страдательном залоге:

A. A task will have been done. B. He will have written an interesting article. C. I will have gone here tomorrow by 5 o’clock.

16. Вставьте подходящий предлог времени – I visited a lot of interesting places … my time in London.

A. while B. during C. in

17. Вставьте подходящий предлог времени – The course starts … 10 March.

A. at B. on C. in

18. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Он живет в Индии 5 месяцев.

A. He has lived in India for 5 months. B. He has lived in India about 5 months. C. He lived in India 5 months ago.

19. Как переводится предлог in в предложении – She usually works better in the morning?

A. в B. - C. на

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20. Какой предлог соответствует значению с каких-то пор, с?

A. with B. within C. since

21. Какой предлог имеет значение не позднее, чем; к какому-то моменту времени?

A. before B. by C. after

22. Какой предлог употребляется в данных выражениях? – … the end of the month; … the beginning of the year.

A. in B. at C. on

23. Какой предлог употребляется с днями и датами и везде, где есть слово “day”?

A. in B. at C. on

24. Как переводится предлог over в предложении – I’m expecting a phone call over an hour?

A. в течение B. через C. более

25. Какой предлог имеет значение ранее какого-то момента времени?

A. till B. before C. after

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LESSON 6

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) -ance; -ic; -ive; -ty

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 6A. Technologies of the 21st century Text 6B. Computers are everywhere Text 6C. What is a computer? Text 6D. Types of computers

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Модальные глаголы Предлоги причины и цели


глагол / прилагательное + -ance, -ence, -ancy, -ency =

существительное

Данные суффиксы указывают на состояние или качество чего-то.

Суффиксы -ance и -ancy присоединяются к глаголам, которые оканчиваются на -y, -ure, -ear, -ate, к твердой с (как в слове cab) или твердой g (как в game).

to vary (изменяться) → variance (изменение) to insure (страховать) → insurance (страхование) to tolerate (терпеть) → tolerance (терпение, толерантность)

Суффиксы -ence и -ency присоединяются к глаголам с окончанием -ere (кроме preserve), к ударным окончаниям -er, мягкой с (как в слове cell), или мягкой g (как в gin).

to interfere (вмешиваться) → interference (вмешательство) to prefer (предпочитать) → preference (предпочтение) to emerge (появляться) → emergence (появление)

Существительные с суффиксами -ance и -ence можно образовать от прилагательных.

resident (жилой) → residence (резиденция) intelligent (умный) → intelligence (ум)

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to perform – performance; to ignore – ignorance; to apply – appliance; to clear – clearance; to dominate – dominance; arrogant – arrogance; significant – significance; to adhere – adherence; to confer – conference; confident – confidence; evident – evidence; innocent – innocence; important – importance.

существительное + -ic = прилагательное

Суффикс -ic имеет значение «вызванный чем-то».

base (основа) → basic (основанный) science (наука) → scientific (научный)

ocean – oceanic; athlete – athletic; rhythm – rhythmic; art – artistic; energy – energetic; economy – economic; history – historic; symbol – symbolic.

глагол/ существительное + -ive = прилагательное

Суффикс -ive имеет значения «иметь качество», «способность».

to attract (привлекать) → attractive (привлекательный) to create (создавать) → creative (креативный)

to construct – constructive; to act – active; to defense – defensive; to impress – impressive; to select – selective; mass – massive; impulse – impulsive.

прилагательное + -ty = существительное

Суффикс -ty (-ity/-ety) указывает на качество, состояние, которое передает прилагательное.

active (активный) → activity (активность, деятельность) real (реальный) → reality (реальность)

capable – capability; accessible – accessibility; human – humanity; anxious – anxiety; poor – poverty; intensive – intensity; original – originality; curious – curiosity; social – society; safe – safety. Упражнение 1. Образуйте от основ выделенных слов существительные или прилагательные с указанными суффиксами и напишите их.

1. The scientists had difficulty in explaining how the star had disappeared.

They had difficulty in explaining the … of the star.

-ance

2. Jack ignored our conversation.

Jack displayed his … during our conversation.

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3. An actress performed her role brilliantly.

An actress showed a brilliant … of her role yesterday.

1. Children expected presents for Christmas.

I saw the look of … in the children’s eyes.

2. He hesitates to call her.

I noticed a certain … in his calling her.

-ancy

3. Students made errors frequent enough.

The … of student errors was frustrating to the young teacher.

1. We were surprised how different her speech had become.

We were surprised at the … in her speech.

2. I prefer good literature. My own … is for good literature. -ence

3. He insisted on the need for reform.

He spoke with great … of the need for reform.

1. The game was very simple and boring.

The … of the game makes it boring.

2. She is too curious. … is her weak point. -ty

3. This poem is original.

The … of this poem should be discussed.

1. This experiment impressed us.

This experiment was … .

2. She acts in this play. She has a very … role in this play. -ive

3. She was in mood to talk. She was in a … mood. 1. C is a symbol for carbon. C is a … sign for carbon. 2. The economy has grown steadily.

There has been an acceleration in … growth.

-ic

3. He is an optimist. He has an … turn of mind. Упражнение 2. Преобразуйте слово так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию.

1. She’s a woman of … sensibility. poet 2. Tina’s joke was … for her friends. to offend 3. Nowadays we often judge people only by …, so it is not good.

to appear

4. Mendeleyev created a … Table of the Elements. period 5. Anna likes … kinds of sport. to act 6. The word ‘professional’ has connotations of skill and … . excellent 7. He has enough … to cope with the job. flexible 8. There are … information systems. geography 9. He is possessed of great … . to able 10. Engineers are carrying out essential … work to maintain

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11. … moved me to open the box. curious 12. Rubber is a flexible … . substantial

SECTION 2: Чтение (Reading) Упражнение 1. Прочитайте и переведите интернациональные слова.

technology [tek'nɔləʤɪ], innovation [ˌɪnəu'veɪʃn], innovative ['ɪnəuveɪtɪv], impression [ɪm'preʃn], sensation [sen'seɪʃn], to affect [ə'fekt], social ['səuʃl], structure ['strʌkʧə], civilization [ˌsɪvɪlaɪ'zeɪʃn], to convert [kən'vɜːt], material [mə'tɪərɪəl], service ['sɜːvɪs], sphere [sfɪə], activity [æk'tɪvətɪ], effect [ɪ'fekt], modern ['mɔdən], person ['pɜːsn], personal ['pɜːsənl], computer [kəm'pjuːtə], machine [mə'ʃiːn], to occupy ['ɔkjupaɪ], meter ['miːtə], portable ['pɔːtəbl], system ['sɪstəm], visual ['vɪʒuəl], presentation [ˌprezən'teɪʃn], fantastic [fæn'tæstɪk], resident ['rezɪdənt], negative ['negətɪv], aspect ['æspekt], telecommunication [ˌtelɪkəˌmjuːnɪ'keɪʃn], contact ['kɔntækt], to form [fɔːm], to combine [kəm'baɪn], audio ['ɔːdɪəu], robotic [rəu'bɔtɪk], general ['ʤenərəl], vacuum ['vækjuəm], area ['eərɪə], association [əˌsəuʃɪ'eɪʃn], rational ['ræʃənl], intelligence [ɪn'telɪʤəns], creativity [krɪ'eɪtɪvɪtɪ]. Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов.

century ['senʧərɪ], to evolve [ɪ'vɔlv], undoubtedly [ʌn'dautɪdlɪ], indeed [ɪn'diːd], gasoline ['gæsəliːn], to aim [eɪm], source [sɔːs], to draw [drɔː], strength [streŋθ], waste [weɪst], society [sə'saɪətɪ], to change [ʧeɪnʤ], environmental [ɪnˌvaɪərən'mentl], preference ['prefərəns], rather ['rɑːðə], significant [sɪg'nɪfɪkənt], enough [ɪ'nʌf], square [skweə], to provide [prə'vaɪd], increasingly [ɪn'kriːsɪŋlɪ], to simplify ['sɪmplɪfaɪ], to touch [tʌʧ], harmful ['hɑːmful], health [helθ], capability [ˌkeɪpə'bɪlətɪ], direction [dɪ'rekʃn, daɪ-], approach [ə'prəuʧ], disadvantage [ˌdɪsəd'vɑːntɪʤ], to achieve [ə'ʧiːv], available [ə'veɪləbl], contest ['kɔntest], exhibition [ˌeksɪ'bɪʃn], purpose ['pɜːpəs], boundary ['baundərɪ], thought [θɔːt], to assume [ə'sjuːm], humanity [hjuː'mænətɪ].


to evolve – развиваться to make a great impression on – производить большое впечатление на to cause a sensation – произвести сенсацию to take smth for granted – воспринимать как само собой разумеющееся to affect one’s life – влиять на жизнь to take first steps in – делать первые шаги

rather than – вместо; а не a means – средство to provide with the necessary information – предоставлять необходимую информацию to simplify – упрощать to be harmful to – быть вредным to form a new approach (to) – создать новый подход (к) for general use – для общего

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to draw strength from – черпать силу из to give preference to – отдавать предпочтения чему-то to have negative effect on – иметь негативное влияние на

пользования to give up a sense of boundaries – выйти за рамки to be used to – привыкнуть

Text 6A

Прочитайте текст, выделите интересные факты и перескажите.

Technologies of the 21st century It is known that much is being done today for the development of

technology. In past centuries, technology has evolved quite slowly and each innovation has made a great impression. Now new technologies do not cause a sensation. Everyone takes it for granted that new inventions are created every year that, undoubtedly, affect our lives. In fact, technology has changed along with changes in the economic and social structure of human civilizations. Indeed, technology is the art of transforming one thing into another, such as converting oil into gasoline or building materials into a house. It should be noted that together with technology the product itself is changing. If in past centuries it was something material, now it is a service and information sphere. Technologies of the 21st century are aimed at:

1. New sources of energy: Many scientists are taking their first steps in creating new energy sources that can draw their strength from simple water or waste from human activities. If society is able to switch to new sources of energy in the near future, many things can change. A global problem is environmental pollution because our society is not used to walking. It gives preference to cars which have negative effect on our environment. Accordingly, it would be best to power our cars with fresh water rather than gasoline.

2. Computers: A modern person cannot imagine his life without a computer. People spend most of their time on the Internet. Therefore, development in a computer environment is quite significant. A computer is both a tool to get a job done and a means of spending free time. Nowadays it is enough to click and order a dinner within seconds. Moreover, a computer transformed quick enough from a huge machine occupying a whole room of 50 square meters into a portable system that can fit in a briefcase and provide us with the necessary information. Increasingly, the system of visual presentation of information is simplified through holographic technology. And a touch screen that seemed something fantastic 5 years ago is widely used today by every second resident of a large city. But, there are some negative aspects. Using a computer is very harmful to our health.

3. Telecommunications: With the development of computers, telecommunications began to develop as well. It will be difficult for a person to perform various actions without them. Everyone knows that the Internet holds a

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great potential, and, for example, Skype’s capabilities allow people to hold meetings without personal contact. The main direction of modern communication systems forms a new approach to communication and combines the audio and video aspects. Thus, telecommunications have opened up new spaces for man but there are some disadvantages. Modern society is lazy and cannot leave home to achieve its goals.

4. Robotization: An interesting area is the robotic technology. People have always dreamed of a device that would do the work for them. Now such devices are available for general use such as dishwashers, new vacuum cleaners, etc. There are also many contests and exhibitions of various robotic models for industrial, domestic and scientific purposes that can help people.

The development of innovative technologies is a very important and interesting area of human activity. A person can develop something new, create something that will help people, he may give up a sense of boundaries that will lead to the free association of his thoughts. According to the 21th century, it can be assumed that humanity will enter a more rational stage of the technologies development related to such problems as humanity, intelligence and creativity.


1. What is this text about? 2. What is being done today for the development of technology? 3. What was the attitude to innovations in past centuries? 4. Why don’t new technologies cause a sensation in the 21st century? 5. What is technology? 6. What are technologies of the 21st century aimed at? 7. What does it mean to create new sources of energy? 8. Why is development in a computer environment quite significant? 9. What is the potential of the Internet? 10. What are the prospects of robotic technology development? Упражнение 4. Найдите в тексте:

1 абзац – синонимы к словам 1. to create 2. impression 3. invention 4. transforming 5. along with 6. today 7. in fact

2 абзац – антонимы к словам 1. old 2. weakness 3. difficult 4. past 5. local 6. positive

3 абзац – слова, означающие: 1. an electronic machine that can store and deal with large amounts of information. 2. a global computer network 3. an action or system by which a result is achieved 4. able to be easily carried or moved 5. to make (something) simpler or easier to do or understand

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4 абзац – объясните, что означают данные слова: 1. telecommunication 2. to perform 3. potential 4. to allow 5. to combine 6. disadvantage

5 и 6 абзацы – найдите фразы, означающие: 1. an attractive field 2. to expect of appearance of a new appliance 3. widely used 4. a lot of competitions 5. it can be supposed 6. to refer to challenges Упражнение 5. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1. In past centuries, technology has evolved quite slowly, that is why … 2. Today, new technologies do not cause a sensation because … 3. In fact, technology has changed along with … 4. In the 21th century humanity will enter a more rational stage of the technologies development … 5. The development in a computer environment is quite significant as … 6. Many scientists are taking their first steps …

1. changes in the economic and social structure of human civilizations. 2. a computer is both a tool to get a job done and a means of spending free time. 3. each innovation has made a great impression. 4. in creating new energy sources that will be able to transform our daily lives. 5. everyone takes it for granted that new inventions are created every year. 6. related to such problems as humanity, intelligence and creativity.

Text 6B

Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию об использовании компьютеров в повседневной жизни и работе людей.

Computers are everywhere We are now living in what some people call the digital age, meaning that

computers have become an essential part of our lives. Young people who have grown up with PCs and mobile phones are often called the digital generation. Computers help students to perform mathematical operations and improve their maths skills. They are used to access the Internet, to do basic research and to communicate with other students around the world.

Teachers use projectors and interactive whiteboards to give presentations and teach sciences, history or language courses. PCs are also used for administrative purpose – to write letters and databases, to keep records of students and teachers. Any educational institutions’ websites allow teachers to publish exercises for students to complete online. Students can also enroll for courses via the website and parents can download official reports.

Mobiles let you make voice calls, send texts, email people and download logos, ringtones or games. With a built-in camera you can send pictures and

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make video calls in face-to-face mode. New mobiles combine a telephone with web access, video, a games console and MP3 player, a personal digital assistant (PDA) and a GPS navigation and system, all in one.

In banks, computers store information about the money held by each customer and enable staff to access large databases and to carry out financial transactions at high speed. They also control the cash points, or ATMs (automatic teller machines), which dispense money to customers by the use of a PIN-protected card. People use a Chip and PIN card to pay for goods and services. Instead of using a signature to verify payments, customers are asked to enter a four-digit personal identification number (PIN), the same number used at cash points; this system makes transactions more secure. With online banking, clients can easily pay bills and transfer money from the comfort of their homes.

Airline pilots use computers to help them control the plane. For example, monitors display data about fuel consumption and weather conditions. In airport control towers, computers are used to manage radar systems and regulate air traffic. On the ground, airlines are connected to travel agencies by computer. Travel agents use computer to find out about the availability of flights, prices, times, stopovers and many other details.

Упражнение 6. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. What is the term computer used for? 2. Did the invention of computers change the world for the better? 3. Do computers mean a lot to you? 4. What do you use your computer for? 5. Does using a computer take much of your time? Упражнение 7. Составьте сообщение на следующую тему: «Как или для чего используются компьютеры в следующих сферах»:

1. Car production; 2. Entertainment; 3. Factories and industrial processes; 4. Education.

Используйте слова и словосочетания при составлении сообщений:

1. to design and build the car; to test car models; to control electronic components; to monitor engine speed; to store information; to display data. 2. to play games; to listen to the radio; to download music; to take photos; to watch movies; to watch TV programmes on the computer; to make video clips. 3. to control industrial robots; to design and assemble products; to do calculations; to control assembly lines. 4. to search the Web; to prepare presentations; to access the Internet; to get ready for exams; to do exercises online; to do research; to look for important information.

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Text 6C Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию об основных компонентах

компьютера и их назначения.

What is a computer? A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It

has the ability to store, retrieve and process data. You may already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or create spreadsheets, presentations and even videos.

A computer system consists of two parts: hardware and software. Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do and how to do it. Examples of software include web browsers, games, and word processors. Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure such as the keyboard or mouse. It also includes all of the computer’s internal parts. There are three basic hardware sections: the central processing unit (CPU), main memory and peripherals.

Perhaps the most influential component is the central processing unit. Its function is to execute program instructions and coordinate the activities of all the other units. In a way, it is the “brain” of the computer. The main memory (a collection of RAM chips) holds the instructions and data which are being processed by the CPU. Peripherals are the physical units attached to the computer. They include storage devices and input/output devices.

Storage devices (hard drives, DVD drives or flash drives) provide a permanent storage of both data and programs Disk drives are used to read and write data on disks. Input devices enable data to go into the computer’s memory. The most common input devices are the mouse and the keyboard. Output devices enable us to extract the finished product from the system. For example, the computer shows the output on the monitor or prints the results onto paper by means of a printer.

Text 6D Прочитайте текст и найдите информацию о различных типах

компьютеров и их основных характеристиках.

Types of computers When most people hear the word computer, they think of a personal

computer such as a desktop or laptop. However, computers come in many shapes and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store or use a calculator, you’re using a specific type of computer.

Many people use desktop computers at work, home and school. Desktop computers are designed to be placed on a desk, and they’re typically made up of

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a few different parts, including the computer case, monitor, keyboard, and mouse.

The second type of computer you may be familiar with is a laptop computer, commonly called a laptop. Laptops are battery-powered computers that are more portable than desktops allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Tablet computers – or tablets – are handheld computers that are even more portable than laptops. Instead of a keyboard and mouse, tablets use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and navigation. The iPad is an example of a tablet.

Many of today’s electronics are basically specialized computers, though we don’t always think of them that way. Here are a few common examples. Many cell phones called smartphones can do a lot of things computers can do including browsing the Internet and playing games. Wearable technology is a general term for a group of devices including fitness trackers and smartwatches that are designed to be worn throughout the day. These devices are often called wearables for short. A game console is a specialized type of computer that is used for playing video games on your TV. Many TVs now include applications or apps that let you access various types of online content. For example, you can stream video from the Internet directly onto your TV.

Упражнение 8. A. Назовите 10-15 ключевых слов и словосочетаний на тему “Computers”.

B. Дайте развернутые ответы на следующие вопросы:

1. Do you often use a computer? 2. Are you computer literate? 3. Do you find most computers user-friendly (easy to use)? 4. What is the influence of the Internet on our daily life? 5. Can the use of the Internet help people to learn English? 6. What are the advantages of laptop computers over desktop computers? 7. What are pros and cons of using computers in our life? Упражнение 9. Выполните письменный перевод текста.

Since the first computer was made in the late fifties, the technology has developed extremely. Computers that took the place of a living room then are now being made in credit card formats. The ability of tiny computing devices to control complex operations has transformed the way many tasks are performed, ranging from scientific research to producing consumer products. Tiny ‘computers on a chip’ are used in medical equipment, home appliances, cars and toys. Workers use handheld computing devices to collect data at a customer site, to generate forms, to control inventory, and to serve as desktop organizers. Not only is computing equipment getting smaller, it is getting more sophisticated. Computers are part of many machines and devices that once required continual human supervision and control. Today, computers in security systems result in safer environments, computers in cars improve energy efficiency, and computers

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in phones provide features such as call forwarding, call monitoring, and call answering. These smart machines are designed to take over some of the basic tasks previously performed by people; by so doing, they make life a little easier and a little more pleasant.

SECTION 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (can / may)

1. … you see anything in this dark room? 2. … I borrow your rubber, please? Yes, of course you … . 3. Kate … speak English. 4. Mike has got many books so he … read them. 5. … I borrow your pen? 6. Only a person who knows the language very well … answer such a question. 7. Most children … slide on the ice very well. 8. You … find any kind of information on the Internet. 9. British Parliament … issue laws and form the budget. 10. … I try on this coat? 11. You … not talk loudly in libraries. 12. He … read and write in English. Упражнение 2. Вставьте подходящий модальный глагол (must / have to)

1. It’s 8 o’clock! I … go to work. 2. Her granny is ill. She … visit her. 3. We are going to drive for six hours. We … get something to eat! 4. I … learn English. It will help me in the future. 5. It’s his sister’s birthday tomorrow. He … buy her a birthday present! 6. I watch television all the time. I … stop. 7. Everyone … obey the law. 8. He … put some petrol to the car. 9. People … take care of nature. 10. People … save natural resources, otherwise they will face energetic crisis.

Упражнение 3. Вставьте подходящий вариант (mustn’t / don’t have to)

1. You … get up early on holidays. 2. It’s very cold. You … go out today. 3. You … clean your room today. You can do it tomorrow. 4. You … leave your kids unattended at the airport. 5. You … be late for the interview. 6. You … eat the soup if you don’t want to. 7. We … run. We have plenty of time before the concert. 8. You … pay now. You can pay online later. 9. This museum is free. We … buy any tickets. 10. This is my dad’s pen. You … lose it. 11. You … make much noise. Little Tim is sleeping. 12. It’s Sunday tomorrow. I … get up early. 13. Spectators … use mobile phones during the performance. Упражнение 4. Перепишите предложения в настоящем времени на будущее или прошедшее, используя модальный глагол have to.

1. I must fly to India now. (next month) 2. We must go and buy some painkillers. (last night) 3. He must sign the contract today. (tomorrow) 4. I must water the plants now. (yesterday)

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5. He must mend a broken window. (tomorrow morning) 6. You must pay the rent today. (last Friday) 7. You must brush your teeth before going to bed. (yesterday) 8. You must fasten your seatbelt in a car. (last trip) Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения и определите значение модального глагола should (совет, обязанность, упрек, недоумение).

1. We should think twice before buying that yacht. 2. You should have thanked the teacher. 3. A real lady should be delicate in her words and doings. 4. Why should I wash their cups? 5. She shouldn’t be so light-minded. 6. They should inform the police immediately. 7. How should I know that? 8. You should have warned me beforehand. 9. The secretary should answer the phone-calls. 10. Your son should take part in this mathematical competition. Упражнение 6. Дайте совет, используя модальный глагол should.

What changes should Tim make in his lifestyle?

1. Tim takes a dog for a walk once a day. 2. Tim doesn’t tidy his room. 3. Tim watches six hours of TV a day. 4. Tim eats cheeseburgers for breakfast. 5. Tim doesn’t study for his Math exam. 6. Tim misses English classes. 7. Tim is lazy. 8. Tim plays computer games every day. Упражнение 7. Преобразуйте предложения с модальными глаголами в прошедшее время. Используйте could, had to, was to, was allowed to.

Например: He can’t dive. (Он не умеет нырять.) – Last year he couldn’t dive. (В прошлом году он не умел нырять.)

1. You must show your identity card here. – Last night … 2. We can’t buy a new car. – Last summer … 3. Mike may take my laptop computer for a couple of hours. – This morning … 4. Victor has to call his mother. – Yesterday … 5. You don’t need to paper the walls. – Yesterday … 6. She is to be at the office at 9 a.m. – Last Friday … 7. You must not tell lies. – Last night … 8. He may take this dictionary. – Last lesson ... Упражнение 8. Преобразуйте предложения с модальными глаголами в будущее время. Используйте will be able to, will be allowed to, will have to.

Например: The baby can talk. (Малыш умеет разговаривать.) – Soon the baby will be able to talk. (Скоро малыш сможет разговаривать.)

1. He can’t get the tickets. – I’m afraid … 2. You may use my camera. – Tomorrow … 3. I must wait for him at the airport. – Next Sunday …

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4. You must tell me the truth. – Very soon … 5. I have to take these pills 3 times a day. – Tomorrow … 6. I can read this book in Italian. – In two years … 7. You may come at any time. – Tomorrow … 8. He can’t even say a word in English. – If he skips classes, he … 9. You mustn’t go there. – I think … 10. They may not touch the picture. – During the tomorrow museum visiting they … Упражнение 9. Выберите в скобках правильный вариант модального глагола. Переведите предложения.

1. He … (can’t / couldn’t) open the window as it was stuck. 2. Interpreters … (may / must) translate without dictionaries. 3. … (Can / May) I use your bike today? 4. … (May / Could) you give me the recipe for this cake? 5. I hardly ever see Jane, she … (may / might) have moved to Africa. 6. Take an umbrella. It … (may / can) rain. 7. You … (could / should) stop smoking. You know you … (cannot / must not) buy health. 8. You … (may / must) finish the article as soon as possible. 9. Liz doesn’t … (ought to / have to) keep to a diet anymore. 10. Lara … (can / might) get a playstation for her birthday. 11. You … (must not / needn’t) read in the dark. 12. My grandfather is retired, so he … (shouldn’t / doesn’t have to) go to work. 13. The fridge is full, so we … (must not / needn’t) go shopping. 14. Our employees … (can / must) sign this agreement. 15. We … (may / ought to) reserve a table in advance if we want to have dinner there. 16. I … (can’t / needn’t) believe it! You … (have to / must) be joking. 17. Ann … (must / is to) finish school next year. 18. Sorry, I’m late. I … (needed to / had to) wait for the plumber. 19. What time do we … (should / have to) be at the railway station? 20. Don’t wait for me tonight. I … (might / must) be late. Упражнение 10. Переведите предложения с формами модальных глаголов на английский язык.

1. Он должен … learn new English words. 2. Она умеет … play the guitar. 3. Людям следует … be careful when crossing the street. 4. Водителям не следует … drive fast. 5. Ей разрешают … go to the cinema today? 6. Мне нельзя … come home late. 7. Я не умею … speak English well. 8. Детям нельзя … run here. 9. Им не разрешают … play computer games. 10. Тебе следует …try again.

Упражнение 11. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление предлогов причины и цели.

1. Yesterday’s game was canceled because of the rain. 2. Use this product only in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. 3. The paper was rejected on

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account of its length. 4. We managed to eliminate ecological problems thanks to joint efforts of all people. 5. The job is attractive because of the pay. 6. The success was due to his foresight and forethought. 7. He is Russian as you might have guessed from his name. 8. Her mood changes in accordance with the weather. 9. Thanks to her advice, he managed to make a huge progress in his field of study. 10. She was told to wear flat shoes, on account of her back problem. 11. The house stuck out because of its unusual shape. 12. Visibility was bad due to low cloud. 13. I learnt of the position through a newspaper advertisement. 14. From what I’ve heard, the new exam will be more difficult. 15. The cause of the problem is uncertain. Упражнение 12. Соедините два предложения, используя предлоги because / because of / as / due to.

1. Nina went to the seaside in summer. She wanted to swim in the sea. 2. Mike didn’t want to be late for school. He caught the bus. 3. Nick was good at swimming. He won the first prize at camp competition. 4. The flight was delayed. There was storm. 5. Ann bought a car. She had a lot of money. 6. Bob spent two weeks at the hospital. He had broken his leg. 7. She should not do sports. She has health problems. 8. Windows could not start. There were software problems. 9. There is fast population growth in the world. Lots of questions arise. 10. The company shuts down. There is crisis.

Test yourself

1. Найдите правильно составленное предложение.

A. Do you can do it? B. May I take it? C. Does he must go there?

2. Найдите правильно составленное предложение.

A. He can’t does it. B. She mustn’t call there. C. They don’t can do this test.

3. Найдите предложение с грамматической ошибкой.

A. He ought to help him. B. He must to go there. C. She can do it.

4. Найдите предложение с грамматической ошибкой.

A. He can reads this book in Italian. B. He may use my camera. C. She must show her identity card here.

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5. Какой модальный глагол не имеет формы в прошедшем времени?

A. can B. may C. must

6. Какой модальный глагол указывает на умственную или физическую возможность?

A. should B. can C. must

7. Какой модальный глагол указывает на необходимость в виду личного убеждения?

A. can B. must C. may

8. Какой модальный глагол указывает на обычное и повторяющееся действие?

A. should B. could C. would

9. Выберете правильный эквивалент: – You must be ready to start working now.

A. You are able to be ready to start working now. B. You have to be ready to start working now. C. You are allowed to be ready to start working now.

10. Выберете правильный эквивалент: – He may come in.

A. He is to come in. B. He is able to come in. C. He is permitted to come in.

11. Выберете правильный эквивалент: – She can get there by bus.

A. She has to get there by bus. B. She is able to get there by bus. C. She is allowed to get there by bus.

12. Поставьте данное предложение в отрицательную форму – You have to read this book.

A. You haven’t to read this book. B. You must not to read this book. C. You don’t have to read this book.

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13. Поставьте данное предложение в вопросительную форму – My friend is to take part in the conference.

A. Is my friend to take part in the conference? B. Does my friend take part in the conference? C. Is my friend take part in the conference?

14. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Everyone should know a foreign language.

A. Каждый может знать иностранный язык. B. Каждому следует знать иностранный язык. C. Каждый должен знать иностранный язык.

15. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Он обычно проводил много времени в библиотеке, готовясь к экзаменам.

A. He could spend hours in the library getting ready for exams. B. He might spend hours in the library getting ready for exams. C. He would spend hours in the library getting ready for exams.

16. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Он может читать и писать по-английски.

A. He has to read and write in English. B. He is able to read and write in English. C. He is permitted to read and write in English.

17. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Они должны остаться дома из-за плохой погоды.

A. They must stay at home because of bad weather. B. They are to stay at home because of bad weather. C. They have to stay at home because of bad weather.

18. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – нельзя предсказать.

A. can’t predict B. needn’t predict C. be not able to predict

19. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – должен начаться в 10.

A. have to start at 10 B. may start at 10 C. be to start at 10

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20. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – необходимо использовать.

A. be allowed to use B. must use C. may use

21. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – можно вычислить.

A. must calculate B. can calculate C. should calculate

22. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – можно взять эту книгу.

A. must take this book B. can take this book C. may take this book

23. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – упорно не желать делать.

A. needn’t do B. wouldn’t do C. must not do

24. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – быть в состоянии выполнить:

A. have to carry out B. be allowed to carry out C. be able to carry out

25. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – следует рассмотреть.

A. must consider B. should consider C. can consider

26. Выберете правильный модальный глагол или его эквивалент – не нужно торопиться.

A. needn’t hurry up B. shouldn’t hurry up C. mustn’t hurry up

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LESSON 7

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) - ness; -ise (ize); -ous; -ed

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 7A. Transport as it is Text 7B. Transport that will revolutionize the future Text 7C. Driving to the Future Text 7D. Types of Travelling

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Согласование времен


прилагательное + -ness = существительное

Данный суффикс указывает на состояние или качество чего-то.

happy (счастливый) → happiness (счастье) careful (осторожный) → carefulness (осторожность) thick (толстый) → thickness (толщина)

dark – darkness; faithful – faithfulness; great – greatness; kind – kindness; lazy – laziness; busy – business; rude – rudeness; sad – sadness; red – redness; empty – emptiness; useful – usefulness; hopeful – hopefulness; rough – roughness; fit – fitness.

существительное + -ise (ize) = глагол

critic (критик) → to criticize (критиковать) symbol (символ) → to symbolize (символизировать)

Суффиксы -yse, -yze являются вариантами суффиксов -ise и -ize. Они встречаются только в определенных словах, которые следует запомнить.

analyze (анализировать); paralyze (парализовать); electrolyse (подвергать электролизу); catalyse (катализировать);

В некоторых глаголах, которые оканчиваются на -ise, данное буквосочетание (ise) является не суффиксом, а частью основы. Такие глаголы следует запоминать наизусть.

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exercise (заниматься) revise (проверять, повторять) compromise (пойти на компромисс) advise (советовать)

to advertise; to patronize; to characterize; to minimize; to amortise; to civilise; to energise; to itemize; to maximize; to neutralize; to prioritise; to specialize.

существительное + -ous = прилагательное

Суффикс -ous выражает характеристику, имеет значение «быть наполненным каким-то качеством». Часто прибавляется к существительным.

danger (опасность) → dangerous (опасный) poison (яд) → poisonous (ядовитый)

humour – humorous; fame – famous; variety – various; number – numerous; nerve – nervous; mountain – mountainous; anxiety – anxious.

глагол / существительное + -ed = прилагательное

Суффикс -ed имеет значения «подвергаться влиянию», «иметь характеристики, форму». Прибавляется к глаголам и существительным.

interest (интерес) → interested (заинтересованный) to amaze (удивлять) → amazed (изумленный)

to exhaust – exhausted; to excite – excited; bore – bored; to tire – tired; to inspire – inspired; to amuse – amused; to fulfill – fulfilled; to surprise – surprised. Упражнение 1. Образуйте от основ выделенных слов существительные, прилагательные или глаголы с указанными суффиксами и напишите их.

1. These are new buildings that excite their curiosity.

They are … by these new buildings.

2. Minor details don’t worry him. He is not … about minor details. -ed

3. His manners began to irritate me.

I was … by his manners.

1. The lazy student promised to reform.

He inclines to … .

2. He is weak in mathematics. He has a … in mathematics. -ness

3. Chairs were very hard. People complained about the …

of the chairs.

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1. I was burning with curiosity about unknown lands.

He was … about unknown lands.

2. A wide variety of opinions enriched a discussion and helped to produce a consensus.

… opinions enriched a discussion and helped to produce a consensus.

-ous

3. Some people feel danger to travel by plane.

Some people consider travelling by plane … .

1. Her distinguishing characteristics are kindness and optimism.

Those who know her … her as kind and optimistic.

2. They should make more detailed analysis of their method.

They should … their method more in detail.

-ise / ize

3. You must learn to create good advertisements.

You must learn to … .


1. We were … with the finished product. to please 2. It would be … to live in a peaceful world. glory 3. I was entranced by the … of her voice. sweet 4. We need to … the chance of error. minimum 5. The feeling of … to my friend overwhelmed her in the evening.

grateful

6. She has always lived a … life. to charm 7. This invention helped to … agriculture. mechanic 8. He was the most … scientist in the field. respect 9. He showed his … to them. rude 10. His personality is hard to … . characteristic 11. Dad seemed more … than angry. to disappoint 12. She has a … heart. generosity


public ['pʌblɪk], transport ['trænspɔːt], transportation [ˌtrænspɔː'teɪʃn], urban ['ɜːbən], private ['praɪvɪt], model ['mɔdəl], passenger ['pæsənʤə], combination

[ˌkɔmbɪ'neɪʃn], distance ['dɪstəns], regional ['riːʤənl], local ['ləukəl], personal ['pɜːsənl], airplane ['eəpleɪn], type [taɪp], to construct [kən'strʌkt], primitive ['prɪmɪtɪv], navigation [ˌnævɪ'geɪʃn], Europe ['juərəp], aviation [ˌeɪvɪ'eɪʃn], history ['hɪstərɪ], balloon [bə'luːn], astronaut ['æstrənɔːt], millennium

[mɪ'lenɪəm].

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backbone ['bækbəun], sustainable [sə'steɪnəbl], possibility [ˌpɔsə'bɪlətɪ], seamless ['siːmləs], journey ['ʤɜːnɪ], flexible ['fleksəbl], supply [sə'plaɪ], rather ['rɑːðə], rapid ['ræpɪd], scientific [ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪk], bus [bʌs], van [væn], bicycle ['baɪsɪkl], however [hau'evə], couple ['kʌpl], perhaps [pə'hæps], carriage ['kærɪʤ], vehicle ['viːɪkl], to appear [ə'pɪə], precise [prɪ'saɪs], throughout [θru'aut], kite [kaɪt], ancient ['eɪnʃənt], field [fiːld], thus [ðʌs], spaceflight ['speɪsflaɪt], launch [lɔːnʧ], exactly [ɪg'zæktlɪ], often ['ɔfn].


high-quality – высококачественный public transport – общественный транспорт urban transport – городской транспорт private car – личный автомобиль seamless journey – бесперебойные перевозки modern transportation system – транспортная система rapid progress – быстрый прогресс a developed country – развитая страна to construct – строить, конструировать river navigation – речное судоходство

land transport – наземный транспорт domestic animals – домашние животные animal-drawn vehicles – гужевой транспорт rail transport – железнодорожный транспорт to make a discovery – сделать открытие spaceflight – космический полет to launch – запускать (спутник, ракету) to take advantage (of) – выгодно использовать a mode of transport – вид транспорта

Text 7A Прочитайте текст, выделите интересные факты и перескажите.

Transport as it is A modern and high-quality public transport is the backbone of urban

transport. Against the door-to-door trip by private car, a more sustainable model of public transport should offer passengers the possibility of a seamless journey taking advantage of the flexible combination of features of the different transport modes and the covering supply of interconnected long-distance, regional and local networks of public transport.

Transport has always played an important role in people’s life. It’s a way of travelling from one place to another. Modern transportation system is rather well developed thanks to rapid scientific and technological progress. There are lots of buses, mini-vans, taxis, personal cars, bicycles, trains, airplanes, even ships and ferries in every developed country.

However, a couple of centuries ago, there were only carts carried by horses and old-fashioned boats. Perhaps, the oldest type of transport is the water one. People constructed primitive boats for river navigation since the stone ages. The

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first land transport was presented by the carriages which were later carried by domestic animals. The first animal-drawn vehicles were traced in Europe in the 4th millennium BC. Rail transport appeared much later, to be precise nearly 500 years ago. Modern railroad was introduced in the 19th century in England. Aviation had several forms throughout the history. If we speak about the kites, they appeared in ancient China around before 200 BC. Then, there were the hot air balloons invented in the 18th century.

The first aircraft flight was made by the Wright brothers at the very beginning of the 20th century. Perhaps, the discoveries made in the field of transportation in the 20th century were the most important. Thus, in 1961 the first human spaceflight was launched. In 1969, the first astronaut stepped on the Moon. Nobody knows exactly where else is scientific progress taking us but it’s most likely that soon we will travel by spaceships more often.


1. What is the backbone of urban transport? 2. What is a door-to-door trip? 3. Why has transport always played an important role in people’s life? 4. Why is modern transportation system well-developed now? 5. What modes of transport do you know? 6. What is the most convenient mode of transport? 7. What is the fastest mode of urban transport? 8. What is the cheapest mode of urban transport? 9. Do you like trips by river transport? Why? Why not? 10. What is the safest (the most dangerous) mode of transport? Упражнение 4. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1. Historically most of the cities relied 2. Competitiveness of public transport will be improved particularly in 3. Meanwhile, the poor quality of land transport infrastructure acts 4. Long travelling distances and hard weather conditions 5. During the last two decades, pollution and a continuous drop in water levels 6. Subsequent development projects are to be completed.

1. favour rail transport. 2. as a major barrier to cross-border trade in the region. 3. on extensive public transport facilities. 4. have made river navigation impossible in the canals. 5. by individual countries with active spaceflight programs. 6. areas where it is a genuine alternative for a private car.


public бесперебойный, непрерывный

belonging to or for the use of one particular person or group of people only

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navigation транспорт

a machine with an engine that carries people or things from place to place

seamless запускать happening in a short time or at a great rate

construct быстрый the passage of ships vehicle домашний,

бытовой concerning the people as a whole

rapid зд. судоходство build or make private транспортное

средство something that has no breaks or gaps in it or which continues without stopping

to launch общественный a system or means of conveying people or goods from place to place

transport строить, конструировать

use in the home rather than in an industrial or office environment

domestic частный, личный send (satellite, or spacecraft) on its course Упражнение 6. Установите соответствие между фразами и их переводом. Составьте диалоги, взяв данные фразы за основу.

1. Excuse me, where is the nearest bus stop?

a. Какой автобус мне нужен, чтобы доехать туда?

2. Which bus goes to the city centre? b. Сколько стоит один билет? 3. Which bus do I have to take to get there?

c. Как часто ходит 12 автобус?

4. Where do I have to change? d. Следующий трамвай придет через 5 минут.

5. How much does a ticket cost? e. Вы не знаете, как лучше добраться до станции метро?

6. How many stops are there before the city centre?

f. Сколько стоит проезд?

7. You have to get off here. g. Когда уходит последний поезд? 8. The next tram is in 5 minutes. h. Этот автобус идет к театру? 9. When is the last train? i. Можно мне такси до вокзала? Я

нахожусь в отеле «Плаза». 10. Do you know the best way to the subway station?

j. Какой автобус идет в центр?

11. Does this bus go to the theatre? k. Сколько остановок до центра? 12. How often does the 78 run? l. Вам нужно выходить здесь. 13. How much is the fare? m. Извините, где находится

ближайшая автобусная остановка? 14. Can I get a taxi to the train station? I am at the Plaza Hotel.

n. Где мне надо пересаживаться?

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Text 7B Прочитайте текст. Найдите информацию о том, каким образом новый

вид транспорта изменит жизнь человечества в будущем. Перескажите текст.

Transport that will revolutionize the future The eagerly-awaited age of futuristic transportation would be really

interesting and thrilling as the new and advanced modes of transportation would completely supersede the current ones, radically transforming the transportation sector and triggering a paradigm shift.

Recent developments in Cloud computing and emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things have turned autonomous cars from a vision to a present reality so that many companies have announced their plans of launching autonomous cars and trial runs of these cars are already going on in different cities of the world. Autonomous cars will overwhelm the existing automobile industry and will be its biggest and most breathtaking transformation since its appearance at the beginning of the 20th century.

Tesla Motors and its founder Elon Musk have a well-deserved reputation for being technological mavericks. Yet another plan of Musk is creating a localized, futuristic subway system. Construction of new subway systems is going at a slower pace in the USA. But the futuristic loop is already being tested in Los Angeles.

Tesla Motors has finished building its first stretch of a tunnel in the city that will transport people in their own cars or pedestrian “pods” at speeds up to 150 mph. The system will allow people to avoid traffic and commute swiftly. However, the downside is the risk associated with congestion and gridlock at the entrance of the tunnel as more and more people will take up to these pods as a superfast means of transportation.

Hyperloop, as the name suggests, is a sealed tube or system of tubes through which a pod may travel free of air resistance or friction conveying people or objects at high speed. Hyperloop would allow passengers to travel at a top speed of 600 miles per hour which is more than twice the highest speed of the fastest train. Hyperloop projects are being developed in many parts of the world, including San Francisco and Baltimore.

One more futuristic means of transport is a flying taxi that may seem straight out of a science fiction novel or a fantasy of the human mind but flying taxi project is as realistic as it gets. Big companies such as Uber, Boeing, and Airbus have started developing this technology. For example, Uber plans to fly these taxis by 2023 and for this endeavor it has also partnered with NASA.

The future is closer than we think.

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Text 7C Прочитайте текст. Кратко расскажите об особенностях и основных

характеристиках каждой инновации.

Driving to the Future The automotive industry is experiencing the biggest upheaval in its history.

Electric was the first phenomenon to transform cars. When it was first introduced, experts envisaged a specific use for public transport, for example. Despite the predictions, electric cars are slowly emerging as a must-have in all the market segments.

Tomorrow, cars will be able to do without their drivers. The first two stages have already been completed. Cruise control has existed for several years: drivers can set a cruising speed and remove their feet from the pedals. And some cars now offer driver assistance systems that make it possible to remove the hands from the wheel in specific situations such as in traffic jams, or when parking, etc.

There are some other innovations coming soon. 1. Shared autonomous vehicles: Self-driving cars are already here and

doing well in safety tests. If the car is self-driving, we have a wonderful opportunity for people to co-own it and pay for the portion of the car they use.

2. Custom-designed vehicles: Using 3D printing technology, Arizona-based Local Motors is 3D-printing cars. They work with pre-determined engine types and 3D print cars on top of those engines. You can pick and choose features from different cars to create your own. That means we may see all kinds of interesting-looking cars on the street.

3. Brain-assisted vehicles: Many crashes could be avoided if the driver had swerved or braked just a tiny bit faster. If Nissan has its way, brain-wave technology will make that possible. By detecting whether a driver is about to perform one of those functions, the brain-to-vehicle technology could speed up the process by up to a half second. The driver will have to wear a headset full of electrodes which the company is trying to make wireless and as unobtrusive as possible.

4. Intelligent dashboards: “Augmented reality” dashboards are already a reality in BMW vehicles but industry experts predict that 70 percent of new cars will incorporate them by 2022. A boon for safety, these features project information such as speed and turn-by-turn directions onto the windshield directly in the user’s field of vision – so there’s no need to take your eyes off the road.

5. A doctor in your car: Ford is leading the way toward technology that monitors health from the driver’s seat. The company has already developed an electrocardiography reader that monitors heart function through sensors in the seat that don’t need to touch the skin in order to function. For example,

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technology monitors glucose levels of people with diabetes. This technology will enable them to do it from the car.

6. Mechanic on wheels: Cars will be able to diagnose their own mechanical problems. If it’s a software fix that’s needed, you’ll get an upgrade. If you need to take the car to a mechanic, the car will research the options and book itself an appointment. It will be able to renew its own insurance and look for better deals as well.

7. Voice commands for your car: One of the important innovations is the introduction of Alexa-like personal assistants. You’ll be able to interact with your car through voice command. For example, you might be driving and looking for a parking space. All you’ll have to do is to say “Find parking,” and your vehicle will navigate you to the closest, least expensive, safest garage based on your programmed preferences and then pay the fee with your credit card.

Упражнение 7. Составьте сообщение на тему «Машина моей мечты» (“A car of my dream”). При составлении сообщения опирайтесь на следующие слова-подсказки.

Марка автомобиля a car brand

Характеристики characteristics

Класс машины

a car class

Технические характеристики

technical characteristics

Ford Volkswagen, Hyundai Toyota, etc.

expensive – дорогой beautiful – красивый luxurious – роскошный powerful – мощный fast – быстрый

Economy – Эконом Compact – Компакт Intermediate – Средний Standard – Стандарт Full – Полный Premium – Премиум Luxury – Люкс Minivan – Минивэн SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) – Внедорожник, etc.

sedan – седан wagon – пикап hatchback – хэтчбек universal – универсал front-wheel drive – передний привод rear-drive – задний привод four-wheel drive – полный привод mechanical / automatic change-speed gearbox – механическая / автоматическая коробка передач

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Text 7D Прочитайте текст. Кратко расскажите об особенностях и основных

характеристиках каждого вида путешествия.

Types of Travelling Travelling becomes more and more popular nowadays. Even ten years ago

we couldn’t expect that we would be able to travel almost everywhere. Millions of tourists go to different places during the year. It is said that travelling broadens your mind and it is absolutely true. Even a short trip where you get to know different people and different cultures may change you completely.

There are several types of travel for different types of travelers. 1. A business trip is a trip undertaken for work or business purposes, as

opposed to other types of travel, such as for leisure purposes or regularly commuting between one’s home and workplace. Going on family vacations or with friends of course has a different planning to do than when it’s about a business trip. The needs while being on a business trip are always different. You need to carry professional and sophisticated stuff to be perfect for your business meetings or programs such as cufflink case, tie case, watch case and other travel accessories.

2. Solo travel means you’re going somewhere else alone, where you will spend a significant chunk of time alone once you get there. Traveling alone is not uncommon and most solo travelers are able to meet other travelers at hostels, bars, organized tours or any place where travelers tend to hang out or congregate. Travelling alone is a unique experience and can be a very rewarding way of travelling.

3. When we travel with our friends, those memories become even more priceless in our bank of golden experiences. Exploring a different country, conquering fears together and discovering new perspectives ultimately progresses our relationships to levels that it is impossible to imagine. Embarking on a journey with your friends is an unpredictable voyage that every person should experience at least once in his or her life.

4. Just because you’ve settled down and have kids doesn’t mean your adventuring days are through. Traveling with a family is a completely different than traveling solo or as a couple.

5. Travelling with a group is another must-do. It means you are sharing the experience with others who have a similar mindset, creating great conversations and bonding experiences. At the same time, you’re widening your circle of companions who share similar interests for free-time exploration.

6. Luxury travel is to undertake a new experience and immerse in a new destination whilst indulging in the very best levels of personal and attentive service, lavish and sumptuous accommodation, exquisite and unrivaled levels of gastronomy and informative and educational guides. This travel is without

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stress, pressure of time or daily routine where your every need is pre-empted and your every expectation is met and exceeded.

7. Adventure travel is a type of tourism involving travel to remote or exotic locations in order to take part in physically challenging outdoor activities. Adventure travel is good for soul, good for health, and good for the planet.


1. What type of a traveller are you? Do you go it alone, travel with your partner or friends, or perhaps with a guided tour group? 2. Do you agree that travelling with friends is much more interesting than travelling alone? Why? 3. What are the most interesting tourist sights in your city? 4. Have you ever travelled abroad? If no, tell about three countries you’d like to visit.


No doubt, transport plays a significant role in our everyday life. In the 17th and 18th centuries the majority of people have never thought and dreamt about traveling farther than a few miles. A great bulk of humans, wherever they would like to go, had to reach their destinations on horseback or by carriage. Nowadays, nobody is able to imagine our modern world without different means of transport. Hundreds and thousands of people travel every day on business or simply for pleasure. These humans have a possibility to travel by air, rails, road or by sea. Unfortunately, if supplies of oil run out in the nearest future, it will be pretty much impossible to do. So, what will transport be like then? In any case, this topic is utterly disputable though curious. Human beings will have to tackle this obstacle by using an electric engine, for instance, and by implementing sophisticated technology which is based on alternative energy sources. It includes wind, ocean, solar, geothermal and bio energy. It gives an opportunity to evolve compact vehicles that don’t damage the ecology of the planet. Anyway, there is no point to use vestiges of the past and rely on that old transportation forms because they don’t meet the requirements of humanity in general.

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Поставьте главное предложение в прошедшее время и сделайте соответствующие изменения в придаточном предложении согласно правилам согласования времен.

1. She says that the inventor of the machine spends years refining the design. 2. He says that English language learning methods are more practical and that now his English also has a very big help. 3. She says that special booklets for citizens of the Republic who are travelling abroad were issued. 4. She says that

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despite the relocation she continued to visit her friends. 5. He says that they have not seen each other for ages. 6. He says that they are doing their best to achieve success in their field. 7. He says that fresh air and exercise will be able to contribute to good health. 8. A boy says that they were taking many photos during their week’s journey. 9. He says that they must study harder. 10. She says that she can speak French well enough. Упражнение 2. Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи, обратите внимание на изменение местоимений, наречий и видовременных форм глаголов.

1. They said, “This is our book”. They said that … . 2. She said, “I went to the cinema yesterday”. She said that … . 3. He said, “I am writing a test tomorrow”. He said that … . 4. You said, “I will do this for him”. You said that … . 5. She said, “I am not hungry now”. She said that … . 6. They said, “We have never been here before”. They said that … . 7. They said, “We were in London last week”. They said that … . 8. He said, “I will have finished this paper by tomorrow”. He said that … . 9. He said, “They won’t sleep”. He said that … . 10. She said, “It is very quiet here”. She said that … . Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, выбирая нужную форму глагола.

1. She realized that nobody (will come / would come / came). 2. We understood that she (does / did / has done) nothing. 3. He said he (will arrive / arrives / would arrive) in some days. 4. My mother was sure I already (have come / had come / came). 5. I didn’t know they (are / were / will be) in the room. 6. We supposed the rain (will stop / would stop / will have stopped) in some hours. 7. He said he never (has been / had been / will be) to London. 8. We wanted to know who (is singing / sang / was singing) in the next room. 9. I always thought he (is / was / will be) a brave man. 10. When I saw him, he (is working / was working / worked). 11. We know she always (comes / came / will come) in time. 12. They thought he (will have finished / would have finished / finished) his work by the evening. 13. She said she (has / had / will have) a terrible headache. 14. We supposed they (will send / would send / are sending) us the documents. 15. He said he (has not seen / had not seen) us for ages. Упражнение 4. Употребите предложения как придаточные дополнительные. В роли главных предложений используйте предложения, данные в скобках. Выполните задания в соответствии с правилом согласования времен.

Например: They are working in the garden. (We were sure). We were sure that they were working in the garden.

1. I have never been to Paris. (I told). 2. They have been waiting for him for ten minutes. (He didn’t know). 3. Tim hasn’t written for them for ages. (She knew). 4. Kath will not see us. (My mother wrote). 5. He is going to the park. (He told

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me). 6. They are skating. (I supposed). 7. Somebody told her the truth. (He did not expect). 8. She is a very clever girl. (Everybody knew). 9. He doesn’t agree. (He told). 10. She must do her homework. (She said). 11. I don’t like going to parties. (I told them). 12. She doesn’t know how much the dress cost. (Mary told me). 13. I can repair your computer. (I told him). Упражнение 5. Преобразуйте общие вопросы в косвенную речь.

1. He asked that student, “Are you making notes?” 2. She asked me, “Did you see him at the party?” 3. He asked me, “Have you passed your exams?” 4. My friend asked, “Does your sister like skating?” 5. Mother asked her daughter, “Have you cleaned your room?” 6. He wanted to know, “Will she come here tomorrow?” 7. They asked me, “Have you ever been to the USA?” 8. He asked her, “Did you go to the university?” 9. He wondered, “Were you playing football yesterday evening?” 10. My father asked me, “Can you pass me this journal?” 11. He asked, “Do I have to do it?” 12. He wanted to know, “Are you going to the cinema?” Упражнение 6. Преобразуйте специальные вопросы в косвенную речь.

1. My mother said to me, “Why didn’t you help your sister?” 2. His friend asked, “How long does it take you to get to the university?” 3. Bob said to me, “How long have you been waiting for your friend?” 4. She asked, “Who is singing in the next room?” 5. I asked my friend, “When did you return my dictionary” 6. They asked, “What time will the train arrive?” 7. The teacher asked, “Who speaks English?” 8. He asked us, “How are you?” 9. He asked, “What is the time?” 10. She asked me, “When will we meet again?” 11. She asked me, “What time can you call me?” 12. He asked, “What were you doing from 5 to 7 yesterday?” Упражнение 7. Преобразуйте повелительные предложения в косвенной речи.

1. “Stop making so much noise,” the teacher said. The teacher told … . 2. “Be more tolerant,” she said to him. She told him … . 3. “Clean your room,” her father said to her. Her father told her … . 4. “Hurry up! We are late,” she said to us. She told us … . 5. “Give me your advice,” he told her. He asked her … . 6. “Take off your shoes”, she told us. She told us … . 7. “Mind your own business”, she told him. She told him … . 8. “Be careful crossing the road”, she said. She told me … . 9. “Open the window”, she said. She asked me … . 10. “Learn new English words”, the teacher said. The teacher told … .

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Упражнение 8. Преобразуйте повелительные предложения в косвенной речи с отрицанием.

1. “Don’t touch it”, she said to him. She told him … . 2. “Don’t do that again’, he said to me. He told me … . 3. “Don’t conduct such experiments”, he said. He told her … . 4. “Don’t repair the car yourself”, she warned him. She warned him … . 5. “Don’t use mobile phones here’, she said. She told us … . 6. “Don’t come in, the floor is wet and slippery”, she said. She told them … . 7. “Don’t share this information with him”, she told me. She told me … . 8. “Don’t mention it ever”, he said. He told her … . 9. “Don’t let her believe his words”, he advised her. He advised her … . 10. “Don’t touch the pictures in the gallery”, she said. She told the boys … . Упражнение 9. Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи, обратите внимание на изменение местоимений, наречий и видовременных форм глаголов.

1. She said, “I study English.” – She said that she … . 2. She said, “I am studying English.” She said that she … . 3. She said, “I have studied English.” She said that she … . 4. She said, “I studied English.” She said that she … . 5. She said, “I am going to study English.” She said that she … . 6. She said, “I will study English.” She said that she … . 7. She said, “I can study English.” She said that she … . 8. She said, “I may study English.” She said that she … . 9. She said, “I have to study English.” She said that she … . 10. She said, “I must study English.” She said that she … . 11. She said, “Do you study English?” She asked … . 12. She said, “Did you study English?” She asked … . 13. She said, “Will you study English?” She asked … . 14. She said, “Have you studied English?” She asked … . 15. She said, “Are you studying English?” She asked … . 16. She said, “Were you studying English?” She asked … . 17. She said, “What do you study?” She asked … . 18. She said, “When did you study English?” She asked … . 19. She said, “When have you studied English?” She asked … . 20. She said, “Who was studying English?” She asked … . 21. She said, “Why will you study English?” She asked … . Упражнение 10. Перепишите предложения в косвенной речи, обратите внимание на изменение местоимений, наречий и видовременных форм глаголов.

1. “I like this song”, he said. He said … . 2. “Where is your sister? she asked me. She asked me … .

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3. “I don’t speak Italian”, she said. She said … . 4. “Say hello to Jim”, they said. They asked me … . 5. “The film began at seven o’clock”, he said. He said … . 6. “Don’t play on the grass, boys”, she said. She told the boys … . 7. “Where have you spent your holidays?” she asked him. She asked him … . 8. “He is cleaning windows now”, he said. He said … . 9. “Does she know Robert? he asked. He wanted to know … . 10. “Don’t try this at home”, the stuntman told the audience. The stuntman advised the audience … . 11. “I was very tired”, she said. She said … . 12. “Be careful, Ben”, she said. She told Ben … . 13. “I will get there by train”, she says. She says … . 14. “Why haven’t you phoned me?” he asked me. He wondered … . 15. “I cannot drive them home”, he said. He said … . 16. “Peter, do you prefer tea or coffee?” she says. She asks Peter … . 17. “Don’t go too far”, he said. He advised her … . 18. “Have you been shopping?” he asked us. He wanted to know … . Упражнение 11. Восстановите прямую речь в предложениях.

Например: He said that he would go to see his friends the next day. – He said: “I will go and see my friends tomorrow”.

1. She said she had already visited that new fitness center. 2. My father told me that he was occupied and didn’t have time for going there. 3. The student confessed he had not learnt the lesson. 4. Everybody was sure that he wouldn’t come the following day because he was ill and felt unwell. 5. My sister told me that she would give me a book to read when she finished it. 6. Mother asked me to stay at home as it was raining outside. 7. The man said he had never been to England. 8. Jill told us she was be working the whole day on Sunday. 9. The dean said that the industrial training would be in summer. 10. His father asked him to be more serious. 11. Bill said that he thought he had left his passport at home. 12. Jane said that she had been going for sports since her childhood. 13. The teacher told the students to close their books and repeat after him. 14. Sam told me he had to entertain his sisters on Saturday evening. 15. She said she was going to make a scientific report. 16. He asked her if she was doing her homework then. 17. They asked us if we were at home. 18. She asked him if he could help her. 19. I asked my friend if he often went to Moscow. 20. The teacher asked who of students could answer his question. 21. I asked my friend what the professor had spoken about in his lecture. 22. She asked me why I was looking at her like that.

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Упражнение 12. Переведите предложения с русского языка на английский, обратите внимание на употребление согласования времен.

1. Он сказал, что не знает, когда начнется урок. 2. Она сказала, что купит новое платье. 3. Он сказал, что водит машину. 4. Она сказала, что работает сейчас. 5. Они сказали, что они уже приготовили ужин. 6. Он сказал, что должен выступить с докладом на конференции. 7. Она хотела знать, почему он не пришел. 8. Она попросила его открыть окно. 9. Он поинтересовался, как у них дела. 10. Он сказал, что посещал Москву в прошлом году. 11. Он спросил ее, перевела ли она текст. 12. Она поинтересовалась, поедет ли он завтра навестить своих родителей. 13. Она попросила его не ходить туда одному. 14. Учитель сказал студенту, что он не допустил ни одной ошибки в диктанте. 15. Она попросила его подождать здесь, пока она не вернется. 16. Он сказал мне, что он будет сдавать экзамен завтра в 10 утра. 17. Я хотел знать, какой язык они изучают и разговаривают ли они по-английски. 18. Я сказал своему другу прийти в семь вечера. 19. Он сказал мне, что хочет пить и попросил принести сок. 20. Он спросил меня, сколько я уже знаком с ней.

Test yourself

1. Выберете правильный вариант – “I can speak English very well”. He said that he…

A. might speak English very well. B. can speak English very well. C. could speak English very well.

2. Выберете правильный вариант – “Please close the window”. She asked him …

A. close the window. B. to close the window. C. closed the window.

3. Выберете правильный вариант – “Don’t go there”. She … him not to go there.

A. said B. promised C. told

4. Найдите предложения с грамматической ошибкой.

A. I don’t know where the post office was. B. I don’t know where the post office is. C. I don’t know where was the post office.

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5. Найдите предложения с грамматической ошибкой – “Do you often play tennis?”. He asked me …

A. I often play tennis. B. if I often played tennis. C. if you often played tennis.

6. Выберете правильный вариант – “Who spoke at the meeting yesterday”. She wondered … at the meeting … .

A. who spoke / yesterday B. who had spoken / yesterday C. who had spoken / the day before

7. Выберете правильный вариант – The teacher asked what we …

A. were discussing B. are discussing C. discuss

8. Выберете правильный вариант: – Marry warned that she … home late at night.

A. came B. would come C. had come

9. Восстановите прямую речь – She said that she had already found her book.

A. She has already found her book. B. I have already found my book. C. I found my book already.

10. Восстановите прямую речь – She asked me not to open the window.

A. You don’t open the window. B. Not to open the window. C. Don’t open the window.

11. Восстановите прямую речь – Annie said that she would see the film the following week.

A. I will see the film next week. B. I would see the film the following week. C. She will see the film next week.

12. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Mike asked me if I had read “Robinson Crusoe” by Daniel Defoe.

A. Майк спросил меня, буду ли я читать книгу «Робинзон Крузо» Даниэля Дефо.

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B. Майк спросил меня, прочитал ли я книгу «Робинзон Крузо» Даниэля Дефо. C. Майк спросил меня, когда я прочитал книгу «Робинзон Крузо» Даниэля

Дефо.

13. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Nick asked Tom what he had seen at the museum.

A. Ник спросил у Тома, что он видел в музее? B. Ник спросил у Тома, когда он ходил в музей. C. Ник спросил у Тома, что он видел в музее.

14. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – He said that his mother was a doctor.

A. Он говорит, что его мама доктор. B. Он сказал, что его мама доктор. C. Он сказал, что его мама была доктором.

15. Выберите правильный перевод – Он сказал, что уже ездил в Москву.

A. He said that he has already been to Moscow. B. He said that he has been to Moscow already. C. He said that he had already been to Moscow.

16. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Он спросил у нее, придет ли она завтра.

A. He asked her if she will come tomorrow. B. He asked her if she comes the next day. C. He asked her if she would come the next day.

17. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Он спросил у нее, где она живет.

A. He asked her where she lives. B. He asked her where she lived. C. He asked her where she is living.

18. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – Он попросил позвонить ему.

A. He asked to call him. B. He asked call him. C. He told to call him.

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LESSON 8

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) - age; -ful; -ify

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 8A. Health Care Text 8B. Healthy Food Text 8C. Keeping Fit

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Причастие I, Причастие II Даты и время в английском языке


существительное прилагательное + -age = существительное глагол

Данный суффикс означает собирательные понятия, процессы, действия и их результаты.

to break (ломать) → breakage (поломка) to use (использовать) → usage (использование) to pass (проходить) → passage (переход, пропуск)

to bag – baggage; to band – bandage; short – shortage; mile – mileage; block – blockage; to marry – marriage; advantage; disadvantage; average; village; courage.

существительное + -ful = прилагательное

Суффикс -ful указывает на качество, характеристику, имеет значение «быть наделенным чем-то».

beauty (красота) → beautiful (красивый) success (успех) → successful (успешный) respect (уважение) → respectful (уважаемый)

skill – skillful; play – playful; help – helpful; care – careful; wonder – wonderful; hope – hopeful; use – useful; stress – stressful; color – colorful; power – powerful; cheer – cheerful; doubt – doubtful; faith – faithful; meaning – meaningful.

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существительное / прилагательное + -ify = глагол

Суффиксы -ify, -efy используются в значении «превращать», «наделять качеством». Глаголы с этими суффиксами образуются от прилагательных, реже существительных.

pure (чистый) → to purify (очищать) gas (газ) → to gasify (газифицировать)

Суффикс -efy используется только в 4-х словах.

liquefy (плавить, таять); putrefy (гнить, разлагаться) rarefy (разрежать, разжижать); stupefy (притуплять, поражать)

mode – to modify; rare – to rarefy; beauty – to beautify; class – to classify; simple – to simplify; note – to notify; false – to falsify; intense – to intensify; test – to testify; pure – purify; electric – to electrify; simple – to simplify. Упражнение 1. Образуйте от основ выделенных слов существительные, прилагательные или глаголы с указанными суффиксами и напишите их.

1. He uses these words in casual situations.

These words occur in casual … .

2. She made an interesting report about a situation in our university.

It was an interesting … about a situation in our university.

-age

3. Thousands of pilgrims travel around the world.

The … has become very popular in recent times.

1. All kinds of pollution do a lot of harm to nature.

All kinds of pollution are … to nature.

2. She took care of it personally. She was very … about it. -ful

3. Everything is in peace here. It’s so nice and … here. 1. There are not electric lines in many of the rural areas.

Many of the rural areas aren’t … .

2. The glory of the town is its fountain.

The citizens … the fountain in their town.

-ify

3. The instructions are not simple. We have to … the instructions. Упражнение 2. Преобразуйте слово так, чтобы оно грамматически соответствовало содержанию.

1. They … the collective political will of the organization in this field.

person

2. A lot of water is wasted through … . to leak 3. He is as diligent as he is … . skill 4. He … the recipe by using oil instead of butter. mode

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5. I had a … day at work yesterday. stress 6. … of the car is a real test for women. to break 7. They … their efforts to increase sales. intense 8. He has … connections. power 9. We walked down a narrow … to the back of the building. to pass 10. A receiver … the television signal. ample 11. He was a …, kind and well-behaved boy. thought 12. The … system has collapsed because of too much rain. drain 13. We ... the water by boiling it. to purify 14. Organizing a ... international scientific conference takes a lot of energy

success


diagnosis [ˌdaɪəg'nəusɪs], physical ['fɪzɪkl], mental ['mentl], professional [prə'feʃənl], to associate [ə'səuʃɪeɪt], dentistry ['dentɪstrɪ], pharmacy ['fɑːməsɪ], medicine ['medɪsɪn], medical ['medɪkl], optometry [ɒp'tɒmɪtri], psychology

[saɪ'kɔləʤɪ], occupational [ˌɔkju'peɪʃənl], therapy ['θerəpɪ], athletic [æθ'letɪk], public ['pʌblɪk], to vary ['veərɪ], community [kə'mjuːnətɪ], individual [ˌɪndɪ'vɪdjuəl], social ['səuʃəl], economic [ˌiːkə'nɔmɪk], condition [kən'dɪʃn], policy ['pɔləsɪ], service ['sɜːvɪs], factor ['fæktə], financial [faɪ'nænʃəl], geographic [ʤɪə'græfɪkəl)], barrier ['bærɪə], personal ['pɜːsənəl], to affect [ə'fekt], negatively ['negətɪvlɪ], system ['sɪstəm], population [ˌpɔpjə'leɪʃn], mechanism ['mekənɪzm], adequately ['ædɪkwətlɪ], efficient [ɪ'fɪʃiənt], industrialization [ɪnˌdʌstrɪəlaɪ'zeɪʃən], audiology [ˌɔːdɪˈɒlədʒi]. Упражнение 2. Прочитайте и запомните произношение следующих слов.

health [helθ], care [keə], maintenance ['meɪntənəns], via ['vaɪə, viːə], treatment ['triːtmənt], recovery [rɪ'kʌvərɪ], cure [kjuə], disease [dɪ'ziːz], illness ['ɪlnəs], injury ['ɪnʤərɪ], impairment [ɪm'peəmənt], physician [fɪ'zɪʃən], midwifery

[ˌmɪd'wɪfərɪ], nursing ['nɜːsɪŋ], to provide [prə'vaɪd], access ['ækses], to influence ['ɪnfluəns], timely ['taɪmlɪ], outcome ['autkʌm], to consider [kən'sɪdə], insurance [ɪn'ʃuərəns], coverage ['kʌvərɪʤ], additional [ə'dɪʃənəl], lack [læk], ability [ə'bɪlətɪ], income ['ɪnkʌm], limitation [ˌlɪmɪ'teɪʃən], efficacy ['efɪkəsɪ], overall ['əuvərɔːl], to establish [ɪs'tæblɪʃ], targeted ['tɑːgɪtɪd], reliable [rɪ'laɪəbl], decision [dɪ'sɪʒn], facility [fə'sɪlətɪ], to contribute [kən'trɪbjuːt], significant [sɪg'nɪfɪkənt], development [dɪ'veləpmənt], conventionally

[kən'venʃənəlɪ], regarded [rɪ'gɑːdɪd].

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health care – здравоохранение improvement – улучшение to give treatment – лечить to undergo treatment – лечиться to make a recovery – выздоравливать to cure of a disease – вылечить от болезни insurance coverage – страховое покрытие fresh and low-fat product – свежий и низкокалорийный продукт to do sports – заниматься спортом to control nutrition – следить за питанием to overestimate – переоценить to be responsible for – отвечать за

to regulate nervous system activity – регулировать деятельность нервной системы to be in good mood – быть в хорошем настроении to get rid of – избавиться от complexion – цвет лица to regain strength – восстановить силы to keep fit – поддерживать форму to spend time outdoors – проводить время на свежем воздухе to improve quality of life – повысить качество жизни healthy appearance – здоровый внешний вид healthy lifestyle – здоровый образ жизни

Text 8A Прочитайте и переведите текст.

Health Care Health care is the maintenance or improvement of health via the

prevention, diagnosis, treatment, recovery, or cure of disease, illness, injury, and other physical and mental impairments in people. Health care is delivered by health professionals in allied health fields. Physicians and physician associates are a part of these health professionals. Dentistry, pharmacy, midwifery, nursing, medicine, optometry, audiology, psychology, occupational therapy, physical therapy, athletic training and other health professions are all part of health care. It includes work done in providing primary care, secondary care, and tertiary care as well as in public health. Access to health care may vary across countries, communities, and individuals, influenced by social and economic conditions as well as health policies. Providing health care services means “the timely use of personal health services to achieve the best possible health outcomes”. Factors to consider in terms of healthcare access include financial limitations (such as insurance coverage), geographic barriers (such as additional transportation costs, possibility to take paid time off of work to use such services), and personal limitations (lack of ability to communicate with healthcare providers, poor health literacy, low income). Limitations to health care services affect negatively the use of medical services, the efficacy of treatments, and overall outcome (well-being, mortality rates).

Health care systems are organizations established to meet the health needs of targeted populations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a well-functioning health care system requires a financing mechanism, well-

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trained and adequately paid workforce, reliable information decisions and policies are based on, and well maintained health facilities to deliver quality medicines and technologies.

An efficient health care system can contribute to a significant part of a country’s economy, development and industrialization. Health care is conventionally regarded as an important determinant in promoting the general physical and mental health and well-being of people around the world.


1. What is health care? 2. What is the part of health care? 3. What influences an access to health care? 4. What must be done to improve the quality of health care in your country? 5. Do you think you have a healthy life style? 6. Is it possible to have a healthy life style in modern world? 7. Is healthy lifestyle popular in Russia? 8. Do you do anything to keep fit? What exactly? Упражнение 4. Поставьте вопросы к следующим фрагментам текста.

1. Health care is delivered by health professionals in allied health fields. 2. Health care provides primary care, secondary care and tertiary care. 3. Factors to consider in terms of healthcare access include financial limitations, geographic barriers and personal limitations. 4. A well-functioning health care system requires a financing mechanism. 5. Health care promotes the general physical and mental health and well-being of people around the world. Упражнение 5. Прокомментируйте данные утверждения (согласны / не согласны и почему).

1. Nowadays a long healthy life is a dream. 2. People have a lot of diseases because of pollution. 3. Being healthy means being happy as well. 4. Some people think they are healthy, if nothing in their body hurts. 5. The best way to stay healthy is to do sports. 6. Doing exercises is the best way to avoid depression. 7. Nowadays fitness clubs and sports centers are competing with cinemas and theatres.

Text 8B Прочитайте текст, выделите интересные факты и перескажите.

Healthy food Every person knows that one of the main processes of people’s daily

routine is eating. Food influences many processes in our organism such as body development and brain activity.

One of the biggest mistakes is that healthy food does not taste good. Vegetables and fruit, small amount of sugar, lack of salt and fat sound like a nightmare for those who are used to eat all these products. However, you can be

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sure that today it is very easy to cook delicious meal using only natural ingredients. Another reason why people are not ready to eat healthy is a small amount of spare time. When you are busy during your day, it is faster to buy some snacks or takeaway food and satisfy your hunger. Actually, it is only a stereotype created by people who are lazy and look for an easy wayout. Fresh and low-fat products improve blood pressure. Fruit and vegetables help to make your mood better and prevent different diseases. For people who do sports it is also good to control nutrition as it allows showing better results. The ideal variant is to drink a lot of water which contains necessary minerals for our organism. Sometimes it is necessary to add some vitamins to your daily menu, especially in cold seasons.

The importance of vitamins for our health can hardly be overestimated. The most essential vitamins for people are D, C and A. For example, vitamin D is responsible for the healthy development of bone tissues and teeth, as well as for calcium absorption. People get it with sunshine, but if you live in the northern regions where sunny days occur not very often you should take enough D vitamins with food. It is contained, for example, in egg yolk, butter, cod-liver oil. Vitamin A is responsible for the growth and good sight. It’s contained in beef liver. Greenery, carrots, tomatoes, and some other vegetables contain a lot of carotene which if taken inside with any fat is converted into vitamin A. As for vitamin C, it’s very important for the immune system. It can be found almost in all fresh fruit and vegetables, especially in kiwi, black currant, briar, and sweet pepper. Vitamin B9, also known as folic acid, regulates nervous system activity and helps to combat depression. It is contained in green vegetables, liver, wholemeal bread, honey. Vitamin E is a natural anti-oxidant which slows the aging process, regulates the reproductive system activity and has a good effect on the state of skin, hair and nails. Sometimes it is even described as the “vitamin of beauty”. It can be found in crude vegetables oils, nuts and wheat germ.

So, if you wish to be healthy, energetic and have a healthy appearance, pay careful attention to your diet. Try to choose natural food containing all basic vitamins and minerals. Your daily nutrition must include enough fresh fruit and vegetables, crude oil and wholegrain bread. Also try to eat fish or sea products twice a week. Упражнение 6. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What is healthy food? 2. Do you pay much attention to what you eat? 3. Do you think it is more important for you to eat healthy or tasty food? 4. Do you try to eat your breakfast, lunch and dinner at a certain time every day? 5. Do you have a snack every time you are hungry or do you wait for the lunch or dinner? 6. What is healthy about not eating after 6 p.m? Do you try to follow this rule? 7. Why are vitamins important? 8. Is obesity a great problem in where you live?

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9. Why are there so many obese people today? 10. What are the most efficient ways to lose weight? 11. Do you think diets are useful or not? 12. Have you ever tried to go on a diet? What kind of diet was it? Did it work?

Text 8С

Прочитайте текст, выделите основные способы поддерживать тело крепким, а дух бодрым.

Keeping Fit A person who is full of energy has an attractive appearance and is in good

mood deserves everybody’s admiration. A secret of such a success is obvious. Don’t be lazy and get all your strength together to keep fit. Perhaps, you should change your entire lifestyle that is a hard thing to do, but very soon you will feel a positive effect. Don’t be discouraged! The scientists have approved that a person need only twenty one days to get used to something. So, you have only three weeks for discomfort to endure. And perhaps it will not be hard for you at all. Your body will grant you with lightness and beauty, health and high spirits.

What rules must be followed in order to look great? First, you must get rid of bad habits. Smoking and drinking do not give you any benefits. Smoking destroys the lungs, affects the complexion, the teeth and hair. Alcohol kills neurons in the brain. You will say that these things help you relax and have fun. Do not worry when you stop smoking and drinking, your body will release hormones of joy without doping. The second important thing is to have enough rest. It takes at least seven hours of sleep to regain strength. It is better if you go to bed early in the evening and wake up at sunrise. The bedroom should be well ventilated and cool.

Physical activity is very important for keeping fit. Going to the gym will bring you a positive effect including strong muscles and physical strength. Running, jumping, swimming, bending and stretching are among the most popular exercises. Many people prefer jogging which is the cheapest and the most accessible kind of sport. Walking is a very popular activity too. Even moderate physical activity can improve general health and the quality of life. Everyone can benefit from being a little more active. Making small changes like using the stairs instead of the lift or walking or cycling instead of taking the bus can help people live a more active, healthier and enjoyable life. Spend more time outdoors. Big cities with their polluted atmosphere contribute to headaches and various diseases. Try to break out into the countryside, take a walk in the park or go to the countryside from time to time to get a breath of oxygen. One more important thing to do is to eat right. All other things are practically useless without this rule. This is the main and most difficult thing to do to keep fit.

Following these simple rules will help you improve your quality of life. You will feel much better as well as look great. A positive attitude is also the

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way to success. Do not keep evil. Do not be jealous or envious, try not to be nervous. Enjoy your life and always smile. Упражнение 7. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What does it mean to be healthy? 2. Is it possible to have a healthy life style in modern world? 3. Why do many people try to have a healthy life style? 4. Is physical activity (jogging, going to a gym, swimming pool) an important part of a healthy life style? 5. Is there any connection between a person’s style of life and the duration of his life? 6. Can you tell a physically inactive person from someone who takes care of his\her physical condition? What are the main differences? 7. Do you often find yourself under stress? What are the areas of your life where stress situations take place more often? Study? Work? Family? Relationships with friends? 8. What do you think is the best way to cope with stress?

Упражнение 8. Подберите русские эквиваленты для следующих английских пословиц о здоровье. Прокомментируйте каждую пословицу на английском языке.

Например: A proverb “A sound mind in a sound body” means …. . It is necessary to add that … .

A sound mind in a sound body. Кто рано ложится и рано встает, здоровье, богатство и ум наживет.

An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

Здоровье дороже денег.

Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

Профилактика лучше лечения.

Good health is above wealth. Кто яблоко в день съедает, у того доктор не бывает.

You are what you eat. Здоровье это не просто отсутствие болезни.

Prevention is better than cure. В здоровом теле здоровый дух. Laughter is the best medicine Тот здоровья не знает, кто болен не

бывает. Health is not simply the absence of sickness.

Скажи мне, что ты ешь, и я скажу, кто ты.

Health is not valued till sickness comes.

Cмех – лучшее лекарство.


In accordance with the WHO definition, health is a state of good physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the lack of disease or disability.

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Nowadays it is very popular to keep a healthy lifestyle that includes many things. First of all, it concerns physical exercises. One of the most important and easiest things is daily physical exercises. People usually do it in the mornings after wake-up. It is a good way to improve the shape of a body and improve the mood. People also visit fitness centres and gyms. Everyone chooses classes he or she likes most of all, for example, dance classes, aerobics, etc. One more important thing is eating healthy food. If you eat unhealthy food, there will no be benefits from doing physical exercises. Healthy food includes fruit and vegetables as well as seafood, dairy products, nuts and meat. More than that, it is very important to keep regular hours. We should remember that health is a value which facilitates the realization of aspirations, a resource which guarantees development and a means of improving the quality of life. We must take care of our health. If we don’t, who will?

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Переведите следующие словосочетания с Participle I и Participle II.

a burning candle – a burnt candle; falling leaves – fallen leaves; boiling vegetables – boiled vegetables; developing industry – developed industry; a controlling device – a controlled device; changing distance – changed distance; painting children – a painted picture; an increasing speed – an increased speed; a transmitting signal – a transmitted signal; a moving object – a moved object; reducing noise – reduced noise. Упражнение 2. Обратите внимание на употребление причастий в функции определения. Переведите на русский язык. Определите тип причастия.

1. There is a lot of work waiting for me to do. 2. The cup broken by the boy was his mother’s. 3. The key lost in the darkness wasn’t mine. 4. There were birds flying high up in the sky, there was a white ship slowly disappearing in the open sea. 5. There is a cloud of smoke rising into the air. 6. Who is that man sitting by the window? 7. The things packed for the trip were all winter things. 8. The fruit dried in summer will be eaten in winter. 9. Pictures cut out from old magazines covered the walls. 10. Yesterday the professor told us about the experiments now being carried out in his laboratory. 11. The large house being built in our street is a new school. 12. This company is interested in the goods produced by our factories. 13. All books taken from the library must be returned next week. 14. The woman sitting in the armchair is the editor’s wife. 15. The articles written by this political observer are read with great interest.

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Упражнение 3. Выберите нужную форму причастия. Определите тип причастия.

1. The girl (making / made) a report is our best student. 2. Everything (writing / written) here is quite right. 3. The building (surrounding / surrounded) by trees (bloomed / blooming) is very beautiful. 4. Who is that boy (talked / talking) to his groupmates? 5. The texts (translating / translated) by the students were easy. 6. The girl (singing / sung) in the room is my sister. 7. The floor (washing / washed) by Ann looked very clean. 8. We listened to the folk songs (singing / sung) by Russian singers. 9. Do you know the girl (playing / played) in the garden? 10. The book (writing / written) by this scientist is very significant. 11. Translate the new words (writing / written) on the blackboard. 12. We could not see the sun (covering / covered) by dark clouds. 13. The (losing / lost) key was found. 14. I met Mary and Ann (going / gone) along the street. 15. Read the (translating / translated) sentences once more. Упражнение 4. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I в функции обстоятельства.

1. Driving a car a man tries to keep steady speed and watch the car in front of him. 2. Living in the country, they enjoyed beautiful nature. 3. People stood on the bridge, watching the boats on the river. 4. The boys kept silence thinking about the teacher’s question. 5. Looking for his dog, Tom was running around the town. 6. Developing the industry of their region they took into account different fields. 7. He stood watching people coming along the street. 8. Taking the dictionary, he looked up the unknown word. 9. Going home I kept thinking about my friend. 10. Waiting in the hall he thought over the problem. Упражнение 5. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление Participle II в функции обстоятельства.

1. If translated into Russian, this article will be of great importance for me. 2. When asked, the student answered very well. 3. Ice melts when heated. 4. When completed in 1897, Jefferson’s building was the largest and costliest library in the world. 5. If compared to today’s TV program, the first black-and-white pictures were rather bad. 6. Though discovered, Newton’s mistake had no influence on his theory. 7. If heated to 100C0, water turns into steam. 8. Though first developed for military purposes, radar can be used in modern cars. Упражнение 6. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на употребление Perfect Participle в функции обстоятельства.

1. Having gone there twice, I didn’t want to go there again. 2. Having left the house, I suddenly remembered that I had left my umbrella. 3. Having shown us his new picture, he left. 4. He knew the city very well, having lived in Paris for a long time. 5. Having written the book, he could relax. 6. Having translated the

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text, he went for a walk. 7. Having ridden a bike, she felt excited and energetic. 8. Having talked to her neighbour in the street, she went home. 9. Having read a story, she closed the book and put it on the shelf. 10. Having bought tickets to the cinema, he decided to call her. Упражнение 7. Объедините два предложения в одно, используя Причастие I.

Например: She was sitting in a sofa. She was reading a novel. – She was sitting in a sofa reading a novel.

1. Ann was lying on the bed. She was dreaming. 2. I came home. I was feeling exhausted. 3. The man was walking along the street. He was talking on the phone. 4. Sam felt unwell. He was playing tennis. 5. Ann fell asleep. She was listening to music. 6. The man was reading an interesting article. He was making notes. 7. The girl studied different cultures. She was exploring various cuisines. She was cooking. 8. The man looked around. He was crossing the road. 9. He was climbing up a mountain. He was taking photos. 10. He repaired his computer. He was following all the instructions. Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя Причастие II.

1. Research … (to make) by him was of scientific value. 2. We are interested in the results of experiments … (to carry out). 3. She didn’t understand the word … (to say) by her student. 4. He didn’t find books … (to take) from the library. 5. She doesn’t like a meal … (to cook yesterday). 6. This is the house … (to build) many years ago. 7. The question … (to bring up) during the discussion was very important. 8. The article on quantum mechanics … (to publish) in this journal was written by a famous scientist. 9. You can get the book … (to recommend) by our teacher in the library. 10. When … (to finish) the new invention will be widely used. Упражнение 9. Раскройте скобки, обращая внимание на употребление Participle I и Participle II.

1. … (to smile) she entered the room. 2. The girl … (to write) something on the blackboard is my friend. 3. This is a letter … (to address) to you. 4. I like to read stories … (to write) by this writer. 5. … (to read) this book I wrote out many useful expressions. 6. She entered the room … (to bring) the nice big doll. 7. Many people who came to the museum liked the pictures … (to paint) by this artist. 8. There was a small kitten … (to play) on the sofa. 9. While … (to read) this book I always remember my childhood. 10. The report … (to make) by Tom is of great importance. 11. The boy asked questions … (to look) at us. 12. Sam spoke about her brother … (to live) in London. 13. … (to go) through the park I met my teacher. 14. … (to answer) the questions John made a mistake. 15. Did you understand the rules … (to explain) to us yesterday?

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Упражнение 10. Используйте Perfect Participle. Начните предложения с Having…

1. We finished our work. We went home. 2. We bought tickets. Then we went into the theatre. 3. They had dinner. Then they continued on their journey. 4. Sue did all her shopping. Then she went for a cup of coffee. 5. They found a hotel. Then they looked for somewhere to have dinner. 6. Ann finished her lessons. Then she went home. 7. Sandy read the newspaper. Then he wrote some business letters. 8. Mr. Jones asked the secretary to bring him the newspaper. Then he returned to his office. 9. They continued their journey after they’d had dinner. 10. After Lucy had carried out all experiments, she went home. Упражнение 11. Объедините два предложения в одно, используя Perfect Participle.

1. They went abroad. They had got visa. 2. She sent him a message. She had tried phoning him many times. 3. We moved to Greece. We had done all our duties. 4. He was exhausted in the evening. He had studied all day. 5. They made a decision. They had thought things over several times. 6. They began to doubt. They had accepted the majority decision. 7. He sent an email. He had corrected all the mistakes. 8. He went for a walk. He had done his homework. Упражнение 12. Перепишите предложения, используя нужную форму причастия.

1. Because she was tired, Kate went to bed. 2. He was sitting in the garden and he was drinking his tea. 3. After Jane had made dinner, she called the children. 4. The boy who is standing by the door is my brother. 5. Simon cut his hand while he was chopping some wood. 6. Donna had a shower before she went to bed. 7. Because we were late, we took a taxi. 8. Gary opened the window and breathed the fresh air. 9. She was lying on her bed and she was reading a book. 10. The jewels which were taken by the thieves were very valuable. 11. Amy picked up her pen and started to write the letter. 12. The man who is walking towards us is a relative of mine. 13. After the teacher had explained the exercise, he asked the students to do it. 14. Because she had forgotten to take her purse, she had to borrow some money from a colleague. Упражнение 13. Переведите предложения на английский язык, обращая внимание на форму причастия.

1. Это новые доклады, выполненные студентами второго курса. 2. Объясняя новое грамматическое правило, учитель не заметил, что урок закончился. 3. Тот человек, ожидающий нас на улице, приехал из Москвы.

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4. Изучив биографию этого ученого и его изобретения, он решил сделать доклад о нем. 5. Будучи очень занятым, он не услышал, что мама его позвала ужинать. 6. Купив все необходимые продукты, он приготовил салат. 7. Сделав все приготовления, он ждал гостей. 8. Книга, которую сейчас обсуждают – важная работа этого писателя. 9. Взяв бумагу и ручку, ребенок начал писать. 10. Читая статью в английском журнале, я выписал незнакомые слова. 11. Если нагреть намагниченные материалы, они размагнитятся. 12. При изоляции провод можно использовать в качестве проводника. Упражнение 14. Переведите на английский язык следующие числа и месяцы.

1. Пятое февраля; 2. Третье марта; 3. Двенадцатое сентября; 4. Тридцатое июня; 5. Шестнадцатое октября; 6. Тридцать первое декабря; 7. Двадцать пятое августа. 8. Пятнадцатое января; 9. Первое апреля; 10. Девятое мая; 11. Восьмое июля; 12. Тринадцатое ноября; 13. Пятое сентября; 14. Двадцать восьмое февраля; 15. Двадцать второе июля. Упражнение 15. Ответь на вопрос What date is it today?

March 1; April 13; November 23; January 10; May 9; February 12; July 19; June 2; August 30; September 15; July 21; October 3; November 7; December 28; January 26; March 6; April 12. Упражнение 16. Напишите даты при помощи порядковых числительных.

Например: The New Year is on (31.12). – The New Year is on the thirty-first of December. (Новый год – тридцать первого декабря.)

1. The Women’s Day is on (08.03). 2. Victory Day is on (09.05). 3. Christmas in Russia is on (07.01). 4. Christmas in America is on (25.12). 5. St. Valentine’s Day is on (14.02). 6. Halloween is on (31.10). 7. The Fatherland Defender’s Day is on (23.02). 8. April Fools’ Day is on (1.04). 9. Family day is on (8.07). 10. Russia Day is on (12.06). Упражнение 17. Прочитайте следующие годы по-английски:

1325; 1987; 2014; 2026; 1898; 1900; 2000; 2004; 2018; 1967; 1479; 1509; 1910; 1618; 2007; 1999; 1876; 1632; 2050; 2156; 2010; 1800; 1805; 1711; 1994; 1117; 2020.

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Упражнение 18. Произнесите и напишите даты по-английски.

05.07.2012 03.10.1986 01.12.2017 06.01.1978 01.06.1453 15.12.1367 17.02.1955 12.08.1690 06.03.1797 23.04.1998 02.11.1564 22.04.1915 04.05.2020 07.09.1900 08.06.1800 09.12.1805 10.10.2010 11.11.2011 13.03.2023 30.11.2025 Упражнение 19. Который час? Напишите ответы цифрами по-английски.

1. It is five o’clock in the evening. 2. It is a quarter past three in the afternoon. 3. It is half past five in the morning. 4. It is a quarter to six in the evening. 5. It is twenty-five to nine in the morning. 6. It is twenty to eleven at night. 7. It is ten o’clock in the morning. 8. It is ten to four in the afternoon. 9. It is five to nine in the morning. 10. It is twenty past six in the evening. 11. It is midnight. 12. It is twenty-five to two in the afternoon. 13. It is eleven o’clock in the morning. 14. It is five minutes to two. 15. It is five minutes past two. Упражнение 20. Скажите по-английски, который час.

Например: 5:20 – It is twenty minutes past five.

5:20; 12:30; 9:15; 16:45; 21:00; 19:25; 11:35; 10:50; 06:05; 14:30; 7:10; 13:50; 11:55; 7:20; 13:30; 10:15; 17:45; 22:00; 18:25; 12:35; 11:50; 07:05; 8:30; 10:10; 14:50; 15:55; 4:25; 6:35; 5:50; 21:05; 22:30; 23:10; 6:20; 13:30; 9:25.

Test yourself

1. Как образуется Participle I?

A. Ving B. having V3 C. V3

2. Как образуется Participle II?


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3. Как образуется Perfect Participle?


4. Найдите правильный вариант перевода причастия «делая домашнее задание».

A. done homework B. being done homework C. doing homework

5. Найдите правильный вариант перевода причастия «написав письмо».

A. wrote a letter B. having written a letter C. writing a letter

6. Найдите правильный вариант перевода причастия «сказанный».

A. said B. saying C. having said

7. Найдите правильный вариант перевода причастия «дом, строящийся сейчас».

A. a house built B. a house being built C. a house having been built

8. Выберете правильный вариант – Time … on the brain is never spent in vain.

A. spending B. being spent C. spent

9. Выберете правильный вариант – I felt very tired ... the whole day.

A. having worked B. work C. being worked

10. Выберете правильный вариант: – He speaks like a man … his own opinion.

A. had B. having C. has

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11. Выберете правильный вариант – … that she could trust them she didn’t know what to do.

A. Didn’t know B. Not having known C. Not knowing

12. Выберете правильный вариант – He was seen … in a lively conversation.

A. engaged B. having been engaged C. being engaged

13. Переведите на английский язык – Двадцать шестое марта.

A. twenty-six March B. the twenty-six of March C. the twenty-sixth of March

14. Переведите на английский язык – Третье февраля.

A. the three of February B. the third of February C. third February

15. Найдите правильный вариант – 1987.

A. nineteen and eighty-seven B. nineteen eighty-seven C. one thousand nine hundred and eighty-seven

16. Найдите правильный вариант – 1900.

A. nineteen zero zero B. one thousand nine hundred C. nineteen hundred

17. Найдите правильный вариант – the thirty-first of December, twenty fifteen.

A. 31.11.2015 B. 31.12.2014 C. 31.12.2015

18. Найдите правильный вариант – 03.10.1986.

A. three of October, one thousand nine hundred and eighty-six B. the third of October, nineteen eighty-six C. the third of October, nineteen and eighty-six

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19. Найдите правильный вариант – A quarter past four in the morning.

A. 4:15 B. 16:15 C. 4:45

20. Найдите правильный вариант перевода – Twenty-five to nine in the evening.

A. 21:25 B. 9:25 C. 20:35

21. Найдите правильный вариант перевода – Twenty past six in the evening.

A. 6:20 B. 7:40 C. 18:20

22. Найдите правильный вариант перевода – A quarter to four in the evening.

A. 15:45 B. 4:45 C. 16:15

23. Найдите правильный вариант перевода – 18:10.

A. ten minutes to six B. ten minutes past seven C. ten minutes past six

24. Найдите правильный вариант перевода– 22.40.

A. forty minutes past ten B. twenty minutes to eleven C. twenty minutes to ten

25. Найдите правильный вариант – 15.15.

A. a quarter past fifteen B. a quarter to fifteen C. a quarter past four

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LESSON 9

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) - ist; -ary/-ory; -ate

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 9A. Scientific and technical progress and modern society Text 9B. Tomorrow is now Text 9C. No title

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Герундий Заглавные буквы в английском языке


суффикс существительного -ist

Суффикс -ist используется для выражения принадлежности к определенной профессии, сфере труда, направлению науки, политики, искусства.

impression (впечатление) → impressionist (импрессионист) lingua (язык) → linguist (лингвист) commune (коммуна, община) → communist (коммунист)

art – artist; economics – economist; ecology – ecologist; piano – pianist; special – specialist; psychology – psychologist; material – materialist; modern – modernist; chemistry – chemist; physics – physicist; nature – naturalist.

существительное / глагол + -ary / -ory = прилагательное

Суффиксы -ary, -ory означают характеристику, качество, отношение к чему-то. Они прибавляются к существительным, реже к глаголам.

diet (диета) → dietary (диетический) moment (момент) → momentary (мгновенный) migrate (мигрировать) → migratory (перелетный, кочевой)

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Суффикс -ary используется с основами слов, которые в форме существительного принимают суффикс -ary, или если основа не используется самостоятельно (но не всегда).

ordinary (обычный) necessary (необходимый) contemporary (современный)

Суффикс -ory используется с основами слов, которые в форме существительного принимают суффиксы -or, -ion.

satisfaction (удовлетворение) → satisfactory (удовлетворительный) illusion (иллюзия) → illusory (иллюзорный) contributor (помощник) → contributory (вносящий вклад)

to gloss – glossary; contradictor – contradictory; legend – legendary; fragment – fragmentary; station – stationary; evolution – evolutionary; custom – customary; to contradict – contradictory; to advise – advisory; compliment – complimentary.

существительное / глагол + -ate = прилагательное

Суффикс -ate указывает на характеристику, признаки, имеет значение «обладать чем-либо». Прибавляется к глаголам и существительным.

fortunate (счастливый, удачный) moderate (умеренный) adequate (адекватный) deliberate (спланированный, умышленный)

adequacy – adequate; affection – affectionate; consider – considerate; literacy – literate; moderation – moderate; passion – passionate; accurate; immediate; separate; subordinate; approximate; animate; aggregate; elaborate; articulate. Упражнение 1. Образуйте от основ выделенных слов существительные или прилагательные с указанными суффиксами и напишите их.

1. His report in physics was pure perfection.

Regarding physics, he was famously a … .

2. He is the most active microblogger who has about 21 million followers.

He is an … on “Twitter”, an online social networking and microblogging service.

-ist

3. Economists were dreaming of a better economic future in the world.

Economic … predict a new world order in which information is the resource that drives a nation's economy.

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1. They became the second in the competitions.

Winning is … – we play for the fun of the sport.

2. Your actions contradict your words.

“Perfect” and “imperfect” are … terms.

-ary -ory

3. Genius always makes revolution.

Genius usually follows a … path.

1. She set up a literacy program. She is … thanks to special program.

2. You’ve got to learn to consider other people.

She is one of the most … people I know.

-ate

3. Could you give us a rough approximation of the ancient city?

This is the … location of the ancient city.


1. I read many books because I fond of biography of … heroes of British history.

legend

2. You have a duty as a … to communicate your discovery to the world.

science

3. … exercise, such as walking, is recommended. moderation 4. Children often invent … friends in order to speak and play with them.

to imagine

5. Any … can climb a difficult hill; you just change gear. to cycle 6. She’s an intelligent and … speaker. articulation 7. A passing … stopped to help. motor 8. He told the story in … detail. elaboration 9. The researchers made an … error. element 10. She’s a ... in modern French literature. special 11. He was very ... about his feelings on the subject. articulation 12. She made ... remarks about his work. compliment


natural ['næʧərəl], characteristic [ˌkærəktə'rɪstɪk], present ['prezənt], civilization

[ˌsɪvəlaɪ'zeɪʃən], course [kɔːs], to illustrate ['ɪləstreɪt], material [mə'tɪərɪəl], telephone ['telɪfəun], radio ['reɪdɪəu], television ['telɪvɪʒən], automobile

['ɔːtəməubiːl], airplane ['eəpleɪn], modified ['mɔdɪfaɪd], technology [tek'nɔləʤɪ], based [be͟ɪst], communication [kəˌmjuːnɪ'keɪʃən], continent ['kɔntɪnənt], center ['sentə], industry ['ɪndəstrɪ], agriculture ['ægrɪkʌlʧə], population [ˌpɔpjə'leɪʃən],

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horizon [hə'raɪzən], fundamentally [ˌfʌndə'mentəlɪ], intellectual [ˌɪntə'lekʧuəl], result [rɪ'zʌlt], activity [æk'tɪvətɪ], range [reɪnʤ], to double ['dʌbl], number ['nʌmbə], astronaut ['æstrənɔːt], transistor [træn'zɪstə], electronic [ˌelek'trɔnɪk], medical ['medɪkəl], instrument ['ɪntstrəmənt], modulation [ˌmɔdjə'leɪʃən], absurd

[əb'sɜːd], integrated ['ɪntɪgreɪtɪd], era ['ɪərə], orbital ['ɔːbɪtəl], station ['steɪʃən], astrophysics [ˌæstrəu'fɪzɪks], medicine ['medɪsɪn], biology [baɪ'ɔləʤɪ], typically

['tɪpɪkəlɪ], cosmic ['kɔzmɪk], central ['sentrəl], position [pə'zɪʃən], to dominate

['dɔmɪneɪt], effect [ɪ'fekt], technical ['teknɪkəl], social ['səuʃəl].


to distinguish [dɪ'stɪŋgwɪʃ], to influence ['ɪnfluəns], to create [krɪ'eɪt], science

['saɪəns], level ['levəl], necessary ['nesəsərɪ], to mention ['menʃən], countless

['kauntləs], device [dɪ'vaɪs], application [ˌæplɪ'keɪʃən], hardly ['hɑːdlɪ], article

['ɑːtɪkl], means [miːnz], to bind [baɪnd], community [kə'mjuːnətɪ], to depend [dɪ'pend] on, scientific [ˌsaɪən'tɪfɪk], sanitation [ˌsænɪ'teɪʃən], to provide

[prə'vaɪd], abundant [ə'bʌndənt], to expand [ɪk'spænd], mind [maɪnd], enterprise

['entəpraɪz], attempt [ə'tempt], particular [pə'tɪkjələ], outcome ['autkʌm], knowledge ['nɔlɪʤ], previously ['priːvɪəslɪ], young [jʌŋ], alive [ə'laɪv], equipment [ɪ'kwɪpmənt], wherever [weə'revə], precise [prɪ'saɪs], to require

[rɪ'kwaɪə], to suppose [sə'pəuz], mere [mɪə], launch [lɔːnʧ], to conduct ['kɔndʌkt], investigation [ɪnˌvestɪ'geɪʃən], inconceivable [ˌɪnkən'siːvəbl], earth

[ɜːθ], to witness ['wɪtnəs], society [sə'saɪətɪ], whole [həul], existence [ɪg'zɪstəns], to remedy ['remədɪ].


natural science – естественные науки characteristic feature – характерная особенность to distinguish – отличать, выделать the course of development – ход развития to create – создавать countless – бесчисленный to be modified – менять, быть измененным to be based on – быть основанным на to depend on – зависеть от to expand intellectual horizons – расширять кругозор in a particular way – особым образом

to find wide use – найти широкое применение precise control – точный контроль It seems – кажется… the invention of integrated circuits – изобретение интегральных схем a new era of change – новая эра перемен launching – запуск to conduct investigations – проводить исследования inconceivable – немыслимый to improve society’s living – изменить жизнь общества к лучшему working conditions – условия труда long-term – длительный, долгосрочный

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Text 9A Прочитайте и переведите текст. Укажите положительные и

отрицательные стороны научно-технического прогресса.

Scientific and technical progress and modern society Natural science is the main characteristic feature distinguishing the present

society from the other civilizations in the past. From its early beginnings in the sixteenth century, the developments of science have influenced the course of civilization development. Today it plays a dominant role. In other words, we live in a world that has been created by science.

This point is easy to illustrate on the material level. It is necessary to mention the telephone, the radio, the television, the automobile, and the airplane, or any of the countless devices invented by the application of science. There is hardly an article used in the homes, in the places of work, or in the places of enjoyment that has not been modified by technology based on science; the means of communication that bind the continents into a single community depend on scientific know-how, without modern sanitation it would be impossible to have large centers of population; without modern industry and agriculture it would be impossible to feed, to clothe, and to provide the “abundant life” to this large population.

Science is expanding intellectual horizons – science has an impact on the mind of a man. Fundamentally, science is an intellectual enterprise, an attempt to understand the world in a particular way. All the developments mentioned above are the results, the outcomes of this intellectual activity.

Over the past 150 years the range of human knowledge has been doubled every 12-15 years. In 1930 a man knew four times as much as he did in 1900; by 1960 his knowledge had grown sixteenfold, and by the year 2000 it was a hundred times what it had been a century previously.

The second part of the twentieth century brought a number of technical innovations which are still very young but which are taken so much for granted that it is as if they have always existed.

In the fifties of the last century hardly anyone would probably have believed that we should be able to sit at home and watch astronauts walking in space or that people could be kept alive by the heart of a dead man.

The transistor was not invented until 1948. This piece of electronic equipment found wide use in space technology, computers, transistor radios, medical instruments, television sets – in fact, wherever precise control and modulation of electrical signals was required. It seemed absurd to suppose that it could ever be replaced. However, the Invention of ICs (integrated circuits) in 1958 brought a new era of change in the field so fundamental that it has the characteristics of a second industrial revolution.

Twelve years separated the launching of the Soviet satellite Sputnik 1 in 1957 and man’s first landing on the Moon in 1969. The first long-term orbital

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station Salyut launched in 1971 opened a new era in space research providing the possibility of conducting investigations in the field of astrophysics, space technology, medicine, biology, etc. under conditions inconceivable on the earth. In 1981 we could witness the launching of a typically new cosmic vehicle – the Shuttle.

It is not difficult to continue with other examples but the point is clear. Events like these were characteristic of the rate of technological development in the second half of the 20th century. Science has a central position in modern society. It dominates man’s whole existence. Research and innovations in technology should improve society’s living and working conditions and remedy the negative effects of technical and social changes. Упражнение 3. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1. What means of communication are mentioned in the text? 2. What technological innovations made communication between continents possible? 3. How do science and technology influence people? 4. How fast was scientific knowledge developing in the 20th century? 5. What are the potential dangers of scientific discoveries? 6. Do science and technology do more good than harm for a man, more harm than good or about equal? Упражнение 4. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1. We live in a world … 2. Telephone, radio, television, automobile, airplane, or any of the countless devices … 3. The means of communication that bind the continents into a single community … 4. Science has an impact … 5. Over the past 150 years the range of human knowledge … 6. The transistor – a piece of electronic equipment – …

1. depend on scientific know-how. 2. found wide use in space technology, computers, transistor radios, medical instruments, television sets. 3. were invented by the application of science. 4. that has been created by science. 5. on the mind of a man. 6. has been doubled every 12-15 years.


countless обильный, богатый a means of counteracting or eliminating something undesirable

know-how считать само собой разумеющимся

relating to the intellect

abundant во много раз, it means to be very large and great

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многочисленный amount of something intellectual существование only with great difficulty take for granted средство, мера the fact or state of living or having

objective reality hardly перемена, изменение

practical knowledge or skill; expertise

remedy бесчисленный, многочисленный

an act or process through which something becomes different

manifold едва ли, с трудом existing or available in large quantities; plentiful

change умственный, мыслительный, интеллектуальный

something is true without questioning it

existence знание дела, ноу-хау by many times

Text 9B Прочитайте текст. Обратите внимание на первый и последний абзацы и

найдите предложения, раскрывающие основную идею текста.

Tomorrow is now The Julian calendar recorded the year 2001 – the beginning of the 21st

century. It was far more than a chronological event, for the meaning and importance of chronological time is less vital now than ever before in history. Time began for a man more than a million years ago and until today it has been the mover and shaker of man’s destiny. However, the slow pace of nature has been augmented by the incredible speed of the developing technology since the last third of the 20th century. The technological innovations are revolutionizing our lives more than anything else. Events, inventions, moralities - all slide and change so swiftly that we seem to be rushing at tomorrow and our future has already arrived. In that sense the 21st century is already here, for the responsibility for the events and technology that will be produced is being formed today.

It is possible to extrapolate from certain seemingly well-rooted trends and technologies and thus gain a glimpse at the very least of the possible tomorrows that await us. The increasing sophistication of the rocketry, for example, prognosticates a continued assault on space. At the same time, we have virtually run out of frontiers on land and will probably turn at long last to the sea that blankets seven tenths of the earth’s surface. X-ray astronomy, gamma-ray astronomy, orbiting astronomical observatories, and the stable, atmosphere-free far side of the moon, as the finest of all observatories will be the disciplines and the platforms we will use to peer out into space and back into time to the origin of all things.

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And what might man find there? No one today has answers. We can safely say only that the questions will be raised and countless voyages in search of answers will be undertaken. In truth, the 21st century will probably be a new age of exploration. The laser, the computer, and atomic energy have found their ways into our lives and are already being used for the tasks of today. These same tools will be applied to new tasks of the 21st century, tasks we cannot even conceive today.

In every area of human activity the future offers dazzling capabilities for exploring and understanding ourselves and the world about us. But what we will do with the incredible amounts of knowledge we are at this very moment heaping together.

In all probability, we will accept every challenge the human mind can find. These are broad areas of probability, yet it is to these only that we can look in the hope of seeing where we are headed. For the technological avalanche threatens to inundate us by generating an ever more elaborate technology and in the process creating problems that could not have been foreseen. Moreover, the solution to these problems lies in creating a still more sophisticated technology which creates more problems not by failing in its designed goals but by succeeding brilliantly. We will soon learn to plumb the depths of the human gene and, therefore, present to nature on a molecular level our demands for the future of man.

The 21st century will demand extreme caution and scientific discipline. We will pursue knowledge; it will be the preoccupation of the 21st-century man. The only questions remaining concern the uses to which such knowledge will be put and the price we must pay for it.

Упражнение 6. Найдите английские эквиваленты для следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

время было вершителем и мерилом судьбы человека; медленная поступь; инновации кардинально меняют нашу жизнь; ожидающие нас возможные альтернативы завтрашнего дня; наступление на космос; мы примем любой вызов; поток технологической информации грозит затопить нас; не из-за неудачи в достижении поставленных целей, а из-за блестящего успеха; раскрывать глубины человеческого гена. Упражнение 7. Прокомментируйте данные утверждения (согласны / не согласны и почему).

1. Our future has already arrived. 2. The shape of tomorrow can well been foreseen. 3. The main fields of investigation will be the space and the seas and oceans. 4. Among the theoretical problems the main one will be the origin of the universe. 5. Man should be cautious about new technologies.

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Text 9C Прочитайте текст и озаглавьте его. Кратко изложите основное

содержание текста по-английски.

Scientific research became so important in the 20th century that it is no longer possible to describe any human society without according it its rightful place.

Scientific activity, with all its technical and economic consequences, is at present passing through a period of particularly rapid development as compared to other human activities and may double in the course of each decade. This law of growth can be deduced from a fairly wide variety of statistical facts such as: the number of original publications appearing in the scientific journals and the number of abstracts published in a branch of science such as physics or mathematics. It is also found to be true if the criterion adopted is the number of scientific personnel working in laboratories. Lastly, the number of significant scientific discoveries made each year can be estimated, and though such an estimate must, of course, be somewhat arbitrary, the result will again show the same rate of growth. A few figures will support the information given above. The number of scientific journals and periodicals which was about 100 at the beginning of the 19th century, reached 1,000 in 1850, more than 10,000 in 1900, approached 100,000 in 1960 and – if the rate of growth remains constant – should be in the neighbourhood of a million at the end of the century.

If we turn to the length of scientific papers, it is getting out of hand. In the past 35 years, the length of paper has increased by an average of 64 per cent. The average letter is 30 per cent longer today than it was 10 years ago, despite frequent editorial decrees that they should be short. To examine the problem the most prestigious publications in physics, chemistry, astronomy, and mathematics from three countries – the US, Britain and Japan – were studied. Between 1950 and 1980/83, the length of papers increased appreciably in each country and for all publications. Values ranged from 13 per cent for the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society to 115 per cent for the Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan. Chemistry papers grew the most (93 per cent), with astronomy second (82 per cent), then mathematics (77 per cent), and physics (27 per cent). National averages were: Japan, up 85 per cent; the US, up 65 percent; and Great Britain, up 45 percent. The jump in the length of letters is even more dramatic. The average increase over the last 20 years is 74 per cent.

But how should we interpret those findings? Mainly, three reasons are detected for long papers. First, it is easier to write them. As Churchill put it, he needed a week to prepare a five minute speech on an important subject, but he could talk for an hour immediately. Secondly, scientists are rewarded for overwriting. Thirdly, writing today is sloppier. Some people suspect that modern authors have to use more words to express a quantum of thought than earlier writers, because they have not learnt English grammar as thoroughly. Though,

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not everyone agrees with this interpretation. For example, Helmut Abt, longtime editor of the Astrophysical Journal believes that the length of papers has little to do with the three main points. He says that the answer lies in the scientific content. Science is more complex now. Instruments yield far more information and more space is needed for explanation. Many papers that would have been acceptable for publication 20 years ago are not acceptable now because they do not have enough content.


1. What has been the most rewarding technological advance in the last 100 years? 2. What was the biggest technological change in your life? 3. What technologies do you find most useful in everyday life? 4. What jobs will be lost due to technological advances? 5. How do you feel about robots that look like humans? 6. Do you think time travel will ever be possible? 7. Do you think time travel can have negative consequences for the future?


Japanese scientists say they have found a way to “read” people’s dreams. Researchers at the ATR Computational Neuroscience Laboratories used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for what they say is “the world’s first decoding” of night-time visions. Their research is published in the journal “Science”. The researchers wrote that visual imagery during sleep has long been a topic of persistent speculation, but its private nature has hampered objective analysis. Here, we present a neural decoding approach in which machine learning models predict the contents of visual imagery during sleep. They were able to predict what images their volunteers had seen with a 60 per cent accuracy rate. A spokesperson says that their expectations from the dream study are quite high, but they are also looking carefully at the ethical aspects of the technology which may allow a third person to look at somebody else’s thoughts. Head researcher Yukiyasu Kamitani says that dreams have fascinated people since ancient times but their function and meaning has remained closed. He believes his research is a key step towards reading dreams more precisely.

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Переведите предложения с герундием на русский язык. Объясните случаи употребления герундия.

1. Taking a cold shower in the morning is very healthy. 2. She likes sitting in the sun. 3. It looks like raining. 4. Let’s go boating. 5. He talked without stopping. 6. Some people can walk all day without being tired. 7. My son took up boxing for a while but soon lost interest. 8. What composer continued writing music

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after he became deaf? 9. It goes without saying. 10. We thought of seeing a film after lunch. Упражнение 2. Переведите предложения с герундием на русский язык, обращая внимание на глаголы, выражающие начало, продолжение и окончание действия.

1. They went on talking. 2. He gave up smoking a few years ago. 3. Have you started working on the project? 4. My wife keeps insisting on buying a house in the country. 5. Stop laughing at me. 6. Have you finished washing the dishes? 7. I continued walking in that direction. 8. They began building that house in 1999. 9. Would you like to take up dancing? Упражнение 3. Раскройте скобки, обращая внимание на употребление герундия, где это необходимо.

1. Stop … (make) noise. 2. When will you finish … (translate) the text? 3. He gave up … (play) football last year and took up … (swim). 4. Continue … (work). 5. Please, don’t pay attention to me and keep on … (write). 6. I started … (play) the piano when I was four. 7. When will you begin … (think) about your studies? 8. Go on … (read). 9. It is a good idea to take up … (swim). Упражнение 4. Переведите на английский язык, обращая внимание на употребление герундия.

1. Перестань плакать. 2. Продолжайте писать. 3. Я думаю, что тебе следует начать заниматься спортом. 4. Ты уже закончил читать эту книгу? 5. Он бросил играть в компьютерные игры. 6. Хорошая идея начать играть на музыкальном инструменте. 7. Продолжайте варить до тех пор, пока мясо не станет мягким. 8. Я только-только начал есть, когда зазвонил телефон. 9. Продолжай учиться, несмотря на то, что это и трудно. Упражнение 5. Переведите предложения с герундием на русский язык, обращая внимание на глаголы, выражающие предпочтение.

1. She dislikes living in her old house. 2. I enjoy talking to people and don’t mind helping them. 3. My granny likes cooking. 4. My brother doesn’t like washing up. 5. My sister doesn’t mind doing morning exercises but she hates getting up early. 6. I love travelling but I can’t stand flying. 7. He enjoyed talking of his travels. 8. She enjoys meeting people because she likes being helpful. Упражнение 6. Переведите предложения с глаголами предпочтения, после которых употребляется герундий.

1. Я ничего не имею против того, чтобы посетить Нью-Йорк. 2. Я думаю, получу удовольствие от вида небоскребов и других современных зданий.

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3. Мне нравится слушать звуки города. 4. Я люблю гулять по городу. 5. Я не люблю ходить по музеям. 6. Я терпеть не могу осматривать достопримечательности. 7. Я ненавижу шум и городскую суету. 8. Мне нравится читать зарубежную литературу. 9. Я ничего не имею против того, чтобы пойти туда вместе. 10. Я предпочитаю путешествовать на машине. Упражнение 7. Выберите предлог. Переведите предложения, обращая внимание на употребление герундия.

1. Read the rule … writing the exercise. (after, before, by the time) 2. She is fond … collecting posters of pop singers. (for, to, of) 3. She likes art very much and she is keen … visit-ing art galleries. (in, on, about) 4. He is tired … painting the wall. He has been working for 5 hours. (of, after, for) 5. She is clever … learning English. (of, for, at) 6. I don’t understand how David can fish for hours … catching anything. (with, without, on) 7. Kate bought a book … buying an umbrella. (but, without, instead of) 8. … visiting the British Museum the tourists were very much impressed. (After, Before, Instead of) 9. I can’t get used … getting up early. (for, with, to) 10. … hearing the news Mr. White felt pleased. (On, With, By) 11. We were fascinated … Ella’s singing Russian songs. (by, about, on) 12. I like the idea … visiting St. Petersburg this sum-mer. (of, to, about) 13. Jack answered the examiners’ questions … thinking and later he regretted it. (without, instead of, with) 14. Thank you … helping us in troubles. (about, by, for) 15. My friends and I dream … going to England. (to, of, for) 16. Children went for a walk … switching off the light. (with, without, before) 17. We were surprised … meeting Alice at the theatre. She was going to stay at home on that day. (at, by, with) 18. Sorry … interrupting you, but could you show me the way to the nearest cinema? (for, at, of) 19. We have improved our English … learning the new words and rules every day. (by, for, with) 20. Pamela is looking forward … visiting London again. (to, on, about) Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки, употребляя герундий. Объясните, почему в данном случае надо употребить герундий.

1. The doctor insisted on … (send) the sick man to hospital. 2. He was good at … (repair) cars. 3. She was sorry for … (come) late. 4. The children ran out the room and began … (play). 5. He seemed sorry for … (be) rude. 6. The girl had

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no talent for … (dance). 7. After … (check) the students’ papers, the teacher handed them back. 8. Excuse her for … (break) her cup. 9. She was proud of … (win) the prize. 10. She accused the boy of … (tell) her lies. 11. I don’t mind … (open) the window. 12. I objected to my mother … (do) my room. 13. They enjoy … (watch) her dancing. 14. She doesn’t feel like … (see) him. 15. She never approved of her daughter … (drink) so much coffee. 16. She hates … (be) photographed because she thinks that she is not beautiful. Упражнение 9. Замените придаточные предложения герундиальным оборотом с предлогом (где необходимо).

Например: She thought she would go to the country for the weekend. – She thought of going to the country for the weekend.

1. Thank you that you invited me to the theatre. 2. The woman insisted that her husband should consult the doctor at once. 3. The thought that he had missed the party made him unhappy. 4. The teacher insisted that the students should come after the lessons for a meeting. 5. He thinks he will learn two foreign languages in future. 6. Helen suggested that they should go on a trip. 7. I don’t mind if the children go to the station with me. 8. The teacher suggested that you should read English books every day. 9. The place looked so beautiful that she thought that she would like to live there. 10. In the darkness they were afraid that they might lose their way. 11. Do you mind if I smoke here? 12. My parents objected that I played computer games all day. Упражнение 10. Определите, где в предложениях нужно использовать заглавные буквы.

1. dear jennifer, thanks for your letter, i was so happy to get it! glad to hear that you have won the running competition! congratulations on your first place, jen!

2. i am going to spend this summer together with my family. we like to travel, so all summer we will spend in different countries. we are going to visit greece, italy, spain, portugal, france and germany. i really dream to see the coliseum. I am fond of ancient roman history since my childhood. And i consider that it was a great empire which had no equal in all the world.

3. dear paul, i received your letter on 10 june for which i thank you very much. i'’m glad to hear that you’ve passed your driving test in march! congratulations! hope to hear from you soon. take care, victor

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4. melbourne and sydney are cities in australia, where it is summer in december. the republic of cuba is very popular among tourists. 5. the russian doctor of science degree is the highest research degree in this country. many scientists having that degree are professors.

6. On my left is professor edith hill. professor hill is a psychologist at the university. next is martin learner. mr. learner is a reporter. this is mr. harvey mountain. he’s a businessman. this is ms. cynthia johnson. she’s a teacher.

7. the chinese are good workers. the french make wonderful cheese. the americans like fast food. the english are famous for being polite. 8. i was born in january. february is usually the coldest month. she will visit her sister in august. the hottest days here are in july. halloween is celebrated in october. the best months for travelling are august and september.

9. sunny day is sunday. monday is not quick. tuesday is for business. wednesday’s half the week. thursday’s always active. friday’s short and fun. saturday is happy and the week is gone.

Test yourself

1. Определите, какая форма герундия представлена – swimming.

A. Simple Passive B. Perfect Active C. Simple Active

2. Определите, какая форма герундия представлена – having translated.

A. Perfect Passive B. Perfect Active C. Simple Active

3. Определите, какая форма герундия представлена – being done.

A. Simple Passive B. Perfect Active C. Simple Active

4. Выберете правильный вариант перевода герундия – walking.

A. гуляя B. прогулка C. гуляющий

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5. Выберете правильный вариант перевода предложения с герундием – She likes being visited by her friends.

A. Она любит, когда ее навещают друзья. B. Она любит навещать друзей. C. Она любит, когда ее приглашают друзья.

6. Выберете правильный вариант перевода предложения с герундием – He is excited of having spoken to her.

A. Он взволнован от того, что она поговорила с ним. B. Он взволнован от того, что с ним поговорили. C. Он взволнован от того, что поговорил с ней.

7. Выберете правильный вариант перевода предложения с герундием – He is glad of having been spoken to.

A. Он рад, что он выговорился. B. Он рад, что с ним поговорили. C. Он рад общению.

8. Выберете правильный вариант – отрицательная форма герундия.

A. for not coming in time B. for coming not in time C. not for coming in time

9. Найдите предложение с герундием.

A. My attention was attracted by his loud speaking. B. I don’t like your speaking so loudly. C. The doing of the exercises didn’t take him long.

10. Выберете подходящий перевод – Reading books every day will improve your knowledge.

A. Читая книги каждый день, можно повысить знания. B. Ежедневное чтение книг обогатит ваши знания. C. Читая книги каждый день, ты улучшаешь свои знания.

11. Определите функцию герундия – There are different ways of obtaining this substance.

A. Подлежащее B. Именная часть сказуемого C. Определение

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12. Определите функцию герундия – The car needs repairing.

A. Определение B. Прямое дополнение C. Обстоятельство

13. Определите функцию герундия – They spoke about their travelling.

A. Предложное дополнение B. Именная часть сказуемого C. Прямое дополнение

14. Определите функцию герундия – His hobby is driving a car.

A. Обстоятельство B. Определение C. Именная часть сказуемого

15. Определите функцию герундия – Everybody laughed on hearing his answer.

A. Обстоятельство B. Определение C. Именная часть сказуемого

16. Определите функцию герундия – Asking him about it was useless.

A. Подлежащее B. Дополнение C. Именная часть сказуемого

17. Выберете предложения, в которых герундий имеет функцию прямого дополнения.

A. He avoided looking at us. B. I don’t mind doing it for you. C. Go on reading.

18. Выберете предложения, в которых герундий имеет функцию предложного дополнения.

A. She didn’t agree to coming here. B. We finished dressing. C. I don’t feel like working.

19. Выберете предложения, в которых герундий имеет функцию определения.

A. In copying the text, he made a few mistakes. B. They gave up the idea of selling their car. C. I don’t like his manner of reading.

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20. Выберете предложения, в которых герундий имеет функцию подлежащего.

A. Walking you are getting healthier. B. I am fond of walking a lot. C. Walking is very healthy.

21. Выберете предложения, в которых герундий имеет функцию именной части сказуемого.

A. Travelling is a part of his life. B. My husband’s business is travelling around the world. C. I don’t mind your travelling around the world.

22. Выберите подходящий предлог – Write the exercise … reading the rule.

A. after B. by the time C. before

23. Выберите подходящий предлог – She looks … leaving.

A. like B. for C. after

24. Выберите подходящий предлог – He is good … finding proper solutions.

A. for B. with C. at

25. Выберите подходящий предлог – Write the exercise … reading the rule.

A. after B. by the time C. before

26. Назовите самый простой случай употребления заглавной буквы – My relatives live in this city.

A. со всеми местояимениями B. в начале предложения C. с местоимением my

27. Выберите варианты, в которых слова пишутся всегда с заглавной буквы.

A. названия дней недели, месяцев и праздников B. названия родственных связей C. названия национальностей и языков

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LESSON 10

Section 1: Словообразование (Word-formation) en-; over-, under-, sub-

Section 2: Чтение (Reading) Text 10A. Going Online Text 10B. Online Education Text 10C. Online shopping: pros and cons Text 10D. The Rise of Travel Vlogging

Section 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Условные предложения


en- + существительное / прилагательное =

глагол

Префикс en- отличается от других префиксов английского языка тем, что может менять часть речи, к которой относится слово. Префикс en- имеет значение «вводить в определенное состояние», «наделять чем-то». Префикс en- меняется на -em перед согласными p, m, b.

able (способный, умеющий) → enable (давать возможность) large (большой) → enlarge (увеличивать) danger (опасность) → endanger (подвергать опасности) power (сила, власть) → empower (уполномочивать, разрешать)

case – encase; circle – encircle; rich – enrich; joy – enjoy; train – entrain; purple – empurple; list – enlist; roll – enroll; bitter – embitter; compass – encompass.

префиксы over-, under-, sub-

Префикс over- указывает на чрезмерность, превышение чего-то, сверх чего-то или то, что находится над чем-то.

confident (уверенный) → overconfident (слишком уверенный) weight (вес) → overweight (перевес, излишек веса) come (приходить) → overcome (побороть, преодолеть)

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Префикс under- служит антонимом к over- и переводится как «недо», «под».

estimate (оценивать) → underestimate (недооценивать) weight (вес) → underweight (недовес, недостаток веса) line (линия) → underline (подчеркивать)

Префикс sub- означает нахождение под чем-то, подчинение, подразделение, а также имеет значение «почти».

tropical (тропический) → subtropical (субтропический) standard (стандартный) → substandard (нестандартный)

cloud – overcloud; optimistic – overoptimistic; cook – overcook; eat – overeat; load –overload; crowd – overcrowd; produce – underproduce; do – underdo; developed – underdeveloped; pay – underpay; foot – underfoot; normal – subnormal; soil – subsoil; surface – subsurface; structure – substructure. Упражнение 1. Образуйте слова с указанными префиксами от основ выделенных слов и напишите их.

1. Students are able to get access to class materials online.

The system … students to access class materials online.

2. We have a very large product range.

Please … on this question, we need to know more.

en-

3. He lists himself as a political liberal.

I’m sure that you can … the help of your friends.

1. This is an argument of weight. My luggage was … by five kilos. 2. She comes of a good family. You must … all difficulties. over-

3. He sees how they look at each other.

He … all and … none.

1. They estimated the distance at about three miles.

We … how long it would take to get there.

2. I took your point.

She … to complete the project in six months.

under-

3. I hear that a leading politician went over to the other party.

His views … a very thorough change in course of time.

1. You should answer three sequent questions.

Her work had a great influence on … generations.

2. The atomic reactor used a gas coolant.

They used … particle accelerator sub-

3. None of that will matter once we reach the surface.

The aim of the invention is to prevent … water from being contaminated.

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1. A crowd of reporters … the mayor. circle 2. The importance of training in health and safety cannot be … . to estimate 3. … key words and phrases as you read. line 4. How can I … my vocabulary? rich 5. He spent quite a lot time working … . sea 6. We discussed the principles that … their methods. to lie 7. The study … the social, political, and economic aspects of the situation.

compass

8. … information was as important as the title itself. title 9. Don’t … him with facts. to whelm 10. Changing hardware parameters from … conservative defaults to their normal settings can improve performance greatly.

optimal

11. They voted aid for the … countries in Asia developed


person ['pɜːsən], personal ['pɜːsənl], multidisciplinary [mʌlti'dɪsəplɪnərɪ], individual [ˌɪndɪ'vɪdjuəl], content ['kɔntent], real [rɪəl], reality [rɪ'ælətɪ], presentation [ˌprezən'teɪʃən], parallel ['pærəlel], genuine ['ʤenjuɪn], identity [aɪ'dentətɪ], public ['pʌblɪk], global ['gləubəl], to contact ['kɔntækt], to associate

[ə'səuʃɪeɪt], online [ˌɔn'laɪn], popular ['pɔpjulə], service ['sɜːvɪs], address [ə'dres], supermarket ['sjuːpəˌmɑːkɪt], restaurant ['restərɒŋ], cafe ['kæfeɪ], company

['kʌmpənɪ], lifestyle ['laɪfstaɪl], taxi ['tæksɪ], to specify ['spesɪfaɪ], date [deɪt], to indicate ['ɪndɪkeɪt], mobile ['məubaɪl], phone [fəun], pension ['penʃən], fund [fʌnd], to revolutionize [ˌrev(ə)'luːʃ(ə)naɪz], communication [kəˌmjuːnɪ'keɪʃən], medium ['miːdɪəm], modern ['mɔdən], business ['bɪznɪs], partner ['pɑːtnə].


to offer ['ɔfə], huge [hjuːʤ], opportunity [ˌɔpə'tjuːnətɪ], longer [lɔŋə], to concern

[kən'sɜːn], sophisticated [sə'fɪstɪkeɪtɪd], to enable [ɪ'neɪbl] to escape [ɪs'keɪp], data ['deɪtə], to share [ʃeə], issue ['ɪsjuː], speed [spiːd], high [haɪ], to download ['daunləud], movies ['muːvɪz], matter ['mætə], leisure ['leʒə], pleasure ['pleʒə], entertainment [ˌentə'teɪnmənt], to simplify ['sɪmplɪfaɪ], latest ['leɪtɪst], weather ['weðə], tomorrow [tə'mɔrəu], even ['iːvən], relative ['relətɪv], purchase ['pɜːʧəs], via ['vaɪə, viːə], discovery [dɪ'skʌvərɪ], goods [gudz], abroad [ə'brɔːd], price [praɪs], lower ['ləuə], ordinary ['ɔːdənərɪ], store [stɔː], affordable [ə'fɔːdəbl], sale [seɪl], peculiarity [pɪˌkjuːlɪ'ærətɪ], trading ['treɪdɪŋ], delivery [dɪ'lɪvərɪ], to appear

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[ə'pɪə], beloved [bɪ'lʌvd], enough [ɪ'nʌf], to arrange [ə'reɪnʤ], to order ['ɔːdə], through [θruː], advance [əd'vɑːns], luxury ['lʌkʃərɪ] to impress [ɪm'pres], application [ˌæplɪ'keɪʃən], desired [dɪ'zaɪəd], appointed [ə'pɔɪntɪd], utilities [juː'tɪllətɪz], account [ə'kaunt], tax [tæks], return [rɪ'tɜːn], to submit [səb'mɪt], therefore ['ðeəfɔː], existence [ɪg'zɪstəns], extent [ɪk'stent], preferred [prɪ'fɜːd].


no longer – уже не, больше не information exchange – обмен информацией sophisticated – сложный to create content – создавать контент to communicate with – общаться с to escape reality – уходить от реальности genuine identity – подлинные личные данные to go public – обнародовать; делать общедоступным to download movies – скачивать фильмы in a matter of seconds – за несколько секунд a source of pleasure – источник удовольствия to simplify one’s life – делать жить проще

by means of – с помощью; посредством to learn the latest news – узнавать последние новости to make purchases – совершать покупки via the Internet – через интернет peculiarities – особенности delivery – доставка to call a taxi – вызвать такси in advance – заранее at the appointed time – в назначенное время in the indicated place – в назначенном месте to pay for utilities – оплачивать коммунальные услуги to update account – пополнять счет to fill out a tax return – заполнять налоговую декларацию to enable – давать возможность

Text 10A Прочитайте и переведите текст. Укажите сферы жизни, в которых

интернет играет важную роль.

Going Online The Internet offers a huge number of opportunities for a modern person.

The Internet is no longer concerned with information exchange alone: it is a sophisticated multidisciplinary tool enabling individuals to create content, communicate with one another and even escape reality. Today, we can send data from one end of the world to the other in a matter of seconds, make online presentations, live in parallel “game worlds,” and use pictures, video, sound, and text to share our real lives, our genuine identity. Personal stories go public; local issues become global.

The speed of the modern Internet is so high that people can download movies, music and games in a matter of seconds to fill their leisure time. But the Internet is not only a source of pleasure and entertainment for people; it can also

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greatly simplify our lives. For example, by means of it you can learn the latest news, see the weather for tomorrow and even contact relatives or friends living in another country.

The ability to make purchases via the Internet has become a real discovery for people. Now people can buy goods not only in their city, but also abroad, and at prices that are much lower than those that are in ordinary stores. The affordable price of goods for sale on the Internet is associated with the peculiarities of online trading so a modern person can save not only his time but also money.

Online purchases would not have become so popular if a service such as the delivery of goods purchased in online stores in the city and even in the country had not appeared. For example, if you need to buy beautiful flowers for your beloved, you can do this without leaving home. It is enough to find a good online store and arrange delivery to the address you need.

Today you can also order delivery of water to your home or office, delivery of food purchased at the online supermarket, or even delivery of prepared food from a restaurant, cafe, etc. There are even companies that offer ready-made healthy food delivery services for those who lead the healthy lifestyle.

Today, it is possible to call a taxi through the Internet. And you can do this in advance - by specifying the date and time when you need a car. And even if, for example, you need a luxury car in order to impress a girl or a business partner, you can indicate this when filling out an application, and the desired transport will be waiting for you at the appointed time and in the indicated place.

Using the Internet, a modern person can also pay for utilities, update account in a bank or mobile phone, fill out a tax return and submit a report to a pension fund and much more. Therefore, do not be afraid to use the Internet, and your life will become much easier.

All in all, the Internet has turned our existence upside down. It has revolutionized communications to the extent that it is now our preferred medium of everyday communication.


1. What opportunities does the Internet offer for a modern person? 2. What do you think it is ok when personal stories go public in the social networks? 3. How can a modern person fill his leisure time by means of the Internet? 4. What is Internet for people beside a source of pleasure and entertainment? 5. In what way does the Internet simplify our loves? 6. Why has the ability to make purchases via the Internet become a real discovery for people? 7. Can you point out pluses and minuses of online purchases? 8. Do you often call a taxi through the Internet? Why? Why not? 9. Is it safe to pay for utilities via the Internet?

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Упражнение 4. Соедините части предложений по смыслу.

1. The Internet has turned … 2. The Internet has revolutionized … 3. Using the Internet, a modern person can … 4. The speed of the modern Internet is so high that people … 5. The ability to make purchases via the Internet … 6. Today, it is possible to call a taxi through the Internet …

1. do a lot of things such as to pay for utilities, etc. 2. helps people save money and time. 3. our existence upside down. 4. in advance by specifying the date and time when you need a car. 5. can download movies, music and games in a matter of seconds to fill their leisure time. 6. the way we live and think.

Text 10B

Прочитайте и переведите текст. Назовите наиболее эффективную форму обучения, на ваш взгляд.

Online Education The modern world is experiencing great changes in almost every sphere of

life including education. Nowadays, young people have a variety of educational systems. Online classes are becoming more and more popular.

Online learning is education that takes place over the Internet. It is often referred to as “e-learning” among other terms. However, online learning is just one type of “distance learning” - the umbrella term for any learning that takes place across distance and not in a traditional classroom. Distance learning has a long history and there are several types available today, including:

– Correspondence Courses: conducted through regular mail with little interaction.

– Telecourses: where content is delivered via radio or television broadcast. – CD-ROM Courses: where the student interacts with static computer

content. – Online Learning: Internet-based courses offered synchronously and/or

asynchronously. – Mobile Learning: by means of devices such as cellular phones, PDAs

(Personal Digital Assistant) and digital audio players (iPods, MP3 players). By far the most popular approach today is online learning. It is catalyzing a

pedagogical shift in how we teach and learn. There is a shift away from top-down lecturing and passive students to a more interactive, collaborative approach in which students and instructor co-create the learning process. The Instructor’s role is changing from the “sage on the stage” to “the guide on the side.”

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Constructivism, a special point of view, maintains that people actively construct new knowledge as they interact with their environment. This is a student-centered approach in which students co-create their learning experience. This approach empowers students as active learners instead of just passive recipients absorbing information and reproducing it for standardized tests.

Constructionism asserts that learning is particularly effective when constructing something for others to experience. This can be anything from a spoken sentence or an internet posting, to more complex things like a painting or a presentation. For example, you might read this page several times and still forget it by tomorrow - but if you were asked to explain these ideas to someone else in your own words, or produce a slideshow that explained these concepts, you would gain a deeper understanding that is more integrated into your own ideas.

Collaboration: As an instructor, you focus on the experiences that would best generate learning from the learner’s point of view, rather than just publishing and assessing the information you think they need to know. Each participant in a course can and should be a teacher as well as a learner. Teachers’ job changes from being the sole source of knowledge to being a guide and role model. You connect with students in ways that address their own learning needs by moderating discussions and activities in a way that collectively leads students towards the larger learning goals of the class. Упражнение 5. Установите соответствие между словами, их толкованием и переводом этих слов.

e-learning на основе интернета, через интернет

proceeding from the general to the particular

correspondence course

создавать совместно give (someone) the authority or power to do something

Internet-based точка зрения produced by or involving two or more parties working together

a cellular phone уполномочивать; давать возможность; оказывать поддержку

a particular attitude or way of considering a matter

top-down общий, объединенный, совместный

a course in which you study at home, receiving your work by post and sending it back by post

to co-create заочный курс (обучения)

to pay particular attention to

point of view сосредоточиваться; концентрировать внимание на

learning that takes place by means of computers and the Internet

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collaborative нисходящий, сверху вниз

a type of telephone which does not need wires to connect it to a telephone system.

to empower электронное обучение

based on Internet technologies

to focus сотовый телефон to create something together

Упражнение 6. Найдите английские эквиваленты для следующих русских слов и словосочетаний.

общепризнанно, безоговорочно; общий термин; совместно создавать учебный процесс; заочное обучение; личностно-ориентированный подход; переживать этап больших изменений; своими словами; изменение педагогических подходов; получить более глубокое понимание; пример для подражания; возглавлять обсуждение. Упражнение 7. Прокомментируйте данные утверждения (согласны / не согласны и почему).

1. Offering online learning is a great, revolutionary alternative to traditional training. 2. You can get excellent knowledge studying online. 3. Learning in a physical classroom is interesting and more involving as human interaction is present. 4. You can easily do without a teacher while learning new material. 5. E-learning is harmful for health. 6. E-learning has more advantages than disadvantages.

Text 10C Прочитайте текст и переведите его. Кратко изложите основное

содержание текста по-английски.

Online shopping: pros and cons Modern information technologies have influenced greatly people’s lifestyle

and their daily routine. Today we can do shopping not only at markets and stores but also on the Internet. There is a great variety of online shops on the Internet and they sell all kinds of goods: from cars or airplane tickets to books or food. You can buy anything just with a few clicks of the mouse. The first online store appeared in England in 1979. And since then shopping online has become really popular and widely-used. Currently the largest world online corporations are “Amazon” and “eBay”.

It is often faster and cheaper to buy online. For instance, finding and buying books on a website is easier and more convenient than walking around a large bookstore. Moreover, customers save not only their time but money as well: warehouses are normally cheaper than shops so online companies offer lower prices even when delivery charges are included. Although shipping a

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small number of items from another country could be sometimes quite expensive.

It goes without saying that not all products can be purchased online as easy as books. People prefer to try on clothes, for example, to feel the quality and choose the right size. So they often go shopping first, choose the product in stores and then place an order for it online, having found some attractive discount.

Online shopping is also an ideal way of buying goods for extremely busy people or for the disabled. Online stores are usually available 24 hours a day. All you need is the Internet access and a valid method of payment: credit cards, electronic money or cash on delivery.

The main disadvantage of online shopping is insecurity. There is always a small risk that your financial and personal information might be exploited by hackers. Other frustrating disadvantages are additional costs for delivery and long waiting time up to several weeks. Besides, online shopping is a bit risky because you can get goods of bad quality, broken or even wrong items.

As we can see, shopping on the Internet has both advantages and disadvantages. Nevertheless, it is a very useful and convenient invention. We should just be careful when choosing a website and placing orders. Упражнение 8. Ответьте на вопросы.

1. What kind of shops do you usually go to? 2. How often do you go shopping? 3. How much money a month do you spend on clothes? 4. Do you prefer going shopping alone or with your friends and family? 5. What was the best thing you have ever bought? 6. Do you often regret having bought something? 7. Can shopping be a real hobby? 8. What do you prefer more online shopping or traditional shopping? 9. Is it safe to order things via Internet? 10. What are advantages and disadvantages of online shopping? Упражнение 9. Совершая покупки онлайн, у вас могут возникнуть вопросы о товаре, доставке, способах оплаты и т.д. Выберите подходящий ответ.

1. Can I afford it?

A. check the price B. choose a payment method C. sign up D. learn more about the product

2. How much is delivery? A. track the package B. check the shipping rates C. choose a payment method D. choose a delivery option

3. Can I pay by Mastercard? A. choose a payment method B. look through the Returns Policy C. sign in

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D. do some shopping around 4. Where is my package? A. pick up the package

B. get a confirmation C. check if it is in stock D. track the package

5. Have I placed the order? A. look through the Returns Policy B. receive a confirmation email C. read customer reviews D. add the item to cart

6. How big is it? A. zoom in on the photos B. check the price C. read the product description D. check the shipping rates

7. What do others think of it? A. check if it is in stock B. receive a confirmation email C. read customer reviews D. choose a payment method

8. Do they have enough left? A. check if it is in stock B. do some shopping around C. sign in D. sign up

9. Is it cheaper in ozon.ru? A. sign in B. sign out C. do some shopping around D. choose a payment method

10. Can I have it delivered fast? A. look through the Returns Policy B. track the package C. pick it up D. check the shipping rates

11. How do I cancel the order? A. add the item to cart B. cancel the order C. place the order D. look through Terms and Conditions

Text 10D

Прочитайте текст. Выскажите свое мнение о его содержании.

The Rise of Travel Vlogging Always online is already here and will set the trend going forward. Due to

fast-evolving technologies and digital-and-information age we see radically new lifestyle of the majority of people of new generation. Nowadays modern life takes place in two dimensions: in real time and space and virtual ones. In virtual

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reality, the user recreates their day, sharing important news, presenting an improved reality and an improved themselves.

Video blogging, also called ‘Vlogging’ is a positive way for people to develop and create ideas of the events occurring in their lives. Vlogging has a lot of advantages over traditional text blogs so it’s no surprise that more and more bloggers are giving it a go. Video blogs grab the attention of Internet users; people are more likely to become excited about the dynamic content of a video blog rather than a written posting with lots of long sentences and no images. The more enthusiastic viewers are about a vlog on a website (through social sharing and the like), the more traffic the site will get. It is one of the accessible ways to tell incredibly engaging stories about everything from fashion and culture to politics and travel.

Travel reviews have become so popular that almost every social media account holder posts such reports on a regular basis. In this regard, the rise of travel vlogging, that is, the activity of creating and maintaining vlogs dedicated to the author’s travels, is not surprising. Tourism has become a journalistic mainstream and simply could not help but penetrate the blogging environment allowing anyone to share their impressions of travel. Only the laziest is not involved in travel vlogging: many travelers and ordinary tourists tend to share useful information or positive experiences with friends, relatives or completely strangers on the Internet. In this regard, a lot of blogs and vlogs have appeared, specializing in the topic of travel, foreign travel, national cuisine, sports, culture, etc. Some authors want to record the happy moments of travel for themselves personally in a virtual diary, others are counting on a mass audience. Many people dream of making travel their profession, but only a few can afford to engage in travel blogging at a professional level, in other words, make a hobby as a profession. Those who are seriously involved in travel blogging even get some income from it. Travel blogs are virtual diaries of users that contain comments and personal thoughts on a particular topic. Vlogs are interactive and allow other users to comment them. Posts are composed of text and photos as well as audio and video files.

No doubt, user generated travel content – reviews, opinions, comments – sometimes represent a more reliable source of information than information from the travel service providers themselves, and have an increasing influence on the formation of public opinion about travel services. Travel blogs make life easier for consumers of travel services. They help to learn more about the destination, to evaluate alternatives and avoid unwanted locations, provide various ideas (about what to see and do at the destination), reduce the risks and uncertainties associated with travel planning.

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Упражнение 10. Составьте сообщение на тему «How to become a successful video blogger». При составлении сообщения опирайтесь на следующие фразы-подсказки:

be yourself; consider audience; don’t hide emotions in videos; surround yourself with positive people; invest time and effort into vlogging; plan catchy titles for your vlogs; learn to use social media; learn to edit videos; listen to your audience; don’t listen to the haters; build a vlogging community; think about the topic of your vlog. Упражнение 11. Выполните письменный перевод текста.

The online distance learning tools are changing the world we live in and the way we learn to live. One of the new original software-based conference room solutions is Zoom technology. Zoom is a cloud based service which offers meetings and webinars and provides content sharing and video conferencing capability. It helps, for example teachers bring their students together in a frictionless environment to get more done. Zoom is the leader in modern enterprise video communications with an easy, reliable cloud platform for video and audio conferencing, collaboration, chat and webinars across mobile devices, desktops, telephones and room systems. Zoom’s features allow teachers to explore and assess skills through rich interactions with students. In addition to screen sharing, Zoom motivates teachers to annotate their shared screen, making lessons more interactive. Teachers can record their lessons to the cloud or locally so that students can also record and turn recording on and off as many times as they like during a lesson, if the teacher enables this feature. The innovative approach of Zoom technology enhances positive learning outcomes for diverse groups of students as well as encouraging higher education in remote areas while potentially reducing workloads for teachers.

SECTION 3: Грамматика (Grammar) Упражнение 1. Найдите соответствие между правой и левой колонками. Обратите внимание на употребление условных предложений 1 типа (First Conditionals).

1. If I study hard a. you’ll lose weight. 2. If we buy online b. I’ll travel abroad. 3. If you go on a diet c. they’ll simplify their lives. 4. If there are no buses d. I’ll know much. 5. If I win a tour e. he’ll be late. 6. If he doesn’t hurry f. your website will be popular. 7. If they do it g. we’ll save time. 8. If you create an interesting content e. we’ll have to take a taxi.

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Упражнение 2. Употребите глаголы, данные в скобках так, чтобы предложения выражали реальное условие.

1. If I … (to see) John, I’ll tell him your news. 2. He … (to be) very pleased if it … (to be) really true. 3. If you … (to go) to town on Monday, you … (to meet) my brother Tom. 4. If you … (to need) help, my father … (to help) you. 5. We … (to have) a picnic lunch if the weather … (to be) fine. 6. If you … (to ask) a policeman, he … (to tell) you the way. 7. I … (to finish) the work tomorrow if I … (can). 8. I … (not/take) an umbrella if … (not/rain). 9. If they … (to catch) the bus now, they … (to arrive) at half past nine. 10. He … (to find) the answers if he … (to look) in the keys. 11. If he … (to write) to her, she … (to answer) at once. 12. He … (to lose) weight if he … (to stop) eating too much. 13. If she … (to be) patient, I … (to try) to explain. 14. If we … (to leave) at once, we … (to catch) the early train. 15. If she … (to drink) this medicine, she (to feel) much better. Упражнение 3. Составьте предложения, обращая внимание на употребление условных предложений 1 типа.

1. go shopping / spend much money; 2. give up bad habits / feel better; 3. rain / not go for a walk; 4. have free time / call you; 5. you be late / he get angry; 6. practice every day / be a winner; 7. get ready for exams / pass successfully; 8. not cook / be hungry Упражнение 4. Раскройте скобки таким образом, чтобы предложения выражали: а) реальное условие (First Conditionals); b) нереальное условие (Second Conditionals).

1. If I … (to speak) Spanish, I … (to visit) Mexico. 2. If the questions … (to be) easy, all of us … (to pass) the test. 3. If he … (to have) enough money, he … (to buy) a large house. 4. We … (to be) pleased to see you if you … (to arrive). 5. They … (to help) her if she … (to ask) them. 6. If he … (to try) hard, he … (to succeed). 7. If I … (to go) to London, I … (to see) the Tower of London. 8. If you … (not hurry), you … (to miss) the train. 9. If you … (to want) to live abroad, you … (to have) to learn the language. 10. If he … (to drop) his studies, he … (not get) his certificate. Упражнение 5. Раскройте скобки в условных предложениях 2 типа, поставив глаголы в правильную форму.

1. If you … (to be) more attentive, you … (not make) so many mistakes. 2. If you … (to go) to bed earlier, you … (to get) enough sleep. 3. If we … (to have) more time, we … (to communicate) more often. 4. If you … (to learn) a foreign language, you … (to have) more opportunities. 5. I … (to help) you if you … (to trust) me more. 6. If I … (to be) in your position, I … (to stay) at home.

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7. They … (to know) English better if they … (to learn) new words and grammar rules. 8. If I … (to be) him, I … (to tell) the truth. 9. If I … (to be) you, I … (not worry) about it. 10. His car … (to be) a lot safer if he … (to buy) some new tires. Упражнение 6. Выберете подходящую форму глагола в каждом предложении,

обращая внимание на употребление условных предложений 2 типа.

1. A mother (would have sent / would send) her child to the camp if she (has / had) the opportunity to do it. 2. If it (costs / cost) not so much, I (bought / would buy) it. 3. If she (had / has) enough time, she (had cooked / would cook) dinner. 4. If we (would go / went) to this club, we (danced / would dance) all night. 5. She (was / would be) angry if you (lost / had lost) this photo. 6. If he (were / was) rich, he (would travel / had travelled) a lot. 7. If I (was / were) you I (would call / called) her. 8. He (wouldn’t / didn’t) live here if he (had / would have) his own flat. 9. They (would go / went) to the cinema if they (didn’t / hadn’t) study. 10. She (went / would go) to bed if she (didn’t / wouldn’t) work at night. Упражнение 7. Прочитайте и переведите предложения. Объясните употребление условных предложений 3 типа.

1. She would have succeeded if she had heard his advice. 2. I would have forgiven him if he had told me the truth. 3. If you had asked me, I would have helped you. 4. If he had known her phone number, he would have called her. 5. They wouldn’t have been late if they had taken a taxi. 6. She wouldn’t have worked in the café if she had graduated from the university. 7. If she hadn’t made a mistake, we would have won. 8. If they hadn’t helped us, we would have failed our exams. 9. If I had told her the way, she wouldn’t have got lost. 10. If you had read that book, you would have known the answer. Упражнение 8. Раскройте скобки в условных предложениях 3 типа (Third Conditionals), поставив глаголы в правильную форму.

1. If they … (to give) more money to the factory, it … (not close). 2. If mankind … (to take) care of nature, there … (to be) less ecological problems. 3. If Sam … (to know) the right answer, he … (to get) better marks. 4. If she … (to study) harder, she … (to be) one of the best students in her group. 5. If she … (to tell) me she didn’t like horror films, we … (to go) to a comedy. 6. If she … (to prepare) for exams, she … (to pass) them. 7. If he … (to see) the map, he … (not / to lose) his way. 8. If you … (to agree) to go with me to Paris, you … (to see) the Eiffel Tower too. 9. The device … (not / to break) if you … (to notice) defects earlier. 10. If we … (not / to open) the windows, it … (to be) stuffy in the room.

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Упражнение 9. Напишите цепочку рассуждений о жизни Анны, используя условные предложения 3 типа.

Например: If Ann hadn’t gone to France for a holiday, she wouldn’t have met a nice guy Tom. (Если бы Анна не поехала в отпуск во Францию, она бы не встретила там хорошего парня Тома.)

Ann went to France for a holiday – met a nice guy Tom there – fell in love with him – got married – stayed in Paris – started learning French – found a good job there – earned much money – became happy and successful Упражнение 10. Найдите к каждому началу предложения его окончание. Обратите внимание на употребление условных предложений 1, 2, 3 типа. Переведите получившиеся предложения.

1. You could have done much better in the exam …

a. if I were you.

2. She will put this dress on … b. if she had spoken Japanese quite well.

3. If I were you … c. if you come. 4. I will watch this film … d. we could have gone horse-riding. 5. She would have gone to Japan last summer …

e. I would travel around the world.

6. If it rains much… f. I would have got wet. 7. If I were a rich man … g. if she loses weight. 8. If I hadn’t taken an umbrella … h. if it is interesting. 9. If I had an opportunity … i. if you had read more. 10. I would call him … j. I would study harder. 11. We will meet tomorrow … k. the flowers will grow fast. 12. If the weather had been nice … l. I would help the poor. Упражнение 11. Переведите условные предложения 1, 2, 3 типа с русского языка на английский.

1. Если бы у меня был отпуск сейчас, я бы поехал на озеро Байкал. 2. Я посмотрю этот фильм, если он понравится тебе. 3. Если бы ты подписал документы вчера, мы бы их уже отправили. 4. Если бы он не потерял номер телефона, он бы позвонил ей. 5. Он был бы здоровым мужчиной, если бы не курил. 6. Если я пойду в магазин, я куплю новый телефон. 7. Если бы она училась усерднее в прошлом году, она бы блестяще сдала все экзамены. 8. Если погода будет солнечная, мы пойдем на пляж. 9. Он приедет вовремя, если выйдет из дома в 5 вечера. 10. Я знаю, он бы помог мне, если бы у него сейчас было время. 11. Они не простудились бы, если бы надели теплые свитера. 12. На твоем месте, я был бы благодарен. 13. Если бы ты был отличным оратором, то в понедельник презентация

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прошла бы успешнее. 14. Если бы я заметил ошибки, результат был бы лучше. 15. Рейс отменят, если будет дождь. 16. На твоем месте, я бы не был так уверен.

Test yourself

1. Определите, что означает данное предложение – If it rains, the grass gets wet.

A. реальное событие, которое относится к настоящему времени B. реальное событие, которое относится к будущему времени C. маловероятное событие, которое относится к настоящему времени

2. Определите, что означает данное предложение – If you went to bed earlier, you would not be so tired.

A. реальное событие, которое относится к настоящему времени B. реальное событие, которое относится к будущему времени C. маловероятное событие, которое относится к настоящему времени

3. Определите, что означает данное предложение – If you had studied harder, you would have passed the exam.

A. нереальное событие, которое относится к прошедшему времени B. реальное событие, которое относится к будущему времени C. маловероятное событие, которое относится к настоящему времени

4. Определите, что означает данное предложение – If you don’t hurry, you will miss the train.

A. нереальное событие, которое относится к прошедшему времени B. реальное событие, которое относится к будущему времени C. маловероятное событие, которое относится к настоящему времени

5. Какой тип условных предложений указывает на научные факты, законы природы, общепринятые или очевидные утверждения.

A. нулевой тип B. первый тип C. второй тип

6. Найдите условное предложение 0 типа.

A. If I were you, I wouldn’t miss that chance. B. If you heat water, it boils and turns to steam. C. If I decide to join you at the party, I’ll let you know.


A. If you heat ice, it melts. B. If it rains today, you will get wet.

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C. If I spoke Italian, I would be working in Italy.


A. If she were younger, she would definitely climb Everest. B. If I hadn’t been so busy yesterday, I would have phoned you. C. If we miss the bus, we can catch the next one.


A. If I get his number, I might phone him. B. If the weather was fine, we would go out for a walk. C. If you had read that book, you would have learnt a lot of information.

10. Выберете правильный вариант – We would take a kitty if we … a dog at home.

A. don’t have B. wouldn’t have C. didn’t have

11. Выберете правильный вариант – If you heat plastic, it … .

A. melts B. will melt C. melt

12. Выберете правильный вариант – If we hurry, we … right on time.

A. were B. will be C. would be

13. Выберете правильный вариант – People … happier if they didn’t start wars.

A. would be B. are C. were

14. Выберете правильный вариант – If you … the lectures, you would have passed that exam successfully.

A. didn’t miss B. hadn’t missed C. wouldn’t miss

15. Выберете правильный вариант – You’ll be late if you … up.

A. won’t hurry B. didn’t hurry C. don’t hurry

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16. Выберите правильный вариант – If you … to the party, I will be happy.

A. come B. will come C. would come

17. Выберите правильный вариант – When you sleep, your breath … down.

A. will slow B. slow C. slows

18. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – If you tidy up your room, you will find your book.

A. Если бы ты навел порядок в своей комнате, то нашел бы свою книгу. B. Если ты наведешь порядок в своей комнате, то найдешь свою книгу. C. Если ты наводишь порядок в своей комнате, ты всегда находишь книгу.

19. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – If I have time, I usually go to the movies.

A. Если у меня есть время, я обычно хожу в кино. B. Если бы у меня было время, я бы пошел в кино. C. Если у меня будет время, я пойду в кино.

20. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – If he tries hard, he will succeed.

A. Если он старается, он добивается успеха. B. Если он будет стараться, он добьется успеха. C. Если бы он старался, он бы добился успеха.

21. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – He would buy the car if he won the lottery.

A. Он купит машину, если выиграет в лотерею. B. Он купает машину, потому что выиграл в лотерею. C. Он бы купил машину, если бы выиграл в лотерею.

22. Выберите правильный перевод предложения – he would have succeeded if she had heard his advice.

A. Она бы добилась успеха, если бы послушала его совет. B. Она бы добилась успеха, если бы не послушала его совет. C. Она добьется успеха, если послушает его совет.

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ПОУРОЧНЫЙ ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЙ СПРАВОЧНИК

Lesson 1

§ 1. Глагол to be

Значение глагола to be – «быть, находиться». В отличие от других английских глаголов, глагол to be спрягается (т.е. изменяется по лицам и числам). В английском языке глагол to be никогда не опускается, поскольку английское предложение имеет строго фиксированный порядок слов: подлежащее (subject) + сказуемое (verb) + дополнение (object).

I am a doctor. The weather is bad. They are from Paris.

Я врач. (Я есть врач) Погода плохая. Они из Парижа.

Глагол to be не требует вспомогательного глагола для образования вопросительной или отрицательной формы. Чтобы задать вопрос, нужно поставить глагол to be перед подлежащим. Для образования отрицательной формы достаточно поставить отрицательную частицу not после глагола to be.

В разговорной речи отрицательная частица not часто сливается с глаголом to be, образуя сокращения:

is not = isn’t are not = aren’t was not = wasn’t were not = weren’t will not = won’t

They aren’t students. He wasn’t in Moscow. She won’t be a singer.

Они не студенты. Он не был в Москве. Она не будет певицей.

Также глагол to be может сокращаться, сливаясь с личным местоимением:

I am = I’m We are = we’re He is = he’s We will = we’ll

He’s at home. They’re abroad. He’ll be a scientist.

Он дома. Они заграницей. Он будет ученым.

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Формы глагола to be в настоящем времени

Утвердительное предложение

Отрицательное предложение

Вопросительное предложение

I am I am not Am I ...?

You are You are not Are you ... ? He / She / It is He / She / It is not Is he / she / it ... ? We are We are not Are we ... ? You are You are not Are you ... ? They are They are not Are they ... ?

He is happy. They aren’t angry. Are you at home?

Он счастлив. Они не сердятся. Ты дома?

Формы глагола to be в прошедшем времени




I was I was not Was I ...?

You were You were not Were you ... ? He / She / It was He / She / It was not Was he / she / it ... ? We were We were not Were we ... ? You were You were not Were you ... ? They were They were not Were they ... ?

He was happy. They weren’t angry. Were you at home?

Он был счастлив. Они не рассердились. Ты был дома?

Формы глагола to be в будущем времени




I will be I will not be Will I be ...?

You will be You will not be Will you be ... ? He / She / It will be He / She / It will not be Will he / she / it be ... ? We will be We will not be Will we be ... ? You will be You will not be Will you be ... ? They will be They will not be Will they be ... ?

He will be happy. They will not be angry. Will you be at home?

Он будет счастлив. Они не рассердятся. Ты будешь дома?

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Функции глагола to be

1. Смысловой глагол (be + предлог + существительное)

Перевод: находиться, быть

The book is on the table. Everything is in constant motion.

Книга находится на столе. Все находится в постоянном движении.

2. Глагол-связка (be + существительное, прилагательное, инфинитив или числительное)

Перевод: быть, являться, это или отсутствие перевода.

Существительное: He is a student. English is an international language.

Он – студент. Английский является международным языком.

Важно: При переводе словосочетаний типа to be of interest, to be of importance, в которых глагол be стоит перед существительным с предлогом of, следует использовать глаголы типа иметь, представлять, оказывать: This work is of great importance. The program is of some interest.

Эта работа имеет огромное значение. Программа представляет некоторый интерес.

Прилагательное: This statement is true. The speed of an electric car was not high.

Это утверждение является правильным. Скорость электромобиля была невысокая.

Инфинитив: Our task is to raise temperature. То do this is to spoil the device.

Наша задача заключается в том, чтобы поднять температуру. Сделать это значит испортить прибор.

Числительное: The number of participants is twenty five.

Число участников (составляeт) двадцать пять человек.

3. Вспомогательный глагол

Continuous Tenses (be + Ving) Не is writing a new article now. Passive Voice (be + V2/ Ved) The article is written by our professor.

Он пишет новую статью сейчас. Статья написана нашим профессором.

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4. Эквивалент модального глагола (be + to + V)

Перевод: должен

Не is to do the work well.

Он должен сделать эту работу хорошо.

§ 2. Оборот There + be

Оборот there + be употребляется в тех случаях, когда говорящий хочет подчеркнуть факт наличия (отсутствия) какого-либо предмета или явления, а не место, в котором находится. Оборот переводится словами «есть, имеется, существует». Такие предложения строятся по схеме:

There be

Подлежащее Обстоятельство места

There is a table in the room. There was a library in the new building. There will be students there.

В составе оборота there + be слово there является формальным элементом и на русский язык не переводится. По правилам предложения переводятся с конца с обстоятельства места:

There are a few students in the classroom.

В классе (есть) несколько студентов.

Если обстоятельства места нет, при переводе предложение начинается со слов есть, имеется, существует и т. п.:

There are some books to be read.

Есть несколько книг, которые нужно прочесть.

В составе оборота there + be вспомогательный глагол to be всегда выражен формой 3-го лица: is, was (в единственном числе), are, were (во множественном числе), will be (в единственном и множественном числе).

Число Настоящее время Прошедшее

время Будущее время

Единственное There is There was There will be

Множественное There are There were There will be

Если в предложении есть несколько подлежащих, то глагол to be обычно согласуется с подлежащим, следующим непосредственно за оборотом:

There is a table and five chairs in the room. There are five chairs and a table in the room.

В комнате стол и пять стульев. В комнате пять стульев и стол.

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При образовании вопросительной формы глагол to be ставится перед словом there. Краткий утвердительный ответ на такой вопрос состоит из слова Yes (да), за которым следуют there и глагол to be в соответствующей форме.

Краткий отрицательный ответ состоит из слова No (нет), за которым следуют there и глагол to be в соответствующей форме с отрицательной частицей not:

Were there many mistakes in his homework? – Yes, there were. Are there any tables in the hall? – No, there are not.

В его домашней работе было много ошибок? – Да. В зале есть столы? – Нет.

При постановке вопроса к определению подлежащего используются вопросительные слова how many, how much (сколько) и вопросительное местоимение what, которые предшествуют подлежащему:

How much money was there in your bag? What books were there on your table?

Сколько денег было у вас в сумке? Какие книги лежали на вашем столе?

Отрицательная форма может строиться двумя способами:

1. С помощью частицы not; 2. С помощью местоимения no.

Если после not идет исчисляемое существительное в единственном числе, перед ним стоит неопределенный артикль:

There isn’t a chair here. Здесь нет стула.

Если после not идет исчисляемое существительное во множественном числе или неисчисляемое существительное, то добавляется местоимение any – not any:

There aren’t any chairs here. There isn’t any oil here.

Здесь нет стульев. Здесь нет нефти.

После no идет существительное без артикля или местоимения any:

There is no chair (chairs) in the room. В комнате нет стула (стульев).

§ 3. Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении

В каждом английском предложении есть два обязательных элемента: подлежащее – главное действующее лицо предложения (отвечает на вопрос «кто?», «что?»), сказуемое – то, что делает подлежащее (отвечает на вопрос «что делать?»).

Подлежащее может выражаться местоимением (я, ты, они, все и т. д.) или существительным (мама, кот, работа, яблоко и т. д.). Как правило, оно стоит на первом месте в предложении. Сказуемое выражается глаголом

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(идти, писать, думать, падать и т. д.) и следует за подлежащим, то есть стоит на втором месте в предложении:

(Кто?) Они (что делали?) думали. (Кто?) Он (что делает?) читает. (Что?) Яблоко (что сделает?) упадет.

They thought. He is reading. The apple will fall.

Сказуемое показывает, что происходит, произошло или произойдет. Английское сказуемое может состоять из двух элементов: основного глагола – смыслового глагола, который показывает, что делает подлежащее, и вспомогательного глагола – глагола, который помогает различать времена.

Дополнение стоит после сказуемого и отвечает на любой падежный вопрос, кроме вопросов именительного падежа. Дополнение бывает прямым и косвенным. Прямое дополнение отвечает на вопросы винительного падежа: «кого?», «что?». Косвенное дополнение отвечает на все остальные падежные вопросы: «кого?», «чего?», «кому?», «чему?» и т. д. Как правило, в предложении сначала следует прямое дополнение, потом косвенное:

Я вижу (кого?) девушку (с кем?) с ним. Она читает (что?) книгу (кому?) детям.

I see a girl with him. She is reading a book to the children.

Определение стоит рядом с подлежащим или дополнением и описывает его свойства, то есть отвечает на вопрос «какой?», «чей?»:

Я вижу (какую?) красивую девушку с ним. (Чей?) Мой (какой?) белый кот сидит на диване.

I see a beautiful girl with him. My white cat is sitting on the sofa.

Обстоятельство может находиться в начале или в конце предложения, сообщает «где?», «когда?», «как?», «почему?» произошло какое-то действие:

Моя мама (где?) дома. (Когда?) Вчера я видел ее с ним. Он вел себя (как?) по-другому.

My Mom is at home. Yesterday I saw her with him. He behaved differently.

Порядок слов в утвердительном предложении

Прямой порядок слов в английском предложении выглядит следующим образом: 1. Подлежащее на первом месте; 2. Сказуемое на втором месте; 3. Дополнение на третьем месте; 4. Обстоятельство на четвертом месте, но в некоторых случаях обстоятельство может стоять и на первом месте.

В английском предложении у основного глагола может появиться вспомогательный глагол. Но вспомогательный глагол это часть сказуемого, поэтому даже с ним порядок слов остается прямым.

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Обстоятельство Подлежащее (возможно с

определением)

Сказуемое Дополнение (возможно с

определением)

Обстоятельство

Yesterday

Вчера

I я

learnt

учил

English words.

английские слова

___

___

___

___

My little sister

Моя младшая сестра

will visit

навестит

me

меня

in three days.

через три дня.

§ 4. Типы вопросов

В английском всего 5 типов вопросов. Вопрос может начинаться с

вопросительного слова или вспомогательного глагола (кроме разделительных вопросов), потом идет подлежащее, сказуемое, дополнение и остальные члены предложения.

Тип вопроса Пример 1. Общий вопрос Are you at home? – Ты дома?

Do you go home? – Ты идешь домой? 2. Специальный вопрос Where are you? – Где ты?

Where do you go? – Куда ты идешь? 3. Альтернативный вопрос Are you at home or at university? –

Ты дома или в университете? Do you go home or to the park? – Ты идешь домой или в парк?

4. Разделительный вопрос You are at home, aren’t you? – Ты дома, не так ли? You go home, don’t you? – Ты идешь домой, не так ли?

5. Вопрос к подлежащему Who is at home? – Кто дома? Who goes home? – Кто идет домой?

Общий вопрос (yes/no question or general question)

Общими называются вопросы, на которые можно ответить «да» или «нет», отсюда их название «yes/no questions». Такие вопросы задают ко всему предложению, а не к отдельному члену предложения.

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Схема образования общего вопроса

Вспомогательный/ модальный глагол

под

леж

ащее

сказ

уем

ое

доп

олн

ени

е

обст

ояте

ль

ств

о

Do

you play football every day?

Can

you do it? ----

Общие вопросы могут стоять в отрицательной форме, когда частица not ставится сразу после вспомогательного глагола. Такие вопросы выражают сомнение или удивление:

Don’t you know this rule? Hasn’t he met Tom before? Aren’t they supposed to be at school?

Разве ты не знаешь это правило? Неужели он не встречал Тома раньше? Разве они не должны быть в школе?

Специальный вопрос (Wh-question or special question)

Тип вопроса, который используется для получения дополнительной информации, выяснения какого-либо факта или обстоятельства. На специальные вопросы нельзя ответить «да» или «нет».

Специальные вопросы всегда начинаются с определенного вопросительного слова (why, where, what, which, whom, whose и т.д.). После вопросительного слова идет такой же порядок слов, как и в общем вопросе.

Схема построения специального вопроса

Вопросительное слово

вспомогательный/ модальный глагол

под

леж

ащее

сказу

емо

е

доп

олн

ени

е

обст

ояте

ль

ств

о

When

do you play football? --

What

can you do for me? --

Where

are you going? -- --

Where

was he -- -- yesterday?

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Альтернативный вопрос (alternative question)

Вопрос, который дает выбор между несколькими вариантами. Части альтернативного вопроса соединяются с помощью союза or (или), первая часть вопроса произносится с восходящей интонацией, а вторая – с нисходящей. Такой вопрос можно задать к любому члену предложения. Альтернативный вопрос может быть как общим, так и специальным:

Do you want some coffee, tea or just water? Do Mark and Daniel live in New York or in Washington? Will you buy this little black dress or those blue jeans? When did you arrive: on Sunday or Monday?

Ты хочешь кофе, чай или просто воду? Марк и Дэниел живут в Нью-Йорке или Вашингтоне? Ты купишь это маленькое черное платье или те синие джинсы? Когда ты приехал: в воскресенье или понедельник?

Разделительный вопрос (disjunctive or tag-question)

Особый тип вопроса, который состоит из повествовательного предложения (утвердительного или отрицательного) и краткого общего вопроса. Такие вопросы требуют ответа «да» или «нет». Если разделительный вопрос начинается с утвердительной части, то вопросительная часть будет cстоять в отрицательной форме. Если разделительный вопрос начинается с повествовательной отрицательной части, то вопросительная часть будет стоять в утвердительной форме. В вопросительной части такого вопроса в качестве подлежащего всегда используются местоимения, повторяющее подлежащее повествовательной части. На русский язык разделительная часть переводится так: «не так ли?» / «не правда ли?» / «да?».

Способы образования разделительного вопроса в английском языке

1. Начало предложения

утвердительное

Краткий отрицательный вопрос

He reads a book, doesn’t he?

His friend is German, isn’t he?

He will be an engineer, won’t he?

She sent him an invitation, didn’t she?

2. Начало предложения отрицательное Краткий положительный ответ

He doesn’t read a book, does he?

His friend isn’t German, is he?

He won’t be an engineer, will he?

She didn’t send him an invitation, did she?

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Вопрос к подлежащему (question to the subject)

Этот тип вопроса в английском языке задается к подлежащему и содержит вопросительное слово. Обычно это Who, Whose, Whom, What и т.д. Особенность заключается в том, что такое вопросительное предложение имеет прямой порядок слов и не нуждается во вспомогательных глаголах. Есть лишь один нюанс – в настоящем времени прибавляем окончание –s к глаголу.

Общая схема построения вопроса к подлежащему

Вопросительное слово

сказуемое дополнение обстоятельство

Who invites guests for the party? Who is making a test? -- What happened to them? --

Ответы на вопросы

Вопросительное предложение и ответ на него всегда взаимосвязаны: форма ответа определяется самим вопросом и его типом. В ответе используется то же грамматическое время, что и в вопросе.

Если это общий или разделительный вопрос, то он требует отрицательного или положительного ответа. Часто в кратком ответе используется только вспомогательный или модальный глагол без смыслового:

Did you like this book? – Yes, I did. Do you read newspapers? – Yes, I do. Are you hungry? – No, I’m not. Kate doesn’t want to go with us, does she? – No, I don’t think she wants.

Тебе понравилась эта книга? – Да, понравилась. Ты читаешь газеты? – Да, читаю. Ты голоден? – Нет, не голоден. Кейт не хочет пойти с нами, ведь так? – Нет, я не думаю, что она хочет.

Если это специальный или альтернативный вопрос, то в ответе надо дать конкретную информацию о том, о чем спрашивают:

Who was that? – It was me. Where do your friends live? – They live in this small house. Did you watch this movie yesterday or on Sunday? – I watched it on Sunday.

Кто это был? – Это был я. Где они живут? – Они живут в этом маленьком доме. Ты смотрел этот фильм вчера или в воскресенье? – Я посмотрел его в воскресенье.

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Lesson 2

§ 5. Местоимения в английском языке

Слово, обозначающее предмет или признак предмета, но не называющее его, является местоимением. Местоимения делятся на несколько групп, каждая из которых имеет свои собственные грамматические характеристики.

Личные местоимения (Personal pronouns)

Личные местоимения в английском языке бывают двух видов: субъектные (subject pronouns) и объектные (object pronouns). Субъектные выступают подлежащим (subject) в предложении и отвечают на вопросы кто? что? Объектные выступают дополнением (object) и отвечают на вопросы падежей: кого? чего? кому? чему? кем? чем?

Субъектные местоимения

Единственное число Множественное число 1-е лицо I я we мы 2-е лицо you ты you вы 3-е лицо he

she it

он она оно

they они

Местоимение “I” всегда пишется с большой буквы. Местоимение “they” употребляется как в отношении одушевленных, так и неодушевленных предметов. Местоимения “he / she” употребляются в отношении одушевленных лиц; “it” – в отношении неодушевленных предметов, абстрактных понятий и животных. Местоимение it также может использоваться по отношению к людям, когда говорящий пытается установить личность собеседника:

It was John I gave the book to, not Harry. Is that your sister? – No, it isn’t.

Я дал книгу Джону, а не Гарри. Это твоя сестра? – Нет, это не она.

Объектные местоимения (Object pronouns)

Главная отличительная особенность объектных местоимений от субъектных заключается в том, что первые никогда не будут являться подлежащим в английском предложении. Данный тип местоимений выполняет роль дополнения и никогда не отвечает на вопросы кто? и что? Object pronouns, как правило, отвечают на вопросы кому? кем? о ком? кого?

Личные местоимения и, происходящие от них, объектные местоимения

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Личные местоимения

Объектные местоимения

I me меня, мне, мной/мною, обо мне

you you тебя, тебе, тобой, о тебе; вас, вам, вами, о вас

he him его/него, ему/нему, его, им/ним, о нем she her ее/нее, ей/ней, о ней it it его/него, ему/нему, им/ним, о нем

we us нас, нам, нами, о нас they them их/них, им, ими/ними, о них

I don’t know what to tell him. They didn’t want to listen to her. Last Monday this man helped us with luggage. Where did you see them? This book is exciting. I really enjoyed it. When I entered the room I saw her near the window. She looked at me and smiled.

Я не знаю, что сказать ему. Они не хотели слушать ее. В прошлый понедельник этот мужчина помог нам с багажом. Где вы их видели? Эта книга захватывающая. Я действительно насладился ей. Когда я вошел в комнату, я увидел ее возле окна. Она посмотрела на меня и улыбнулась.

Притяжательные местоимения (Possessive pronouns)

Притяжательные местоимения в английском языке выражают принадлежность и отвечают на вопрос «Чей?». Притяжательные местоимения могут принимать относительную и абсолютную формы.

Притяжательные местоимения

Относительная форма Абсолютная форма Перевод my mine мой

your yours твой his his его her hers ее it its его / ее

our ours наш their theirs их

Относительная форма притяжательных местоимений употребляется в сочетании со словом, к которому относится, обычно c существительным. Такая форма местоимения выполняет в предложении функцию определения. Притяжательные местоимения в относительной форме также иногда называются притяжательными прилагательными (Possessive Adjectives).

My friends will come soon. Where is your family?

Мои друзья скоро придут. Где твоя семья?

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His ideas are not new. Their daughter is beautiful.

Его идеи не новы. Их дочь красивая.

Английские притяжательные местоимения не переводятся на русский язык, когда они сочетаются с существительными, обозначающими части тела или личные вещи обладателя.

Mark came in with his coat in his hands. Kate braided her hair.

Марк вошел, держа плащ в руках. Кейт заплела волосы в косу.

Абсолютная форма притяжательных местоимений употребляется самостоятельно, без последующего существительного. Такая форма выступает в предложении в функции подлежащего, именной части сказуемого или дополнения.

These are not my books. Mine were on the table. Whose shoes are these? - They are hers. Mike’s flat is smaller than yours.

Это не мои книги. Мои лежали на столе. (Mine – подлежащее) Чья это обувь? - Ее. (Hers – именная часть сказуемого) Квартира Майка меньше твоей. (Yours – дополнение)

В русском языке есть универсальное слово «свой», которое мы просто изменяем по числам и лицам. На английский язык слова «свой», «свои», «свое» надо переводить как «мой», «наши», «его»/«ее», соответственно.

Указательные местоимения (Demonstrative pronouns)

Единственное число Множественное число this – этот, эта, это these – эти

that – тот, та, то those – те

Указательные местоимения this и these

This употребляется с существительными в единственном числе, местоимение these – с существительными во множественном числе. Эти местоимения нужно употреблять в следующих случаях:

1. Когда мы говорим о людях или вещах, которые расположены рядом с нами. Иногда в предложениях с this и these употребляется наречие here (здесь), которое тоже показывает на близость предмета к нам.

This table is wooden. These books belong to me. This girl is here and she is waiting for you.

Этот стол деревянный. Эти книги принадлежат мне. Эта девушка здесь, и она ждет вас.

2. Когда ситуация происходит в настоящем или в будущем времени, мы описываем эту ситуацию с помощью this / these.

We are going to meet this week. Мы собираемся встретиться на

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This month you are making a great progress.

этой неделе. В этом месяце ты делаешь огромные успехи.

3. Когда мы несколько раз говорим об одном и том же и хотим избежать повтора.

I don’t want to discuss this but I have to. Look at this! He seems to be looking for his keys. This is the main goal in my life.

Я не хочу это обсуждать, но я должен. (Это событие уже называлось ранее, таким образом, избегают повторения) Посмотри на это! Кажется, он ищет свои ключт. (Местоимение указывает на ситуацию, описанную во втором предложении) Это главная цель в моей жизни.

4. Когда мы знакомим людей или представляемся в телефонном разговоре.

Jim, these are my brothers, Tom and Carl. Hello! This is Kate speaking! Can I speak to Mary?

Джим, это мои братья, Том и Карл. Привет. Это Кейт. Я могу поговорить с Мэри?

Указательные местоимения that и those

Указательное местоимение that употребляется с существительными в единственном числе, местоимение those – с существительными во множественном. Эти местоимения нужно употреблять в следующих случаях:

1. Когда речь идет о людях или вещах, расположенных далеко от нас. Иногда в предложениях с указательными местоимениями that и those используется наречие there (там).

I don’t like this piece of cake. Give me that one, please. Those ships are too far. I can’t see their names. Look at that! There’s a camel.

Мне не нравится этот кусок торта. Дай мне тот, пожалуйста. Те корабли слишком далеко. Я не вижу их названий. Посмотри туда! Вон там верблюд.

2. Когда речь идет о ситуации, имевшей место в прошлом.

Those days people didn’t have cars. We made only four kilometers that day.

В те времена у людей не было машин. В тот день мы прошли только четыре километра.

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Вопросительные местоимения (Interrogative pronouns)

К вопросительным местоимениям в английском языке относятся местоимения who – кто, what – что, какой, whose – чей, which – который, какой. Они указывают на лицо, предмет, признак или число, о которых задается вопрос.

Вопросительное местоимение who (whom)

Английское вопросительное местоимение who имеет два падежа: именительный падеж и объектный падеж.

Местоимение who в именительном падеже употребляется в следующих функциях:

1. В функции подлежащего (сочетается с глаголами в единственном числе, как и в русском языке);

2. В функции именной части сказуемого (глагол-связка to be согласуется в числе с подлежащим).

Who has done it? Who is he? He is Mr. Rogers. Who are these boys? They are my brothers.

Кто это сделал? (в функции подлежащего) Кто он? Он – мистер Роджерс. (в функции именной части сказуемого) Кто эти мальчики? Они мои братья. (в функции именной части сказуемого)

Местоимение who в объектном падеже (whom) употребляется в функции дополнения:

Whom did you see there? Whom did you give your book?

Кого вы там видели? Кому ты дал свою книгу?

Вопросительное местоимение what и whose

Вопросительное местоимение what употребляется как местоимение-существительное и имеет перевод «что», а также употребляется как местоимение-прилагательное и имеет перевод «какой», «какая», «какое». Если местоимение what и местоимение whose употребляются как местоимения-прилагательные, тогда артикль перед существительным, в таком случае не употребляется.

What has happened? What books are you reading?

Что случилось? Какие книги вы читаете?

Иногда местоимение what употребляется с предлогом, который обычно ставится в конце вопросительного предложения.

What are you looking at? What are you talking about?

На что вы смотрите? О чем вы говорите?

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Вопросительное местоимение which

Вопросительное местоимение which переводится словами «который», «какой», «кто», «что», когда речь идет о выборе из ограниченного числа лиц, предметов или явлений. Which color is more popular for iPhone 5: black or white? Which do you like more: skating or skiing? Which of you speaks French?

Какой цвет популярнее для iPhone 5: черный или белый? Что ты больше любишь: кататься на коньках или на лыжах? Кто из вас (который) говорит по-французски?

Lesson 3

§ 6. Времена группы Simple (Active)

Present Simple – простое настоящее время

Время Present Simple обозначает действие в настоящем в широком смысле слова. Оно употребляется для обозначения обычных, регулярно повторяющихся или постоянных действий, например, когда мы говорим о чьих-либо привычках, режиме дня, расписании. Present Simple часто употребляется со словами always (всегда), usually (обычно), often (часто), every day (каждый день) и т.д.

Образование Present Simple

V1 (I, you, we, they) V1 +(e)s (he, she, it)

Утвердительные предложения

Отрицательные предложения

Вопросительные предложения

I play I do not play Do I play? You play You do not play Do you play? He / she / it plays He / she / it does not play Does he / she / it play? We play We do not play Do we play? They play They do not play Do they play?

Вопросительная и отрицательная формы в Present Simple образуются с помощью вспомогательного глагола do / does. В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол употребляется перед подлежащим, а в отрицательной форме – после подлежащего с отрицательной частицей not.

Do you study English? Does he study English? We do not study English. He does not study English.

Вы изучаете английский? Он изучает английский? Мы не изучаем английский. Он не изучает английский.

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Важно: Вспомогательный глагол do / does может стоять в утвердительных предложениях. Тогда предложение приобретает большую экспрессивность, глагол оказывается эмоционально выделен:

I do want to help you. Jane does know how to cook.

Я на самом деле хочу тебе помочь. Джейн действительно умеет готовить.

Английский глагол во временной форме Present Simple совпадает со своей начальной, то есть указанной в словаре, формой без частицы to. В 3-ем лице единственного числа к ней нужно прибавить окончание -s: I work – he works. Если глагол оканчивается на -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x, -o, то к нему прибавляется окончание -es: I wish – he wishes. К глаголам на -y с предшествующей согласной прибавляется окончание -es, а -y заменяется на -i-: I try – he tries. Если же глагол оканчивается на -y с предшествующей гласной, то -y сохраняется и добавляется только окончание -s: I play – he plays.

Случаи употребления Present Simple

1. Регулярные, повторяющиеся действия:

I often go to the park. They play tennis every day.

Я часто хожу в парк. Каждый день они играют в теннис.

2. Действие в настоящем в широком смысле слова (не обязательно в момент речи):

Jim studies French. We live in Boston.

Джим изучает французский. Мы живем в Бостоне.

3. Общеизвестные факты:

The Earth is round. The Volga is the longest river in Europe.

Земля – круглая. Волга – самая длинная река в Европе.

4. Перечисление последовательности действий:

We analyse what our clients may need, develop a new product, produce a sample, improve it and sell it.

Мы анализируем, что может понадобиться нашим клиентам, разрабатываем новый продукт, изготавливаем образец, дорабатываем его и продаем.

5. Некоторые случаи указания на будущее время (если имеется в виду некое расписание или план действий, а также в придаточных предложениях времени и условия):

The airplane takes off at 2.30 p.m. When you see a big green house, turn left.

Самолет взлетает в 14:30. Когда вы увидите большой зеленый дом, поверните налево.

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Past Simple – простое прошедшее время

Время Past Simple используется для обозначения действия, которое произошло в прошлом и время совершения которого уже истекло. Для уточнения времени совершения действия в прошлом при использовании времени Past Simple обычно используются такие слова, как: five days ago (пять дней назад), last year (в прошлом году), yesterday (вчера), in 1980 (в 1980 году).

Образование Past Simple

V2




I played I did not play Did I play? You played You did not play Did you play? He / she / it played He / she / it did not play Did he / she / it play? We played We did not play Did we play? They played They did not play Did they play?

Для того, чтобы поставить английский глагол во время Past Simple, нужно использовать его вторую форму V2. Для большинства глаголов она образуется прибавлением окончания -ed: examine – examined, enjoy – enjoyed, close – closed. Однако есть также достаточно большая группа неправильных английских глаголов, которые образуют форму прошедшего времени не по общим правилам, для них форму прошедшего времени нужно просто запомнить.

В вопросительном предложении перед подлежащим нужно использовать вспомогательный глагол did, а после подлежащего поставить основной, смысловой глагол в начальной форме. В отрицательных предложениях перед глаголом нужно поставить вспомогательный глагол did и отрицательную частицу not:

Did he enter the university? I did not understand this question.

Он поступил в университет? Я не понял этот вопрос.

Случаи употребления Past Simple

1. Указание на простое действие в прошлом:

I saw Jeremy in the bank. Я видел Джереми в банке.

2. Регулярные, повторяющиеся действия в прошлом:

The old man often visited me. Старик часто меня навещал.

3. Перечисление последовательности действий в прошлом:

I heard a sound, looked back and saw a huge cat sitting on the table.

Я услышал звук, обернулся и увидел огромного кота, сидящего на столе.

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Future Simple – простое будущее время

Время Future Simple ссылается на действие, которое совершится в неопределенном или отдаленном будущем. Простое будущее время в английском языке обычно используется с обстоятельствами: tomorrow (завтра), next year (в следующем году), in five years (через пять лет), in 2095 (в 2095 году) и т.д.

Образование Future Simple

will +V1




I will play I will not play Will I play? You will play You will not play Will you play? He / she / it will play He / she / it will not play Will he / she / it play? We will play We will not play Will we play? They will play They will not play Will they play?

Для того, чтобы поставить глагол во временную форму Future Simple, нужно использовать его начальную форму и вспомогательный глагол will. В устной речи will чаще всего сокращается до формы ’ll, которая может использоваться во всех лицах.

В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол will ставится перед подлежащим. Смысловой глагол остается после подлежащего в своей начальной форме. В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом следует отрицательная частица not. Вместе они могут быть сокращены до формы won’t:

Will we go to the library? I will not go to the library.

Мы пойдем в библиотеку? Я не пойду в библиотеку.

Случаи употребления Future Simple

1. Указание на простое действие в будущем:

We’ll return in 4 hours. It will not be easy to convince him.

Мы вернемся через 4 часа. Его будет нелегко убедить.

2. Регулярные, повторяющиеся действия в будущем:

I promise I’ll visit you every day.

Обещаю, что буду навещать тебя каждый день.

3. При перечислении последовательности действий в будущем:

I cannot wait for my vacation. I will go to the river, swim and fish every day.

Не могу дождаться своего отпуска. Буду каждый день ходить к речке, купаться и ловить рыбу.

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§ 7. Времена группы Simple (Passive)

В английском языке выделяют два вида залога: действительный залог (Active Voice) и страдательный залог (Passive Voice).

Действительный залог (Active voice) – действующее лицо само совершает действие. Страдательный залог (Passive voice) – действующее лицо испытывает на себе действие другого лица.

Действительный залог Страдательный залог A student does his homework. – Студент выполняет домашнее задание.

Homework is done by a student. – Домашнее задание выполнено студентом.

He wrote a book. – Он написал книгу.

A book was written. – Книга была написана.

They will send her a letter. – Они отпрвят ей письмо.

A letter will be sent to her. – Ей будет отправлено письмо.

Образование Simple Passive

to be + Participle II (V3)

Present Simple am / is / are + V3 The bread is baked every morning. – Этот хлеб выпекают каждое утро.

Past Simple was / were + V3

These rooms were cleaned yesterday. – В этих комнатах убрались вчера.

Future Simple will be + V3 Our dinner will be cooked by mom. – Наш ужин приготовит мама.

Способы перевода страдательного залога на русский язык

Существует три способа перевода страдательного залога на русский язык:

1. При помощи глагола «быть» + краткая форма причастия:

His books were translated into Russian.

Его книги были переведены на русский язык.

2. Глаголами, оканчивающимися на -ся:

Letters are delivered by mailmen. Письма доставляются почтальонами.

3. Неопределенно-личным оборотом (этот способ перевода возможен в тех случаях, когда в английском предложении не упоминается исполнитель действия):

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They were taught French last year. Их учили французскому языку в прошлом году.

Использование by в страдательном залоге Если нужно указать, кем было сделано действие, добавляется предлог

by, который стоит в конце предложения, а после него идет действующее лицо, которое совершает само действие:

This book was written by Jack London. Эта книга была написана Джеком Лондоном.

Использование with в страдательном залоге

Если мы говорим об инструменте, с помощью которого совершено действие, мы используем предлог with. Его мы ставим в конце предложения, а после него идет инструмент:

The letter was signed with a pencil. Письмо было подписано карандашом.

§ 8. Функции и перевод it

Местоимение it выполняет в предложении разнообразные функции, от которых и зависит его перевод.

1. Как личное местоимение в функциях подлежащего и дополнения. В качестве подлежащего it переводится он, она, оно; в качестве прямого дополнения – его, ее.

I have a book. It is interesting. Read it. I want to speak with you about it.

У меня есть книга. Она интересная. Прочтите ее. Я хочу поговорить с вами о ней. (о книге)

2. Как указательное местоимение (переводится словом это):

It is our new laboratory. What is this? It is a table. It was a 5-kilometre run.

Это наша новая лаборатория. Что это? Это стол. Это был пятикилометровый пробег.

3. Как формальное подлежащее (на русский язык не переводится). Такие предложения соответствуют русским безличным или неопределенно-личным предложениям. В этой функции it употребляется в выражениях типа:

It is dark. It is nine o’clock. It is snowing. It seems that … It is high time to … It is known that … It is necessary to …

Темно. Девять часов. Идет снег. Кажется, что … Самое время … Известно, что … Необходимо …

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4. Как формальное дополнение после ряда глаголов (to think, to consider, to believe, to find и др.). В таких случаях it на русский язык не переводится:

We find it necessary to repeat the experiment. I consider it important to answer the letter at once. We believe it possible to take part in this discussion.

Мы считаем необходимым повторить этот эксперимент. Я считаю важным ответить на письмо сразу. Мы считаем возможным принять участие в этом обсуждении.

5. В составе усилительной конструкции It is (was) … that. Такие предложения переводятся на русский язык простым распространенным предложением с добавлением слов именно, только:

It was this book that I wanted to read. It was only at noon that the travelers reached the town. It is Petrov whom I want to send to the library.

Именно эту книгу я и хотел прочесть. Путешественники достигли города только в полдень. Я хочу послать в библиотеку именно Петрова.

§ 9. Функции и перевод one

One может иметь следующие значения и функции: 1. Числительное. В этом случае one стоит перед существительным в

единственном числе, является его определением и переводится словом один:

I have only one dictionary. У меня только один словарь.

2. Неопределенно-личное местоимение. Обычно употребляется в функции подлежащего. В этом случае one на русский язык не переводится:

One does not know how to act in such circumstances. One should be careful. One can read such a text without a dictionary.

Не знаешь, как действовать в таких случаях. Нужно быть осторожным. Можно читать такой текст без словаря.

3. Заменитель существительного. One может употребляться для замены ранее упомянутого существительного в единственном (one) или множественном числе (ones). В этой функции one (ones) переводится либо существительным, которое оно заменяет, либо не переводится:

You may take my dictionary. – Thank you, I have got one. Last summer I read many English books, and my friend read some German ones.

Вы можете взять мой словарь. – Благодарю вас, у меня есть (словарь). Прошлым летом я прочитал много английских книг, а мой друг - несколько немецких (книг).

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One может также употребляться после местоимений this, that, another, the other для замены существительного в единственном числе, а после местоимения which – для замены существительного как в единственном, так и во множественном числе:

I have read this book, give me another one. I will show you some books and you will tell me which ones you would like to read.

Я прочел эту книгу, дайте мне другую. Я покажу вам несколько книг, и вы скажете мне, какие вы хотели бы прочитать.

One в притяжательном падеже переводится местоимением свой:

One should never forget one’s promise.

Никогда не следует забывать своего обещания.

§ 10. Функции и перевод that

That может быть: 1. Указательным местоимением. В данном случае that стоит перед

существительным и является определением. Во множественном числе употребляется слово those. На русский язык that (those) переводится словами тот, та, то, те или этот, эта, это, эти:

That house was built in 1955. Can you repeat all those examples which he gave at the lecture?

Тот дом был построен в 1955 году. Можете ли вы повторить все те примеры, которые он дал на лекции?

2. Относительным местоимением. В этом случае that стоит после существительного, вводит определительные придаточные предложения, заменяет which, who, whom и переводится который:

The girl that is reading the timetable is our student. You must know the abbreviations that are used in technical articles.

Девушка, которая читает pacписание, наша студентка. Вы должны знать сокращения, которые употребляются в технических статьях.

3. Союзом дополнительного придаточного предложения. В этом случае that стоит после глагола и переводится словом что:

He said that he would finish his experiments in a month.

Он сказал, что закончит свои опыты через месяц.

4. Союзом подлежащего придаточного предложения. В этом случае that стоит в начале предложения и переводится словами то, что:

That he didn’t to take part in our conference surprised everybody.

То, что он не принял участие в нашей конференции, удивило всех.

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5. Союзом сказуемого придаточного предложения. В этом случае that стоит после глагола to be и переводится словами то, что:

The fact is that I can’t find this book anywhere.

Дело в том, что я нигде не могу найти эту книгу.

6. Частью усилительной конструкции It is (was) … that, где that не переводится. Такие предложения переводятся на русский язык простым распространенным предложением с добавлением слов именно, только:

It was you that said so. It was the invention of radio that revolutionized the world.

Именно вы так сказали. Именно изобретение радио коренным образом изменило мир.

7. Заменителем существительного. That (those) переводится этим существительным, либо совсем не переводится:

The efficiency of the new engine is much higher than that of the old one. We have received some new machine-tools similar to those installed in your laboratory.

Коэффициент полезного действия нового двигателя гораздо выше КПД старого. Мы получили несколько новых станков, таких же, как станки, установленные в вашей лаборатории.

Важно. Словосочетание that is вводит приложение и переводится то есть:

What do you know about the physics of the atomic nucleus, that is about nuclear physics?

Что вы знаете о физике атомного ядра, то есть об атомной физике?

§ 11. Степени сравнения прилагательных

Имя прилагательное в английском языке имеет три степени сравнения: 1. Положительная степень (positive degree) – обозначает качество

предмета без сравнения.

This car is new. This chair is comfortable.

Эта машина новая. Это кресло удобное.

2. Сравнительная степень (comparative degree) выражает сравнение между двумя предметами или действиями, другими признаками. Сравнительная степень образуется с помощью суффикса -er или слова more (более).

This car is newer than that car. This chair is more comfortable than that one.

Эта машина новее, чем та машина. Это кресло удобнее, чем то кресло.

3. Превосходная степень (superlative degree) используется для сравнения нескольких предметов, действий, из которых один выделяется больше остальных. Эта форма указывает на высшую степень определенного

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признака. Превосходная степень образуется с помощью суффикса -est или слова most с определенным артиклем the.

This is the newest car I have ever seen. This chair is the most comfortable.

Это самая новая машина, которую я когда-либо видел. Это кресло самое удобное.

Односложные и двусложные прилагательные

Сравнительная степень односложных и двусложных прилагательных образуется при помощи прибавления суффикса -er.

Превосходная степень односложных и двусложных прилагательных образуется при помощи прибавления суффикса -est и определенного артикля the.

Положительная степень

Сравнительная степень

Превосходная степень

Примеры

cheap дешевый

cheaper дешевле

the cheapest самый дешевый

My car is cheaper than yours. – Моя машина дешевле твоей.

My car is the cheapest. – Моя машина самая дешевая.

large большой

larger больше

the largest самый большой

My house is larger than yours. – Мой дом больше твоего.

I need the largest size of shoes – Мне нужен самый большой размер туфель.

fast быстрый

faster быстрее

the fastest самый быстрый

You must swim faster. – Тебе нужно плыть быстрее.

You were the fastest so you won. – Ты был самым быстрым, поэтому победил.

narrow узкий

narrower уже

the narrowest самый узкий

Streets here are narrower than in Moscow. – Улицы здесь более узкие, чем в Москве.

Streets here are the narrowest in this city. – Улицы здесь самые узкие в городе.

easy легкий

easier легче

the easiest самый легкий

Sometimes it’s easier to agree than to argue – Иногда легче согласиться, чем

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спорить. He thought this was the

easiest way to get rich. – Он считал это самым лёгким способом разбогатеть.

Если односложные прилагательные оканчиваются на одну согласную букву, перед которой стоит одна гласная буква, то перед суффиксами -er и -est конечная согласная удваивается. Однако, конечная буква «w» не удваивается: big – bigger – the biggest; low – lower – the lowest. Если односложные прилагательные оканчиваются на немую букву «e», эта гласная буква выпадает перед суффиксами -er и –est: сute – cuter – the cutest. Если односложные прилагательные оканчиваются на гласную -y, перед которой стоит согласная, -y меняется на -i перед суффиксами -er и -est. Но конечная гласная -y не меняется, если перед ней стоит другая гласная буква: dry – drier – the driest.

Многосложные прилагательные

Сравнительная степень многосложных прилагательных образуется при помощи слова more (более).

Превосходная степень многосложных прилагательных образуется при помощи слова most и определенного артикля the (the most – самый).




Примеры

modern современный

more modern современнее, более современный

the most modern самый современный

Her new flat is more modern than ours. – Ее новая квартира более современная, чем наша.

They live in one of the most modern cities in the world. – Они живут в одном из самых современных городов мира.

careful заботливый, осторожный

more careful заботливее, осторожнее

the most careful самый заботливый, осторожный

You’ll have to be more careful next time. – В следующий раз вам придется быть осторожнее.

He is the most careful driver. – Он самый осторожный водитель.

useful полезный

more useful полезнее

the most useful самый полезный

It’ll be more useful for you to spend time

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outside. – Полезнее для тебя будет проводить время на природе.

It was the most useful advice. – Это был самый полезный совет.

Некоторые прилагательные образуют степени сравнения не по общему правилу:




good хороший

better лучше

the best самый лучший

bad плохой

worse хуже

the worst самый худший

little маленький

less меньше

the least самый маленький, меньше всего

many, much много

more больше

the most наибольший, больше всех

far далекий

farther более далекий, дальше (о расстоянии) further дальше (о времени и расстоянии)

the farthest самый далекий, дальнейший (о расстоянии) the furthest самый далекий, дальнейший (о времени и расстоянии)

late поздний, последний

later более поздний

the latest (о времени) the last (о порядке следования) самый последний, поздний

near близкий

nearer ближе

the nearest ближайший (о расстоянии) the next ближайший, самый близкий (о порядке следования)

Союзы сравнения и сравнительные обороты

Союз Пример than – чем При сравнении двух предметов неравного качества всегда употребляется союз than, который следует за прилагательным или наречием в сравнительной степени.

My son is younger than yours. – Мой сын моложе вашего (= чем ваш).

as … as – такой же, как

He is as old as my grandfather. – Ему столько же лет, сколько

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При сравнении равных качеств используется парный союз as… as… . Прилагательное или наречие стоит в положительной степени.

моему деду. (= Он такой же старый, как мой дед.)

not so … as – не такой, как При отрицании равенства качеств двух предметов используется парный союз not so… as. Прилагательное или наречие стоит в положительной степени.

Your house is not so big as ours.– Ваш дом не такой большой, как наш.

the… , the … – чем… , тем… . Употребляется с прилагательными или наречиями в сравнительной степени.

The more we read, the more we know. – Чем больше мы читаем, тем больше мы знаем.

Lesson 4

§ 12. Времена группы Continuous (Active)

Present Continuous – настоящее длительное время

Времена группы Continuous образуются по формуле: to be + Ving. Данная группа времен указывает на процесс, который происходит в

определенный момент в прошлом, настоящем или будущем. Время Present Continuous обычно указывает на процесс, который происходит непосредственно в момент речи. На это могут указывать контекст или такие слова, как: now (сейчас), at the moment (в текущий момент) и т.д.

Образование Present Continuous

am / is / are + Ving




I am playing I am not playing Am I playing? You are playing You are not playing Are you playing? He / she / it is playing He / she / it is not playing Is he / she / it playing? We are playing We are not playing Are we playing? They are playing They are not playing Are they playing?

Для того, чтобы поставить глагол в форму времени Present Continuous, требуется вспомогательный to be в настоящем времени (am / is / are) и причастие настоящего времени (Participle I) смыслового глагола.

Личные местоимения и вспомогательный глагол часто сокращаются до I’m, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’re, you’re, they’re. Причастие настоящего времени (Participle I) можно получить, прибавив к начальной форме смыслового глагола окончание -ing: jump – jumping; live – living.

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В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол выносится на место перед подлежащим, а смысловой глагол остается после него. В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом следует отрицательная частица not. Формы is и are при этом могут быть сокращены до isn’t и aren’t соответственно.

Why are you laughing? Are you using this dictionary? She is not reading now. Radio isn’t working.

Почему ты смеешься? Вы используете этот словарь? Она не читает сейчас. Радио не работает.

Случаи употребления Present Continuous

1. Указание на процесс, происходящий непосредственно в момент разговора:

The teacher is explaining a new grammar rule now. He is talking on the phone at the moment.

Учитель сейчас объясняет новое правило по грамматике. В настоящий момент он разговаривает по телефону.

2. Действие, находящееся в процессе своего развития, но необязательно происходящее в момент разговора:

Are you still working in London? A scientist is investigating this phenomenon.

Ты все еще работаешь в Лондоне? Ученый исследует это явление.

3. Описание повторяющихся действий с использованием слов always, constantly, forever. Как правило, это относится к характерным свойствам и поведению людей, часто с негативной окраской:

Why are you always interrupting people? He is constantly complaining about his brother.

Почему ты вечно перебиваешь людей? Он постоянно жалуется на своего брата.

4. Запланированное действие в будущем, часто с глаголами движения:

We are landing in Heathrow in 20 minutes. He is speaking at the conference this evening.

Мы приземляемся в Хитроу через 20 минут. Он выступает на конференции этим вечером.

Важно: Английские глаголы, связанные с восприятием (to notice замечать, to hear слышать, to see видеть, to feel чувствовать и т.д.), эмоциями (to love любить, to hate ненавидеть, to like нравиться и т.д.), процессами умственной деятельности (to think думать, to believe верить, to understand понимать и т.д.), владением (to have иметь, to possess обладать и т.д.) не используются во временах группы Continuous, потому что они сами по себе обозначают процесс. Вместо них используется время Present Simple:

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I hear you, don’t shout. I love tea.

Я слышу тебя, не кричи. Я люблю чай.

Past Continuous – прошедшее длительное время

Время Past Continuous указывает на процесс, длившийся в определенный момент или период в прошлом. В отличие от времени Past Simple, этот момент в прошлом должен быть назван прямо, например, yesterday at 5 o’clock (вчера в 5 часов), when you called (когда ты позвонил), when rain started (когда начался дождь)) или быть очевидным из контекста.

Образование Past Continuous

was / were + Ving




I was playing I was not playing Was I playing? You were playing You were not playing Were you playing? He / she / it was playing He / she / it was not playing Was he / she / it playing? We were playing We were not playing Were we playing? They were playing They were not playing Were they playing?

Для того, чтобы поставить глагол в форму Past Continuous, нужен вспомогательный глагол to be (was / were) в прошедшем времени и смысловой глагол с окончанием ing.

В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол выносится на место перед подлежащим, а смысловой глагол остается после него. В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом следует отрицательная частица not. Формы was и were при этом могут быть сокращены до wasn’t и weren’t соответственно.

Were you sleeping when I called? We were not playing chess when you called. In the morning our elevator wasn’t working.

Ты спал, когда я позвонил? Мы не играли в шахматы, когда ты звонил. Утром наш лифт не работал.

Случаи употребления Past Continuous

1. Указание на процесс, происходивший в конкретный момент времени в прошлом:

I was sleeping when someone knocked at the door.

Когда я спал, кто-то постучал в дверь.

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Future Continuous – будущее длительное время

Время Future Continuous указывает на процесс, который будет длиться в определенный момент в будущем. В отличие от времени Future Simple, этот момент в будущем должен быть назван прямо: tomorrow at 4 o’clock (завтра в 4 часа), when we meet (когда мы встретимся) или быть очевидным из контекста.

Образование Future Continuous

will be + Ving




I will be playing I will not be playing Will I be playing? You will be playing You will not be playing Will you be playing? He / she / it will be playing

He / she / it will not be playing

Will l he / she / it be playing?

We will be playing We will not be playing Will we be playing? They will be playing They will not be playing Will they be playing?

Для того, чтобы поставить глагол в форму Future Continuous, нужен вспомогательный глагол to be в будущем времени и причастие настоящего времени (Participle I) смыслового глагола.

Личные местоимения и вспомогательный глагол часто сокращаются до I’ll, he’ll, they’ll и т. д.

В вопросительном предложении will выносится на место перед подлежащим, а be и смысловой глагол остаются после него. В отрицательных предложениях после will ставится отрицательная частица not. Вместе они могут быть сокращены до формы won’t:

Why did you bring an album? Will we be studying painting? I won’t be sleeping at 6.

Зачем Вы принесли альбом? Мы будем изучать живопись? В шесть я не буду спать.

Случаи употребления Future Continuous

1. Указание на процесс, который будет происходить в определенный момент в будущем:

At 7 o’clock we’ll be having barbecue, you are welcome to join.

В семь часов у нас будет барбекю, приглашаем зайти.

§ 13. Времена группы Continuous (Passive)


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Действительный залог Страдательный залог He is writing a book now. – Он пишет книгу сейчас.

A book is being written now. – Книга в процессе написания.

He was doing his homework yesterday at 4 p.m.

Homework was being done yesterday at 4 p.m. – Домашнее задание было в процессе выполнения вчера в 4 вечера.

They will be reading books tomorrow in the evening. – Они будут читать книги завтра вечером.

Books will be read tomorrow in the evening. – Книги будут прочитаны завтра вечером.

Образование Continuous Passive

to be + being + Participle II (V3)

Present Continuous am / is / are + being +

V3

An important experiment is being carried out by one student. – Важный эксперимент проводится одним студентом.

Past Continuous was / were + being + V3

During the experiment the air in the laboratory was being purified by two ventilators. – Во время эксперимента воздух в лаборатории очищался двумя вентиляторами.

Future Continuous Данной формы не существует. Вместо нее используется форма Future Simple Passive

will be + V3

Our dinner will be cooked by mom. – Наш ужин приготовит мама.

§ 14. Предлоги места и направления

Предлоги места в английском языке обозначают положение и нахождение предмета/человека в пространстве. Обычно такие предлоги отвечают на вопрос где?

Предлоги направления используются, чтобы показать направление движения человека или предмета. Обычно такие предлоги отвечают на вопрос где? куда? откуда?

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Предлог Значение Пример

in

в пределах какого-либо пространства, объекта или предмета

in the kitchen (на кухне) in London (в Лондоне) in the book (в книге) in the car (в машине) in the world (в мире)

нахождение (у чего-либо, в, при, на, за)

at the station (на вокзале) at the table (за столом) at the party (на вечере) at the cinema (в кинотеатре)

at

может означать близость объекта (рядом с, недалеко от)

at the door (у двери, рядом с дверью)

на какой-либо поверхности, на чем-либо

the picture on the wall (картина на стене) London lies on the Thames (Лондон расположен на Темзе) on the table (на столе)

для обозначения стороны (левая, правая)

on the left (слева, на левой стороне)

на каком-либо этаже здания on the first floor (на первом этаже)

on

со словами радио, телевидение on TV (по телевизору) on the radio (по радио)

by, next to, beside

в непосредственной близости от кого-либо или чего-либо

Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car. (Джейн стоит рядом с машиной.)

under под или ниже чего-либо The bag is under the table (сумка

под столом)

below ниже уровня чего-либо The fish are below the surface

(рыба под водой) положение поверх чего-либо Put on a jacket over your shirt

(надень куртку поверх рубашки) движение поверх чего-либо fly over the ocean (лететь над

океаном) over

поверх и через что-либо climb over the wall (перелезть через стену)

above выше чего-либо a path above the lake (тропа над

озером)

across на другой стороне или на другую сторону

swim across the river (плыть через реку)

through

проходить сквозь, входить с одной, а выходить с противоположной стороны чего-либо

drive through the tunnel (проезжать через тоннель)

to в направлении кого-либо или go to the cinema (идти в

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чего-либо кинотеатр) go to London (ехать в Лондон)

into движение внутрь чего-либо go into the house (войти в дом)

towards идти в направлении чего-либо или кого-либо, без достижения цели

go 5 steps towards the house (пройти 5 шагов в направлении дома)

onto движение к вершине чего-либо jump onto the table (прыгнуть на

стол)

from исходная точка, из, от a flower from the garden (цветок

из сада)

Lesson 5

§ 15. Времена группы Perfect (Active)

Present Perfect – настоящее совершенное время

Время Present Perfect обозначает действие, которое завершилось к настоящему моменту или завершено в период настоящего времени. Часто употребляется со словами already (уже), just (только что), yet (еще), since (с каких-то пор), for (на протяжении какого-то времени), before (прежде) и т.д.

Образование Present Perfect

have / has + V3




I have played I have not played Have I played? You have played You have not played Have you played? He / she / it has played He / she / it has not played Has he / she / it played? We have played We have not played Have we played? They have played They have not played Have they played?

Время Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в настоящем времени (have / has) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола, то есть его «третьей формы» V3.

Личные местоимения и вспомогательный глагол часто сокращаются до he’s, they’ve и т. п. Причастие второе, или причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II), можно получить, прибавив к начальной форме смыслового глагола окончание -ed: examine – examined; enjoy – enjoyed. Однако есть также достаточно большая группа неправильных английских глаголов, которые образуют форму прошедшего времени не по общим правилам. Для них форму причастия прошедшего времени нужно запомнить.

В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол выносится на место перед подлежащим, а смысловой глагол остается после него. В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом следует

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отрицательная частица not. Формы have и has при этом могут быть сокращены до haven’t и hasn’t соответственно:

Have you seen this film? Has she come yet? I haven’t seen him since then.

Ты смотрел этот фильм? Она еще не пришла? С тех пор я его так и не видел.

Случаи употребления Present Perfect

1. Если говорящему важен сам результат произошедшего действия, а не время или обстоятельства:

I have been to Paris. People have walked on the moon.

Я был в Париже. Люди ходили по луне.

Если время события имеет значение, то нужно использовать время Past Simple:

I went to Paris last year. Я был в Париже в прошлом году.

2. Если период, в который произошло действие, еще не закончился:

I have finished reading the novel this week.

На этой неделе я закончил читать роман.

В противном случае используется время Past Simple:

I finished reading the novel 2 weeks ago.

Я закончил читать роман две недели назад.

3. Для обозначения действий, которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются до текущего момента:

I’ve studied Spanish since childhood. I haven’t seen my hometown for 45 years.

Я учил испанский с детства. Я не видел свой родной город 45 лет.

Past Perfect – прошедшее совершенное время

Время Past Perfect обозначает действие, которое завершилось до определенного момента в прошлом.

Образование Past Perfect

had + V3




I had played I had not played Had I played? You had played You had not played Had you played? He / she / it had played He / she / it had not played Had he / she / it played? We had played We had not played Had we played? They had played They had not played Had they played?

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Время Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола, то есть его «третьей формы» V3. To have в прошедшем времени имеет единственную форму had.

В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол выносится на место перед подлежащим, а смысловой глагол остается после него. В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом следует отрицательная частица not. При этом они могут быть сокращены до формы hadn’t.

Had you brushed your teeth before you went to bed? I had not finished my work when he came here.

Ты почистил зубы, прежде чем пойти спать? Я не закончил свою работу, когда он сюда пришел.

Случаи употребления Past Perfect

1. Действие, закончившееся до определенного момента в прошлом, на которое может указывать точная дата или час, начало другого действия или контекст. Этот момент может обозначаться обстоятельством времени с предлогом by (by the beginning of, by the end of, by 5 o’clock) или другим прошедшим действием в Past Simple:

He had written an article by the end of the month. They had translated the article when he came.

Он написал статью к концу месяца. Они перевели статью, когда рн пришел.

Future Perfect – будущее совершенное время

Время Future Perfect обозначает действие, которое закончится до определенного момента или начала другого действия в будущем или будет происходить после него.

Образование Future Perfect

will have + V3




I will have played I will not have played Will I have played? You will have played You will not have played Will you have played? He / she / it will have played

He / she / it will not have played

Will he / she / it have played?

We will have played We will not have played Will we have played? They will have played They will not have played Will they have played?

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Время Future Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола, то есть его «третьей формы» V3. To have в будущем времени имеет форму will have.

В вопросительном предложении вспомогательный глагол will выносится на место перед подлежащим, а смысловой глагол вместе с глаголом have остается после него. В отрицательных предложениях за вспомогательным глаголом will следует отрицательная частица not. При этом они могут быть сокращены до формы won’t:

Will you have read all these books by the exam time? Next year we will have been married for 30 years.

Ты прочтешь все эти книги до начала экзаменов? В следующем году мы будем женаты уже 30 лет.

Случаи употребления Future Perfect

1. Действие, которое начнется и закончится до определенного момента в будущем:

I will have done all my work by 7 o’clock. They will have covered 30 km by sunset.

К 7 часам я уже сделаю всю свою работу. К закату они пройдут 30 км.

§ 16. Времена группы Perfect (Passive)



Действительный залог Страдательный залог He has written a book. – Он написал книгу.

A book has been written. – Книгу написали.

They had read books by evening. – Они прочитали книги к вечеру.

Books had been read by the evening. – Книги были прочитаны к вечеру.

He will have done his homework tomorrow by 4 p.m. – Он выполнит домашнее задание завтра к 4 вечера.

Homework will have been done tomorrow by 4 p.m. – Домашнее задание будет выполнено завтра к 4 вечера.

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Образование Perfect Passive

to have + been + Participle II (V3)

Present Perfect have / has + been + V3 An important experiment has been done. – Был проведен важный эксперимент

Past Perfect had + been + V3

An important experiment had been done and fihished by 5 p.m. yesterday. – Важный эксперимент был проведен и закончен к 5 вечера вчера.

Future Perfect will have + been + V3

An important experiment will have been done and fihished by 5 p.m. tomorrow. – Важный эксперимент будет проведен и закончен к 5 вечера завтра.

§ 17. Предлоги времени

Предлоги времени в английском языке могут указывать на точное время или период времени и на время начала и конца действия.


on даты, дни недели on the 5-th of May (пятого мая)

on Monday (в понедельник) месяцы, сезоны in August (в августе)

in winter (зимой) время суток (кроме ночи) in the morning (утром) годы in 2006 (в 2006)

in

через некоторый промежуток времени

in an hour (через час)

со словом night (ночь) at night (ночью) со словом weekend (конец недели, выходные)

at the weekend (в выходные) at

точное время (в значении «Когда?»)

at half past nine (в полдесятого)

during в течение, на протяжении какого-то периода времени

during the night (в течение ночи)

since с какого-то момента в прошлом вплоть до настоящего момента

since 1980 (с 1980 года)

в течение какого-то промежутка времени вплоть до настоящего момента

We’ve had a lot of things to do for / over the last few months. (За последние несколько месяцев у нас было много дел.)

for, over

в течение какого-то промежутка времени в будущем (for в этом

We expect a rise in sales over the next few months. (В течение следующих

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значении не используется) нескольких месяцев мы ожидаем увеличения продаж.)

before ранее какого-то момента времени

before 2004 (до 2004 года)

to указание минут, когда говорится время

ten to six (без десяти (минут) шесть)

past, after

после, позже (при указании часа)

ten past / after six (десять минут седьмого)

to, till, until

при обозначении начала и конца периода времени времени, в сочетании с from

from Monday to / till / until Friday (с понедельника по пятницу)

till, until указывает на конец периода времени

He is on holiday till / until Friday. (Он в отпуске до пятницы.)

не позднее, чем I will be back by six o’clock. (Я вернусь до шести часов.)

by до какого-то момента времени By 11 o’clock I had read five pages. (К одиннадцати часам я прочитал пять страниц.)

Lesson 6

§ 18. Модальные глаголы

Модальные глаголы выражают не само действие или состояние, а отношение к ним со стороны говорящего. С помощью модальных глаголов можно показать, что действие возможно или невозможно, является обязательным или не нужным и т.д. Модальные глаголы являются недостаточными глаголами (Defective Verbs), так как они не имеют всех форм, какие есть у других глаголов.

Особенности модальных глаголов

Особенность Пример 1. Не имеют окончания -s в 3-м лице ед. числа настоящего времени.

He can do it. – Он может сделать это. He must go there. – Он должен пойти туда.

2. Употребляются только в сочетании с инфинитивом смыслового глагола без частицы to (кроме ought и иногда need), образуя составное модальное сказуемое.

I must read it. – Я должен прочитать это. You needn’t do it. – Вам не нужно делать этого.

3. Вопросительная и отрицательная формы модальных глаголов образуются без вспомогательного глагола: в вопросительных предложениях модальный глагол

Can you do it? – Ты можешь это сделать? May I take a book? – Можно я возьму книгу? Must he go there? – Он должен пойти

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ставится перед подлежащим, в отрицательных – после него ставится отрицание not.

туда? You must not use computer for more than 6 hours straight. – Нельзя сидеть за компьютером больше 6 часов подряд.

4. Не имеют формы прошедшего времени (кроме can – could, may – might) и форм будущего времени, продолженного вида, перфектных форм и форм страдательного залога. Вместо отсутствующих форм используются эквиваленты модальных глаголов.

She could do it when she was three. – Она умела это делать, когда ей было 3 годика. He might go there. – Он мог пойти туда. You had to do it. – Он должен был сделать это. (have to – эквивалент глагола must)

5. Не имеют неличных форм (инфинитива, герундия и причастия).

-----

Употребление модальных глаголов

Can

Глагол can имеет значение мочь, уметь и ряд других значений. Прошедшая форма глагола can – could. Сочетание be able to (быть в состоянии что-то сделать) с последующим глаголом в V1 является эквивалентом глагола can и восполняет его недостающие формы.

Характерное значение Пример способность (физическая или умственная)

What weight can he lift? – Какой вес он может поднять?

просьба Could (Can) I take your umbrella? – Могу ли я взять твой зонтик?

запрет You cannot walk on the grass. – Нельзя ходить по газону.

разрешение Can I try on that coat? – Можно я примерю то пальто?

общая возможность; вероятность (сомнение, недоверие и др.)

They can hardly lose one another in the crowd. – Они едва ли смогут потерять друг друга в толпе. He cannot feel embarrassed. – Не может быть, чтобы он был смущен, мы же ему всё рассказали.

эквивалент – be able to (быть в состоянии что-то сделать)

I can do it = I am able to do it

May

Глагол may имеет значение разрешения и возможности. Прошедшая форма глагола may – might. Сочетание be allowed to и be permitted to (мочь,

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иметь разрешение) с последующим глаголом в V1 является эквивалентом глагола may и восполняет его недостающие формы.

Характерное значение Пример разрешение (более официально) You may leave. – Вы можете идти. предположение или возможность

Peter may come today. – Может быть, сегодня придет Питер.

большая степень неуверенности (употребляется might)

The weather might be better tomorrow. – Может, завтра погода улучшится.

упрек (употребляется might)

You might have carried my suitcase. – Мог бы и отнести мой чемодан.

эквивалент – be allowed to/be permitted to (разрешается)

He may come = He is allowed to come

Must

Глагол must имеет общее значение долженствования и употребляется для выражения необходимости совершения действия в силу определенных обстоятельств, а также для выражения морального долга, приказания или совета. Глагол must имеет только одну форму настоящего времени. Сочетание have to (должен в силу обстоятельств) и be to (должен в силу запланированности действия) с последующим глаголом в V1 является эквивалентом глагола must и восполняет его недостающие формы.

Характерное значение Пример необходимость в виду личного убеждения

I’m sure, that you must talk with your professor. – Я уверен, что ты должен побеседовать со своим профессором.

предположение They must be at the railway station now. – Они наверняка должны быть на вокзале сейчас.

необходимость совершения действия (в вопросах)

Must we start this project? – Мы должны начинать этот проект?

категорический запрет Hunters must not go here. – Охотникам запрещено ходить здесь.

эквивалент – have to / be to (должен)

It was raining heavily and we had to stay at home. – Шел сильный дождь, и мы должны были остаться дома. He is to take his exam in June. – Он должен сдавать этот экзамен в июне.

Should

Глагол should выражает совет, рекомендацию. На русский язык переводится, как следует, обязан.

Характерное значение Пример моральное обязательство We should think about nature more often. –

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Нам нужно чаще задумываться о природе. совет и инструкции They should visit this city. It is very beautiful. –

Им следует посетить этот город. Он очень красивый.

упрек, сожаление (с глаголом во времени Perfect)

He shouldn’t have exceeded the speed limit. Не стоило ему превышать скорость.

Ought to

Глагол ought to имеет значение, схожее с модальным глаголом should, но употребляется значительно реже. Он имеет только одну форму и требует после себя инфинитива глагола с частицей to.

Характерное значение Пример необходимость в виду убеждения третьих лиц, отражение общепринятых истин

Everyone ought to take care of nature. – Каждый должен беречь природу.

совет You ought to change this subject. – Вам следует сменить тему.

Need

Модальный глагол need отличается тем, что может быть и достаточным (иметь формы отрицания, вопроса и прошедшего времени), и недостаточным (иметь только одну форму и требовать после себя инфинитив). Как правило, недостаточная форма используется для указания на единовременное действие, а полная – на повторяющееся:

Характерное значение Пример отсутствие необходимости (в отрицательных предложениях)

You needn’t buy mineral water, we have plenty. – Не надо покупать минеральную воду, у нас ее еще много.

сомнение (в вопросах) Need I go with you? I’m so tired. – Мне нужно идти с тобой? Я так устал.

Would

Глагол would в качестве модального глагола может выражать:

Характерное значение Пример вежливая просьба Would you open the window, please? – Не могли

бы Вы открыть окно? вежливое предложение Would you like tea or coffee? – Вы хотите чай

или кофе? привычное действие в прошлом When I was young, I would always go to the

beach. – Когда я был молод, я всегда ходил на пляж.

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догадки или предположения That would be Amy’s nephew. – Это, наверно, племянник Эми.

упорное нежелание выполнять какое-либо действие

I asked him to do it but he wouldn’t. – Я его попросил сделать это, но он ни за что не хотел.

присущее свойство (часто в технической литературе)

Paper would burn. – Бумага хорошо горит.

§ 19. Предлоги причины и цели

Предлоги причины и цели нужны нам, чтобы сказать, почему или для чего произошло какое-либо действие.


because of из-за He left because of you. Он уехал из-за

тебя.

from

исходя из, по From his behavior, I understood he was nervous. – По его поведению я понял, что он нервничал.

of

от, из-за, по (как правило в отрицательном значении)

The economy is the cause of the crisis. – Экономика стала причиной кризиса.

for

для, за, из-за - для определенной цели - из-за или в результате чего-либо

I have bought him a cake for his birthday. – Я купил ему торт для его вечеринки. We could hardly see for the mist. Мы едва могли видеть из-за тумана.

through

из-за, благодаря She lost her final test through illness. – Она пропустила последний тест из-за болезни.

due to из-за (с негативным оттенком)

The match was canceled due to a bad weather. – Матч был отменен из-за плохой погоды.

thanks to из-за, благодаря (с положительным оттенком)

I found the way thanks to your help. – Благодаря твоей помощи, я нашел дорогу.

in accordance with

в соответствии с (по определенному правилу)

In accordance to this contract clause, we have to deliver the goods on Sunday. – В соответствии с этим пунктом договора, мы должны доставить товар в воскресенье.

on account of вследствие, из-за (проблем или трудностей)

We couldn’t sleep on account of the noise. – Мы не могли спать из-за шума.

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Lesson 7

§ 20. Согласование времен

Характерная особенность английского языка заключается в так называемом согласовании времен: время глагола придаточного предложения зависит от времени главного предложения.

Если глагол главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, то глагол придаточного предложения остается в том же времени, в каком он был в прямой речи:

Прямая речь Косвенная речь He says, “I know the answer” – Он говорит: «Я знаю ответ». He says, “I saw him" – Он говорит: «Я видел его». He says, “I am reading” – Он говорит: «Я читаю».

He says that he knows the answer. – Он говорит, что он знает ответ. He says that he saw him on Monday. – Он говорит, что он видел его. He says that he is reading. – Он говорит, что он читает.

Правила согласования времен часто используются для передачи косвенной речи.

Правило согласования времен заключается в том, что если в сложноподчиненном предложении глагол главного предложения стоит в одном из прошедших времен (чаще всего в Past Simple), то и глагол придаточного предложения должен стоять в одном из прошедших времен или во времени Future in the Past, то есть в придаточных предложениях не могут употребляться формы настоящего и будущего времени глаголов, хотя речь идет о действиях, которые совершаются в настоящем или будут совершаться в будущем.

Прямая речь Косвенная речь They told us, “We are going to the library.” – Они сказали нам: «Мы идем в библиотеку». She said: “I will try to get the highest mark on the exam.” – Она сказала: «Я постараюсь заработать на экзамене лучшую оценку».

They told us they were going to the library. – Они сказали нам, что идут в библиотеку. She said she would try to get the highest mark on the exam. – Она сказала, что постарается заработать на экзамене лучшую оценку.

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Таблица согласования времен в английском языке

Время в прямой речи Время в косвенной речи Present Simple play / plays Past Simple played Present Continuous am / is / are playing

Past Continuous was / were playing

Present Perfect have / has played Past Perfect had played Past Simple played Past Perfect had played Present Continuous was / were playing Past Perfect

Continuous had been playing

Past Perfect had played Past Perfect had played Future Simple will play Future Simple

in the Past would play

Future Continuous will be playing Future Continuous in the Past

would be playing

Future Perfect will have played Future Perfect in the Past

would have played

Модальные глаголы can, may при согласовании времен используются в формах could, might. Глагол must часто заменяется на had to, а модальные глаголы сould, might, ought to, should, would не изменяются:

Прямая речь Косвенная речь Mike said, “I can help you” – Майк сказал: «Я могу вам помочь». I thought, “I must do everything by myself” – Я думал, «Я должен делать все в одиночку». The teacher said, “You may come in” – Учитель сказал, «Ты можешь войти».

Mike said he could help us. – Майк сказал, что он может помочь нам. I thought I had to do everything by myself. – Я думал, что я должен делать все в одиночку. The teacher said you might come in. – Учитель сказал, что ты можешь войти.

Важно: Время в придаточном предложении может остаться без изменения, если:

1. указано точное время:

Прямая речь Косвенная речь He told us, “I took part in the Moscow Olympic games in 1980.” – Он сказал нам: «Я принимал участие в Московских Олимпийских играх 1980 года».

He told us he took part in the Moscow Olympic games in 1980. – Он рассказал нам, что в 1980 году принимал участие в Московских Олимпийских играх.

2. в сложноподчиненном предложении используются определительные придаточные предложения, придаточные предложения причины, результата, сравнения:

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Yesterday I bought a book that is believed to be a bestseller. Paul didn’t go to the party last night because he will have exams in two days. He studied so much last week that he still has a headache. Charles traveled more last year than he does this year.

Вчера я купил книгу, которая считается бестселлером. (определение) Пол не пошел на вечеринку прошлым вечером, потому что через два дня у него экзамены. (причина) Он так много учился на прошлой неделе, что у него до сих пор болит голова. (результат) Чарльз путешествовал в прошлом году больше, чем в этом. (сравнение)

3. в сложноподчиненном предложении выражается определенная общеизвестная информация, законы:

Newton proved that bodies attract each other.

Ньютон доказал, что тела притягивают друг друга.

4. описывается привычное часто повторяемое действие, чья-то характеристика или также в политической речи:

The delegate said that people want peace. I asked when the first train usually leaves. We didn’t know hummingbirds can fly backwards.

Делегат сказал, что люди хотят мира. Я спросил, когда обычно отправляется первый поезд. Мы не знали, что колибри могут летать назад.

Все указательные местоимения и наречия времени и места в придаточном предложении должны быть изменены по смыслу предложения:

Прямая речь Косвенная речь this these now today tomorrow the day after tomorrow next week yesterday the day before yesterday last week ago here

—> —> —> —> —> —> —> —> —> —> —> —>

that those then that day the next day 2 days later the following week the day before 2 days before the previous day before there

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Прямая речь Косвенная речь She told me, “I will come to see you tomorrow.” – Она сказала мне: «Завтра я приду тебя проведать».

She told me she would come to see me the next day. – Она сказала, что на следующий день придет меня проведать.

Вопросы в косвенной речи

В косвенной речи вопросы имеют прямой порядок слов, а вопросительный знак в конце предложения заменяется точкой.

Общие вопросы вводятся союзами if и whether:

Прямая речь Косвенная речь I asked, “Have you seen my pen?” – Я спросил: «Ты видел мою ручку?» He asked me, “Will you be here tomorrow?” – Он спросил меня: «Ты придешь сюда завтра?»

I asked him if he had seen my pen. – Я спросил, видел ли он мою ручку. He asked me whether I would be there the next day. – Он спросил меня, приду ли я туда на следующий день.

Краткий ответ на вопрос косвенной речи вводится союзом that без слов yes/no:

Прямая речь Косвеная речь She answered, “Yes, I do.” – Она ответила: «Да».

She answered that she did. – Она ответила утвердительно.

Специальные вопросы вводятся вопросительными словами:

Прямая речь Косвеная речь He asked, “What is your name?” – Он спросил: «Как тебя зовут?» He asked, “When did you see him?” – Он спросил: «Когда ты его видел?»

He asked me what my name was. – Он спросил меня, как меня зовут. He asked when I had seen him. – Он спросил, когда я его видел.

Повелительные предложения в косвенной речи

Такие предложения используются со словами to say, to tell, to order, to ask, to beg, а глагол в повелительном наклонении изменяется в форму инфинитива:

Прямая речь Косвеная речь Mom told me, “Clean your room.” Мама сказала мне: «Прибери свою комнату». He said to me, “Don’t go there” – Он сказал мне: «Не ходи туда».

Mom told me to clean my room. – Мама сказала мне прибрать свою комнату. He told me not to go there. – Он велел мне не ходить туда.

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Lesson 8

§ 21. Причастие

Причастие – это неличная форма английского глагола, которая обладает свойствами глагола, наречия и прилагательного.

Английские причастия делятся на причастие настоящего времени (Participle I) и причастие прошедшего времени (Participle II).

Participle I имеет две формы: – Present Participle Simple образуется при помощи окончания -ing,

отвечает на вопросы «что делающий?», «что делая?»: reading – читающий, читая, resting – отдыхающий, отдыхая;

– Present Participle Perfect образуется при помощи having и третьей формы глагола, отвечает на вопрос «что сделав?»: having written – написав, having read – прочитав.

Participle II образуется при помощи третьей формы глагола, отвечает на вопросы: «какой?», «что сделанный?»: opened – открытый, dressed – одетый, made – сделанный.

Формы причастий

Participle Active Passive Participle I

asking спрашивающий, спрашивая

being asked спрашиваемый

Participle I

---- asked спрашиваемый

Perfect Participle having asked спросив

having been asked (уже) был спрошен

Функции причастия в предложении. Основные способы перевода

Participle I в английском языке может выполнять в предложении несколько функций и быть:

1. Определением (как и русское причастие), которое стоит перед существительным или после него:

I saw her smiling face in the window. The girl smiling to see her friends is my sister.

Я увидел ее улыбающееся лицо в окне. Девочка, заулыбавшаяся при виде друзей – моя сестренка.

2. Обстоятельством (образа действия, причины, времени). Причастие в этой функции обычно стоит в начале предложения, то есть перед подлежащим или следует за группой сказуемого. В данном случае перед причастием могут стоять союзы when, while, if, though и пр. Причастие (с

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союзом или без) переводится на русский язык или полным придаточным предложением, или деепричастием:

Knowing English perfectly he was able to watch foreign movies. Crossing the road first look to the left. When crossing the road, first look to the left.

Зная английский в совершенстве, он мог смотреть иностранные фильмы. Переходя дорогу, посмотрите сначала налево. Когда переходите (при переходе) дорогу, посмотрите сначала налево.

Present Participle Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, предшествующего действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым, и употребляется только в функции обстоятельства:

Having finished the test he put down the results. Having done his homework he went for a walk.

Закончив тестирование, он записал результаты. Сделав домашнее задания, он пошел гулять.

Participle II в английском языке может выполнять в предложении несколько функций и быть:

1. Определением, которое стоит перед существительным или после него: The discussed problems are interesting. They spoke of the problems discussed. The problems discussed at the conference are interesting.

Обсуждаемые проблемы интересны. Они говорили об обсуждаемых проблемах. Проблемы, обсуждаемые на конференции, интересны.

2. Обстоятельством (часто с предшествующими союзами when, if, unless):

Written in pencil, the article was difficult to read. When asked, he looked at us and was silent. If invited, I’ll go there. They will leave, unless stopped.

Написанную карандашом статью трудно было читать. Когда его спрашивали, он смотрел на нас и молчал. Если меня пригласят, я поеду туда. Они уйдут, если их не остановить.

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§ 22. Даты и время в английском языке

Даты

Правило Пример 1. В годах до 2000-го четыре цифры разделяются на две пары.

1985 делится на 19 и 85 и произносится как «девятнадцать восемьдесят пять» – nineteen eighty-five

1876 = eighteen seventy six 1542 = fifteen forty two 1984 = ninetten eighty-four 1765 = seventeen sixty-five

2. Такие даты как 1800 или 1900 читаются с использованием слова hundred

1800 = eighteen hundred 1900 = nineteen hundred

3. Для обозначения одного нуля используется oh

1902 г. = nineteen oh two 1903 г. = nineteen oh three

4. 2000 г. часто произносят с использованием слова thousand

2000 = two thousand

5. Годы с 2000 по 2009, как правило, читаются следующим образом

2001 = two thousand and one 2002 = two thousand and two

6. Начиная с 2010 г. мы можем произносить даты или с использованием слова thousand, как two thousand and ten, или разделять их на две пары чисел, как twenty ten.

2015 = twenty fifteen / two thousand and fifteen 2025 = twenty twenty-five / two thousand and twenty-five

7. Полные даты читаются с использованием порядковых числительных и предлогом of перед названием месяца

March 1 = the first of March 25. 12. 1973 = the twenty fifth of December, nineteen seventy–three

8. Мы используем предлог on, когда говорим о дне или о дате.

on Monday(s) (в понедельник(и)) on 14 July 1972 (в июле 1972) on my birthday (в мой день рождения)

9. Предлог in используется, когда речь идет о длительных периодах времени.

in December (в декабре) in spring (весной) in 1972 (в 1972 году) in the 16th century (в 16-ом веке) in the past (в прошлом) in the future (в будущем)

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Время

1. Слова a.m. и p.m. (от лат. «ante meridiem» и «post meridiem») обозначают время до и после полудня аналогично русским «утра» и «вечера»:

The match is starting at 4 p. m. – Матч начинается в 4 вечера (16:00). I usually get up at 7 a. m. – Я обычно встаю в семь утра (7:00).

2. Слово o’clock используется только для обозначения целого часа (без минут). Оно не используется вместе со словами am/pm или после цифр «.00»

This happened at six o’clock. – Это произошло в шесть часов.

3. В большинстве ситуаций время можно прочитать двумя способами:

<часы> <минуты>

<минуты> past/to <часы>

The train departs at seven fifty-two. – Поезд отправляется в 7:52. The shop will be closed at quarter to six. – Магазин закроется без пятнадцати шесть.

4. Past используется для обозначения части часа от нуля до 30 минут (буквально значит «после»)

I came here at quarter past nine. Я пришел сюда в 9:15.

5. To обозначает время от 30 до 59 минут («до»)

The plane takes off at ten minutes to twelve. Самолет взлетает без десяти двенадцать.

6. at + время при указании времени конкретного события

The bus arrives at midday (12:00). – Автобус отправляется в полдень.

Lesson 9

§ 23. Герундий

Герундий – это неличная форма английского глагола с суффиксом -ing, соединяющая в себе черты существительного и глагола и несущая в себе оттенок значения некого процесса: playing – игра; reading – чтение; walking – прогулка.

В русском языке формы, аналогичной герундию, нет. Ближе всего к герундию по смыслу в русском языке – отглагольные существительные с суффиксами -(е) ние, -тие, -ка, -ство и др., а также глаголы в неопределенной форме: singing – пение, петь; rubbing – трение, тереть; waiting – ожидание, ожидать.

Герундий никогда не имеет артикля и формы множественного числа, и этим он отличается от существительного. Различие между существительным с окончанием -ing и герундием заключается в том, что существительное с -ing обозначает предмет, а герундий передает процесс (-ание, -ение):

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Герундий Существительным с окончанием -ing Finding a new method is the only way out. (герундий) Нахождение (чего?) нового метода – единственный выход.

The findings were of great importance. (существительное) Эти находки имели огромное значение.

Формы герундия

Tense

Active

Passive

Simple driving being driven Perfect having driven having been driven

Формы герундия совпадают с формами причастия настоящего времени и перфектного причастия. Simple Gerund выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого. Perfect Gerund выражает действие, которое предшествует действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым. На русский язык герундий переводится существительным, неопределенной формой глагола, деепричастием, глаголом в личной форме или придаточным предложением:

Функции герундия

Функция Пример 1. Подлежащее

Reading gives you knowledge. His having read that article helped him with his term work.

Чтение приносит вам знание. То, что он прочел эту статью, помогло ему с курсовой работой.

2. Часть составного сказуемого

Seeing is believing. Увидеть – значит поверить.

3. Дополнение (прямое, предложное)

He likes reading. The teacher has aimed at teaching students to speak in correct English.

Он любит чтение (читать). Учитель поставил цель научить учащихся правильно говорить на английском языке.

4. Определение (с предлогом of)

The difficulties of rebuilding the plant were successfully overcome.

Трудности, связанные с перестройкой завода, были успешно преодолены.

5. Обстоятельство (с предлогами after, before, on, at, in, by)

You can help him by supporting him.

Вы можете помочь ему тем, что поддержите его.

§ 24. Заглавные буквы в английском языке

Заглавная буква в английском языке используется в следующих случаях:

1. В словах, начинающих предложение, независимо от части речи, к которой относится это слово.

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There is my house. Are you free tomorrow? Yesterday I went shopping.

Это мой дом. Ты свободен завтра? Вчера я ходила за покупками.

2. Личное местоимение I (я) независимо от его места в предложении.

I want to visit this city. Next week I will come back.

Я хочу поехать в этот город. На следующей неделе я возвращаюсь.

3. Все имена собственные (имена и фамилии, названия семей, прозвища людей, клички животных).

This is my friend Richard. The Browns are very friendly. Know-it-all Jane. My cat Alex is very lazy.

Это мой друг Ричард. Семья Браунов очень дружелюбная. Всезнайка Джейн. Мой кот Алекс очень ленивый.

4. Названия дней недели, месяцев и праздников.

We met on Sunday. I was born in January. He likes Christmas.

Мы встретились в воскресенье. Я родился в январе. Он любит Рождество.

5. Названия континентов, стран, городов, улиц и площадей.

Oxford Street is one of the Europe’s busiest shopping streets. Lenin Square in Khabarovsk is the second biggest square in Russia after Moscow’s Red Square.

Оксфорд-стрит – одна из самых оживленных торговых улиц Европы. Площадь Ленина в Хабаровске – вторая по величине площадь в России после Красной площади в Москве.

6. Названия рек, морей, океанов, гор и горных массивов, а также названия планет и астрономических объектов.

The Black Sea affects the climate in Crimea. The Ural Mountains block air from the west, from the European part of Russia. There are about a hundred billion stars in the Milky Way Galaxy.

Черное море оказывает влияние на климат в Крыму. Уральские горы преграждают путь массам воздуха, поступающим с запада, из европейской части России. В галактике Млечный Путь около ста миллиардов звезд.

7. Звания, должности и их сокращения.

We should call Dr James. Have you seen Professor Smith today? Let me introduce you to Mr and Mrs Spoon. Once I have met Prince William in London.

Мы должны позвонить доктору Джеймсу. Ты видел сегодня профессора Смита? Разреши мне представить тебя г-ну и г-же Спун. Однажды я встретилась в Лондоне с принцем Уильямом.

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8. Названия национальностей и языков.

Anna is French. Americans are really proud of their country. Susan can speak Arabic.

Анна – француженка. Американцы очень гордятся своей страной. Сьюзан может говорить по-арабски.

9. Исторические периоды

We watched a film about World War II. Мы посмотрели фильм о Второй мировой войне.

10. Названия газет, журналов, заголовки.

The political views of The Washington Times are described as conservative. The Economist ran a cover headline reading “Indonesia at a Crossroads”.

Политические взгляды «Вашингтон таймс» рассматриваются как консервативные. Журнал опубликовал заголовок, озаглавленный «Индонезия на перепутье».

11. Приветствие и концовка в официальных письмах.

Sincerely yours Best Regards

Искренне ваш С уважением

Lesson 10

§ 25. Условные предложения

Условные предложения или придаточные предложения условия (Conditionals) – это сложноподчиненные предложения, состоящие из главного предложения (Main clause) и придаточного условия (if-clause), которое часто вводится союзом if. Условные предложения используются для описания реальных или нереальных ситуаций.

Zero Conditional – условные предложения нулевого типа

Этот тип показывает условие, которое всегда будет правдой: научные факты, законы природы, общепринятые или очевидные утверждения. Обычно предложения с Zero Conditional переводятся настоящим временем, поскольку они всегда являются правдой.

Условие

Результат

If + Present Simple,

Present Simple

If the temperature rises above zero, Если t0 поднимается выше нуля,

If you heat water, Если нагреть воду,

snow melts. снег тает

it boils. она закипит.

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First Conditional – условные предложения первого типа

Условное предложение первого типа называют еще «реальным» условным, ведь оно показывает действие, которое с большой вероятностью случится, если выполнить условие. Такие предложения описывают ситуацию, которая произойдет в будущем времени.

При построении подобных предложений в русском языке мы используем в условии и в результате будущее время, но в английском только в результате будет будущее время, а в условии – настоящее.

Условие

Результат


Future Simple

If you drink much coffee, Если ты будешь пить много кофе,

If the weather is good, Если погода будет хорошей,

you won’t sleep at night. то не будешь спать ночью.

we will walk our dogs in the park. мы пойдем выгуливать собак в парке.

Second Conditional – условные предложения второго типа

Этот тип условных предложений называется «нереальным настоящим». Он показывает маловероятную или воображаемую ситуацию, которая относится к настоящему или будущему времени. Такая ситуация обычно не соответствует фактам в настоящем. То есть шанс того, что это действие произойдет, невелик, но не исключен совсем.

Условие

Результат

If + Past Simple,

would + V1

If I were a billionaire, Если бы я был миллиардером,

If I lived in the countryside, Если бы я жил за городом,

I would buy an island. я бы купил остров.

I would walk in the forest every day. я бы гулял в лесу каждый день.

Обратите внимание на использование формы were для единственного и множественного числа.

If I were you I would never do this. Если бы я был на твоем месте, я бы никогда этого не сделал.

Third Conditional – условные предложения третьего типа

Третий тип называется «нереальным прошлым». Он выражает сожаление о прошлом. Кроме того, его можно использовать, когда речь идет о хороших событиях, которые произошли в прошлом и положительно повлияли на настоящее.

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Условие

Результат

If + Past Perfect,

would have + V3

If you had listened carefully, Если бы ты внимательно слушал,

If he hadn’t done precise calculations, Если бы он не сделал очень точные расчеты,

you wouldn’t have made mistakes. ты бы не допустил ошибок.

he wouldn’t have made this discovery. он не совершил бы это открытие.

Сводная таблица

Как образуется Тип условного

Условие

Результат Пример

0 Conditional Реальное всегда


Present Simple

If a cat sees a dog, it runs away. – Если кот видит собаку, он убегает.

1st Conditional Реальное настоящее или будущее


Future Simple

If I have a break, I will have a cup of coffee. – Я выпью чашечку кофе, если у меня будет перерыв.

2nd Conditional Маловероятное настоящее или будущее

If + Past Simple,

would + V1

If I had vacation in summer, I would spend it in Athens. – Если бы у меня был отпуск летом, я бы провел его в Афинах.

3rd Conditional Нереальное прошлое

If + Past Perfect,

would have + V3

If we had taken a taxi, we wouldn't have missed the plane. – Если бы мы взяли такси, то не опоздали бы на самолет.

БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК

1. Орловская, И.В. Учебник английского языка для студентов технических

университетов и вузов / И.В. Орловская, Л.С. Самсонова, А.И. Скубриева.

– 10-е изд., перераб. и доп. – М. : Изд-во МГТУ им. Баумана, 2009. – 448 с.

2. Основы технического перевода : учебное пособие / Министерство

образования и науки Российской Федерации, Ульян. гос. техн. ун-т; сост.:

Ю. В. Титова, Т. В. Капустина. – Ульяновск : УлГТУ, 2016. – 169 с.

3. English in Mechanical Engineering : учебное пособие / сост. : Ю.В.

Жукова, Н.Ю. Рогова; Министерство образования и науки РФ, Ульян. гос.

техн. ун-т. – Ульяновск : УлГТУ, 2017. – 176 с.

4. Martin Hewings: Advanced Grammar in Use with Answers and eBook.

A Self-study Reference and Practictice Book. – Third Edition. Cambridge, 2016.

– 296 с.

5. Raymond Murphy: Basic Grammar in Use – The third edition. Cambridge

University Press, 2017. – 272 с.

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