Anadolu'da İlk Modernler Üçağızlı Mağarası İnsanları

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Transcript of Anadolu'da İlk Modernler Üçağızlı Mağarası İnsanları

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Óàc)ý¦ný‹fc"dwnwpcp"xg"{ö¦g{g"gp"{cmýp"mqpwofcmk"D/G"vcdcmcnctý"ctcuýpfcmk"mcvocpnct"Cjoctkcp"qnctcm"vcpýoncpýt0"Dw"mcvocpnctfcp"gnfg"gfkngp"xgtkngt"q"fðpgofg"ugtv"kmnkokp"iðtgeg"{wow&c{ctcm."uýecm"xg"pgonk"dkt"fwtwoc"ignfk)kpk."dkvmk"ðtvöuöpöp"{q)wpnc&vý)ýpý"xg"fgpk¦"ugxk{gukpkp"ikfgtgm"{ömugnfk)kpk"iðuvgtkt0"Cjoctkcp"gpföuvtkuk"fknik"xg{c"fknikekm"ötgvkok"kng"mctcmvgtk¦gfkt0"Fcjc"c&c)ýfcmk"H‒J"vcdcmcnctý"ctcuýpfc"mcncp"vcdcmcnct"kug"Ípeön"Óuv"Rcngqnkvkm"Fðpgo‹g"vctkjngpfktknkt0"Dw"vcdcmcnctfcmk"xgtkngt"{ðtgfg"fcjc"ugtkp"xg"mwtw"dkt"kmnkokp"{c&cpfý)ýpý"xg"fgpk¦kp"cnàcnoc"pgfgpk{ng"oc)ctcpýp"àqm"w¦c)ýpc"mcfct"igtk"àgmknfk)kpk"iðuvgtkt0"Dw"fðpgo"Qtvc"xg"Óuv"Rcngqnkvkm" vc&"cngv" vgmpkmngtkpkp"dkt"ctcfc"mwnncpýnocuý{nc"mctcmvgtk¦gfkt"xg"fknikngtfgp"ötgvkngp"vc&"cngvngt"fcjc"dcumýpfýt0"Óàc)ý¦ný‹fc"Cjoctkcp"xg"Ípeön"Óuv" Rcngqnkvkm" vcdcmcnctý" ctcuýpfc" mcncp"F/G" vcdcmcnctý" kug" dw" kmk" cpc"fðpgo"ctcuýpfc"igàk&" ð¦gnnkmngtk" iðuvgtkt0"Ugfkocpnctýp"gp"cnvýpfc"dwnwpcp"K"vcdcmcuý"kug"oc)ctcpýp"kpucpnct"vctchýpfcp"mwnncpýnoc{cp"k¦qng"vcdcp"vqrtc)ýfýt0"Dw"vcdcmcfc"dðnigfgmk"pgonk"dkt"kmnkokp."uým"qtocpnctýp"xg"{q)wp"dkvmk"ðtvöuöpöp"k¦ngtkpk"{cpuývcp"dwniwnct"ið¦ngpkt0"

Ocmtqumqrkm"ð¦gnnkmngtkpg"iðtg"oc)ctc"ugfkocpnctý"D/K"vcdcmcnctý"qnocm"ö¦gtg"ugmk¦"mönvötgn"ugxk{g{g"xg"dc¦ýnctý"fc"dkt"xg{c"dktmcà"cnv"dktkog"c{týnoý&výt"*D."D3D5."E."E1F."F."G."H."Hc."Hd1He."I."J."J4J5."K+"xg"jgt"dktkuk"hctmný"qtcpfc"cpvtqrqlgpkm"ocn¦gog"kàgtgp."hctmný"fðpgongtg"ckv"35""vcdcmc"vcpýoncpoý&výt"*Mwjp"xf0<"3;;;+0"Vcdcmcnct"igpgnnkmng"ugtvng&ok&"ugfkocp."mön"xg"{wow&cm"mýtoý¦ý"vqrtcmvcp"qnw&ocmvcfýt0"D."E."F."G"vcdcmcnctýpfc"mýtoý¦ý"vqrtcm"c)ýtnýmvcfýt"xg"c¦"qtcpfc"mön"dctýpfýtýt0"Oc)ctc"ugfkocpnctýpýp"dö{öm"qtcpfc"càýmvc"qnocuý"xg"{q)wp"{c)ý&"cnocuý"pgfgpk{ng"dc¦ý"mýuýonctý"c&ýtý"fgtgegfg"ugtvng&gp"dw"vcdcmcnctfcmk"jc{xcp"mgok)k"xg"vc&"cngv"mcnýpvýnctýpýp"{q)wpnwmnctý"fk)gt"vcdcmcnctc"iðtg"fcjc"c¦fýt0"D3D5."H"xg"J"vcdcmcnctý"ðpgonk"okmvctfc"mön"xg"{wow&cm"mýtoý¦ý"vqrtcm"kàgtogmvgfkt0"D3D5"xg"J"vcdcmcnctýpýp"mön"kàgtgp"dðnöongtkpg"ckv"okmtq"oqthqnqlk"àcný&ocnctý."{q)wp"mön"dwnwpcp"ugxk{gngtfg"kpukvw"qecm"mcnýpvýnctýpýp"{gt"cnocfý)ýpý"iðuvgtok&vkt0"Dw"dwniw{c"fc{cpýnctcm"fðpgo"kpucpnctýpýp"mönngtk"dc&mc"dkt"cncpfcp"igvktfkmngtk"uð{ngpgdknkt0

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Tablo 1

Óàc)ý¦ný"Oc)ctcuýVcdcmcnctýpýp

Vctkjngpfktknoguk

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Dgungpog"cocàný"mwnncpýncp"fgpk¦"mcdwmnwnctý"kug"dö{öm"qvàwn"icuvtqrqfnct"qncp"Rcvgnnc"xg"Oqpqfqpvc"vötngtkpfgp"vgtekj"gfknok&vkt0"Dwpnctc"gm"qnctcm"mctcucn"ucn{cpiq¦nct"fc"mwnncpýnoý&výt"*Mwjp"xf0<"422;+0"Ucn{cpiq¦nct"jctkà."fk)gt"vötngt"fcjc"àqm"fkm"{cocàný"mý{ý"mgpctnctýpfc"ið¦ngpogmvgfkt"*Mwjp"xf0<"4223+0"Iöpöoö¦"fgpk¦"mý{ýuýpfc"{c&c{cp"vqrnwonctfc"qnfw)w"ikdk"Cmfgpk¦"mý{ýuýpfc"{c&c{cp"rtgjkuvqtkm"vqrnwonctfc"fc"fgpk¦gn"dgukpngt"ðpgonk"dkt"dgukp"mc{pc)ý"qnw&vwtw{qtfw0"Óàc)ý¦ný"Oc)ctcuý"ucmkpngtkpeg"dgungpogfg"mwnncpýncp"fgpk¦gn"mcdwmnwnct"dö{öm"dq{wvnctý" pgfgpk{ng" vgtekj" gfknok&ngtfkt" xg" igpgnnkmng" qvàwn" xg{c" hknkvtg" {crctcm" dgungpgp" vötngtk" kàgtogmvgfkt0"

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Tablo 2.

Óàc)ý¦ný"Oc)ctcuý‹pfcpDwnwpcp"Jc{xcpMcnýpvýnctý

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Cxeý/vqrnc{ýeý" dkt" {c&co" dkàkokpg" ucjkr" qncp" Óàc)ý¦ný" Oc)ctcuý" ucmkpngtk" dwtcfc" knmdcjct/uqpdcjct" ogxukongtk"ctcuýpfc"mqpcmncoý&nct"xg"mý&"c{nctýpfc"owjvgogngp"fcjc"uýecm"qncp"iöpg{"dðnigngtg"iðà"gvok&ngtfkt0"[cdcp"mgàkuk."cncig{km."mctcec"ikdk"dö{öm"cx"jc{xcpnctý"kng"àgxtgfgp"vqrncfýmnctý"dkvmkngt"cpc"dgukp"mc{pcmnctýfýt0"¼qm"c¦"fc"qnuc"dcným"cxncfýmnctý"xg"fgpk¦"mcdwmnctýpý"vömgvvkmngtk"vgurkv"gfknok&vkt0"Mgokmngt"ö¦gtkpfgmk"vc&"cngv"k¦ngtk"mgokm"knk)k."fkn"xg"dg{pkp"fg"vömgvknfk)kpk"qecm"mcnýpvýnctý"kug"{k{gegmngtkp"rk&ktknoguk"{ýtvýeý"jc{xcpnctfcp"mqtwpoc."ýuýpoc"xg"oc)ctcpýp"pgo"okmvctýpýp"c¦cnvýnocuý"ikdk"cmvkxkvgngtfg"uýmnýmnc"mwnncpýnfýmnctýpý"iðuvgtkt0"Vc&"cngvngtfgmk"mwnncpýo"k¦ngtk"ö¦gtkpfg"{crýncp"cpcnk¦ngt"kug"dc¦ý"cngvngtkp"fgtk"vcdcmncoc"xg"dkvmk"mguog"ikdk"k&ngongtfg"mwnncpýnfý)ýpý"iðuvgtogmvgfkt0"

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Ug›knok3"Mc{pcm›c

Bar-Yosef 2007

Bar-Yosef, O., “Dispersal of Modern Humans in Eurasia: a Cultural Interpretation”, Rethinking the Human Evolution

Revolution New Behavioural and Biological Persperctives of the Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans, P. Mellars, K.

Boyle, O. Bar-Yosef and C. Stringer (eds.), Mcdonald Institute Monographs.

Baykara 2010

Dc{mctc."10."⁄›c0õ¦nõ"Oc0ctcuõ"1pucpnctõpc"Ckv"Fk3ngtkp"Rcngqcpvtqrqnqlkm"Cpcnk¦k."*[c{õpncpocoõ3"Fqmvqtc"Vg¦k0"Cpmctc"⁄pkxgtukvguk."Uqu{cn"Dknkongt"Gpuvkv¯u¯."Cpvtqrqnqlk"Cpcdknko"Fcnõ+0"Cpmctc0"

Baykara 2013

Dc{mctc." 10." ÐJcvc{"Qtvc"Rcngqnkvkm"F…pgo"Vqrnwonctõpfc"Oqdknkvg"xg"[gtng3ko"UkuvgongtkÑ."Cpmctc"⁄pkxgtukvguk"Fkn"xg"Vctkj/Eq0tch{c"Hcm¯nvguk"Fgtikuk0 53(2): 181-199.

Belfen-Cohen ve Bar-Yosef 1999

Dgnhgp/Eqjgp."C0."Q0"Dct/[qugh."ÐVjg"Ngxcpvkpg"Cwtkipcekcp<"82"[gctu"qh"TgugctejÑ."Fqtqv{"Icttqf"cpf"vjg"Rtqitguu"qh"vjg"Rcncgqnkvjke"Uvwfkgu"kp"vjg"Rtgjkuvqtke"Ctejcgqnqi{"qh"vjg"Pgct"Gcuv"cpu"Gwtqrg."Y0"Fcxkgu"cpf"T0"Ejctngu"*gf0+."Qzhqtf<"Qzdqy"Dqqmu0

Eqpfg"xg"C{cnc"4229Eqpfg."E0"L0."H0"L0"C{cnc."Human Evolution Trails from the past,"Qzhqtf<"Qzhqtf"Wpkxgtukv{"Rtguu0

D’Errico ve fk00"4227FÓGttkeq"H."E0"Jgpujknyqqf."O0"Xcpjcgtgp."M0"xcp"Pkgmgtm."“Nassarius Kraussianus"Ujgnn"Dgcfu"htqo"Dnqodqu"Ecxg<"Gxkfgpeg"hqt"U{odqnke"Dgjcxkqwtkp"vjg"Okffng"Uvqpg"CigÑ."Journal of Human Evolution, 48: 3-24.

D’Errico ve fk00"422;FÓGttkeq"H."O0"Xcpjcgtgp."P0"Dctvqp."C0"Dqw¦qwiict."J0"Okgpku."F0"Tkejvgt." L0L0"Jwdnkp." U0R0"OeRjgttqp." R0"Nq¦qwgv."ÐCffkvkqpcn"Gxkfgpeg"qp"vjg"Wug"qh"Rgtuqpcn"Qtpcogpvu"kp"vjg"Okffng"Rcngqnkvjke"qh"Pqtvj"ChtkecÑ."RPCU0"328*5:+<"38273/382780

Güleç ve fk00 422:I¯ng›"G0."U0"N0"Mwjp."O0"E0"Uvkpgt." 10"£¦gt."O0"Uc0õt."E0"Gtmocp."C0"C›õmmqn." 10"Dc{mctc."Ð4228/4229"[õnnctõ"⁄›c0õ¦nõ"Oc0ctcuõ"Mc¦õnctõÑ."520"Mc¦õ"Uqpw›nctõ"Vqrncpvõuõ."6"*Cpmctc."48/52"Oc{õu"422:+."455/465."Cpmctc<"V0E0"M¯nv¯t"Dcmcpnõ0õ0"

Güleç xg"fk00"422;I¯ng›"G0."10"Dc{mctc."10"£¦gt."O0"Uc0õt."C0"C›õmmqn."C0E0"Gtmocp."J0"[õnoc¦."Ð422:"[õnõ"⁄›c0õ¦nõ"Oc0ctcuõ"Mc¦õuõÑ."530"Mc¦õ"Uqpw›nctõ"Vqrncpvõuõ."3*"Fgpk¦nk."47/4;"Oc{õu"422;+."343/354"Cpmctc<"V0E0"M¯nv¯t"Dcmcpnõ0õ0

Jgpujknyqqf"xg"fk00"4223Jgpujknyqqf."E0"U."H0"fÓGttkeq."E0"Y0"Octgcp."T0"I0"Oknq"xg"T0"[cvgu."ÐCp"Gctn{"Dqpg"Vqqn"Kpfwuvt{"htqo"vjg"Okffng"Uvqpg"Cig"cv"Dnqodqu"Ecxg."Uqwvj"Chtkec<"Kornkecvkqpu"hqt"vjg"Qtkikpu"qh"Oqfgtp"Jwocp"Dgjcxkqwt."U{odqnkuo"cpf"NcpiwcigÑ."Journal of Human Evolution,"63<"853Î89:0

Krings xg"fk00 1997

Mtkpiu."O0"C0."T0"Y0"Uvqpg."O0"Mtckpkv¦mk."O0"Uvqpgmkpi."U0"Rccdq."ÐPgcpfgtvjcn"FPC"Ugswgpegu"cpf"vjg"Qtkikp"qh"Oqfgtp"Humans”, Cell, 90: 19-30.

Kuhn xg"fk00 1999

Mwjp"U0"N0."O0"E0"Uvkpgt."G0"I¯ng›."ÐKpkvkcn"Wrrgt"Rcngqnkvjke"kp"Uqwvj/"Egpvtcn"Vwtmg{"cpf"Kvu"Tgikqpcn"Eqpvgzv<"C"Rtgnkokpct{"TgrqtvÑ.""Cpvkswkv{0"95*4:3+<"727Î7390

Kuhn xg"fk00 2001

Mwjp"U0"N0."O0"E0"Uvkpgt."F0"U0"Tggug."G0"I¯ng›."ÐQtpcogpvu"qh" vjg"Gctnkguv"Wrrgt"Rcngqnkvjke<"Pgy"Kpukijvu"Htqo"vjg"NgxcpvÑ."RPCU.";:*35+<"9863/98680

Kuhn xg"fk00"2004

Mwjp."U0"N0."O0"E0"Uvkpgt."G0"I¯ng›."ÐPgy"Rgturgevkxgu"qp"vjg"Kpkvkcn"Wrrgt"Rcngqnkvjke" "Vjg"Xkgy"htqo"⁄›c0õ¦nõ"Ecxg."Vwtmg{Ñ." Gctn{"Wrrgt" Rcngqnkvjke" Dg{qpf"Yguvgtp" Gwtqrg." L0" R0" Dtcpvkpijco."P0" L0" Gykpi" *gfu0+."WUC<"Wpkxgtukv{" qh"California Press.

Kuhn xg"fk00"2009

Mwjp."U0"N0."O0"E0"Uvkpgt."G0"I¯ng›."10"£¦gt."J0"[õnoc¦."10"Dc{mctc."C0"C›õmmqn."R0"Iqnfdgti."M0"O0"Oqnkpc."G0"⁄pc{."H0"Uwcvc/Cnrcuncp."ÐVjg"Gctn{"Wrrgt"Rcngqnkvjke"Qeewrcvkqpu"cv"⁄›c0õ¦nõ"Ecxg"*Jcvc{."Vwtmg{+Ñ0 Journal of Human Evolution,

78<":9Î3350

Ngykp"xg"Hqng{"4226Ngykp."T0."T0"C0"Hqng{."Principle of Human Evolution, Ugeqpf"Gfkvkqp."Qzhqtf<"Dncemygnn"Rwdnkujkpi0

Ngykp"4227Ngykp."T0."Human Evolution: an Illustrated Introduction,"Hkhvj"Gfkvkqp."Qzhqtf<"Dncemygnn"Rwdnkujkpi0

Tgngvjhqtf"422:Tgngvjhqtf."L0"J0."ÐIgpgvke"Gxkfgpeg"cpf"Oqfgtp"Jwocp"Qtkikpu"FgdcvgÑ."Jgtgfkv{."322<"777/7850

Stiner xg"fk00"2013

Uvkpgt."O0"E0."U0"N0"Mwjp."G0"I¯ng›."ÐGctn{"Wrrgt"Rcngqnkvjke"Ujgnn"Dgcfu"cv"⁄›c0õ¦nõ"Ecxg"K"*Vwtmg{+<"Vgejpqnqi{"cpf"vjg"Uqekqgeqpqoke"Eqpvgzv"qh"Qtpcogpv"Nkhg/JkuvqtkguÑ."Journal of Human Evolution,"86<"5:2/5;:0