ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA,...

13
101 SAGVNTVM (P.L.A.V.) 45, 2013: 101 - 113 ISSN: 0210-3729 ISSN online: 2174-517X DOI: 10.7203/SAGVNTVM.45.1978 Texto recibido el 20/11/2012 Texto aceptado el 28/01/2013 2V WUDEDOKRV DUTXHROyJLFRV TXH GHFRUUHUDP QR &DV- WHOR GH &DVWUR 0DULP ÀJ H TXH WRWDOL]DP GH] FDP- panhas de trabalho de campo, permitiram obter muitos GDGRV VREUH D VXD RFXSDomR GXUDQWH R PLOpQLR DQH concretamente sobre a da Idade do Ferro (Arruda 1995; 1996; 1997; 1999-2000; 2000; 2003; 2005; Freitas 2005; Arruda et al. 2006; Oliveira 2006; Arruda et al. 2007; Arruda e Freitas 2008; Oliveira 2008; Arruda et al. 2009; Sousa 2009). (VVHV GDGRV LQFOXHP RV TXH VH UHIHUHP j DUTXLWHFWXUD H j FXOWXUD PDWHULDO H HVWmR PDWHULDOL]DGRV HP FRQVWUXo}HV GH GLYHUVD IXQFLRQDOLGDGH H QXP FRQMXQWR DUWHIDFWXDO PXL- WR H[WHQVR TXH HQJORED FHUkPLFDV PHWDLV YLGURV H OtWLFRV $ UHFROKD GH RXWURV HOHPHQWRV FRQFUHWDPHQWH IDXQtVWLFRV DQWUDFROyJLFRV H FDUSROyJLFRV FRQWULEXLX SDUD HVWDEHOHFHU SDGU}HV FRPSRUWDPHQWDLV GD FRPXQLGDGH KXPDQD TXH KD- ELWRX QR ORFDO H SDUD DMXGDU D HVFODUHFHU KiELWRV GH FRQVX- mo e dietas alimentares. $ GLDFURQLD GD RFXSDomR GD ,GDGH GR )HUUR GR &DVWHOR GH &DVWUR 0DULP IRL HVWDEHOHFLGD WHQGR HP FRQVLGHUDomR D VHTXrQFLD HVWUDWLJUiÀFD observada e, naturalmente, os espólios recolhidos nessa mesma sequência. Com base nesses dados, foram já apresentadas propostas de DWULEXLomR FURQROyJLFD jV TXDWUR IDVHV GH RFXSDomR VLGpULFD TXH SXGHPRV FDUDFWHUL]DU WDPEpP UHODWLYDPHQWH DRV HVSyOLRV H j DUTXLWHFWXUD $ UHFROKD GH PDWHULDO RUJkQLFR HP WRGRV RV QtYHLV GD VHTXrQFLD HVWUDWLJUiÀFD SHUPLWLX REWHU GDWDo}HV DEVROXWDV HIHFWXDGDV VREUH FDUY}HV H IDXQDV PDODFROyJLFDV 1HVWH WUDEDOKR RV GDGRV GD FURQRORJLD GH UDGLRFDUERQR REWLGRV VmR DSUHVHQWDGRV VHQGR FUX]DGRV H GLVFXWLGRV FRP RV TXH RV UHVWDQWHV HOHPHQWRV SRVVLELOLWDUDP $ UHODomR HQWUH DV GDWDo}HV GH 14 & H DV REWLGDV SHOD DQiOLVH PRUIROyJLFD GRV HVSyOLRV UHFROKLGRV DR ORQJR GD VHTXrQFLD HVWUDWLJUiÀFD permite estabelecer bases consideravelmente mais sólidas para a evolução diacrónica da Idade do Ferro do Castelo de Castro Marim. Palavras-chave &URQRORJLD ,GDGH GR )HUUR 5DGLRFDUERQR &DVWUR 0DULP 3RUWXJDO THE IRON AGE CHRONOLOGY (RELATIVE AND RADIOCARBON) OF THE CASTELO OF PORTO MARIM 7KH ,URQ $JH GLDFKURQ\ RI &DVWUR 0DULP RFFXSDWLRQ KDV EHHQ HVWDEOLVKHG ZLWK WKH VWUDWLJUDSKLF VHTXHQFH DQG WKH PDWHULDOV UHFRYHUHG LQ WKH GLIIHUHQW OHYHOV %DVHG RQ WKHVH GDWD ZH KDYH DOUHDG\ SUHVHQWHG FKURQRORJLFDO SURSRVDOV IRU WKH IRXU SKDVHV ZKLFK ZH FRXOG DOVR FKDUDFWHUL]H LQ UHODWLRQ ZLWK DUFKLWHFWXUDO SODQV DQG ZLWK WKH DUFKDHRORJLFDO PDWHULDOV 7KH FROOHFWLRQ RI RUJDQLF PDWHULDO DW DOO OHYHOV RI WKH VWUDWLJUDSKLF sequence allowed us to obtain absolute dates, carried out on shells and charcoals. ,Q WKLV ZRUN WKH GDWD IURP WKH UDGLRFDUERQ FKURQRORJ\ DUH SUHVHQWHG DQG GLVFXVVHG E\ WKHPVHOYHV DQG UHODWHG ZLWK WKH RWKHUV 7KH UHODWLRQVKLS between the 14 & GDWHV DQG WKRVH REWDLQHG E\ PRUSKRORJLFDO DQDO\VLV RI WKH PDWHULDOV FROOHFWHG DORQJ WKH VWUDWLJUDSKLF VHTXHQFH EULQJ PRUH VROLG EDVHV WR DQDO\]H WKH GLDFKURQLF HYROXWLRQ RI &DVWUR 0DULP ,URQ $JH Key words &KURQRORJ\ ,URQ $JH 5DGLRFDUERQ &DVWUR 0DULP 3RUWXJDO A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS, PAULO J. C. PORTELA

Transcript of ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA,...

101

SAGVNTVM (P.L.A.V.) 45, 2013: 101 - 113

ISSN: 0210-3729

ISSN online: 2174-517X

DOI: 10.7203/SAGVNTVM.45.1978

Texto recibido el 20/11/2012

Texto aceptado el 28/01/2013

2V�WUDEDOKRV�DUTXHROyJLFRV�TXH�GHFRUUHUDP�QR�&DV-WHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP��ÀJ������H�TXH�WRWDOL]DP�GH]�FDP-

panhas de trabalho de campo, permitiram obter muitos

GDGRV�VREUH�D�VXD�RFXSDomR�GXUDQWH�R����PLOpQLR�D�Q�H���concretamente sobre a da Idade do Ferro (Arruda 1995;

1996; 1997; 1999-2000; 2000; 2003; 2005; Freitas

2005; Arruda et al. 2006; Oliveira 2006; Arruda et al. 2007; Arruda e Freitas 2008; Oliveira 2008; Arruda et al. 2009; Sousa 2009).

(VVHV�GDGRV�LQFOXHP�RV�TXH�VH�UHIHUHP�j�DUTXLWHFWXUD�H�j�FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO��H�HVWmR�PDWHULDOL]DGRV�HP�FRQVWUXo}HV�GH�GLYHUVD�IXQFLRQDOLGDGH�H�QXP�FRQMXQWR�DUWHIDFWXDO�PXL-WR�H[WHQVR��TXH�HQJORED�FHUkPLFDV��PHWDLV��YLGURV�H�OtWLFRV��$�UHFROKD�GH�RXWURV�HOHPHQWRV��FRQFUHWDPHQWH�IDXQtVWLFRV��DQWUDFROyJLFRV�H�FDUSROyJLFRV��FRQWULEXLX�SDUD�HVWDEHOHFHU�SDGU}HV�FRPSRUWDPHQWDLV�GD�FRPXQLGDGH�KXPDQD�TXH�KD-ELWRX�QR�ORFDO�H�SDUD�DMXGDU�D�HVFODUHFHU�KiELWRV�GH�FRQVX-

mo e dietas alimentares.

$�GLDFURQLD�GD�RFXSDomR�GD�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRL�HVWDEHOHFLGD�WHQGR�HP�FRQVLGHUDomR�D�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�observada e, naturalmente, os espólios recolhidos nessa mesma sequência. Com base nesses dados, foram já apresentadas propostas de DWULEXLomR�FURQROyJLFD�jV�TXDWUR�IDVHV�GH�RFXSDomR�VLGpULFD�TXH�SXGHPRV�FDUDFWHUL]DU�WDPEpP�UHODWLYDPHQWH�DRV�HVSyOLRV�H�j�DUTXLWHFWXUD��$�UHFROKD�GH�PDWHULDO�RUJkQLFR�HP�WRGRV�RV�QtYHLV�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�SHUPLWLX�REWHU�GDWDo}HV�DEVROXWDV��HIHFWXDGDV�VREUH�FDUY}HV�H�IDXQDV�PDODFROyJLFDV��1HVWH�WUDEDOKR��RV�GDGRV�GD�FURQRORJLD�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR�REWLGRV�VmR�DSUHVHQWDGRV��VHQGR�FUX]DGRV�H�GLVFXWLGRV�FRP�RV�TXH�RV�UHVWDQWHV�HOHPHQWRV�SRVVLELOLWDUDP��$�UHODomR�HQWUH�DV�GDWDo}HV�GH�14&�H�DV�REWLGDV�SHOD�DQiOLVH�PRUIROyJLFD�GRV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�DR�ORQJR�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�permite estabelecer bases consideravelmente mais sólidas para a evolução diacrónica da Idade do Ferro do Castelo de Castro Marim.

Palavras-chave��&URQRORJLD��,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��5DGLRFDUERQR��&DVWUR�0DULP��3RUWXJDO�

THE IRON AGE CHRONOLOGY (RELATIVE AND RADIOCARBON) OF THE CASTELO OF PORTO MARIM

7KH�,URQ�$JH�GLDFKURQ\�RI�&DVWUR�0DULP�RFFXSDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG�ZLWK�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�VHTXHQFH�DQG�WKH�PDWHULDOV�UHFRYHUHG�LQ�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�OHYHOV��%DVHG�RQ�WKHVH�GDWD�ZH�KDYH�DOUHDG\�SUHVHQWHG�FKURQRORJLFDO�SURSRVDOV�IRU�WKH�IRXU�SKDVHV��ZKLFK�ZH�FRXOG�DOVR�FKDUDFWHUL]H�LQ�UHODWLRQ�ZLWK�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�SODQV�DQG�ZLWK�WKH�DUFKDHRORJLFDO�PDWHULDOV��7KH�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�RUJDQLF�PDWHULDO�DW�DOO�OHYHOV�RI�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�sequence allowed us to obtain absolute dates, carried out on shells and charcoals.,Q�WKLV�ZRUN��WKH�GDWD�IURP�WKH�UDGLRFDUERQ�FKURQRORJ\�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�DQG�GLVFXVVHG�E\�WKHPVHOYHV�DQG�UHODWHG�ZLWK�WKH�RWKHUV��7KH�UHODWLRQVKLS�between the 14&�GDWHV�DQG�WKRVH�REWDLQHG�E\�PRUSKRORJLFDO�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�PDWHULDOV�FROOHFWHG�DORQJ�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�VHTXHQFH�EULQJ�PRUH�VROLG�EDVHV�WR�DQDO\]H�WKH�GLDFKURQLF�HYROXWLRQ�RI�&DVWUR�0DULP�,URQ�$JH�

Key words��&KURQRORJ\��,URQ�$JH��5DGLRFDUERQ��&DVWUR�0DULP��3RUWXJDO�

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO

SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS,

CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS, PAULO J. C. PORTELA

102

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

$V� VHTXrQFLDV� HVWUDWLJUiÀFDV� REWLGDV�� EHP� FRPR��QDWXUDOPHQWH��RV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�GLYHUVDV�XQL-GDGHV� GHVVD�PHVPD� VHTXrQFLD�� SRVVLELOLWDUDP� D� GLIH-

UHQFLDomR�GH�TXDWUR�IDVHV�FRQVWUXWLYDV�SDUD�D�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��GD�,,�j�9���WHQGR�R�IDVHDPHQWR�GDV�FRQVWUXo}HV�H�D�SUySULD�FURQRORJLD�SURSRVWD�SDUD�HVVH�IDVHDPHQWR�sido elaborados tendo em consideração as tipologias

GRV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�XQLGDGHV�TXH�OKHV�HVWDYDP�associadas.

$V�IDXQDV��TXHU�PDPDOyJLFDV��TXHU�PDODFROyJLFDV��H�RV�FDUY}HV�SHUPLWLUDP��SRU�RXWUR�ODGR��D�REWHQomR�GH�GD-WDo}HV�UDGLRPpWULFDV�SDUD�D�WRWDOLGDGH�GR�UHIHULGR�IDVHD-mento, concretamente para as Fases II, III, IV e V.

$�H[LVWrQFLD�GH�XPD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�GH�FRQ-

VLGHUiYHO� SRWrQFLD� H� H[WHQVmR�� TXH� SHUPLWH� D� OHLWXUD� GH�FURQRORJLDV�UHODWLYDV��RV�GDGRV�TXH�D�UDGLRPHWULD�SURSRU-FLRQRX�H�D�LQWHJUDomR�FURQR�WLSROyJLFD�GH�HVSyOLRV�IRUQH-FHP�� FRQMXQWDPHQWH�� LQIRUPDomR� TXH� SRGH� H� GHYH� VHU�GLVFXWLGD�GH�IRUPD�JOREDO�H�LQWHJUDGD�

)LJ�����/RFDOL]DomR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�QR�WHUULWyULR�SRUWXJXrV�

Fig. 2. Datas convencionais de radiocarbono para Castro Marim.

* Olea europaea+Arbutus unedo+Pinus pinea+)UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIR-lia. ** Fraxinus sp.+Olea europaea. *** Pinus pinea+Quercus coccifera+Olea europaea. **** Cerastoderma edule+Venerupis decussata+Ensis siliqua. a Fracção intermédia da amostra.

103

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

A CRONOLOGIA ABSOLUTA

'LYHUVDV�DPRVWUDV��GH�GRLV� WLSRV�²GD�ELRVIHUD�PDUL-nha (conchas de Venerupis decussata, Cerastoderma edule, Donax trunculu, Ensis siliqua e de Glycymeris sp.)

H�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH��IDXQD�PDPDOyJLFD�QmR�LGHQWLÀFD-da ou madeira de Pinus pinea, Olea europaea, Arbutus unedo, Fraxinus sp. e Quercus coccifera)– provenientes

GD�LQWHUYHQomR�DUTXHROyJLFD�GH�FDPSR�OHYDGD�D�HIHLWR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRUDP�GDWDGDV�SHOR�UDGLRFDUERQR��$V�GDWDV�

convencionais obtidas, calculadas segundo as recomen-

GDo}HV� GH� 6WXLYHU� H� 3RODFK� �������� HQFRQWUDP�VH� QR�4XDGUR�,��DFRPSDQKDGDV�GH�DOJXQV�GDGRV�MXOJDGRV�SHUWL-QHQWHV��GHVLJQDGDPHQWH�GD�UHVSHFWLYD�SURYHQLrQFLD�H�GR�YDORU�GR�IUDFFLRQDPHQWR�LVRWySLFR�HP�13C.

Normalmente, as datas de radiocarbono e os valores de

ƣ13&�REWLGRV�D�SDUWLU�GDV�GHVLJQDGDV�IUDFo}HV�LQWHUPpGLDV�das amostras de conchas servem apenas para avaliar da

ÀDELOLGDGH�GDV�GDWDV�GHWHUPLQDGDV�FRP�DV�IUDFo}HV�LQWHUQDV�das respectivas amostras, tomando-se em linha de conta,

Fig. 3. Datação por 14C de pares de amostras coevas (conchas de origem marinha / ossos) provenientes de Castro Marim. Determinação

GRV�YDORUHV�GR�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��Ƌ5��H�GD�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��5�W���a�2XWOLHU��QmR�XWLOL]DGR�SDUD�R�FiOFXOR�GH��Ƌ5��

104

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

em cálculos e raciocínios posteriores, somente o valor da

GDWD�REWLGD�FRP�D�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD��$VVLP��DQDOLVDQGR�R�SDU��6DF���������������%3��6DF���������������%3��YHULÀFD-�VH�TXH�R�YDORU�GD�GDWD�GD�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD�QmR�VH�GLIHUHQFLD�HVWDWLVWLFDPHQWH��SDUD���Ʊ��GR�YDORU�GD�GDWD�GD�IUDFomR�LQ-

WHUPpGLD��HVWDQGR�RV�YDORUHV�GH�ƣ13C dentro do esperado

SDUD� D� FRPSRVLomR� LVRWySLFD� GH� FRQFKDV�PDULQKDV�� SHOR�TXH� VH�GHYHUi�DWULEXLU�XPD�ERD�ÀDELOLGDGH�j�GDWD�REWLGD�FRP�D�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��HP�&DVWUR�0DULP��DV�datas obtidas com amostras constituídas por Glycymeris

são, invariavelmente, 700 a 1000 anos 14C mais antigas do

TXH�DV�REWLGDV�FRP�RXWUDV�FRQFKDV�SURYHQLHQWHV�GRV�PHV-PRV�FRQWH[WRV��HODV� WHUmR�VLGR�XWLOL]DGDV�H[FOXVLYDPHQWH�SDUD�FRQFUHWL]DU�SDYLPHQWRV�H�QmR�SDUD�VHUHP�FRQVXPLGDV���SHOR�TXH�QmR� VH�SRGH�HVWDEHOHFHU�XPD�FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD�HQWUH�HVVDV�GDWDV�H�RV�FRQWH[WRV�DUTXHROyJLFRV�GRQGH�SUR-

YrP�H�TXH�VH�SUHWHQGLD�GDWDU�

&RPR�VH� VDEH��R� UHVHUYDWyULR�JHRTXtPLFR�PDULQKR�p�GHÀFLHQWH�HP�UDGLRFDUERQR�FRPSDUDGR�FRP�D�DWPRVIHUD�²�então, existe uma idade 14&�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��LVWR�p��H[LVWH�XPD�GLIHUHQoD�GH�LGDGHV�GH�14&�HQWUH�DPRVWUDV�FRQWHPSRUk-neas contendo carbono de origem marinha, umas, e carbono

de origem terrestre, as outras. Segundo Stuiver et al. (1986),

D�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��5�W���SRGH�VHU�GHÀQLGD�FRPR�D�GLIH-rença entre datas convencionais de radiocarbono de um par

GH�DPRVWUDV�FRHYDV�TXH�VH�IRUPDUDP�HP�GLIHUHQWHV�UHVHUYD-WyULRV�JHRTXtPLFRV�GR�FDUERQR��RFHDQR�H�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH��por exemplo). R(t) é dependente do tempo, devido a varia-

o}HV�GR�WHRU�HP�14&�QD�DWPRVIHUD��H�YDULD�GH�UHJLmR�SDUD�UH-JLmR�PDULQKD�� GHYLGR� j�PLVWXUD� GH� GLIHUHQWHV� PDVVDV� GH�

Fig. 4. Calibração das datas convencionais de radiocarbono para

&DVWUR�0DULP�� &DOLEUDomR� HIHFWXDGD� ID]HQGR� XVR� GDV� FXUYDV� ,QW-Cal09 e Marine09 (Reimer et al. 2009), respectivamente para as

GDWDV�GDV�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH�H�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD��H�GR�SURJUDPD� 2[&DO� ������ �%URQN� 5DPVH\� ������ ������� 8WLOL]RX�VH�SDUD�Ƌ5�R�YDORU�GH� �������DQRV� 14C. a Olea europaea + Arbutus unedo + Pinus pinea + )UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD. b Pinus pinea + Quer-cus coccifera + Olea europaea. c Cerastoderma edule + Venerupis decussata + Ensis siliqua. )LJ�����5HSUHVHQWDomR�JUiÀFD�GDV�GLVWULEXLo}HV�GH�SUREDELOLGDGH�GDV�

GDWDV�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR�FDOLEUDGDV�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP��SDUD�D�TXDO�VH�IH]�XVR�GDV�FXUYDV�,QW&DO���H�0DULQH����5HLPHU�et al. 2009) e do

SURJUDPD�2[&DO��������%URQN�5DPVH\��������EHP�FRPR�GR�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�UHIHULGR�QR�WH[WR��$�QHJUR�²�GDWDV�VREUH�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELR-

VIHUD�WHUUHVWUH��D�JULV�²�GDWDV�VREUH�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD�

105

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

iJXD��DR�UHJLPH�GH�YHQWRV��j�EDWLPHWULD�H�DR�XSZHOOLQJ (e

ao GRZQZHOOLQJ���&RQVLGHUDQGR�HVWHV�IDFWRV��6WXLYHU�et al. �������PRGHODUDP�D�UHVSRVWD�GR�RFHDQR�JOREDO�jV�YDULD-o}HV�GDV�FRQFHQWUDo}HV�DWPRVIpULFDV�GR�14C. Dessa mode-

lação resultaram as curvas de calibração para as datas de

DPRVWUDV�PDULQKDV�� 'HYLGR� j� YDULDELOLGDGH� UHJLRQDO� GDV�FRQGLo}HV�RFHDQRJUiÀFDV��H[LVWH�XPD�GLIHUHQoD�GR�WHRU�HP�14&�HQWUH�D�iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GH�XPD�GHWHUPLQDGD�UHJLmR�H�D�iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GR�RFHDQR�FRQVLGHUDGR�FRPR�XP�WRGR�H��SRU�LVVR��GHÀQH�VH�XP�SDUkPHWUR�GHQRPLQDGR�Ƌ5��HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�PDULQKR�UHJLRQDO�SDUD�R�UDGLRFDUERQR���R�TXDO�PDLV�QmR�p�TXH�D�GLIHUHQoD�HQWUH�D�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWy-

ULR�GD�iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GR�RFHDQR�UHJLRQDO�H�D�LGDGH�GH�UH-VHUYDWyULR�GD� iJXD� VXSHUÀFLDO�GR�RFHDQR�JOREDO��3DUD� VH�converterem em datas de calendário solar as datas conven-

cionais de radiocarbono determinadas a partir de organis-

PRV�PDULQKRV�p�QHFHVViULR�FDOFXODU�R�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5��LVWR�p��R�YDORU�GR�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�PDULQKR�SDUD�D�UHJLmR�HP�TXH�RFRUUHX�D�FROKHLWD�GHVVHV�RUJDQLVPRV�TXDQGR�YLYRV��2�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5�p��PXLWDV�YH]HV��FDOFXODGR�GDWDQGR�SHOR�14C

SDUHV�GH�DPRVWUDV�GD�PHVPD�LGDGH��PDV�GH�GLIHUHQWH�RUL-gem (terrestre e marinha), convertendo a data da amostra

WHUUHVWUH�QXPD�LGDGH�PDULQKD�D�SDUWLU�GR�PRGHOR�DWUiV�UHIH-ULGR�H��SRU�ÀP��VXEWUDLQGR�HVVD�LGDGH�PDULQKD�PRGHODGD�GD�data de 14&�GD�DPRVWUD�PDULQKD�GR�SDU��6WXLYHU�H�%UD]LXQDV��������&RQWUDULDPHQWH�j�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�5�W���TXH�p�GHSHQGHQWH�GR�WHPSR��Ƌ5�QmR�R�p��D�QmR�VHU�TXH�RFRUUD�DOJXPD� YDULDomR� GDV� FRQGLo}HV� RFHDQRJUiÀFDV� UHVWULWD� j�região do oceano em causa. Isso acontece, na maior parte

GRV� FDVRV�� HP� UHJL}HV� DIHFWDGDV� SHOR� IHQyPHQR� GH�XSZHOOLQJ��8PD�YH]� TXH� DV� WD[DV� GR�XSZHOOLQJ regional

podem variar ao longo do tempo e a intensidade do empo-

brecimento em 14&� GDV� iJXDV� VXSHUÀFLDLV� GHSHQGH� GD�maior ou menor actividade do XSZHOOLQJ��D�TXDO�JHUDOPHQ-

WH�HVWi�UHODFLRQDGD�FRP�R�YDULiYHO�VLVWHPD�DHUROyJLFR�SUH-YDOHFHQWH�QHVVD�UHJLmR��HQWmR�p�H[SHFWiYHO�TXH�R�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5� WDPEpP� YDULH� DR� ORQJR� GR� WHPSR� �$VFRXJK� et al. ������,QJUDP�������.HQQHWW�et al. 1997; Soares 1993; So-

ares e Dias 2006; 2007; Soares e Martins 2010). Valores

DOWRV�GH�Ƌ5��SDUD�HVVDV�UHJL}HV��SRGHP�QRUPDOPHQWH�VHU�FRUUHODFLRQDGRV�FRP�D�H[LVWrQFLD�GH�XP�XSZHOOLQJ intenso,

DR�SDVVR�TXH�YDORUHV�EDL[RV�RX�QXORV�LQGLFLDP�TXH��SDUD�essa época, o XSZHOOLQJ�HUD�IUDFR�RX��PHVPR��LQH[LVWHQWH�

)HOL]PHQWH��GD�LQWHUYHQomR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP��UHVXOWD-UDP� GLYHUVRV� SDUHV� GH� DPRVWUDV� DVVRFLDGDV� GH� GLIHUHQWH�UHVHUYDWyULR�GH�RULJHP��R�TXH�SHUPLWLX�D�GHWHUPLQDomR�GR�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5�DSOLFiYHO�QD�FDOLEUDomR�GDV�GDWDV�GH�UDGLRFDU-bono obtidas a partir de conchas marinhas recolhidas neste

VtWLR�DUTXHROyJLFR�H�TXH�ÀJXUDP�QR�4XDGUR�,��$�GHWHUPL-QDomR�GRV�YDORUHV�GH�Ƌ5�H�5�W��D�SDUWLU�GHVVHV�SDUHV�HQFRQ-

WUD�VH� LQGLFDGD� QR� 4XDGUR� ,,�� 1RWH�VH� TXH� DV� GDWDV� GDV�amostras de Glycymeris�QmR�IRUDP�WRPDGDV�HP�FRQVLGHUD-omR��SHORV�PRWLYRV� Mi� DWUiV� H[SRVWRV��2�PHVPR� VXFHGHX�com a data Sac-2444, determinada a partir de uma mistura

GH�PDGHLUD�FDUERQL]DGD�GH�Fraxinus e Olea��H�FXMR�YDORU�se tem de considerar aberrante, tendo em conta os outros

valores obtidos para a Fase III. O valor médio ponderado

GH�Ƌ5�p�GH��������DQRV�14&��R�TXDO�VH�GHYHUi�XWLOL]DU�QD�FDOLEUDomR�GDTXHODV�GDWDV�ID]HQGR�XVR�GD�FXUYD�0DULQH���(Reimer et al. 2009).

1DV�ÀJXUDV���H����HQFRQWUDP�VH�DV�GDWDV�FDOLEUDGDV�(com excepção das consideradas aberrantes) através das

curvas IntCal09 e Marine09 (Reimer et al. 2009), para

DV�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH�H�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD��UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH��)H]�VH��WDPEpP��XVR�GR�SURJUDPD�2[-

&DO��������%URQN�5DPVH\�������H�GH�XP�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�

)LJ�����3HUÀV�HVWUDWLJUiÀFRV�FRP�DV�XQLGDGHV�GH�UHFROKD�GDV�DPRV-WUDV�VXMHLWDV�D�GDWDomR�SRU�UDGLRFDUERQR�

106

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

HP�TXH�DV�GLVWULEXLo}HV�GH�SUREDELOLGDGH�GDV�GDWDV�FDOL-EUDGDV� IRUDP� FRQGLFLRQDGDV� SHOD� SRVLomR� HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�GDV�DPRVWUDV�VREUH�DV�TXDLV�IRUDP�REWLGDV��)D]�VH�QRWDU�TXH�VH�HVWi�QXP�WURoR�GD�FXUYD�GH�FDOLEUDomR�FRQKHFLGR�como a catástrofe da Idade do Ferro��HP�TXH��SRU�PDLRU�TXH�VHMD�D�SUHFLVmR�GD�GDWD�FRQYHQFLRQDO�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR��D�LQFHUWH]D�DVVRFLDGD�j�GDWD�FDOLEUDGD�p�VHPSUH�JUDQGH��$�XWLOL]DomR� GH� XPD� HVWDWtVWLFD� ED\HVLDQD� SHUPLWH� UHGX]LU�SDUWH�GHVVD�LQFHUWH]D�

FASEAMENTO DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA

A FASE II

2�LQtFLR�GD�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP�HVWi�GHÀ-

FLHQWHPHQWH�FDUDFWHUL]DGR�GR�SRQWR�GH�YLVWD�DUTXLWHFWy-

QLFR��R�TXH�UHVXOWD�GD�HVFDVVD�SUHVHUYDomR�GRV�UHVSHFWLYRV�

YHVWtJLRV��$LQGD� DVVLP�� IRL� SRVVtYHO� LGHQWLÀFDU�XPD�iUHD�HGLÀFDGD��RULHQWDGD�QR�VHQWLGR�(�2��TXH�PRVWUD�Mi�D�SOHQD�DGRSomR�GH�DUTXLWHFWXUD�RUWRJRQDO��$UUXGD�et al. 2007).

$�EDL[HOD�FHUkPLFD�DVVRFLDGD�D�HVWH�SULPHLUR�PRPHQWR�GH� pSRFD� VLGpULFD� p� GRPLQDGD�SHODV�SURGXo}HV�PDQXDLV��RQGH�DV�IRUPDV�DEHUWDV�FRQWLQXDP�D�VHU�PDLRULWiULDV��GH-YHQGR�GHVWDFDU�VH�R�HVPDJDGRU�GRPtQLR�GDV�WDoDV�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR��2OLYHLUD��������1RV�UHFLSLHQWHV�GH�PHQRUHV�GLPHQV}HV��RV�YDVRV�GH�SHUÀO�FDUHQDGRV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV�GR�%URQ]H�)LQDO�TXDVH�GHVDSDUHFHP�GR�UHJLVWR�DUTXHROyJLFR��VHQGR�VXEVWLWXtGRV�SHODV�WLJHODV�GH�VXDYH�SHUÀO�HP�6��2V�SRWHV�SDQHODV�FRPS}HP�XP�FRQMXQWR�PXLWR�UHVWULWR�H�EDV-WDQWH�IUDJPHQWDGR��RQGH�IRL�SRVVtYHO�UHFRQKHFHU�H[HPSODUHV�GH� GLIHUHQWHV� GLPHQV}HV� �Ibidem). Ao nível das decora-

o}HV��YHULÀFD�VH�D�SHUVLVWrQFLD�GDV�WpFQLFDV�GH�EUXQLPHQWR��UHWLFXODGRV�H�WULkQJXORV�SUHHQFKLGRV�FRP�WUDoRV�REOtTXRV��e pintura (a negro e vermelho), a par do surgimento de

H[HPSODUHV�FRP�GLJLWDo}HV�LPSUHVVDV��Ibidem).

Fig. 7. Planta da Fase II e amostra do

HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�

107

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

1R�TXH�VH�UHIHUH�j�FHUkPLFD�D�WRUQR��GHYH�UHIHULU�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV�GH�WLSR�5���PDLV�H[DFWD-mente 10.1.1.1. e 10.1.2.1., pithoi, e de pratos cobertos com

engobe vermelho (Arruda 1999-2000; 2005; Freitas 2005).

1D�FHUkPLFD�GH�XVR�FRPXP��GHVWDFD�VH�D�JUDQGH�DEXQGkQ-

FLD�GH�WDoDV�KHPLVIpULFDV�H�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�DOJXQV�H[HPSOD-UHV�GH�YDVRV� WUtSRGHV� �$UUXGD�������������(P�FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD�VmR�SURGX]LGDV�PDLRULWDULDPHQWH�WDoDV�KHPLVIpUL-FDV��VHQGR�R�JUXSR�GRV�SUDWRV��WDoDV�FDUHQDGDV�RX�GH�SHUÀO�HP�6�FODUDPHQWH�UHVLGXDO��(QWUH�R�HVSyOLR�PHWiOLFR�GHVWD-ca-se dois cotos de lança.

$� HVWUDWLJUDÀD� UHODWLYD� GRFXPHQWDGD� QR� VtWLR�� EHP�como os materiais recuperados, sugerem uma cronologia

da primeira metade do séc. VII para início da ocupação sidé-

ULFD��$�UHFROKD�GH�RVVRV�H�GH�FDUY}HV��Pinus pinea) possibili-

WRX�D�REWHQomR�GH�WUrV�GDWDV�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR�TXH��HP�JUDQGH�

SDUWH��FRQÀUPDP�D�FURQRORJLD�SURSRVWD�FRP�EDVH�QD�WLSROR-

JLD�GRV�HVSyOLRV��FRPR�VH�SRGH�YHULÀFDU�QD�ÀJXUD���

A FASE III

$�)DVH�,,,�FRUUHVSRQGH�D�XP�FRQMXQWR�HGLÀFDGR�RULHQ-

tado no sentido Este/Oeste, sendo de registar, desde logo,

RV�TXDWUR�FRPSDUWLPHQWRV�ORFDOL]DGRV�SUy[LPR�GR�OLPLWH�GD�FROLQD�H�TXH�UHVSHLWDP�R�VHX�FRQWRUQR�RULJLQDO��SRGHQGR�GHIHQGHU�VH�TXH�WHUmR�VHUYLGR�GH�FDVDPDWDV�DQH[DV�D�XPD�HYHQWXDO�PXUDOKD��1D�iUHD�FHQWUDO�GD�HVFDYDomR��S{V�VH�D�GHVFREHUWR�XP�HGLItFLR��FRP�FRPSDUWLPHQWRV�SDYLPHQWD-dos com terra batida de cor vermelha. Destaca-se ainda a

H[LVWrQFLD�GH�GRLV�IRUQRV����QR�FRPSDUWLPHQWR���H�RXWUR�QD�]RQD� VXO�GHVWD� iUHD� HGLÀFDGD�� DVVRFLDGR�D�XPD�HVWUXWXUD�FLUFXODU�TXH�LQWHUSUHWDPRV�FRPR�VLOR��$UUXGD�et al. 2007).

)LJ�����3ODQWD�GD�)DVH�,,,�H�DPRVWUD�GR�HVSy-

OLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�

108

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

2� HVSyOLR� UHFXSHUDGR� QRV� QtYHLV� DVVRFLDGRV� D� HVWH�SODQR�DUTXLWHFWyQLFR�DSUHVHQWD�XPD�PDWUL]�FXOWXUDO�GH�FD-UL]�´RULHQWDOL]DQWHµ�Mi�HYLGHQFLDGD�QD�)DVH�DQWHULRU��D�,,��

$�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�SODVPD�XP�PRPHQWR�LQWHUPpGLR�QR�VHX�SURFHVVR�HYROXWLYR��LQWHJUDQGR�IRUPDV�GH�origem oriental, como as taças carenadas de bordo triangu-

ODU��DV�©DPSROODVª��DV�MDUUDV�GH�FROR�FLOtQGULFR��H�SUDWRV�GH�bordo largo e aplanado, todos com cronologias situadas en-

WUH�RV�PHDGRV�H�R�ÀQDO�GR�VpFXOR�9,,�D�&���)UHLWDV��������0DV�D�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�WDPEpP�HVSHOKD�R�UH-SHUWyULR�KDELWXDOPHQWH�SUHVHQWH�QRV�VtWLRV�LQGtJHQDV�RULHQWD-OL]DGRV��FRP�DV�WLJHODV�FRP�FDQHOXUDV�QD�VXSHUItFLH�H[WHUQD�H�WDPEpP�RV�VXSRUWHV�GLWRV�GH�´FDUUHWHµ��Ibidem���$�FHUkPL-ca pintada em bandas está representada por escassos pithoi e algumas taças (Arruda e Freitas 2008).

$�UHODomR�FRP�R�PXQGR�RULHQWDOL]DQWH�GLWR�WDUWpVVL-FR� HVWi� HYLGHQFLDGD� QD� FHUkPLFD� PDQXDO�� DWUDYpV� GDV�GHFRUDo}HV�EUXQLGDV�H�SLQWDGDV��DLQGD�TXH�VH�GHYD�UHFR-

QKHFHU� TXH� HP� &DVWUR� 0DULP� HVWHV� WLSRV� GHFRUDWLYRV�VXUJHP� HP� TXDQWLGDGHV� UHGX]LGDV� �2OLYHLUD� ������������� ,GHQWLÀFRX�VH� WDPEpP� XPD� RXWUD� PRGDOLGDGH�GHFRUDWLYD�TXH�FRQVLVWH�QD�SLQWXUD�D�DPDUHOR�H�EUDQFR�VREUH�XPD�VXSHUItFLH�SLQWDGD�GH�YHUPHOKR��Ibidem). No

FRQMXQWR�GD�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO��DVVLVWH�VH�D�XP�GHFUpVFL-PR� DFHQWXDGR� GRV� UHFLSLHQWHV� WLSR� WDoD�WLJHOD�� D� IDYRU�dos potes/panelas (Ibidem).

2�FRQMXQWR�GH�PDWHULDLV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�XQLGDGHV�HV-WUDWLJUiÀFDV�TXH�À]HPRV�FRUUHVSRQGHU�D�HVWD�)DVH��TXH�VH�sobrepunham a outras integráveis na Fase anterior, per-

mitiu atribuir-lhe uma cronologia centrada na 2ª metade

Fig. 9. Planta da Fase IV e amostra do

HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�

109

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

GR�VpF��9,,�D�Q�H��$�GDWDomR�SHOR�UDGLRFDUERQR��YHU�ÀJ�����DSRQWD�SDUD�XPD�FURQRORJLD�GRV�ÀQDLV�GR�VpF��9,,�²�VpF��9,�FDO�%&�SDUD�HVWD�)DVH�,,,�GD�RFXSDomR�VLGpULFD�de Castro Marim.

Assim, os resultados radiométricos não desmentem

DV� GDWDo}HV� TXH� D� DQiOLVH� WLSROyJLFD� GRV�PDWHULDLV� DU-TXHROyJLFRV�LQGLFLD��DLQGD�TXH�R�LQWHUYDOR�GH�WHPSR�VHMD�WDOYH]�GHPDVLDGR�DPSOR�SDUD�SHUPLWLU�XPD�DERUGDJHP�mais minuciosa.

A FASE IV

Ao longo do séc. VI, assiste-se a um incremento na

GHQVLGDGH�GH�RFXSDomR�GR�HVSDoR��FRP�XP�PDLRU�Q~PHUR�GH�HGLItFLRV��RUJDQL]DGRV�HP� WRUQR�GH�DUUXDPHQWRV�RX�SHTXHQRV�´ODUJRV�SUDoDVµ��PDV�R�FRQMXQWR�GH�FRPSDUWL-PHQWRV�TXH�DVVRFLiPRV�D�FDVDPDWDV�PDQWpP�VH�LQDOWHUDGR�(Arruda et al. 2007).

2�UHSHUWyULR�FHUkPLFR�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�DOWHUD�VH�relativamente aos níveis da Fase anterior, não se encon-

WUDQGR�UHSUHVHQWDGDV�DV�IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV�H�RV�VXSRUWHV��$V�WLJHODV�H�RV�SUDWRV�DSUHVHQWDP�XP�PDLRU�Q~PHUR�GH�YDULDQWHV�� GHQRWDQGR�VH�� SDUWLFXODUPHQWH� QHVWD� ~OWLPD�IRUPD� H� QD� WLJHOD� FRP� FDQHOXUDV� QD� VXSHUItFLH� H[WHUQD��XPD�HYROXomR�QD�VXD�PRUIRORJLD��)UHLWDV��������

Pithoi�H�XUQDV�&UX]�GHO�1HJUR�SLQWDGRV�HP�EDQGDV�HVWmR�SUHVHQWHV�GH�IRUPD�VLJQLÀFDWLYD��$UUXGD�H�)UHLWDV�������

1D�FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD��DV�WDoDV�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR�VmR�R�WLSR�GH�UHFLSLHQWH�SUHGRPLQDQWH��HQTXDQWR�TXH�RV�pratos e taças carenadas tendem a cair em desuso. As

IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV�VmR�DLQGD�PDLV�UDUDV�j�VHPHOKDQoD�GR�TXH�VXFHGH�FRP�D�FHUkPLFD�GLWD�GH�uso comum, onde

DV� WLJHODV�KHPLVIpULFDV� VmR� LJXDOPHQWH�SUHSRQGHUDQWHV�QR� FRQMXQWR�� 1HVWD� ~OWLPD� FDWHJRULD�� GRFXPHQWRX�VH�WDPEpP�R�XVR�GH�SU�DWRV��WDoDV�H�YDVRV�WUtSRGHV��1R�TXH�GL]�UHVSHLWR�jV�IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV��DVVLQDOD�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�UHFLSLHQWHV�GR� WLSR�SRWH�SDQHOD�� MDUURV�� IRUPDV�DÀP�de pithoi e, nos contextos mais tardios deste momento,

de barris.

$� FHUkPLFD� PDQXDO� GHFUHVFH� FRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWH��sendo agora maioritários os contentores do tipo pote/

SDQHOD��HP�GHWULPHQWR�GDV�WDoDV�H�WLJHODV��$V�~QLFDV�QR-

YLGDGHV�QR�UHSHUWyULR�VmR�XP�UHFLSLHQWH�GR�WLSR�´VHUWmµ��H�XP�YDVR�j�chardon��$�GHFRUDomR�SLQWDGD�H�´EHOLVFDGDµ�desaparecem, mas os motivos digitados continuam,

surgindo agora associados sempre a outros motivos in-

FLVRV��QRPHDGDPHQWH�RV�GHQRPLQDGRV�́ ERUGRV�GHQWHDGRVµ�(Oliveira 2006; 2008).

$�WLSRORJLD�GRV�PDWHULDLV�SHUPLWLX�FRORFDU�HVWD�IDVH�construtiva no século VI. Também nas Unidades desta

)DVH�IRUDP�UHFROKLGRV�FDUY}HV�H�FRQFKDV��TXH�SRVVLELOLWDUDP�a obtenção de oito datas de radiocarbono. Devidamente

FDOLEUDGDV��ID]HQGR�XVR�GR�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�DWUiV�UHIH-ULGR��RV�GDGRV�UDGLRPpWULFRV�HYLGHQFLDP�TXH�HVWD�)DVH�VH�insere num intervalo de tempo centrado na segunda me-

WDGH�GR�VpF��9,�FDO�%&��$VVLP��D�DWULEXLomR�GD�)DVH�,9�DR�VpF��9,��DWUDYpV�GD�DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�UHFROKLGR��p�UHIRU-çada pela cronologia obtida pelo radiocarbono.

A FASE V

A partir de meados do séc. V a.C., o Castelo de Castro

0DULP�VRIUH�JUDQGHV�DOWHUDo}HV�D�QtYHO�DUTXLWHFWyQLFR�H�GD�FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO��6REUH�DV�UXtQDV�GDV�FRQVWUXo}HV�DQWH-ULRUHV��FRQVWUyL�VH�XP�FRQMXQWR�GH�HGLÀFDo}HV�TXH�DGRSWD�uma orientação no sentido Nordeste/Sudoeste (Arruda

2005; Arruda et al. 2007).

2�PDWHULDO� DUTXHROyJLFR� UHFROKLGR� QHVWHV� FRQWH[WRV�VLGpULFRV�PDLV�WDUGLRV�SHUPLWLX�GLVWLQJXLU��QR�kPELWR�GHV-WH�SHUtRGR��WUrV�VXE�IDVHV�FURQROyJLFDV��$V�GXDV�SULPHL-UDV��HVWmR�EDOL]DGDV�QD�VHJXQGD�PHWDGH�GR�VpF��9�D�&��H�GXUDQWH�RV�SULPHLURV�WUrV�TXDUWRV�GR�VpF��,9�D��&��H�D�PDLV�WDUGLD�GDWD�VH�HQWUH�ÀQDLV�GR�VpF��,9�H�R�VpF��,,,�D�&�

Da segunda metade do séc. V a.C. data um espaço

HGLÀFDGR�� RQGH� VH� HVFDYRX� XP� FRQWH[WR� �8�(�V� �������FRP�PDWHULDLV�HP�H[FHOHQWH�HVWDGR�GH�FRQVHUYDomR��TXH�SHUPLWLX� FDUDFWHUL]DU�� DR� QtYHO� GD� FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO�� HVWH�PRPHQWR�� 2XWURV� QtYHLV� SULPiULRV� GH� RFXSDomR� IRUDP�WDPEpP�DWULEXtGRV�D�HVWD�PHVPD�IDVH��VHQGR�DV�DVVRFLD-o}HV�GH�PDWHULDLV�PXLWR�VLJQLÀFDWLYDV�

$R�QtYHO�GRV�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV��DV� IRUPDV�PDLV�bem representadas neste nível 80/89, bem como nas ou-

tros de cronologia coeva, correspondem aos tipos Maña

3DVFXDO�$��H�%�&�GH�3HOOLFHU��'HQWUR�GR�SULPHLUR�WLSR��IRL�SRVVtYHO�LGHQWLÀFDU�YiULDV�GDV�YDULDQWHV�HVWDEHOHFLGDV�SRU�Ramon Torres, concretamente os tipos 11.2.1.3, 11.2.1.4.,

����������H�����������$V�kQIRUDV�GR� WLSR�%�&�GH�3HOOLFHU�WDPEpP� FRQVWLWXHP�XPD� SDUWH� VLJQLÀFDWLYD� GR� HVSyOLR��encontrando-se representadas as variantes 1 e 2. Outro

DVSHFWR�UHOHYDQWH�QR�FRQMXQWR�GRV�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV�UHODFLRQD�VH�FRP�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�IRUPDV�HYROXtGDV�GDV�kQ-

IRUDV�GH�WLSR�5���$�H[LVWrQFLD�GH�DOJXQV�GHVWHV�H[HPSODUHV�em contextos da segunda metade do séc. V a.C. poderá

LQGLFLDU� D� SHUPDQrQFLD� GH� DOJXQV� GHVWHV� SURWyWLSRV� HP�PRPHQWRV�PDLV�WDUGLRV�GR�TXH�RV�KDELWXDOPHQWH�SURSRV-tos (Arruda et al. 2006).

110

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

$�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD�UHFROKLGD�QHVWH�HVWUDWR�FRUUHVSRQ-

de, sobretudo, a taças Cástulo, documentando-se ainda a

presença de skyphoi e kylikes��DOJXPDV�GDV�TXDLV�VmR�GD�FODVVH�GHOLFDGD��$�GHFRUDomR�FRP�ÀJXUDV�YHUPHOKDV�surge em kylikes e em skyphoi��GR�SLQWRU�GH�0DUOD\�QR�SULPHLUR�FDVR��4XHU�DV�IRUPDV�TXHU�DV�GHFRUDo}HV�VmR�DV�habituais em contextos desta época (Arruda 2007; Arru-

da e Freitas 2008).

$�IRUPD�PDLV�UHSUHVHQWDGD�HP�FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD�p�D�WLJHOD�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR��TXH�PXLWDV�YH]HV�SRVVXL�WUrV�FDQHOXUDV�QD� VXSHUItFLH� H[WHUQD�GD�SDQoD��$V� WLJHODV�GH�ERUGR� HP� DED�� DV� WDoDV� FDUHQDGDV� H� RV� SHTXHQRV� SRWHV�WDPEpP�FDUHQDGRV�FRPSOHWDP�R�UHSHUWyULR�IRUPDO�GHVWD�FDWHJRULD�FHUkPLFD�

1D�FHUkPLFD�FRPXP�GRPLQDP�DV�WLJHODV�GH�SHUÀO�KH-PLVIpULFR�� DOJXPDV� FRP� EDQGDV� SLQWDGDV� YHUPHOKDV� RX�FLQ]HQWDV�� QD� VXSHUItFLH� LQWHUQD�� 3UDWRV�� MDUURV�� SRWHV�

SDQHODV�H�EDFLDV�DOJXLGDUHV�FRPS}HP�R�UHVWDQWH�TXDGUR�PRUIROyJLFR��6RXVD������

$�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�HVWi�DLQGD�SUHVHQWH�QHVWH�FRQWH[WR�HVWUDWLJUiÀFR��FRP�SUDWRV��WLJHODV�H�WDoDV�carenadas (Freitas 2005).

6mR�SRXFRV�RV�YDVRV�GH�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO�UHSUHVHQWD-dos, notando-se, contudo, uma acentuada diversidade

IRUPDO��SRGHQGR�GHVWDFDU�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�SRWHV�SDQHODV��GH� WDoDV�� GH� EDFLDV�DOJXLGDUHV� H� GH� XP� SHTXHQR� FRSR�(Oliveira 2006; 2008).

$V� ItEXODV� LQWHJUDP� RV� WLSRV� DQXODUHV� KLVSkQLFRV��mais concretamente Cuadrado 9A, 10 e 10A. Os espe-

OKRV��RV�SUDWRV�GH�EDODQoD�H�XP�SRQGHUDO�F~ELFR�IRUDP�WDPEpP�UHFROKLGRV��'RLV�DUWHIDFWRV�GH�EURQ]H�SHUIXUDGRV�H� XPD� SHJD� HP� IRUPD� GH� FDEHoD� GH� FLVQH� WDPEpP� GH�EURQ]H�SRGHUmR� WHU� IHLWR�SDUWH�GH�XP�FRDGRU� �$UUXGD�H�Freitas 2008).

Fig. 10. Planta da Fase V e amostra

GR�HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�

111

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

(VWHV�QtYHLV�GD�)DVH�9�IRUDP�GDWDGRV��FRPR�Mi�VH�UH-IHULX��GRV�GRLV�~OWLPRV�GHFpQLRV�GR�VpFXOR�9��GDWDomR�TXH�WHYH�HP�FRQVLGHUDomR�D�WLSRORJLD�GRV�PDWHULDLV�DUTXHROy-

JLFRV��'H�IDFWR��TXHU�D�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��FRP�IRUPDV�H[-

FOXVLYDV�GHVVD�FURQRORJLD��TXHU�DV�kQIRUDV��H�PHVPR�RV�PHWDLV�� FRPR� p� R� FDVR� GDV� ItEXODV� DQXODUHV� KLVSkQLFDV��SHUPLWHP�TXH�VH�DWULEXD�D�HVVH�PHVPR�VpFXOR�HVVH�PR-

mento de ocupação.

(VVHV�PHVPRV�QtYHLV� IRUDP� WDPEpP�GDWDGRV� UDGLR-

metricamente, através de conchas (Cerastoderma edule,

Venerupis decussata e Ensis siliqua���H�GH�FDUY}HV��Erica arborea e Olea europaea). O intervalo obtido para esta

)DVH�p�GH���������FDO�%&���Ʊ��RX�GH�������������FDO�%&���Ʊ���$�LPSRUWkQFLD�GHVWHV�GDGRV�SDUHFHP�GH�UHWHU��XPD�YH]�TXH�SDUD�HVWDV�TXDWUR�GDWDo}HV�VH�XWLOL]RX�H[FOXVLYD-PHQWH�PDWHULDO�GH�XPD�~QLFD�XQLGDGH��D�����XQLGDGH�HVVD�TXH�� OHPEUDPRV��HVWi�EHP�GDWDGD��SHOD�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��entre 425 e 400. Embora o intervalo determinado pelo

UDGLRFDUERQR� FRPSUHHQGD� HVWH� ~OWLPR� LQWHUYDOR�� REWLGR�DWUDYpV�GD�DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDYD�DVVRFLDGR�j�XQLGDGH����� LQGLFLD��QR�HQWDQWR��XPD�FURQRORJLD�PDLV�DQWLJD�� KLSyWHVH�SDUD� D� TXDO� QmR� H[LVWH� XPD�H[SOLFDomR�yEYLD�� HPERUD� QmR� VH� GHYD� HVTXHFHU� TXH� QmR� HVWDPRV�SHUDQWH� XQLGDGHV� VHODGDV� H� TXH� PLVWXUDV� GH� PDWHULDLV�são possíveis.

$V�UHVWDQWHV�VXE�IDVHV�GHVWD�IDVH�9�QmR�IRUDP�GDWDGDV�SHOR� UDGLRFDUERQR��&RQWXGR��D�DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�GHL[D�SHUFHEHU�TXH�HQWUH���������VH�DVVLVWH�D�SHTXHQDV�UHPR-

GHODo}HV�GR�HVSDoR�SUHYLDPHQWH�RFXSDGR��VHQGR�SRXFDV�as novas áreas construídas.

2�HVSyOLR�TXH�SHUPLWLX�GDWDU�HVWH�PRPHQWR�HQJORED�kQIRUDV��WLSR�����������GDV�0DxD�3DVFXDO�$���WLSR�%�&�GH�Pellicer, e tipo 8.1.1.2 de Ramon Torres) (Arruda et al. ������H�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��TXHU�GH�YHUQL]�QHJUR�TXHU�GH�À-

JXUDV� YHUPHOKDV� �$UUXGD� ������� $V� SiWHUDV� GD� IRUPD�21/22, os bolsais, as kylikes, os skyphoi, os kantharoi, os

SUDWRV�GH�SHL[H�H�RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�-HKDVVH������DVVLP�como as kylikes�GH�ÀJXUDV�YHUPHOKDV�SLQWDGDV�SHOR�SLQWRU�GH�9LHQD�����LQWHJUDP�HVWH�FRQMXQWR��Ibidem).

2V� QtYHLV� HVWUDWLJUiÀFRV� LQWHJUiYHLV� HQWUH� ��������VmR�HVFDVVRV��XPD�YH]�TXH�DV�RFXSDo}HV�PDLV�UHFHQWHV�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�RV�DIHFWDUDP��jV�YH]HV��SURIXQ-

damente. Mas alguns contextos preservados possibilita-

UDP�XPD�DQiOLVH�GDV�H[LVWrQFLDV�PDWHULDLV�$�FHUkPLFD�GH�WLSR�.XDVV�FRQVWLWXL�R�SULQFLSDO�IyVVLO�

director destes momentos tardios da Idade do Ferro,

VHQGR�RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�,,�H�QDV�WDoDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�$�GH� 1LYHDX� DV� IRUPDV� PDLV� EHP� GRFXPHQWDGDV�� (VWmR�

WDPEpP�SUHVHQWHV��DLQGD�TXH�HP�Q~PHURV�UHVWULWRV��RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�,��DV�SiWHUDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�%��DV�SHTXH-

QDV� WDoDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�&��RV�YDVRV�GD�IRUPD�9,,,�H�RV�XQJXHQWiULRV�LQWHJUiYHLV�QD�IRUPD�;9��6RXVD�������

DISCUSSÃO

Os dados atrás apresentados são, na nossa opinião, re-

YHODGRUHV�GD�H[WUDRUGLQiULD�FRHUrQFLD�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWL-JUiÀFD�YHULÀFDGD�QR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP��&RP�HIHL-WR��D�FURQRORJLD�UHODWLYD�TXH�SRGH�OHU�VH�QHVVD�VHTXrQFLD��DR�ORQJR�GDV�8QLGDGHV�(VWUDWLJUiÀFDV�TXH�VH�VREUHSXQKDP�XPDV�jV�RXWUDV��SRGH�VHU�FRQÀUPDGD�SHOD�FURQRORJLD�UDGLR-

PpWULFD�TXH�FRUURERURX�HVVD�PHVPD�VHTXrQFLD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��p�WDPEpP�LPSRUWDQWH�YHULÀFDU�TXH�HVWD�~OWLPD�FRQÀU-PRX�LJXDOPHQWH�DTXLOR�TXH�R�WUDEDOKR�GH�FDPSR��D�DQiOLVH�GRV�PDWHULDLV�H�D�FRQVWUXomR�GD�PDWUL]�GH�+DUULV�Mi�GHL[D-vam perceber: a continuidade da ocupação desde o séc.

9,,�DR�VpFXOR�9��VHP�TXH�VH�WHQKDP�REVHUYDGR�TXDLVTXHU�UXSWXUDV�RX�LQWHUUXSo}HV�WHPSRUDLV��

As datas de radiocarbono são também coerentes den-

WUR�GH�WRGDV�DV�XQLGDGHV�H�IDVHV�DUTXLWHFWyQLFDV��KDYHQGR�SRXFDV�GDWDV�DQyPDODV�²�DSHQDV�DV�TXH�VH�REWLYHUDP�VR-

bre Glycymeris�VS�H�XPD�GDWD�VREUH�PDGHLUD�FDUERQL]DGD�DVVRFLDGD�j�)DVH�,,,��$TXHODV��FRQWXGR��GHYHP�VHU�GHYL-GDPHQWH�FRQWH[WXDOL]DGDV��XPD�YH]�TXH�HP�&DVWUR�0D-ULP��GXUDQWH�D�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��IRUDP�XWLOL]DGDV�H[FOXVLYD-PHQWH� SDUD� FRQFUHWL]DU� SDYLPHQWRV�� QmR� WHQGR� VLGR�FRQVXPLGDV��2�TXH�VLJQLÀFD�TXH�IRUDP�UHFROKLGDV�Mi�QD�IRUPD�HP�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDYDP�QR�PRPHQWR�GD�VXD�XWLOL-]DomR�� QmR� VH� WUDWDQGR��SRUWDQWR�� GR� DSURYHLWDPHQWR�GH�restos alimentares, mas sim da procura de uma espécie

FRQFUHWD�GHVWLQDGD�D�XPD�IXQomR�HVSHFtÀFD��2V�PROXVFRV�TXH�DV�SURGX]LUDP�WLQKDP�PRUULGR�Ki�PXLWR������D������DQRV�DQWHV�GR�PRPHQWR�GD�VXD�XWLOL]DomR�

Além de tudo isto, a datação pelo radiocarbono de

SDUHV�GH�DPRVWUDV�SURYHQLHQWHV�GH�UHVHUYDWyULRV�JHRTXt-PLFRV�GLIHUHQWHV�H�HVWUHLWDPHQWH�DVVRFLDGDV��SHUPLWLX�GH-WHUPLQDU��HP�SULPHLUD�DSUR[LPDomR��R�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYD-WyULR�RFHkQLFR�SDUD�XP�WURoR�GD�FRVWD�VXO�SRUWXJXHVD�²R�GR� 6RWDYHQWR� DOJDUYLR²� TXH� VH� HQFRQWUDYD� DLQGD� PDO�DPRVWUDGR��$�FRQMXJDomR�GHVWHV�GDGRV�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�FRP�RXWURV�GH�7DYLUD�H�GH�&DFHOD��TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDP�DLQ-

GD�HP�IDVH�GH�REWHQomR�RX�GH�DQiOLVH��LUi�SHUPLWLU�D�GHWHU-PLQDomR�GH�XP�YDORU�SUHFLVR�H�ULJRURVR�SDUD�R�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�RFHkQLFR�SDUD�R�6RWDYHQWR�DOJDUYLR�H��GHVWH�PRGR�� DEULU� D� SRVVLELOLGDGH� GH� XWLOL]DomR�� FRP� HOHYDGD�

112

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA

ÀDELOLGDGH��GH�XP�PDWHULDO�GH�YLGD�FXUWD��FRPR�p�D�FRQ-

cha marinha, na datação pelo radiocarbono deste tipo de

DPRVWUDV�FRP�HVWD�SURYHQLrQFLD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��R�YDORU�REWLGR�SDUD�Ƌ5���������DQRV�14C) está compreendido en-

tre os valores obtidos, segundo Soares e Martins (2010),

SDUD�R�%DUODYHQWR� DOJDUYLR� ��������DQRV� 14C) e para a

FRVWD�DQGDOX]D�GR�*ROIR�GH�&iGLV����������DQRV�14C), o

TXH�HVWi�GH�DFRUGR�FRP�DV�FRQGLo}HV�RFHDQRJUiÀFDV�UHL-QDQWHV�QD�UHJLmR�QRUWH�GR�*ROIR�GH�&iGLV�

ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA

VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS

CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA

UNIARQ

&HQWUR�GH�$UTXHRORJLD�GD�)DFXOWDGH�GH�/HWUDV�GH�/LVERD$�0�$UUXGD#Á�XO�SW

Y�W�IUHL[DV#JPDLO�FRPFBSBROLYHLUD#KRWPDLO�FRP

ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES

JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS

PAULO J. C. PORTELA

,QVWLWXWR�7HFQROyJLFR�H�1XFOHDUDPVRDUHV#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SWMPDUWLQV#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SWS�SRUWHOD#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SW

AGRADECIMIENTOS

$�GHWHUPLQDomR�GD�FURQRORJLD�DEVROXWD�SDUD�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRL�HIHFWXDGD�QR�kPELWR�GR�3URMHFWR�37'&�0$5������������´2�(IHL-WR�GH�5HVHUYDWyULR�2FHkQLFR�QDV�iUHDV�GH� WUDQVLomR�GR�8SZHOOLQJ�&RVWHLUR�2HVWH�,EpULFR��$YHLUR�)R]�GR�0LQKR��&DER�GH�6DQWD�0D-ULD�)R]�GR�*XDGLDQD�µ�ILQDQFLDGR�SHOD�)&7��D�TXHP�VH�DJUDGHFH��-��0DUWLQV�DJUDGHFH�WDPEpP�j�)&7�D�%ROVD�GH�'RXWRUDPHQWR�6)5+�%'������������

BIBLIOGRAFIA

$558'$��$��0�� �������� 3DQRUDPD� GDV� LPSRUWDo}HV� JUHJDV� HP�Portugal, +XHOYD�$UTXHROyJLFD 13 (1), 129-154.

ARRUDA, A. M. (1996): O Castelo de Castro Marim, De Ulisses a Vi-riato: o I milénio a.C. (J. de Alarcão, J. de, ed.), Lisboa, 95-100.

ARRUDA, A. M. (1997): $V�&HUkPLFDV�ÉWLFDV�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DV-WUR�0DULP�QR�TXDGUR�GDV�H[SRUWDo}HV�JUHJDV�SDUD�D�3H-nínsula Ibérica, Lisboa.

ARRUDA, A. M. (1999-2000):�/RV�)HQLFLRV�HQ�3RUWXJDO��)HQLFLRV�\�PXQGR� LQGtJHQD�HQ�HO� FHQWUR�\� VXU�GH�3RUWXJDO� �VLJORV�VIII-VI a.C.)��%DUFHORQD�

$558'$��$��0����������$V�FHUkPLFDV�GH�LPSRUWDomR�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�QR�kPELWR�GR�FRPpUFLR�RFLGHQWDO�GRV�VpFX-

los V a III a.C., $FWDV�GHO� ,9�&RQJUHVR� ,QWHUQDFLRQDO�GH�Estudios Fenicios y Púnicos��&iGL]����������

$558'$��$��0����������(VFDYDo}HV�DUTXHROyJLFDV�QR�&DVWHOR�GH�Castro Marim - balanço e perspectivas, Xelb 4, 69-88.

$558'$��$��0����������2�,��0LOpQLR�D�Q�H��QR�&HQWUR�H�QR�6XO�GH�Portugal: leituras possíveis no início de um novo século, O $UTXHyORJR�3RUWXJXrV IV (23), 9-156.

ARRUDA, A. M. (2006): Os recursos marítimos na economia da

Idade do Ferro do Sul de Portugal: o sal, a pesca e os pre-

parados de peixe, Historia de la pesca en el ámbito del es-trecho, Sevilla, 383-406.

ARRUDA, A.M. (2007): A Idade do Ferro no Algarve: velhos dados

�H�RXWURV�PDLV�UHFHQWHV��H�QRYDV�KLVWyULDV��Xelb 7, 115-130.

$558'$��$�0��&$55(7(52�32%/(7(��3��$���)5(,7$6��9��7��'(�� 6286$�� (��� %$5*®2�� 3��� /285(1d2�� 3��� 2/,-VEIRA, C.F. (2009): Castro Marim: un santuario en la des-

embocadura del Guadiana, Santuarios, oppida y ciudades: DUTXLWHFWXUD� VDFUD� HQ� HO� RULJHQ� \� GHVDUUROOR� XUEDQR� GHO�Mediterráneo Occidental��3��0DWHRV�&UX]��6��&HOHVWLQR�3p-UH]��HGV����0DGULG��������

ARRUDA, A. M., FREITAS, V. T. DE; OLIVEIRA, C. F. (2007):

2V� )HQtFLRV� H� D� XUEDQL]DomR� QR� ([WUHPR� 2FLGHQWH�� R�caso de Castro Marim, Las ciudades fenício-púnicas en el Mediterráneo Occidental� �-�� /�� /ySH]� &DVWUR�� HG����Madrid, 459-482.

ARRUDA, A. M.; FREITAS, V. T. DE (2008): O Castelo de Castro

Marim durante os séculos VI e V a.n.e., Sidereum Ana I. El río Guadiana en Época Post-Orientalizante� �-�� -LPpQH]�ÉYLOD��HG����0DGULG����������

$558'$�� $�� 0��� 9,(*$6�� &��� %$5*®2�� 3��� 3(5(,5$�� 5��(2006): A importação de preparados de peixe em Castro

0DULP��GD�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR�j�eSRFD�5RPDQD��Actas do Sim-pósio Internacional “Produção e Comércio de Preparados de Piscícolas durante a Proto-História e a Época Romana QR�2FLGHQWH�GD�3HQtQVXOD�,EpULFD��+RPHQDJHP�D�)UDQoRL-se Mayet��6HW~EDO����������

$6&28*+��3���&22.��*���'8*025(��$����������0HWKRGRORJLFDO�approaches to determining the marine radiocarbon reservoir

HIIHFW��3URJUHVV�LQ�3K\VLFDO�*HRJUDSK\, 29 (4), 532–547.

DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0309133305pp461ra

%521.�5$06(<��&����������'HYHORSPHQW�RI�WKH�5DGLRFDUERQ�FD-libration program OxCal, Radiocarbon 43 (2A), 355-363.

%521.�5$06(<��&����������2[&DO�3URJUDP�Y��������'LVSRQtYHO�HP�KWWS���F���DUFK�R[�DF�XN�R[FDO�KWPO�

%521.�5$06(<��&�� �������� %D\HVLDQ� DQDO\VLV� RI� UDGLRFDUERQ�dates, Radiocarbon, 51(1), 337-360.

FREITAS, V. T. DE (2005): $V�FHUkPLFDV�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�GR�&DV-telo de Castro Marim. Produção, consumo e comércio na Ida-de do Ferro Orientalizante Peninsular, Dissertação de Mes-

WUDGR�HP�3Up�+LVWyULD�H�$UTXHRORJLD�DSUHVHQWDGD�j�)DFXOGDGH�de Letras da Universidade de Lisboa, 2 vols., Lisboa.

,1*5$0��%��/�� ��������'LIIHUHQFHV� LQ� UDGLRFDUERQ� DJH�EHWZHHQ�VKHOO� DQG� FKDUFRDO� IURP�D�+RORFHQH�6KHOOPRXQG� LQ�1RU-WKHUQ�&DOLIRUQLD��Quaternary Research 49, 102–110.

'2,�KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������TUHV����������

113

A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM

.(11(77�� '�� -��� ,1*5$0�� %�� /��� (5/$1'621�� -�� 0���:$/.(5��3����������(YLGHQFH�IRU�WHPSRUDO�ÁXFWXDWLRQV�LQ�PDULQH� UDGLRFDUERQ� UHVHUYRLU� DJHV� LQ� WKH� 6DQWD� %DUEDUD�&KDQQHO�� VRXWKHUQ� &DOLIRUQLD�� -RXUQDO� RI� $UFKDHRORJLFDO�Science 24 (11), 1051–1059.

'2,�KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������MDVF����������OLIVEIRA, C. F. (2006): $�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�

Marim: século IX a III a.n.e., Dissertação de Mestrado em

3Up�+LVWyULD�H�$UTXHRORJLD�DSUHVHQWDGD�j�)DFXOGDGH�GH�/H-tras da Universidade de Lisboa, 2 vols., Lisboa.

2/,9(,5$��&��)����������3URGXomR�H�FRQVXPR�GH�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO�no castelo de Castro Marim nos séculos VI e V a.n.e., Side-reum Ana I. El río Guadiana en Época Post-Orientalizante �-��-LPpQH]�ÉYLOD��HG����0DGULG����������

5(,0(5��3�� -���%$,//,(��0��*��/���%$5'��(���%$</,66��$���%(&.��-��:���%/$&.:(//��3��*���%521.�5$06(<��&��� %8&.�� &�� (��� %855�� *�� 6��� (':$5'6�� 5�� /���)5,('5,&+��0���*5227(6��3��0���*8,/'(5621��7��3���+$-'$6�� ,���+($721��7�� -���+2**��$��*���+8*-

+(1��.��$��� .$,6(5��.�� )��� .520(5�� %���0F&25-

0$&��*���0$11,1*��6���5(,0(5��5��:���5,&+$5'6��'��$���6287+21��-��5���7$/$02��6���7851(<��&��6��0��� 9$1� '(5� 3/,&+7�� -��� :(<+(10(<(5�� &�� (��(2009): IntCal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Cali-

EUDWLRQ�&XUYHV�����������<HDUV�FDO�%3��Radiocarbon 51

(4), 1111-1150.

SOARES, A. M. M. (1993): The 14&�FRQWHQW�RI�PDULQH�VKHOOV��HYL-GHQFH�IRU�YDULDELOLW\�LQ�FRDVWDO�XSZHOOLQJ�RII�3RUWXJDO�GX-

ULQJ�WKH�+RORFHQH��,VRWRSH�7HFKQLTXHV�LQ�WKH�6WXG\�RI�3DVW�DQG�&XUUHQW�(QYLURQPHQWDO�&KDQJHV� LQ� WKH�+\GURVSKHUH�and the Atmosphere, 471–485, Vienna, International Ato-

PLF�(QHUJ\�$JHQF\��,$($��62$5(6��$��0��0���',$6��-��0��$����������&RDVWDO�8SZHOOLQJ�DQG�

5DGLRFDUERQ� ²� (YLGHQFH� IRU� 7HPSRUDO� )OXFWXDWLRQV� LQ�2FHDQ�5HVHUYRLU�(IIHFW�RII�3RUWXJDO�GXULQJ�WKH�+RORFHQH��Radiocarbon 48 (1), 45-60.

62$5(6��$��0��0���',$6�� -��0��$�� ��������5HVHUYRLU�(IIHFW�RI�&RDVWDO�:DWHUV�RII�ZHVWHUQ�DQG�1RUWKZHVWHUQ�*DOLFLD��Ra-diocarbon 49 (2), 925–936.

SOARES, A. M. M.; MARTINS, J. M. M. (2010): Radiocarbon da-

WLQJ�RI�PDULQH�VDPSOHV�IURP�*XOI�RI�&DGL]��7KH�UHVHUYRLU�HIIHFW��Quaternary International 221 (1-2), 9–12.

'2,�KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������M�TXDLQW������������SOUSA, E. DE (2009): $�&HUkPLFD�GH�7LSR�.XDVV�QR�$OJDUYH, Lisboa.

678,9(5��0���%5$=,81$6��7�)����������0RGHOLQJ�$WPRVSKHULF�14&�,QÁXHQFHV�DQG�14&�$JHV�RI�0DULQH�6DPSOHV�WR��������%&��Radiocarbon 35 (1), 137–189.

678,9(5��0���3($5621��*��:���%5$=,81$6��7�� ��������5D-GLRFDUERQ� $JH� &DOLEUDWLRQ� RI� 0DULQH� 6DPSOHV� EDFN� WR������FDO�\U�%3��Radiocarbon������%������������

678,9(5��0���32/$&+��+��$����������'LVFXVVLRQ��5HSRUWLQJ�RI�14C Data, Radiocarbon 19 (3), 355-363.