ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA,...
Transcript of ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA,...
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SAGVNTVM (P.L.A.V.) 45, 2013: 101 - 113
ISSN: 0210-3729
ISSN online: 2174-517X
DOI: 10.7203/SAGVNTVM.45.1978
Texto recibido el 20/11/2012
Texto aceptado el 28/01/2013
2V�WUDEDOKRV�DUTXHROyJLFRV�TXH�GHFRUUHUDP�QR�&DV-WHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP��ÀJ������H�TXH�WRWDOL]DP�GH]�FDP-
panhas de trabalho de campo, permitiram obter muitos
GDGRV�VREUH�D�VXD�RFXSDomR�GXUDQWH�R����PLOpQLR�D�Q�H���concretamente sobre a da Idade do Ferro (Arruda 1995;
1996; 1997; 1999-2000; 2000; 2003; 2005; Freitas
2005; Arruda et al. 2006; Oliveira 2006; Arruda et al. 2007; Arruda e Freitas 2008; Oliveira 2008; Arruda et al. 2009; Sousa 2009).
(VVHV�GDGRV�LQFOXHP�RV�TXH�VH�UHIHUHP�j�DUTXLWHFWXUD�H�j�FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO��H�HVWmR�PDWHULDOL]DGRV�HP�FRQVWUXo}HV�GH�GLYHUVD�IXQFLRQDOLGDGH�H�QXP�FRQMXQWR�DUWHIDFWXDO�PXL-WR�H[WHQVR��TXH�HQJORED�FHUkPLFDV��PHWDLV��YLGURV�H�OtWLFRV��$�UHFROKD�GH�RXWURV�HOHPHQWRV��FRQFUHWDPHQWH�IDXQtVWLFRV��DQWUDFROyJLFRV�H�FDUSROyJLFRV��FRQWULEXLX�SDUD�HVWDEHOHFHU�SDGU}HV�FRPSRUWDPHQWDLV�GD�FRPXQLGDGH�KXPDQD�TXH�KD-ELWRX�QR�ORFDO�H�SDUD�DMXGDU�D�HVFODUHFHU�KiELWRV�GH�FRQVX-
mo e dietas alimentares.
$�GLDFURQLD�GD�RFXSDomR�GD�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRL�HVWDEHOHFLGD�WHQGR�HP�FRQVLGHUDomR�D�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�observada e, naturalmente, os espólios recolhidos nessa mesma sequência. Com base nesses dados, foram já apresentadas propostas de DWULEXLomR�FURQROyJLFD�jV�TXDWUR�IDVHV�GH�RFXSDomR�VLGpULFD�TXH�SXGHPRV�FDUDFWHUL]DU�WDPEpP�UHODWLYDPHQWH�DRV�HVSyOLRV�H�j�DUTXLWHFWXUD��$�UHFROKD�GH�PDWHULDO�RUJkQLFR�HP�WRGRV�RV�QtYHLV�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�SHUPLWLX�REWHU�GDWDo}HV�DEVROXWDV��HIHFWXDGDV�VREUH�FDUY}HV�H�IDXQDV�PDODFROyJLFDV��1HVWH�WUDEDOKR��RV�GDGRV�GD�FURQRORJLD�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR�REWLGRV�VmR�DSUHVHQWDGRV��VHQGR�FUX]DGRV�H�GLVFXWLGRV�FRP�RV�TXH�RV�UHVWDQWHV�HOHPHQWRV�SRVVLELOLWDUDP��$�UHODomR�HQWUH�DV�GDWDo}HV�GH�14&�H�DV�REWLGDV�SHOD�DQiOLVH�PRUIROyJLFD�GRV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�DR�ORQJR�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�permite estabelecer bases consideravelmente mais sólidas para a evolução diacrónica da Idade do Ferro do Castelo de Castro Marim.
Palavras-chave��&URQRORJLD��,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��5DGLRFDUERQR��&DVWUR�0DULP��3RUWXJDO�
THE IRON AGE CHRONOLOGY (RELATIVE AND RADIOCARBON) OF THE CASTELO OF PORTO MARIM
7KH�,URQ�$JH�GLDFKURQ\�RI�&DVWUR�0DULP�RFFXSDWLRQ�KDV�EHHQ�HVWDEOLVKHG�ZLWK�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�VHTXHQFH�DQG�WKH�PDWHULDOV�UHFRYHUHG�LQ�WKH�GLIIHUHQW�OHYHOV��%DVHG�RQ�WKHVH�GDWD�ZH�KDYH�DOUHDG\�SUHVHQWHG�FKURQRORJLFDO�SURSRVDOV�IRU�WKH�IRXU�SKDVHV��ZKLFK�ZH�FRXOG�DOVR�FKDUDFWHUL]H�LQ�UHODWLRQ�ZLWK�DUFKLWHFWXUDO�SODQV�DQG�ZLWK�WKH�DUFKDHRORJLFDO�PDWHULDOV��7KH�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�RUJDQLF�PDWHULDO�DW�DOO�OHYHOV�RI�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�sequence allowed us to obtain absolute dates, carried out on shells and charcoals.,Q�WKLV�ZRUN��WKH�GDWD�IURP�WKH�UDGLRFDUERQ�FKURQRORJ\�DUH�SUHVHQWHG�DQG�GLVFXVVHG�E\�WKHPVHOYHV�DQG�UHODWHG�ZLWK�WKH�RWKHUV��7KH�UHODWLRQVKLS�between the 14&�GDWHV�DQG�WKRVH�REWDLQHG�E\�PRUSKRORJLFDO�DQDO\VLV�RI�WKH�PDWHULDOV�FROOHFWHG�DORQJ�WKH�VWUDWLJUDSKLF�VHTXHQFH�EULQJ�PRUH�VROLG�EDVHV�WR�DQDO\]H�WKH�GLDFKURQLF�HYROXWLRQ�RI�&DVWUR�0DULP�,URQ�$JH�
Key words��&KURQRORJ\��,URQ�$JH��5DGLRFDUERQ��&DVWUR�0DULP��3RUWXJDO�
A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO
SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM
ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS,
CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS, PAULO J. C. PORTELA
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ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA
$V� VHTXrQFLDV� HVWUDWLJUiÀFDV� REWLGDV�� EHP� FRPR��QDWXUDOPHQWH��RV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�GLYHUVDV�XQL-GDGHV� GHVVD�PHVPD� VHTXrQFLD�� SRVVLELOLWDUDP� D� GLIH-
UHQFLDomR�GH�TXDWUR�IDVHV�FRQVWUXWLYDV�SDUD�D�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��GD�,,�j�9���WHQGR�R�IDVHDPHQWR�GDV�FRQVWUXo}HV�H�D�SUySULD�FURQRORJLD�SURSRVWD�SDUD�HVVH�IDVHDPHQWR�sido elaborados tendo em consideração as tipologias
GRV�HVSyOLRV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�XQLGDGHV�TXH�OKHV�HVWDYDP�associadas.
$V�IDXQDV��TXHU�PDPDOyJLFDV��TXHU�PDODFROyJLFDV��H�RV�FDUY}HV�SHUPLWLUDP��SRU�RXWUR�ODGR��D�REWHQomR�GH�GD-WDo}HV�UDGLRPpWULFDV�SDUD�D�WRWDOLGDGH�GR�UHIHULGR�IDVHD-mento, concretamente para as Fases II, III, IV e V.
$�H[LVWrQFLD�GH�XPD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�GH�FRQ-
VLGHUiYHO� SRWrQFLD� H� H[WHQVmR�� TXH� SHUPLWH� D� OHLWXUD� GH�FURQRORJLDV�UHODWLYDV��RV�GDGRV�TXH�D�UDGLRPHWULD�SURSRU-FLRQRX�H�D�LQWHJUDomR�FURQR�WLSROyJLFD�GH�HVSyOLRV�IRUQH-FHP�� FRQMXQWDPHQWH�� LQIRUPDomR� TXH� SRGH� H� GHYH� VHU�GLVFXWLGD�GH�IRUPD�JOREDO�H�LQWHJUDGD�
)LJ�����/RFDOL]DomR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�QR�WHUULWyULR�SRUWXJXrV�
Fig. 2. Datas convencionais de radiocarbono para Castro Marim.
* Olea europaea+Arbutus unedo+Pinus pinea+)UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIR-lia. ** Fraxinus sp.+Olea europaea. *** Pinus pinea+Quercus coccifera+Olea europaea. **** Cerastoderma edule+Venerupis decussata+Ensis siliqua. a Fracção intermédia da amostra.
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A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM
A CRONOLOGIA ABSOLUTA
'LYHUVDV�DPRVWUDV��GH�GRLV� WLSRV�²GD�ELRVIHUD�PDUL-nha (conchas de Venerupis decussata, Cerastoderma edule, Donax trunculu, Ensis siliqua e de Glycymeris sp.)
H�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH��IDXQD�PDPDOyJLFD�QmR�LGHQWLÀFD-da ou madeira de Pinus pinea, Olea europaea, Arbutus unedo, Fraxinus sp. e Quercus coccifera)– provenientes
GD�LQWHUYHQomR�DUTXHROyJLFD�GH�FDPSR�OHYDGD�D�HIHLWR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRUDP�GDWDGDV�SHOR�UDGLRFDUERQR��$V�GDWDV�
convencionais obtidas, calculadas segundo as recomen-
GDo}HV� GH� 6WXLYHU� H� 3RODFK� �������� HQFRQWUDP�VH� QR�4XDGUR�,��DFRPSDQKDGDV�GH�DOJXQV�GDGRV�MXOJDGRV�SHUWL-QHQWHV��GHVLJQDGDPHQWH�GD�UHVSHFWLYD�SURYHQLrQFLD�H�GR�YDORU�GR�IUDFFLRQDPHQWR�LVRWySLFR�HP�13C.
Normalmente, as datas de radiocarbono e os valores de
ƣ13&�REWLGRV�D�SDUWLU�GDV�GHVLJQDGDV�IUDFo}HV�LQWHUPpGLDV�das amostras de conchas servem apenas para avaliar da
ÀDELOLGDGH�GDV�GDWDV�GHWHUPLQDGDV�FRP�DV�IUDFo}HV�LQWHUQDV�das respectivas amostras, tomando-se em linha de conta,
Fig. 3. Datação por 14C de pares de amostras coevas (conchas de origem marinha / ossos) provenientes de Castro Marim. Determinação
GRV�YDORUHV�GR�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��Ƌ5��H�GD�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��5�W���a�2XWOLHU��QmR�XWLOL]DGR�SDUD�R�FiOFXOR�GH��Ƌ5��
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ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA
em cálculos e raciocínios posteriores, somente o valor da
GDWD�REWLGD�FRP�D�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD��$VVLP��DQDOLVDQGR�R�SDU��6DF���������������%3��6DF���������������%3��YHULÀFD-�VH�TXH�R�YDORU�GD�GDWD�GD�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD�QmR�VH�GLIHUHQFLD�HVWDWLVWLFDPHQWH��SDUD���Ʊ��GR�YDORU�GD�GDWD�GD�IUDFomR�LQ-
WHUPpGLD��HVWDQGR�RV�YDORUHV�GH�ƣ13C dentro do esperado
SDUD� D� FRPSRVLomR� LVRWySLFD� GH� FRQFKDV�PDULQKDV�� SHOR�TXH� VH�GHYHUi�DWULEXLU�XPD�ERD�ÀDELOLGDGH�j�GDWD�REWLGD�FRP�D�IUDFomR�LQWHUQD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��HP�&DVWUR�0DULP��DV�datas obtidas com amostras constituídas por Glycymeris
são, invariavelmente, 700 a 1000 anos 14C mais antigas do
TXH�DV�REWLGDV�FRP�RXWUDV�FRQFKDV�SURYHQLHQWHV�GRV�PHV-PRV�FRQWH[WRV��HODV� WHUmR�VLGR�XWLOL]DGDV�H[FOXVLYDPHQWH�SDUD�FRQFUHWL]DU�SDYLPHQWRV�H�QmR�SDUD�VHUHP�FRQVXPLGDV���SHOR�TXH�QmR� VH�SRGH�HVWDEHOHFHU�XPD�FRUUHVSRQGrQFLD�HQWUH�HVVDV�GDWDV�H�RV�FRQWH[WRV�DUTXHROyJLFRV�GRQGH�SUR-
YrP�H�TXH�VH�SUHWHQGLD�GDWDU�
&RPR�VH� VDEH��R� UHVHUYDWyULR�JHRTXtPLFR�PDULQKR�p�GHÀFLHQWH�HP�UDGLRFDUERQR�FRPSDUDGR�FRP�D�DWPRVIHUD�²�então, existe uma idade 14&�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��LVWR�p��H[LVWH�XPD�GLIHUHQoD�GH�LGDGHV�GH�14&�HQWUH�DPRVWUDV�FRQWHPSRUk-neas contendo carbono de origem marinha, umas, e carbono
de origem terrestre, as outras. Segundo Stuiver et al. (1986),
D�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR��5�W���SRGH�VHU�GHÀQLGD�FRPR�D�GLIH-rença entre datas convencionais de radiocarbono de um par
GH�DPRVWUDV�FRHYDV�TXH�VH�IRUPDUDP�HP�GLIHUHQWHV�UHVHUYD-WyULRV�JHRTXtPLFRV�GR�FDUERQR��RFHDQR�H�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH��por exemplo). R(t) é dependente do tempo, devido a varia-
o}HV�GR�WHRU�HP�14&�QD�DWPRVIHUD��H�YDULD�GH�UHJLmR�SDUD�UH-JLmR�PDULQKD�� GHYLGR� j�PLVWXUD� GH� GLIHUHQWHV� PDVVDV� GH�
Fig. 4. Calibração das datas convencionais de radiocarbono para
&DVWUR�0DULP�� &DOLEUDomR� HIHFWXDGD� ID]HQGR� XVR� GDV� FXUYDV� ,QW-Cal09 e Marine09 (Reimer et al. 2009), respectivamente para as
GDWDV�GDV�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH�H�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD��H�GR�SURJUDPD� 2[&DO� ������ �%URQN� 5DPVH\� ������ ������� 8WLOL]RX�VH�SDUD�Ƌ5�R�YDORU�GH� �������DQRV� 14C. a Olea europaea + Arbutus unedo + Pinus pinea + )UD[LQXV�DQJXVWLIROLD. b Pinus pinea + Quer-cus coccifera + Olea europaea. c Cerastoderma edule + Venerupis decussata + Ensis siliqua. )LJ�����5HSUHVHQWDomR�JUiÀFD�GDV�GLVWULEXLo}HV�GH�SUREDELOLGDGH�GDV�
GDWDV�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR�FDOLEUDGDV�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP��SDUD�D�TXDO�VH�IH]�XVR�GDV�FXUYDV�,QW&DO���H�0DULQH����5HLPHU�et al. 2009) e do
SURJUDPD�2[&DO��������%URQN�5DPVH\��������EHP�FRPR�GR�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�UHIHULGR�QR�WH[WR��$�QHJUR�²�GDWDV�VREUH�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELR-
VIHUD�WHUUHVWUH��D�JULV�²�GDWDV�VREUH�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD�
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A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM
iJXD��DR�UHJLPH�GH�YHQWRV��j�EDWLPHWULD�H�DR�XSZHOOLQJ (e
ao GRZQZHOOLQJ���&RQVLGHUDQGR�HVWHV�IDFWRV��6WXLYHU�et al. �������PRGHODUDP�D�UHVSRVWD�GR�RFHDQR�JOREDO�jV�YDULD-o}HV�GDV�FRQFHQWUDo}HV�DWPRVIpULFDV�GR�14C. Dessa mode-
lação resultaram as curvas de calibração para as datas de
DPRVWUDV�PDULQKDV�� 'HYLGR� j� YDULDELOLGDGH� UHJLRQDO� GDV�FRQGLo}HV�RFHDQRJUiÀFDV��H[LVWH�XPD�GLIHUHQoD�GR�WHRU�HP�14&�HQWUH�D�iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GH�XPD�GHWHUPLQDGD�UHJLmR�H�D�iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GR�RFHDQR�FRQVLGHUDGR�FRPR�XP�WRGR�H��SRU�LVVR��GHÀQH�VH�XP�SDUkPHWUR�GHQRPLQDGR�Ƌ5��HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�PDULQKR�UHJLRQDO�SDUD�R�UDGLRFDUERQR���R�TXDO�PDLV�QmR�p�TXH�D�GLIHUHQoD�HQWUH�D�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWy-
ULR�GD�iJXD�VXSHUÀFLDO�GR�RFHDQR�UHJLRQDO�H�D�LGDGH�GH�UH-VHUYDWyULR�GD� iJXD� VXSHUÀFLDO�GR�RFHDQR�JOREDO��3DUD� VH�converterem em datas de calendário solar as datas conven-
cionais de radiocarbono determinadas a partir de organis-
PRV�PDULQKRV�p�QHFHVViULR�FDOFXODU�R�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5��LVWR�p��R�YDORU�GR�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�PDULQKR�SDUD�D�UHJLmR�HP�TXH�RFRUUHX�D�FROKHLWD�GHVVHV�RUJDQLVPRV�TXDQGR�YLYRV��2�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5�p��PXLWDV�YH]HV��FDOFXODGR�GDWDQGR�SHOR�14C
SDUHV�GH�DPRVWUDV�GD�PHVPD�LGDGH��PDV�GH�GLIHUHQWH�RUL-gem (terrestre e marinha), convertendo a data da amostra
WHUUHVWUH�QXPD�LGDGH�PDULQKD�D�SDUWLU�GR�PRGHOR�DWUiV�UHIH-ULGR�H��SRU�ÀP��VXEWUDLQGR�HVVD�LGDGH�PDULQKD�PRGHODGD�GD�data de 14&�GD�DPRVWUD�PDULQKD�GR�SDU��6WXLYHU�H�%UD]LXQDV��������&RQWUDULDPHQWH�j�LGDGH�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�5�W���TXH�p�GHSHQGHQWH�GR�WHPSR��Ƌ5�QmR�R�p��D�QmR�VHU�TXH�RFRUUD�DOJXPD� YDULDomR� GDV� FRQGLo}HV� RFHDQRJUiÀFDV� UHVWULWD� j�região do oceano em causa. Isso acontece, na maior parte
GRV� FDVRV�� HP� UHJL}HV� DIHFWDGDV� SHOR� IHQyPHQR� GH�XSZHOOLQJ��8PD�YH]� TXH� DV� WD[DV� GR�XSZHOOLQJ regional
podem variar ao longo do tempo e a intensidade do empo-
brecimento em 14&� GDV� iJXDV� VXSHUÀFLDLV� GHSHQGH� GD�maior ou menor actividade do XSZHOOLQJ��D�TXDO�JHUDOPHQ-
WH�HVWi�UHODFLRQDGD�FRP�R�YDULiYHO�VLVWHPD�DHUROyJLFR�SUH-YDOHFHQWH�QHVVD�UHJLmR��HQWmR�p�H[SHFWiYHO�TXH�R�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5� WDPEpP� YDULH� DR� ORQJR� GR� WHPSR� �$VFRXJK� et al. ������,QJUDP�������.HQQHWW�et al. 1997; Soares 1993; So-
ares e Dias 2006; 2007; Soares e Martins 2010). Valores
DOWRV�GH�Ƌ5��SDUD�HVVDV�UHJL}HV��SRGHP�QRUPDOPHQWH�VHU�FRUUHODFLRQDGRV�FRP�D�H[LVWrQFLD�GH�XP�XSZHOOLQJ intenso,
DR�SDVVR�TXH�YDORUHV�EDL[RV�RX�QXORV�LQGLFLDP�TXH��SDUD�essa época, o XSZHOOLQJ�HUD�IUDFR�RX��PHVPR��LQH[LVWHQWH�
)HOL]PHQWH��GD�LQWHUYHQomR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP��UHVXOWD-UDP� GLYHUVRV� SDUHV� GH� DPRVWUDV� DVVRFLDGDV� GH� GLIHUHQWH�UHVHUYDWyULR�GH�RULJHP��R�TXH�SHUPLWLX�D�GHWHUPLQDomR�GR�YDORU�GH�Ƌ5�DSOLFiYHO�QD�FDOLEUDomR�GDV�GDWDV�GH�UDGLRFDU-bono obtidas a partir de conchas marinhas recolhidas neste
VtWLR�DUTXHROyJLFR�H�TXH�ÀJXUDP�QR�4XDGUR�,��$�GHWHUPL-QDomR�GRV�YDORUHV�GH�Ƌ5�H�5�W��D�SDUWLU�GHVVHV�SDUHV�HQFRQ-
WUD�VH� LQGLFDGD� QR� 4XDGUR� ,,�� 1RWH�VH� TXH� DV� GDWDV� GDV�amostras de Glycymeris�QmR�IRUDP�WRPDGDV�HP�FRQVLGHUD-omR��SHORV�PRWLYRV� Mi� DWUiV� H[SRVWRV��2�PHVPR� VXFHGHX�com a data Sac-2444, determinada a partir de uma mistura
GH�PDGHLUD�FDUERQL]DGD�GH�Fraxinus e Olea��H�FXMR�YDORU�se tem de considerar aberrante, tendo em conta os outros
valores obtidos para a Fase III. O valor médio ponderado
GH�Ƌ5�p�GH��������DQRV�14&��R�TXDO�VH�GHYHUi�XWLOL]DU�QD�FDOLEUDomR�GDTXHODV�GDWDV�ID]HQGR�XVR�GD�FXUYD�0DULQH���(Reimer et al. 2009).
1DV�ÀJXUDV���H����HQFRQWUDP�VH�DV�GDWDV�FDOLEUDGDV�(com excepção das consideradas aberrantes) através das
curvas IntCal09 e Marine09 (Reimer et al. 2009), para
DV�DPRVWUDV�GD�ELRVIHUD�WHUUHVWUH�H�GD�ELRVIHUD�PDULQKD��UHVSHFWLYDPHQWH��)H]�VH��WDPEpP��XVR�GR�SURJUDPD�2[-
&DO��������%URQN�5DPVH\�������H�GH�XP�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�
)LJ�����3HUÀV�HVWUDWLJUiÀFRV�FRP�DV�XQLGDGHV�GH�UHFROKD�GDV�DPRV-WUDV�VXMHLWDV�D�GDWDomR�SRU�UDGLRFDUERQR�
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ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA
HP�TXH�DV�GLVWULEXLo}HV�GH�SUREDELOLGDGH�GDV�GDWDV�FDOL-EUDGDV� IRUDP� FRQGLFLRQDGDV� SHOD� SRVLomR� HVWUDWLJUiÀFD�GDV�DPRVWUDV�VREUH�DV�TXDLV�IRUDP�REWLGDV��)D]�VH�QRWDU�TXH�VH�HVWi�QXP�WURoR�GD�FXUYD�GH�FDOLEUDomR�FRQKHFLGR�como a catástrofe da Idade do Ferro��HP�TXH��SRU�PDLRU�TXH�VHMD�D�SUHFLVmR�GD�GDWD�FRQYHQFLRQDO�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR��D�LQFHUWH]D�DVVRFLDGD�j�GDWD�FDOLEUDGD�p�VHPSUH�JUDQGH��$�XWLOL]DomR� GH� XPD� HVWDWtVWLFD� ED\HVLDQD� SHUPLWH� UHGX]LU�SDUWH�GHVVD�LQFHUWH]D�
FASEAMENTO DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA
A FASE II
2�LQtFLR�GD�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR�HP�&DVWUR�0DULP�HVWi�GHÀ-
FLHQWHPHQWH�FDUDFWHUL]DGR�GR�SRQWR�GH�YLVWD�DUTXLWHFWy-
QLFR��R�TXH�UHVXOWD�GD�HVFDVVD�SUHVHUYDomR�GRV�UHVSHFWLYRV�
YHVWtJLRV��$LQGD� DVVLP�� IRL� SRVVtYHO� LGHQWLÀFDU�XPD�iUHD�HGLÀFDGD��RULHQWDGD�QR�VHQWLGR�(�2��TXH�PRVWUD�Mi�D�SOHQD�DGRSomR�GH�DUTXLWHFWXUD�RUWRJRQDO��$UUXGD�et al. 2007).
$�EDL[HOD�FHUkPLFD�DVVRFLDGD�D�HVWH�SULPHLUR�PRPHQWR�GH� pSRFD� VLGpULFD� p� GRPLQDGD�SHODV�SURGXo}HV�PDQXDLV��RQGH�DV�IRUPDV�DEHUWDV�FRQWLQXDP�D�VHU�PDLRULWiULDV��GH-YHQGR�GHVWDFDU�VH�R�HVPDJDGRU�GRPtQLR�GDV�WDoDV�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR��2OLYHLUD��������1RV�UHFLSLHQWHV�GH�PHQRUHV�GLPHQV}HV��RV�YDVRV�GH�SHUÀO�FDUHQDGRV�FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV�GR�%URQ]H�)LQDO�TXDVH�GHVDSDUHFHP�GR�UHJLVWR�DUTXHROyJLFR��VHQGR�VXEVWLWXtGRV�SHODV�WLJHODV�GH�VXDYH�SHUÀO�HP�6��2V�SRWHV�SDQHODV�FRPS}HP�XP�FRQMXQWR�PXLWR�UHVWULWR�H�EDV-WDQWH�IUDJPHQWDGR��RQGH�IRL�SRVVtYHO�UHFRQKHFHU�H[HPSODUHV�GH� GLIHUHQWHV� GLPHQV}HV� �Ibidem). Ao nível das decora-
o}HV��YHULÀFD�VH�D�SHUVLVWrQFLD�GDV�WpFQLFDV�GH�EUXQLPHQWR��UHWLFXODGRV�H�WULkQJXORV�SUHHQFKLGRV�FRP�WUDoRV�REOtTXRV��e pintura (a negro e vermelho), a par do surgimento de
H[HPSODUHV�FRP�GLJLWDo}HV�LPSUHVVDV��Ibidem).
Fig. 7. Planta da Fase II e amostra do
HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�
107
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1R�TXH�VH�UHIHUH�j�FHUkPLFD�D�WRUQR��GHYH�UHIHULU�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV�GH�WLSR�5���PDLV�H[DFWD-mente 10.1.1.1. e 10.1.2.1., pithoi, e de pratos cobertos com
engobe vermelho (Arruda 1999-2000; 2005; Freitas 2005).
1D�FHUkPLFD�GH�XVR�FRPXP��GHVWDFD�VH�D�JUDQGH�DEXQGkQ-
FLD�GH�WDoDV�KHPLVIpULFDV�H�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�DOJXQV�H[HPSOD-UHV�GH�YDVRV� WUtSRGHV� �$UUXGD�������������(P�FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD�VmR�SURGX]LGDV�PDLRULWDULDPHQWH�WDoDV�KHPLVIpUL-FDV��VHQGR�R�JUXSR�GRV�SUDWRV��WDoDV�FDUHQDGDV�RX�GH�SHUÀO�HP�6�FODUDPHQWH�UHVLGXDO��(QWUH�R�HVSyOLR�PHWiOLFR�GHVWD-ca-se dois cotos de lança.
$� HVWUDWLJUDÀD� UHODWLYD� GRFXPHQWDGD� QR� VtWLR�� EHP�como os materiais recuperados, sugerem uma cronologia
da primeira metade do séc. VII para início da ocupação sidé-
ULFD��$�UHFROKD�GH�RVVRV�H�GH�FDUY}HV��Pinus pinea) possibili-
WRX�D�REWHQomR�GH�WUrV�GDWDV�GH�UDGLRFDUERQR�TXH��HP�JUDQGH�
SDUWH��FRQÀUPDP�D�FURQRORJLD�SURSRVWD�FRP�EDVH�QD�WLSROR-
JLD�GRV�HVSyOLRV��FRPR�VH�SRGH�YHULÀFDU�QD�ÀJXUD���
A FASE III
$�)DVH�,,,�FRUUHVSRQGH�D�XP�FRQMXQWR�HGLÀFDGR�RULHQ-
tado no sentido Este/Oeste, sendo de registar, desde logo,
RV�TXDWUR�FRPSDUWLPHQWRV�ORFDOL]DGRV�SUy[LPR�GR�OLPLWH�GD�FROLQD�H�TXH�UHVSHLWDP�R�VHX�FRQWRUQR�RULJLQDO��SRGHQGR�GHIHQGHU�VH�TXH�WHUmR�VHUYLGR�GH�FDVDPDWDV�DQH[DV�D�XPD�HYHQWXDO�PXUDOKD��1D�iUHD�FHQWUDO�GD�HVFDYDomR��S{V�VH�D�GHVFREHUWR�XP�HGLItFLR��FRP�FRPSDUWLPHQWRV�SDYLPHQWD-dos com terra batida de cor vermelha. Destaca-se ainda a
H[LVWrQFLD�GH�GRLV�IRUQRV����QR�FRPSDUWLPHQWR���H�RXWUR�QD�]RQD� VXO�GHVWD� iUHD� HGLÀFDGD�� DVVRFLDGR�D�XPD�HVWUXWXUD�FLUFXODU�TXH�LQWHUSUHWDPRV�FRPR�VLOR��$UUXGD�et al. 2007).
)LJ�����3ODQWD�GD�)DVH�,,,�H�DPRVWUD�GR�HVSy-
OLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�
108
ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA
2� HVSyOLR� UHFXSHUDGR� QRV� QtYHLV� DVVRFLDGRV� D� HVWH�SODQR�DUTXLWHFWyQLFR�DSUHVHQWD�XPD�PDWUL]�FXOWXUDO�GH�FD-UL]�´RULHQWDOL]DQWHµ�Mi�HYLGHQFLDGD�QD�)DVH�DQWHULRU��D�,,��
$�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�SODVPD�XP�PRPHQWR�LQWHUPpGLR�QR�VHX�SURFHVVR�HYROXWLYR��LQWHJUDQGR�IRUPDV�GH�origem oriental, como as taças carenadas de bordo triangu-
ODU��DV�©DPSROODVª��DV�MDUUDV�GH�FROR�FLOtQGULFR��H�SUDWRV�GH�bordo largo e aplanado, todos com cronologias situadas en-
WUH�RV�PHDGRV�H�R�ÀQDO�GR�VpFXOR�9,,�D�&���)UHLWDV��������0DV�D�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�WDPEpP�HVSHOKD�R�UH-SHUWyULR�KDELWXDOPHQWH�SUHVHQWH�QRV�VtWLRV�LQGtJHQDV�RULHQWD-OL]DGRV��FRP�DV�WLJHODV�FRP�FDQHOXUDV�QD�VXSHUItFLH�H[WHUQD�H�WDPEpP�RV�VXSRUWHV�GLWRV�GH�´FDUUHWHµ��Ibidem���$�FHUkPL-ca pintada em bandas está representada por escassos pithoi e algumas taças (Arruda e Freitas 2008).
$�UHODomR�FRP�R�PXQGR�RULHQWDOL]DQWH�GLWR�WDUWpVVL-FR� HVWi� HYLGHQFLDGD� QD� FHUkPLFD� PDQXDO�� DWUDYpV� GDV�GHFRUDo}HV�EUXQLGDV�H�SLQWDGDV��DLQGD�TXH�VH�GHYD�UHFR-
QKHFHU� TXH� HP� &DVWUR� 0DULP� HVWHV� WLSRV� GHFRUDWLYRV�VXUJHP� HP� TXDQWLGDGHV� UHGX]LGDV� �2OLYHLUD� ������������� ,GHQWLÀFRX�VH� WDPEpP� XPD� RXWUD� PRGDOLGDGH�GHFRUDWLYD�TXH�FRQVLVWH�QD�SLQWXUD�D�DPDUHOR�H�EUDQFR�VREUH�XPD�VXSHUItFLH�SLQWDGD�GH�YHUPHOKR��Ibidem). No
FRQMXQWR�GD�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO��DVVLVWH�VH�D�XP�GHFUpVFL-PR� DFHQWXDGR� GRV� UHFLSLHQWHV� WLSR� WDoD�WLJHOD�� D� IDYRU�dos potes/panelas (Ibidem).
2�FRQMXQWR�GH�PDWHULDLV�UHFROKLGRV�QDV�XQLGDGHV�HV-WUDWLJUiÀFDV�TXH�À]HPRV�FRUUHVSRQGHU�D�HVWD�)DVH��TXH�VH�sobrepunham a outras integráveis na Fase anterior, per-
mitiu atribuir-lhe uma cronologia centrada na 2ª metade
Fig. 9. Planta da Fase IV e amostra do
HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�
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A CRONOLOGIA RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DA OCUPAÇÃO SIDÉRICA DO CASTELO DE CASTRO MARIM
GR�VpF��9,,�D�Q�H��$�GDWDomR�SHOR�UDGLRFDUERQR��YHU�ÀJ�����DSRQWD�SDUD�XPD�FURQRORJLD�GRV�ÀQDLV�GR�VpF��9,,�²�VpF��9,�FDO�%&�SDUD�HVWD�)DVH�,,,�GD�RFXSDomR�VLGpULFD�de Castro Marim.
Assim, os resultados radiométricos não desmentem
DV� GDWDo}HV� TXH� D� DQiOLVH� WLSROyJLFD� GRV�PDWHULDLV� DU-TXHROyJLFRV�LQGLFLD��DLQGD�TXH�R�LQWHUYDOR�GH�WHPSR�VHMD�WDOYH]�GHPDVLDGR�DPSOR�SDUD�SHUPLWLU�XPD�DERUGDJHP�mais minuciosa.
A FASE IV
Ao longo do séc. VI, assiste-se a um incremento na
GHQVLGDGH�GH�RFXSDomR�GR�HVSDoR��FRP�XP�PDLRU�Q~PHUR�GH�HGLItFLRV��RUJDQL]DGRV�HP� WRUQR�GH�DUUXDPHQWRV�RX�SHTXHQRV�´ODUJRV�SUDoDVµ��PDV�R�FRQMXQWR�GH�FRPSDUWL-PHQWRV�TXH�DVVRFLiPRV�D�FDVDPDWDV�PDQWpP�VH�LQDOWHUDGR�(Arruda et al. 2007).
2�UHSHUWyULR�FHUkPLFR�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�DOWHUD�VH�relativamente aos níveis da Fase anterior, não se encon-
WUDQGR�UHSUHVHQWDGDV�DV�IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV�H�RV�VXSRUWHV��$V�WLJHODV�H�RV�SUDWRV�DSUHVHQWDP�XP�PDLRU�Q~PHUR�GH�YDULDQWHV�� GHQRWDQGR�VH�� SDUWLFXODUPHQWH� QHVWD� ~OWLPD�IRUPD� H� QD� WLJHOD� FRP� FDQHOXUDV� QD� VXSHUItFLH� H[WHUQD��XPD�HYROXomR�QD�VXD�PRUIRORJLD��)UHLWDV��������
Pithoi�H�XUQDV�&UX]�GHO�1HJUR�SLQWDGRV�HP�EDQGDV�HVWmR�SUHVHQWHV�GH�IRUPD�VLJQLÀFDWLYD��$UUXGD�H�)UHLWDV�������
1D�FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD��DV�WDoDV�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR�VmR�R�WLSR�GH�UHFLSLHQWH�SUHGRPLQDQWH��HQTXDQWR�TXH�RV�pratos e taças carenadas tendem a cair em desuso. As
IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV�VmR�DLQGD�PDLV�UDUDV�j�VHPHOKDQoD�GR�TXH�VXFHGH�FRP�D�FHUkPLFD�GLWD�GH�uso comum, onde
DV� WLJHODV�KHPLVIpULFDV� VmR� LJXDOPHQWH�SUHSRQGHUDQWHV�QR� FRQMXQWR�� 1HVWD� ~OWLPD� FDWHJRULD�� GRFXPHQWRX�VH�WDPEpP�R�XVR�GH�SU�DWRV��WDoDV�H�YDVRV�WUtSRGHV��1R�TXH�GL]�UHVSHLWR�jV�IRUPDV�IHFKDGDV��DVVLQDOD�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�UHFLSLHQWHV�GR� WLSR�SRWH�SDQHOD�� MDUURV�� IRUPDV�DÀP�de pithoi e, nos contextos mais tardios deste momento,
de barris.
$� FHUkPLFD� PDQXDO� GHFUHVFH� FRQVLGHUDYHOPHQWH��sendo agora maioritários os contentores do tipo pote/
SDQHOD��HP�GHWULPHQWR�GDV�WDoDV�H�WLJHODV��$V�~QLFDV�QR-
YLGDGHV�QR�UHSHUWyULR�VmR�XP�UHFLSLHQWH�GR�WLSR�´VHUWmµ��H�XP�YDVR�j�chardon��$�GHFRUDomR�SLQWDGD�H�´EHOLVFDGDµ�desaparecem, mas os motivos digitados continuam,
surgindo agora associados sempre a outros motivos in-
FLVRV��QRPHDGDPHQWH�RV�GHQRPLQDGRV�́ ERUGRV�GHQWHDGRVµ�(Oliveira 2006; 2008).
$�WLSRORJLD�GRV�PDWHULDLV�SHUPLWLX�FRORFDU�HVWD�IDVH�construtiva no século VI. Também nas Unidades desta
)DVH�IRUDP�UHFROKLGRV�FDUY}HV�H�FRQFKDV��TXH�SRVVLELOLWDUDP�a obtenção de oito datas de radiocarbono. Devidamente
FDOLEUDGDV��ID]HQGR�XVR�GR�PRGHOR�ED\HVLDQR�DWUiV�UHIH-ULGR��RV�GDGRV�UDGLRPpWULFRV�HYLGHQFLDP�TXH�HVWD�)DVH�VH�insere num intervalo de tempo centrado na segunda me-
WDGH�GR�VpF��9,�FDO�%&��$VVLP��D�DWULEXLomR�GD�)DVH�,9�DR�VpF��9,��DWUDYpV�GD�DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�UHFROKLGR��p�UHIRU-çada pela cronologia obtida pelo radiocarbono.
A FASE V
A partir de meados do séc. V a.C., o Castelo de Castro
0DULP�VRIUH�JUDQGHV�DOWHUDo}HV�D�QtYHO�DUTXLWHFWyQLFR�H�GD�FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO��6REUH�DV�UXtQDV�GDV�FRQVWUXo}HV�DQWH-ULRUHV��FRQVWUyL�VH�XP�FRQMXQWR�GH�HGLÀFDo}HV�TXH�DGRSWD�uma orientação no sentido Nordeste/Sudoeste (Arruda
2005; Arruda et al. 2007).
2�PDWHULDO� DUTXHROyJLFR� UHFROKLGR� QHVWHV� FRQWH[WRV�VLGpULFRV�PDLV�WDUGLRV�SHUPLWLX�GLVWLQJXLU��QR�kPELWR�GHV-WH�SHUtRGR��WUrV�VXE�IDVHV�FURQROyJLFDV��$V�GXDV�SULPHL-UDV��HVWmR�EDOL]DGDV�QD�VHJXQGD�PHWDGH�GR�VpF��9�D�&��H�GXUDQWH�RV�SULPHLURV�WUrV�TXDUWRV�GR�VpF��,9�D��&��H�D�PDLV�WDUGLD�GDWD�VH�HQWUH�ÀQDLV�GR�VpF��,9�H�R�VpF��,,,�D�&�
Da segunda metade do séc. V a.C. data um espaço
HGLÀFDGR�� RQGH� VH� HVFDYRX� XP� FRQWH[WR� �8�(�V� �������FRP�PDWHULDLV�HP�H[FHOHQWH�HVWDGR�GH�FRQVHUYDomR��TXH�SHUPLWLX� FDUDFWHUL]DU�� DR� QtYHO� GD� FXOWXUD�PDWHULDO�� HVWH�PRPHQWR�� 2XWURV� QtYHLV� SULPiULRV� GH� RFXSDomR� IRUDP�WDPEpP�DWULEXtGRV�D�HVWD�PHVPD�IDVH��VHQGR�DV�DVVRFLD-o}HV�GH�PDWHULDLV�PXLWR�VLJQLÀFDWLYDV�
$R�QtYHO�GRV�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV��DV� IRUPDV�PDLV�bem representadas neste nível 80/89, bem como nas ou-
tros de cronologia coeva, correspondem aos tipos Maña
3DVFXDO�$��H�%�&�GH�3HOOLFHU��'HQWUR�GR�SULPHLUR�WLSR��IRL�SRVVtYHO�LGHQWLÀFDU�YiULDV�GDV�YDULDQWHV�HVWDEHOHFLGDV�SRU�Ramon Torres, concretamente os tipos 11.2.1.3, 11.2.1.4.,
����������H�����������$V�kQIRUDV�GR� WLSR�%�&�GH�3HOOLFHU�WDPEpP� FRQVWLWXHP�XPD� SDUWH� VLJQLÀFDWLYD� GR� HVSyOLR��encontrando-se representadas as variantes 1 e 2. Outro
DVSHFWR�UHOHYDQWH�QR�FRQMXQWR�GRV�FRQWHQWRUHV�DQIyULFRV�UHODFLRQD�VH�FRP�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�IRUPDV�HYROXtGDV�GDV�kQ-
IRUDV�GH�WLSR�5���$�H[LVWrQFLD�GH�DOJXQV�GHVWHV�H[HPSODUHV�em contextos da segunda metade do séc. V a.C. poderá
LQGLFLDU� D� SHUPDQrQFLD� GH� DOJXQV� GHVWHV� SURWyWLSRV� HP�PRPHQWRV�PDLV�WDUGLRV�GR�TXH�RV�KDELWXDOPHQWH�SURSRV-tos (Arruda et al. 2006).
110
ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA
$�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD�UHFROKLGD�QHVWH�HVWUDWR�FRUUHVSRQ-
de, sobretudo, a taças Cástulo, documentando-se ainda a
presença de skyphoi e kylikes��DOJXPDV�GDV�TXDLV�VmR�GD�FODVVH�GHOLFDGD��$�GHFRUDomR�FRP�ÀJXUDV�YHUPHOKDV�surge em kylikes e em skyphoi��GR�SLQWRU�GH�0DUOD\�QR�SULPHLUR�FDVR��4XHU�DV�IRUPDV�TXHU�DV�GHFRUDo}HV�VmR�DV�habituais em contextos desta época (Arruda 2007; Arru-
da e Freitas 2008).
$�IRUPD�PDLV�UHSUHVHQWDGD�HP�FHUkPLFD�FLQ]HQWD�p�D�WLJHOD�GH�SHUÀO�KHPLVIpULFR��TXH�PXLWDV�YH]HV�SRVVXL�WUrV�FDQHOXUDV�QD� VXSHUItFLH� H[WHUQD�GD�SDQoD��$V� WLJHODV�GH�ERUGR� HP� DED�� DV� WDoDV� FDUHQDGDV� H� RV� SHTXHQRV� SRWHV�WDPEpP�FDUHQDGRV�FRPSOHWDP�R�UHSHUWyULR�IRUPDO�GHVWD�FDWHJRULD�FHUkPLFD�
1D�FHUkPLFD�FRPXP�GRPLQDP�DV�WLJHODV�GH�SHUÀO�KH-PLVIpULFR�� DOJXPDV� FRP� EDQGDV� SLQWDGDV� YHUPHOKDV� RX�FLQ]HQWDV�� QD� VXSHUItFLH� LQWHUQD�� 3UDWRV�� MDUURV�� SRWHV�
SDQHODV�H�EDFLDV�DOJXLGDUHV�FRPS}HP�R�UHVWDQWH�TXDGUR�PRUIROyJLFR��6RXVD������
$�FHUkPLFD�GH�HQJREH�YHUPHOKR�HVWi�DLQGD�SUHVHQWH�QHVWH�FRQWH[WR�HVWUDWLJUiÀFR��FRP�SUDWRV��WLJHODV�H�WDoDV�carenadas (Freitas 2005).
6mR�SRXFRV�RV�YDVRV�GH�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO�UHSUHVHQWD-dos, notando-se, contudo, uma acentuada diversidade
IRUPDO��SRGHQGR�GHVWDFDU�VH�D�SUHVHQoD�GH�SRWHV�SDQHODV��GH� WDoDV�� GH� EDFLDV�DOJXLGDUHV� H� GH� XP� SHTXHQR� FRSR�(Oliveira 2006; 2008).
$V� ItEXODV� LQWHJUDP� RV� WLSRV� DQXODUHV� KLVSkQLFRV��mais concretamente Cuadrado 9A, 10 e 10A. Os espe-
OKRV��RV�SUDWRV�GH�EDODQoD�H�XP�SRQGHUDO�F~ELFR�IRUDP�WDPEpP�UHFROKLGRV��'RLV�DUWHIDFWRV�GH�EURQ]H�SHUIXUDGRV�H� XPD� SHJD� HP� IRUPD� GH� FDEHoD� GH� FLVQH� WDPEpP� GH�EURQ]H�SRGHUmR� WHU� IHLWR�SDUWH�GH�XP�FRDGRU� �$UUXGD�H�Freitas 2008).
Fig. 10. Planta da Fase V e amostra
GR�HVSyOLR�LQWHJUDGR�QHVWD�IDVH�
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(VWHV�QtYHLV�GD�)DVH�9�IRUDP�GDWDGRV��FRPR�Mi�VH�UH-IHULX��GRV�GRLV�~OWLPRV�GHFpQLRV�GR�VpFXOR�9��GDWDomR�TXH�WHYH�HP�FRQVLGHUDomR�D�WLSRORJLD�GRV�PDWHULDLV�DUTXHROy-
JLFRV��'H�IDFWR��TXHU�D�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��FRP�IRUPDV�H[-
FOXVLYDV�GHVVD�FURQRORJLD��TXHU�DV�kQIRUDV��H�PHVPR�RV�PHWDLV�� FRPR� p� R� FDVR� GDV� ItEXODV� DQXODUHV� KLVSkQLFDV��SHUPLWHP�TXH�VH�DWULEXD�D�HVVH�PHVPR�VpFXOR�HVVH�PR-
mento de ocupação.
(VVHV�PHVPRV�QtYHLV� IRUDP� WDPEpP�GDWDGRV� UDGLR-
metricamente, através de conchas (Cerastoderma edule,
Venerupis decussata e Ensis siliqua���H�GH�FDUY}HV��Erica arborea e Olea europaea). O intervalo obtido para esta
)DVH�p�GH���������FDO�%&���Ʊ��RX�GH�������������FDO�%&���Ʊ���$�LPSRUWkQFLD�GHVWHV�GDGRV�SDUHFHP�GH�UHWHU��XPD�YH]�TXH�SDUD�HVWDV�TXDWUR�GDWDo}HV�VH�XWLOL]RX�H[FOXVLYD-PHQWH�PDWHULDO�GH�XPD�~QLFD�XQLGDGH��D�����XQLGDGH�HVVD�TXH�� OHPEUDPRV��HVWi�EHP�GDWDGD��SHOD�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��entre 425 e 400. Embora o intervalo determinado pelo
UDGLRFDUERQR� FRPSUHHQGD� HVWH� ~OWLPR� LQWHUYDOR�� REWLGR�DWUDYpV�GD�DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDYD�DVVRFLDGR�j�XQLGDGH����� LQGLFLD��QR�HQWDQWR��XPD�FURQRORJLD�PDLV�DQWLJD�� KLSyWHVH�SDUD� D� TXDO� QmR� H[LVWH� XPD�H[SOLFDomR�yEYLD�� HPERUD� QmR� VH� GHYD� HVTXHFHU� TXH� QmR� HVWDPRV�SHUDQWH� XQLGDGHV� VHODGDV� H� TXH� PLVWXUDV� GH� PDWHULDLV�são possíveis.
$V�UHVWDQWHV�VXE�IDVHV�GHVWD�IDVH�9�QmR�IRUDP�GDWDGDV�SHOR� UDGLRFDUERQR��&RQWXGR��D�DQiOLVH�GR�HVSyOLR�GHL[D�SHUFHEHU�TXH�HQWUH���������VH�DVVLVWH�D�SHTXHQDV�UHPR-
GHODo}HV�GR�HVSDoR�SUHYLDPHQWH�RFXSDGR��VHQGR�SRXFDV�as novas áreas construídas.
2�HVSyOLR�TXH�SHUPLWLX�GDWDU�HVWH�PRPHQWR�HQJORED�kQIRUDV��WLSR�����������GDV�0DxD�3DVFXDO�$���WLSR�%�&�GH�Pellicer, e tipo 8.1.1.2 de Ramon Torres) (Arruda et al. ������H�FHUkPLFD�JUHJD��TXHU�GH�YHUQL]�QHJUR�TXHU�GH�À-
JXUDV� YHUPHOKDV� �$UUXGD� ������� $V� SiWHUDV� GD� IRUPD�21/22, os bolsais, as kylikes, os skyphoi, os kantharoi, os
SUDWRV�GH�SHL[H�H�RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�-HKDVVH������DVVLP�como as kylikes�GH�ÀJXUDV�YHUPHOKDV�SLQWDGDV�SHOR�SLQWRU�GH�9LHQD�����LQWHJUDP�HVWH�FRQMXQWR��Ibidem).
2V� QtYHLV� HVWUDWLJUiÀFRV� LQWHJUiYHLV� HQWUH� ��������VmR�HVFDVVRV��XPD�YH]�TXH�DV�RFXSDo}HV�PDLV�UHFHQWHV�GR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�RV�DIHFWDUDP��jV�YH]HV��SURIXQ-
damente. Mas alguns contextos preservados possibilita-
UDP�XPD�DQiOLVH�GDV�H[LVWrQFLDV�PDWHULDLV�$�FHUkPLFD�GH�WLSR�.XDVV�FRQVWLWXL�R�SULQFLSDO�IyVVLO�
director destes momentos tardios da Idade do Ferro,
VHQGR�RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�,,�H�QDV�WDoDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�$�GH� 1LYHDX� DV� IRUPDV� PDLV� EHP� GRFXPHQWDGDV�� (VWmR�
WDPEpP�SUHVHQWHV��DLQGD�TXH�HP�Q~PHURV�UHVWULWRV��RV�SUDWRV�GD�IRUPD�,��DV�SiWHUDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�%��DV�SHTXH-
QDV� WDoDV�GD�IRUPD�,;�&��RV�YDVRV�GD�IRUPD�9,,,�H�RV�XQJXHQWiULRV�LQWHJUiYHLV�QD�IRUPD�;9��6RXVD�������
DISCUSSÃO
Os dados atrás apresentados são, na nossa opinião, re-
YHODGRUHV�GD�H[WUDRUGLQiULD�FRHUrQFLD�GD�VHTXrQFLD�HVWUDWL-JUiÀFD�YHULÀFDGD�QR�&DVWHOR�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP��&RP�HIHL-WR��D�FURQRORJLD�UHODWLYD�TXH�SRGH�OHU�VH�QHVVD�VHTXrQFLD��DR�ORQJR�GDV�8QLGDGHV�(VWUDWLJUiÀFDV�TXH�VH�VREUHSXQKDP�XPDV�jV�RXWUDV��SRGH�VHU�FRQÀUPDGD�SHOD�FURQRORJLD�UDGLR-
PpWULFD�TXH�FRUURERURX�HVVD�PHVPD�VHTXrQFLD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��p�WDPEpP�LPSRUWDQWH�YHULÀFDU�TXH�HVWD�~OWLPD�FRQÀU-PRX�LJXDOPHQWH�DTXLOR�TXH�R�WUDEDOKR�GH�FDPSR��D�DQiOLVH�GRV�PDWHULDLV�H�D�FRQVWUXomR�GD�PDWUL]�GH�+DUULV�Mi�GHL[D-vam perceber: a continuidade da ocupação desde o séc.
9,,�DR�VpFXOR�9��VHP�TXH�VH�WHQKDP�REVHUYDGR�TXDLVTXHU�UXSWXUDV�RX�LQWHUUXSo}HV�WHPSRUDLV��
As datas de radiocarbono são também coerentes den-
WUR�GH�WRGDV�DV�XQLGDGHV�H�IDVHV�DUTXLWHFWyQLFDV��KDYHQGR�SRXFDV�GDWDV�DQyPDODV�²�DSHQDV�DV�TXH�VH�REWLYHUDP�VR-
bre Glycymeris�VS�H�XPD�GDWD�VREUH�PDGHLUD�FDUERQL]DGD�DVVRFLDGD�j�)DVH�,,,��$TXHODV��FRQWXGR��GHYHP�VHU�GHYL-GDPHQWH�FRQWH[WXDOL]DGDV��XPD�YH]�TXH�HP�&DVWUR�0D-ULP��GXUDQWH�D�,GDGH�GR�)HUUR��IRUDP�XWLOL]DGDV�H[FOXVLYD-PHQWH� SDUD� FRQFUHWL]DU� SDYLPHQWRV�� QmR� WHQGR� VLGR�FRQVXPLGDV��2�TXH�VLJQLÀFD�TXH�IRUDP�UHFROKLGDV�Mi�QD�IRUPD�HP�TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDYDP�QR�PRPHQWR�GD�VXD�XWLOL-]DomR�� QmR� VH� WUDWDQGR��SRUWDQWR�� GR� DSURYHLWDPHQWR�GH�restos alimentares, mas sim da procura de uma espécie
FRQFUHWD�GHVWLQDGD�D�XPD�IXQomR�HVSHFtÀFD��2V�PROXVFRV�TXH�DV�SURGX]LUDP�WLQKDP�PRUULGR�Ki�PXLWR������D������DQRV�DQWHV�GR�PRPHQWR�GD�VXD�XWLOL]DomR�
Além de tudo isto, a datação pelo radiocarbono de
SDUHV�GH�DPRVWUDV�SURYHQLHQWHV�GH�UHVHUYDWyULRV�JHRTXt-PLFRV�GLIHUHQWHV�H�HVWUHLWDPHQWH�DVVRFLDGDV��SHUPLWLX�GH-WHUPLQDU��HP�SULPHLUD�DSUR[LPDomR��R�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYD-WyULR�RFHkQLFR�SDUD�XP�WURoR�GD�FRVWD�VXO�SRUWXJXHVD�²R�GR� 6RWDYHQWR� DOJDUYLR²� TXH� VH� HQFRQWUDYD� DLQGD� PDO�DPRVWUDGR��$�FRQMXJDomR�GHVWHV�GDGRV�GH�&DVWUR�0DULP�FRP�RXWURV�GH�7DYLUD�H�GH�&DFHOD��TXH�VH�HQFRQWUDP�DLQ-
GD�HP�IDVH�GH�REWHQomR�RX�GH�DQiOLVH��LUi�SHUPLWLU�D�GHWHU-PLQDomR�GH�XP�YDORU�SUHFLVR�H�ULJRURVR�SDUD�R�HIHLWR�GH�UHVHUYDWyULR�RFHkQLFR�SDUD�R�6RWDYHQWR�DOJDUYLR�H��GHVWH�PRGR�� DEULU� D� SRVVLELOLGDGH� GH� XWLOL]DomR�� FRP� HOHYDGD�
112
ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA, ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES, VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS, CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA, JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS,PAULO J. C. PORTELA
ÀDELOLGDGH��GH�XP�PDWHULDO�GH�YLGD�FXUWD��FRPR�p�D�FRQ-
cha marinha, na datação pelo radiocarbono deste tipo de
DPRVWUDV�FRP�HVWD�SURYHQLrQFLD��3RU�RXWUR�ODGR��R�YDORU�REWLGR�SDUD�Ƌ5���������DQRV�14C) está compreendido en-
tre os valores obtidos, segundo Soares e Martins (2010),
SDUD�R�%DUODYHQWR� DOJDUYLR� ��������DQRV� 14C) e para a
FRVWD�DQGDOX]D�GR�*ROIR�GH�&iGLV����������DQRV�14C), o
TXH�HVWi�GH�DFRUGR�FRP�DV�FRQGLo}HV�RFHDQRJUiÀFDV�UHL-QDQWHV�QD�UHJLmR�QRUWH�GR�*ROIR�GH�&iGLV�
ANA MARGARIDA ARRUDA
VERA TEIXEIRA DE FREITAS
CARLOS FILIPE OLIVEIRA
UNIARQ
&HQWUR�GH�$UTXHRORJLD�GD�)DFXOWDGH�GH�/HWUDV�GH�/LVERD$�0�$UUXGD#Á�XO�SW
Y�W�IUHL[DV#JPDLO�FRPFBSBROLYHLUD#KRWPDLO�FRP
ANTÓNIO M. MONGE SOARES
JOSÉ MANUEL M. MARTINS
PAULO J. C. PORTELA
,QVWLWXWR�7HFQROyJLFR�H�1XFOHDUDPVRDUHV#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SWMPDUWLQV#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SWS�SRUWHOD#FWQ�LVW�XOW�SW
AGRADECIMIENTOS
$�GHWHUPLQDomR�GD�FURQRORJLD�DEVROXWD�SDUD�&DVWUR�0DULP�IRL�HIHFWXDGD�QR�kPELWR�GR�3URMHFWR�37'&�0$5������������´2�(IHL-WR�GH�5HVHUYDWyULR�2FHkQLFR�QDV�iUHDV�GH� WUDQVLomR�GR�8SZHOOLQJ�&RVWHLUR�2HVWH�,EpULFR��$YHLUR�)R]�GR�0LQKR��&DER�GH�6DQWD�0D-ULD�)R]�GR�*XDGLDQD�µ�ILQDQFLDGR�SHOD�)&7��D�TXHP�VH�DJUDGHFH��-��0DUWLQV�DJUDGHFH�WDPEpP�j�)&7�D�%ROVD�GH�'RXWRUDPHQWR�6)5+�%'������������
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%521.�5$06(<��&����������2[&DO�3URJUDP�Y��������'LVSRQtYHO�HP�KWWS���F���DUFK�R[�DF�XN�R[FDO�KWPO�
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.(11(77�� '�� -��� ,1*5$0�� %�� /��� (5/$1'621�� -�� 0���:$/.(5��3����������(YLGHQFH�IRU�WHPSRUDO�ÁXFWXDWLRQV�LQ�PDULQH� UDGLRFDUERQ� UHVHUYRLU� DJHV� LQ� WKH� 6DQWD� %DUEDUD�&KDQQHO�� VRXWKHUQ� &DOLIRUQLD�� -RXUQDO� RI� $UFKDHRORJLFDO�Science 24 (11), 1051–1059.
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Marim: século IX a III a.n.e., Dissertação de Mestrado em
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2/,9(,5$��&��)����������3URGXomR�H�FRQVXPR�GH�FHUkPLFD�PDQXDO�no castelo de Castro Marim nos séculos VI e V a.n.e., Side-reum Ana I. El río Guadiana en Época Post-Orientalizante �-��-LPpQH]�ÉYLOD��HG����0DGULG����������
5(,0(5��3�� -���%$,//,(��0��*��/���%$5'��(���%$</,66��$���%(&.��-��:���%/$&.:(//��3��*���%521.�5$06(<��&��� %8&.�� &�� (��� %855�� *�� 6��� (':$5'6�� 5�� /���)5,('5,&+��0���*5227(6��3��0���*8,/'(5621��7��3���+$-'$6�� ,���+($721��7�� -���+2**��$��*���+8*-
+(1��.��$��� .$,6(5��.�� )��� .520(5�� %���0F&25-
0$&��*���0$11,1*��6���5(,0(5��5��:���5,&+$5'6��'��$���6287+21��-��5���7$/$02��6���7851(<��&��6��0��� 9$1� '(5� 3/,&+7�� -��� :(<+(10(<(5�� &�� (��(2009): IntCal09 and Marine09 Radiocarbon Age Cali-
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ULQJ�WKH�+RORFHQH��,VRWRSH�7HFKQLTXHV�LQ�WKH�6WXG\�RI�3DVW�DQG�&XUUHQW�(QYLURQPHQWDO�&KDQJHV� LQ� WKH�+\GURVSKHUH�and the Atmosphere, 471–485, Vienna, International Ato-
PLF�(QHUJ\�$JHQF\��,$($��62$5(6��$��0��0���',$6��-��0��$����������&RDVWDO�8SZHOOLQJ�DQG�
5DGLRFDUERQ� ²� (YLGHQFH� IRU� 7HPSRUDO� )OXFWXDWLRQV� LQ�2FHDQ�5HVHUYRLU�(IIHFW�RII�3RUWXJDO�GXULQJ�WKH�+RORFHQH��Radiocarbon 48 (1), 45-60.
62$5(6��$��0��0���',$6�� -��0��$�� ��������5HVHUYRLU�(IIHFW�RI�&RDVWDO�:DWHUV�RII�ZHVWHUQ�DQG�1RUWKZHVWHUQ�*DOLFLD��Ra-diocarbon 49 (2), 925–936.
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'2,�KWWS���G[�GRL�RUJ���������M�TXDLQW������������SOUSA, E. DE (2009): $�&HUkPLFD�GH�7LSR�.XDVV�QR�$OJDUYH, Lisboa.
678,9(5��0���%5$=,81$6��7�)����������0RGHOLQJ�$WPRVSKHULF�14&�,QÁXHQFHV�DQG�14&�$JHV�RI�0DULQH�6DPSOHV�WR��������%&��Radiocarbon 35 (1), 137–189.
678,9(5��0���3($5621��*��:���%5$=,81$6��7�� ��������5D-GLRFDUERQ� $JH� &DOLEUDWLRQ� RI� 0DULQH� 6DPSOHV� EDFN� WR������FDO�\U�%3��Radiocarbon������%������������
678,9(5��0���32/$&+��+��$����������'LVFXVVLRQ��5HSRUWLQJ�RI�14C Data, Radiocarbon 19 (3), 355-363.