An Irrevocable Shift: Detailing the Dynamics of Rural Poverty in Southern England, 1762-1834: a case...
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1801 1811 1821 1831 1841 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 Figure 1: Population Change, Witham Hundred, Essex 1801-1841: where Population Total for 1801 = 100 Bradwell Juxta Coggeshall Braxted, Great Braxted, Little Chatley Coggeshall, Little Cressing Fairsted Faulkbourn Hatfield Peverel Kelvedon Notley, Black Notley, White Rivenhall Terling Ulting Witham Census Years Indexed Population Growth Figures
Transcript of An Irrevocable Shift: Detailing the Dynamics of Rural Poverty in Southern England, 1762-1834: a case...
1801 1811 1821 1831 18410
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
Figure 1: Population Change, Witham Hundred, Essex 1801-1841: where Population Total for 1801 = 100 Bradwell
Juxta CoggeshallBraxted, GreatBraxted, LittleChatleyCoggeshall, LittleCressingFairstedFaulkbournHatfield PeverelKelvedonNotley, BlackNotley, WhiteRivenhallTerlingUltingWithamCensus Years
Indexed Population Growth Figures
1776
1783-5
1803
1813
1814
1815
1816
1817
1818
1819
1820
1821
1822
1823
1824
1825
1826
1827
1828
1829
1830
1831
1832
1833
1834
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Figure 2: East Anglia, 1776-1834: Index of Total Annual Poor Relief Expenditure Per County (where
1776 = 100)
BEDFORDCAMBRIDGEESSEXHUNTSNORFOLKSUFFOLKTerling
Years
Index of Poo
r Relief Payments
1770
1772
1774
1776
1778
1780
1782
1784
1786
1788
1790
1792
1794
1796
1798
1800
1802
1804
1806
1808
1810
1812
1814
1816
1818
1820
1822
1824
1826
1828
1830
1832
1834
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Figure 3: Terling, 1770-1834: Annual Total of Different Types of Poor Relief Payments, controlled
for inflation (1778 constant £)
Total Sum of Additional Allowance Payments (£)
Total Sum of Occasional Payments (£)
Years
Total Disburseme
nts in (1778 Const
ant) £
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
Figure 4: Terling 1750-1835: Total Number of Payments Per Year For Different Types of Poor Relief
Additional Allowances (N)
Occasional Payments (N)
Weekly Allowance Payments (N)
Years
Total Number of Payments Per Year
1 Only 2 Only 3 Only 4 Only 5 Only 6 to 7 8 to 9 10 to 14
15 to 19
20 to 29
30 to 39
40 to 49
50 +0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Figure 5: Percentage Distribution of the Total Number and Total Value of Payments Per Category of
Recipient, Terling 1762-1834
% of Total Value
% of Total Number of Payments
Number of Weeks Per Year in Which Relief Was Received
Percentage of Total
1762-5 1766-69
1770-74
1775-9 1780-4 1785-9 1790-4 1795-9 1800-4 1805-9 1810-4 1815-9 1820-4 1825-9 1830-40%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Figure 6: Percentage of Total Poor Relief Paid to Recipients, According to Number of Weeks Per Year in
Which Relief Was Recieved, Terling, 1762-1834
50+30 to 4910 to 293 to 91 to 2
5-Year Periods
Perc
enta
ge o
f To
tal
Reli
ef R
eceive
d
1778
1781
1784
1787
1790
1793
1796
1799
1802
1805
1808
1811
1814
1817
1820
1823
1826
1829
1832
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Figure 7: Terling, 1778-1834: Total Amount of Poor Relief Paid Per Quarter (£) to Married Women &
Married Men Aged Under 60 Years, at 1778 Constant Prices
Women Married Women Under 60 Years
Quarters Per Year
Total Amount of Poor Relief Per Quarter (£), adjusted for
inflation
1778
1781
1784
1787
1790
1793
1796
1799
1802
1805
1808
1811
1814
1817
1820
1823
1826
1829
1832
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Figure 8: Terling, 1778-1834: Total Amount of Poor Relief Paid Per Quarter (£) to Males & Females Aged
Under 30 Years, at 1778 Constant Prices
Males Under 30 Years
Quarters Per Year
Total Amount of Poor
Relief Per Quarter (£), adjusted
for inflation
1778
1781
1784
1787
1790
1793
1796
1799
1802
1805
1808
1811
1814
1817
1820
1823
1826
1829
1832
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Figure 9: Terling, 1778-1834: Total Amount of Poor Relief Paid Per Quarter (£) to Women and Men Aged Between 30 and 60 Years, at 1778 Constant Prices
Total Relief/Qtr Women 30-60 Years
Quarters Per Year
Total Amount of Poor Relie
f Per Quarter (£), adjusted for
inflation
1778
1781
1784
1787
1790
1793
1796
1799
1802
1805
1808
1811
1814
1817
1820
1823
1826
1829
1832
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Figure 10: Terling, 1778-1834: Total Amount of Poor Relief Paid Per Quarter (£) to Widows and Widowers Aged Between 30 and 60 Years, at 1778 Constant
Prices
Widows 30-60 Years
Quarters Per Year
Tota
l Amount of Relief Pai
d Per Quarter (£), adjusted for
inflation
1775-9 1780-4 1785-9 1790-4 1795-9 1800-4 1805-9 1810-4 1815-9 1820-4 1825-9 1830-40%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Figure 11: Terling, 1810 Cohort of Male Relief Recipients (n=53): Age Distribution of Recipients in
Cohort in Each 5-Year Period, 1775-1834
Over 60 Years30 to 60 YearsUnder 30 Years
5-Year Periods
Percentage Per Age Category
1778
1781
1784
1787
1790
1793
1796
1799
1802
1805
1808
1811
1814
1817
1820
1823
1826
1829
1832
1835
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Figure 12: Terling, 1810 Male Cohort (n=53): Total Number of Relief Payments Per Quarter, 1778-1834
Over 60 Years30 to 60 YearsUnder 30 Years
Quarters Per Year
Total Number of Payments Per Quarter
1778
1781
1784
1787
1790
1793
1796
1799
1802
1805
1808
1811
1814
1817
1820
1823
1826
1829
1832
1835
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Figure 13: Terling, 1810 Male Cohort (n=53): Total Amount of Poor Relief (£) Received Per Quarter,
1778-1834, deflated by Feinstein Average Real Wage Index
Under 30 YearsOver 60 Years30 to 60 Years
Quarters Per Year
Total Amount of Poor Relief Per Quarter (£)
1778
1781
1784
1787
1790
1793
1796
1799
1802
1805
1808
1811
1814
1817
1820
1823
1826
1829
1832
1835
0
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
Figure 14: Terling 1810 Cohort of Male Recipients (n=53): Mean Payment Per Head In Each Quarter (S), 1778-1834, deflated by Feinstein Average Real Wage
Index
30 to 60 YearsOver 60 YearsUnder 30 Years
Quarters Per Year
Mean Payment Per H
ead Per Quarter (S)
1809
1812
1813
1816
1819
1823
1825
1828
1831
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
Figure 15: Relief as a Percentage of Estimated Total Weekly Income of the Richardson Family, Terling
1808-34
Weeks Per YearRelief as a Percentage of Estimated Total Weekly Family
Income
1790
1793
1796
1799
1802
1805
1808
1811
1814
1817
1820
1823
1826
1829
1832
1835
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Figure 16: Terling, 1790-1835: Mean Relief Payment Per Head Per Quarter to Married Men Aged Between 30
and 60 Years as Percentage of Mean Essex Male Weekly Wages (Source: Richardson, 1991)
Mean Relief Payment/Qtr as Percentage of Male Weekly Wage (Richardson)
Quarters Per Year
Mean Relief Payment Per Head Per Qtr as Percentage of
Mean Essex Male Weekly Wage (S)
