An introduction to Greek verse composition, with exercises

"

0"HK''l?t\*'^.'^

:U->

<^"*^

l£)

CO

Presented to the

LIBRARY of the

UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO

?RCM THE ESTATE OF THELATE MRS. W.E. BENNETT

BY ARTHUR SIDGWICK, M.A.

Small Szio. is. 6d. each.

SCENES FROM GREEK PLAYS.RUGBY EDITION.

Abridged and adaptedfor the use ofSchools.

ARISTOPHANES.THE CLOUDS. THE FROGS. THE KNIGHTS. PLUTUS.

EUBIPIDES.ALCESTIS. BACCH^. THE CYCLOPS. ELECTRA. HECUBA.

ION. IPHIGENIA IN TAURIS. MEDEA.

Small Svo. 2S.

CICERO DE AMICITlA.Edited, with Notes ajid an Introduction.

Small ivo.

HOMER'S ILIAD.Edited with Notesfor the use ofJunior Students.

Books I. and II., 2S. 6d. Book XXL, i^. 6d. Book XXIL, is. td.

Crown Svo. 3s. 6d.

A FIRST GREEK WRITER.Crown Svo. 3^. 6d.

EASY SELECTIONS FROM PLATO.Forming a Greek Reading Bookfor the use ofMiddle Forms ofSchools.

C}-own Svo. ss.

AN INTRODUCTION TO GREEK PROSECOM POSITION.

Crozvn Sz'O. ^s. 6d.

LECTURES ON GREEK PROSE COMPOSITION.With E.\ercises. ,

BY F. D. MORICE, M.A.

Crown Svo. ^s. 6d.

STORIES IN ATTIC GREEK.Forming a Greek Reading Bookfor the Use ofJtcnior Forms in Schools.

With Notes and Vocabulary.

Crown Svo. is. 6d.

GREEK PASSAGES ADAPTED FOR PRACTICEIN UNSEEN TRANSLATION.

For Middle and Higher Forms ofSchools, andfor University andother Students.

Crozvn Svo. 35. 6d.

ARNOLD'S FIRST GREEK BOOK.New Edition, Revised.

LONDON: LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

AN INTRODUCTION

TO

GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION

AN INTRODUCTION

TO

GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION

COitf) (Btttcists

BY

ARTHUR SIDGWICK, M.A.

FELLOW AND TUTOR OF CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND LATE

ASSISTANT MASTER AT RUGBY SCHOOL

AND

F. D. MORICE, M.A.

FELLOW OF queen's COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND ASSISTANT MASTER AT RUGBY SCHOOL

SIXTH EDITION

LONDON

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

AND NEW YORK : 15 EAST 16TH STREET

1895

0^ ^ ^>><.

u 4 1972

lY Of 10^^

CONTENTS.PAGE

PREFACE, V

IAMBIC METRE. 1

QUANTITY, 12

HINTS ON POETIC FORMS AND USAGES, . 24

EXERCISES, 70

APPENDIX—ADDITIONAL EASY EXERCISES, 143

VOCABULARY, . . 165

PREFACE,

The object of this book is to take the learner through

all the stages of Greek verse composition, from the first

rudiments till he has reached a fair proficiency in turn-

ing into Greek Iambics an average piece of English

dramatic poetry. The authors have been guided all

through by a considerable experience obtained in teach-

ing Greek verse composition to the two upper forms of a

great public school. In consequence of that experience,

they have paid particular attention to the following

points :—

1. To make the rules and principles of the Tragic

Iambic metre full, accurate, and clear.

For example, they have explained at length a point

very important, but often neglected, namely, the metrical

treatment of monosyllables. When this is grasped, the

learner will find it much more easy than is otherwise the

case to master the two most troublesome points in the

Greek Iambic line, viz., the Caesura and the rule of the

final Cretic. They also hope that the section on combina-

vi PREFACE.

tions of syllables will save the student much time by

clearly showing him what kinds of words are available

for this metre, and in what parts of the line they are

naturally placed. Further, it requires considerable care

to state the proper uses of resolved feet, and insist on the

due limitations of such uses, so as to leave no room for

misconception. The authors hope not to be found want-

ing in tliis respect.

2. To supply an adequate treatment of the laws of

quantity.

Under this head (besides such general rules of prosody

as those relating to the quantities of final syllables,

lengthening of vowels by position, etc.), the real facts

about elision and crasis, which are often left to the

learner's imperfect knowledge and undeveloped instinct,

are here carefully collected and expounded.

3. To give full hints on poetic forms and usages.

Among the causes that tend to make Greek Iambic

writing far easier than the beginner is apt to believe, is

the fact that Greek has such an immense store of resources

in the variety of its admissible poetic forms. A good

many of these, when a little advance has been made, vdll

be readily recognised when seen : but it will be much

longer before the student is able to think of them when

he is doing verses. The authors have accordingly made

as complete a collection of them as they could, arranged

PREFACE. vii

in the natural order according to the parts of speech. It is

further hoped that the hints on poetic usages and diction,

and especially the full list of particles, with examples

from Sophocles, will do something to give the learner such

help as no dictionary conveniently affords, and as could

otherwise be only collected by prolonged study of the

Greek poets.

4. To give a sufficient number of exercises on the

early stages, and a large number on the more advanced

stages, of composition.

On this head the authors will only remark, first, that

it is a great mistake to keep boys doing single lines

when once they have mastered the metre, as they learn

infinitely more from trying to deal with continuous pieces

of poetry ; and, secondly, that every piece in the book

the authors have themselves turned into Greek verse,

and so are aware of all the difficulties and problems

which it presents, and are able to give appropriate help

in the notes.

5. To give a full vocabulary of words suitable to

dramatic poetry, which will be useful not merely for

these exercises but for any other.

They hope by this means to render unnecessary, at

any rate for a considerable part of the time devoted to

learning Greek, the use of English-Greek dictionaries.

These books usually confuse the learner by giving some

viii PREFACE.

words only suited for prose, and others confined to epic

or lyric poetry : neither of which are properly admissible

in iambics. *

In the Second Edition thirty additional Easy Exer-

cises have been added in an Appendix at page 145 in

response to the request of several Schoolmasters.

In issuing a Third Edition we wish to expres"*". Our

thanks to correspondents who have favoured us with

criticisms and suggestions, especially Mr. A. G. Watson,of Harrow

;Mr. W. Heaton, of King William's College,

Isle of Man;Mr. H. Beoadbent, of Eton

;Mr. F. Haver-

field, of Lancing College; and to a Keviewer in the

Academy.

THE IAMBIC METRE.

§ 1. The iambic foot consists of a short syllablefollowed by a long, as in the English word around, or

in the Greek words ttoSmv, (jiepeiv, koXm^;.

The iambic line in Greek in its original form containedsix

a-eh'feet, as for example

1/^0709 I yvval-l-^tv av-\-Td rovr\ e^e\K-\-eTal

6\(b-\-\ev ft)9I6\(b-\-\iev, dW

| oyu-cos' | efiov

yiivf} jTeKov-\-crd Koix7r-\-dael--ev dv

\ ^dTfjv

Compare the English six-foot iambic :

Around|

the nig-j-ged rocks|

the rag-^ged ras-jcals ran.

Beneath|

the good |

how far,|

but far|

above]

the

great.

Note.—Though, according to this scheme, the last

syllable of the iambic line is long, a short syllable is

allowed to stand in the last place, and is counted as being

long.Thus in the lines

arap toctovtov ou 8vvr](T0/jiai |

Trore

6 8' Mcrirep ovv ScKawv ovk e^ecr-\-ireT6

the last foot is considered as an iambus, though both

syllables are really short.

§ 2. In all metres, however, a long succession of

perfectly similar lines produces a monotonous effect.

Thus in the Latin Hexameter metre, no well-written

passage would consist of purely dactylic lines like

Quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum,but would be sure to contain lines where the spondeeswere combined with the dactyls in various proportions.

In the same way the iambic metre in Greek has been

considerably modified, for the sake of variety, by theA

GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION.

admission, in certain parts of the line, of other feet

besides the iambus.

§ 3. The chief of these modifications is the substitu-

tion of the spondee (two long syllables, like 7racr;^&),

7rp&)Toi79, dXkm,) for the original iambus, in certain partsof the verse.

The places where the spondee is allowed are the first,

third, and fifth feet only.Thus in the following lines we have a spondee in the

first :

Toi<i yap I KdKol-\-ac Tr\el-\-6v oIk.-\-t6v e/ji-\-^d\ci)

TracTT^ft) I

Tfc Kal\ ireTrov-\-6ci Kd-\-Tl 7rei-|-o"o/xaF

In these, a spondee in the . third :

d B' ecrT-|-t yrj-l-pd tmS'\ acn7yu,-|-^op&)-I-TaTa

dyelv I e7re(T-\-6al acb-\-(f)povo'i S'|

ecrel\ \dTpX<i

Here, in the fifth :

Udpl^ S'I ejfj-\-ixe TTJv \

Ato9| yrffid'; \

Be fir}

KdK evI 8d/Jiol-\-ai fiv-\-pX' €v-\-prj(rel \ fxoXcbv

The above lines have only one spondee, but it is quiteas common to find the spondee in two of these places or

in all three, as in the following lines :

TO(TavT-\-d \v-\-/jidv6€VT-\-d <yl<y-\-va>aK€l \

Beov

CO iralI Sa«:pi7-|-et<f al(T-\-6dvel \

KdKOiv\

credev

\d/3pd<i I €(f)op-\-/jLd'i Kol-\-fuaal<i \ t?;9 (f)pov- \-TiS6'i

olfiol I ydfjicbv IToB' «<?

I

kXvo)| /xel^dv \

KdKov

JSfote.—It is so common for beginners to make the

mistake of putting a spondee in the fourth foot, that it is

worth while to add a special caution against it.

For example, they are sure at first to write such lines

as

e^foy ciTTriXde vlK-\-rj<i 7rdv-\-Ti,fxov <yepa<;

tjctOt^v \6yoiai tov-\-toc<; vvv 8'| aiBov/x€vo<i

THE IAMBIC METRE.

It is usually quite easy to correct such lines by a slightalteration : thus we should write

viKr\<i 'i%wv airrfkOe irdvTifxov <yipa<i

')]crd7]v \oyoicrc roicrSe, vvv 8 alBov/xevof

§ 4. One of the most imjDortant points in writing Greekiambics is to attend to the Caesura, or break in the line.

Take for example the following line :

v'iKrjv ^TK.OK-\-TfJTfi'i I eôv-\-\r)6ri \\d/3elv

Here we have a line made up of iambics and s|)ondees

properly placed according to the rules given above : yetit is not an allowable line, for want. of a caesura : that is

to say, there is no break between words except at the endof a foot. A caesura is a hi'eak hctwecn words occurrins;

in the middle of a foot, as

ttoXjJ?I Tdpd'^-\-6el<; \\ 7rov-\-To<i'

and the rule in Greek Iambics is that such a break or

caesura must occur in the middle either of the third or of

the fourth foot.

In the following lines the caesura is in the third foot :

(îXot? I d^pi]a-\-TOV || pa-| -8t&)9 | eXâl | ^vyov

ov8el<iI Â')âl-\-6bv \\ Secr-j-TTocret |

tovtov|

rrore

(TTel')(ov-\-Td Koi-Uvoivli dj-l-ytXov \ ôv\ev-\-fidr(bv

In these, the caesura is in the fourth foot :

TrpoOv-l-fiuiP I e')ôv-\-ai \\ a(b-\-6'rjvai |

irovrnv

7rpd<i7rlT-\-V€ rrjv \ reKov-\-crdv \\ d/x-\-(pi S' cb\-\-iivd<i

K6p,7]<i I €7rl(T-\-'7Td(Tdv-\-T€<i || dd-\-Xidv I Koprjv.

It will be seen that some of the above lines contain

caesuras in other feet besides the third or fourth : butthese are of no importance to the metre.

§ 5. At this point it becomes necessary to consider the

metrical treatment of monosyllables. For metrical pur-poses many monosyllables should be regarded as not being-

separate words, but forming part either of the word that

precedes or the word that follows.

The monosyllables that are treated as belonging to the

'preceding word are these :

All enclitics, as re, 76, vvv, tol, fie, ere (jmov, fioi, etc.),

(T(}>e,viv : the indefinites n, ttov, ttcoi?, ttol, etc.

The quasi-enclitics, or particles which cannot come

first in a sentence, as 70/3, fxev, he, ovv, av, hrj.

Since these words are felt to belong to what precedes,

it plainly follows that a break before these monosyllablesis not regarded as a break If therefore they occur after

the break in the third or fourth foot they destroy the

caesura.

Thus

a7ro(Trepi(TKU)V \ /xev Trdrpa'i e^rjXacrev

is a rhythm to be avoided, whereas if it had been

aiTocrrepLaKcov Trat? irarpa^ e^rjXacrev

it would have been right.

Again, such a line as

Toy? yap 6p6vov<i ffTtâe j pbkv, Karea'ê S' ov

is bad, since the caesura in the fourth foot is false, whereas

if it had been

Toi;? yap 6p6vov<i fiTrjae TraU rvpavvLKO<i

it would have been admissible.

§ 6. Secondly, we must consider the case of the mono-

syllables which are treated as belonging to the word

folloiuing.Of these the most important are the article, 'pre^dtions,

el, 0)9, ov, /MT], Kai, rj,and the interrogatives r/?, ttoO, ttw?,

TTot, etc. Since these coalesce with what follows, it is clear

that when any of them occurs before the break in the

third or fourth foot they destroy the caesura;and there-

fore such lines as the following have no true caesura, and

are wrong :

TiiJLwpiav TMVI TnjfJLaTCDV €êi<;,

re/cvov

ovT aarepoyv ovt\ ovpavov /3\e7rei<;ev

\ dvOpcoirot'^ irore

THE IAMBIC METRE. 5

§ 7. The Quasi-Caesura.

An elision at the end of the third foot is considered as

equivalent to a caesura in the fourth;and lines which

contain this elision are admissible without any other

caesura. This is called the quasi-caesura.

For example, the following are right :

€L o Tjoe oei/j,aiVov(r |

airoiXecrev pcovireidoC av, el Tretdoc,

\ aTretôt?;? S' icrfy?

Kavravd' dpccTTevovT | i<yecvdjj,T]v reKva

Note.—Beginners must be cautioned against supposingthat this rule can be extended to the third foot: an

elision at the end of the second foot is not counted as

equal to caesura in the third, and such lines as the

following are wrong :

k<yay<ye 8evp' | dcfjiKOfXTjv irarpav Xcrrcov

(f>ol3ovfM€VT] B'j

dircoXecrev ra ')(^p')]/xaTa

§ 8. Another most important point is what is called

the law of the Final Cretic.

Properly speaking a Gretic is the name of a metrical

foot of three syllables, long—short—long, as for example

\

Tov re vovv I,| Ti)v irdrpdv ',

j K-dprd rol|, |

Trrjfidrcbv \,

d-\-7rdvd' opd \,eaKo-'-irel rekf \,eaKev-\-dcrêv(bv \.

It

is thus obvious that every Iambic line ends with a Cretic.^

The law of the Final Cretic may be most simply stated

thus : If there is a break before this Final Cretic, or!

(which is the same thing) if there is a caesura in the fifth^

foot, the fifth foot must be an Iambus.The following Iambic lines, containing this caesura in

the fifth foot, are correct, because this foot is an Iambus :

ocrTL<; TTOT el av hvaroiraaTo^||elSeval

TTpSiTOV /XeV dp'^d^ ^^X^^ V^'^ II'^^^ KUKCbV

TToaa 'yap dv fxoL KarOavovTO'i\\dWo<; ijv

ov Sy^ra iravrwi, ov irpoîrfKOev ||ov<i fie Set

*According to § 1, note, it will still count as a Cretic though the

last syllable be short, as iravra\ Tnj/iara, eip- -ydgiTo.

The following are also correct lines, containing nocaesura in the fifth foot, and therefore admitting a

spondee :

cOOC iêXavvecv ovSe7rpo<;-\-'\lrav€iv \

KaXov<i

crooôvcra waaoiv AeXcfitScov \ eâl-\-peTov<; |

airavra rovToi<i iarlv €^-\-etp<yda-\-/jievdolSev Se OvrjTwv ovTi<i dv-\-dpdb7r(bv \

rdBe|

The following lines are incorrect, as the fifth foot con-tains a caesura and yet is a spondee :

ov <yap yoov^ rjKovcra iraihoiv\\rcov e/ncov

T?}? vvv KciKicTTa \afjb/3avov<7ii<i \\ Trij/jidTd

TV(f}ko<; rd r Mra rov re Ov/jlov \\rov re vovv

TL Tavra irrj/xar ov arevdêl<;, \\ecTre fioi

The rules already given for the treatment of mono-

syllables (§ § 5, 6) apply also to the caesura in the fifth

foot.

Thus, taking first the case of the monosyllables, whichcombine with the preceding word (§ 5), a line like

crv B' r/filv rj /xiaovaa fxcael'i fiev "Koyoi

does not violate the law of the Final Cretic, since /Mcaei<;-

fiiv is treated as one word, and therefore tJicrc is nocaesura in the fifth foot. If it had ended fjiiael'i avWoyw,there would have been caesura in the fifth foot, and the

long syllable (/icae'ci) before the caesura would have been

wrong.Other such correct lines are

T?79 hv(T<yeve[a<; fj,dWov, 7)fA,el<i ydp kukoIiirev ireTTpaKTat, roidS', vfj,ei04/3o9 yap, el ri fxr) /cXuet? tmv dyyeXcbvTOT ovv o fxavTi<i ovTo<i rjV ev rfj Teyvy

do not violate the law of the Final Cretic, since rwv-

dyyeXcov, iv-rrj-rexvr} are treated as one word, and there

THE IAMBIC METRE.

is therefore no caesura in the fifth foot. These lines are

therefore correct.

Other such correct lines are

opOov Se Kpar earrjcrav ov<i t et? ovpdvbv -^

dSe\<f)o^ ayro? Kal irarrjp, ko,^ rj<; ecfiv

el firj 7raT't]p rjcrO' elirov av a ovk ev (f)p6velv

Tt B' ; OVK ciKOveLV e(TTL Kalfjurj hpctv a

fjurj

\^7;0ftj, ScirXfj Se, rfj tififj

Kal afj Xd^copTOP vovv T dfieivu) Toiyv

(f)pevot)V rj vvv êpel

irpoiTOV [xev ev6a Kav irpocrf], Kav firj irpoarj

jjirjKal \d6r] fie nrpo^'Treaoiv, ft)? /xdWov dv

TOVTCov yap ovSev aXyvvel fM, el S' epydael

§ 9. We have hitherto dealt only with lines consistingof iambi and spondees, the ordinary form of the iambic

metre. The poets, however, occasionally admit tribrachs

(ww^), dactyls (_w^), and anapaests (^^-), into the

verse, on a principle which we must now proceed to

explain.If we consider a long syllable as equal to two shorts, it

follows that the tribrach (^^w) is equal in length to the

iambus (^-). As therefore the iambus is admissible in

every foot, it might have been supposed that the tribrach

could be substituted for it in any part of the verse. In

practice, however, the tribrach is never alloivccl in the sixth

foot, and had better be avoided in the fifth. Its use in

the first four feet will be illustrated by the following

examples :

TTorepd I

Be ')(piaTOV i)irorov to (f)dp/u,aKov ;

Kal aoivI 76 y6vd-\-T0iv ov fxed/jaofiai irore

Bea7roLv-\-d, crv TaS'| eTrpaâ? ov yvoifjurj^ drep

KttKov KaKO)<;I

vtv d/jidp-\-ov eKrpi'\lrac îovToiavTa (j)a(r-\-c top d-\-yadov K^peovrd aoL

aXV ol fiev €Kâ\6v-\-Te(; ifxe

It will be observed in these verses that the tribrach is

sometimes broken after the first short syllable (as ye

ydvd-\-TQ)v), sometimes after both first and second (as

BeaTToi.v-l-d av rdB'\ ). The break in the tribrach must

never come after the second syllable only, as that wouldbe felt by the ear to be equivalent to a trochee (-w) notto an iambus {y -).

For example, a line like the following is wrong :

^vyavI

lirl to| irvpycofxa (rcoêrac <TTpar6<i,

but it could be corrected by a slight alteration,

(îvywvI

Toh' eiri I Trvpyco/na acoêrai arparo^,where the break in the tribrach is in the right place.We will give a few more examples of wrongly dividedtribrachs, as beginners often fall into this mistake.

ovo l3d-\-(Ti\€l\r-\-dT6 7rd-\-T7jp ravra fioo du/xovfievo<iheairoLva, ravra 8eiv-\ordr' €-\-\eêv yepcov

[They might easily be corrected as follows :

Bv' ovv dvaKre<; rfkOov e? Xoycov ardatv

Tj/xei-yfrad' dvi-jo ravra /moi OvfjLOVfjievo<i

oecnroLva, ravra Seivorara Xeyet yepcov]

Note.—On the principle explained above (§§ 5, 6) in

treating of monosyllables, rdh ydp, 8vd /xev would beadmissible as tribrachs, since there is no real break.

But 7rapr]X-\-6e /juev dv-\-r]p would be wrong, since

TrapTfK.Oe-aev is treated as one word, and the break is

therefore only after the second syllable of the tribrach.

§ 10. We have seen that an iambus may be resolvedinto a tribrach. In the same way a spondee (--) maybe resolved into a dactyl {-^^), and accordingly dactylsmay be substituted for spondees in the iambic line, but

only in the first and third feet. They are never allowedin the fifth foot, from which, as we have seen, e/entribrachs are, as a rule, excluded.

Examples :

pLTJr dp6r-\-ov avrol<i yfj^ dvievat rtvd

Kreivaiaev, rj j 7?;? (f)vyd-\-8a^ iK7refiylrat/j,e6a

^detpovreq acr-l-roiJ?, fxev j

07r&)? arparijXarr}kiretr €7re\-\-dcbv ror €cr-\-i8oi<; av ovheva

THE IAMBIC METRE.

The dactyl, like the tribrach, can be broken after the

first syllable (yu-rV dpo-\-rov), and also after the first and

second {-Qoiv tot ecr-i-t'Sot?) : but never after the second

only. Such a dactyl as irdvTd to, is therefore inadmis-

sible in this metre.

Note.—As with the tribrach, the principle of mono-

syllables applies here also.

Thus irdvTd ^dp 1 eXefa? is admissible, as there is no

break, while irdvT dv e9-|-tSot Tt<i is inadmissible, as the

break is only after the second syllable.

§ 11. A spondee (--) may be also resolved into an ^ajiapaest (w ^ _) : and accordingly the anapaest is used in """f

^

the iambic metre, 'hit only in thej^rst foot.

Examples :

7rd\efjiov<; \ dvaipovfMecrOa, Kal top ijcraova

d<yopal-\-cn OaKel, irpb'iBe HaXkdSo^ Si7r\ot<;.

The ancqmest is never broken: such an instance as 6

irdTfp \ eiriiXOev is no exception, as there is no true

break.

§ 12. Note on the three- syllable feet (Tribrach, Dactyl,

Anapaest).The beginner had better use these feet as sparingly as

possible : perhaps not more than one or two of them in a

copy of verses.

It may be remarked that of these variations the dactylin the third foot, and the tribrach, appear to be the

commonest.

§ 13. Proper Names.

The difficulty of introducing proper names into the

Iambic metre gives rise to a special licence, namely, that

anapaests may occur in proper names anywhere in the

. verse except in the sixth foot.

lo GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION.

Examples :

eKTo^ Be Uap-\-6ev67ral-\-o<; 'ApKa<; opvvrac

(f)povSo<i, fi€T avTOv 8'^

Xv-\-hp6fjbd')(fi |

iroXkoiV efiOL

KaOrjpeOr] Trarpwo^ Ol-\-'^dXld | Sopt

These anapaests must have no break in them.

§ 14. Co7nl)inations of Syllables.

(1.) A word with more than three consecutive long

syllables cannot be brought into an Iambic : e.g.

€^dyyeWov(Ttcrrj/xalvovTal

eKâlvovroiv, are impossible altogether.

(2.) Several other combinations of sj'llables are im-

possible as they stand, but can be brought in by various

artifices, e.g.

eirdyyeXkere, by crasis :

as l6vt€<; iyKovetre KaTrayyiWeTeor irdpeare KdirayyeXker dv6pa)iroL<i to irav.

dirdpprjrd, by elision :

OVKOVV aTTOppTJT icTTLV dvOpWITOLî Tuhe.

by crasis :

oXcoXev, iôXcoXe rd'Tropprird /xoi.

by lengthening:

evyvaxTTa ravra kovk diropprird crrvyel'i.

diro^TJaovTal, by crasis :

iriTrrovat KkrjpoL Kcnro^rjcrovrai rd'^â.

(3.) The following combinations are specially suited to

particular places in the line

(a) w thus : dv6pco7ro<; i^copfxrjcre rod crTpaTev/xaTo<i

or crTparev/jLaro<i 7rapovTO<i i^copfirjae Ti9.

(J) w thus : Trpo'iTraacraX.eve tmS' dTravOpctiircp irdyw,

{c) —w_ thus : aXhJd-yjrocfjrjTO^; oêcov KQyKVfidroov.

KcoKVfMaTcou eTTavaar ovh' €(ji6eyâro.

THE IAMBIC METRE. II

(f?) ^ ^ thus : oTTcoî Siop6(i)cra>fi6P iv iroXei, rdSe.

a\X evTvyôtre, koI o-vvavTija-acre fioc.

(c) _ v^ _ thus : (Ôelpei rov avSpa 8vcra€/3r]<; ofitXia.

This is the most useful place for a word of this length,as we then avoid the three commonest elementary-blunders, viz. : spondee in the fourth foot, faulty caesura,and violation of the rule of the final cretic.

- w _ can also occur in four other places as follows :

eireira Sucttl'^t)?^ rt? evZov oXkvrai.

BvcTTvxv^ e^yfkOe ttovtlov adXov.

(/) _^w without elision or lengthening of the last

syllable, is only suitable to the end of the

line, as

i]Xdev TTpo^ r/fia^, dyyeXovaa Kalpia.

[g) 'U'u-^ - thus : oLKov€p€lv airavTa Toi<i Trapovaiv evOdhe.

or diravra 7rpo<f)ep€iv rol'i irapovcrtv ivddBe.

§ 15. It may be well to add the metrical scheme of

iambic verse.

\^ K^ K^

w _

QUANTITY.

GENERAL RULES FOR QUANTITY OF SYLLABLES.

§ 16. The rules for quantity are somewhat simpler in

Greek than in Latin; chiefly because Greek has fewer

doubtful vowels, but also because by noticing the accentu-

ation of a word we often get a clue to its quantities.

Vowels long by nature.

RxlU 1.—Long by nature, and long under all circum-

stances, even before another vowel, are—i. 1], 0).

ii. all diphthongs.^iii. all vowels in contracted syllables,iv. all vowels with the temporal augment.

Uxarii2)lcs : wov, <yevolo, fjbijrrjp, eueiBr}<i, TL/jud (for

Tiua-e), v(paLvov (augmented form from vcfiaivco).

§ 17. Vowels short by nature.

Eulc 2.—Short by nature, and always short unless

lengthened by position (Eules 3, 4, 6), are—e and o.

Uxamples : raBe, touto, v6/ji6<;, eKcov.

§ 18. Vowels long by position.

Eule 3.—Any vowel, whatever its nature, is long byposition when it precedes

—i. a double letter, i.e. ^, -<|r, ^ ;

ii. two consonants, unless the first be a 7nute andthe second a liquid ;

^

'

Except iroleiv or -rroXav, roi- or toX- in such words as toIovtos or

rotovTos, TOioade or roioaoe, olos or oros (mostly long).* The very rare licence of leaving a vowel short befoi'e fxu had better

not be imitated.U

QUANTITY. 13

iii. 7/i, 71/, S/A, hv, and nearly always /3X, 7^ ;

iv. any two consonants whatever belonging to

different words, or different parts of a com-

pound.

Examples : e^co, oyjrofiat, e^t], ecrxov, eppe, BeSeyfiai,

~yvo), aS/i?^9, e^Xe-ê, etc vvkto<;, €K-pe(o.

Obs. The rule holds (for i., ii., iii.) when the vowel is in

one word and the consonants in another.

Examples : l^wv.

Kara'>^v)(ti'}V.

6 8e ySXeVft)!/.

el rivd arpaTov.

îXraTe êvcov.

S 19. Doubtful position.

Bide 4.—A naturally short vowel may remain short,

or be lengthened at pleasure, when it precedes a mute and

liquid (except those enumerated in Eule 3, iii.) in the same

loorcl.

Such combinations of mute and liquid are

TtX, <^\, k\, X^, tX, &X, KJJb, TfX, 6fjL, TTV, (f)V, KV, ^V,6v, TV, irp, (f)p, $p, Kp, 2CP, yp, rp, 6p, 8p.^

A vowel before any of these is said to be "in weak

position."

Bule 5.—A Jlnal vowel if naturally short should re-

main short in " weak position."

Example: the of avro should not be lengthenedbefore rp in Tpavfia.

Obs. Occasionally a short Jlnal vowel remains short

even before /3X, 7X (e.g. in ^Xaa-rdvo) and jXooaaa, whichare perhaps the only instances to be found in actual

Greek plays).

^ This list is mainly taken from W. Christ's Metrih (ed. 2).

14 GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION.

§ 20. P^'^de, 6.—A final short vowel may remain shortor be lengthened at pleasure before an initial p in the

following word.

Examples : to pevfxa, ToBi peireiv.

After mastering the above six rules, a learner oughtnever to be in difficulties as to the quantity of 77, &>, e,

and diphthongs. Note that though at and oi are some-times said to be short for purposes of accentuation, theyare always to be scanned as long (e.g. ovrol in spite of the

accent).

a, L, V present more difficulties, being long by naturein some words and short in others. Sometimes, however,we can determine their quantity by the accent.

§ 21. Quantity of doubtful vowels fixed by accent.

Bide 7.—Any circumflexed vowel is long.

Examples : d in Trpa^a,I in TTviyoif,

V in Kvfia.

Ride 8.—Any vowel is short which stands in the last

syllable of a word accented acute on the last syllable buttwo (proparoxytone), or of a word circumflexed on thelast but one (properispomenon).^

Examples : I in Xvovcrt,

V in TT^^y?.

Hide 9.—a, L,V are short by nature when they bear the

acute accent and stand in the penultimate of a wordwhose last syllable is short.

Examples : X in rtVe?,

d in dye.

But such vowels may, of course, become long by the rules

for position.

Examples : I in ^l^\o<i,V in vfivo^.

^Except ai, oi, as in o!iToi, and words ending in ^ or f, as KaTjjXijf/.

QUANTITY. 15

Rule 10.—a, L, V are long by nature when they stand

in the last syllable of a word, whose penultimate is long

by nature, and bears the acute accent.

Example : d in wpa.

We will now give a few rules for determining the

quantity oi a l v in final syllables.

§ 22. Verb terminations.

Bide 11.—In all verb terminations, except those of

participles, which fall under the rules for nouns,

i. a is always short, unless it arises from contraction;

ii. fc is always short;

iii. V is always long.

Examples : eXvcrd, e\vad<;, eXvadv, but irifid, ri/xdv.

\vovcrc, XeKvKaalv,

eovv, eof?, eov.

§ 23. Noun terminations : Participles.

Bule 12.—In all terminations of Participles doubtful

vowels are short, except

i. Nom. and voc. masculine singular;ii. Nom, voc. ace. feminine dual

;

iii. Ace. fem. plural.

Examples : \vcravTd<;, Xvcracrdv, \vcraai, XeXvKoo-i,

BeiKvvv : but Xvad<;, heiKvv^, Xvaacrd (dual),Xvcracra?.

§ 24. Nouns increasing long.

Rule 13.—Doubtful vowels are always long in the

nominative singular of nouns increasing long ; except

Examples: yi'yd'i {-dvTO<i), Tracdv (-dvo<;), Kr)Xl<; (-iSo?).

i6 GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION.

§ 25. Nouns increasing short.

Huh 14.—Doubtful vowels are generally short in the

nominative singular of nouns increasing short; excep-tions are

i. ^eXa?, TciXd'i (but jxekdv, ToKdv),ii. Kovl'i, 6(jii^,

iii. monosyllables in u9, as hpv<i,

iv. a few other nouns in v?, especially la'yy'i, v€kv<;.

V. irvp.

§ 26. Nouns of 1st declension(>4 -stems).

BjUc 1 5.—These terminations are short :

i. d preceded by a consonant (except p) in nomina-tive and accusative singular feminine, as fiovcrd

(-dv).

ii, d in vocative singular of nouns in 779 and d, as

SecrTrord.

Bulc 1 6.—These are long : .

i. d preceded by a vowel or p in nominative andaccusative singular feminine, as ^t\id (-dv),

e'xjdpd {-dv) ;but to this there are many excep-

tions.^

ii. d always in vocative sing, of nouns in a? and d,

as veavla.

iii. d always in genitive singular and accusative pluralof first declension, as

e'x^dpd'i, fiov(Td<i, hecnr6Td<i.

§ 27. Miscellaneous Hints on Final Syllables.

The following hints may be found helpful.

i. Final t and v, unless contracted, are almost in-

variably short (yet see Eule 1 1 which prevailsover this).

Thus tI, TLVl, XoryOial, (TV, o^v.

' Note especially—

yaia, dvcruoLa, auoia, uia, participles in -wa, and substantives in

-Tpia ; fiacriXeia. {queen), but ,8a<Tt\ttd (kingdom) ; dyKvpa, yicpvpa,

veipa, awTtlpa, fioipd, eiivoia, always in Trag. ,but ayvold.

QUANTITY. ly

ii. Final av and a? in accusatives follow the quan-tity of the corresponding nominative.

Thus (fiiXtdv (Nom. -a), /iiovad<i (Nom. -al).

XafiTrdSdi; (Nom. -e?), fiovadv (Nom. -a).But -a? from nouns in -ey?, as ^acnXed<;.

iii. Final a is always short in neuter plurals unlesscontracted : as dyaOd, ovrd, Saypd, but ocrrd (ed).

iv. Final a in accusative singular is short, as Xa/M-TrdSd : except from nouns in -ei;<?, as ^aatXed.

V. The last syllable of most prepositions, adverbs,etc., is short, if possible.Thus (Tvv, iiri, Trepl, irapd, Kara, fMera^v, av,

irpXv, ordv, dcfidp, etc., etc.

But vvv or vvv,^ djdv, Xldv, iTrelSdv, idv, Xddpd(with other adverbs in -pa), and some others,

vi. Neuter nominative-endings are short : except irdv,and dirdv," and, of course, contracts, as oarovv.

vii. Duals in a are always long, as Tavrd.

viii. Observe these : r]puv, v/xlv, or rjfxlv, vpXv.

To give rules for the quantity of other than final

syllables is probably unnecessary. The learner musttrust his ear chiefly, and when in doubt consult his

lexicon. Liddell and Scott mark most doubtful quantities,either on the word itself or in brackets, thus—{v), (I),

(d Homer, but a Find, and Att.),—either at the beginning

or end of the article on the word.

Some quantities, e.g. those of the verbs in -vco, 7nust belearnt from lexicons, etc. The ear cannot be trusted :

e.g. Xv(o, 6vQ), but(f)v(i}. Compare also Xvaw, Xvai<i,

Xva-aL/jLi, XeXvKa/xev, where the ear would certainly lead

a beginner astray. As much help as possible is given in

the vocabulary.

§ 28. Elision.

A short vowel at the end of a word is elided in GreekVerse, as in Latin, if the next word begins with a vowel.

1i.e. the enclitic vvv. The other vvv, "now," is always long.

-(Tv/MTrav and Tra/xirdv are however, short.

B

1 8 GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION.

But whereas in Latin the elided vowel is elided only to

the, ear {e.g. we write immane ingcns and not immaningens), in Greek it must always be elided to the eye also.

Thus we must write

ravT eêvrpa^' t) Trj<;8' 'i'xpvcr apyrjv TroXeco'i,

and not

Tavra eêTrpaê, etc.

If elision should result in leaving a hard mute {k, t, or

tt) standing before a rough breathing, the hard mute mustbe changed to its corresponding aspirate.Thus

eip'y]^ oBe (= et/3'/;«[e] oSe)6 TrdvO' opSiV (=0 TTCivrYa] opwv)

el(j)'6 TTat? (= el7r[e] o Trat?),

and when the rough breathing is preceded by a combina-tion of two hard mutes (as kt), both have to be changed,as

v6oj(^dpa'^d^ opo) (= v€0'X^dpaKT[a^ opco).

When an accented vowel is elided, the accent is thrownback to the preceding syllable ;

as

unless the word suffering elision be indeclinable, in whichcase the accent and vowel disappear together, as

d/x<f}' efJbSiV (= dp.^\l'\ ificov).

Some short vowels cannot be elided;this applies to

a and o in the article (6, to, rd),

V always,t in the dative termination (as iraihi, irdai), in

irepi, tI, Ti, dpTt^ and 6tl.

We cannot, however, leave such vowels unelided before

a following vowel. We must simply avoid putting the

words in such an order as to make the v or l in question

precede a vowel, or change the expression somehow.

Thus we must not write tI alreU /j,e ; but rt p,' alret'i ;

or TL')(^p')]êL<i ; etc.

*Spr' in Eur. Hel. 302 seems to be a false reading.

QUANTITY. ig

§ 29. Synizesis.

A long vowel in Greek must never be elided, and a

diphthong hardly ever, and only where you can producean exactly parallel instance, as

o'lfj! &>? aOvfico (for ol/xoi),

Soph. AJ. 587.

Yet in a very few cases a long vowel or diphthongfollowed by another is scanned as one syllable. This

again must not be done without a precedent, and the

beginner had better limit his employment of this licence

to the three most usual cases, viz.

7] ovK scanned as a monosyllable, {y)ovK.

iirel ov „ an iambus, €7r(y)ov.

In other cases we must simply avoid placing one longvowel before another.

§ 30. Prodelision.

A sort of reversed elision (called"prodelision ") some-

times takes place, when a word ending in a long vowel

precedes a word beginning with a short one. Thus for

e<yoL, iSoKovv we may write e^cb 'Sokow, eliding the vowelin the latter of the two words instead of in the former.

It is well, however, not to use this licence too freely.If we take Sophocles as our model, and confine ourselves

to his usual practice, we shall observe the following rules :

i. Prodelide no vowels except e, and the a in utto, c.y.

Xoiadia 'jco (iyoi), rjVo (aTro).

ii. Prodelide e only in these cases :

(a.) Prepositions and verbs compounded from them;

as dXyo) Vt (eVt), fJLT] 'êraê (eêraê), rj V (eV).

(&.) The augment ;as fu.ccrdov Vopeue (eVopeue), IdXy

'KuXetTO {eKoXelTo).

(c.) icTTL; as ttoWi] 'crn, irov 'art, -qSr] 'cm.

(d.) iyo) and its inflections and compounds ;as /xoXco

'«ya), i) 'fie, fjbrj 'fjuavro) {e/j,avTw).

§ 31.'

Crasis.

Occasionally two words, the first ending in a vowel andthe second beginning with one, are blended into one

word. Such a blending is called Crasis (Kpd<rt<;), and

always results in the production of a long syllable.

This licence again should not be used too freely ;in fact

it is seldom permissible unless the first of the two Mendedwords be either—

(a) some form of the article;or

(h) the conjunction kuL

Taking these two cases separately, we can get somehints from the practice of Sophocles which will show us

how to employ this licence properly.

§ 32. {«'•)The article in Crasis.

i. preceding e- produces ov-;as

ovfi6<i (6 e[x6<i), ovTrdyoiv (o eird'ywv), ovpydrr]<i

(6 €p<ydT't]<;).

preceding d- produces d-(d-) ;as

dv^p (d) (6 dvr}p\ dvOptoiro^ (o dvOpcoTTO';),

dycov (a) (6 dyoov).

ii. '^ is very rare in Crasis, but we find in Sophocles

dpeW] (d) {rj dperrj), 7]v\d/3eia {^ evXdjBeLo).

iii, TO preceding e- produces rov- ; as

rov'y')(eipi-iixa (to i'y')(êlprjfia),tovk (to e/c),

Tovpyov (to €p<yov), toutto? (to eVo?), tovvBlkov

(to evStKOv).

TO preceding d- produces Td-(d-) ;as

Tdyadov (d) (to dyadov), ToXyo^; (to dXyo'?),

TavTO (to avTo), TafxeXovfievov (d) (to d/xeXov-

fievov).

iv. ra preceding e- produces Td-(d-) ;as

TavSov (tu evSov), TdvdvTia (a) (tu ivdvTia),TdiriXoLira (d) (Ta iTrlXotTra), Tapya (tu epya),

TdêvprjfiaTa (tu iêvpt^âTo),

QUANTITY. 21

TO, preceding a- also produces ra~{a-^ ;as

rdvOpMTTcov (to, avOpcoTTOiv), Td(j)avi] (a) (ra

dcfiavi]).

V. rov preceding e- produces tov-;as

TOV7rt6vTO<i {tov e7ri6vro<;), tov/jlov {rov i/jbov).

TOV preceding d- produces Td-{d-) ;as

TdvSpo<i {tov dvSpo'i), Tdyadov (a) {tov dyaOov).vi. Tw preceding e- produces tod (the t disappearing) ;

as

TQiTTLOVTC (tc3 eTTLOVTl), TMfMW {tQ) ^flCp).

T(o preceding d- produces Td-{d-) ;as

ravopi {T(p avopt), TavTOi (tcd avT(p).vii. TJ] preceding e- produces r^-; as

TrjfiavTOv {ttj ifxavTOv).

Tfi preceding d- produces Td-{d-) ;as

Tacf^eaei {tt} d(f)e(T€i).

viii. oi occurs in Crasis with d- (a-) ;as

dvSpe^ (ot dvBpe^), dyaOol {d) {ol dr^aOoi).

Also with e-, as oviTLy^MpLOi {ol eir-), ovv {ol ev).

ix. A special contraction of 6 with eTepo<i^{d always).

N. dTepo<i, n. ddrepov.G. duTepov.D. daTepfp.

Ohs. Almost always the word with which any form of

the article makes Crasis begins with d- or e-. We find

however a few exceptions ;as where to precedes 6-

; e.g.

Tovvofxa {to ovofia), TOvveiZo<; {to oveiSo'i).

When TO or tjj precedes a rough breathing the t is

aspirated, as

dovpfiaLOV {to epfiaiov), OrjfMepa {ttj rjixepa).

§ 33. {h) Kai in Crasis.

Kat is seldom found in Crasis except preceding

1. Prepositions and words compounded with pre-

positions beginning with d- or e-.

2, Pronouns and words involving a pronominal stem

{e.g. eKel, el, bi<i, dWo'i, etc.j.

1 Doubtless for drepos, the old Ionic form.

3. Augmented Verbs.4. Words with the negative prefix a-.

5. Ov, ev, and compounds of ev.

6. 'EcTTt.

Within the above limits it may be employed freely.

§ 34. Rules.

i. KUL preceding e'-^ or d- produces Kd-(d-) ;as

Kdiriia) {koI iiri,), /ca7r6(a) (/cat diro), Kdy(o (a) (kuI

e<ydi), KaXXo<; {koI dX\o<i), KaSei (a) (kuI eSei),

KaKoafiTjcra (d) (kuI eKoafXTjcra), Kd(f)L\o<i (a)

{koI d(^L\o<i), KavovrjTa (a) (kuI dvovrjTo),KaCTTL {koI ecTTt).

ii. /cat preceding a diphthong leaves the vowels form-

ing that diphthong unaltered;as

K€L<n]Kovaa<i (/cat elar^Kovawi), Keva-rdXrjf; (kuI

evaTaXri^), Kavr6<i (kuI avro'i), /couSet? (/cat

oySet9).

[Kara for /cat etra is an exception. Soph., O.B., 1023.]

iii. The /c of /cat becomes;y;

before a rough breathing ;as

yovTO'i {koI ovTO<i), ')(^avrri {Kal avrrj).

iv. /cat preceding 6 produces ^co- ; as

^ft) (/cat 6), 'yoiiTocroL {jcaX OTroaoL), ^wttco? (/cat

OTTft)?).

V. /cat preceding t; or «o leaves it unchanged ;as

XV^^ {X'Cii rjhe), x^'i {kuI &>?).

The following instances of /cat in Crasis with other

kinds of words than those mentioned above should be

noted but not imitated too freely—

Kd'yad6<; (a) (Kal dya66<i).

KaKovcraf; (a) (/cat aKovaa^).

Kd\<yeiv6)^ (Kal dX<ye/,vco<;).

Xapirdcrai (koI dpirdcraL).

K(t)8vv(o/j,evr) (Kal oSvvcofievr]).

I KooSvperaL (Kal oSvperai).

^ Unless part of a diphthong. See Rule ii.

QUANTITY

Besides the article and /cat, the relative (neuter only)is pretty often found in Crasis in Sophocles. Thus

i. o (only before augment) ;as

ovTTodei<i (b eir6deL<i), ovcfiopei (o i(f)6pec),

ov(j)o/3etTO (o €(f)oêlro).

ii. a is used more freely, as

aîjKovaev (a e^yKovcrev),

ayoo {a), a/Me {a)—

{a eyco, a e/jue).

airaOov {a eTradov), av (a av), a%0) (a ep^^&j).

Other examples of Crasis, in Sophocles at any rate, mayliterally be counted on the fingers. We give all that wecan find :

€<yoi8a (iyu) oiSa), ifiovart {e/xol iarc), fiovari (/xot

iarc), rdv (rot av), . fxevrav {fiivroc av), rapa {jot

apa), fxd(f>€\r)<i {pbrj a<ê\rj<;, a doubtful reading),

fiaTTOKXrcrac {fjurj diroKXyaai), ')(âv (koI a av).

oiva^ (& dva^), this combination is frequent.

Note.—Crasis and Prodelision, properly employed, are

very useful as enabling us to introduce words which could

otherwise hardly come into an iambic line. Thus eVt-

KcoXvaco {vy (^ ^ ), as it stands, is quite unmanageable ;

there is no part of the line into which it will fit. But let

us try the effect of Crasis or Prodelision on it, and the

difficulty disappears at once. Thus

âvTjaofJbat yap KUTriKcoXvaQ) rdBe (Crasis).

opa (XV fjuevToc /jLtj'ttlkmXvcto) rdSe (Prodelision),

Bat a licence should not be abused. And to beginnersanxious to avail tliemselves of the help of Crasis or

Prodelision in cases which cannot be fairly brought underthe rules given in the above sections, our advice would be'

Don't.'

HINTS ON POETIC FORMS ANDUSAGES.

ARTICLE.

§ 35. The article in verses may be often omitted, wherein prose it is required.

(i.) After ovTQ<i, oBe, iKelvo<;, dfM(f)0),etc.

Thus in verse we may say: Ti]v8e yrjv, rovB' avBpa,

ravTTjv TToXiv, Kelvof Tvpavvo<;, aficfiOLV 'xepolv, ravra

Keiaerat Kparrj.

(ii.) With the substantive simply.

Thus we find :

eKTrifiTrei, TTarrjp. My father sends me out,

eV 'TveBov Kapa veixraL. To bow their heads to the

ground.Kol iravTO'i epyov BvcTcrejBeLav To know the impiety of

elBevac. every deed.

yjrtkov m opa veKvv. When she sees the corpseuncovered.

yXoxxaav i<yK\€iet (^6^o<i. Fear closes their lips.

Compare, for the use with and without article in-

differently :

rrfkhKovBe rrjv (f)vaiv.So old.

KUKo^; (})V(Ttv.Base.

iirirov'; 6 irefiirro^' eKTo<i i^ AtVajXia?. El. 704.

Sometimes with only one of two substantives :

tt)? TToXeco? TTuXa?. The gates of the city.

Tov irarpo'i Xoyoi. The words of the father.

24

HINTS ON POETIC FORMS AND USAGES. 25

Accordingly this freedom is of great assistance in versi-

fying ;for example, we can turn ' my wife

'

in any of the

following ways :

rr]v efxifv ^vvatKa,

rrjv <yvvaiKa ttjv iu7]V

ifMTjv <yvvatKa.

ryvvaiK ifi^jv.

yvvacKa rrjv ijjbrjv.

.}as in prose.

Or again' This deed.'

TovTo rovpyov,

Tovpyov ToBe,

rovpyov tovto,TOO epyov.TovT epyov.

as mprose.

* This my spear.'

6/Mov TOO eyxp^'ToS* e7%0? TOVfJLOV.

TOVTO tov/jLov ey^o?.

€7^0? TOVT i/LLOV.

TOVfjiOV 67^09 TOVTO.

epyov ToSe.

epyov TOVTO.

All these phrases, it will be seen, will fit in at different

places in the verse.

It should be observed, however, that if a noun vjith the

article is coupled with an adjective without it, the

adjective has its predicative force, as in prose ;as

err apprjTOho-L toi? X6yoL<i. With my words unspoken.

Tovpyov SUatov. The deed is just.

§ 36. The article may occasionally be used (as in Epicpoetry) for the relative

; except 6, 7), 01, and ai

fidaTiyt TTjv "Aprj'i cfjtXet.The lash which Ares loves.

Aio? jjuaKeWr), ry KUTeip- The mattock of Zeus where-

yaaruL iriSov. with the land is tilled.

ayd\/xad' lepd, tcov eyw . . . The holy images of lohich

I.. .

§ 37. Still more rarely as demonstrative :

T?}<? yap iri^vKa. For of her I was born.

o^ydp /xeyi(7To<; Tvy^dvei. For he is the greatest.

6 \xkv and o 8e are of course used in every case and

gender as in prose : sometimes 6 8e inverted, as

e/c Se Twz^ yuciXicTT e^di. SoPH. Of them I most.

§ 38. The article may be also used with the infinitive,

in cases where in prose it would be omitted.

ToZiKelv (f)L\a)v. Loving to do injustice.TO Bpdv ovK -qdeXricrav. Eefused the deed.

fjbUKpb'i TO Kplvat, Tavra . . . The time is long for judgingXpovo<i. this.

opKcojjboTelv TO fjirjre Bpdaat To swear that they had. . . neither done it . . .

rovTrcTaaaetv ivvoel. Thinks to give orders.

vavra<; i(popfjLi](ravTa %et- Urging the sailors to sail in

fi,(bvo<i TO ifXelv. winter.

iXTTi'i . . . TOjxrj nradelv av. A hope . . . not to suffer.

§ 39. The construction of the article with adjectives,

adverbs, and participles, etc., is still more useful andcommon in poetry than in prose.

TO fxeXkov, TO \oi7r6v, TaTriXonra. The future.

So TO Trpiv, 01 iraXai, Tom eTretTa, twv TrdpotOev, TavSov.

So TO delov (= êof or Oeov), Tovfiov or Tcifxd (= i'yoo or

e/ie), TO Tov <yepovTO<; (for 6 jepcov), to avyyevi^; (= (Tvy-

rêvel'i), to OrjXv (women), Tov7rL€iKe<; (kindness), TaXTÔh(truth), etc.

Again, to vvv or to, vvv for'

now,' TaireKeLva for ' be-

yond,' TO TTjvcKavTa for'

then,' tov/jlttoXiv,'

the opposite.'

Another usage found in poetry is the use of the active

participle with neuter article for the abstract;as

TO TTodovv, desire. Soph.

7ravTo<i hpoiVToî, of every deed. SoPH.

Tw Ovfjuov/iiivo), from anger. EuR.

§ 40. The article with infinitive is still more commonlyused than in prose for a substantive.

So TO i^rjv, TO KaTdavelv, to (raxppovelv, ToZiKelv, to

8pdv, TO firj 'hcKelv, TO fxr] yjrevSoaTOfjbelv, TOv^a/xapTaveiv,TO B' elSevai, to awdrjvaL.

iv T&) (ppovetv, in feeling.-

irpo Tov davelv, before death.

Tairopelv e%&), I am perplexed.

§ 41. SUBSTANTIVES.

Next there are several points to notice about thedeclensions for metrical purposes.

(i.) The genitive termination in -ew? and -ewv (fromwords like ttoXc^) may be scanned either as two syllablesor one, as

7r6Xe&i9 V'7rtpfid')((i5v

/jLdvTe(iJ<i fiadcov.

The old genitive iroXeoq is also found—Soph. Ant,EuE. Jlec., etc.

(ii.) The genitive plural of neuters in -0? is used in theuncontracted form -icov as well as in the contracted form-cov, thus

yevMv but also Tel')(l(bv.

(iii.) The dative plural has three forms in the vowel-

declension, as

ratf, TUicn, Toiaiv

X6yoi<i, Xoyoiat, \6yotcriv,

and in the consonant-declension two, as

oSovcrt, ohovcriv

We also find in Euripides

fxi]Tepo<; and dvydTepo<i for/j.7}Tp6<i and dvyaTpo^.

§ 42. A common use in poetry is the dative of placewithout a preposition as dyopalcrt OaKel, dypolai Tf7;^ai;et.

§ 43. The use of substantives for verbs : omission of

It is pleasant if he kills. %«pi? ytteV, r)v KTavr). Soph.I care not for life. tov /3iov 8' ov8ei<; iroOo^.

Soph.

It cannot be denied. apvrjo-i^ ovk evecrriv. SoPH.

There is no time to delay. oy;^ eSpa? (ik/jli].Soph.

It is odious to slay women. Krelveiv (pdovo^ yvvatKa<;.EuE.

It is not impious to please . . . ou Bvaa-eêia, . . . el rep-

i/ret9, . . . Soph.

It is for you to . . . aov epyov . . .

eari omitted from compounds :

aTreXOe' crol yap a)(f)€'\.i]cn<; ovk evi. SOPH.

eveanv uXka croi fidd7]cn,<; ov irdpa. SoPH.

Omission of other verbs in passionate or hasty speech.

Delay no more. yu-^ TpLâ<i ed\ Soph.

Begone to destruction. ovk ek oXeOpov ; Soph.

§ 44. Poetic use of 'pkiral for singular.

In pronouns, etc., irorepa, rocavra, ola, ddrepa, ra i/jud.

With adjectives, particularly in predicates (as'

it is easT/,

true, dark, etc.').

aXrjOrj, yêvhr}, dvacryerd, dcrrjiia, aTroiva, avTairoiva,

taa, yvwrd, Setvd, biKaia, paSia, âid, fidraia,

Trdvra, rdvavria.

With participles and verbals :

SoKOvvra, SeSoyfieva, ireirpayfieva, dpLvvrea, rjaaTjria,

driparea.

With adverbs (adjectives used adverbially) :

'

often,' TToXkd ;

'

vainly,' fjudraLa.

With substantives, very common :

dpfiara, ireifKoL, Bcbfjuara, oIkol, Sofioi, )^p6voi, XeKrpa,jjueXadpa, crrkyai, ^peve<i, crrepva, iX^V> evval,

ayopat, dypoi.


and especially abstracts : cr(f)ayai, irdOrj, (3a(j)ai, KepB?],

poal, apaiy irvoai, Tpo(f)ai, iroivai, fx,r]-)(^aval,ireTrXw-

/jLara, crro'K.La-fxaTa, 7riaT(o/jLara, aL/xara, crrjfLela,

/jLLda-fiara, crrofiara, KaXvfjLfiara, Te')(yj]fxaTa,etc.

§ 45. A list is given of varioits forms in substantives

which are found in the poets.

English.

Knee

SpearZeus

DayGod

NOM.

JOVUyovrira

SopvZeyc

Ace.

jovvyovara

SopvAla

Gen.

Cheek irdpecd and 7rdpr]t X^^P"' X^P^'^' %^^po? X^P^' X^^P^

;êtpe9 êpe? ;êtpe ^ X^P^}^ X^P^^^

;>êpa9, %ei/3a9 ')(epoiv, %eipwz^ X^P^''Skin ^pw? %poa %poo9 XPî''

XpOiTU ')(^pC0T6<i XP^'''îv xp(p

or

Flesh

§46. Dialectic forms.

The following variant forms admitted in tragedy will befound useful :

eKeiOev, e'/ceicre îvo \r']Oo/jiac

/xevo) KTelvo)

fxlpLvo) Kaivw

Aor. eKra (he slew)

XeiTTct)eifjii

XifjbTTavo) iXevaofiai,

fXOVO<i

A few words occur in tragedy with the Epic syncope of

ava, Kara.

avBaLO), to light lip. cifjurvoy], respite.

a/jbTriTTTQ), to fall back. a/xTTTf^??, unfolding.eTravreWco, to order. ajKaXovfievo'?, calling.

dvToXi], rising. dfMfj,e/xiyfiivo<i, mixed.

dfjb/xevco, to await. Kardavelv, to die.

§ 47. PRONOUNS.

(i.) For e7<u, r//iet9 is frequently found : if a woman uses

?}yu.et<?it is masculine.

The enclitic forms fiov, fioc, fie, are common, but mustnot begin either a clause or a line.

oBe and o3' dvijp are often found where a speaker is

talking of himself.

The duals vco and o-^co may be used of two persons,

though the plural is also admissible, rjfjblv and v/juIv are

also when convenient r)fiLv and vfiiv, i.e. with the second

syllable short.

(ii.) aedev is common for croij.

(iii.) The third personal pronoun in the accusative is

often avTov, avTov<i, etc., as in prose ;but

o-<^e and vtv,

both enclitics, are used for him, her, it, and thevi, i.e. both

masculine, feminine, and neuter, both in the singular andin the plural.

The article is also used for them, him, etc., rarely. See

§37, p. 2.5.

(iv.) The reflexive avrov {-rf]<;, -tmv, etc.) is used for

the first and second person as well as the third : thus

Kpv-\lravTe<; avTov<? iXKo^L^o/xev, hiding ourselves.

avTo<i avTov tout diroarKehS) ixvcro"^, I will scatter

from myself.

fjbopov Tov aiirrj'i olada, you know your own fate.

avToiv {-oU, etc.) may be also used for aXkrjXwv.The reflexives ov and ol are found, but not e.

ov re Kal reKvoov, of himself and his children.

avBd /jLoXelv ol, he bids (him) come to himself

(v.) (T^l or (j^lv is found for avroU '

them,' as

oi deoCa(f)L fx/jre . . . /caracr/Seaeiav, may the gods not

quench for them.

w? (r<pLv jev7]Tai, that he may be for t/iein.

Sophocles also usesa-cfjov

for avrS (Sovvai acjiiv).

(vi.) For the possessive'

his own '

(L. suus) is found in

tragedy the word 09, usually with the article.

Twv &v reKvwv, of his own children.

TOi'^ olcriv avTov, for his ovm.

dfi6<i(a) is used several times by Sophocles for eya69.

(vii.) The word avro'^ is sometimes conveniently out of

place to come next to avrov.

Tov avro<i avrov walha, himself . . . his own son.

ala-)(yveL'i ttoXlv rrjv auTo? avrov, you disgrace, your-self, your own city.

So 7rpo9 avro<i avrov.

This however seemfe chiefly to be resorted to when the

natural order is metrically impossible, as in rov^; avro<;

avrov and eV avrb^ avrov, or the second one above.

(viii.) rov and rw are found as well as rivo<; and rvvi.

rov „ Tft) „ „ Ti^o? „ rivi.

orov „ oro) „ „ ovrtvo<i „ (privL.

So oroL^, orcov, in the plural.

(ix.) r6ao<i and roto<; may be used in verse as well as

roaovro^, rocro^iSe, roLovro^, rotocrhe.

Also the nom. and ace. neuter of rocovro<;, ro(70vro<;,

and avr6<i, are found in these forms :

roLovro ) rocrovro | ro avro

}roiovrovJ

roaovrov j ravro

ravrov

§ 48. NUMERALS.

Svotv is found monosyllable, 0. T. 640.

Bl7rrv)(o(;, Bia-a6<;, and BcttXov^ are often used for two.

HINTS ON POETIC FORMS AND USAGES. jj

§ 49. VERB INFLECTIONS.

Besides the regular prose Attic verb inflection a fewvariations are found, which will be useful.

(i.) -fieada is used for -fieOa in 1st plural of middleor passive : thus

olo/juecrOa, eSe^d/xecrda

(ii.) -ocaro and -acaro may be used for -olvto and-aivTO : as

o\oldro, SeâutTo

(iii.) The weak aorist optative active uses both the

Aeolic and Attic forms : thus we find

\v(Teca<i or \vcrai<i

TreiaeLe or ireia-av

The shorter forms, however, are rare.

(iv.) After the terminal -t or -e of the third personV may be added, even before a consonant : thus

reOvrjicev d9Xla)<i

fovii d(f)lr)atv yipaêlaiv Xoyoi Stj

(v.) In the speeches of ayyeXoi, or long narratives in

tragedy, the augment may be omitted : as

piyrjaav, co? JjKovaav

KTVTrrjcre fiev Zei)? ')(66vio^

(vi.) The short forms of the perfect in some verbsshould be noticed as a iiseful variation :

redvdvat, redvcifxev, redvdcn.

(3e/3dat, /8e/3(W9.

kardvaL, eardrco, ecrrdfiev, earaTC, harden, earco'i,

and all its compounds.ireiTTWTa and compounds.eoLj/jbev (Soph.) for eoUafxev.

-)

fj(T[Mev (Eur.) for rjZeiêv.

(vii.) The lengthened aorist forms :

elp'ydOeiv.

(T'êOelv, Karaa'xêdeiv.

dfjivvddelv.

C

( viii.) The regular contraction of irpo-e- in verbs : as

TrpovSoaav, TrpovBcoKe, 7rpovd'r]Ka<;, irpovdeaav,

irpovKafie-^, irpoix^v, 7rpov(TTi]T7]v, TrpoinrefiTre'i,

irpov-)^(ov

(ix.) The contracted verbs have two forms of the present

optative, both equally available, though the forms in -r]v

are the commoner :

hpwfjic and hpmrjv

8rj\ol/jLt „ SijXoiijv

(x.) Single forms which are useful :

eTTicrroi and eTrlcnaao

Suva for Svvacrat (EUK.)TO XP^W or xpyp'at,

§ 50. Certain devices or idiomsare||fcpmmon,

which

vary the expression of tenses or moc^s :

Present: for I am, wv Kvpco, oiv TV'yx(^voi.

„ You are, taOL <y€ya)<i.

„ I desire, lêipwv ecpvv.

„ We hear, KXvoPT6<i eajxev.

„ I stand, ride, etc., êîjKa, /3e/3ft)9 Kvpco (perf ).

„ I am pleased, ijadrjv, iirrjvea-a (aorist).

„ Do you ask ? rjpov ;

„ I understand, (jvvrjKa.

„ I receive, ehe^d^rjv.

It is sufficient, apKovvrwi eêv.

(With auxiliary) This pleases, raS' ear apeaKov6\Sorii.

Perfect: 1 have sliown, eh'fkwcra, ST]\co(ra<i e^fi^.

So /xada)V e%o), iniixdcra^ ^X^' '^'^W^'^ ^X^' ®^^-

Imioerfect : He was doing, hpwv yap rjv.Soph.

It seemed good, Bokovvtu ravr rjv. „

Future : often given mildly by conditional :

I will not punish, ovk av KoXdôifji,

or by auxiliaries :

I will not go, ov OeX(o /xoXetp.1 will do something; /xeXXw tc Spaaat.

Note the future perfect of a future state :

They shall lie with me in the grave, kolv

e/jLol redd-ip-erai. SoPH.

And the periphrastic future :

Ta TovSe fiev TreTrpayfMev' earai. SOPH.

XvTTrjdel^; ecrei. „

eo-rai fieXovaa. „

Aorist.—The use of the aorist in other moods than the

indicative is a constant resource, as in nine cases out of

ten it is quite open to us to use either, and there is no

appreciable difference.

Thus we can say

/at; fMe Xei'Tre or/mt} Xitt?;? fi

Td')(^dv \ejot „ Ta')^^

dv Xeêiev

SrjXovv SoK€L ra irdvTa „ Trdvra hrjXoiaat SoKel

iravro^ oicrre Tv<y)(^dv6iv „ 009 iravro^ TV')(€lv

fo)9 ala9avu>ixe6^ „ tw? alcrddiixeOa

rjvjrep €vpLaKd)fxeda „ rjv eupeday/xev

'TTeldov „ TTidov

evvooyv „ evvoi)(Ta'=;.

where the alternatives will suit different parts of the verse.

Often too, words like fiaOelv, Trudiadai, KarOavelv,

yvov'i, Sodcrat, eveyKij, irtoov, d(f)eivai, XafBoifiL, (ppdaov,

irpo'âpixocrai, i8oi<i, 7rpo97recra>z/, eXcofied', S69, and so forth,

will suit the required place, when the present tense of

the corresponding words and moods would not fit at all.

The gnomic use of the aorist is a common idiom of

poetry.

LTTTTOS evyevr}<i 'Ez/ Tolcrt êtvol^ Ovfjuov ovk dironXeaev. SoPH.The noble horse in danger does not lose his spirit.

. . . 'TToWd TOL (TfllKpol \6jOL

ea(îl\av ijSr] Kal Karcopdcoaav jBporovq. SoPH.

. . . Often trivial words

Bring men to ill and often to snccess.

They easily grow insolent, f)a8[co<; KaOvjBptaav. Soph.

The historic present is vividly used for a past, even in

the same sentence with other verbs past :

How did he die ? tco rpoTro) SioWurat ; Soph.The steeds ran away. ttmXoi /Sea cfiepovcnv. „When he saw him alone, ottw? 8' 6pa fiovov vlv. „Who slew him ? koI TL<i (feovevei ; „

§ 51. Imperative.

A great many varieties of expression are used for

intimating wishes or commands of various degrees of

mildness or peremptoriness : thus we may render "go

away"as follows :

—^copei. ovK airei, rd'yâ ;

'X^wpol'i civ. '^(opelv civd'^Ki).

')(wp'i)Tkov. Kparel a direXOelv.

'X^peoiv ere')(â>peiv. Kpelaaov diro'^^copelv Tayô^.

hel, -^p/] (T cnreX-deZv.

In the above the form of the expression- is varied; in

those that follow other verbs are substituted :

^6etpov irpo^ ocKOv^. d7raWd'y7]di.

di\roppo<i eî6\ ovkovv ciirei iror ; ov-^l

Ovpaiov iôpjxa iroha. Odaaov ;

Epic infinitive for imperative :

Say, Achilles' son. \ejeiv, 'A^sîXXeto? Trat?. Soph.

Say that thou seest. (pdaKecv opdv. „

Say I am no seer. cfxicrKeiv efi ijStj fjuavTiKfj jxrjhev

(^povelv. Soph.

Elliptic use of otto)? : see that you send, 07r(y9 Treywi/rei?.

With olcrda : olcrO' ovv o Spdaov ;

olcr6' (09 fi,r) a(f)a\ri'i ; (neg.)olaOd vvv d fMoc yeveaOoo ;

§ 52. Negative Imperative, or FroJiihition.

Various forms are given l3elow. Eemember thatyu,?}

takes present imperative or aorist subjunctive :

Do not turn away. /i^; yu,' a7rocrTpa</)^9 orfxy] yx'

utto-

(Trpe(f)ov.

Do not tell me./j,r] (f)pday<; or

fi'^ fiot (ppd^e.Do not turn base. fiTjSafXM'; rylyvov KaKO'i.

Speak no more. iravcrai Xejovaa,Neither fear him nor ov fii]T oKvelre fx^jr d(f)r]T

. . .

utter. ... Soph.

Touch her not./mt) yjraveiv Xeyco.

Strong prohibition, with interrogative ov fii]:

Don't bring your hand near ! ov/xt] irpoa-ola-ei'i x^^P^ >

(always with 2d pers. fut. indie.) EuE.

Epic use of infinitive :

And bring no wine.yu,??Se irpocr^epeiv fieOv. SoPH.

§ 53. Subjunctive.

The indefinite subjunctive is found in verse witliout

the av ordinarily attached to the relative or conjunction :

oirov S' v/3pb^€Lv Spdv 0' d jBovXerat Trapfj. SoPH.

yepovra 8' opOovv cf)\avpov, o? yeo? irecrr]. „

€v6a jxrj Ka0€(TT7]Krj 8eo<; ...,,

Ov8' el TTOvfj Ti9 ... „

eVel 8' dfiaprfj ...,,

§ 54. Wishing Moods.

Optative.—The plain optative, as in prose, is generally

used for a wish;but in verse we also find—Would I might die !

TTCO? dv 0dvot/jii ; el yap 0dvoi./jbi.

eWe KaT0dvoLfJLi. tl fMeXkofxev 0avelv ;

And for the past wish—Would I had died !

eW M(j)e\ov Oaveiv. ^XP'^^ f^'^''ôdavelv.

oiêkov davelv. ttw? ovk aireOavov ;

eW' aireOavov. Kpelo-aov r/v Oavelv.

Forms of past wish, if negative :

iir] TTOT axpeXov \17relv.

fir]Se rovB' uxpetXofiev.

eld' w(/)eV 'Apyov'i firjSiairrdadat (7Kd(fiO<;.

§55. ^-^^^s-

There are certain poetic equivalents which are very

useful :

For elp,i,'

to be :' TrecjiVKa, ireXa), e(f)vv: KaOearrjK, ev-

pedrjv,etc.

TvyyavQ) mv, Kvpw cov, and Tvyx^vo)and KvpM without participle.

TovaTrjvaL, 'to stand:' compounds in -a-Tareco, e.g. diroara-

Telv, Trapaa-raretv.Also the tense eaTaOr^v, (TTa6el<i, not

found in prose. Often Ket/xat,

For lepai, 'to go:' e\6elv, fioXeiv, xwpelv, epireiv, arei-

X'î'V) 'rrepd(o, iKvovixat. Also avOei's

for'

having gone,' iaavdr],' he

went.' otxo/J'ai, olxveo), aaao).

For olSa,' I know :' KaroiSa, aacp' olSa, iiTLcrTafiai, e<yvwv

or e'yvcoKa : pbaOelv and Xavddveiv

also used, avvoiha, eêirlcrraixaL,

I'Spa irecpvKa.

For dvayKdlôy,'I|^/^^^,. davelv ipdv Tiev<Ti. EUK.

make :' J

For 6p%o/xat, 'Icome:' iKvovp,ai, iKdvw, /xokelv [see 'to go'].

For elirelv,'

to say :' (fxovecv, cf)6€ryyo/jiat, XaKelv, eêpelv"

(fut.), i^Levat yXcocraav, eêXicrcretv

TOVTTO'i, Opoelv, evveireiv, irpovvve-

irevv.

e;y;w (or Ictîm)is used wit^ substantives as a poetic

equivalent for many verbs, e.g.:

Thou didst hope. eo-^j^ê?eKirila. Soph.

He does not remember. ov [ivrjarLv ta'yei.To forgive. avyyvoy^rjv e')(êiv

or ^vyyvotav

To forget. Xrja-riv la-'xêiv. SoPH.

Trusting him. w Tria-riv lcrx(^v.Much envied. 'i^Tjkov ov a/jitKpov . . . exovaa.

EUK.To provide. irpovoiav icrxîv. Soph.

Miscellaneous phrases :

She denied. airapvo'i . . . KaOia-Taro. Soph.To be thus minded. ovtco . . . Sm arepvcov exetv. „

§ 56. Adverbs.

(1.) We also find words in -ê convenientlv endins in

-dev:^ ^^ ,

'

,

vepOe evepOe irpoaQe irapoiQe

vepOev evepdev irpoadev irdpoiOevThis suffix -6e must not be confounded with the other

-6ev, meaning'

from,' as in eawdev, oiKodev, irodev, evOev,

etc., which never^ take the form -6e.

(2.) Several poetical equivalents for adverbs are foundin phrases with substantives and prepositions :

Justly, 7rpo<? SUyv, (Tvv Slkj), Trpo? Slktj'?, ev hiKr).

Angrily, tt/jo? op'yi'jv,8c opyfj'i, inr' opyrji;.

Piously, Trpo? evae/Seiap.

Pleasantly [to please], irpo^ ^"ptt', 77/309 rjSovijv.

Pleasantly [according to wish], Ka6' rjSovijv.

Seasonably, Trpo? Katpov, eV heov, ev heovn, ev Kaipto.

§ 57. Prepositions.

eiTi, Trapci, airo, Karci, irepi, virep, vtto, fierd, dvev, arep,all may be used at the end of a line after their case :

^ A license like ûtade, Heracl. 42, should not be imitated.

and are then written with the accent on the first syllable.

Examples (from Tragedians) :

a(fiaro<^ Kelrat irept. Td')(ôv'i vtto.

ovK o'Utov fxera. rovS' eixdvdavov irdpa."jTovTia^ aKTT]^ €7ri.

»

Sometimes the preposition is displaced in the middle ofthe line :

Tov Trap' dvOpcoTTcov fiadcov ; Track. 744.

viral is also found :

'Xâ\Kri<i viral (raX7riyyo<;. SOPH.TMv S' viral <yevov^. ,,

Prepositions are also used in the old Epic wây asadverbs :

€V 3' 7rayKparr]<i v7rvo<i. SoPH.

avv S' eyoi irapwv.ev 8' efxecTTOiOrj.

and tmesis proper :

€v_croi yeXco. SoPH. ew 8' dpa<i . . . Tjpdro. SOPII.

eV dXkoicnv rpeire. „ avv 8' iXiaaerai. „

The preposition for'

by'

(with the agent) is in proseVTTO, with genitive. In poetry, besides this, many othersare used :

€K iSTot by your art. ov ydp e« ye Tr}<i Texvrj'i.

Soph.Governed by the king, e'/c rod kut darv /3a(ri\e(o<i

Td8' dp'êrai. SoPH.

7rpo<;I was expelled by my Trpo? tmv ifxavrov airep-own sons. ^droiv d7rr]\ddr]<;. SoPH.

By whom taught ? 7rpo9 rov StSa;^(9ei9; „

§ 58. Particles.

Dotible use • of dv very common in dialogue : several

examples are given to show exactly how the words comenaturally :

. . .

e')(eiv cr' dv oIktov co? Kuyio <j>pevl

OeXotfi dv. Ai. 525.

Tt hrir av 6ivyeiv. El. 697.

avOeU av ovk av aXjvvoi<i irXeov. O.T. 446.

So with the frequentative imperfect :

avTo<i av ToXat; ecXvo/jiTjv Trpo? tovt av. Phil. 290,

With Kal :

hoKelv ireaelv av Kav dirb cr/j,iKpov kukov. Ai. 1078.

With TOi :

ovrdv ciTLfjudaaifi av . . . Ai. 1339.

[For use of Particles see § 70, and a list of them with examples § 77.]

§ 59. Interrogatives.

Simple question,—do you? are you? will you? did

you ? etc. :

No particle. BeSpaKe rovro ; ijxvt^o-aT ovv ti ; SoPH.

TTorepov . . . TTorepov evTV')(r) Xeyco ; ,,

TTorepa irorepa 7rpo<? oI'kov; ireXayo^ Alyaiov Trepco ;

Suril.

/^?; [Jbi'lTi<; At6<) Kepavvof; ;

fiMV fjbMV 6\(t)\afi€v ;

rj rj (TV(f)r)<; dyeiv ;

apa dp e'yeL KaXco<i ; dp dv ti<; fioXot ; „

Negative question :

ov, ovKovv, ovyi, dp ov, ovk dpa, ovk dp' .

Surprised question :

Kal irm, Kal rt?, Kal irov, etc., very common ;dW

rj,

e.g. aW ?} fiefMr]va<; ; El. 878.

Notice for "Avhy?" tl'^^prjixa, 7rp6<; tl, rod ')(dpiv, &>?

7r/309 rl.

Convenient and idiomatic usage of one for the other :—

irov ;

How are you his general ? ttov av arparrjyb'; rovSe ;

Soph,

3J

• In what are you a true pro- £oO o-u ixavri<i el aaî^q ;

phet ? Soph.

So oTTOv : Nowise canst ov yap iad' oirov fx 6\eh.'

thou ruin me. Soph.iroOev;

How (can I wail her) as she w? fiev a^la, iroOev ; EuR.deserves ?

TTft)?;

Wliy did you not say ? ttw? ovk eXeâ? ,- SoPH.

Wliy did you come here ? ttw? hevp yXdeî ;

Trot, OTTOl,

How the gods will pity. oirot deol KarocKriova-iv

Soph.In indirect interrogations the direct and indirect forms

may be used equally, i.e. either ri? or 6(TrL<;, irov or oirou,TTw? or oTTft)?, etc.

We even find both in one clause :

... ft)? TTvdoid' 6,Ti

hpoiv rj ri <^(xivo)v . . . SoPH.

I )ouble interrooation :

Where and how did you get it? t&5 rpo'irw ir66ev Xa^Mv ;

Who are you and where did T19 iroOev fioXcov . . . ;

you come from ?

v!}60. Negatives.

(1.) Besides ov for simple negation, in poetry we find

ov Ti (not) 7]KtaTa ('no

'

in replies)ovSev ovSap.M'i (in replies)

ovBa/uLa)<i Kol TTcoq ;

ovSafMci ovKovv('not then

')

ov7r(o<; ov Sijra' no surely

'

(in replies)

oL-^t oi5/c ecTTf y (Impossible !)

OVTOl

ov jMrjwith subjunctive, strong negation :

Never shall they get. aXk' ov ri/X7] Xd'x^coa-t. SoPH.

I shall not be taken. ov re firj \r)(^6oi. Aesch.

None shall vex thee of ovtol cr 'Kxcaoiv, olha, fxi] Tiir.

Never from me shall you d\X ovttot e| ifjuov 76 /a?;

suffer this. irdOrj'i Tohe. Soph.

Never shall they get me ovk dp ijjbov ye /xr) Kparrjcrw-

in their power. (tlv. Soph.

OVK ecru o7ro)<; :

You shall not raze the ov yap eaO' ottw? ttoXlv . . .

city. epeti/rei?.SoPH.

You shall not see. ovk ecrd' oirco'i o-êi crv. „

(So with ov, strong affirmative).

It cannot be but that this . . . ov yap ecr6' otto)? 08' ovk

is Orestes. 'Opka-rr]^. Soph.

ov Ti firjvdW ov Ti jxrjv eycoye. SoPH.

ovfii] rarely with future :

I will never go with you. ov aot [irj fieOiyp-ofxal irore. Soph,

§ 61. Interjections.

It is convenient to rememljer

(i.) that hiatus is allowed in interjections^*

(ii.) that they may come either outside the verse (extra

metrum) or as part of it.

The following lines will illustrate both rules :

otfioc, Ti(f)j<i, MvOpcoire ; /jlmv oXcoXafiev. SoPH.

ot '7C0, (piXoi, irpocTT'rjT dvayKaia? ra'êld Ti? ^porol^;. „ea' Y\o\vp.rj(Trop m hvarrjve, rL<; a' diroiXecrev ; JLUR.

loi) lov ^pahelav 7}aa.9 dp' 6 Ti]v8e ttjv ohov. SoPH.

êv' OVK eariv ovSev TriaTov ovt evSoîa. „

Âpparently only when extra metrum.

§ 62. Exclamations.

Many phrases which in English are statements may bein the more excitable Greek put as exclamations :

Thou speakest in riddles all too darkly,ft)9 iravT a'âv alviKra Kaaacjii} Xeyei^. SoPH.

Plainly tliou art a cunning rogue.

olfj,' fo)9 aXrj/jba 8f]\ov eK7re(f)VK6<i el.

Prophet, thy word is true !

ft) fiavTL, Tov7ro<; ft)9 ap' opdov ijvvcra';.A dreadful deed thou'st done me.ola fJb elpiyaaaL.

HINTS ON STRUCTURE AND STYLE.[The Greek phrases given are always possible portions ofIambic Vmes.]

§ 63. As in Prose, the preference of English for abstract

expressions is strongly marked;indeed in many dramatic

poets the language overflows with them.In Greek poetry also there is much greater freedom

than in prose; much more tendency to use abstract

expressions and personifications, of which examples are

given in the next Section. But though this is so, theintrinsic and instinctive nature of the two languages is

unaltered, and we constantly have to turn, or it is morenatural to turn, an English abstract phrase by some moreconcrete expression in Greek.The following illustrations, which have been inten-

tionally made numerous and various, are selected withthe view of being as much help as possible in doing theseand similar exercises :

English. Greek.

My intents. avorjaa, a/3ov\€V(Tdfi7]v, tSjV

SeBoy/jbevcov, irdvO' 6a'

evvoo), oV eSoê jjlol, etc.

The best heads, tender ol aocjiMrarot, ol cîXdv-hearts.

Opcoiroi.To after^^m^, past afjes. rot? eireira, ol irdpoidev.

My presence must not tell. ov deXco SrjXovv Trapcov.•

The trouUc is departed. eKirecfievyafiev kukov.I see the rui7i of my house. Kelfxevov (BXeiroo yevo<i.

Mocking his i^rudencc.I go an QiiiovcQdi pilgrimage.

Thoii seest destruction.

The trcaclicrg of his deatli.

'Let 2Mpcr show.

The vice of greatness.

Anger has no defence.Let reason be your teacher.

I find the same affections.

This argues your friendshij).To shut his ears against

a^dliority.

Yield to a parent's justwrath.

All this is less advantage.

iyyeXcov tm crdxppovt.

ou^ eKMv (pevyco, ^la irXa-

voijjiaL, ov^ eKovre's e/c-

TreirrMKa/jiev.

etVopft? 6Xco\6Ta<i.

86X0^ yap (pSicoXeT.

cr7]/jiaiv6 BeXro).

ypd(f)(i)V (TV Zrfkov.

al(T')^pa rvpavvi<i.

ala')(^po)<iKpare IV.

a(f)paKTO<; opycaOel'^ avrjp.avvvoMV fjbade.

ravTov (ppovovvTa<; gadofjurjv.

(liar eii cppovovvra a tafiev.

fiTjBev hiKaiovv tmv KaOea-

TWTCOV Kkveiv.

'âka TOKevaiv et/coTto?

Ov/jLOV/xevofi.

•wavra ravO' -ijcraco Xaêlv.

alvovfiev oV ehpaaa<i.airavu ocr otoa.

§ 64. Again (just as in Prose) many an English abs-

tract or idiomatic expression is done by relatives and in-

direct interrogatives: with o9,ocrTt>?, 00-09, 0I09, &)9, 07r(09, etc.

I praise your conduct.

All my hioioledgc.I slaughtered all the lions of

the land.

I look on your dimensions.

I blame ihelioyes yougave me. e'-vêâ a 09 p! i'Krjpe'^

Neither his sufferings nor ovff oV eiracr'xev, ovOhis deeds.

€KT€iv' 6crou<; Xeovra^ i]

^(wpa rp€(f)6i.

6ao<i 7re(j)VKa'i elsopw.

OTTO I

The ncivs I bring you.We must learn our duty.

Seeing my grievous fate.

In return for all thy aid.

I see our evil case.

eSpa.Ota aoL <pep(o p,aOelv.

')(pr) /xadelv tl Spaareov.ISovcra p! fo)9 ScoXXvpiac.av9' oawv p! e7r(uêXet9.

(f)pov(o 8r] ^vp,(f)opd^

ea-rapêv.

rr y

IV

So idiomatically with the double interrogative (or ex-

clamation) direct or indirect.

. . . from high estate to low- oia<^ \aTpeia<=; avd' ocrov

est service fallen ! Î'jXov rpecpei.

. . . for noble deeds inherits oY epya hpdaa^ ola \a'y'x,îvei

bitter woe. kuku. Soph.

... a worthy son of thy olo<; e^ olov'Tpd(fi7]<;. „

father.

. . . thy greatness lying so oio<i wv o'ioi<i e%et?. ,,

low.

§ 65. On the other hand abstract expressions. are often

used, as in all poetic diction.

Her beauty destroyed her.

We are not grieved.

The lot condemns me.

My thought suggests to me.

Fear seals our lips.

Rearing two pests to over-

set my throne.

SicoXecrev to /caXA-09. SoPH.

^dpo<; <yap r)/jid^ ovk eêt.Soph.

7rd\o<i KaOatpel pJ . „

rj ^vvvoia jBovXevec. „

j\o)craav eyKXeiet ^6ô<^.Soph.

Tpe(f)Cov Sv' ctra Kcnravacr-

Tciaeii; dpovcov. SoPH.

Will you slay the bride of KreveU vvfjucêla rov reKvov ;

your son ?

Obedience keeps safe the

lives of most.

Away with the wretch.

Fortune lifts up, and fortune

lays low.

I felt pity.I will not grudge it thee.

That he may know not.

Soph.

(Tcoêi TO, TToWa acopâO' t)

nTei6ap')(îa.SoPH.

aj€T€ TO pblcro';. „

TV'^Tj yap opuol

KaTappeirei.olKTO<i €L<;e^r}.

(f)66v7](7L<iov yevrjaeTaL.

0)9 av dyvoia Trpoafj. SoPH.

Kat TV^^ll

Soph.

Particularly common are words like yavo'^ (delight),

fjbV(T0(i (pollution), XtTTOf (drop), irdOo'i (fate), /3dpo^ (grief,

vexation), Xe%o? (marriage), cre/3a9 (reverence), /Seo? (flow),

and adjectives with article,—to ttkitov, TdXr]6e<i, ro Oelov,

etc. ; see Article.

§ ^^. A particularly common form of abstract iu verse

is the verbal substantive in-yu-a.

A cold love to embrace.-î^vyjiov nTapa<yKaXi,aiJia.

Soph.

Thou a woman's slave. jvvaiKO'i mv SovXevfia. „

A load to ruin rny heart. \w^r]rov i/ji7r6\')]/j,a tt}?

(f)p€vo<;.Soph.

Monstrous Lernaean hydra, Opefxâ Aepvataî vSpa^.Soph.

Sheep. TTOLfMvlcov ôaKijfiara. „

The stranger's welcome. ra r?}? êvtj'i 7rpo<;8eyfxaT'.

Soph.

The heaped pyre. Trvpd'i irXyjpw/jia. „

Yon masterpiece of knavery, iravovpyia'; Seivij'i Te'x^vrjfjia

Soph.

With feet that sweetly serve. cfiiXrarov 8' eywv Trohoiv

VTTrjpeTrjfia. SoPH.

§ 67. The constant use of Participles in Greek verse (as

in prose) should be noticed.

I hear vjith terror. kXvcov SeBoiKa, TreippLK

aKov<Ta<i.

I find thee thus. m8' e-)(ovTd a evpov.

(f)povouvra ravrd a elhov.

To see my despair. rdfju dOv/jiyjcravT Ihelv, opdvfJL (WvflOVVT.

My joy intruding on their rol'^ 8' dd\io)<; irpdao-ovaLv

misery. euTvî]<; fioXcov.

They love a ivon cmise. (pi\ovai rou? KpaTovvTa<i.I come to ask forgiveness. ^vyyvoiav ahoiv rfKdov.

At this I marvel most of all koI ttoW ISoov eKeivo 6av-

tlu sights. fxd^co TrXiov.

If you do this I will help. aol Spowrt rovpyov dv irap-

acnaLrjv.Even if I am not tliere. . . . Kafiov fxi] •wapovro'^.You shall know hy inter- elaei ^vvcov.

course.

The ace. abs., eôv, irapov, 8eov, etc., are used as in

Prose.

§ 68, The use of the Iiitinitive epcxcgetic as it is called,that is

'

explanatory'

of the sense, is a constant resourcein verse.

Shall die andylad my heart oXelrai, /xT^/cer' evc^palveivno more.

e'ê',

1 guard the cityfrom afall. iroXtv (f^vXda-a-co /i?; irea-eiv.

He spake a bitter word.

ovhi')(ôpp6'jT03^ ISelv. AesCH.

uvK aia-'^pov &)? jvvacKi,

'yevvala \aicelv. Aesch.

ola aoi(jjepco fiaOeiv.

Terprjrai Slktvov irXeov

Xeyetv. Aesch.

Not doubtfully.

jNIeet utterance for a noble

lady's lips.

The neivs I bring you.

He is more full of holes

than any net.

And most hateful to my exOiarov 6' opav.

sight.

'Tis no great boon of thee alWjcro/jbac Se cr ov jxaKpovthat I shall ask. jepa<; \a'X€lv.

Wliere are thy brothers at irol veavlat irovelv ; Soph.our need 1

Points out wickedness to travovp'-jia'i eSeiêv avdpoD-men. Trot? ex^^v. Soph.

This is less advantage. ravd' i]aa(o Xaêlv. „

She deserves honour. d^la ri/t^? Xaxelv. „

Note that this most commonly is a dissyllable word at

the end of the line.

§ 69. The use of Appositions in Greek often simplifiesan English Sentence, and in a very idiomatic way.

The savage lion, grim to Xeovr airXarov dpe/jUfia

meet. KdTrpaTj'yopov. Soph.

We know the race of Atrei- koI tov<; 'ArpetSa? 'lafxev,

dae in Argos. 'Apyeiov yevoq.The pilot star of my life. (j)ejyo<;, evdwnjp ^lov.You owe the whole dear aavT7]v oêtXet? (îXTarov

debt of all you are. Trdvrwv %peo9.

Prisoners to beautify a

triumph.Voice of children at the

fireside.

Nursing thy life for thymother's joy.

To suffer my race to live, to

his own manifest sorrow.

And last and worst of all.

Children she bare to her own

shame.

Twelve oxen chosen from

the spoil.

Particularly in addresses :

poor Tekmessa, born to

misery.

My royal kinsman.

[Similarly] thankless race

who . . .

viKrji; ciyaXfJia, Secr/iLov^

ciycov.

reKvcov 7rp6a(f)d€j/Ma, X^PH'

i<f)ecrTiov.

'^v'xh^ (iTaXXcov, firjTpl

Xap/ôvijv. Soph.

. . . ifjiov 'ykvo's

j3\aaretv iaaai, Tm^fjLov'riv

avT(p aacprj. SoPH.

TO Xola-dLov 8e, irrifia

7n]fiaTo<i irXeov. EUR.

avT}]<i oveiSoi;, 7ralBa<i eê-

(jivae fioi.

BooSeKa Xe/a? airap^V^ ôv<i.

Soph.

fe) Saia TcKfiTjcraa, huajxopov

yevo<;. Soph.

ava^, efxov K7]Sev/j,a. „

axfîpiarov vfjbwv crirepix ,

oaoi. . . .

§70. Connection.

It is important, as in prose, to remember the essential

difference between Greek and English, that the latter is

often unconnected, while in Greek the sentences are

ordinarily connected by particles. This difference, whichis great in prose, is even greater in verse, as the Englishstyle of dramatic dialogue is often far more abrupt thanthe English of narrative or essay.

This point can only be clearly shown by a comparison of

typical pieces. We give below a piece of Sophocles witha possible English rendering, and a passage of HenryTaylor turned into Greek.

D

1, el S' av (f)av€l«? iyco '(f)dvi]v,

69 ')(elpa<i rjXOov irarpl Kol KareKravov,

firjhev ^vvtel<i mv eSpcov et<? 01/9 r' eSpcov,

TTco? av TO 7' a/cof Trpdy/ji av eiKOTOi^ 'v|re7ot9 ;

[xrjTpo'i he, TKrj'ixov, ovK e'7Taia-)(yvei jd/u,ov^

ovari<i ofial/jLov ari<; p! dvajKa^cov \eyetvoiov<i epoi TCf)^.

ov yap ovv cnyyjao/xat,

aov y et<? t68' eêXdovro'i dvoaiov aropaeriKTe yap pJ, ercKrev, w/xoi p.oi KaKOiv,

. OVK elhoT OVK elhvla' Kol reKovaa fie,

avTf]<i oveiSo^; TratSa? eê^vae p,oi.

dW ev yap ovv eôtSa, ere fiev eKovr ep,e

Kelvrjv re ravra hvaropêlv iyco 8e viv

ctKOiv eyrjpa, (^Beyyopai r cIkcov TaSe.

dW ov yap ovr ev toi<;8' dKovaopâc KaKo<;

ydp,oi(TLV, ovd' 0&9 alev ep,^€pet<; av pôt

(fyovovi irarputovi iôvetSi^cov irtKpo)^.

ev ydp pb dpêiyfrai puovvov mv a' aviaropSi.ei TL<; ere top OLKacov avnK evuaoe

KTeivoL 7rapaaTa<i, irorepa rrrvvddvoi dv, ec

Trarrjp a' 6 Kalvcov, i) rlvot av ev6eco^v)(r]v dv oipbai ^waav dvreiTretv epLOL.

This might run in English as follows :

If born at length, with my unhappy birth,

I met my sire in fight, and laid him low,

not knowing what I did nor whom I slew,

how shalt thou justly blame the unwitting deed ?

And of my mother's marriage, wretch, hast thou

no shame to force me thus to speak—thy sister !

I will declare it—*I'll not hold my peacesince thou hast dared to speak these impious words.

*My mother she was, my mother, alas ! alas !

I knew not, nor she knew not : *me she bare,

and after, bare me children, to her shame.


*This one thing I do know : *'tis with thy will

thou speak'st these evil words : *I willed it not,to wed her then, nor now to tell the tale.

Yet neither in the matter of this marria2;eshall I have ill report, nor in his death

which ever with bitter taunts thou layest on me,

*Come, answer me one thing of all I ask.

If some one smote thee—thee the righteous man—to slay thee, would'st thou ask if 'twere thy sire

that struck thee, or would'st thou straightway strike

again ?

*Methinks thou lovest thy life, and thou would'st smitethe striker : *not for just pleas cast about.

*Such are the ills I too have come to know,led by the gods : *not even my father's soul,

methinks, if living, could gainsay me here.

At all the points marked * the Greek has a connection

(either &at'Z:iWMY^, with relative or particle, or forivard with

^ev): while the English has none. Of course, in manyplaces the English might have a particle like the Greek :

but the point is that in English it is often (especially in

tragedy and excited speech) possible and natural to

dispense with them, while in Greek they are necessary.

2. Then fare ye well, ye citizens of Ghent !

*this is the last time you will see me here,unless God prosper me past human hope.

*I thank you for the dutiful demeanourwhich never—no, not once—in any of youhave I found wanting, though severely tried

when discipline might seem without reward.*rortune has not been kind to me, good friends

;

but let not that deprive me of your loves,or of your good report. *Be this the word

;

ray rule was brief, calamitous—but just.*;N'o glory which a prosperous fortune gilds,if shorn of this addition, could suffice

to lift my heart so high as it is now.

*Tliis is that joy in which my soul is strong,

that there is not a man amongst you all

who can reproach me that I used my powerto do him an injustice.

Philip van Artevelde.

yatpeiv vvv v/xiv irdai T0Z9 ao'Tot'i \e<y(0'

TravvcrraTov B' opare fi, rjv tl firj 6eo<;

6vr]T7]v Trap' eXTriS' €vtv')(^6<; rovfiov vefxrj.

iravra^ S' eTnjvecr' ola Treidapx^lre /mol,

ovTrcoTTOT €>J\,L7r6vT€<i ovSev ovB' aira^,

KaiTrep 7ra66vre<i eVâr', ovB' a fii]SokoI

Kep8o<i (pepeiv av avrl tt}? evraîwi.

Tuyv'i 'yap iacfxiXrj/xev, o) (fitXoi, ttoXv

aXk' ovv Trap v/jlIv xPV^'^^'^ evcjuX')]';t ere

ft)? irplv Ka\o[fM7]p, Kal Xeyoid' ottw? ^pa-xyKal hv(XTVX'^'i M'^v VPX^^' ^^ ^^'^V ^' ofiox;.

K6(T/u.o<i yap ouSeU €UK\eov<; evirpaîa^;,

pur} irpo<iTe6evTO<i dpxv^ KpcneiTO fir]

SUaiov TTooTTOT eêcpydcTfieOa.

There are here six places, marked with *, wdiere the

English poet has (naturally) dispensed with connection

by particle, but where the Greek version must have it.

It is so important to understand the particles fvilly,

that a complete list, with examples of the exact usagefrom Sophocles, is given at the end of these hints.

§ 71. It will be wêll to give a few examples of various

wâys of turning simple clauses in English, to give an idea

of the immense elasticity and resource of the language,

and the easiness of the metre.

[Dots before the Greek mean that the end of an iambic is given ;

dots after, that the begmninr/ is given.]

(1.) Bê may he slain.

(Simple style.)

KTeiveiv VLV oiov r eanv . .

KT€LV€LV TTupeaTi acf)'. . .

KTeiveLv irapecmv avrov . .

. . . TovTov ecTTi vo(Tcj)icrai.

. . . TovS^ airoKTelvai ircipa.

(More elevated or elabo-

rate style.)

acfiayr] irpo'êipo'irSSe . . .

(Ti8')]poK/jy'>]<;oXolt' av . . .

86fiou<; av eXdot veprepov; . . .

KcoXvfia 8' ovSev, fMT]ov cr0'

aTTOKTelvai, hopi.TOVTOV ecru oTrco'i KTecvot Ai07]<; o tcro)? oeâiT av

Ti? av. fievet /jbopo<i VLV

7r(o<i 8' ov Ti? av ktclvol vtv; "AiSt}^ aTTOcrcfxiêt vtv . .

. . . KTelvoi Ti<; av tov dvSpa. and so forth.

(2.) There is not one hict knows it.

(Simple style.) (More elaborate style.)

€fcaaT0<; olSev . . .

Tt9 ou KciToiSe ; . . .

T(p S' OU^t B)]\01' TOVTO ;• . .

ovK eaTiv 0(7Tt9 ayvoel . . .

. . . Tt? <yap OVK eTTLCTTaTat ;

. . . nra'i ti^ av jvoli] TtiSe.

. . . ov TOO ayvoetv evt.

>, ,, ,, irdpa.

. . . TOVT airvcTTOv ovSevL

TOvTcov S' aiSpt<; ovti<; . .

Tovpyov XeXrjOev ovSiv . .

. . . Tft) KpVTTTOV ToSe ;

Tovp<yov Tt«? OVK iêvpe ; .

(3.) Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.

[It is at once evident that this line cannot be done

verbatim, as the word crown literally given in Greekwould mean a chaplet or wreath, worn by suppliants or

feasters or sacrificers.

Consequently the felicity of phrase in English, whichturns on the suggestions of the words—the weight of the

gold crown on the head connected with the slecjylcssncss

of an anxious life—cannot be rendered. We must go as

near as we can; and the general idea is very easy to

render in many ways.]

(Keeping the idea of '

sleep.')

ael Tapao-aet top Kparovvr a'^pvirvia.

7recf)€vy€v uttzô? top dpovoL'? iSpvfxevov.ovK ev Kadevhet rcov Tvpavvovvrwv Kapa.avopoiv Tvpdvvoiv vTfvo'i ovk eêi /Veyo?.ov Tov rvpavvevovro<i eu/xapr]<; v7rvo<i.

viTvcp Tvpdvvov<; ^Xeâpov ov Koifxciv irdpa.olfx &)? dvirvo^ iartv

r) aKTjTrrovxia-VTTvov Tvpavvo^ rep'^Lv ekirtêt, jJbaTrjv.

iiTTvo'i rvpdvvwv Scofxar ovk eTncrKonrel.

(Giving the general sense.)

rj TOL rvpavvh [xvplovi e%et irovovi.TM a-K}]7rTp' exovTL (ppovrU cK^dWet )(âpdv.

hv(T')(eL[xepov to axi"]fia Tr]<; rvpavvlSo'i.

§ 72. A few random examples are given below of themiscellaneous resources of Greek verse: possible varia-tions of phrase or expression, of which the multitude thatexists immensely increases the facility of versifying inGreek.

like o)?, oiroi)';, oiare, are, a Bij, oia, ola h-i], olov :

6fi0L0<i, i/j.(f)ep7]<i, 'Trpo<;e/x^€p'>]<; : hUrjv, Se/â?,

crxVH' ^X^^' OH'OLOidei^, i^ laov.

m before word, as ax; ravpo?, oTTft)? (sometimes of past narrative), evre, f]vUa,ore, eVeiS?;, eVei, genitive absolute or participle

agreeing with substantive;various artifices, such

as ev TQi with infinitive, the use of d/j.a and 6/iov,the use of ^v/x/xerpo';, e&)9, ev co.

hj (the agent) is expressed by viro as in prose ;also by

irapd, eK, dird, irpo<i, and after perfect passivesby the dative.

father Trartjp, o(fivaa<;, 6 jevvyjrcop, ovirep iêcf^vv.

who relative, o?, ocrirep, oari'^ : ocrot, ocrocTrep, ')(â)7r6croL,

{=^Kal oTToaoi).

very Kdpra, a'yav, Xlav, /xdXicrra : superlative.

§ 73. It may be well to give some examples of specialidiomatic turns of poetic diction in Greek tragedy.

(«.) Use of the negative adjective with genitive.

Scatheless of ruin.

Unarmoured in brass.

With no noise of wailino;.

With lapsemonths.

of countless

aXuTTO? arri<i.

a')(â\KO<; acnriBoov.

d'^6(f)T]ro<; oêcov

fiarwv.

fjLTjvwv dv7]pc6fxo<i.

Soph.

KOiKV-

SOPH.

(b.) Compound expressions : two substantives, one in the

Soph.

genitive

A footstep.A bright torch

jMonstrous hydra.Bold face.

Brave Odysseus.

]\Iightily.

Joyful victory.

dp/3v\7](; jBd(Ti<i.

\afi7rdSo<i creXa'i.

Opefxixa . . . vhpaq.

ro\/xr]<i TrpoacoTTOV.

Trj<i 'OSvacreco^ ^La<i.

7rpo<i la')(yo<i KpdTO<;.

rj8v KTTjfia rrj<i vlKr]<;.

(c.) Personifying expressions : very common.An active hand.

A pursuing curse.

My deeds are deeds of

suffering, not of sin.

XeLpah'el')(ôvep'yaTiv. SoPH.

BeivoTTOv? dpd. ,,

. . . ra y epya fiovTTenrovOoT iart /xdWov rj

SeSpaKora. SoPH.

Tvxv a-conjp.

expressive adjectives are very

Chance the saviour.

(d.) Compound andcommon

; examples :

yvvaiKOfiifio^

aiSijpoKfir]';

'Xpvaovcoro^;

-))\LOcrTepi]<;

')^6ovocnLJ3r)<i, etc.

Compounds of ev- and Su?-, d-, irav-, kuko-, avro-,

nrdXv-, ofxo-, ^(^pvao-, ')/a\Ko-, and many adjectives andsubstantives.

Compounds with prepositions : irapa-, Kara-, e'/c-, tt/jo?-,

etc., and double prepositions: vireK-, eiret^-, irapev-, irapeK-.

olaKd(TTpO(t>0'i

jrjpoôaKO'i

<TiS7]po/3pci)<;

â9vaKa(f)7]<;

TraXijKOTO'i

(jiiXoLKTiaro^

avT0cr(f)a'y7]<i

rjvcoaTp6(f)o<i

§ 74. Metaphors.

Metaphors, in prose very rare, are in Greek poetry as

frequent as in Englsh, though, as will be seen from the

examples below, the;> are rather more simple and primi-tive.

(i.) Nautical (the commonest of all, Greeks being all

sailors) :

What place will not be filled /ôr}? . . . irolo'; ovk earai

with shouts ? \iiir]v ; Soph.

The marriage you chose vjievaLov ov S6fjLoi<i avopixovfatal to your house. ekeirXeuaai;. Soph.

A sharer in your woe. avfiirXow rov irdOov^. „

The resort of every bird. iravTo<i olwvov Xt/jiijv. „

So irXelv, ovpLO<i, olaKa vw/xdv, yeiixaôixai, crciko'^,

Kkvhoivia, etc. So a king is olaKocrTpo(f)o<i.

(ii.) Rustic, ploughing, shepherding, etc. :

Other women to marry. dpwcnixoL <^dp elcn ')(^drepa>v

yvat. Ant.

Untended by a guard. dvev ôTrjpo<; aliro'X.ovfievaL.

Aesch.

Brooding on sorrow. jBovKoXovixeva ttovov. Eum.

Prospered well. •ijfirja-av KuXm. Again.

(iii.) Disease :

What worse wound . . . ? rt fiecôv e\Ko<i ; Ant.

The city suffers. voael 7r6\i<;. Ant.

To prate to one distracted. voa-ovvri Xijpelv. Tr.

Reviving hope. iaTp6<i eXTrt?. Cho.

(Of evils in the state). Sec (fiapfxaKcov iraiwvUov.

Agam.

(iv.) Racing (and other games, leaping, wrestling, etc.):

Swift speeding days. Tp6')(ôv<i dfMtX\7]T7]pa<i rjklov.

Ant.

To return the homeward Kafx-yâi hcavXov Odrepov

way. KcoXov. Agam.

HINTS ON POETIC FORMS AND USAGES. S7

Tlie above are a few of the common metaphors.Aeschylus, as the most imaginative poet, has a vast store

of metaphors of all sorts: 'mud the brother of dust,'

'(war) the moneychanger of bodies,' 'hope treading thehalls of fear,' (an evil woman)

' the raging dam of death,'

(a storm)'

the evil shepherd,'

So metaphors from fighting, dicing, coining, weaving,hunting, sacrificing, serving, fishing, feasting, falling,

reigning, hospitality, birth, travelling, flowering, driving,riches and poverty, sleep and waking—and almost anynatural or primitive occupation.

§ 75. Light endings, and endings which break the

sentence in the middle of the closest-bound phrases, are

particularly used by Sophocles, who varies the rhythmand makes it more like spoken language in this and manyother ways :

i) Karei')(e tov

et See ravTafxrj

eav 06 Toc• TO <yap

'yt'yvcaaKOiv ore

7raLaavTe<i re Kol

Tretaofxat yap ov' TO 8e

,TO /XT)

TeKetv o oa avc/

, Lva

OLKovfiev (TV re

avv eTTTfi re

fjoe T ovo av 61

ov OL

, a(p ?79

eyoi fiev el/x 67rl

V6KUV. Ant

(T^oXfj TToO' rj^6LV. ,,

(j)aV6LT6. ,,

77pay/x OUT eBpacra. ,,

?)0 eCTTi, ,,

ir\riy6VT6^. „ToaovTov ovSev. ,,

^la TToXtTCOV. ,,

Td(f)(p KaXv-ylrai.

fi6Wr)(i.

/Motp avopt Toioe.

Kayoi.

X6y')^ai-<;.

KapT ivTaKeirj.

hicraol aTpaTi]yo\

fjiT]8ev hiKavov.

vavv.

0. a

Track,

Fhil.

Such endings should perhaps be sparingly used.

§ 76. Sticlwmuthia.

The brisk dialogue, line by line, called sticliomuthia

(ari'x^ofMvdca), has the following noticeable peculiarities,

easily mastered by aid of the full examples given :

(1.) The construction is continued by the different

speakers :

AI. . . . Oavelv yap avrov ov tl ttco de\o).

A®, irplv av TL Spda-rj<; rj tl KepSdvrjf; ifkeov ; Ai. 106.

Ai. I don't want him slain yet.Ath. Till you do what, or gain what more ?

©E. TL 3' ft) (f)€pi<JTe SecTTroTMv dfiapTava) ;

OI. ovK ivveTTwv TOP iralh' ov ovto<; la-Topel.

O.T. 1U9.Serv. What wrong do I do, master ?

Oed. (You do wrong) in not naming the slave of whomHe asks.

©E. . . . eliTov CO? hoLr}v irakaL.

TToOev Xa^cov ; O.T. 1161.

Serv, I said long ago that I gave him . . .

(You gave him) having got him where ?

(2.) The sentence is interrupted by a remark (generallya question) continuing the structure:

OI. TTOcrov TLV r^hr] Zrjd' o Aato? ')(^p6vov

KP. SeSpaKe irolov epyov ; ov yap ivvoto.

01. a(f)avTO<; eppei 6avacrL/jLcp '^eipco/xaTL ; O.T. 558,

Oed. How lono- then is it now since Laius—Kre. Did what ? I do not understand,

Oed. Vanished from sight with deadly blow ?

TE, ap' olhev dvOpooTroov tl<;, dpa (ppd(^€TaL,KP, TL

')(prjijLa ; ttolov tovto TrdyKOLVov XiycLi; ;

TE, ocro) KpdTLCTTOv KTrjp,dTcov ev/3ov\La ; Ant. 1048.

Teir, Does any mortal man know or consider—Kr, What thing ? What is this commonplace thou

say'st ?

Teir, How far the best of treasures prudence is ?

(3.) The use of 76 should be observed, where the speaker

accepts what has been said by the former speaker, and

modifies, limits, or makes it more precise. In Englishthe assent is usually rendered by

'

yes'

:

A©. . . . irpocrOev ovk avrjp 08' rjv ;

OA.i')(^dp6<; <ye roiSe ravSpi ... -^'i- 78.

Ath. . . . Was he no man before ?

Od. Aij, a foe to me . . .

01.7/Kol <y€'y7]da)<i

ravT aei Xe^ecv SoKet'i ;

TE. etirep ri <y'ecrrt t?}? d\7)6eLa<i (T6evo<;. O.T. 368.

Oed. AVhat, dost think to say these things ever un-

scathed ?

Teie. Ay, if the power of truth be aught.

01. iraihwv Ti<i ovv ijKOvae twv ifiMV rdSe ;

IS. d/ji(})0) J 6/xoi(o<;... 0.(7. 416.

Oed. Did either of my sons then hear these words ?

Ism. Ay, both alike . . .

(4.) The use of ydp is also noticeable: the speakerassents or dissents, but instead of stating his assent or

dissent he only gives the reason for it. In English wehave to say

'

[yes,] for,''

[no,] for'

:

01. ovZ' d'yyeXo'i Ti<f . . . KarelBe . . . ;

KP. OvrjCTKOvai, <ydp, TrKriv el'i rL<i . . '. O.T. 111.

Oed. And did no messenger see it ... ?

Kre. [No,] for they all but one were slain.

IS. . . . Kd/MTrXuKco Tov aov fiopov ;

AN. (TV fxev yap eiXov ^i]v . . . An. 554.

Is. And am I to miss thy fate ?

Ant. [Yes,] for thou chosest life.

ME. 6 T0^6T7]<i eOLKeV OV a/Jt,CKpOV (f)pOV€iV.

TET. OV yap ^dvavaov rrjv Te')(yr]v iKTTjadfMtjv.

Ai. 1120.

Men. The bowman seems to have no humble thoughts.Teu. [Yes,] for the art I practise is no base one.

6o GREEK VERSE COMPOSITION.

NE. . . . ov yap olaOd fx ovThv €lcropd<i ;

^1. TTcii? yap KaroiS' ov elSop ovSeTTCoTrore. Phil. 249.

Ne. Why, dost thou not know who I am that thouseest ?

Phil. [No,] for how can I know a man I never saw ?

(5.) A word of one speaker is caught up by the reply.

KA. Kal firjv t68' eiTre firj irapa yvcofjiriv e/MoL

AT. yvco/jb7)v jjLev ia6i firj SiacjidepovvT' ifie. Ag. 931.

HA. Kai TLva avvocaOa fioc KaXov/jievr} ^poroiv ;

OP. (TvvoiS' 'Opearrjv TroWa a iK7ray\ovfx,evr)v.

Cho. 217.

XO. ovK rjv o/xatfiof; (^twTo? ov KareKravev.

OP. eyoi Be/j,rjrp6<{ Tr}<; e'yLt?}"?

iv ai/jLari ; Eum. 605.

i^ 77. Particles.

The exaanples are from Sophocles, where possible.

Words marked * cannot come first in line or clause.

aXkd,' but

'

: universal.

dWd, '

at least'

: in earnest entreaty.

Tt o>;t av aXka vvv a er ocxpeKotjJb eyco :

ireipdaaT dX)C vfieU ye. Ant. 552.

Eeally elliptical—

[if not before] hut now; [if not

others] hut you.

dWd . . . ydp,' but . . . for.'^

dW" olSa ydp ere ravra fir] TreWcov, tdi. 0. C. 797.

dWd, * well'

(yielding to entreaty).

a\V e^epw ctol. El. 378.

aX.X' r] (surprised inquiry),' has he indeed . . . ?

'

aW T) ')(ovTO<i oXyerai davcov ; Ph. 414.

' dXXa 7dp, however, often only means ' but indeed.'

HINTS ON POETIC FORMS AND USAGES. 6i

.akX ovv,'

well, anyhow'

(cutting short discussion).

a)OC ovv iiriarai y ol fi aTifxla^ dyefi. El. 1035.

aXK' ovhe fiev Sy'j,

'

nay, nor indeed.'

aXV ovSe ixev Si] /xr]Tp6<;.El. 913.

[you did not . . . nor I . . . nmj, nor indeed she . . .]

avd' &v,'

wherefore.'

avd^ &v iKvovfxai. 0. C. 275.

*a/3a (a), 'then' (simple inference)./ )/ 1 f '^ «/ 7,17 fr "T o

fiarrjv ap i]fJbei<i. . . 7]K0fjbev. -Cil. t i -2.

„'

then, it seems'

(discovery).

TO S' rjv dp" ovhev oKXo. Tr. 1172.

olov v^piadrjv dpa. Ai. 367.

apa (a) (interrogative).

ap" eariv ; ap" ovk ecmv. 0. C. 316.

"âpa,' then

'

(simple inference).

(70V dpa rovpjov, ovk efxov . . . Ai. 1368.

ecrrac ttot dpa tovto ... 0. C. -109.

*ydp,'

for'

: universal.

„ 'no, for,' . . . 'yes, for' (in dialogue).

['did no one see ?

'] 6v7]crKovcn yap. 0. T. 11 8,

[' no, for they were killed.']

['must I fail ?

']av jjêv yap etkov

['yes, for you chose'

. ..]

Ant. 555.

BiKaia yap rovS^ evTvyelv ;

[' why, Islt right he should prosper ?']

î. 1 1 26.

TToXt? yap r)fitv . . . epel ;

[' why, shall the city dictate to me ?'] Ant. 734.

*7a/3 ovv,'for indeed.'

(1) (conceding) ev yap ovv Xeyec;. Ant. 771.

(2) (affirming) ov yap ovv acyr]aofj,ai. 0. C. 980.

Ka\ yap ovv Ketvrjv tcrov. Ant. 489.

*7e,'

at least'

: universal.

,, (asserting and specifying) : very common in dialogue.

['was the prophet then to the fore ?

']

cro0o9 7 o/iotoj? ['yes, as wise as now.'] 0, T. 563.

,, (emphasising one word) : universal.

Kalroi TO <y atvL<yiJb ... 0. T. 393.

*7e fJLrjv, -\

*7e yu.eWo^, (/ however,' 'yet,' 'yet at least' (adversa-

*7e [lev Br), i tive).

*ye TOi, )

Xoycov 76 /xr/f euKXeiav . . . £l. 973.

Te\o9 76 fievTOL . . . eviK7](r€v . . . Ant. 233.

Kel/jUT} (709 . , . cro9 76 rot Ka\ovfjbevo<;. 0. C. 1324.

'^fuv <y€ fiev hrj iricna. AeSCH. Ag. 1213.

*7ovv,'

at least'

(stronger form of 76).

['. . . the mind fails . .

.']ans. aol <yovv [' yours does . .

.']

Ant. 565.

Ta9 yovv ^A6r]va<; oiBa. 0. C. 24.

*8e,' but

'

(in antitheses) : universal.

,,

' and'

(in narrative) : universal.

,, very common in questions.

Tt o ecTTiv, TL<; o eariv, Trouev o av evpoL<;, etc.

*8' ovv,'

anyhow,'' however that may be

'

(dropping fur-

ther discussion, coming to the point).aov 8' ovv 7re(f)VKa irdvra TrpocrKOTretv. Ant. 688.

(resisting no further, yielding the point.)

ecrra) S' ovv 07rct)9 vf^tv (J)l\ov. 0. C. 1205.

*S' ovv, in alternatives. See ovv.

*Zrj, (1)'

naturally,''

of course,''

you see,''

you know '

(dramatic particle, often to be omitted in less

dramatic and less gesticulating English).

TToWa 8r) /jidT7]v, 0. C 658.

e^ft) Kpdrrj hr). Ant. 173.

'7r\.€L(rTa<; '}rlpaK\,rj<; eyrjfie Bi]. Tr. 460.

*8r/, (2) (in questions) 'pray' (often scornful),

e? Ti 8r) TovT epaiTrj<ja^ ^X^'''^ >^^- Ô^-

BcBaôfieada St] ; Ant. 726.

„ (3)' come now,'

' now '

(encouraging, requesting).

aKOve Si], (fypdê 81], aye St], cêp" elire Srj, etc.

,, (4} (with negatives, strengthening)'

surely not.'

ov <yap 8r] TO <ye crcofM ... 0. C 265.

ou 81] 770 ff" ct)9 Oavovaa . . . Tr. 876.

,, (5)' then

'

(simple inference).

eêt? ScSaâc St] fie. 0. C. 23.

*Sr]Ta, very like hi] (affirmative),'

surely.'

a7ru)X€aa<; St^t. El. 1164.

hvoTr]ve SrJTa . . . Phil. 760.

,, (2)'

then,''

pray'

(in questions, often scornful).

eUTTCO Ti Sr]ra KaX)C ; 0. T. 364.

Koi SfJT eVoA-yaa? ; Ant. 449.

So 7rco9 hr]ra, trov hrjra, ri Srjra, ov hr]Ta, etc.

eVet,'

for'

(often used for yap).

eTrel, ê'/o' etVe, irov av fidi>Ti^ el. 0. T. 390.

eireX SlSaôv ... 0. C. 969.

(1) (purely interrogative) very common.

rj p7]t6v ; 0. T. 993, etc.

1] Tr]^Se Kdjxov ; ft C. 331, etc.

,, (2) (affirmative)'

surely.'

rj SeLvov, y ttoWo., rj irdvO^ 6/u,oia, etc.

rj Kai,'

(do) you really' (emphatic inquiry).

y Kal BoKelre . . .

^ yap (similar : surprised inquiry)'

why,

rj yap crv Ketvo<; ;

rj yap Ttve? valovcri . . . ;

rj tcdpra,'

surely'

(strong affirmation).

r] Kapra \afM7rpd.

rj Kdpra ttoWoL

0. a 299.

(and by itself, as answer)'

yes, certainly.'

r) Kapra. El. 312.

rj fji7]v,

'

surely'

(strong affirmation).

?7 /jLTjv . . . av \v7rr]del<i ecrei. 0. C. 816.

(specially after verbs of swearing).

rj jjbrjvTt Spdcreu' . . . Tr. 1186.

^ TTov, \'

surely,' doubtless'

(not quite so strong as ^ firjv

rj TOi, Jor ;} Kapra).

rj irov ToXatva . . .rjcret, p.e.'yav kwkvtov . . . Ai. 850,

rj rav ovk av rjv. 0. C. 1368.

Kal with interrogatives (indignant, surprised, incredulous).

[' Troy was taken last night !']

Kal ri'^ Toh' eûKoiT av dyyeXcov Td')(ô<; ;

So Kal TTco*?, Kol TTOv, etc.

Kal yap,'

for'

(a little stronger than yap).

Kal yap . . . /MaTTjv r]KOvaa<i. Tr. 340.

. . . fo) Zev, Kal yap €Ik6<;, dpKecrov. Ai. 824.

Kal ht], (1) 'see here,''

there,''

you see' (dramatic).

Kal 8r) /SeySao-t. Tr. 345.

Kal Srj fX€V ovv irapovra. 0. C. 31.

,, (2) 'there then,' 'well then' (doing as requested).

fiiOa ê9e<i . . . Kal 8i] fiedLrifi. Ph. 818.

laropet . . . Kal S?; a ipcoroj. El. 317.

„ (3) (special use : putting imaginary case).

Kal Sr] SeSeyfxar ti? 8e fJuoL nfir} fievei ;

Aesch. Eum. 894.

[suppose I have received : what honour remains ?]

rjcaX Kcipra,'

yes, certainly'

(answering).^

rj yap TiV€<i . . . ; Kal Kapra. 0. C. 65.

^ Kal BoKelre . •. . ; Kal Kapra. 0. C. 301.

^Kal firjv, (1)'

see here,'' and lo,'

' look now '

(pointing).

Kal pbTjv dva^ oS' ... 0. C 549.

Kal fjbrjv Ovpoiv eSoâ . . . alaOecrOai. El. 78.

^ (2) (like Kol S77, doing as bid)'

there then,' 'well then.'

rfv e^fi^ . . . KOL /jir]v i^lrjfi. El. 556.

(3)' and verily,'

' and indeed'

(affirming).

KoX firjv oKvS) [xev. ... 0. ^. 749.

KoX fx'r]v Ovpaio<;. . . . Ai. 794.

So 0. T. 1004, 1005.

(4) (like Kai rot)' and yet

'

(adversative).

01) /3ov\ofiaL . . avTenrelv. koI fji,r]v\e'yeiq. Ant. 1054.

Kol fi,i]v ejwj' ecrcoua. . . . El. 321.

Kol jxrjv . . . ye,' and yet,'

'

nay but.'

Kalfjbi^v (f)6/3oial 7' . . . Ai. 531.

(It also has the other meanings of /cat fxrjv.)

KaiTOi,' and yet

'

(adversative) : universal.

Kairoi TTco^ ijo) KaK6<;. 0. C. 270.

*fA,6v is followed usually by Si, but also by every other

adversative particle. The following occur in antithesis

to /jiiv :

aWa, aW 6fio)<;, drcip, avOL<; Se (' l)Ut next,')

ye fjievToi, 8'6fj,a)<;, etra, eireira, eTreira 8e, eireiTa

/jievToi, 6fjLco<; Se.

^fiev ovv

(i.) (in the middle of a speech where the yLieV-clauseis answered by a 8e-clause, really

=ovv)

'

accord-

KeLvo<i fiev ovv eKetro . . . Phil. 359.

eyoi fj,ev ovv Toi,6<iSe ... 0. T. 244.

(ii.) (in replies, where tliere is no antithetic clause),

corrective,'

nay rather.'

[' coming here ?...']Kal 8r] fiev ovv irapovra. O.C. 31.

[nay rather already comc.'\

heiaacra yap ypav<i ovSev, avTiiraa p^ev ovv.

AeSCJU. Eu7)l.

E

*yikv vvv is used like /iey ovv iu its first sense.

deotat /j,ev vvv ouk Icrovfievov. 0. T. 31.

epcoTi fiev vvv . . « Track. 441.

'"fxivTOL

(i.) (affirmative)'

indeed/ verily.'

roiavra fievrot . . . ela-ejBrjv KaKci. 0. C. 997.

TOLQiBe fievTOi <j eKirpoTLixi^aa^' iyo) ... Ant. 913.

(ii.) (concessive)'

indeed,''

however,''

'tis true.'

ryevotro fievrav yarepw koXco^ ^'%ov.Ant. 687.

eireira /xevroi /3ai6v. 0. C. lQo3.

See 7e fMevroi,.

^'fit]v (strong affirmative)'

assuredly.'

aW can p,r]V oIk7]t6<;. 0. C. 28.

Other uses, see ye jjltjv, ^ ixrjv, koX ixrjv, ov fi7]v.

'

*vvv (enclitic)'

then,' of inference, =ovv.

V : KCLTco vvv iXOova . . . (plXei.Ant. 544.

(riya vvv icrroi^i. Ai. 87.

V :/Jbi]

vvv er einrrj^ /un^Bev. El. 324.

(Others write this vvv)

°V H' \ '

surely not.' See hr,, U^ra.ov OTjTa,)

^

ov firjv,'

surely not'

(strong negative).

dW ovTt fjbTjv e7<w7e. £Jl. 817.

ov/jitjv

o"' evopKov u^tco deauai. Phil. 812.

ov jxrjv . . . ye,' not however

'

(corrective).

ov fMr]v 'i(T7)v y ertcrev. 0. T. 810.

ovToi,'

surely not :

'

universal.

ovTCLv = ovroi av.

'^!^ f^T^ , \' neither indeed,'

' nor indeed.voe fxev or), J

ovc

ovl

ovBe /juev Sr] toI<; i(f}' rjfiepav. Tr. 1128.

ovhe fiev 8i] /ji,rjTp6<i. . . El. 913.

01)8' ovv,' nor indeed/

' nor in short'

(adding a second

and more emphatic denial).

[I do not wish] ovh' ovv idaay ... 0. C. 1135.

ovK apa,' not therefore/ see apa.

OVKOVV

(i.)

' not then ?'

(in questions)

OVKOVV ipeU TTOT ; [won't you then tell me ?]

Ant. 244.

OVKOVV iyco croc irpovXeyov ; 0. T. 973.

(ii.)

'

certainly not'

(in strong negations ; usually with

<ye later).

Quest, [did he speak of me ?]

Ans. OVKOVV ipov 7' k(noiTO<i ovZafxov 7re\a<;.

0. T. 565.

OVKOVV Trepa y' av ovSev . . . ^epoL<;. 0. C. 651.

[You certainly would gain nothing more.]

'"ovv

(i.)'

then/'

therefore/' and so :

'

universal both in

statements or questions.

(ii.) (in alternatives)*

indeed/ or omitted in English.

{a.) usually in second clause (ovv or ap' ovv).

ovre dpaav<;, ovr ovv TrpoSeicra?. ... 0. T. 90.

etV akrjOe.'^, eW ap' ovv p,drr]v. Phil. 345.

jxrjT apOTOv . . fxt^r ovv yvvaiKOiv iralSa'i. 0. T. 270.

So d 8' ovv,' but if [the opposite].' Ant 722.

(&.)sometimes in Jlrst clause.

elV ovv iir dypwv, etre KavOdB' ... 0. T. 1049.

eiT ovv BLKai(o<i, ecre p.r). . . El. 560.

7rpo9 rdh\ ) used as a particle of defiance, 'now then/

7rpo9 ravra, j'

there now.'

[I won't speak ;] 7rpo9 rdB' el deXec^, Ovfiov. O.T. 343.

TTpo? ravra Kal Kpeovra ireixirovrwv. 0. C 455.

*7roi;

(i.)' somewhere :

'

universal.

(ii.)

'

metliiuks,' 'perchance :' very common.

aîa Be ttov Kayco. 0. T. 7Q9.

Kol (TV TTOV TTapcov €ôccr6a. 0. C. 1587.

Kal TTOV n Koi ôpa^; fJbepo<i.< Phil. 308.

(iii.) (in questions with ov tl, ov Bt])'

surely not ?

ov Brj kXvco TTOV ; 0. T. 1472.

ov TL TTOV Bovvai vo€i<i ;Phil. 1233.

'"rav = TOi av (so ovrav, rj rav).

rot,'

surely :

'

universal; particularly common in 'yvM/xat

and proverbs.

avOaBia tol (TKatorrjT 6(^\L(TKdvei. Ant. 1028.

Tov rot rvpavvov evcre/Selv ov paBiov. Ai. 1350.

irovov TOL %&)pi9 ovBev evTvyel. El. 933.

(bevjovac <yap toi'Xôl Opacrel^.

Ant. 580.

TOiyap, ^ I 'therefore:' universal.

Totyapovv, J

"TOLvvv,' therefore :

'

universal.

TouTo p.ev, . . .

'

in the first place,''

first,' (followed by a

variety of expressions).

TOVTO aev . . . tovt aXXo. 0. T. 603.

TOVTo fjLev... *Se. 0. 0. 440.

TOVTO fiev . . . eWira. Ant. &1.

TOVTO fjuev. . . TOVT av6i<;. Ant. 165.

''in oratio obliqua,'

that.'

final,' in order that.'

temporal,' when.'

o)9 -^ causal,'

since.'

exclamatory,' how.'

consecutive,'

so that' (for wo-re: e.g. Ant. 272.)

comparative,'

as.'

[In these uses w? is universally used, and is of course

strictly a conjunction, not a particle : in the following use

it more approximates to a particle.]

(09 restrictive :

&)? air' ofXfjiaTcov.

To judge from our eyes. 0. C. 15.

jxaKpdv 'yap co? 'yepovri. irpovarcikr]'; ohov. . .

Long/o?- an old man. 0. C. 20.

ryevvaio'i ft)9 ISovTc. .../i /»

Noble to our view. »*

TTtcTTo^i &)9 vofjL€v<; avrjp. . . .

Faithful for a herdsman. 0. 7'. 1118.

EXERCISES.Instructions for Exercises I. to V.

Arrange the lines in these exercises so as to make proper iambic

verses.

Mark the feet and the caesura in each line.

Eemember to elide a short final vowel before another Avord

becfinnintj with a vowel.

In altering the order of the words be careful not to spoil the sense.

Bear in mind the note, § 41 (iii.), and § 49 (iv.)

I-

TTot hrj novovfji€ve<; hecnroroiv TpaTrw/Jbai ;

ravra ovk rjv epya (r(t)(j)povo<; <yvvaLKO<i.

eifKrja-a ri]vhe ripeivav 6y\rLV SaKpvcov.'

fl^'rtPf-iVc^

ovTot (TV fiovi] a'iTe^v<yri<i acov reKVWv.

€KT€Cve, KoX iâTTcoXecre oIkov iravra.

Âpiyeloi irore eKreivav rovSe rov iralSa.

^J'rjTrjpcrol ajaX/xuTa irarpoq irpo'^rldr^crL.

7rpb<i yevelov [xr] KpvirTe credev crvvSovXov.

7ralSa<; Se arvyel ovBe eix^paiverai opwaa.

javpcofia Se roSe twv ^covroiv earl Kevov.

&)9 Tra? TL<i (f)L\€i avTov fjudWov rov TreXwi.

11.

dWa ToBe ov iroirjTeov ei ecrriv ala'^pov.

"v ei be lp(oe<i evrvôtev ooe r/v ovoev.

rdhe Swpa Several eKeivo<i e? 'êipa.

TovSe Se TTovov koL iyco aol (TvWi]-\ôfiai.

ovK€Tt ovv r]v iv ekTriatv aKOvcraaa ravra.

fidXiara, Kal So^d^co ye e'^ft)ere TrelcreLv.

dXXd (j)€vyere e^co, o) reKva, hofioov dp'âlwv.he elire, t'jficcrv earl iravro^ p.elt,ov.

rj/xei'i fiev cf>vyf] aTraipOfiev eK rrjahe yi]<;.

ocrTt9 yap ^porcov evrv'êl acoêi. oIkov.

ofKOfMOKe r) yXoiaaa dv(Ofioroopa epiret Karavrr]<;.

Note.—Thirty additional Easy Exercises will be found at page 145.

EXERCISES. 71

^ f»^

III.

(TV he')(e£a 67r\iêi<i co? rl

'jrpo'irdSe Spdacov ;

M'C''^ oKKa r] 86â aol o) rdXatva avvTeOvrjice.

o-êL he fie avv crol orav her) Kaprepovvra.7ra)<i he ov irpohovi aov irarepa el av Ki'iKiaroq.

Tohe yepa<; earrlv dp-âlov^

AyafxefMvovo<i.

e? jSporeiov yepa ovkeire/ju-xlrd

ere Tpe<j)etv.

6 he ov X?;êt av Xeycov rov avrbv p,vdov.

eXOoi^, (f)v\d.Ka yap crrpdrov (^rjixl hi] ae elvai.

6 he hov\o<i a(pdêi tov hearruTrjv W9 rtva ôvv.Odvelv he ov 6e/xi<i tovtov 7rpb<; (rrj<; yecpof;.

fjLt]vvv (TKoireL rd /juaKpay, fjueOel<; rd eyyiiOev.

\eyoifJit dv ae e-yeLV ofi/mara i'Ôtarov Kvv6<i.

IV.

iî-j u-iktUi. fi')] eâXei^T)'^ fxe 6) dpd rdXaiva Trarpo'i.

yu<; 'h^^^ eV ovpdvov he jcpaja 6p66v ovfj^* 7] airapvTjdela-a pbt] rd e/md KpaTtj avXdv.

'V ""r^''

/xeyap ^vvecrei irXovrw, 'yei'et re Kal dvhpeia.a ôv\ei eToip,a ra diro ifiov' rl he hpacrecî ;

rjii heKahc; Kal av ov ao(j)0'i "yeya)? (j)aivet.

crfyci/xi'â? he eêt? hcofia XafiTrpov OoXepw.ir(a<i dv ovv ert 7r6\t<i dv la'^vpd yevotro ;

Kat Xafjuirpa earl ^pyl^cov ravra y^pi]fiaTa.

orav yap TroXe/Lto? 69 TrdXeo)?^ i|rr}(ôz/ ekOrj.

OVTOL ere dpa 6p0M<i Kepavviov K.d7rdveco<;.

V.

. Trapd Kprjvrjv avrrjv "Aêo? ojôv re iTnrorrjv.

TOLavrd re hpcofiev d dv av OeXav Tvyydvyti.

' Scanned as an iambus.

EXERCISES.

ft)? ovKeri cLvaaTpe^^rot iroBa 69 rijvSe jrjv-

o Se cf)epu)v to avrb /3apo<i Tnjfiovrji; rjXde.

eWe 0) fuao<i oiXoiO koI 6 ae7r6/JL-\lra<; dvi'jp.

€âL(f)vr]<i Se opco aê eVel eXrjêv rcovSe-

&) irarep, koI eyu.e Odveiv Kpelcraov Kol rovBe.

TreLcrOrJTi, (b jvvai, Trpocnrlrvoo ere fyovacnv.

?;«:&)• (TV aoxTOV iv KaKOc^; crv iXerjcrov /Lie.

rjKKJTa- ovK ean ottco^ oyjrofiai ttotg tovto.

TL av 7rapa(f)povet<; ; ri Xevcraec'i rov dvco kikXov ;

r68e yap to kukov ovk ia fie opOovaOat ctl.

[The student will uow be able to begin translating from English.Most of the words he will (at first) find in the Vocabulary belowthe Exercise. When the words recur they will not usually be fiven

again ; but if he cannot find a word, or forgets it, he has only to

turn to the Vocabulary at the end.]

VI.

1 . There is not [one] of mortals who shall be delivered.

2. It is permitted [us] to behold a free day.3. For it is disgraceful not to love [one's] parent.4. Do thou then guard these [words] for me within thy

heart.

5. But nothing [is] dearer than glory to the good.6. Angry offspring of the hateful lion.

7. He has died, leaving great wealth and glory.8. This [man] was the greatest of those who stood by me,

1. mortal, Oi^titos ; who, 6s or glory, doâ, /cXôsj good, ^'''i'"

Sans ; deliver, iKcywô}. iffdXos, XPW'I^J- kii>»v >+<"^

2. permitted, iêffTL; behold, opaw, Q. angry, dva/xevris ; offspring, V'^"

eisopdu ; free, iXevdepos ; ^XdcrT-qfxa (plur.) ; hateful,''

'

day, i]fj.ipa, rjixap. ix^pSs ; lion, Xewv.

3. disgraceful, aiaxpos ; love, 7. die, dv-qa-Ku ; leave, \dww;

(pXXiw ; parent, 6 reKwv. great, /xeyas ; loealth, ttXov-

4. then (enclitic), vw; guard, tos.

<t>vX6.aff(j;vnthin,'4cruj;heart, 8. this, oiVos, o5e; who stood by,

(pprjv, <ppives. use part, of irapicTTTjui.

5. nothing, ovdiv; dear, (plXos ;

EXERCISES 73

9. Many perished in want of a general.• 10. The ancient law of the gods was destroyed.

9. many, iroXvs ; perish, dndWu- 10. ancient, ira\ai6s ; law, vo/jlos ;

/xai, SioWv/jLai ;in leant, god, Beds, Sai/xuiv ; destroy,

evSe^s, adj. ; general, ffTparr]- Sia^dtipw.

XaTT/S.

VII.

1. But go out as quickly as possible, do not speak words.

2. But we ought either to live well or to die well.

.3. A woman labouring much prospers much.

4. I would not become an assistant to him.

•5. He lifted his hands to the rising of the sun.

6. This is a propitious day to men.

7. How does it befit a general to leave his army ?

8. All the snow is melted from the high rock.

9. The sirring is here, and again I see the sun.

10. We will say few things but just.

1 . go out, eêi/Mi ;as quickly ccs .">. lift, iwaipw, avix'^ j hand, xeip ;

possible, ills raxiffra ; speak, sun, 7/X:os ; rising, avToKal.f* f'> «''"'

Xe'7w ; xoords, \6yos. 6. propitious, €v<p-qixos ; men, /3/3o-

2. ought, 5e?, xPVt XP^^î live, fdw ; t6s, d-vOponros.

veil, KaXQs, eP. 7. befit, xPVy ^^'j Trpîrei ; army,3. woman, yvvri ; icdjour, troviu} ; ffTpards, crTpdTfVfj.a.

much, TToXij, TToWa, Kapra ;8. snoiv, x^^" > fnelt, T-qKia ; high,

prosper, €VTi<x^(!t}, evdai/xoveu. v\pT]\6s; rock, iriTpa.

4. become, yiyvo/xai ; assistant, 9. spring, âp ; to be here, irapdvai ;

av\\-qwTCop. again, adOis, iraXiv,

10. fev), TraOoos, /3ai6s ; just, dtKaios.

vni.

1. How uncertain is fate to mortals always.

2. Hektor has perished, a great woe to the Trojans.

.3. For this book was the work of two men.

1. uncertain, d(TTd6p.7jTos ; fate, 2, perish, 6\\viJ.ai ; woe, Trrj/jLa.

fMoipa ; alumys, del (a or a). 3. book, pi^Xlov ; work, ipyov.

74 EXERCISES.

4. The dead [woman] he will deck well with his hands.

5. They grieve ever bereft of their mother.

6. The stream of the bloody dew steeped the earth.

7. Pindaros calls water best of all.

8. One should not rear a lion's whelp in the house.

9. Man is the measure of all matters.

10. I hate a tyrant who does not rule himself.

4, deck, irepurT^XKw ; well, eC,

KoKws.

5. grieve, TrtvOiu, d\yew ; bereave,

(TTepeu.

(i. stream, poos, porq, pev/xa ; hloody,

(polvios ; linn, opdaos f .; steep,

7. call, KoKeco ; water, v5wp ; best,

dpiCTTOS.

S. shutdd, use XPV, ^^^'t rear,

Tpe(j)U} ; whelp, aKVjxvos.

9. measure, /xerpou ; matters, XPV'

/xara.

10. hate, ixlcriu}, crTvy^w ; tyrant,

Tvpavvos ; ride, Kpareo}.

IX.

1. He bathed the corpse and washed away its wounds.

2. They chase the race of wild beasts with bows.

3. Pleasure flees from mortals, as a bird from boys.

4. By second thoughts we are set straight.

5. For I have known these things long, be well assured.

6. I do not at all wonder at the ills of the old man.

7. I know not save one thing, to ohej your Avords.

8. Will you drive me forth, and not respect my prayers 1

9. You ask, but what you ask, expect no more to get.

10. Having died they do not see the sun's light.

bathe, Xoyw; corpse, vfKpos,

v€Kvs ; wash away, aTroviiTTw ;

ivottnd, rpavixa,

chase, 8luku} ; race, yevos ; wild,

aypios ; beast, drip ; bow,

t6ôv.

pleasure, ijdopij ; flee from,

<p€&Yu ; hij'd, opvLs ; boy,

iracs.

second, vcrrepos ; thought, yvwp.ri\

set straight, 6pd6u, iôpdSw.

5. knoiv, be assured, yiyvwaKu,

eidefai., cracpa eldevai ; long,

TraXat.

6. ill, KaKov; old man, yipuv ;

meander, davfxd^w, a.

7 save, irX-qv ; obey, TreiOo/xac.

8. drive forth, eêXavvw; respect,

aldov/jLai ; prayer, XrrTj.

9. ask, aiVeoj; expect, ekwi'ô) ; get,

\ap.(i6.vo}.

10. light, cpdos.

EXERCISES. 75

X.

1. Euripides was a foe to women as they say.

2. He cherishes pride greater than befits man.

3. But the deity laughs, seeing the woes of the evil [men].4. Be true in words; truth is ever right (neut.).

5. The boy fed flocks, a happy life.

6. Suffer ye now the corpses to be covered with earth.

7. We men enslave a man, and cities a city.

8. He is unmanly and inferior to a woman.

9. To your sorrow you would come, if the city did not

send you.

10. He destroys others, himself being clear of trouble.

1. Joe, ixl^pis. $ 6. suffer, edw; noiv, vvv, ijSr) ;

2. pride, ^p6vr)fia ; than befits, fj cover, KoKvirTU.

Kara.. 7. enslave, dovXSu}.

3. deity, daifj.ui' ; laugh, yeXdu ; S. unmanly, dvavopos; inferior,

tvoe, TTados, dvT], varepos, gen.4. be true, dX-ridevw ; truth, dXif- 9. to your sorrow, Kkalwv.

Oeia ; right, 6p96s. 10. clea7; e/cris ; trouble, KaK6v.

5. feed, <pippu ; flocT:, woinvlov ;

hapjyy, evrvxiis.

XL

1. The god Prometheus is ill-treated among the gods,2. being bound with brazen fetters to the rock.

3. A winged eagle coming tears his liver,

4. but he resists not at all, though strong.

5. For he is far weaker than Zeus.

6. Having benefited much mortals of old

7. he found not any man, so as to help him,

1. god,. de6s; be ill-treated, Trdcrx"" all, oi)5^j' ; strong, laxvpos ;

KUKo.. though, -rrep or Kaiirep with

2. bi7id, 5ew; brazen, x^^'^^'"^ 5 part.

fetter, iridr], deafxas. 5. iveal:,dadep'qs;far,iro\\(^,iro\v.

3. winged, ttttjvos ; eagle, alerds ; 6. benefit, dxpeXeXv, evepyeTeTv ; of

tears, ff-rrapdaa-o} ; liver, ^wap; old, wdXai, wore.

coming, /j.oXwi', eXdwv. 7. find, evpiaKOj ; so us to, Lbcrre ;

4. resist, evauTiov/xai ;not at help, eirw^eXeiv, ^orjdeiv.

76 EXERCISES.

8. but when the time of ten-thousand years had passed,9. he had then deliverance and release from trials.

10, For the god Herakles came and saved him.

8. fenthousand,/jLvpioi;yea7;eTos; trials, irdvos, dvyj.

pass, irapepxofJ.at. 10, save, (Tcifw; Jiim, viv, <T<j)e, avrbv.

9. deliverance, ) , >i , , , v- ,

release, ;^"'^'^. «-«^^''>'-/5

XII.

1. The traveller stands leaning on a stick

2. and gazes at the high crest of the rock,3. where neither shepherd thinks fit to feed his sheep,4. nor has man come hither, but goats alone.

5. Then he hears a sound louder than thunder,• 6. and from the crasrs he sees ice fallinsr

7. like some fine powder of salt, or of white dust,8. and straightway the stream, dashing down on the vales,

9. ravages everything, the houses of the shepherds,10. and the tall pines, and the gifts of the fruitful earth,

1. traveller, odirrjs, oooiiropos ;lean- 6. crag, Trdyos.

ing, iyKXXdels, TrposKXiOels ; 7. ,fine, Xewros ; jjowder, ^Tjyp.a ;

Stick, âKTTjpia. salt, aXes (a) ; dust, awodos,2. gazes, eisopdw, ehadpeio ; high, f. ; lohite, \evK6s.

vrpTipecprii, v^yjXds ; crest, 8. stream, p6os, porj, peWpov• dash

Kprj/xpos. down on, eyKaTacKriirTw,3. shepherd, ttol/x^v ; think Jit, vale, vanr).

«st6w ; feed, rpitpu ; sheep, 9. ravage, dyeiv êpeiv re.

^°™- 10. 2îne, TvevK-n ; tall, pLaKpos ; gift,4. hither, devpo ; goats, alyes. bQpop ; fruitful, ^yKapiros.5. sound, KTVTTos ; louder, ndûv ;

thunder, ^povrrj.

XIII.

1. A viper bit the foot of Philoctetes ;

2. and he lay on the Lemnian shore subdued by disease,3. deserted of all his comrades in his misery ;

1, vixjer, ^x^dva ; bite, daKVio; 3. desej-t, /xovdu ; comrade, irai-

foot, woijs. pos ; miset-y, kclko..

2. lie, KeTpâL ; shore, ukti^ ; sub-

dued, da/xeU ; disease, vdaos.

EXERCISES. 77

4. nor did he come to the Trojan land, whither he was sent.

5. So did he vex all the Hellenes with his cries.

6. And he had not, save his bow, so as to find sustenance,

7. and labouring with his disease he with difficulty caughthis game.

8. But since it was fated Troy should fall by this bo\^,

9. Odysseus coming, and the sou of Achilles with him,lU. led away the man, having persuaded him by guile.

4. Trojan, Tpwas, aSos; loliither, 7. labour, irovio:

; imtli, difficulty,

ol, olwep ; send, otAXw. /jl6Xis ; catch, aipeui ; game,5. vex, XuTT^w

; a'ies, /Sotj, or use diipa.

part., /3oaw. 8. it was fated, edei; faU, wltttio.

6. save, w\riv ; how, rbôv ; find, 9. son, trais ; tvitk him, 6/jlov, Eixa.

evplffKtj} ; sustenance, §ios, 19. lead away, airar/ti} ; 2^^^'suade,

Tpo(pri. ireldw : guile, S6\os.

XIV.

1. A. Do you wish me to sum up this tale in brief?

2. B. Say whatever you wish : for you are not given to

silence.

3. A. You never shall take these children from the land.

4. B. Hear me too then in turn, if you will, again.

5. A. I will hear : for indeed I too ought to hear.

6. B. I will take and lead-away the children, in spite of thee.

7. A. First then must you venture with arms.

8. B. I have ventured troubles worse than these.

9. A. Will you dare to oppose all in battle 1

10. B. [to all] whoever at least will dare to insult overmuch.

1. sum up, (jwaTTTO} ; tale, X670S ; 7. first, irpuiTov, TrpQra; venture,

in brief, iv ^paxei. KLvdvvevo} (verbal) ; ai-ms,

2. whatever, d n, on ; given to 6'7rXa.

silence, aiynXds. S. have ventured, § 50 ; trouble,

3. shall, fut., or dv with opt. ; Tr6vos ; ivorse, dXyTwv.

take, Xafipdvu. 9. dare, ToXpAoj ; oppose, evavno-

4. hear in turn, avTaKodu. o/j.ai : battle, p-axv-

5. for indeed, ov ydp dWd. 10. tvhoever, 6'o-ot ; cct least, ye ;

6. toê oMc^, part. ; in spite, irphs insult, vj3plô}; overmuch,

Îdv. a-ydv.

78 EXERCISES.

1. A.

2. B.

3. ik

4. B.

5. A.

6. B.

7. A.

8. B.

9. A.

10. B.

XV.

king ! hear, respect a mother's prayers.

'Tis not [the part] of prisoners to be wroth with

calamity.

But must I not grieve if I shall be bereft of my child ]

And yet you must be bereft : know then this.

Do not cast out this cruel word at me.

But if I pity her, the army will not approve this.

It is thine to rule, not to serve the army.

But it is no disgrace to serve justly.

Well, anyhow, let me die with the maiden.

1 say I will not allow it for one suffices being

slaughtered.

1. king, ava^ ; mother, n-ffnp.

2. prisoner, ai'xM^XwTos ; he vn'otli,

dvfi6ofjLai, xaXfTratVo;, dvcTX^-

paivu} ; calamity, KUKa.

3. grieve, cTrivui.

4. and yet, Kal fitjv, Katroi ; hnoic,

eiriffTafiai.

5. cast out, eV/3aXXw, eKplirTui ;

cruel, di/jLOi.

6. 2*^^1/1 oiKTi^'w, oiKTeipu ; army,

crrpaTos ; approve, alviu.

7. serve, vir-qp^Tetv.

8. disgrace, aicrxpdv ; ju-'^tly, ffSi-

KWS.

9. ivell, anylioio, dXX' odv ;die

with, ffvvdvyjffKW ; maiden,

irapdevo%.

10. suffic€%apKei ; daughter, ^(paû}.

XVI.

1. Tantalus was at first a happy man,

2. being counted worthy to share the gods' feast,

3. but though treated well in such wise, he was not prudent,

4. but stole the immortal food, unseen by the gods,

5. and gave it to mortals, daring a base deed.

6. but when all became known to thegods^^

\

1. hapjiy, evdaifxujv, evTvxv^'

2. count worthy, dîow ; share,

/xerexw 5 feast, rpdweâ, 8ah.

3. though, irep or KaiVep, parti-

ciple ;in such ivise, roidSe

;be

prudent, (Tu<ppoi'eLv.

steal, /cXeTTTw ; immortal, dfi^po-

Tos ; food, ôpd ;unseen hy,

use \avddvw.

deed, 'ipyov, Trpdy/xa.

knoiv, 5tj\ov, ffd(j)es.

EXERCISES. 79

7. they punished terribly the impious one;

8. for he stands in the raid streams of the lake

9. desiring to soften the heat of thirst with drink,

10. but the water ever retires, not to touch his lip.

7. piumh, '{riixlou ; terribly, iixcpo- 10. water, iJdwp, opoaos/. Kv/xa ;

jSws ; impious, Svffffe^-^s. retire, diroppeu} ; touch, diy-

8. mid, fxecTos ; lake, \i/j.v7i. ydvw ; Up, x"Xos.

9. so/ten, Trpdvfw (ii); hedt, Kav/xa;

(hir.^t, diâ ; (Iriiilc, ttotov.

XVII.""

1. I, Demeter, come, leaving the houses of the gods,

2. and I wander everywhere seeking my child alway,

3. whom the king among the dead seized by violence,

4. and bore away with his horses to the dwellings of those

below ;

5. for her playing in the meadow once

6. of Enna he saw, in the midst of her maidens,

7. adorning woven chaplets of roses OJid violets;

8. and immediately subdued with the soft dart of love

9. he snatched off the girl, weeping in vain,

10. and having married her, he holds her in the sunless houses.

1. come, riKw. 7. adorn, Koa/xiu) ; woven, irXeKTos;

2. ivaiider, oKdotxai ; everywhere, _^ chaplet, (TTe<pos, <xT€(pavos ;

Travraxoi', vavTr] ; seek, f)7T8jtV' roue, podov ; violet, tov.

3. dead, veKpoi ; seize, apwdôo ;8. inimediafeh/, ev9us ; soft, /j.a\-

violence, j3ia.SaKos •

dart, /SeXos ; love,

,4. horse, lttttos ; divelliwj, 5w/j.a epws.

those helow, veprepos. 9. snatch off, iâpwd^'w ; iveej),

5. play, Trai'{(Ji ; meadow, XcLfjidov, KXalw;

in vain, p-dr-qv.

6. see, opa. 10. marry, ya/JLeu ; sunless, dv-qXios.

XVIII.

1. A. Why hast thou fetched me out, to come outside the

house 1

2. B. Know that our foe is coming hither. \

1. /etch out, iKTrip.iri<Tda.L ; outside, 2. com^, irposareix'^, epiru.

8o EXERCISES.

3. A. Coming alone or with many friends 1

4. B. Alone : and the deed one might accomplish more easily.

5. A. "What deed is this thou hast spoken of? to slay him

with the hand ?

6. B. [Yes,] for nothing is dearer than vengeance.7. A. And how % with stones 1 or shall we seek a sword 1

8. B. With stones : for it is time to hasten, not to delay.

9. A. And Avhat shall we suffer if the city learns this]

10. B. But there is no one here who shall tell it to the city.

3. coming, ace. ;with 2-syll. prep.

last, § 57.

4. accomplish, eKreXiu, eKTrpd(T<Tu ;

easy, pdSLos.

5. See §59.

6. vengeance, ri/jL^pia.

7. stone, \tdos; seel, i-rjTew; sword,

8. it is time, aK/x-q ; hasten, (nrev-

5w, iyKoviti) ; delay, TpijBw,

9. suffer, ira.ffx<^-

XIX.

1. And thus he leapt upon the car, and the reins

2. and whip he seized in his hands, eager for the race,

3. and all the people in the city, as he went out,

4. seeing marvelled, how nohle he was upon his chariot;

5. but when he came to the gates of the furthest court

6. a divine fear suddenly fell on the horses,

7. so that, pricking their ear, the yoke from their necks

8. they shook, they hurled off, affrighted,

9. and he tangled in the reins was dragged on,

10. and lay gasping forth a bloody stream.

1. leant. ichoXKonan ; car, Si(t)pos, 6leapt, icpdWofxaL ; car, Sl(ppos,

apfxa ; reins, ijviai.

ivhip, fidaTL^ ; eager, Ifxeipuip ;

race, Spop-os.

people, TrXTjdos ; city, darv ; go

out, iûvaL.

how nohle, otos.

gate, irvXi) ; furthest, 'iax^ôs ;

court, avXri.

divine, dehs; suddenly, iâi^vrjs;

fall on, /car^xcj.

7. prick ear, bpdov ovi IcrTapai ;

yoke, ^vyov ; nech, aixv"-

8. shake, (TeLw ; hurf, piirTw

(comp. ) ; affright, Trroew.

9. tangle, e/i7ro5tj'w ; drag on,

10. gaspforth, eKc^vcrdw ; bloody,

alfxarripos.

EXERCISES. 8r

XX.

A. Come here, mothtr, for we Avish to learn something,

for what is fated all thou seemest to know,

B. Say what thou wishest, for we will show all,

but those who ask must give gold.

A. Behold, I have given it. And explain this clearly, 5

with what lot of life must I meet ?

B. Lookin^-at thy hand I see many woes

awaiting thee : but thou shalt find a noble marriage.

A. Begone, basest woman, nor lie more to me,for I have already found a most excellent husband. 10

(Both the speakers are women. )

1. come here, TrposepxafMai. 6. lot, fioipa ; /, use 55e ; meet,

2. he fated, ireTrpCoadaL ; seem, say 'be yoked with,' criijV'7-

hoKetv. , vvfjLi.

3. show, SrfKow. 8. await, /Mevu ; noble, apiffros.

4. ask, epwrdo} ; {/old, xpiJo-os. 9. begone, ^ppe, <pddpov ; lie,

5. explain, i^Tjyeiffdai. tpevêadaL.

1 0. excellent, ^|oxos ; husband, irdffis.

XXL

When he came to the wood, three aged maidens

he met, who standing near

sang all the future, how it was fated

he should have the throne and rule the land,

and hearing this to his wife Avith speed 5

be told the matter, and [to them] counselling

it seemed good to slay the king Avith guile.

So he received him to his house and entertained him :

but at night, when all the house was hushed,

1. wood, v\7) : put aged next line. 4. have, ifcrxw, ^x^ I ^'«ê, decnr6^,2. aged, ypaid ; meet, awdpTo/xaL ; Tvpavvev<a.

near, -rreXas, dyx^- 6. tell, Koivuveca; counsel, ôvXeiJw.

3. sing, g.8u ; future, to ixiXKov ; 7. seem good, SoKeiu; guile, 86\os.

fated, Treirpufj.ei'ov. 8. entertain, ^tvi^w.

9. be hushed, (xiydw.

82 EXERCISES.

taking a dagger he entered privily the chamber 10

and slays first the guards, knowing nothing,

and afterward the king himself with the third blow.

10. dagger, iMXo-i-pa,', privily, Xadpa', 12. afterward, eweiTci ; king, avaf,

chamber, ddXa/xos. deaTr6T7]f, Kolpavos, rvpavvos ;

11. guai-d, (pvXa^. blow, nX-qyij.

XXII.

And going back again to my bed I slept.

and a vision appears to me in sleep :

for the horses Avhicli I had reared and used to drive,

I saw bearing the chariot as they were wont;

and two wolves from the wood leapt forth 5

and sprang on the horses, so as to bestride their backs,

and smote their flanks with their tails, and with savage

jaws tore the flesh from their bones.

And the colts fled goaded by the bites,

and tossed their manes aff'righted with fear; 10

and I, warding off the beasts, awakened,

and thus was quit of nightly terrors.

1. sleep, eiJSw; bed, koItt], X^x°^) 7. flanh, Xayuiv ; tail ovpd;

XeKTpov ; bad; aWiS, TraXrc. savage, dypios.

2. vision, 56â, (pdafia; appears, S. jaiv,yva6os,i.;tear, (nrapd<T<Ti^;

irapicTTaTai. flesh, ffdpk ; hone, dariov.

3. d)-ive, dL(ppT]\dT£U} ; had, § 49. 9. colt, ttCAo's; goad, Kevriu; bite,

4. chariot, plur. ; / am loont, d^yp-a.

eiwda. 10. mane, X'*'''''?-

5. wolf, XvKos ; leap, spring, 11. ward off, dp-vvw ; aioaJcen,

ir7]ddo}, dWopai (comp. ). iyelpw (comp.) ; be quit,

6. bestride, i<peô:, icpiôivij} (ace.) ;diraWdaffeadai (e|-).

hach, vCoTov. 12. nightly, vvxi-os, Svvvxos ; terror,

deipa, (poôs.

XXIIL^

A. Farewell, lady : and what recompenc^ shall I give thee,

when again arrived at the Keltic land 1

B. Dost thou knoAv, I pray, Pleuron, city of the Phokaeans 1

1. fareioell, x^-^P^ 5 lady, d^ffiroiva, 2. arrive, d<piKvovfiai.

7iVat ; recompence, xapry. 3. / pray, Eth. dat.

EXERCISES. 83

A. How could I help knowing my country 1

B. Tell something, I pray, to the Sisuphidai there. 5

A. But know that thou hast spoken the name of mykindred.

B. Do you then know Philochoros, the youth ?

A. Why, what have you to do with Philochoros, lady 1

B. He had once a sister, whom he lost. 10

A. And he ever seeks her, and now thou seest him here.

B. You have found her then : for I am she who is soughtA- Have I thee in my arms? B. As henceforward mayst

thou ever have me !

Consult § 76 all through.

4. hoio . . . help, use irQs ov and 7. youth, vmvia^,

/xeWetv ; country, irarpa, 8. ivhy, yap ; to do with, use

iraTpk. fi^rea-Ti and two datives.

5. there, toTs e/ceio-e. 9. sister, dde\(p^ ; ojice, irori, irplv,

6. name, &vojxa ; kindred, avy- irdXai ; lose, dTroXXu/it.

yovoi, (TvyyiveTi. 12. sought, use art. and part.

XXIV.

A. It is just to bury the dead in the earth.

B. By what words do you shoAv this to be right 1

A. Well, I tell thee, for even if you (jylur.) have suffered

somethingfrom the enemy, yet now having died

they have paid full penalty for what you suffered : 5

and I will enter on a second course of argument to

thee :

for when a man is dead, the parts are divided,

and at once the spirit indeed goes off to the air,

and the body to mother earth, from whom it sprang.

1. bury, ddirria. 6. enter on, iwiivai ; couise, odoi ;

3. loell, Kai Sij. second, SeijTepos,

4. from, 7rp6j, eK, inrb, g. ; enemy, 7. part, iiipos ; divide, o-xtfw.

iroXi/xios. 8. spirit, wvev/xa ; air, aid-qp.

5. pay, SoCvat ; fidl, reXeh?. 9. spring, iK<pwa.i.

84 EXERCISES.

Why then will you deprive the earth of what it oughtto receive 1 10

Do you think thus to wrong the dead?

No;but the living too

; for the brave

would become cowards if you laid down this law.

10. deprive, a-repiu. 12. live, fw ; brave, &\KXfMOi.

11. thinJc, doKu ; lorong, KCLKovp- 13. coward, 5et\6s; lay doum,yeTu, deivai.

XXV.

Laocoon.

The father was sacrificing, and the sons, to the gods.And from the coast of Tenedos, so as to cross the sea,

two snakes were creeping, a fierce portent,

lashing with their tails the swell of the sea-surge,

and with terrible jaws hissing out slaughter ; 5

and the father seeing it shuddered, and uttered a cry,

children, shall we not fly the deadly portent 1

for this terror is not without some god.

He still was speaking : and they rushing on with speed, .

the snakes, seized first the sire 10

with tAvining coils, then the wretched sons

and broke their bones, and crushed their body.

1. sacrifice, 66u. 7. Jiy, <t>evy(j) with ace. ; deadly,

2. coast, aKT-T) ; cross, vuri^w ; sea, oKedpws.

irovTos. 8, terror, delfxa, <p6ôs ; without,

3. snake, dpcLKuv, 6<pi.i ; creep, o-rep, dvev.

'ipwu ; fierce, dypios ; portent, 9. speak, ayopevus, X^yoj ; rush on,

ripas. iwaaati} ; ^rith speed, Spopu^.

4. lash, iraiw ; tail, ovpd ; sivell, 10. seize, /xdpirTw ; first, irpuiTov,

dtdpia', sea (adj.), iroj/rto? : TrpC3Ta;slre,TraT7)p,y€vvrp-o3p.

surge, aaKos. 11. twining, irXeKTos ; coil, cnreipa;

5. temble, decvdi, e>(ô/3os ; jaw, then, elra, îreira ; wretched,

yvado^, i. ;hiss out, aiû ; &6\io^, dvffTi'xv^-

slaughter, <p6vos, 12. bone, dcrrovv ; break, OpvirTu ;

G. shudder, ^piacu ; utter, e^lrnu, crush, ffvppriyvv/xi ; body,

EXERCISES. 8$

XXVI.

How, ye that have wrought greatest mischief (plur.),

do the spies of the enemy having come thus

escape your notice, and the troops (say army) were slain ?

And neither when they entered (|ja?fic.) the camp {plwr.),

did ye rejDel them,nor when they departed. Who shall pay the penalty for

this ^ 5

but thou ^ for thou art guard of this army T^ t

And all are gone, at the cowardice of the Scythians

laughing much {plm:), and at me the leader.

Now be well assured of this, I have sworn by father Zeus,

either most speedily a death by stoning to die 10

awaits thee doing such things ;or reckon ye

Eumenes to be unmanly and base !

1. TTTJ/xa, €êpydi;oixai.. 8. €77eXcD, aTpaT7j\aTr]s.

2. S2yy, KardaKoiros. 9. olda, 6)jlvv/j.i (say Zens has been

3. Xijdu, Karaacpdi^'u. sworn by).

4. repel, iâwudeij}. 10. either, iJToi ;death by stonimj,

5. pay jienalty, rtveiv dtKrjv. Xevcn/j-os /xdpos.

6. but, wXrjv. 11. TOiosSe, vo/xlû.

7. (ppovdos, deiXia or KaKavdpia, 12. b "EiVfJievqs ; base, KaKos.

XXVII.

A. But say, what sort of habitation shall I hold in this

land ?

Bi One void of all trouble. But do thou accept it ?

A. Well then, I have accepted ! But what honour

awaits me 1

B. Thou alone shalt make all men's houses blest.

A. Will you effect this too, that I should be so strong 1 5

N.B. Both speakers are females.

1. edpa, in this= ofthis. 4. make, riOrj/jLi..

2. ip-qixos, ol^s (f.), dexo/J-ai. 5. aOevu, am strong ; that, wcrre.

3. me, dative.

86 EXERCISES.

B. [Yes,] for to him that reverences thee all things shall

prosper.

A. And yet I fear, lest this is not sure thou sayest.

B. Now never may it befall me to say what I will not fulfil,

A. And verily that would be unworthy of a deity,

B. Be assured then that I say all witl^truth. 10

A, You seem to appease me, and I will cease from bitter

wrath.

B. When you have ceased you will have both these and

me for friends,'

6. reverence, ffi^w ; prosper, koKCos 9. verili/, Kapra.

Ixet" ; aZZ= niliil non. 10. oUaf wifh^dat. or prep, and

7. vrKTrds, lest this iiot sure thou case,

sayest. 11. 6^\yci}, cease, middle; iriKpds.

8. befall, yiyvofiai., reX^u. 12. Perfect participle.

XXVIII.

I know that there are many bad customs

(for folly never fails among mortals)

but none worse than this. For in Greece,

Avhenever an army triumphs over the foe,

men do not think this the achievement of the fighters, 5

but the leader alone wins the glory,

Avho brandishing his spear—one among ten thousand

others,

doing no more than one, has more credit.

And then sitting proudly in the city

is proudest of all, and seems to the rest 10

to be a most gallant man and useful to the city

for things which not he, but the whole army did.

i. many and bad ; custom, vo/j-os. 7. TrdWw, among — p-era.

2. fjLupla, eK-XeiTTW. 8. Spui, \6yos.

4. triumphs = sets up trophies 9, aep.v()s.

{Tpowaiov) ',over = of {i.e. 10. (ppoveXv fiiyaXa.

genit. ). 11. xPV'^'-P-°^-

5. 'ipyov ijyovfxai, omit men. 12. for — on the strength oj (firl).

6. win, Epviifxai, evpiaKu.

EXERCISES. 87

XXIX.

Athletes.

For there being ten thousand plagues in Greece,

none is worse than the race of athletes,

who first neither learn how to live well

nor would be able. For how [could one] who has not

leisure, ground doAvn in useless labours, 5

ever find a pleasant life ?

Nor again does he find wisdom, a glorious lot,

nor among the citizens does he have honour nor offices,

but brilliant in their youth and ornaments of the city

they go to and fro : but when bitter old age assails them 10

they lose their beauty, into disgrace

being cast, as a cloak having lost its nap.

1. plague, Ka.Khv. 8. honour, 86â ; offices, dpxal.

2. adXijTrjs. 9. "Ka/xirpos, dya\/J.a.

3. irpujTa fiiv. 10. go to and fro, <poLTdu ; yvpas,

5. (TXoXt), TSTplflfleVOS, CIXP'Ô'TOS. TrpOSTriTTTtxJ.

6. co?<W comes in here. 11. dirdiXeffa, 6.TT/j.[a.

7. does he find, use [gnomic] 12. cloah, rpXûv ; lose, eKâWu ;

aorist ; ivisdZm, (ppovrjaLs ; na}), kpSkt).

glorious, ei/KXer;^.

XXX.

Athletes.

And I blame this custom of the Greeks

who for the sake of these gathering assemblies,

praise the useless victories of an athlete.

For who having wrestled, who having run well with his

foot,

who having lifted the quoit, or struck the jaw with his fis1^5

idly sporting has benefited his city 1

1. €fJL€iJi\pap.rju.-i- TraXaM.

2. for the sake, (kcltl ; assembly, 5. oicxKou atpeiv, yvdOov irvy/x'^

crvXXoyos ; gather, iroidadai.. devihv.

3. a.VT)p ddX-qT-ri's, Kpart). 6. fj-draioi, Trat'jw, LbtpeXeTv.

*

38 EXERCISES.

Will they fight with their foes, in their hands

holding quoits "? or with their feet empty balls

striking, will they drive out the enemy from the land 1

When war is present these things appear foolish. 10

Wherefore rather the wise and the aood

ought to be crowned, and whosoever rules the city

best, being a prudent and just man.

S. Kevb^, (T(pa7pa. 11. where/ore, irpbs ravra.

9. delvo).

12. (7T€<p€adai, tvdvvu,

10. ixQipos. 13. (rdxppuv.

Note.—Thirty additional Easy Exercises will be found at page 145.

[From this point onwards the j)ieces will all be select passages of

English poetry, graduated so as to begin with the easier pieces, or

pieces which with our notes are made the easier.]

XXXI.yAe. And to what friends should I for aid apply 1

Me. The royal race of Temenus, in Argos—

Ae. That house, like ours, intestine murder maims.'

Me. Thy Spartan cousins, Procles and his brother—Ae. Love a won cause, but not a cause to win. 5

Me. My father, then, and his Arcadian chiefs—Ae. Mean still to keep aloof from Dorian broil.

Me. Wait, then, until sufficient help appears.

Ae. Orestes in Mycenae had no more.

Me. He to fulfil an order raised his hand. wAe. What order more precise had he than 1 1

Consult § 76 throughout.

1. ask (aiT7;(To/xai), to aid. 5. say love [men] having won, not

2. s&y iceknow the men of Temeyius, trying [love is plural, con-

TrjfjiefeioL. tinned from last line].

3. these also . . . has equally in- G. 'ApKades rayoi.

jured ; intestine, e-yyevqs. 7. a.Tro(yTa.Tdv.

4. from Sparta, "ZwapT-qs diro. See 10. Mycenae, say "A/jyos if you like.

§ 57. 11. order, ivroKri.

EXERCISES. 89

Me. Apollo peal'd it from his Delphian cave.

Ae. a mother's murder needed hest divine.

Me. He had a hest, at least, and thou hast none.

Ae. The gods command not where the heart speaks clear. 15

Me. Thou wilt destroy, I see, thyself and us.

M. Arnold,

12. precise, catp-q^. explaining line 13] ; use

13. pealed, uttered, Xacr/cw ; ixiro [i7)TpoKTovetv.

at end of line. 15. where, say 1/ or to ivhom.

14. insert 7ap [he is admitting but 16. / see, use /cat /xiji' at beginning.

XXXII.

Gloster—Buckingham.

Glos. Alas, Avhy would you heap these cares on me ?

I am unfit for state and majesty :

I do beseech you, take it not amiss,

I cannot nor I will not yield to you.

Buck. If you refuse it,—

as, in love and zeal, 5

loath to depose the child, your brother's son; ,^

as well we know your tenderness of heart

and gentle, kind, effeminate remorse,

which wc have noted in you to your kin,

and equally indeed to all estates,— 10

yet whether you accept our suit or no,

your brother's son shall never reign our king ;

1. heap on, efipdWco. 7. 'we know you are kind,' oi}Xaj'-

2. / am, say 'who am'; unfit ddveis (or XeX-rjdas) &v, etc.

for = ' not such as to'

;8.

' and have a gentle nature as

state and majestij, .simply = of a woman. '

'rule.' 10. all estates, say

'

all the people.'

3. take not amiss = '

fin-give me.'

11. you accept our suit, simply5-6.

'

If you reject it and will not * these things seem good,endure to deprive

'

[omit you approve of this,'

etc.

love and zeal], 12. sJiull never reiijn, use ovix-f}.

^

90 EXERCISES.

but we will plant somo other in the throne,

to the disgrace and downfall of your house :

and in this resolution here we leave you.—

. 15

Come, citizens : we will entreat no more.

Shakespeare.

13-14. transpose the lines; 'wiping being resolved

'

(5o/ctD), use

out (e^aXeicpu}) your dislion absolute constriictiou intro-

oured race we will establish duced by cos.

(iSpiju) some one else.'

16. let these things be (eaw) ; 'enough15. in this resolution = 'thesethmgs. of prayers.'

XXXIII. v/

HERALD.

There now they rest ;but me the king bade bear

good tidings to rejoice this town and thee.

Wherefore be glad, and all ye give much thanks,

for fallen is all the trouble of Calydon.

ALTH.f;A.

Laud ye the gods ;for this they have given is good, 5

and what shall be they hide until their time.

Much good and somewhat grievous hast thou said,

and either well;but let all sad things be,

till all have made before the prosperous gods

burnt-oflfering, and pour'd out the floral wine. 10

Look fair, gods, and favourable; for we

praise you with no false heart or flattering mouth,

being merciful, but with pure souls and prayer.

1. rest, KdOvvrai. 8. either ivell, 'I praise both';

2.' these things to you and the let be, use e'dco.

land, a joy of good tidings,' 10. floral, evudrjs.

xdp/j.' evdyyeXov. See § 69. 11. use iXeojs oypis or some such

3.' so that it is right' (del, eUds, phrase.

Xpei^f, etc.). 12-13. make it into three lines if

4. Calydon, say 'this land.' you cannot do it in two.

6. ivhat shall bz, rdireiTa. 12. false, irXaaTds, ^evdrjs ; flatter-

7. someivhat, iariv fi [in some in<j, use OQires Xoyoi or

ways]. Ouwevco or \pevhoaToixe1v.

13. pure, a.yi>6s,(7d}(f>pwv,7)yvifffx^vos.

EXERCISES. 91

HERALD.

Tliou hast jirayed well;for whoso fears not these,

but once being prosperous waxes huge of heart, 15

him shall some new thing unaware destroy.Swinburne.

15. 'puffs up his heart proud,' 16. vnatvare, \d0pa, or use 'Kav-

XXXIY. /

King Henry—P. of Wales—Q. Margaret—Exeter.

K. Sad-hearted men, much overgrown with cai-e,

here sits a king more woful than you are.

P. Fly, father, fly : for all your friends are fled,

and Warwick rages like a chafed bull :

away ! for death doth hold us in pursuit. ^ 5

Q. Mount you, my lord;toward Berwick post amain :

|

Edward and Eichard, like a brace of greyhounds 1

having the fearful flying hare in sight,

with fiery eyes sparkling for very wrath,

and bloody steel grasp'd in their ireful hands, 10

are at our backs : and therefore, hence amain.

E. Away, for vengeance comes along with them :

nay, stay not to expostulate ;make speed ;

or else come after;

I'll away before.

K. Nay, take me with thee, good sweet Exeter, 15

X,not that I fear to stay, but love to gowhither the queen intends. Forward : away !

Shakespeare.

1.•

bearing many heavy woes.'

hounds, simply 'dogs' or

2. sits, first person.'

Spartan dogs.'

3. are fled, oixovtcli. 10. (jrasped, 'shaking,' seizing,'

4. Wariokh, 'AxtXXeyj ; chafed, irdWu, /xdpirTw, \a/updvco,'

a,ngry,' dvpLouirdai.. etc.

5. death, Odvaro^, fxopo?, AI'Stjs. 12. vengeance, rtcns, ttoluij, 0.77],

6.'

speed your horses, king, to 13. 'cease from wailing.'the city.' 15. (jood sweet Exeter, 'dearest of

7. Edivard and Richard, Siaaol men.'

'Arpe25ai ;a brace of grey- 17. intends.

92 EXERCISES.

XXXV. V

Mother, most sacred of all names, I cometo deprecate tliy curses, not to sue

for pardon, howsoe'er to tliee I seem

a sinner, and hateful in thy sight to-da)^

What shall I say 1 thou knowest my heart and hand, 5

thou know'st I loved and slew him : know'st thou why ?

Nay, for thou shrink'st as from a loathly thing,

and in thy soul unnatural hate is morethan thy most natural sorrow. As for me,I feel no prick of shame, for all my woe. 10

For Corinth's sake, because his mind was set

on villanies : because he took to bride

power, and gat death to firstborn, and with death

falsehood and fraud and every vice of kings :

because of all these things, for Corinth's sake, 15

yea, therefore, mother, for thy sake and mine,

I did not fear to slay him. Rhoades.

1.' called a holy name. '

11. Corinth, 'the city;' 'because

2. / come . . . to deprecate, ws he chose to do shameful

7rapaLToifx.7]v. deeds'

(irpoeiXero).

4. a sinner, 'to sm most evilly.' 12. to bride, is "kexos, es XeKrpa,

6. ivhy, § 59.' but why thou dyeiv, or Ya/xe?;/.

know'st not, but shrink'st' 15. because of, eVera, ovufKci, clvtI,

. . . (atrocTTpicpecrdai with awoLva, x^ptJ', all with gen.

ace). 16. for thy salee and mine, 'helping

8-9. ... *

casting out thy natural thee and me.'

sorrow thou cherishest un- 17. to slay, /irj ov KaTa<T<pa'(eLV or

natural hate;' natural, dTroA.reti'at or, etc. [for /xtj os)

avOpiLirews, kut' dvOpuirov. see § 29],

10.'I am not ashamed.'

XXXVI.

Messenger—Queen—Duchess of York

M. The sum of all I can, I have disclosed;

why, or for Avhat, the nobles were committed

1. 'all I know' (Trdi'd' od, 8(Ta., 2. nobles ivere committed, 'he has

OTToaa); 'I have shcAVTi'or imprisoned (5^w or 61/57w) the* said

'

or' thou hast heard. princes

'

(dual or plural).

EXERCISES.

is all unknown to me, ni}' gracious lady.

Q. Ay me, I see the ruin of my house !

the tiger now hath seized the gentle hind ;

insulting tyranny begins to jet

upon the innocent and aAveless throne :—

welcome, destruction, blood, and massacre !

I see, as in a map, the end of all.

D. Accursed and unquiet wrangling days !

how many of you have mine eyes beheld %

my husband lost his life to get the crown;

and often up and down my sons were toss'd,

for me to joy and Aveep their gain and loss;

and being seated, and domestic broils

clean over blown, themselves, the conquerors,

make war upon themselves. Shakespeare.

house,'

race,' -yeuoi ; ruin, § 63. 12.'

seeking to reign.'

10

15

5. tiger, or 'lion' or 'wolf;' hind,

Sop/cas or ^Xa(pos.

6. tyranny, § 65; to jet, 'rages,'

Xiifftrdw, /xaivo/xai.

7. aiceless, d<poôs [/cat with d(po-

ôs makes Kciqwôs, a long].

8. welcome, x^-^P^- Use voXv-

KTovos,'

bloody.'

9. map, ypa(prj (iîcture). »

10. 'days (iffiara or iifx.epai.p of

quarrel' {ffrains).

13-14. 'my sons in many changesof fortune,

caused me now joy nowsorrow.

'

l.j-17.' Biit since (e^ ov) domestic

strife ceased,

being conquerors and seat-

ed on thrones

they make war [para>-

phrase and expand] on

one another.'

XXXYII.

He, with a cheerful smile, as one whose mind

is all made up, in haste put off the rags

they had mock'd his misery with, and all in Avhite,

his long white beard down-sweeping to the chain,

wherewith they bound him to the stake, he stood. 5

with a smile, fjLeLSiwf, yeXijiv ;

cheerfid, adv., neut. adj.,

or masc. adj. ; as one . . .

made up, use j)erf. of

3. his misery, § 63.

4. down-sweeping, 'letting down

(Kadels) his . , . beard (ttw-

•ywv, yeviids).^

5. stake, viipd.

94 EXERCISES.

more like an ancient father of the Church,than heretic of these times

; and still the friars

plied him, but Cranmer only shook his head;

whereat Lord Williams gave a sudden cry :—

"Make short ! make short !

"and so they lit the wood. 10

Then Cranmer lifted his left hand to heaven,and thrust his right into the bitter flame ;

and crying, in his deep voice, more than once," This hath offended—this unworthy hand !

"

so held it till it all was burn'd. 15

Tennyson.

6. father of the church, Xepevs. 8. plied, 'questioned ;

'

sJiooJc his

7. heretic, daewTos, dvaae^rjs ; of head, dvaivo/xai,

thesetimes,bvvv; thefriar.^, 9. Lord Williams,' the master.

'

'

they,'

ot 5^. 10. light, airru, dvdirTw.

15. until, eus, tare ; hold, eir^x^-

XXXVIII.

Caes. He calls me "boy"; and chides, as he had powerto beat me out of Egypt ; my messengerhe hath whipp'd with rods

;dares me to personal combat,

Caesar to Antony ;— let the old ruffian knowI have many other ways to die

; meantime 5

laugh at his challenge.

Maec. Caesar must think

when one so great begins to rage, he's hunted

even to falling. Give him no breath, but now

1. chides, KaKoaTo/JLiui ; as he had 6. challenge,'letter

;

'

Caesar

power, Cos with partic. must think . . .falling : sense :

.3. ivhip, paiio, TrX-fjaaw ; dares me,'if one so great [as Antony]

'

is eager to fight,' '

calls rages thus,me out to battle.

'

know, king, you are4. Caesar to Antony, compare hunting him nearly to

Aia.v 467, cri'/xTrecru);/ fiovos destruction.'

fi6v({i ; old ruffian, dyptos 8. give no breath,' do not re-

y^P'dv. lease' (dvlrjpLi), 'press himhard.'

EXERCISES. 95

make boot of his distraction : never angermade good guard for itself. 10

Caes. Let our best heads

know, that to-morrow the last of many battles

we mean to fight : within our files there are

of those that served Mark Antony but late,

enough to fetch him in. See it done :

and feast the army; Ave have store to do't, 15

and they have earn'd the Avaste. Poor Antony !

Shakespeare.

9. hoot, use Kepdos, KepSaivw, etc. ;

dish-action, see § 63.

10. guard, say 'is unguarded,'

8.(ppa.Kroi, d(f>v\aKros, d^pov-

priTos ; best heads, § .39.

12. tvithin our files, 'with us,' 'in

this army,' ' are present,

'

etc.

15. we have store to do if, ov

16. have earned the waste,' for

their good deeds,' 'havingdone well,' 'as being wor-

thy,' etc.

XXXIX.

Rom. Hold, take this letter : early in the morningsee thou deliver it to my lord and father.

Give me the light. Upon thy life I charge,

whate'er thou hear'st or see'st, stand all aloof,

and do not interrupt me in my course.

Why I descend into this bed of death

is partly to behold my lady's face :

but chiefly to take thence from her dead finger

a precious ring, a ring that I must use

in dear employment. Therefore hence, begone : 10

1. hold, ?a, eTTiVxes ; early, tt/jw.

3. light, dg^s, Xa/i7ras, X^xf os ; iqjon

thy life,'if thou carest

(/UfXet) for life,' 'by the

gods,' etc.

4. stand aloof, diroaTariu.

6. Put this as a question and let

7 be answer; of death, 'of

10.

the dead,'

or say'this

tomb.'

partly, n-pwrov fiiv, or to /xev,

or TOVTo fiiv.

dead finger,'

finger (x^lp) of

the dead.'

in dear employment, cognateace, xp^<^«s, XPf'os.

96 EXERCISES.

but if thou, jealous, dost return to pry-

in what I further shall intend to do,

by heaven I will tear thee joint by joint

and strew this hungry churchyard with thy limbs.

The time and my intents are savage-wild,

more fierce and more inexorable far

than empty tigers or the roaring sea.

Shakespeare.

15

11. pry, e^iyvoaKoireLv, iincKoirilv,

KO-TacTKOwelv, Xxvevw,

14. streio, use diave/j-w, or say

'throw;' hungry church-

yard, atri<payov TreSou.

17. tiger, any beast, or 'beast'

generally.

XL.v

AuM. Cousin, farewell : what presence must not know,from where you do remain let paper show

Mar. My lord, no leave take I;for I will ride,

as far as land will let me, by your side.

Gaunt. 0, to what purpose dost thou hoard thy words,that thou return'st no greeting to thy friends 1

BoLiNG. I have too few to take my leave of you,

when the tongue's office should be prodigalto breathe the abundant dolour of the heart.

Gaunt. Thy grief is but thy absence for a time.

BOLING. «',oy absent, grief is present for that time.

Gaunt. What is six winters 1 they are quickly gone.

BoLiNG. To men in joy ; but grief makes one hour ten.

10

1-2. Sense :

' what you cannot tell

us being present, explain bywriting from where youmust stay.'

3. take leave, x^'pf"* ^f'yw, or

KeKe6u ; ride by your side,

'follow,' 'accompany.'5. hoai'd, (pdoveiv, tpeideadat.

6. return'' xt, 'in turn.'

10.

13.

Put stop after line 7 and beginthis line

' and yet.'

Sense :

'and yet I ought to have

plenty to say.'

Sense :' no long absence thou

lamentest.'

malces one hour ten,'

lengthens,' doubles.

'

EXERCISES. 97

Gaunt. Call it a travel that thou takest for pleasure.

BoLiNG. My heart will sigh when I miscall it so, 15

which finds it an iniorced pilgrimage.Shakespeare.

14. 'think thou art travellmg,' should) find;' pilgrimage,'

say thou art travelling.' use verb, eK^aivu, <pevyu,

16. u'hich finds,' for I shall (or eKTi-rrTio ;

see § 63.

XLI.^

Atalanta. ,

This I have also at heart;that not for me,

not for me only or son of mine, girls,

the gods have wrought life, and desire of life,

heart's love and heart's division;but for all

there shines one sun and one wind blows till night. 5

And when night conies the wind sinks and the sun,

and there is no light after, and no storm,

but sleep and much forgetfulness of things.

In such wise I gat knowledge of the gods

years hence, and heard high sayings of one most wise, 10

Eurythemis my mother ;thus she said.

But whatsoever intolerable or glad

the swift hours weave and unweave, I go hence

toward mine and me sufficient ;and what chance

the gods cast lots for and shake out on us, 15

that shall we take, and that much bear withal.

Swinburne.

1. have at heart, 'consider,' 'per- ttoXX' stti, iruiv irpb voWQv,

ceive,''

know,''

feel' ; that, waXai.

OTi, lbs, ovveKoi, bOoiveKa. 11. Evpvde/us.

4.' love and bitter hatred.

'

13. unweave, \{jw.

5. forgetfulness of things, \r\erj. 14. 'sufficient for (apKovaa) my-9. knowledge of the gods, say self and my own ones.'

deCjv iripi. 15. cast lots . . . shake . . . chance,

10. yea?-*' /te«ce,'

many years ago,'

ttoXos, KXrjpos, tvxv, l^oipa,

Xaxos, TrdXXw, kKtjpoo}, ve/iu,

eKffelu.

G

98 EXERCISES.

XLIL

Come, come;no time for lamentation now,

nor much more cause ;Samson hath quit himself

like Samson, and heroicly hath finished

a life heroic, on his enemies

fully revenged ;hath left them years of mourning, 5

and lamentation to the sons of Caphtor,

through all Philistian bounds;to Israel

honour hath left and freedom, let but them

find courage to lay hold on this occasion;

to himself and father's house eternal fame; 10

and, which is best and happiest yet, all this

with God not parted from him, as was feared,

but favouring and assisting to the end.

Nothing is here for tears, nothing to wail

or knock the breast;no weakness, no contempt, 15

disjiraise, or blame; nothing but well and fair,

and what may quiet us in a death so noble.

Milton.

1. lime, a/c/xTj, Katp6s. 9. find courage,' dare ;

'

occasion,

2. Samson, oSe ; quit himself like Kaipos.

Samson, 'has done things 11. 'but the best ... I have not

worthy of himself,' 'pre- told, for he did all this with

serA^ed his own nature God, etc'

{(f>vcris),' 'shown himself 14. for tears, 'worthy of . . .';

(Tre(pavTai) sucli as he was ivail or hiocTc the breast,

born (e(pv).' KOTTTOixai, KOfi/xoi, olfiuyrj,

3. heroicly . . . lieroic, koXos koXCis. or literally.

5. years of mournincj, 'to mourn 17. what may quiet us, 'his. . .

long,' '

long-lived {fxaKpaiwv) death we may bear quietly,'

lament.' §63. or 'one should not grieve

6. Ka(pdop€tos. overmuch '

or 'violently.'

7. 7^ r\t<TTt'a ; Israel, 'citizens,'

'the city.'

EXERCISES. 99

XLIII.

IsiAS. ... So being asked

Whether I count it wisdom, having won,

to keep the prize or yiekl it, this or that,

I square my answer to the soklier's rule

that serves me for a better : might is right. 5

TiMOLEON. Sirs, I have heard your counsels : naught remains

but that I scrutinise their weight, and act

by what the scale determines. Now to rest.

Generals. Good-night, my lord.

TiMOLEON. Good-night. So Dion fell

10seduced by such-like arguments, a man

who marred the perfect picture of a life

by one black smutch at ending. More than he

none loathed the vice of greatness: yet

dreamed

of arbitrary power, as 'twere a garb

which, made for base men, might take

to fit

the limbs of noble action : so he doffed

the saving robe of honour, and did on

the poison that consumed him.

Rhoades.

he

shape15

2. loisdom, § 63.

3. omit tills or tJiat.

4.'

I speak in harmony with

{aviJ.(p(jJvov)the laws of

battle,' or ' words fit for a

soldier.'

5.' and I know no better :

'

might, /3ta, to Kpelaaov.

7. scrutinise their weight,' ex-

amine as in a scale ((TTadfios)

and act as it may incline

(p^TTw).'

9. good-night, 'farewell.'

10. seduced, 'led astray,' 'de-

ceived.'

11,' who spoiled a blameless life,

like a bad painter defiling

the picture with foul touch

(/SoXtj) at the last.' Or

abandon the metaphor and

give the general sense : see

§74.13. vice of greatness, § 63.

14. arbitrary poiuer, rvpapvis.

15. might take shajjetojit, 'which

he might adapt' (ixedapfid^u) ;

omit limbs.

17. did on, afi^i.^d\\o/J.ai, dfjLwla--

TOO EXERCISES.

XLIV. V

Ven. Ho, young men ! saw you, as you came,

any of all my sisters wandering here,

having a quiver girded to her side,

and clothed in a spotted leopard's skin 1

JSi^. I neither saw nor heard of any such. 5

But what may I, fair virgin, call your name,whose looks set forth no mortal form to viej^v

nor speech bewrays aught human in thy birth 1

Thou art a goddess that delud'st our eyes,

and shroud'st thy beauty in this borrowed shape : 10

but whether thou the Sun's bright sister be,

or one of chaste Diana's felloAv-nymphs,

live happy in the height of all content,

and lighten our extremes with this one boon,

as to instruct us under what good heaven 15

we breathe as now, and what this world is call'd

on which by tempests' fury we are cast.

Marlowe.

3. quiver, cpaperpd, say 'having 10. borrowed, 'false,' 'changed,'

fitted,' ap/x6l'w, irposTidrnxi. \(/iv5T]s, dWocos, or use

4. spotted, aTLKTos ; leopard-shin, dXXot6w, or dXXdcrcrw (comp.).

Trap8aK7](p6poi' depos, or 12. Diana, "Aprefus ; felloiv-

Sepfj.a. (nymphs), oTrdSds, TrposwoXos.

6. virgin, wapdivo%, K6pr),McnroLva, 13. 'in all prosperity,' 'in hap-avaaaa. piest fortune.

'

7-8. setforth . . . bewrays . . . use 14. our extremes, 'us distressed.'

fiapTvpG}, or 8t]\6ui, or (paivw, 17. tempest, tu^ws, ffKyjirros, irovTla

or SoKeiv; mortal ... human, faXr;, KVfxdTUv jBia, /xevos

jSjOoreios, 6v7)Tbs, avOpdnrei.os, 6d\d(Taris, nvevfia.

/car' S.vdpwirov.

XLV.^

Par. Stop thy unhallowed toil, vile Montague !

Can vengeance be pursued further than death 1

1. vile Montague,' accursed one,

'

2.' what vengeance is there.

"

'evil man. '

ÊXERCISES. loi

Condemned villain, I do apprehend thee :

obey and go with me, for thou must die.

Rom. I must indeed ;and therefore came I hither. 5

Good gentle youth, tempt not a desperate man ;

fly hence, and leave me ;think upon these gone ;

let them affright thee. I beseech thee, youth,

put not another sm upon my head,

by urging me to fury : be gone ! 10

by heaven I love thee better than myself :

for I come hither armed against myself:

stay not, begone : live, and hereafter say,

A madman's mercy bade thee run away.Shakespeare.

3. apprehend, crvWafi^dvu. K€iiJ.€voi.,T€6vr]K6Tes,6\w\6Tes,

5. indeed, ijAvtoi, Kal Kapra. Kardavovres.

7. thinl: upon . . . affright thee, 9.' don't make me sin again.

'dost thou not fear seeing 14.'

I merciful(e 5 ^povtD;') although

these dead ;' J'eA-pot, âc6j'Tes, mad.' §63.

XLVI.

More than I have saift, loving countrymen,

the leisure and enforcement of the time

forbids to dwell on : yet remember this,—

God and our good cause fight upon our side;

the prayers of holy saints and wronged souls, 5

like high-rear'd bulwarks, stand before our faces;

Eichard except, those whom we fight against

had rather have us win, than him they follow :

for Avhat is he they follow 1 truly, gentlemen,

a bloody tyrant and homicide;

10

one raised in blood, and one in blood establish'd;

2. 'we have no leisure in our 7. Richard, 'the tyrant,' or

troubles.' 'Kpiwv, or Ei^piVos.

5. holy saints, 'holy men;' 11. raised and established, 'hm'mg

loronrjed soids, rjSiKTjfiivoL. got power and holding it;

'

6. bulwark, iropyos, ^ttoKîs, reix- blood, <f)6vos.

KT/xa ;stand...faces, 'protect.'

I02 EXERCISES.

one that made means to come by what he hath,

and slaughter'd those that were the means to help him ;

a base foul stone, made precious by the foil

of England's chair, where he is falsely set ;15

one that hath ever been God's enemy.Shakespeare.

12. made means, make it personal :

'

by means of others ob-

tained,'

or ' found men bywhom,' or 'persuaded others

to help.'

14-15. use simile for the metaphor :

'sits splendid on the throne

. . . like false jewel in gold

setting (a^pdyls or ff(f>€v-

Sovrj),'

XLVIL

Lys, My lord !

Tim. Take thou this proclamation ;

see it be cried at dawn through Syracuse,

and bid our captain of the watch come hither

tMs to the late commander of the fort—all useful arms and propertfts of war

to be transported hence three hours ere noon.

Yet tarry—of what temper is the night 1

Lys. The night was passionate and scowling-dark

but it is past, my lord.

Tim. In truth so soon ?

How day forgets us in these gloomy walls !

Yon window should look east : uncurtain it;

1. my lord [in answer to call],'

I

am here.'

2.'let livpdKovaai hear.'

3. (pp6vpapxos.

4.' the late,

'

6 rrpiv.

5.' arms and whatever is useful,

'

or' whatever arms.

'

6. three hours ere noon, simply' ere midday.

'

10

7. temper, 'nature,' 'appear-ance.

'

8. scolding dark, use avvocppvovir-

Oai.

10. forgets us, 'lingers,' 'comes

late,''

keeps aloof .

'

11. look east, irpbs ijCi ; loindow,

dxipls, rprj/xa.

EXERCISES. 103

I tell thee 'tis no stale or common sight—

the birth-dawn of a people.Lys. Behold ! my lord,

as 'twere a ship on fire far out to sea.

Tim. Behold! indeed. Ay, Lysias, thou wert right ;15

put out my glimmering lamp : the sun is risen !

Rhoades.

12. stale or common, 'cheap,' 'poor.' 13. hirth-daiun 0/ a people,' dawn of a free day.' 16. glmmering, afiavpds.

XLVIII.

I cannot joy, until I be resolved

where our right valiant father is become.

I saw him in the battle range aboiit ;

and watch'd him how he singled Clifford forth.

Methought he bore him in the thickest troop 5

as doth a lion in a herd of neat;

or as a bear, encompass'd round Avith dogs,

who having pinch'd a few and made them cry,

the rest stand all aloof, and bark at him.

So fared our father with his enemies; 10

so fled his enemies my warlike father :

methinks, 'tis prize enough to be his son.

See how the morning opes her goklen gates,

and takes her farewell of the glorious sun !

how well resembles it the prime of youth, 15

trimm'd like a younker prancing to his love ! SHAKESPEARE.

1. be resolved,' learn.' bark ;' cry, Kvv^oviJ.ai ; bark,

2. our . . . father, may be made vXaKxeXv, or iiXayfia dyeiv.

accus. by attraction (' learn 12. 'beiughissoni want no more,'our father, where (he) is '). or ' what more shall I ask ?

'

4.'

fighting, yuocos fj-ovu), with 14. takes farewell,' dismisses

'

Clifford'

(any proper name {dcplTj/xi, diroaTeWw), or

will do). 'allows to depart.'

7. hear, ctpKTos may be fem. 15-16. 'it resembles a youth'

(or

8-9.'

ofwhom some he has bitten 'young bridegroom' ya/j.-

so as to cry'

or '

destroyed Ppos),' in his prime (wparos);'

crying, but the others . . . prancinrj, say with '

lightfoot

'

or '

leap.'

I04 EXERCISES.

XLIX.V

Gi. Father, these tears love challengeth of clue.

Ta. But reason saith, thou shouldst the same subdue.Gi. His funerals are yet before my sight.Ta. In endless moans princes should not delight.Gi. The turtle jjines in loss of her true mate. 5

Ta. And so continues poor and desolate.

Gi. Who can forget a jewel of such price ?

Ta. She that hath learned to master her desires.

Let reason work, Avhat time doth easily framein meanest wits, to bear the greatest ills. 10

Gi. So plenteous are the springsof sorrows that increase my passion,as neither reason can recure my smart,nor can your care, nor fatherly comfort,

appease the stormy combats of my thoughts ; 15such is the sweet remembrance of his life.

WiLMOT.See § 76 all through.

1. challengeth, 'calls out.' learn thou by reason, to2. reason, yvw/uLTj: or 'it is wiser,' bear . . .'

or 'it is the part of a wise 12. spring, po-fi, Kp-fiv-q, ir'K-niJLtj.vpXs,

(woman).' Kprjvis.

3. funeral, iK<popd, ra^oi. 13. recure, aKeTa-eai, d}(f)e\e:v, eirap-5. turtle, rpvydiv, ireXeia, ireXeias, Kelv, lacrOai.

irepiffTepd ; tnate, ^ijvvofjLos. 14. Put it personal : 'nor can you,7. jewel, KTriixa. by father's forethought. . .'

9-10.' what even a fool learns by 16. of his life,

'of the dead man. '

time,

Le. There's nothing in this world can make me joy :

life is as tedious as a twice-told tale,

vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man;

2. 'to hear the same words twice.' 3. drowsy,'

wishing to sleepSee §§ 40, 63.

EXERCISES. los

and bitter shame hath spoil'd the sweet world's taste,

that it yields naught but shame and bitterness. 5

Pa. Before the curing of a strong disease,

even in the instant of repair and health,

the fit is strongest ;evils that take leave,

on their departure most of all show evil.

What have you lost by losing of this day 1 10

Le. All days of glory, joy, and happiness.

Pa. If you had won it, certainly you had.

No, no;when Fortune means to men most good,

she looks upon them with a threatening eye.

'Tis strange to think how much king John hath lost 1 5

in this which he accounts so clearly won.

Shakespeare.

4. sweet world's taste,'

delight of 12. this line being a correction, use

life. /xec ovv.

6. curing . . . repair . . . health, 13-14. Perhaps simpler :

' For-

lacjLS, aKos, aTraWdyri, d/j.- tune means best when she

irvor) Trbvwv. threatens . . .'

8. is strongest, riO-qKe. 15. King John: don't say 'Iwai'-

10. losing of this day,'

being devrjs.

feated.'

LI.

I sought thee, Merope ;I find thee thus,

as I have ever found thee;bent to keep,

by sad observances and public grief,

a mournful feud alive, which else would die.

I blame thee not, I do thy heart no wrong : 5

but, Merope, the eyes of other menread in these actions, innocent in thee,

perpetual promptings to rebellious hope,

beacons of vengeance, not to be let die.

And me, believe it, wise men gravely blame, 10

2. keep alive, rp€<pus. M«')>' or 'thou seemest to

3. observance, say memory. j)rompt,' diddaKu, iâipeiv,

4. ivhich else would, wcrre fir]. or ffx^dWeiv iXirvda, etc. ; ;

7-9. 'toothers . . . thou seemest beacons, etc., not to be let

to cherish promptings (d<ô/3- die, <ppvKTds da-êcTTos.

io6 EXERCISES.

and ignorant men despise me, that I stand

passive, permitting thee what course thou Avilt.

Yes, the crowd mutters that remorseful fear

and paralysing conscience stop my arm,when it should pluck thee from thy hostile Avay. 15

All this I bear, for, what I seek, I know;

peace, peace is what I seek, and public calm.

M. Arnold.

12. passive, pddvfios. less my hands,' or do it

14. paralysing conscience, i.e. 'me- personally, see § 63.

mory of guilt makes harm-

LII. /

Tal. Upon my blessing, I command thee go.

John. To fight I will, but not to fly the foe.

Tal. Part of thy father may be saved in thee.

John. No part of him but will be shame in me.

Tal. Thou never hadst renown, nor canst not lose it. 5

John. Yes, your renowned name : shall flight abuse it 1

Tal. Thy father's charge shall clear thee from that stain.

John. You cannot witness for me, being slain.

If death be so apparent, then both ^j.

Tal. And leave my followers here to fight and die 1 10

My age was never tainted with such shame.

John. And shall my youth be guilty of such blame ]

No more can I be sever'd from your side,

than can yourself yourself in twain divide :

stay, go, do what you will, the like do I;

15

for live I will not, if my father die.

Shakespeare.N.B. Talbot is father of John.

1. 'if thon care for my prayers.' 9. apparent, 'near,' 'dreadful,'

2. See § 7G here and all through.'certain.'

6. 'Shall I shame it by flight?' 13-14. 'You can easier become

or 'I will not. . .' two out of one, than,'

7. Do it by the sense. etc.

8. xvitness for me, i.e. 'shew 15. Put it simpler.

that you have charged me.'

EXERCISES. 107

LIII.

Chorus.

Meleager, a noble wisdom and fair words

the gods have given this woman;hear thou these.

Meleager.

mother, I am not fain to strive in speechnor set my mouth against thee, who art wise

even as they say and full of sacred words. 5

But one thing I know surely, and cleave to this;

that though I lie not subtle of wit as thou

nor womanlike to weave sweet words, and melt

mutable minds of Avise men as with fire,

1 too, doing justly and reverencing the gods, 10

shall not want wit to see what things be right.

For whom they love and whom reject, being gods,

there is no man but seetli, and in good time

submits himself, refraining all his heart.

And I too as thou sayest have seen great things. 15

Swinburne.

1. 3Ieleager, wva^. 11. 7iot tvant wit to Jcnotu^ (ppoveco.

3. strive, epliûs, a/j.iWQfxai. 14. submits himself, you may use

4. set against, iîcrovi'. habitual aorist, KaprepeTf,

5. sacred, aeixvbs, dav/xaaros. rXr/vai, inreiKeiu, di/exfcâ'.

8.' nor weave like a woman.' 15. great things,

' marvels.'

9. melt as with fire, TTvpSu}.

LIV.

S. Once more, adieu : be vahant, and speed well !

R. Good lords, conduct him to his regiment.

I'll strive, with troubled thoughts, to take a nap,

lest leaden slumber peise me down to-morrow,

when I should mount with wings of victory : 5

2. regiment, rdîs, arparb^, arpa.- 4. leaden slumber peise, use jSapis

Tev/xa. or âpxjvw.

io8 EXERCISES.

once more, good night, kind lords and gentlemen.

Thou, whose captain I account myself,

look on my forces Avith a gracious eye ;

put in their hands thy bruising-irons of wrath,

that they may crush down with a heavy fall 10

th' usurping helmets of our adversaries !

]\Iake us thy ministers of chastisement,

that we may praise thee in thy victory !

To thee I do commend my watchful soul,

ere I let fall the windows of mine eyes : 15

sleeping and waking, -O, defend me still !

Shakespeare.

account myself, eUxo/j-ai or d^iC) 11. usurping,'

proud'

(with adver-

saries).

14. watchful, dvrrvos.

15.' close

'

or ' darken the light.'

16. 'standing and Ij'ing,' 'by

night and by day.'

with infinitive. [You mayinsert ihva^inthe prayer.]

8. gracious, iXeus.

9. bruising-irons, sense 'weapons.10. use eYKOTOcr/CJjTrrw.

LV.

Camena. ^Yhile he is yet alive, he may be slain;

but from the dead no flesh comes back again.

SOLYMAN. While he remains alive, I live in fear.

C. Though he were dead, that doubt still living were.

S. None hath the power to end what he begun. 5

C. The same occasion follows every son.

S. Their greatness, or their Avorth, is not so much.

C. And shall the best be slain for being such 1

S. Thy mother, or thy brother, are amiss;

I am betray'd, and one of them it is. 10

See § 76 all through the exercise.

1. alive, ^Hv, ^Xeiruf. See § 71.

6, Sense :

'all his sons [the sons

of the man Solyman wishes

to slay] have

chance,' or ' can

same.'

the samedo the

EXERCISES. 109

C. My mother if she errs, errs virtuously ;

and let her err, ere Mustapha should die.

S. Kings for their safety must not blame mistrust.

C. Nor for surmises sacrifice the just.

S. Well, dear Camena, keep this secretly : 15

I will be well advised before he die.

Brooke.

11. virtuously, 'piously,' evae^Qs. 13. 'kings need pnident (safe)

[The names need not be mistrust.'

given.] 16. 'I will consider all.'

LVI yCal, Caesar ! these things are beyond all use,

and I do fear them.

Caes. What can be avoided

whose end is purposed by the mighty gods 1

yet Caesar shall go forth;for these predictions

are to the Avorld in general as to Caesar. 5

Cal. When beggars die, there are no comets seen;

the heavens themselves blaze forth the death of princes.

Caes. Cowards die many times before their deaths;

the valiant never taste of death but once.

Of all the wonders that I yet have heard, 10

it seems to me most strange that men should fear;

seeing that death, a necessary end,

will come when it will come. What say the augurers 1

Serv. They would not have you to stir forth to-day.

Plucking the entrails of an offering forth, 15

they could not find a heart within the beast.

Shakespeare.

1. use, TO, eiudora, 13. augurer, /jlolvtis, repaaKbiros.

3. purpose, Kpaivw, reXw, dyvou). 15. offerimj, Trpocrrpay/xa, dvfia, or

4. j^^^dictions, 'are shown.' say /SoOs, ravpos, etc.

6. 'heaven is without signs,'

affrifios.

no EXERCISES.

LVII.

Erechtheus, king of Athens, tries to reveal to the queenPraxithea that their daughter is to die.

Er. Thy blood the gods require not;take this first.

Pr. To me than thee more grievous this should sound.

Er. That word rang truer and bitterer than it knew.Pr. This is not then thy grief, to see me die ?

Er. Die shalt thou not, yet give thy blood to death. 5

Pr^ If this ring Avorse I know not; strange it rang.

Er. Alas, thou knowest not;woe is me that know..

Pr. And woe shall mine be, knowing ; yet halt itot here. •

Er. Guiltless of blood this state may stand no -More.

Pr. Firm let it stand whatever bleed or fall. 7'; , 10Er. gods, that I should say it shall, and AveepliPr. Weep, and say this? no tears should bathefSj^ Avords.

Er. Woe 's me that I must weep upon them, woe.

Pr. What stain is on them for thy tears to cleaiisu ?

Er. a stain of blood unpurgeable with tears. / 15

Pr. Whence 1 for thou sayest it is and is not mine.

Swinrurne.Consult § 76 all through, and § 77 for particles.

1. 'first, the gods require not 11. 'to think that I weepingthy blood.

'

should assent to this.'

(Use2. sound, say

'

to hear. exclamatory accusative and.3.

' thou knowest not that thou infinitive with t6.)

speakest truth {ak-qdevw) 12. You may omit '

weep and saybitterly.' this.'

6. ring toorse,'is worse. 15. unpurgeahle, dvLwros.

10. 'even if rb ttcLv fall slaugh-tered.'

LVIII.

Cassandra speaks.

The time has gone by noAV to mock at me,so I shall voyage at ease across the sea,

and Avatch the ripples dance, not fearing thrall,

1. mocTc, v^pii-eiv(v), icpv^pi^eiv, a(T/jLa) of the sea;' thrall,

eyyeXdp, dTi/j.di'eiv. 'chains.'

3. ripples dance, 'laughter (7^\-

EXERCISES. Ill

measuring the sunny journey with glad eyeto that clear palace where I have to die, 5

not blindly, as a fatted ox at stall.

Andromache shall see a second spring,

and be the wife and mother of a king.

Helen shall cherish her Hermione,and see her gracious golden husband fade, 10

and fade herself into a pearly shade;

and surely both of them will pity me.

Let them, for jîty lightens heavy care;

they fancy death is something hard to bear,

but we know better, Polyxene ! 15

SiMCOX.

5. clear, 'bright,' 'clear-seeia.' '^pfuovri, &ee%\o.6. fatted ox at stall, /SoCs eTrt 10. golden, âvOos (Homeric ejîthet

(pdrvri (Homer). of Menelaos).7. spring, tj^tj, wpd, &vOos. 11. pearly, dKi^paros, Xei;/c6y.

9. Helen, 'Wêvij ; Hermione, 15. HoXvêvrj.

LIX.

'

Ub. Grant me licence

to answer this defiance. What intelligence

holds you^r proud master with the will of heaven,

that, ere the uncertain die of war be thrown,

he dares assure himself the victory 1 5

Are his unjust invading arms of fire ?

Or those we put on in defence of right,

like chaff, to be consumed in the encounter ?

I look on your dimensions and find not

mine own of lesser size : the blood, that fills 10

my veins, as hot as yours : my sword as sharj),

2. what intelligence holds, etc., G. o/ Jive, ^fnrvpos ; invading' whence does he learn the arms,

' arms of violence.'

counsel of gods.' S. chaff, Kapôs (light chips).

4. die, KKijpos. 9. dimensions, § 64.

11. omit vein.

112 EXERCISES.

my nerves of equal strength, my heart as good :

and, confident we have the better cause,

why should we fear the trial %

Far. You presume

you are superior in numbers;we 15

lay hold upon the surest anchor, virtue. Ji'

.

12. nerves, dvfiSs. 14. presume, dîouv. ,

13. better cause, use the idea of 16.' we ride-at-anchor (oxovpnOa)

'justice' somehow. upou -vartue safely.'

LX.

Countess of Auvergne—Talbot.

C. Victorious Talbot ! pardon my abuse :

I find thou art no less than fame hath bruited

and more than may be gather'd by thy shape.

Let my presumption not provoke thy wrath;

for I am sorry that with reverence 5

I did not entertain thee as thou art.

T. Be not dismay'd, fair lady ;nor misconstrue

the mind of Talbot, as you did mistake

the outward composition of his body.AVhat you have done hath not offended me; 10

nor other satisfaction do I crave,

but only, with your patience, that we maytaste of your Avine and see what cates you have

;

for soldiers' stomachs always serve them well.

C. With all my heart, and think me honoured 15

to feast so great a warrior in my house.

Shakespere.

1. a6«se = 'error.

'

Say, 'For- 9. outward composition, to. ei^wBev

give me, king, having or rb ^ûdev.

erred. . .' 12. imth your patience, 'if it seems

3.' far greater than the shape of good to you.

'

thy form.' 13. cates, ôpd, ctltos, ^pQfia.

4. presumption . . . wrath, do it 14. give the sense.

by verbs, 63. 15.'I am pleased with such an

7-8. misco7is(rue, mistahe, 'err be- honour.'

holding,' 'be deceived,' etc.

EXERCISES. 113

LXI.

Bothvell.

Darn. I think I am worth more than your counsel is

if I be worth this work here to be clone—I think I am so much.

MoR. It may well be, sir,

and you much wiser : yet forbear your wrath

if you would have it ready to your hand. 5

Darn. I will forbear nothing, nor nothing bear,

nor live by no man's bidding. This year throughI have even been surfeited with Avise men's breath

and winds of wordy weather round mine ears—' Do this,' 'spare that,' 'walk thus,' 'look other wise,' 10

'hold your head kingly,' or '

wisely bow your neck.'

A man might come to doubt himself no man

being so long childlike handled. Now, look you,

look she, look God to it if I be not man !

Now is my way swept, and my foot shod now, 1.5

my wallet full now for the travelling day,

that I fare forth and forward, arrow straight,

girt for the goal.Swinburne.

1. I tJdnJc, TTov. 9. W07'dy weather, dvcn^ve/j.oiXoyoi.,

2.'if I am worthy to do this irvevixovwv xf'M«-

which must be done.' 13. childlike handled, use iraiSevb),

3. / am so much, (ppovCi roaoO- vovdereiv.

Tov. 15. swept, Kadapds ; shod, use dp-

4. forbear, Karex'^- ôXi], i/xâs.

5. bear, di'exo/ua!. 16. wallet, ir-qpa ; travelling day,

7. live hy bidding, 'obey.' 'journey.'

LXII. /

you hard hearts, you cruel men of Eome,knew you not Pompey % Many a time and oft

have you climb'd up to walls and battlements,

1. § 69. use îraXîs, reixi-crna, irvp-

3. walls, battlements, towers, etc. , 70?, Kp-^befiva.

H

114"

EXERCISES.

to towers and windows, yea, to chimney-tops,

your infants in your arms, and there have sat 5

the livelong day, with patient expectation,

to see great Pompey pass the streets of Eome :

and when you saw his chariot but appear,

have you not made a universal shout,

that Tiber trembled underneath her banks, 10

to hear the replication of your sounds

made in her concave shores %

And do you now put on your best attire %

And do you now cull out a holiday %

And do you now strew flowers in his way 15

that comes in triumph over Pompey's blood %

Shakespeare.

4, window, Tpiy\v<pos ; chimney- a hollow bank trembled ;

'

io^JS, 'roofs.' replication, say 'echoing.'

6. patient expectation, KapaSoKeu. dvTTjxeicrdai.

9. m«^e [a shout], e'^i-r}fj.L. 14. cull out, 'keep, 'or 'clioose.'

10. Tiber, say 'stream.' 16. 'rejoicing at the slaughter of

11-12. make two clauses: 'hear- Pompe}^'

ing your shout echoing,

LXIII.

Bend down your head a little ! let me see

or think I see your eyes. Yes, I am going ,

pray you, another kiss before I die !

For us there Avaiteth in this world of earth

no bridal torch, no clasp of wedded arms,

no voice of children at the fireside knees;

breaks at my feet the ocean—I shall sail

to that wan world, obscure as destiny,

wherein our fathers rest;and I shall change

5. torch, SaSes ; use TrepLTrrvxv- S. ivan, dSrfKos.

6. omit 'knees,' use adjective

icpidTlOS, § G9.

EXERCISES. 1 1 5

to something other than I am, and lacking 10

memory and love of thee;and between us two

perchance no love shall be for evermore.

So kiss me while my lips are warm !

Anon.

10. andlacking, etc., make a new 11. between us two, v(fv.

sentence :' And I shall not 12. See § 68.

keep.' 13. my lips, say ^1.'

LXIV.

Viola—Captain.

Vio. What country, friends, is this ?

Cap. This is lUyria, lady.

Vio. And what should I do in Illyria 1

My brother he is in Elysium.

Perchance, he is not drown'd :—what think you, sailors 1

Cap. It is perchance that you yourself were saved. 5

Vio. my poor brother ! and so perchance may he be.

Cap. True, madam : and, to comfort you with chance

assure yourself, after our ship did split,

when you, and those poor number saved with you,

hvmg on our driving boat, I saw your brother 10

(most provident in peril) bind himself

(courage and hope both teaching him the practice)

to a strong mast, that lived upon the sea;

where, like Arion on the dolphin's back,

I saw him hold acquaintance with the waves 15

so long as I could see.'O

Shakespeare.

1. 'IXXvpis (77}). See § 13. 8-12. the clauses may be re-

3. "S.\v(Ti.ov TT^dov. arranged, provided the

4. keep kindred words all story is told clearly.

through for the play on 8. split, payrivai.'

chance,'' what if he 10. boat, fUKpbv (XKacpos.

should chance to b^ saved,' 11. provident, <To<p6s.

etc. 15. hold acquaintance, ofuKe'iv.

ii6 EXERCISES.

LXV.V

Enid, the pilot star of my lone life,

Enid, my early and my only love,

Enid, the loss of whom hath turned me wild—what chance is this ? how is it I see you here 1

Ye are in my power at last, are in my power. 5

Yet fear me not : I call my own self wild,

but keep a touch of sweet civility

here in the heart of waste and wilderness.

I thought, but that your father came between,

in former days you saw me favourably. 10

And if it were so do not keep it back :

make me a little happier : let me know it :

owe you me nothing for a life half lost ?

Yea, yea, the whole dear debt of all you are.

pardon me ! the madness of that hour 15

Avhen first I parted from thee, moves me yet !

Tennyson.

1. Omit ' Enid.'

See § 69. 'Oli 9. came between,' \\mAexed..'

light, the guicler,' evOwT-fjp. 10. favourably, o^k d/xetXt/cros.

3. 'turn wild,' dypidoj, e^aypidui. 12. Yon may take into this line

6. 'for even if I am wild, I some words out of the

keep,' etc. next.

7. a touch,' some ;

'

civility, ev- 14. See § 69. You may use im-

fxiveid. perfect if you like, uxpeiXes.

LXVI.

Val. Love is your master, for he masters you :

and he that is so yoked by a fool,

methinks, should not be chronicled for wise.

Pro. Yet writers say, as in the sweetest bud

the eating canker dwells, so eating love 5

inhabits in the finest wits of all.

2.' bears the yoke of.

'

5. eating, iraLfKpayos ; a.d7j<l>ayos ;

,3.' I would not call.

'

canker; Xeixw-

4. writers say, Jjv \6yos ns ; bud, 6. finest wits of all,' the

. KoXv^, f. wisest.'

EXERCISES. 117

Val. And writers say, as the most forward bud

is eaten by the canker ere it blow,

even so by love the young and tender wit

is turn'd to folly, blasting in the bud, 10

losing his verdure even in the primeand all the fair effects of future hopes.

But wherefore waste I time to counsel thee

that art a votary to fond desire 1

Once more adieu ! my father at the road 15

expects my coming, there to see me shipp'd.

Shakespeare.

7. forward, awpos. 14. a votary,' dost worship.

'

10. A new sentence: 'and the 15. road, 'harbour,' z/ewptoi'.

bud fades {fmpaivo/jiai.).' 16. to see me shipped, 'till I em-

11. verdure, x^'^P^ "'^f^V- bark.'

12. 'and fail- hopes of the comingtime.

'

LXVII.

Erechtheus—Praxithea.

Er. 0, of Avhat breath shall such a word be made,or from what heart find utterance 1 Would my tonguewere rent forth rather from the quivering root

than made as fire or poison thus for thee.

Pr. But if thou speak of blood, and I that hear 5

be chosen of all for this land's love to die

and save to thee thy city, know this well,

happiest I hold me of her seed alive.

Er. sun that seest, what saying was this of thine,

God, that thy power has breathed into my lips 1 10

1. Make 'breath' and 'heart' fire, irdp, i6^, Kavfia, 'ip.-

nominative. irvpo% ^o\i], etc,

4.' before it slay thee as with 8. of her seed,

' of the whole

poison,' etc.; poison, lbs; race.'

10.'

diArine oracle from my mouth.

"8 EXERCISES.

for from no suialit shrine darkling it came.

Pe. What jDortent from the mid oracular placehath smitten thee so like a curse that flies

wingless, to waste men with its plagues 1 yet speak.

Swinburne.

11.'

it came sunless,'

d^/^Xtos. 13. End this line with 'winglesscurse

'

{dirrepos).

LXVIIL .

Victorious Titus, rue the tears I shed,a mother's tears in passion for her son :

and if thy sons were ever dear to thee,

think my son to be as dear to me !

Sufficeth not that we are brought to Eome, 5

to beautify thy triumphs and return,

captive to thee and to thy Eoman yoke,but must my sons be slaughtered in the streets,

for valiant doings in their country's cause 1

O, if to fight for king and -commonweal 10

were piety in thine, it is in these.

Andronicus, stain not thy tomb with blood :

wilt thou draw near the nature of the gods 1

draw near them then in being merciful :

sweet mercy is nobility's true badge : 15

thrice noble Titus, spare my first-born son.

Shakespeare.

1. The names may be omitted : 10. vw€p/j.axeiv.

observe the quantities TTtos 11. piety,'

pious,'' honour-

'AvdpoviKos ; rue, aiSovfxai. able.'

2. passion, d\yos ; 'mother 'may 12. Andronicus. See note on 1.

be omitted. thy tomh,' the tomb of thy

5. that ive are brought to Eome, sons.'

'to bring us prisoners,' 13. draw near, 'belike.'

dSa-fJuos. 14. being merciful, oIkt-.

6. return, vhcrrXixos 686s. 15. badge. reK/xap, TeKfxi^piov, arj/j.a,

7.'to bear the yoke of thee and aTjfxeiov.

of,' etc.

EXERCISES. iiq

LXIX.

Enough of this !—since then, I have maintain'd

the sceptre—not remissly let it fall—and I am seated on a prosperous throne :

yet still, for I conceal it not, ferments

in the Messenian people what remains 5

of thy dead husband's faction; vigorous once,

now crush'd but not quite lifeless by his fall.

And these men look to thee, and from thy grief

infer thee their accomplice ;and they say

that thou in secret nurturest up thy son, 10

him whom thou hiddest when thy husband fell,

to avenge that fall, and bring them back to power.Such are their hopes

—I ask not if by thee

willingly fed or no—their most vain hopes ;

for I have kept conspiracy fast chain'd 15

till now, and I have strength to chain it still.

, Arnold's Merope.

2.' so as not to fall.

'

§ 68. For 9. infer, ei/ccifw ; accomplice,

remissly, use a<pirjtiL or d/xe- ffwepyds with gen.

Xelv. 11.'

having hid.'

4. ferment, ^Xeyu. 12. bring them back to 2^ower, use

5. in the Messenian people, 'in eiravopdo-.

the city.' 14. their 7nost vain ho})es, Tperhsiiis

7.' has fallen with him falling a new clause,

' but they are

but not, 'etc. vain.'

8. from, use dative. 15. conspiracy, (xracns.

LXX.

Bedford... Talbot.

Bed. The day begins to break, and night is fled,

Avhose pitchy mantle over-veil'd the earth.

Here sound retreat, and cease our hot pursuit.

2.'

having veiled ;

'

pitchy, /xiXas, 3.'call back the pursuers.'

I20 EXERCISES.

Tal, Bring forth the body of old Salisbury,and here advance it in the market-place, 5

the middle centre of this cursed town.

Now have I paid my vow unto his soul;

for every drop of blood was drawn from him

there hath at least five Frenchmen died to-night.

And that hereafter ages may behold 10

Avhat ruin happen'd in revenge of him,within their chiefest temple I'll erect

a tomb, wherein his corpse shall be interr'd :

upon the which, that every one may read,

shall be engraved the sack of Orleans, 15

the treacherous manner of his mournful death

and what a terror he had been to France.

Shakespeake.

4. old Salisbury,' the old man.

'

after,' ot^Treira, ol^e^iyore/jot.

6. centre, 6/j.(paX6s. 10. in revenge of, avTliroivo^.

7. my vow,' what I promised.' 14. may read,

' that this may be

9. 'having killed five times as known.'

many Phrygians,' ^pvyes, 15. engrave, iyypacpoi ; sack,

TrevraKXs. aXwo-ts(a) ; Orleans,'

Troy'

10. hereafter ages,' those here- or ' the city.'

LXXI.

Artevelde. I thank you, sirs;

I knew it could not be

but men like you must listen to the truth.

Sirs, ye have heard these knights discourse to youof your ill fortunes, telling on their fingers

the worthy leaders ye have lately lost : 5

true, they were worthy men, most gallant chiefs ;

and ill would it become us to make light

of the great loss we suffer by their fall.

But had they guess'd, or could they but have dream'd,

the great examples which they died to show 10

3. knights, 'men.' 7. make light,' bear easily.

'

4. fingers, omit ; illfortunes, § 64. 9.'

guessed even in dreams.'

EXERCISES. 121

should fall so flat, should shine so fruitless here,

that men should say,' For liberty these died,

wherefore let us be slaves,'—had they thought this,

oh, then, with Avhat an agony of shame,

their blushing faces buried in the dust, 15

had their great spirits parted hence for heaven !

H. Taylor.

10. example, 'glory.' 11. fruitless, 'in vain,'

LXXII.

And if indeed I cast the brand away,

surely a precious thing, one worthy note,

should thus be lost for ever from the earth,

which might have pleased the eyes of many men.

What good should follow this, if this were done 1 5

Avhat harm, undone % Deep harm to disobey,

seeing obedience is the bond of rule.

Were it well to obey then, if a king demand

an act unprofitable, against himself?

The king is sick, and knows not what he does. 10

What record, or what relic of my lord

should be to aftertime, but empty breath

and rumours of a doubt 1 But were this kept,

stored in some treasure-house of mighty kings,

some one might show it at a joust of arms, 15

saying,'

King Arthur's sword, Excalibur,

wrought by the lonely maiden of the Lake.'

Tennyson.

1. brand, 'sword.' 13. and rumours of a douht, (pT^fiTj

2. d^iov X6yov. ddriXos.

4. might have jjleased, use ^fj.€\Xov. '^4.'a treasure {dtjcravpos) in the

7. obedience, weidapxi^o.' palace.'

9. uses aKspS^s, ovK ovrjaifjLov. 15. joust of arms, ayuv (or plural)

11. relic, Xei^pavov (or plural). 16. Excalibur, omit.

12. aftertime,' those after.

'

17. of the Lake, A.ifj.va.Ti's.

122 EXERCISES.

LXXIII.

Noblest Eomans,if you Avere less, or that your faith and virtue

did not hold good that title with your blood,

I should not now uniirofitably spend

myself in words, or catch at empty hopes 5

by airy ways for solid certainties;

but since in many and the greatest dangersI still have known you no less true than valiant,

and that I trust in you the same affections,

to will or nil, to think things good or bad, 10

alike with me, which argues your firm friendship ;

I dare the boldlier with you set on foot

or lead unto this great and goodliest action.

What I have thought of it afore, you all

have heard apart : I then expressed my zeal 15

unto the glory : now, the need inflames me,

Ben Jonson.

1. '0 noblest men of this Roman 6. airy ways, 'vain attempts.'

(•Pw/ialos) city.' 9. § 63.

2. 'or were not able to guard 10. %vill or nil,' hate and love.'

this glory by boldness and 11. which argues,' so that I know. '

virtue.' 13. goodliest, viripraTos.

4. spend, dudXicrKeiv ; say 'spend 15. zeal unto, 'desire of,' § 63.

words.' 16. the need, to deTv, ijxpel-d.

LXXIV. V

Sajvis. All otherwise to me my thoughts portend,that these dark orbs no more shall treat with light,

nor the other light of life continue long,

but yield to double darkness nigh at hand :

so much I feel my genial spirits droop, 5

1. thoughts, KapSia, neap, (j>prjv. phrase: 'turn to light,'

2. 07'bs, 'eyes.' 'see the sun.'

3. ireai w;7/i, change and simplify 5. use a9vfj.ico, dOiJ/xia.

EXERCISES. 123

my hopes all flat, nature within me seems

in all her functions Aveary of herself;

my race of glory run, and race of shame,

and I shall shortly be with them that rest.

Man. Believe not these suggestions, which proceed 10

from anguish of the mind and humours black,

that mingle with thy fancy. I, however,

must not omit a father's timely care

to prosecute the means of thy deliverance

by ransom, or how else : meanwhile be calm, 15

and healing words from these thy friends admit.

Milton.

5. Hat, 'fallen.' 14. follow the sense.

7.' seems to be weak (or unable) 15. ransom, Xvrpov (or plur.); be

to do what is needful.' calm, (TTepyca.

10. suggestions, (ppovrldes. 16. healing words, IdacfioL \6yoi.

11. humours black, fj,e\dyxo\oi.poal. ijmoc \6yot.

12. fancii, yvibfjL-q, yvQ/mai.

LXXV.

Macb. Why should I play the Roman fool, and die

on mine own sword 1 Avhiles I see lives, the gashesdo better upon them.

Macd. Turn, hell-hound, turn.

Macb. Of all men else I have avoided thee :

but get thee back : my soul is too much charged 5

with blood of thine already.

Macd. I have no words—my voice is in my sword : thou bloodier villain

than terms can give thee out. [They jifjlit.']

Macb. Thou losest labour :

as easy mayst thou the intrenchant air

1. 'Why foolish like a barbarian.' 5. 'I am too full,' 7^^"^, or 'I

2. lives,'

living men. '

§ 63. have shed too much. '

3. do better upon,'befit ;

'

hell- 8. than terms can give thee out,

hound, Kvov.' than words.

'

9. intrenchant, adiKTos

124 EXERCISES.

with thy keen sword impress, as make me bleed : 10

let fall thy blade on vulnerable crests :

I bear a charmed life;which must not }ield

to one of woman born.

Macd. Despair thy charm':

and let the angel whom thou still hast served

tell thee, Macduff was from his mother's womb 15

untimely ripped. Shakespere.

11. vulnerable, rpurSs.' abandon thy hopes.

'

12. charmed, Oelos. 14. angel, 5aiiJ.o)v.

13. despair thy charm, a new line : 16. fiwpos : atrdto.

LXXVI. V

Prince. Methinks a woman of this valiant spirit

should, if a coward heard her speak these words,infuse his breast with magnanimity,and make him, naked, foil a man at arms.

I speak not this, as doubting any here; 5

for, did I but suspect a fearful man,he should have leave to go away betimes

;

lest, in our need, he might infect another,

and make him of like spirit to himself.

If any such be here, as God forbid ! 10

let him depart before we need his help.

Oxford. Women and children of so high a courage !

and warriors faint ! why, 'twere perpetual shame.—brave young prince ! thy famous grandfather

doth live again in thee : long mayst thou live 15

to bear his image and renew his glories !

Shakespeare.

1 .

' thou hast spoken these words another partaking his fear'

valiantly, woman, so that [/xerao'xwj'].

if,' etc. 10. 6 iJLT} yivoLTo.

4. 'he being naked would defeat,' 12-13.'If women and children .. .

etc. a man would be ashamed8. infect, ^lacjideipu, or '

lest to fear.'

EXERCISES. 125

LXXVII. ^

I will go forth 'mong men, not mailed in scorn,

but in the armour of a pure intent.

Great duties are before me, and great songs,

and whether crowned or crownless, when I fall,

it matters not, so as God's work is done. 5

I've learned to prize the quiet lightning-deed,

not the applauding thunder at its heels

which men call fame . . . our night is past :

we stand in precious sunrise, and beyonda long day stretches to the very end. 10

Look out, my beautiful, upon the sky !

Even puts on her jewels. Look ! she sets

Venus upon her brow. I never gaze

upon the evening but a tide of awe

swells up within me, as the running Ijrine 15

grows in the creeks and channels of a stream

until it threats its banks. H. Taylor.

1. mailed, iv8vs. 11. jewels, Koa/mos.

2. pure, fvae^iqs. 12. Venus, 'AcppoSirris "Ka/xTrds, or

4. crowned or crownless,' succeed "EcrTrepos.

or fail,'

TUX"'' • . . afiapTetv. 13. tide, irXruxfivpLs ; aive, atSd)s.

5.'

lightning of deeds.'

15. creeJc, fJivx^s ; channel, trdpos.

6'. 'thunder of applause [iixprnxia] ;'

at its heels, avv5pop.os, oTraobs.

LXXVIIL

Tib, And you are Luria

who sent my cohort, that laid down its arms

in error of the battle-signal's sense,

back safely to me at the critical time—one of a hundred deeds. I know you ! Therefore 5

to none but vou could I . . .

1.' And you then are he.' 4. critical time, dKfjLri.

3. 'not knowing what the 5. 'you have done many such

trumpet {ad\Tny^) signified deeds.' v -<

(ffTj^atVw).' 9.' and there is no biher helper.

126 EXERCISES

LuR. No truce, Tiburzio !

Tib. Luria, you know the peril imminent

on Pisa,—that you have us in the toils,

us her last safeguard, all that intercepts

the rage of her implacablest of foes 10

from Pisa,—if we fall to-day, she falls.

Tho' Lucca will arrive, yet, 't is too late.

You have so plainly here the best of it,

that you must feel, brave soldier as you are,

how dangerous we grow in this extreme, 15

how truly formidable by despair.

Browning.

10. implacablest offoes, ^x^'"'''*"- 15. dangerous we groiv,' are made

12. Lucca, AvKioi, § 1.3. fierce by.'

16. § 64.

LXXIX.

Mac. We have scotched the snake, not kill'd it :

she '11 close and be herself;whilst our poor malice

remains in danger of her former tooth.

But let the frame of things disjoint, both the worlds

suffer,

ere we will eat our meal in fear, and sleep 5

in the affliction of these terrible dreams

that shake us nightly : better be with the dead,

whom we to gain our peace have sent to peace,

than on the torture of the mind to lie

in restless ecstasy. Duncan is in his grave ;10

after life's fitful fever he sleeps well.

Treason has done his worst : nor steel, nor poison,

1. scotched, 'wounded.' 5. ere we unll, npiv rXTJvai.

2. close, ffwdiTTeiv SXkos ; ourpoor S. to gain our peace, rd/xa koi/jll-

malice, i.e. 'our useless vio- ^eiv.

lence.'

9. torture, ecstasy, Xtjaca, &\yos,

.3. former tooth, 6 irpbade odovs. aXalvio, aXutfiat, oTarpos,

4.' heaven and earth perish dis- olcyTpiw.

solved.'

EXERCISES. 127

malice domestic, foreign levy, nothing

can touch him further.

Lady M. Come on;

Gentle my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks;

15

be bright and jovial among your guests to-night,

Shakespeare.15. sleek over, Xealvu.

LXXX.

Bed. Agreed : I '11 to yon corner.

Bur. And I to this.

Tal. And here will Talbot mount, or make his grave.

NoAv, Salisbury, for thee, and for the right

of English Henry, shall this night appearhow much in duty I am bound to both. 5

The English scale the loalls.

Sent. Arm ! arm ! the enemy doth make assault !

The French leap over the walls in their shirts, half ready

and half unready.

Alen. How now, my lords ! what, all unready so ?

Bast. Unready ! ay, and glad we 'scaped so well.

Eeig. 'Twas time, I trow, to Avake and leave our beds,

hearing alarums at our chamber-doors. 10

Alen. Of all exploits since first I follow'd arms,

ne'er heard I of a warlike enterprise

more venturous or desperate than this.

Bast. I think this Talbot be a fiend of hell.

Reig. If not of hell, the heavens, sure, favour him. 1 5

Alen. Here cometh Charles : I marvel how he sped.

Shakespeare.

[Do not translate the stage directions.]

1. 'I will mount here.' 7. unready, i.e. undressed.

2. Talbot, 'I;' grave, say 'die.' 10. alarums,"Aprjs; chamher-doors,

3. Salisbury, (TTparrjye. /j-vxas ddixwu, or dvpai.

4. English Henry, b S.va^. 12. a warlike enterprise, say 'a

5. 'how having been well-treated man so daring.'

I shall repay.' 14. this Talbot, ovtos; fiend, drrj

6. See §43. {a),'EpMs.

f

128 EXERCISES.

LXXXI. S

Saturn, look up !—

though wherefore, poor old King ?

I have no comfort for thee, no, not one :

I cannot say,' wherefore sleepest thou %

'

for heaven is parted from thee, and the earth

knows thee not, thus afflicted, for a god ; 5

and ocean too, with all its solemn noise,

has from thy sceptre pass'd ;and all the air

is emptied of thine hoary majesty.

Thy thunder, conscious of the new command,rumbles reluctant o'er our fallen house

; 10

and thy sharp lightning in unpractised hands

scorches and burns our once serene domain.

aching time ! moments big as years !

Saturn, sleep on : —0 thoughtless, why did I

thus violate thy slumbrous solitude ? 15

Keats.

1. Saturn, Kp6voi ; poor old King, 10. reluctant, &ko}v (a).

raXas. 11. unpractised, d-qdrjs,

6. solemn noise, use jSpi/nu, ppv- 12. scorches and burns, eKirvpou,

Xa.op.at, (f>6iy/xa, ^api^popos, 0ei/'a\6aj, dt'orow.

/cruTTOs. 13.'

long sorrow in a short time.'

7. sceptre, /cpdros. 15. slumbrous, (jvvihbrji (\j).

9. command,' masters.

'

LXXXII.

{His wife is speaking.)

noble breast and all puissant arms,am I the cause, I the poor cause that men

reproach you, saying all your force is gone 1

I am the cause, because I dare not speakand tell him Avhat I think and what they say, 5

and yet I hate that he should linger here;

I cannot love my lord and not his name.

2. am I the cause, ij dC ipe . . . omitted : yap will suf-

4. / am the cause may be fice.

EXERCISES. 129

Far liefer had I gird his harness on him,and ride with him to battle and stand by,

and Avatch his mightful hand striking great blows 10

at caitiffs and at wrongers of the world.

Far better were I laid in the dark earth,

not hearing any more his noble voice,

not to be folded more in these dear arms,and darken'd from the high light in his eyes, 15

than that my lord thro' me should suffer shame.

Tennyson.

8. gird his harness, oTrXi'fw, e^o- 9. Don't say ride.

tXi'^w. 15.' nor see the noble light.'

LXXXIII.

Why with the offending father did ye slaytwo unoffending babes, his innocent sons 1

Why not on them have placed the forfeit crown,ruled in their name, and train'd them to your will 1

Had they misruled 1 had they forgot their friends ? 5

No : but to thy ambition their j^oor lives

were bar;and this, too, was their father's crime.

That thou might'st reign he died, not for his fault

even fancied;and his death thou wroughtest chief.'

'

For, if the other lords desired his fall 10

hotlier than thou, and were by thee kept back,

why dost thou only profit by his death 1

thy crown condemns thee, Avhile thy tongue absolves.

And now to me thou tenderest friendly league,

and to my son reversion to thy throne : 15

short answer is sufficient; league with thee,

for me I deem such impious ; and for him,exile abroad more safe than heirship here.

M. Arnold.

1. offending, atrios, iravalnos. of friends were they.'3. forfeit, ip-qfios. 7. bar, ifiirobciiv.

4. to your will, vtttjkoos. 9. evenfancied, \6yip.

5.' not violent and umnindful 15. reversion, dcadoxai.

I

I30 EXERCISES.

LXXXIV.

Mir. If by your art, my dearest father, you have

put the wild waters in this roar, allay them.

The sky, it seems, would pour down stinking pitch,

but that the sea, mounting to the welkin's cheek,

dashes the fire out. 0, I have suffered 5

with those that I saw suffer : a brave vessel,

who had, no doubt, some noble creatures in her,

dash'd all to pieces. 0, the cry did knock

against my very heart. Poor souls, they perish'd.

Had I been any god of power, I would 10

have sunk the sea Avithin the earth or ere

it should the good ship so have swallow'd and

the fraughting souls within her.

Pros. Be collected :

no more amazement : tell your piteous heart

there's no harm done.

Mir. 0, woe the day !

Pros. No harm. 15

I have done nothing but in care of thee.

Shakespeare.

2. pui . . ., Kivi(j}, i^opTvw; allay, |3. tlie fraughting souls, 'with

irai'w, KOLtidw, a^ivvvfii. sailors and all,' use avrbs;

3. stinking pitch, dv<T(I>8r]s vlffaa. be collected,' fear not.'

4. cheek, omit: use ifiiralu, 'to 14. <e?i, etc., 'know that you pity

strike against.' unharmed men.'

LXXXV.

Ant. But yesterday the word of Caesar mighthave stood against the world : now lies he there,

and none so poor to do him reverence.

masters ! if I were disposed to stir

your hearts and minds to mutiny and rage,

1 should do Brutus wrong, and Cassius wrong,

3. poor, <pad\os. 5. mutiny, ardcns.

EXERCISES. 131

who, you all know, are honourable men.

I will not do them wrong : I rather choose

to wrong the dead, to wrong myself and you,

than I will wrong such honourable men. 10

But here's a parchment with the seal of Caesar,

I foimd it in his closet : 'tis his will :

Let but the commons hear this testament,

(which, pardon me, I do not mean to read,)

and they would go and kiss dead Caesar's wounds 15

and dip their napkins in his sacred blood.

Shakespeare,

11. oarcliment, diXro^, f. 14. read, 'recite,' 'tell.'

12. closet, fiiixos ; will, didOea-is rris 15. kiss, irpocTKvviw.

oilfflas. 16. na2')hins, tt^ttXos, et/j-ara.

13. the commons,'

you.'

LXXXVL

Then he, tho' Miriam Lane had told him all,

because things seen are mightier than things heard,

stagger'd and shook, holding the branch, and fear'd

to send abroad a shrill and terrible cry,

which in one moment, like the blast of doom, 5

would shatter all the happiness of the hearth.

He therefore turning softly like a thief,

lest the harsh shingle should grate under-foot,

and feeling all along the garden-wall,

lest he should swoon and tumble and be found, 10

crept to the gate and open'd it, and closed,

as lightly as a sick man's chamber-door,

behind him, and came out upon the waste.

1, 'though lie knew it all.' 7. softly, <nya.

3. staggered and shook, 'trembled 8.'noiseless feet on hard stones,

'

in his knees.' a\f/o(f>os.

6. shatter like the blast of doom, 9. wall, Trepl^oXos.

cvyKepavvQffai, 10. swoon, wpoXeiTro}, eKdvqcTKW.

132 EXERCISES.

And there he would have knelt, but that his knees

were feeble, so that falling prone he dug 15

his fingers into the wet earth, and pray'd.

Tennyson.

13. ivaste, ttXix^ 'ip-qixos.

14. kneel, ybvv Tidivai.

15. dig, irriyi'viJ.i.

LXXXVII.^

Aesch. At dead of night he slew them : then at dawn

high on the shoulders of the cut-throat crew

was trumpeted forth despot—whither now 1

Push not the event so fast : there is much need

Ave were deliberate in what 's left to do.

Tim. I go to entreat him, and despite himself

win him to virtue, and his saner mind :

may be 'tis not too late : the thought of powerfull oft is sweeter than the taste : already

he surfeits of his sin : experience breeds

hate in one moment of a life's desire.

Try we persuasion first : perchance even now

he knows how barren and how bleak it is

to stand unloved, unhonoured, and alone

upon the frozen tops of sovereignty.

Aesch. First shall the rain wash cool red Aetna's throat

ere mild Avords melt a tyrant in his ire.

Rhoades.

10

15

2. cut-throat creiv, fiiairpovoi,

3. trumpeted, 'proclaim.'

4.' be not hasty overmuch.

'

8. thought . . . taste, use verbs

not nouns.

10. surfeit, Kopos.

13. bleak, Svaxei/J-epop.

15. frozen tops,' cold height.

'

16. ivash cool, crêvvviju.

LXXXVIII.

Macb. So foul and fair a day I have not seen.

Ban. How far is 't call'd to Forres 1—What are these,

1. /oitîn weather), /air (in the 2. Forres, îpai.

victoiy just won).

EXERCISES. 133

so witlier'd and so wild in their attire;

that look not like the inhabitants 0' the earth,

and yet are on 't % Live you ? or are you aught 5

that man may question 1 You seem to understand

me,

by each at once her choppy finger laying

upon her skinny lips :—You should be women,

and yet your beards forbid me to interpret

that you are so.

Macb. Speak if you can;

—What are you 1 10

1 Witch. All hail, Macbeth ! hail to thee, thane of Glamis !

2 Witch. All hail, Macbeth ! hail to thee, thane of Cawdor !

3 Witch. All hail, Macbeth ! that shalt be king hereafter.

Ban. Good sir, why do you start;and seem to fear

things that do sound so fair]— I' the name of truth,

are ye fantastical, or that indefed 16

which outwardly ye show 1

Shakespeake.

3. withered, ^-qpos, pvaSs. herited honour, Cawdor has

7. cJioppy, Tpaxvs. been given him by special

8. skinny, ffK\r]p6s. favour.

11-13. Leave out the names. Re- 16. fantastical, (pdanara.

member, Glamis is an in-

LXXXIX.

Well, there 's now

no time of calling back or standing still.

Friends, be yourselves : keep the same Eoman hearts

and ready minds you had yesternight. Prepareto execute what we resolved : and let not

labour or danger or discovery fright you.

I '11 to the army : you the while mature

things here at home : draw to you any aids

that you think fitting, that may help a war.

3, be yourselves,' be men ;

'

Roman,'

worthy of your race.'

134' EXERCISES.

ril bleed a life or win an empire for you. 10

Within these few days look to see my ensigns

here at the walls : be you but firm within :

Meantime, to draw an envy on the consul,

and give a less suspicion of our course,

let it be given out here in the city, 1 5

that I am gone, an innocent man, to exile.

Ben Jonson.

10. 'Iwill perish or yowshallreign.' 13. consul, 'ruler;' em'y, = 'sus-

11. ensigns, 'amiy.' picion.'

xc.

Glou. Thus sometimes hath the brightest day a cloud;

and after summer evermore succeeds

barren winter, with his wrathful nipping cold :

so cares and joys abound, as seasons fleet.

Sirs, Avhat 's o'clock 1

Serv. Ten, my lord. 5

Glou. Ten is the hour that was appointed meto watch the coming of my punish'd duchess :

imeath may she endure the flinty streets,

to tread them with her tender-feeling feet.

Sweet Nell, ill can thy noble mind abrook 10

the abject people gazing on thy face,

with envious looks, still laughing at thy shame,

that erst did follow thy proud chariot-wheels

when thou didst ride in triumph through the streets.

But, soft ! I think she comes ;and I'll prepare 15

my tear-stain'd eyes to see her miseries.

Shakespeare.

5. lohafs d'cloclc, ir-qviKa ;for ten 10. Omit the name.

say 'midday' to save 11. abject, KaKos, (pavXos.

trouble. 12. envious, iir'i.<p6ovos, dva-fiev-fjs.

7. duchess, 'wife;' punished, 13. chariot, apfia, 6xrifJ^0; ^X"^-' she has to do penanoe.' 14. triumph, -xapa., x^^^'^-

S. uneath, 'hardly.' 16. tear-stained, baKpvppoos.

EXERCISES.'

135

Chorus, That lot shall no God give who fights for thee.

Her. Shall Gods bear bit and bridle, fool, of men 1

Cho. Nor them forbid we nor shalt thou constrain.

Her. Yet say'st thou none shall make the good lot mine 1

Cho. Of thy side none, nor moved for fear of thee. 5

Her. Gods hast thou then to baffle Gods of ours ?

Cho. Nor thine nor mine, but equal-souled are they.

Her. Toward good and ill, then, equal-eyed of soul 1

Cho. Nay, but swift-eyed to note where ill thoughts breed.

Her. Thy shaft Avord-feathered flies yet far of me. 10

Cho. Pride knows not, wounded, till the heart be cleft.

Her. No shaft wounds deep whose wing is plumed with

words.

Cho. Lay that to heart, and bid thy tongue learn grace.

Her. Grace shall thine own crave soon too late of mine.

Cho. Boast thou till then, but I wage words no more. 15

Swinburne.

2. 'to bridle,' xa^'''<5'<'. 12. wounds deep, icpiKvovfiac.

8. equal-eyed of soid, laov dedop- 13. grace, x<^/"y.

/cores. 15. till then, t^ujs.

10. 'the well-feathered shaft of

words.'

xcn.

Though yet of Hamlet our dear brother's death

the memory be green ;and that it us befitted

to bear our heart in grief, and our whole kingdomto be contracted in one brow of woe

;

yet so far hath discretion fought with nature, 5

that we with wisest sorroAv think on him,

toii-ether with remembrance of ourselves.

1 . Leave out name. 5. nature, say'

regret.'

2. xXwpa ^viKpopa ;?(s (the king). 7. rememhrance ofouiselres,

' cow-

4. one hroio of woe, introduce the sidering my own interests

word Koivb's or 7rci7KO£i'oy. (rd/xd).'

136 EXERCISES.

therefore, our sometime sister, now our queen,th' imperial jointress of this warlike state,

have we, as 'twere with a defeated joy,— 10

with one auspicious, and one dropping eye,

with mirth in funeral, and with dirge in marriage,in equal scale weighing delight and dole,

—taken to wife : nor have we herein barr'd

your better wisdoms, which have freely gone 15

with this affair along :—for all, our thanks.

Shakespeare.

8. sister (by marriage), ktjSos, 10. defeated, 'mournful,' oxy-

KrjSevfia. moron.

9. Follow the sense: it means 11. dropping, 'weeping.'that she as the widow of 14. 'we have not hidden from

the late king brought the you who are wiser.'

kingdom to her new hus-

band.

XCIIL.

Ant. I do beseech you, if ye have me heard,

now, while your purple hands do reek and smoke,fulfil your pleasure. Live a thousand years,

I shall not find myself so apt to die :

no place will please me so, no mean of death, 5

as here by Caesar, and by you cut off,

the choice and master spirits of this age.

Bon. Antony, beg not your death of us.

Though now we must appear bloody and cruel,

as by our hands, and this our present act, 10

you see we do : yet see you but our hands,

and this the bleeding business they have done :

our hearts you see not, they are pitiful :

and pity to the general "wrong of Rome

(as fire drives out fire, so pity pity) 15

2. reeh and smoke. '

fi^w with 14. pity . . . hath done,' we pity-

murder.' ing . . . have done.'

7.' Than whom nothing better.

'

EXERCISES. 137

hath done this deed on Caesar. For your part,

to you our swords have leaden points, Mark Antony ;

our arms no strength of malice, and our hearts

of brother's temper, do receive you in

with all kind love, good thoughts, and reverence. 20

Shakespeare.

17.' are weakened like lead {/x6\v^oos).^

XCIV. VGoN. So am I purposed.

—Where is my lord of Gloster 1

Corn. Followed the old man forth. {Re-enter Glost.) He is

returned.

Glost. The king is in high rage.

Corn. Whither is he going 1

Glost. He calls to horse, but will I know not whither.

Corn. 'Tis best to give him way : he leads himself. 5

GoN. My lord, entreat him by no means to stay.

Glost. Alack, the night comes on, and the bleak winds

do sorely ruffle;for many miles about

there 's scarce a bush.

Reg. 0, sir, to wilful menthe injuries that they themselves procure 10

must be ^leir schoolmasters. Shut up your doors :

he is attended with a desperate train;

and what they may incense him to, being apt

to have his ear abused, Avisdom bids fear.

Corn. Shut up your doors, my lord;

'tis a wild night: 15

my Regan counsels well : come out o' the storm.

Shakespeare.

1. Kpiuv. 12. train, 'men.'

4. to horse, 'iirirovs iXavvetu. 13. heingapt to have his ear abused,

8. ruffle, (ppiaaw. being liable to flatter.y [du-

9. hush, ddfjLvos ; many miles (sim- ireuu, 6wTrevfj.a).

plify) ; wilful, avddd-qs. 14. wisdom lids, 'it is wise to.'

10-11. Use the proverbial -irdOri- 16. come out of the storm,' come

/xara nadrj/jMTa or -rrddoi fxd- in.'

eo%.

138 EXERCISES.

xcv.

Then stood Timoleon with averted eyessilent a space, and praying : at last he cried :

' Traitor ! of thine own blood be thine the guilt :

the hour is come : to Corinth I devote

the life, would heaven I had not lived to save.' 5

So, ere the guards could aid him, he was dead :

for we three closed upon him, who speechless, blind,

fell, as a bull is butchered, heavy as he

and helpless : while the huddling herd behind

stood stupid gazing on Timoleon. 10

Then, as bewitched by Circe's sorceries,

each at the mute commandment of his eye

confounded, no word spoken, with one clang

dropped spear and buckler, all the savage- soul

tamed in them, and the wordy tumult lulled, 15

Rhoades.

1. averted, irakwrpb-iros. 11. bewitched, k?;X^w.

4. / devote the life,'

I sacrifice 15. loordy tumult,'

strife and

you.'

shouting.'

9u huddling, Trr-^cro-w, iiTTorjffOai.

XCVI. ^

>^

Ad. No passaga ! Whither would the madman press ?*

\^Close the doors quick on me !

Gui. Too late ! He 's here.'

Val. Sir Guibert, will you help me ?—Me, that come

charged by your townsmen, all who starve at Cleves,

to represent their heights and depths of woe 5

before our Duchess and obtain relief!

Such errands barricade such doors, it seems :

but not a common hindrance drives me back

5. heigJits and depths of ivoe, ola.' such a messenger they

ko-kA. shut out.'

7. such errands barricade, etc., 8. cornmon, 'wonted.'

EXERCISES. 139

on all the sad yet hopeful faces, lit

with hope for the first time, which sent me forth. 10

Cleves, speak for me ! Cleves' men and women, speak !

Who followed me—your strongest—many a mile

that I might go the fresher from their ranks,—who sit—your weakest—^by the city gates,

to take me fuller of Avhat news I bring 15

as I return—for I must needs return !

9. on all,'

to ;

' sad yet hope/id,'

hopeful in sorrow;

' omit

'faces.'

11. speakfor me, '((TTixi.

Browning.

13. 'that I might bear tidings

fresh to you.'

15. to take me fuller,' to meet me

when full.'

XCVII.

Er. Hear then and know why only of all men I

that bring such news as mine is, I alone

must wash good words with weeping ;I and thou,

woman, must wail to hear men sing, must groanto see their joy who love us

;all our friends

save only we, and all save we that love

this holiness of Athens, in our sight

shall lift their hearts up, in our hearing praise

gods whom we may not;for to these they give

life of their children, flower of all their seed,

for all their travail fruit, for all their hopesharvest

;but we for all our good things, we

have at their hands, which fill all these folk full,

.3. This may be done literally :

or '

weep over good words.'

7. this holiness, ericas.

10. life of their children,'

living

children !

11. fruit . . . harvest, one wordwill do.

10

12. for all, i.e.' instead of.'

12-13.'

we, instead of good things,receive from the gods who

give these things (to others)

death,' etc.

i4o EXERCISES.

death, barrenness, chikl-slaugliter, curses, cares,

sea-leaguer and land-shipAvreck ;which of these, 15

which wilt thou first give thanks for 1 all are thine.

Swinburne.

15. sea-learjiterandlaiul-shipiorech, -wredk of the city, capturethe phrases are intention- (aXwais) at sea.'

ally crossed : say'

ship-

XCVIII.

J. My ears have not yet drunk a hundred words

of that tongue's utterance, yet I know the sound :

art thou not Romeo, and a Montague ?

E. Neither, fair saint, if either thee dislike.

J. How earnest thou hither, tell me, and wherefore 1 5

The orchard walls are high and hard to climb,

and the place death, considering who thou art,

if any of my kinsmen find thee here.

R. With love's light wings did I o'erperch these walls ;

for stony limits cannot hold love out;

10

and what love can do that dares love attempt ;

therefore thy kinsmen are no let to me.

J. If they do see thee, they Avill murder thee.

R. Alack ! there lies more peril in thine eye,

than twenty of their swords : look thou but sweet, 15

and I am proof against their enmity.

Shakespeare.

3. A Montague,' a foe to my kin.' 15. twenty,

'all.'

7. the place death,' death awaits

thee here.'

XCIX.

Fedalma. O father, will the women of our tribe

suffer as I do, in the years to come,

when you have made them great in Africa 1

3. in Africa, say KareXduv : he was an exile about to return.

EXERCISES. 141

Redeemed from ignorant ills only to feel

a conscious woe. Then—is it worth the pains ? 5

Were it not better when we reach that shore,

to raise a funeral pile and perish all,

so closing up a nijTiad avenues

to misery yet unwi'ought 1 My soul is faint—will these sharp pangs buy any certain good? 10

ZakcA. Nay, never falter : no great deed is done

by falterers who ask for certainty.

No good is certain, but the stedfast mind,the undivided Avill to seek the good :

'tis that compels the elements, and wrings 15

a human music from the indifferent air.

The greatest gift the hero leaves his race

is to have been a hero. Say we fail !

we feed the high tradition of the world,

and leave our spirit in our children's hearts. 20

G. Eliot.

8. avenues, oSoL ' forces the deaf air to har-

11. /alter, oKveiv. monise (^w^Seti') with man's

15. compels the elements, 'controls woes.'

the heaven.' 19.' cherish noble memory of

16. wrings a human music, etc., braveiy.'

c. VThen she stretched out her arms and cried aloud' Oh Arthur !

'

then her voice brake suddenly,

then—as a stream that spouting from a cliff

fails in mid air, but gathering at the base

remakes itself, and flashes down the vale— 5

went on in passionate utterance :

' Gone—my lord !

Gone thro' my sin to slay and to be slain !

And he forgave me, and I could not speak.

2. brake, d-n-eppayr], ippdyr).

3. sjMut, e^op/AW/uat, eKTn)ba,v, e|dXXo/xat. 6. use Opoeiv,

142 EXERCISES.

Farewell ? I should have answered his farewell.

His mercy choked me. Gone, my lord the king, 10

my OAATi true lord ! how dare I call him mine ?

The shadow of another cleaves to meand makes me one pollution : he, the king,

called me polluted : shall I kill myself 1

What help in that? I cannot kill my sin, 15

if soul be soul : nor can I kill my shame ;

no, nor by living can I live it down.

The days Avill grow to weeks, the Aveeks to months,

the months Avill add themselves and make the years,

the years will roll into the centuries, 20

and mine -will ever be a name of scorn. Tennyson.

17. Uvedovm,' wear away by life.' 20. centuries, aiw;>es.

18. Omit weeks.

APPENDIX

ADDITIONAL EASY EXERCISES

CI—cxxx

APPENDIX.

ADDITIONAL EASY EXERCISES.

ISee'page 88.]

CI.

Tantalus.

Who of mortals does not know the fame of Tantalus %

For he, elated by insolence to do dread deeds,

is punished by the gods for his boldness.

For his limbs scorch with the nether heat,

and feeling insatiable thirst in the mid stream 5

he ever stands : but if he even bows his head

that with cool founts he may assuage the fire,

the stream flies from him longing, and instead of a draught,his hot lip is filled with dry dust.

For the god when angry pities no one. 10

1. mortals, j8/)or6s.

2. elated, use iiralpta ; deeds, §

63 ; dread, deivds.

.3. by, irpbs, see § 58; for, use

airoLva, § 69.

4. limbs, dpdpa ; scorch, tfKiyei ;

nether, viprepos ; heat, Kav/xa

or plur.

5. feel, e'xw ; insatiable, (SttXt/otos ;

thirst, §t^a.

6. stand, use la-TrifM or Kadiffr-qm ;

bmv, vevbi; head, § 45.

7. cool, \l/vxp6s ; fount, ir7)-y^ ;

assuage, ixoKOdaaui, ixaKda-

<T03.

8. long, iroOCi} ; flies, (pevyM, ace. •

draught, irQfia.

9. Jiot, Oepfios ; lip, xe'iXos , dust,

<nro56s, f. ; kSvIs, f,

CII.

The gods are so angry with Tantalus,

that they do not seem to have enough of their vengeance,

1. .so, Toaavra; aiiQry, fx-qviw. 2. enough, aXtj (a).

K

146 APPENDn

exacting one punishment for his former sins,

but find out more fierce pain.

For, suffering with the sun's hot rays,

he asks for heahng : then, looking to heaven,he sees a. vine present : and stretching uphis hand, eager to seize the joy of the draught,he finds nothing : for the pleasure of grapessome god has taken out, so that he gets nothing. 10

3. exact, irpdaau} ; former sins,

§ 63, use d/xTrXa/ceii'.

5. suffer, -Koveiv ; ray, d/crt's, -Ivos,

6. ashs (aor.) ; healing, lo.(ns.

7. vine, dfiireXos, f. ; stretch, €k-

S. eager, use trodto ; joy, yavos

(n. ) [articles, see § 35] ;

draught, irwixa..

9. finds (aor.) ; grape, ôrpvs.10. take out, eâipû ; get, Tvy-

Xavio (g.).

cmWTiat a danger terrifies me with fear !

for now I stand like one on a rock

surrounded with sea-waves,

to whom ever the depth of the surge rises higher,

expecting waves, till in a short (time)with salt deeps they sink me down.

But now the storm ceases, and the clouds the godhas turned to flight, and the heaven opens :

and tlie wave retires, and again have appearedthe firm rocks : and I am saved. 10

1. See 8ti, p. 62 ; terrify, eK-

2. on a rock, insert ê^ws ; roch,

ir^rpa.

3. surround, kvkXô}.

4. surge, aaXos ; rises, use aipw ;

higher, ixei'^wv.

5. expect, /cdpaSo/cu) ; until, lar

S.V.

6. deep, ^v6os : sinl; ttovtIûs.

7. cease, X-qytj ; storm, OveWa.

8. turn, rpiwfd [tense, see § 50] :

to flight,'

flying• '

opens,

vweppdyrj.

9. retires, inroppiu ;have ap-

peared, § 50.

10. firm, piâ.10% ;I am saved

{present, § 50, Kvpu)).

EASV EXERCISES. H7

CIV.

Kreon the tyrant proclaimed to the city

that none should bury nor bewail

the miserably slain corpse of Polyneikes,but that every one should perish disgracefully whoever does

au2;ht of this.

But there was a sister of the man. who in the tomb 5

hid the body, towards the master nowise

having reverence, but obeying gods' commands,and she was caught doing this

;and despite laws

having buried her brother, she did not shun to die.

But as she died by the most shameful fate of all (women) 10

so she found the most glorious fame.

1. tyrant, rupavvos ; proclaim,

eKKijpvaau}.

2. that none, § 38 ; bury, ddirro} ;

bewail, KuiKvo}.

3. slain, davuv ; corpse, veKvs.

4. perish, 6\\vimi ; disgracefully,

alffxp<^s.

5. of the man, §32, v.; ivho, tjtl's.

6. hide, KpvTTTO} ; master, Secr-

TTorrjs ; nowise, ovdafius.

7. have reverence toivards, o-^/3w ;

obey, weiOapxio) ; command,evToXrj.

8. was caught, idXw; despite, ^Xq.

(g.).

9. shun, <l)€vy(j3, use /xtj ov after it.

10. as, 6(Tij} ; died, use 6WvfjLi. ;fate,

fj.6poi.

11. so, TO(T(^de ; glorious, ewXe^s.

cv.

KOROIBOS. ^:Û\û^*^ j^.

When love of Kassandra had seized Koroibos

he came to Trojan Pergama, that his beloved

he might be able to see, though desiring in vain.

And mean-while the army of Hellenes was about to take

the fort with assaults : but Kassandra some one

love, ^po)s ; had seized, aipiu

[aorist in Greek].

Trojan, Tpu:ik6s ; beloved, to.

(piKraTa.

meanwhile, eV rude or eV rotary ;

Hellenes, "EWtives ;be about,

fo7-t, TflxicTfia ; assault, wpos-

ôXtj.

148 EASY EXERCISES.

seizing by the hair passed by, and dragged her violently off.

And straight Koroibos seeing it endured it not,

but snatching a sword, and mad with fearful wrath,

rushed quick after him to save the maid.

But the Avretched man perished himself in the battle, 10

6. by the hair, gen. ; drag off, 8. snatch, ixapirTu.

i^^\K<ji. 9. rush, I'e/iat ; to save, ws c. fut.

7. straight, evdvs ; endure, a.vix°- particip.

ixa.1.

CVI.

The Three Goats.

There were once three goats in the fields.

And the youngest came wandering,that she might feed in the mountains on abundant grass.

But in the midst was a deep stream,

and there below a bridge a most savage 5

snake lay. So seeing the goat

crossing, he told her to jump down into the stream,

that he might take and eat her, a delight of the feast.

And she persuaded him, so that letting her go free

herself, he should wait for her sister to come, 10

as being larger and Avorthier of his jaw.

1. goat, xtfj-aLpa ; field, dyp6s. 7. C7'0ss, Trepdw ; told, elire ; jump,2. come, €TripxoiJ.ii ; wander, in^ddo:.

oXdadaL, Tr\avd<xda.i. 8. delight, yavos ; feast, de^wvov.

3. feed, vefxeadai, ace. ; abundant, 9. let go, dcpelvai.

&<pdovos ; grass, x^^V- 10. Jie should, inf. ; wait for, v-epi-

4. in midst, iv tw /jLera^v. fiiveiv, ace. ; sister, Kaaiy-

5. heloiv, vlpdev ; bridge, 'yi(pvpa. v-qr-r].

6. snake, opaKuy. 11. jaic, yvados.

CVII.

The Three Goats {continued).

This one accordingly went off : but the second

coming did the same, and being threatened,

1. accordingly, fxh ovv (p. 65) ; 2. did, say ^waaxe ; threaten,

go off, diroixofj-ai ; second, direiX^oj.

SeiJrepos.

APPENDIX. t49

likewise persuaded the snake, [having let her go] free,

to wait for the last \inmrt in this line the passage in brackets].

And at last she came up. And the snake seeing her, 5

said with a terrible shout," Who are you who dares to cross 1

"

But the goat much louder spake," You see the eldest of the three goats."

And speaking she immediately leapt into the stream,

and ate up the snake and went off. 10

.3. likeivise, avToos. 7. loud, fxiyas ; speak, (pdeyyo/jiai..

•4. last, vararos. 8. eldest, yepalraTos.

5. at last, reXos ; come up, eireX- 9. leap, aWo/xai,Oeif ; and the, § 34, iv. 10, ate up and, particip. ; eat up,

6. with a shout, § 67 ; who, etc., KaracfMyelv,

say' who darest

'

; dare,

roX/idu}.

CVIII.

Caiviilla.

Her mother being dead the father brings up the child :

and when the army came near, bringing danger,the father taking his infant daughter flies.

And in his journey he found in the midst a stream,

and is at a loss how to cross, bearing the child. 5

Accordingly, after thinking of many things, he devised this.

Taking the spear he fitted the child's body to it,

making it firm with bonds, and fastening it on the middle of

the spear :

and then shaking it he threw it across the stream,

and the brass was fixed in the gi'ound : and she was saved. 1

1. Ai'ticles, §35; hrinrjitp, rpecpu; 5. be at a loss, diJ.rixa.veu ; how to,

father, yewi^rup, iraT-qp. use ttws and subj.2. army, aTpdros ; danger, kivSv- 6. think, voeu) ; devise, iMrixdvCj/jLai.

vo^. 7. spear, t/xos, 86pv ; Jit to, irpos-

3. infant, v-qirXos ; daughter, 6vyd- dirru) ; body, crwfj.a, Seâs.

TVP- 8. make firm, êâtow ; bond,4. in . . . journey, § 67 ; in the tt^St? ; fasten, dpyt^.

midst, iv fMâ-cp. 9. shake, TrdXXw ; across, irepav.

10. brass, xaX/cos ; fx, wriyvij/ju.

ISO APPENDIX.

CIX.

Oedipus,

Oidipous, leaving Korinthos, at the Delphicoracles arrived, enquiring about his race.

And the god answered that it was fated that his sire

he should slay, and marry his mother.

And learning this, to his house no more 5

he returned, but over a strange land wandered.

And by chance finding an old man in the three-ways,and being struck on his head with a goad, he killed him

with a sword.

And coming to Thebai, he saves the city from the Sphinx,and uuAvitting married his unwitting mother, 10

and so the god accomplished what he foretold.

1. Ae\(pTK6s, ace. 7. chance, tvxv ; old man, irpia-

2. oracle, navreiov ; arrive, a<piK- ^vs ; thi'ee ways, rpiirXai

veiaOai, ; enquire, iaropeu ; odoL.

about, § 57. 8. on his head, ace. ; goad, Kev-

3. answered, aveTKe ; it is fated, rpov ; sivord, ^t<pos, n.

Set. 9. savesfrom, iKcju'^eiv.

4. mother, i] rlKTovaa. 10. unwitting, dyvoiu}.

6. return, KareXdeiv ; over, iirl, 11. accomplish, aviru.

ace.

ex.

An Enigivia.

A. Of all these evils I have a medicine,

of pain, annoyance, and proud anger,

and whenever a man suffers, bearing the weight of troubles.

B. Do you speak of some one medicine for these numerous

things ]

1. medicine, (papixaKov ; have, say 3. and whenever, Kal 6Tav,%34,iv.;

rpicpu). suffer, iroveiv ; trouble, -irpdy-

2. annoyance, dvta; prottd, vwip- fia.

p03v. 4. numerous, fivpioi, dpripW/xoi.

EASY EXERCISES. 1 5 1

A. One alone, cheap and ready to hand. 5

B. How must one use it 1 is it to eat or drink 1

A. We must burn it, like incense.

B. And if no altar be near, what is to be done 1

A. You might carry it all easily in your garments.B. And how can I rightly name it ? 10

A. It is not yet lawful for you to know such things.

5. cheap, evreXrjs ; ready to hand, S. altar; /3w/a6s ; to he done, vpaK-

TTpdxeipos [or say'

easy to tôs.

find.'] 9. garments, ir^nXos, veTrXu/jLa.

G. to eat, (Spwros ; to drin'k, 10. Use rvyxavw ; name, vpocr-

TTords. evvîrw.

7. incense, dv/JLtaiJ,a ; like, § 72. 11. lawful, 6^/jCls.

CXI.

Aeolus.

Tyrant Aiolos rules the winds,

and holds all imprisoned in the rocks.

And Hera persuaded Aiolos by entreatyto let loose the raving winds from their fetters,

devising evil fate against the Troes. 5

And all the winds being set free

raised up such a tempest in the waves,

that the god of the sea, aroused from the depths,

put forth his head alcove. And seeing the matter,

he first restrained the winds from their fierce trouble, 10

and abused them, threatening terrible sufferings.«

1. wind, dve/xos, iwevp-a, Trvori ; 7. temjKst, cr/cijTrris.

rtde, Kparew. 8. of the sea, ad]., TTovTio^; arouse,

2. imprison, KXeiu. iêyelpui ; depth, âOos,

3. entreat, XfTrapew, atV^w; by /3a0os.

entreaty, § 67. 9. j^td forth, irporeivu, §49, viii.

4. raving, Xv(Tadw[m3id] ; let loose, 10. ?'es<?-aiw, Acar^xo; ; êrce, fivptos.

atpTivai ; fetter, iriSri. 11. abuse, \oiSope?v ; sufferings, say.5. devise, fiy)xa-va.<j6ai. 'terrible things,' and see

6. setfree, eXevdepiu. § 68.

1 52 APPENDIX.

CXII.

TURNUS.

Turnus—A eneas.

T. Cease from this fight, for I am wounded.

A. Dost thou ask pity that I should not kill thee 1

T. I ask it : the conqueror must spare.

A. And verily I -will pity thee : thou askest not in vain.

T. Receive infinite thanks for thy gentleness. 5

A. But what spear is this thou hast ? whence didst thou

get it 1

T. The spear of Pallas [I got] by victory in battle.

A. thou, bearing the memorial of the dearest of men,

How didst thou hope I should pity thee having this 1

Nay thou must die ! And not by my hand thou diest, 10

Pallas, Pallas slays thee with this sword !

1. Cease, iraijeffdai, gen. ; am, see 5. infinite, fivpios ; gentleness,

§ 55 ; wounded, rerpufji^vos. evfiiveici.

2. pity, oIktos. 6. spear, alxiJ-v> ^XOS) ^°P^ 5 didst

3. J ask, § 50 ; conqueror, 6 Kpa- get, particip.

Tw;' ; spare, (peidea-dai. 7. by victory, § 67.

4. and verily, Kal ix-ffv. 8. memorial, ixvqix.e'iov.

10. nay, ixev odv,

CXIIT.

Vision.

What is this 1 a dread dream afi"rights me,

I see the house blazing with wondrous fire,

my daughter carried off" from my hearth.

And very many 'mortals devour my substance,

and my dear spouse lets fall bitter tears. 5

Aha ! I understand ! for on this day

1. dream, evvirviov ; affright, iK- 4. very many, TrainroWoi; devour,

(po^eu. iadiu ; substance [wealth].

2. blaze, (pXeyw. 5. spouse, ddfiap, -yvvf], dXoxos ;

3. daughter, ira'ts, OvyaTrip ; carry let fall, i^eivai.

off, d(papTrdi-o}; hearth, iffTla. 6. aha, ^d; I understand, § 50;

on, Kari,.

EASY EXERCISES. 1 53

shall be my (laughter's marriage in the house :

and the mother must let fall tears :

and thou shalt leave us, child ! and the hearth's fire

shall shine brighter : and into the rich home 1

with abundant banquets I shall welcome my friends.

8. must, irp^wei., xpv, XP^itif- 11. banquet, deiirvov ; welcome,10. brighter, fxei^bv tl. S^Xowai.

CXIV.

Thor.

There was a hero of the Skiithai named Thoros,and he was present once as a guest in another's house.

And he asked Thoros if he wished to drink,

and gave him a golden cup. And Thoros took it,

and drank long : but always there was some left. 5

And at last he wearied, no longer being able to drink.

And so vexed he said,' What is the cause ?

'

And the other,' No need for you to wonder,' said he,

' for no one could drink up the sea,

'and the cup was the sea. And you do not drink in vain, 10' for the waves have fled far from the land.'

1. hei-o, Tjpus. 7. vexed [angry] ; cause, alTia.

4. gave, iropdv ; cup, irQ/xa. 8. no need, oiidev del.

5. long, dT]p6v ; left, \onr6s. 9. drink up, iKwivu.

6. wearied, dweiire; ablq, use adivw.

cxv.

Tit for Tat.

A. Would you not pity me, so as to let me go 1

B. No, for those whom justice has caught, we must guard.A. But I know that you have done more wrong than I.

1. oiJKovv. 3. do lorong, adiKiu.

2, no, for, § 76 (4) ;has caught, elXe;

we must, use verbal in -rios.

154 APPENDIX.

B. Whom have I wronged % You must speak clearer.

A. My sister, in stealing much silver, 5

B. You will have to prove such things, not say them only.

A. This is not difficult, for I saw it ail.

B. Why did you not charge me before, when she suffered %

A. My sister persuaded me : but now I hesitate no more,

B. Well, I will let you go. And it is for you to pardonnow. 10

A. And how are we to pity those whom justice has caught?

4. clear, <Ta4>rjs. 7. difficult, dvax^pv^-

5. steal, K\iivT(j3. 8. why, § 59 ; charge, aiTidofj.ai.

6. Jiave to, use Set; prove, 5??\6w. 9. hesitate, okvu, see § 47 (i.).

CXVI.

Beauty.

Fate gave to all that live, gifts ;

different gifts to different creatures;to oxen great strength

and horns so as to strike terror into wolves;

on horses it bestowed hooves;on lions

a jaw well fortified with fearful teeth. 5

But at last, when it found that on womankind

alone no gift had yet been conferred,

it gave to these (women) beauty, an excellent prize,

a protection for the body superior to shields

and better than all swords. Nor to withstand 10

this may any avail. Nay rather, easily

one that is beautiful overpowers both fire and steel.

1. that live, particip. with article; 6. at last, tAos; womanHnd= the

gift, 8Qpov, 8u>pr]ina.female (dv^vs or yvvaiKelos).

2. gifts—creatures, omit. 7. alone, say' alone of the rest.'

.3. strike into, iupdWu ; terror, 8. excellent, ?ôxos, dpicros, Xwc-

de'tfia, <^6j3os (sing, orplur.). tos; prize, yipas.

4. hoof, oirXri ; bestow, oirdôj. 9. protection, Trpb^\-qij.a ; body,

5. fortify, <ppdaa-03: fearful, deivbs, awfjLa, ffdp^, kvtos, n. ;

ifjLcpoôs, (pofiepds. SXtperior, Kpdffffuv, inriprepoi.

EASY EXERCISES. 1 5 5

CXVII.

The Old Sportsman.

Mountain-god Pan ! to thee Gelon dedicates this gift—

a spear and woven work of nets;

who used once to pursue wild-beasts in the deep forest

and beside the streams of Ismenos.

And often with bow and arrows the birds, that over his head 5

were passing, he stayed from their course.

And he joined battle with fearful lions,

having thee ever for assistant and comrade.

But now (since the strength, which ere he came to old agehe possessed, and the nimble speed of his feet, are gone) 10

he leads out no longer his beloved hounds through the wood,

but warms his old body with the fire on the hearth.

1. mountain-god, opeios (adj.) ; passing, article and parti-

dedicates {—places), next ciple {2mss = go).

line. 7. joi7i battle, any phrase mean-

2. nets, say 'cords' if you ing figJit v,-ill do.

like. 9. since, yap.

3. pursue, next line ; forest, next 10. nimble, Kov(po$.

line ; deep, ^dO^^vXo^. 11. wood, &\(tos.

5. boiv and arrows, plwr. oiro^ov; 12. old, iroXtds (or literal); on the

birds, next line ; that were hearth, ecpeanos.

CXVIII.

The Fortunate Isle. -

And an island lies in the secret-places of the sea,

fostering soft breezes : and it no

whirlwind shakes with cold blasts :

and snow is absent ;and the meadows neither frost

nor the hail of Zeus may ravage, . 5

nor fiery shafts of the flaming sun.

L secret-places, fivxoi ; of the sea, 4. frost, irayos. _adj. 5. ravage, SriScj, <p9el^^m{oT

2. it, viu. compd.).8. ivhirlwind, rvcptbs, dveWa, (XKipr- 6. fiery, ^jxirvpos ; shafts, ^oXtj,

t6s. uKTis (or say' heat ').

156 APPENDIX.

But pious companies inhabit it

of men and women;

if any one formerly during life

having done all things well has perished gloriously.For these the gods suffer not, IdcIow 10to lie when dead

;but to them, returned again

to light, they grant a most joyful immortal life.

8. men. and women, omit and 11. (hem, omit,

(asyndeton). 12. grant, pîxu.

10. suffer, edu.

CXIX.

Cressy.

Knight—

King Edward—Herald.

Kn. May this be well ! But, my lord, I fear

lest great danger be encompassing your son

overpowered by the superior force of the Keltai.

K. Edw, What makes you so disheartened ?

Kn. This herald seems to be bringing no good news. 5

Her. My lord, it befits you come as an aid to yourfriends.

K. Edw. Tell me this first. Is my son dead 1

Her. He lives, but is hard pressed by the foemen.K. Edw. Is he wounded too, in body, by a Keltic spear 1

Her, Be assured, that the prince's limbs are still un-

wounded. 10

K. Edw. Well, then, let him achieve this matter all by him-

self,

for not even with a. father is it honourable to halve

one's glory.

2. encompass, dtxirlaxo. 8. press hard, ttUû.3. superior force, etc., say by 9. See § 59.

the number of more Keltai. 10. pri7ice, wais; unwounded, drpu-4. Ând what is it, on account tos.

of (dvTi) which you have 11. all by himself-himseli alone.this despair ? 12. to halve . . . ^cith, kolvou (with

5. 7mvs, (pciTLs. dative).

EASY EXERCISES. 1 57

cxx.

Agamemnon.

Chieftains, who ever share with us in all achievements

ruling the host of Argives,

hear, what to me, when I consider these things well,

appears to be the only plan left.

It would have been disgraceful for us, as though afraid, 5

to depart from this land, if we had had, as before,

Zeus still propitious, who despatched forsooth this

army of Achaiaus, a great woe to the Trojans.

But now (since manifestly to the gods that once were friendly

we are hateful), come, to our fatherland 10

let us flee again, and cease from toils.

For I cannot take Troy, if fate be unwilling.

1. share in, <xv/.nrpd(Tff(d (next \6w ; r/ods, Salfxove^ (next

line). line).

2. 7'ule, evdi'Vb}, apx^, Kparw ; 10. 0.m hateful, €XO(i^^poiJi.ai, ex^P^^

4. only plan = ' alone of et'pit.

plans.' 12. cannot, express by optative

7. desjMtch, fKir^fj-Tro}. and &v ; if, use gen. absol. ;

9. manifestly, efj-cpavHos, or use bt)- fate, de6s.

CXXI.

Grave Questions.

Ha mlet—Gravedigger.

H. What man's tomb is being heaped here 1

G. The tomb is mine : ask not again.

H. But why do you tell lies, villain 1

G. 1 say that every work is his who made it.

H. Well, then, what man are you burying in this tomb ] 5

1. what mail's, say of whom oj Ta.<pos, tv/x^os ; heap, x^"-

m.en (so in lines 5 and 6, wfii.

say whom of men . . . no 2. ask, Trvv9dvo/Mi ; why ? § 59.

one of men), ; tomb, arjixa 4. his loho made, use participle

1S8 APPENDIX.

G. No man ; but you speak inconsiderately.

H. Then must one call this corpse a woman's %

G. Nay, not even now have you set right your tongue.

H. And who is it, in very truth, if it is not a woman %

G. She was once a woman, but now is no more. 10

H. But how is she not a woman now, if she once was a

woman %

G. Why, she is dead; and the dead "are not."

6. inconsiderate/y, dcppovriaTw^. 9, if, et ye.

7. the7i, ovKouv. 12. why, yap.

8. nay, dWd;set right, 6p96u (or

compd.), see § 50, perfect.

CXXII.

The Tyrant.

A. But, if I am monarch of those here,

who could possibly restrain my authority,

that all be not fulfilled, whatsoe'er I may ever wish 1

B. King, that you bear rule over this land,

all know, and there is none that is ignorant. 5

Yet certain (beings) seem to be stronger even than you.

A. Pray, Avho is so strong as to overcome me 1

B. First Zeus, and the Gods in heaven ?

and next Shame, who possesses among men

greatest reverence, and the wise honour her; 10

and Law, they say, is ever king of all things.

These you must serve though you be great.

2. could possibly, optat. with av ; 7. Pray, loho, say" and who."

authority, e^ovaia. 9. next, 'iweiTa.

3. that . . .fulfilled, infinitive 11. ishing, verb.

with article. 12. these, relative.

CXXIII.

The Castaway.

A. Stranger, pity the lot of a miserable man,

nor let me die thus deserted.

EASY EXERCISES. i59

B. Who are you 1 and Avhence do you inhabit this cold

country, wearing a Grecian dress ?

A. I am Lycon, son of Meidias the Corinthian : 5

and I am come to this island through the violence of a

storm.

B. What ask you, then 1 Back to your country

would you have me bring you on my ship 1

A. Most certainly : and if you consent to grant me this

I will present you with great store of wealth. 10

B. Nay rather, keep the money yourself and preserve it well,

for I will give these things, which you desire to get, free.

3. inhabit this, next line. 9. grant, xaptTo/â'-

4. (??-ecia w, 'EXXdj, adj. 11. and preserve, iârtici^^le.

7. âci", etc. ,introduce the ques- 12. free, dfitados.

tiou with an interrog. particle.

CXXIV.

The Prince returns to his Home.

My child, now you may see, being present,

what you were ever desirous of. For here is the city

in which your father held the throne, while he lived,

and the palace, whence I carried, and reared you

to your present manhood. And this, on the left, 5

you may behold the grove of the sea-god,

and the race-course, where alway to the sons of Greeks

the public contest of speed is proclaimed.

And, yet, why do I vainly recount these things to you 1

For all in a short time you, yourself being present, 10

may learn. But now at least we should not delay longer,

since this is a season not for words but deeds,

1. you may, ^^€(tti, 5, you may behold, optative with

2. desirous, irp66v/j.os ; here, ode. &v.

3. rear, iKTpicpuj, middle. 6. race-course, (rrddiov.

4. your present manhood —' this 7. o/speed, -asead]., e.g. wkvitov^.

much of age.' 12. season, aKix-f) (a).

i6o APPENDIX.

cxxv.

Children and Parents.

Well have you spoken, son, like a reasonable man,

all your speech : nor shall you have blame from me,

as having been guilty of folly in your words.

But I am perplexed, and cannot learn this ;

whether indeed it is better that children be born 5

to mortals, or whether one shall rather die childless.

For I see that they are miserable, as many as have not

male children born in their homes,

and as many as have them born, are no happier.

And if one have a bad son, it is a most hateful plague : 10

and again if good ones be born, bitter fear

is present A^th their father, lest they suffer something.

1. like, Kara. 7-8. Say 'to as many as . . . are

2. shall you have, optative with not born' (icpvaav aor. of

6.V, next line. habit), end line 7 with /xtj.

3. am guilty of, octAicrKdvu. 9. Omit 'are,' carry on the con-

4. am perplexed, diJ.7ixa.vQ. struction from Ime 7.

5. indeed, odu. 10. Omit 'it is.'

6. childless, dirais. 11. good, aduppuiv, icrOXos.

CXXVL

Odysseus.

Odysseus saw the manners of many men,

and visited many cities;and he was tempest-tost

by blasts of whirlwinds and roaring waves.

But ever in his woes he found Athene kind,

for the Wise Goddess loves wise men. 5

So she saved him, and, again to his fatherland

returned, made him king of those he ruled of old.

1. Odysseus, 'OSvaaevs. 4. Athene, 'KOAvd.

2. am tempest-tost, x^t^f^d^ofxat. 7. retiirned=' having come.'

EASY EXERCISES. i6i

And neither fierce Charybdis, nor the hounds of Skyllaseized the hero with all-devouring jaws.

And the Kiiklops, dread child of the Sea God, from evil 10

outrage he made to cease;and destroyed with the point

of a blazing log the blinded light of his eye.

S-9. hounds of Skylla in verse 9, 10. Kuhlops, in next linej child,

seized with jaws in verse 8. Opi/Mfxa (n.).

CXXVII.

The Sirens.

Noble Odysseus, among those now and those of old

most famous of Achaean heroes;

approach and bring-to thy ship hither, mightiest one,

that thou mayest hear the sweet songs of the Sirens.

For already, to this land, and sea-encompassed 5

shores, many sailors bringing their ships,

have heard our voices;and then to their fatherland

sailed forth rejoicing ; and pleasure at once

have won, and knowledge of words that before they knew not;

for we know all things, whatever sufferings in Troy 10

both Trojans and Achaeans once had of the gods,

and all things whatsoever men do anywhere.

1. amoyig, sign of genit. 5. sea-encompassed, TrepippSros.

2. mostfamous, say' most famous 7. voice, cpOiyna.

personage'

(Kdpa). 8. sailed forth, eKTrXiw.

3. approach and, partic. ; bring 9. knowledge, fidOTjais, yvQcns ;

to, Kadiarriixi. kneio not, use ayvoioi.

4. sweet, repirubs ; Siren, Heip-qv. 10. had of the gods, use eK.

cxxviir.

Achilles.

Achilles, you ought to cease from ihis angerand pity the Greeks : for who would not,

1. Achilles, 'Ax'XXei^s. this line part of the clause

2. and pity, pai'ticiple. Put in beginning line 3.

L

1 62 APPENDIX.

seeing such distress, forget liis own wrongs %

Yet you see me and all the host

fallen into the extremity of disastrous woe;

5

and still you remain unmoved, nor from your eyesis the fresh dew of tears shed forth.

Vainly then do you boast to be the son of Peleus,

nor did Thetis bear you, but some rock,

or the briny rage of the sea-surge, 10

if thus ever retaining a hard heart

you shall endure to see your comrades perishing.

5. disastrous, dTr)p6s, SeLvos, KaKds. 10. s?</'^e=' wave.'

7. say' shed forth for you

'

(eth. 12. comrades, ra twv (plXwf (or

dative) ; fresh, xXcopoj. literal).

CXXIX.

The Restoration.

I have heard an old true saying

that nothing is past hoping, but, even if one fail

in most things, he may be able to set right his fate.

And I myself have now found these things to be so,

who having once reigned over the Argeian land 5

was deprived of my power, and driven out

into a foreign land, into the desolate wilderness :

and so I had many sorrows, and not once alone

I prayed (miserable man) to all the gods that I might die.

But now the city^ which once hated me, having pitied me, 10

lets me return, and possess my father's realms,

and the proud name of King, and sovereignty,

2. imst hoping, aeXTrros ; one, 9. that 1 might, infinitive.

next line. \^realms, Kparos (may be plural).

3 set right, opdoia (or compound). 12. sovereignty, aKTJTTTpa, (jk^tttov-

5. reigne.d over, rvpaweiju. X'*> 6p6voi, rvpavvU.

7. inaccessible, d^aros.

cxxx.

Vanity of Riches.

If great abundance of riches to mortals

gave safety, so that to die should not

EASY EXERCISES. 163

be necessary for the rich man, I, from seeking of riches

and guarding them, would never cease.

For so it would be possible for me, having persuaded the godbelow p.D

with gifts, to escape untimely death,

and not lie hidden, a corpse, in the chamber of the dead.

But since the gods suffer not mortals with goldto buy life, and alike die

the rich and the poor, what does it profit meto wear myself out in vain with countless labours

seeking wealth, of which I shall be deprived when dead?

3. he necessary, SeZv ; from seeking 5. possible, irape'tvai ; having per-

of, say simply'

I seeking siiaded, next line.

riches.' If convenient in- 6. tintimely, di/j.6s.

troduce into this line the 7. chaiiiber, Kevdfxwv, fxvxos (or

dv required by the condi- plural).tional clause of line 4. 9. life, not (5l6s here, but to trjv.

•4. guard, dtdcpuXdcrcru.

VOCABULARY

/

VOCABULARY

a, an, rts.

abandon, irpodovva'., XeiVw, nidirnii.

abandoned, ^pvfJ-os, yv/xvos.

abate (tr.), vcpdvai, Kovcpiêiv, iXacr-

crovv, Tcaveiv.

(intr. ), \r]yeLv, \Qi<pav, iraveadai.

abhor, crrvye'it', luaetv [hate],abide (remain), jj-ivo} and compd.

(tolerate), KaprepQ, cpepu}, t\t]-

vai [endure],

abject, Toweiv6s, K-a;c6s, (pavXos.

able, SvvaTos, iKaubs (i), olo^ re.

am —, crdevui, iVxi^w (ii), ^x'«'

[can, power],abode, oIkos, oiK7]cns.

abominable, KardTTTvcrToi.

abound, ttXtjûw, einropQ.about (prep. ),7rept(g. a.),d/;(î(g.a.).

(adv. ), Tre'pt^, KVKKip.

am about to, yuAXw.

above, vtrep (v) (g. a.),

abridge, ffwrep-veiv.

abi'oad (adj.), dvpalos : (adv.), ^^w,

i^wdev, ovK ei'dov.

absence, dTroucrto.

(from home), e/cSry/itd.

(desolation), iprjpLid.

absent, dTrwv, ^Kd-qp-os, Ovpahs.am —, dweipLi, eKSrjuCb.

absolutely, Kaprd, iravv, wavreXws.

absolve, \vw, dcplevai.

abstain, dvecrxofJ-v'', dirocFTdTeiv.

absurd (ridiculoiTs), -yeXolo^.

(ill-timed), aKaipos.

abundant, d4>dovoi, ttoXvs, or use

dXis [abound],abuse (ill-ti-eat), v^piêLv (v v)

(revile) Xoidope'iv, KaKoaTOixeiv.

(deceive), KXewTeii', \l/evdeiv,

qirdrrjaa and compd,abyss, ûôs, jSados, (n. ).

accept, S^x^M"^') }âp.pdv€iv, alvelv

and compd.acceptable, TepiTvb%, ijSu?.

access, etaodos, (f.) (or use verbs).

accessible, irpoajBaTos.

accession, irpocrdriKrj.

accident, tvxv, cnip.(popd.

accompany, dKoXovdw, /xediTrofxai.,

avj-iTrapaaTarQ, ffvveiuai.

accomplice, KOLvwvb^, avWryirTcop,

(Tvvepyds, /xeratnos.

accomplish, e/creXeit', eKirpdff<jei.v,

dvvTw, ipydôfiai. and compd.according to, /card (a.), €k (g. ),

irpos (a.).

accordingly, ow, roiuvu, vvv or vvv.

account, X670S.on account of, ovvtKa (g. ), 8id

{a,.),xdpiv (g.).

give account (relate), d77eXXw.accursed, Kardparos, iravTOfua-qs,

[the accursed one, to puGO's.']

accuse, alridadai, airiav -rrpoccpepeLv,

p.ip,(pop.ai, KUT-qyopeiv.be accused, alTldv ^x^ "'> iô-kui^

dKoijeiv.

accustom, iOiî^, TraiSevu,

accustomed, avvrjdrjs, avvrpocpos,

eWicrp.ei'os.

am —, e'iioda, (pCKCj.

ache (s.), 0X705 (n.), Xptt?;, dxos (a),

n., [pain],achieve [accomplish],achievement, epyov, irpdyp.a.

acknowledge, aiVcD and compd.,ai''p.(p7]p.i, oi'K dirapvovpLai.

acquaint with, use dyyiWw, 8l-

8daKW.

acquaintance, an, (rvvr]9ris, olKelos,

yviipT/j-os, (ptXos.

acquainted with, ip-ireipos, iiriffrri-

p.o}v, OVK dl'dpis.

am acquainted with, oloa, iiri-

(TTap,ai, OVK dyvoLO.

acquiesce, arepyuj.

acquire, KepBalvw, KTQp,ai.

acquit, dcpeivai, Xveiv.

across, Tr^pdv (g. ) (beyond, irepd, g.).

act (v.), TroieTf, irpdcrcreiv, dpdv.

1 68 VOCABULARY.

act (s.), 'ipyov, Trpa^ts, irpayixa (n. ),

or use participles,

adapt, ap/xoêiv ami coinpd.add, vpoaTidevai, TrpoajBdWuv.address (v.), Trpoaavodv, Trpoaeiweli',

jvpocffpoovelv, TTOocrayopeveiv, irpoa-evvfweLV.

adieu, x^-^P^-

admire, davfxa.^03, tv^^-admit (allow), eav, 8€xe<T9aL.

the case admits, ex(^-

admonish, vovderelv, irapaiveTv, 81-

8d(TK€LV, (TW(ppovi'êLv, (ppevovv,

adore, a^jSeiv, criêa-dai, irpocTKvveiv.

adorn, Koafielv, KoWweiv.advance, Trpox^peiu, vpolBaiveii'.

advantage, XijfifMa (n.), K^pSos (n.),TO (Tvp.(pepov [profit],

adversary, evavrios, ix^pos [enemy],adversity, (n'/j.<popd [sorrow],advice, ôvKi}, avfj.ôv\ri, ôvXfv-

fiara.

advise, ôvXeCca, ^v/xpovXos elvai,

vovdereTv,' irapaLvelv, ireideLV.

afiair, Trpayfj.a, XP'^M"> 'ipyov.affection (state, condition), Traôs

(n.).

(love), ^pwj, -rrbdos.

(friendship), eiJvoia or evvoid,

trpoOvfita.

afflict, KOLKovv, ToKatTrwpe'iv, Xvireif,

Xvfj.aiv€(.v [grieve],

affright, irroeiv, rapdcrffeic [frighten],affront (s. ), Xci/3 7;, di/etSos (n. ), iJ/3pt(7â

(u i7) (n.) [insult],

afraid, Tr€pl<poôs, rapaxOeis, (poj3ov-

/jLevos.

am —, Tp4(j}, 8i8oiKa, (poôvfiai,

TapjiQ.

after, nerd (a.), eK (g.), iiri (d.),

vcTTfpov, fxedixTTepov.

afterwards, iKxrepov, elra, ^weiTa.

again, TrdXr;', avdis, to Sevrepov,ad.

against, iwi (a.), Kara (g.), evavriov

(g.), or use verbs compoundedwith dvTL-,

age, old —, yripa%, fxaKpbs aiuv or

/3tos.

(epoch), aldjv, xp^vos.

ago, long, irdXai, trpiv ttotc, e/c ttoX-

Xov.

agony, dXyos (n.) [pain, grief],

agree with, ffwg.d€ii>, avyx'^pa.v,

crvvTidecrdai, avfKprjfxi, eTraivelv.

agreed, it is —, 8oKet, S€8oKTai.

aid (v.), w(p€X€iv, fSorjOe^v, avparapa-araTelv [assist, help],

aid (s. ), dxpeXeid, ÔTjdeid, apuyr).aim (s. ), aKowos.

(met.), tAos, yvibfirj.

aim (v.), ecpieaOai, roêvcj, aroxd-fo/xai (all g.), relvei-v els.

air, aWrjp, ovpdvbs, irdXos, ar;p. Tworj,

avpd.alarm (s.), 06;3os, Se7fji.a [affright],

(v.), Tapdcrcw, eKirXTjaau, e'/x-

^dXXeiv <fi6pov, <ftoêiv.

alas, (pev, o'ifxot, S, tw. {See § 61,

62).

alien, dXXoTpios, ^dp^dpos, êvos, dX-

X6(pvXos.

alike, e^ i<Tov (i), o/xo'ius, icra, i(rov.

alive, fcDr, ^/j.\//vxos [(pCos ^Xeireip],to take —

, ^wypelv.

all, Tras, airas, ffv/xTras, oXos, or useTis ov -

; (See § 71 (T).)

men and all, avroTs dv8pa<nu.

allay, npavvu (u), ffîvvvfii, iravu,

KoiKplû, /xaXdcraw, /xaXOdcraw.

allegiance, TriaTis, weiOapxio-alliance, (nroi'8ai, or use

crvp.fj.axe'iv.

(marriage) yap.os, ktjSos.

allot, vifiew, Sovvai.

allow, eav, avyx^pii-v, bovvai, ((plecr-

6ai, irapaaxelv.it is allowed, eêari, irdpa.

allowance (excuse), crvyyvwfj.T].

ally (s. ), (TVfj./xdxos, irapaa-TaTr]s,

avvaairicTTTjs.

almost, (Tx^^bv, 6<jov ov, ffxe86v rt.

alone, (xdvos, '^prip.os, olos, oib^wvos,

fjiovvof, fiovdiOeis.

along, trapd (a.), dud (a.), KaTd(a.).aloof, wpoacii, Trpbcrôdev, /xaKpav.

to stand, dTroaTdTe?^,

dcpeardvai.

already, ijSri.

also, /cat, ^Ti, afxa (a), ovx ^craov.

altar, ûfios.alter (tr.), fieTaXXdaaeiv, fieraarpe-

(peif, dfietêLv and -ecrdai.

(intr. ) passives of the above,and ix€Ta<TTrivat., /j-eraireaeiv.

VOCABULARY. 169

although, Kaiirep, irep (with part.),el Kai.

altogether, TroireXws, is to ndv,

wduTa, Trdvv, oXws.

always, del (a), elaaei, aid, aley,

amaze [wonder, affright],

ambition, use dpovuv ipav, ^-r^Tetv

Kpdro?, aKTJTTTpov lp.eLpU!v {T))fyifJ.eiv,

or some such phrase,ambush, \6xos.

amend, Siopdovv, eôpdovv.

amid, ev jj-iau, iv, wapd (d.), /jl^ctos :

sometimes criV (d.), or /xeTc.

is-)'

amiss, kukos [bad, evil], ffKaios.

take amiss, dvcrx^P''-'''"^) °'J

pa5lws (pipu3.

among [see amid].

amf)le, dcpdovos, /j-eyds, /uaKp6s, ttoXi^s.

ancestor, n-a.Ti]p, ot irpiv, oi irp6a'-

de{v), oi wdpos.

ancestral, narpuios, Trdrptos.

anchor (s.), dyKvpa.anchor (v. tr. ), 6pp.iô3 and conipd.

(intr. ) bpixelv and compd.ancient, dpxo-ôs, ndXaios, e/c wa\ai-

repov, oi wpiv, oi irdXai.

and, *re, *5e, Kai, r]de.

anew, TrdXt;', aCdis, aP, ueov.

angel, dalfj-uv.

anger, x°^Vy opyri, du/xos.

angry, xoXcuêtJ, rjypLufievos, dva/xe-

vTjs, opyiadels, x^'^^""'^?! 6v/u.ov-

fx-evos.

to be, xoô'^"'^'") opylêa-

6ai, e'xf 't' 5i' dpyrjs, dv/jLovcrdai,

5v<7xepaiveiv, iâypiovcrdat,

fjLT]vto}, Xvaadv, p.aifi(rdai, dx-deffOai..

anguish, dXyos (n. ), fixos (a), n., dX-

yrjBiJ^v, XVTTT], TTados (n. ).

animal, îbov, 0pifj.fj.a, ^6aKrjp.a.

wild — , d7)p, 5a/cos (n. ).

announce, d77eXXw, K7)pv<Tcru>, Xiyoi,

ffTifiaivu, drfKdio, crdcp-qvi^w, irpon-

ireiv, (paivu}, SeiKvvfJLi.

annoy, ^XdirTeiv, dvldv, KaKOvpyetv,

Xvirelv, XvjxaiveadaL.

annoyance, dvta.

anoint, xp^'î dXft'^w.

another, dXXos, erepos.another time, dXXore, vaXw.

answer, dvTeLTrelv, dixeilBo/xai.

(of oracles), dvelXe, or use

Xp^cr/x6s, ixdvT^vfi,a,

anticipate, (poifcj.

any, tis (often Tras).

apart, x^P^^^ ^^X^y '^^^^ (§•)•

appal, iKTrXrjffffu [affright, alarm],

apjjarent, 8rjXos, itKpavrjs, ivapyi^s,

(pavepbs.

appear, (paivo/xai, opQ/j-ai, doKoi.

appease, irpdvi'eii'iv), K-qXdv, deXyeiv.

apjjlaud, aivelu, eiraiveiv, eC Xiyeiv.

applause, evratj'os, ev(p7jp.ia.

apple, /J.7JX0V.

apply, 7rpo(r<pep€ii', eTre^/SdXXei;',

dp/J.6^€LV,

approach, irX-rjoiaêLv, vpoaeXdeif.

approve, iiraLfeii', awaiveiv.

archer, To^6T7jy.

argument, X6yos.arm (of body) (s.), wXivrj, ^pax^v,

dyKaXr],

arms, armour (s.), oirXa, iravoirXia.

arm (v. tr. ), oirXi^w, eôTrXifw.

(intr. ) passives of above,

army, cTpoiTos, aTpdren/xa, crrdXas,

Taîs.

arouse, eKKtviu, iêyelpu.

arrange, array (v.), rdaaeiv, Kocrpidv.

arrive, iJKeiv, /xoXeiv, Trapelvai, dtpiK-

vovp-ai.

arrow, oib-ros (or oI(tt6s), Âos (n.),

jSeXefxvoi', drpaKTos.

art, rexvri, M-VXo^'^V-

(artifice) 86Xos, fj.T}xavTiiJ.a, re'x-

vrjij.a.

as (temporal), us, iwei, eVetS^,

TjviKa.

as (causal), dis, eVei, iweiS-^.

(comparative), ws, wstrep, uisre,

wsTrepet (often 010 s or ojos).

ash, cnrodds (f. ), ricppd.

ashamed, am, aicrxivop-ai, aldov/xai,

oKveiv, ipvdpidv.ask (inquire), epwrdv, iaropdv,

^Telv.

(request), airelv, ^-qruv, Xina-

pdv, Xiaaeadai.

assail, trpo<nrLTrTo:, dpdcraw, eyKcT/xai,

assault, irpocrôX-r].

assembly, <n;XXo7os, TvavijyvpXs,

ddpoicixbs.

/

170 VOCABULARY.

assent, <rv/i^7)fxi, crvvaipQ.

assist, eirapKeiv, ô-qdetv, w(peKe'iv,

ffv/jLTrapaiTTaTelv , aprjyeiv, ajxivetv,

avWa/x^dveiVjVwovpyetVjVirrjpeTelv,

(Tu/x/xaxew'.

assistant, crwepyos, avKK-qirTup,

avuep-ydT7is,TrapaijTdTr]s, (rvfifiaxos.

assuage [allay],

assured, I am, ireivoLda, irtaTevu),

ol8a [know],astonish, eKirX-rjaffO}, dav/j.a e/x^dXXw.

at, Kara (a.), ev (cL), ivL (d.).

athlete, d6\rjTr]s (a),

attack (v.), is x^^P"-^ eXdeiP.

[assault] (s.), op/jir], -rrpoaôXr}.

attempt (v.), Treipdv and -dadaL,

f'yxetpeii', airTecOai.

(s. ) T6X/j.r]fj.a, Treipa.

attend (look to), aKotretv, /xeXeadai.

(wait on), depairiveiv [accom-

pany],attire, €<x6r}s. aroXi], (rxw^.

auspicious, 5e?i6s, fvrvxfl^, Kaipios :

sometimes Xa/MirpSs.

avei't, dTro(TTpi(peiv.

avoid, (pevyeiv, iK<pevyeiv, dcpicTTaa-

6aL, fvXdfieiffdaL, (sometimes mayhe turned by a negative particle) .

await, fx^vio and compds., fxi/xvu).

awake, eyelpu (tr. ).

away, e/cTroSw!', (ppovSos (adj. ).

am gone , oi'xo/xat.

away with you ! ^ppe, (STraYe,

dTrWi.

awe, al5d}$, aej3ds.

awful, oeivds, delos, cr€fj.v6s.

axe, 7ei'i;s (f.), neXeKis (m.).

B

back (s. ), vQtov (often in plur. vQra).

back, backwards, irdXiv, e/nTraXiv,

els TovTTiadfv (or use verb compd.with dva-).

bad, KaKds, TrovTjpds, fjLOX0VP^^y

cpaOXos, dxpT)<TTos, KaKiffTOs.

badge, reKp-iipLov, cr-qp-elov.

badly, Ka/ccSs, KdKicra, ovk ef'.

baffle, ffipaXXeif, \pev5eiv, fiaraiov

TTOLeiv, (or use /xdrTjv).

balance (s.), ToXavrov, (TTad/j-Ss.

balanced, Icrdppowos.

ball, arpatpa.

band (a troop), rdfts, o-ycrratrts.

(a bond), 8eap.6s, avvSeap-os.

banish, iKjBdXXeiv, eêXaijveii'.

banishment, (pvyrj.

bank (of river), ^x^V-

bar, s., (litex'al sense) fioxX6s,

KXrjdpov.

(met.), KwXvfia.bar (v.), ATwXiJaj, efnrodiû, ovk idv.

barbarian, ^dpâpos.bai'barous, d^fiSs, dypios [fierce,

savage, wild],

bare, yv/xuds, yvpLvudels, ^prjfj-os.

bark, s., (of tree), (pXoi6s.

V. (of dogs), vXaKTiiv (u),

i'Xa7îa dyeiv.

barren, dKapiros [bare],base (adj.), atcrxp6y, drlpLos, dvd^Los

[bad].

(foundation), ^ddpov (d), Kp-qirts.

bathe, Xoiieiv, ^dirrew, riyyeiv.

battle, fiaxv, dyuiv ," Xp-qs [is x^^P^^

iXdelv, 56pu].

bay (of sea), koXwSs, /tii?x6s, XXjx-qv,

OppLOS.

be, elvai, inrdpxi'-v, Kvpeiv, Tretpv-

Kivai, yeveadai [jvyxdvo: &v].let be (allow), idv.

beach, dKT-q.

beacon, ^pvKTiIipiov, (ppvKToi, arj/j-a,

a'Tjfj.eiov.

beam (light), avyri, <ri\as (n.), rjXion

ôXai,bear (carry), dyu, (pipoj, KOfii^w.

(undergo), irdcxeiv, Kaprepelv,

TXrjvai, sometimes roXfidv,

dvix^<^0'^'-

(bring forth), riKreiv.

bear (s. ), dpKTos.

beard, yeveids, Truryiuv.

beast, 6rip, oolkos, KuuidaXou.

beat, TrXTjcraeLv, Kdirreiv, Traletv,

apdacxetv, TraTdacrtiv.

beautiful, KaXos, upaios, eiieidris,

evpiopcpos, finrpoauTTOS.

beauty, KdXXos (ji.), evfJ.op<pia.

because, eVei, eTreidrj, on, diori.

because of, ovueKa (g.), dird (g.),

did (a.), dtroiva, X^P"*-

become, yeveadai, (pvvai, ire(puKivat,

iKJSaivw.

(befit), trpocrriKei, irpiwei.

VOCABULARY. 171

bed, X^xos (n.), koItt}, Xinrpov and

plur., eivr), Kevdfidtv.

bee, /xiXiaaa,

befall, yevi'adai, ffv/xâiveiv (or use

Tvyx'iviio).

befit, Sel, xp??, xP^^" [become].more than befits, fiaXKov ri

Kara, (a.),

before (prep.), Trpo, Trpbade{v), ^/x-

wpoffdev (all g.).

(conj.), Trpiv.

(adv.), Trpiv, t6 irpiv, irpdaOeii'),

^/j.TTpocrdei'.

beg, alTe'Lv, XiTrapetv, XicraecrOai.

beget, yevvav, tIktelv, (pveiv.

beggar, vevr]?, 7rTwx6?, ayvprris.

begin, Slpx'^j -op-o-i., itapxî-v, dirro-

lxaL(g.).

beginning, OLpx'n, a(popiJ.Ti, to wpQiTov.

begone, eêXde, ?ppe.

beguile, ^fevdeiu, KXeTrreiv, KrfXdv,

i^TjTraTTjcra.

behalf of, on, virip (g. ), ovveKa (g. ).

Xo.pi.v, irpos X<^P'^-

behind, iinade (g. ).

behold, bpav, jBXeTreiv, aKOTrelv,

ddpelv, elaopav, XevcaeLV, Trpocr/SXe-

TreLV.

(interjection), Idov.

believe, wiCTevii}, wddop-ai, ovk

dTnard, Triwoida, vop-i^w.

belly, yaarrjp, vr)5v%.

below (prep.), inrb (g. ), Karw (g. ).

(adv.), Karw, KarwOev, V€pde(v)

(often use adj. veprepos).

bend, Kap-wrtw, k\Ivhv, arpecpetv,

yvafXTrreiv.

(stoop), veêiv, irpoveveiv ,

KVirretv.

bend (a bow), Teiveiv.

beneath [below],

benefit, to, dxpeXdv, eiepyerelv, fv

Spdv.

bereave, arepelv, arepiaKetv, uTroare-

peiv.

beseech, XiVcrojuat, iKvovp-at, wpoa-

Tpeive<jdai [beg, ask, pray],

beside, irapd (d.), -n-pos (d.).

(except), ttXtjv.

besides, 'irX, kclI, irpbs TovTOis.

best, apiaros, XaSffroj, ÂrtcrToy,

KpaTiaros, /cdXAtcTTos, (piXraTos.

bestride, icpi^dvui.

betray (deceive), dirdTw, kX^tttw,

(piiXovv .

(reveal), (rr/jaatVw, (paivu, /xrivOu.

better, d/xeivui', Kpeicrcrwv, (ieXTfwv,•

XP''?<'''A"^''^P'"-

between, /xeTaû(g.), iv ixl(X(^, ^;'(d.).

bewail, errei'co, kw/ciw.

beware, (fivXdacrofxai, evXa^tladai,

dTre'xo/âi.

bewitch, KrfKelv, deXyeiv.

beyond, nipd (g. ), virep (g.).

bid, KeXeveLV, Tvpoardaao}, eiireiv,

bid farewell, x'^'Pf"' Xiyw.

bind, 5e'w, '(eiyvvni, airreiv (irpoa-,

crvv-).

bird, opvts, nrfivov.

birth, 7ecos (n. ), yevv-qixa (n.).

bit, x°-^^^^^' (ft6ixlov.

bite (v.), bcLKvdv,yvadoi^ (Jirapdaaeiv .

(s.), 5^7/xa (n.).

bitter, TriKpbs : (met. ) ix^pbs, 'ixdi-<^-

Tos, dXyeLvbs.

black, ixiXas, fji.fXdyxtpi.05, KeXaivbs.

(scowling), (TKvdpuirbs, avvw(p-

pVCj}fJ.^VOS.

blame, ahXaadai, iyKaXelv, xj/eyeiv,

oveLbiêiv, /xi/Mcpeadat, €irLTlp.dv,

eXeyxetv, KaKOffTO/xeiv [eirippodov

KaKbv}.

blameless, d/j-vpiuv, S-iieixirros.

blank, Kevbs, 'ip-qjj.o's.

l>last, TTVOT}, Trvevfj.a.

blaze, aTiXjieiv, ^Xeyecrdai, Xdfnreiv,

dcTTpdwreiv.

blemish, bveibos (n.), aiaxOvt).

blessed, evbaifiiov, bXtiios, p.a.Kdp.

blind, Tv(pXbs, dbepKTOs, Tv(pXudeis.

blood, al/xa (n.), (pbvos, a<pdyr}.

bloody (cruel, murderous), (pbvios,

(poivtoi, fxiaicpovos, thfibs, dypios,

avOivTT]'!.

(blood-stained), alpLarrjpbs,

r]p.ayfx^vos, rip.dT(iip.evo%.

bloom (s.), dvdos (n.), aKp-r].

(v.), dvddv, ddXXeiv, aKfxdêiv.

blow (s. ), irX-qyr], TrXr}yp.a.

(v., wind), wveTv.

blunt, dpL^Xi'S.

blush (v.), epvdpXdv,!boast (v.), KO/xirdêiv, avx^^v,

I viprtyopuv.

172 VOCABULARY.

boast, boasting (s.), Ko/j.Tr6s, (tt6/jlw-

ais.

boat, ttXoIov, a-K&cpos (n. ).

body, aCofxa, d^/mas (n.).

(dead), veKpds, v^kvs.

bold, dpaavs, ToX/nrjpds, eCroX/xos. •

boldness, rdXpLa.

bolt (arrow), /3Aos (n.).

bond, 5€(r/J.6s (plur. Sec^d), triV-

deafxos, ifidrj.

bone, offTovv.

book, ^L^Xlov.

boon, Sapov, yepas (n.).

bootless, dxpeios, dj'w<^6X??s.

booty, Xet'd, Xd<pvpa.

both, a/j.(pij).

bough, /cXaSos, /cXc6v,KX^/na, ^pvos (n.)-

bound, opos (n. ), ttipo-s, riXo^ (n.),

T^p/ita.

boundless, ctTretpos.

bounty, eifrotd or eiivold.

bow (v.) [bend].

(s. ), Toôv and plur.

boy, Trais, veo^, via. Tpo<p-q, riKVOV.

branch, K-XaSos [bough],brandish, iraXXew,

brass, xaX^-6s.

brave, eadXds, dXKLfj.os, dvSpeios.

brazen, x'^'^'ô'^s-

break, prj-yvv/ju, diroppTjywfiL, dpiirrij),

Opavu}, KaraKXdv.

breast, arepvov, aTrjdo's (n.).

breastplate, duipa.^.

breath, wevixa, irvori.

breathe, irveh.

breed (v.), <pveiv, rpicpeLV, iKrpicpew,Traideveiv.

breed (s.), Tpo<pr), yivos (n.), ffiropd.

breeze, adpd, ttvot], irvivixa, dvefios (d).

.bridal (adj.), vvpL(p(.K6s.

(s.), ydpLos, ya/xot,

bridge, yerpvpa.

bridle, x°-^'^''^^j ijvid.

brief, briefly [short],

bright, brilliant, \aiJ.Trp6s, âiSpos,

KaX6s, vepifpavris, efnrpiinjs, (pa-

(iv6s, evdyyjs.

brine, dXs, dXfxvpd bpbuo%, dXippodos

pori [sea],

bring, dyeiv, (pipeiu, Ko/jLiêiv, Trpoa-

(pipeiv.

bring up, rpe^w.

broad, evpvs, fxeyas, ttXoltijs.

broil (strife), ^pTs, ardaLS.

brook, peWpov, vdp.a (n.), phOpov,

po-fi.

brother, doeXôs, Kaais, Kaalyvrjros,

crwai/xos, avyyovos.

brow, ocppvs, 6/j./j.a (n.).

bud, dvdo^ (n.), KaXv^.

build, difj.03.

bull, /Sous, ravpoi.

bulwark, ^TraX^LS,^pv/j.a (n.), Tetxos.

burden, dx9os(n.), j3apo?(n.) grief],

burn, (pXiyeLf, Kaietv, wvpovv, ck-

Kaifiv, aTTTeiv.

burnt-offering, 'ifiirvpov.

bury, TVfjLêveiv, ddwreiv, KpiJTrretv

(or KaXiTTTeiv) yrj.

bush, ddfj,vos, \6x/^V-

busy, to be —, cnrovddêiv, TroXXd

TTpaTTeLV.

but (particle), *8i, aXXd, TrX-fjv, dXX'

o/xwr, dXXd ij.t)v,

(except), irX-r)v (g.), eiix-q.^

buy, irptacrdai., dyopdêiv, (hveiffdai,

eixTToXdv.

by (agent), virb (g.), wpbs (g.), e/c

(g.), dirb (g.), (oaths) vtj, ixd (a.),

(means), bid (g., or simply d.).

(near, beside), irphs (d. ), irapd

(d.), irXriaiov (g.), e77Lfs (g.).

(adjuring), irpbs (g.).

(according to), Kard (a.),

bystanders, oi Trepia-TdfTes, Trapa-

ffTdrai, irapaffTdTovfTes, irapbvres.

c

cable, KdXwy, ivelafia (n.), irpvpLvfj-

(jia (n. plur.).

calamity, av/xcpopd, Trado? (n.),

KaKov, dXyos (n.), ti^xt?.

call (name), ovojxdô}, KoXdo, Xiyu,eliTilv, TrpocTfjybpevaa.

(address), Trpocrevviiroo, KaXQ),

irpb(X(pr)p,i.

(cry), ôdv, (pBiyyeadai.call back, dvaKaXelv.

calm (s.), ydXrjvrj, ev8id.

calm (adj.), -qcriixos, aKtvrjTos, eS-

KoXos.

calm, be — , ^x' V'^X'^^) ddpcret, ripi-

/xei, ravTa xph Tp^'ws (pipeiv.

VOCABULARY. 173

calm, to make — , irpavvw (u), vavu.

camp, aTpaToiredov (and phir. -a).

can, oiuaadai, ^Xf"*) cyd^veiv, Kpa-

Telv, eldivai, lax"^'-''} olds re ehai ;

[or use optat. with dv.]

canker, Xeixvv.

cape, aKpa, irpuv.

captain ;use <TTpaTyiy6s, riye/jLuv,

etc.

captive, at'xMaXwroy, dâfj-ios, decr/MU)-

TT]S, aXois (a), eûyprjfx^vos, <rv\-

\T]<pO€i';.

car, dlcppos, dp/ia, o'xos, 6'x'?A'a.

dir-rivT].

care (s.), <ppovTis, irpbvoia, ix^pifiva.

(v.), (ppopxiêiv, fi4\w, /iAo/xat,

((U^Xet /uoi, impers.).careless, padv/xos.

to be —, oLfxeXeiv,

carry, (p^p'.iv, âardêiv, dyew, ko-

—off, d(j)apwa.'êiv.

cast, jSdXXw, pLivTta, 'irifu.

cast out, away, compels, of the

above, with avb, eK.

cast lots, KXvpovaOai., KXrjpov vip.€iv.

catch, dprrdêiv, iXeiv, fidpTTTeiv,

Xa/x^dveiv (crvX-).

cattle, jSoC?, /xdcrxos, ravpos, ôvko-Xwc (ppovprjfxaTa, ôaKruMara.

cause, airla ; or use x^-P'-" (g-)) 01'-

v€Ka (g. ), did (a.),

caution, €vXdj3eia, irpofxrideia [some-times 06/3os].

cautious, to be — , evXdê'Ladat., (pv-

Xd(X<T€iv, ed ffKoireiv, irepiffKoirelv.

cave, cavern, 6.vTpov, (nrrjXaiov,

cnrios (n.) [Tre'rpa].

cease, Travo/xat, Xriyw ; or use ovk€ti.

ceaseless, aTravaros.

centre, to p-iaov, 6fj.<paXos ; or use

fjLecros as adj.

century, alwf.

certain, /3^/3atos, da<paXrjs, adcp'fjs,

evapyqs, brjXos.

certainly, Kdprd, fj.aXa.

chaff, Kapcpos (n. )

chain, Secr/xos, tt^St;.

chair, '^dpa, Opbvos, eduiXwu.

chamber, daXdfxos.

chance, r^xVt cvfKJJopd ;or use rvy-

Xdt'w, avfiâlvu).

change (v.), fieraXXdcrcru}, dXXoLOvv,

fiediardvai [alter].

(s.), ixeraôX-q, Tpoirrj.

chaplet, aT^(poi (n.), <TT€<pdvos.

character, ridos (n.).

charge (v.) (enjoin), irpocTTdaffeiv,

KeXeveiv, etc.—(accuse), aiTidofxai.

charge (s. ) (injunction), iuToXr) ;or

use /iAet impers.—(accusation), alrLa, toOttIk-

Xrj/xa.

chariot, dp/xa [cai'], n.

charm (v.), O^Xyeiv, KrjXety, eirq.deiy

(lit.),

chase (v.), diwKio.

(s. ), dripd, dypd, KvuTjyia.

chaste, dyvos, (rdxppwv.

chastise, KoXdêiv, rtveiv, ^pepovf,

aucppovlêtu.

chastisement, rfcrts, Troival,

cheap, evTiX7]s, cpauXos.cheat (v. ), KXeTmo, dwaTC),

cheerful, €vdvfj.os, eij\l/vxos, (pai5p6s.

cherish, rp^cpeiv, arepyeLV, drdXXeiv,

ddXireiv, ^X^"'-

chide, xp^yeiv [blame],chief, dpx(î', riyeixibv, irp6/j.os, rdyos,

wpocTTaTTjs, dpx'riyeTijs, CTpa,Ty}Xd-

TTjs, arpcLTTjyds.

chiefly, fidXiara, rd /xeyicTTOv, ovxTJKLffTa.

child, irats, J^KyovoSjîKVov, ^piôsin.). JtJ^S.

choice (»dj.)/KpiT6s, eâip

choke, irvTyeiv.

choose, aipilcrdai, iâipe7v, iKKpiveiv,

TrpoeiXofjLTjv, Kpivw.

citizen, iroXtrris, dards, drj/xdrrjs.

city, TriXis, &<ttv, TroXia/xa, tttoXis.

claim, dîovv.

clamour, /3o^.

clang, KXayyri, \l/6<pos.

clear, Xa/XTrpos, evdyrjS.

(met.) adcprjs, df/Xos.

clear, make— (acquit), alriav Xieiv,

6vei8os Xveiv.

clearly, (racpuis [or use 575X65 ei/xi or

drjXovv^.cleave (adhere), exeÔai, irpoo-yip-

TTjadai, ifj.Tre(p\JKivai, Xdîadai.—(split), ffx^fw.

âiperos.

/

174 VOCABULARY.

cliff, Kprjfxvos, 7ra70S, irerpa.

climb, eirefj-âivw, eâKpiô} [uTrep-

dopelv].

cling [cleave to],

cloak, TTfTrXos, rptfiwv.

close (v.), K\eio} (or /cXtjco), Tru/cdfw,

crvyKXeio:, iyKX-.

(s.), reXos (n.), TeXevTT], repfJ-a

[varaTos, iravvaTaTOs].

closet, /tii'xos 56/aoi'.

clot, dpo/iifios.

c[ot\\e(v.) ivdveiv, dfx(pipd\\eLv, dfiir-

clothes, ffToXr], effdrjs, ei/mTa.

cloud, vecpos (n. ).

clutch, Xa/j.^dveiv, -effdai [catch].

coarse, aypoLKOi, dTraidevros.

coast, aKT-f], napaXia.

coil, airelpa.

colli, vo/jua-fia (ii. ).

cold, ypi'xp^s, dv<TXîiJ.epos.

collect (v. tr.), dydpu, ddpoi'go},

crvWeyeLV.

colony, diroLKia.

colour, xpi^Ma (ii-)> /3a0-»7 (dye).

colt, TTWXOS.

combat, dyihv, /xdxv, afxiWa.

come, iJKeLv, fioXdv, ipxoiô-L [irpoa-,

KOLT-, eir-), 7rpo(7(7Teixw, irpoffepTru,

d<piKvet<ydaL.—near, irpoaeXdew.

comelj^ ei'TTpeTTTjs [beautiful],

comet [star],

comfort (v.), Trap-qyapetv ,-etaOai

[cure, heal],

comforting (adj.), deXKTijpios.

command (v.), KeXiveiv, wpoffTac-

ff€LV, iiriffTeXXeLv, a-qixaivetv.

(s. ) (injunction), ipToX-fj, irpbff-

Tayp-a.

command (government), dpxv-^

commander, arpaTTjyds, a.px'îv, ijye-

p.wu [chief],

commend (praise), eTraivCb.

(intrust to), wLaTfvw (commendoneself), irpocnpeirecjdaL.

commit (wrong), dbiKelv, ttXtj/x-

p.eXeiv, dp-aprdveLV, KaKOvpydv,common (usual), eluduis.

(shared), koiv6s.

(inferior), <paOXos, €VTe\7j$ [ra

Tvx'l'VTa].

commons, drjfxos, arpaTos, Xews,

dcTToi, TToXirat.

commotion, arciais [trouble].

companion, ffvurpocpos, awvoixos,

ffWTjdr]?, irapaaTCLT-qs \oi ^vvovres].

'company (assembly), aiiXXoyo^, bfiT-

Xia.

compassion, oIktos [pity].

compel, dvayKaêLV, îdêcrOai.

complain, odppecrdai, iyKuXuv, fiep.-

<f)eij6aL, alTidaOai [blame, la-

ment].

complete (v. adj.), oXo';, ira.vTeXr]%,

TTCis.

(v.), reXelv [accomplish],

compulsion, dvdyKri, I3ia.

comrade, eralpos, koivwvos [com-

panion],conceal, Kpinrru, KciXvTrTw, Kevdw.

am concealed, Xavddvw.

condemn, Kpivw (Kara-), iXeyxn-",elXov.

am condemned, aXtV/co/xat,

[6(pXLaKdv(i}\.

condition, on, iiri (d.), [ware].

conduct, dyeiv, ijyeiadai, irep.Tru},

TTpOTreyUTTW.

confess, <TViJ.(pri/.a,ovk dwapvovp-aL.

confine, dpyoj, KXeieiv, KadelpyeLv.

confirm, êâiovv, Kvpovv.

confound, Tapdacru, avyxî^, KVKdf,

crvp-fiLyvvvai,

confused, draKTos, cnj/xpiLKTOS.

confute, eX^^x''^-

conjecture (v.), ei\dj-w, T€Ki.ia.lpeaOai.

ffTOXO-êadai, oieadai, (subst. ) do^d,

VTro\pia.

connect, crvi'dwrco [join],

conquer, vIko-v, KpareTv, aipeiu.

conqueror, 6 vLKLJf, 6 Kparrjaas, viK-q-

(pbpo's, eXddv.

conquest, vIkti, dXcaais, Kparos (n.,

often pi.),

conscious, am, cvvoida, eTrô-ra/tat

[know],consecrate, i^dylêLv, dylêiv.

consent, ffuvaive'ii' [agree],

consider, evOvpeladai, ffKoiretv, Xo-

yiêadai, deduOai, evvoeiv.

(hold), vop.l'(;€LV, TjyeTffdcLi.

console, irapriyopeLv, -eiaOai [Kov<pl-

j-eij/, vpdxJveiv (v).

VOCABULARY. 175

conspiracy, o-rmris.

conspirator, (Twoofj-bT-rfs.

constrain, iVxw, /cartcrxw, avayKOLîi)

[compel],consume (tr.), dvakiaKij}, (pdeipu,

TpDX^, [eKTTjKU}].

contemplate, crKoireXv, dedaOat..

contempt, (act.) ii/3pts (v v t), (pass.)

aTLfxia.

contemptible, (pavXos, evreXris.

contend, /xaxo/J-ai, iplêiv, a/j-iWa-

crdai, dyuivi^'eadat.

contented, evKoXos.

(to be), arepyeiv, padlii)^ (pepeiv,

Xaipeiv.

contest, OLfuWa [a, a) [battle],

continue, /xeveiv (e/x-, dfx-), diaTeXe'iv,

ou Traveadai [or use ^ti].

contradict, evauTLOvadai, dvTenreiv,

dLxocTareiv .

contrary, evavrios [Tot'/iTrdXti'].

contribute, avixcpepnv, (rvfi^dWo/iai.

contrive, fj.T]xavd(r6ai, £vpi<TK€Lv, tto-

control, KpoLTelv, KariffXii-v, eipyeiv,

conversant, ^fxireipos [accustom],conversation, \6yoi.converse (v.), ofMlXeTf, es Xoyovs eX-

deiv.

convey, (pipetv, Ko/j.iêiv [conduct,

carry],

convince, wddu, eXiyx^-cool, \pvxpos.

cord, ^poxos, dpTav-q.

corn, atros, crax^s.

corner, ywvla, /xi'xos.

corpse, veKpos, vfkvs.

correct (v.), Siopdovv [amend],

cori'upt (v.), (pdeipo}, fjLoXvvoj.

corrupt (adj.), naKos, wovrjpos [bad,

base],

corruption, cpdopd.

cost, bdiravrj, tl/jltj, dîa.

costly, TToXureXTjs, ri/xtoi.

couch, \^xo5 (n.), evvrj [bed],

council, jBovX-^ \j3ovXevTai].

counsel (s.), crv/ji.j3ovXia, j3ovX€Vfj.a,

ôvXrj.counsel (v.), crv/jiôvXevw [advîce].

count (lit.), dpLO/xeiu.

(met.), riydcrdai. [consider],

countiy, yfj, x^^'î X'^P") o-ypoL

country (fatherland), Trdrpa, iraTpts.

countrymen (fellow-), ttoX^ttjs, da-

t6s.

courage, roXâ, OvfiSs, €v\pvxld, dv-

dpeid, ddpcros (n.), (ppSvrjfia.

course, 666$, dp6fj,os, opfxrj.

court, avXri.

courtesy, eviireLa.

cousin, dfei/'t6s, avyyeuris.

covenant, (nrov8al, (TvvdrjKr].

cover (v. ), KaXinrreiv, ffreyeLv, Kpvir-T€IV.

cow, jSoOs.

coward, cowardly, dvavSpos, 8eiX6s,

KaKos, droXfios.

cowardice, deiXla, dvapdpla..

cower, TrTrjaaw [fear],

craft, rexîh ooXos.

crag, 7ra7os [cliff, rock],crash (v.), ô<t>eiv.

crawl, 'ipwuv.

create, (piti3, iroiCi [make],creature, dp€ixp.a (n.).

credit, trlarXs.

creep, 'iptrw [xa/y-atTrerr^s].

crest (of helmet), X6<pos, Kpdvos (n.).

(of hill), Kprjfxvos, Xocpos, &Kpd.crew [avTois dvopdaiv], vavrai, vav-

tIlXoi.

crime, d/xaprla, vjipis (u v), alda

[KaKOvpyeiv],

crisis, dKfiTj, Ka7pos, powrj.

crooked, \of6s, Kvproi, dyKvXos,

didarpofpos, aKoXwi.

crop, /capTTos, [frait], [7li»?s].

cross (v. ), vTrepj3aiveiv, vTrepOope'iv,

wepdw.crowd, TrXrjOos (n.), o/j.l\o$, crvaTaaLS,

oxXos, [ol TToXXoi].

crown (royal), use dp6voL,ov <jKrjWTpa.,

or Kpdros.crown (garland), crT^<pos (n. ).

crown (v. ), <TT€(pw.

cruel, ij}ix6s, v-qXerjs, dypio^, rpdxvs,

(TKXrjpjs, x<^Xe7r6s.

crush, (nipprjyvvfxi, (7 vyTptjSeiVjdpaveu',

crvvOXipeiv, dp'oirreiv, Sia<pdeip€ii'.

cry (v.), ôdp, (pdiyyeffdai ; (weep),

SaKpieiv.

(s. ), Kpavyrj, ô-q, ^hdjxa.

cunning (s. ), 56Xos [ixyixo-vSLcydai].

cup, KuXl^.

176 VOCABULARY.

curb, x^Xri/is [bit],

cure (v.), dKe7cr9ai, eâKetcOai, iaff-

dai.{i), Xoocpdv, [TTai'w].

not to he cured, dvrjKeffTos.

cure (s.), iaais, d.Kos{d) 11., firjxos n.

(or -ap).

curse (v.), iirevxeffOai [eTnppddois

KaKolcri.].

(s. ), dpd, [drr], 'EpTvh].

curved, KafMirrds, Ka/xwvXos.

custom, v6,u.os, eOos, rb elwdhs, to.

eluddra [accustomed],cut, T€fjLveiv, Kd-rrreiv, dxifei;', Kcipeiv.

away, off, aTrora/xeti', eKKOTTTeiv.

to pieces, (TvyKOirTeiv, Kara-

o'xtfeii', Siaaxifff.

D

dagger, fi&x<^'-P°-[^^4'o^ \^'^-)' X^'^'^'O']-

daily, del, Kar' fj/xap, Kad' ijfxipav.

dainty, d^pos, fjLuXdaKds [xXiSrj,

Tpv4>T)\.

damage, j3Xa/3->7 [harm, loss].

dance, opxe'ô'So-h x^P^^^'-^t x°P°^'^

dyeiv.

danger, Kivdvfos, dyicv, rb Beivbv.

dangerous, i7n<T(pd\rjS, a-cpaXepSs,

dare, roX/xav, TKrjvai, KLpSvvevio,

ireipav \aêiv.

daring (s.), ddp(Tos (n.), rbX/nd.

(adj. ), evToXfios, ToXfxripos,

d<poSos{d), crx^T'X'OS.

dark, darkness, ckotos, &p<t>vn,

Kvicpas [night],dark (adj.), /ceXatv6s, aKoreivos,

d,u.avp6s, dvTjXLOS, /ixeXaj, d<l)eyyris

[blind],

darken, aKorovv, dfiavpovv, (ttl-

OKOTelv, iTn]Xvydêiv.

dailing, rd (plXTara, [0tXos].

dart, /3Aos (n. ), aixp-T] [arrow, spear],

dash, tr. (destroy) Kara^dXdv,

(pdeipeLv.

intran. (dash down upon),eyKaTacTKr]irTio, efj-wiTrTUj.

daughter, duydrrjp, Trais, Kopr}, t^kvov.

dawn, ews, rjiJ-epas dpxv, <P<^s, opdpos,

avyai [ioidivbs].

day, rifJ-ipa-, ^p-ap, 0ws [r/Xtcw].

all day, n-avrjfj.epos (adj.).

day, day by day [daily],

daybreak, at, dp.' "hp-ipa. [dawn],dead, the, oi ddvovres, ol Karu, tovs

ivepdev, Tuiv oXuXoTLOv, Toiis vepre-

povs, Tols irewavpivoKn, toi'J fv

"AiSou, eôXwXorej.dead body, veKpos, veKvs.

deadly, ddvduXfxos, dXedpios, Kalptos

[i?X^'<''^05].

deaf, K(j}(p6s.

deal, have dealings with, bpuXeli',

Trpoacpepecrdai [crvvaXXayr]].

dear, (ptXos, TrpoacpXX-qs, (piXTaros,

€<ptp.epos.

(valuable), Tip.ios(i), iroXvTeXris.

death, ddvaroi, ttot/uos, p-opos, polpa,

piov rippu, aTraXXdyr] ^tov, rb Kar-

davelv, Tov davelv, "AidTjs.

debt, xpf"? (n.) [ocpeiXixi].

decay, (pdtuuj, dTr6XXvp.ai, TrjKop.ai,

Ixapaifo/j-aL [die, perish],

deceit, doXos, diraT-q, ij/evdos (n.).

deceive, xj/evbeiv, <f)r]\ovv, diraTav,

e^dirdTav ,''KXeirTeiv \Xavddviji\.

am deceived, crâXXoyuat, -îv-

5op.ai, dp.apTdv(LV.

decent, evTrpeTnfjs, evcrxvf^^v.

decide, Kptvw, yvGivai, bXdyvSivai,

yvtljp.rjv TTOLelffdaL.

decision, Kptais, yviliixri [\prj(po'5\.

deck, Ko<jp.i1v, TtepiffT^XXeiv [adorn],

declare, Trpoeiweiv, Xeyeiv, 8rjXovv,

KTipv-xcreiv, iênreiv [announce, tell,

proclaim],decline [decay],decree (s.), xj/rj^tapd (n. ), v6p.os,

Krjpvypd (n.).

(v.), KeXeveiv, Kpaiveiv (of fate,

etc.).

dedicate, dyiûi (consecrate),

deed, 7rpa7os (n.), epyov.

deep, pddvs,

(s.) ^vdos.

deer, eXdôs [drip, &ypa].defeat (v.), ccpdXXiij, vTkCo [con-

quer].

(passive), rjaawp-ai, aXicrKOuai.

defeat (s.), ijcraa, dXcocns.

defend, dp-Vveiv, ô-qdelv, irapaaTaT-eii> {(Tvp.-), irapiffTacrOai, (Tvpipaxe'tv,

(Tcifetv, inrepfMaxeiv, dp'^yeLv(d)

(hêXe'iv (eTT-).

VOCABULARY. 177

defiance, ko/j-ttoi, (re/uva ^ttt).

deficient, ivSeris, ovx ciXis [crTrai't^co].

defile, KaTaiaxtivu), fxXaivw, (pdeipw,

yUo\iVui, Xii/xaivoiuLai.

define, opi^cj.

degenerate, dyevvris, kukSs, t(pdap-

pievos,

degree (rank), rdfts.

deity, Beds, 5aifj,wv.

dejected, ddvfios [sad],

delay (v. intr. ), /ie'AXetc, oKveiv,

jSp^.SofoiJLai, xpovlîiv,

(tr. ), KU)\vHV, epLTTOoi^'eiv.

(s.), 6kvo$, TpTlir], dvajioXr].

deliberate, ôi'Xei'o/xat, TrepiaKoirelv,

[(TKOwelv e5 TravTa, aiiv yvu/xr]

irpaffcreiv].

deliberation, crvfx^SovXri, wpopoia,

(ppovrts.

delicate, XeTrros, a/3p6s, /xa\da.K6s

[xXiSri].

delight (s.), rep^l/LS, i^Sovr), X'^PI^°^V,

Xo-pd. (pleasant thing), ydvos.

delight (v. tr. ), ripiveLv, eixppaiveip,

diXyeiv.

i(intr. ), TjdeaBai, T^pTro/xaL, ev-

(ppaivofJiaL, xat'po).

deliver, TToiêti' (f/f-), Xifeiv, diraXXdcy-

ffeiv, [eêXelv KaKuiv].

deliverance, d-rraXXdyri, X^cris.

. delude, \pevdetv [deceive],

demand, alreiv, eâireLV, dî-ovv,

oeiaOai.

demeanour, o"X^yua (n.).

denial, dpvijcns.

deny, dvalvop-ai, dTrapvovpLat, ov (prjixi,

dvTeLirelv.

depart, aTreifxi, eêi/iit, d7repxofj.at,

eKTTodwv bpixdv or -dadaL, oixô'dai,

dwoixeadai, dTrr]XXayriv, €ê^r)v,

dir€(XTd\r)v [eKirXelv, \eiiretv irdrpav,

(f)evyeLv\.

deprecate, irapaneladai.

deprive, arepelv, arepiaKeiv, d(f>ai-

peicrdai, diroaTepetv, [Tr}TihiJ.evos].

depth, /Sdôs n. (a). /SiJôj, m.descend, Karaâivw, iKpepnu, Karep-

Xop-au

descendants, ^Kyovoi (or §Kyova n.

plur. ), waiSojv waldes, oi fX€dij(r-

repov, Tovs îreira, yivos [tOjvirdXai vea Tpo(prt\.

desert (v.), Xeiireii', TrpoXeiireiv, e/c-

Xnrelv, €pT)p.ovv, jxovovv, diroffTpi-

(peadai [abandon],desert (\\'ilderness), iprifiia, yrj

'ipr)ixos, dTrdvdpuwov iredov.

(merit), dîa, ^pya KaXd.

deserve, dîos ei/xL, oiKaios ei'/xt withinf. [xpVi Trpoa-qKei, vpeTrei].

design (s.), ôvXrj [intention],

design (v. ), evvoelv -dadai, (BouXofiaL

[intend],desire (s. ), ^pw?, ifxepos{i), irbdoz

[love, wish],desire (v.), deXw, evxo/J.ai, irodeiv,

€(f)Ua0ai, Ip.iipop.ai, ip.elpw.

desolate, Iprjpos, fjp-qpup.evos.

despair (s.), d6vp.ia [grief, sorrow],despair (v.), ddvp.€iv, dveX-jriaTw?

êiv, duTJxafeii', eXntdwv eprjpLOs

eipi [acpaX^vTos un/ rfXirLôv}.

despise, KaTa(ppoveLv, virepcppoveTv,

dripidiêiv, dTTOTrrVeiv.

destiny, tvxv^ polpa, dvayK-q, eipap-l-Levov [TTfTrpwrai, deal Kpalvovai].

destitute, eVSe?;? {desolate],

destroy, (pOelpuv(hia-), oXXvvai ((xtt-,

t'âTT-, 81-), Kadaipeiv, dvaipelv, e^-

aiaTovv, vipOeiv.am destroyed, (pOeipopai, 6X-

. \vp.ai, oixop-ai [perish],

destruction, <pdopd, Xv/xt], KarajKa-

WT], 6Xe0pos.

destructive, TroXixpOdpos, oX^dpio^.

detain, Karicrxd-v [stay, restrain],detect, eêvpelv [find, discover],determine, Kptveiv, yiyvucTKeiv [de-

cide, judge],detest, crrvyeiu [hate],

devise, i^tvplaKw [find, plan, deli-

berate]. p.y]xdu dop.ai.

devour, icdtuv, (pdydv.

(met ),6\Xi//x(, wipdio [destroy],dew, Spocros.

dice, KvôL.

die; OvrjaKeiv, Kardaveiv, oXiffOat

(e^-), bibXXvffdai, diroXXvcrBai., <pdi-

veiv, o'ixecrBai.

die with, avvdvyjaKeiv.

differ, diaêpew, diroaTaTetv.

difficult, x°^f''"<^s> ov paOLOs, dp-rj-

XO'fos, Svcrxepvs.

difficulty, with — , p.6Xis.

iM

178 VOCABULARY.

dig, (TKaTTTetj', opiKraeiv.

dignity, aîa, (xe/Sas [honour].

diligent, wpodv/jios [anovdaêiv],

dim, (TKOTeivos, d(p€yyr]S, d/xavpds.

din, xpocpos.

dine, denrvelu.

dip, riyyew, ^diTTeiv.

direct (v.), opOovv, vi/neLv [lead,

guide, govern, command],dirge, dprjvos, 6priv7]/j.ci (n.).

disagree, 5txocrTaT€?v, ov ravTa <f>po-

veiv.

disagreeable, d7;5i7S, ex^P^^ [hateful,

unpleasant],

disappear, ot'xo/iat, eKvoduv yly-

pecrdaL, d<pavTO<; oixop.ai, d(pdvL-

disappoint, iXirldos \j/ev5eLv, a<pd\-

\eiv.

disaster, <Tv/j,(popd, Trados, n. [ca-

lamity].disbelieve, diricTTeî', oii ireWop.ai,

OVTL TTLCrTeVU}.

discipline, evraîa, Treidapxia-

disclose, (paivw, deiKvvfxi, eKKaXvirru

[show, reveal],

discontented, 5v<rKo\os.

am —,

oil (TTipyoo, Svaxepaivu,

\vTroup.ai.

disgrace (s. ), bveidos, aiVxiij"?, aSo-

îa, dri/j-ia, Xui/Stj.

it is a — , aiaxpop (or -l(tt6v)

icTTL.

disgrace (v.), Karaiaxv"^, alaxi>f^,

drlpid^<>}, alax^^V^ (pepeiv.

disgraceful, aiaxp^î avd^Los, xd-

KLffTOS.

disgusted, am, Sva-x^po-ii't^.

dishonest, diricTTOS.

dishonour [disgrace].

dishonoured, drl/xos, T]TTfj.(i}/xivos,

&5oôs.

dismal, ffrvyvSs, yueXa/t/3a^7js, dva-

Xeip-epos.

dismay, (poûv, eKirX-rjaaen' [fright-

en].

dismiss, dtpUvai, fiedUvai, €KTreiJ.Tr€LV,

disobey, dTreiêti', ov Treidofiai.

disorder, dra^la, dKocrp-ia, ardai^

[confound, distraction].

disown, d-Trapvov/xai [deny].

disperse, crKeSdwJfK. {Sia-), SuaTrjû.

display, (palvoi (e\--, Trpo-) [show,

reveal],

displease, oiiK dpâKu, ovx dvSdvoj.

displeased, am, dvaxepaivu, ovx

ri8ofj.aL, dpylôfiai.

displeasure, opyri, \v^>^.

disposed [well disposed], evvovs,

eiifxevris].

disposition, TpSiroi, ^9os (n. ).

dispute (v.), e'pifo), SixocTaTeTv, /xd-

Xop.a.1, dvOiffTafiai..

(s.), ffrdcLS, epL$, dfxiWa (d),

[quarrel],

disregarded, drrifxeXTiTos, dTLfios.

dissatisfied, 5i'(T\o\os[discontented].

dissemble, dwdru [deceive],

dissolve, Xvecv, diaXveiv, Tr)KeLV.

dissuade, dvoTpi-rreiv, dweipyeiv, ovk

idv.

distant, dircii' [p.aKpdv, 7rp6(rw, ad-

verbs].am — , dTreip.!., d<pi<XTajxaL, drro-

(TTaTeiv.

distinct (clear), Xafxirpbs, cra^Tjs.

(different), 5id(popos.

distraction (fear), 06/3os, Tapayp-a,

^'kttXtjIis.

(anger),opyif),^

xoXv-distress (s. ), fca/cd, avp.(popai, Xviryj

[grief, sorrow],distress (v. ), dXyvueiv, XvireTv, dvldv,

TTLKpd 5pdv.

distressed, am, dfir]x°-ve'^v, dXyelv,.

TrdcrxecvfKaKa.

distribute, ff/xetc.

distrust, dTTtcrrfij/, inroirTevHv [dis-

believe],

disturb, kTvG), rapdaaw, wToeh, eV-

irXr]a(jeLv, cvvTapdacrw.disturbance, o-racns [distraction],

ditch, 'opiiyp-d (n. ), Td(ppos.

diverse [different],

divert, iKTpeireLV, airdynv.

divide, SMtpelv, fiepiêiv, 8u(TT7ifu.^

Xwptffif, o-x'jf". euddTeiadac, otxa

TToielv, diavepieiv.

divine, 6elos, ffe/xvo^, ov Kar' dv-

dpWTTOV.division (dispute), ordcris.

do, Tvoieiv, Trpdaffeiv, dpav, reXeiv,

dvvT€LV, epydiop.aL, [have to do

with, p.€TejTi p.oi].

VOCABULARY. 179

dock, XifjLrjv.

doff, €k5ou, (-o/jiai).*

dog, KUWlf, (TKvXa^.

dolphin, deXipts.

domestic, oiKeios, eyyevris, ifi(f)6\Los.

(servant), oiKir-qs.

dominion, dpxVt Tvpawts, Kp&Tos (n. ).

doom, fiolpa, avayK-f] [destiny, fate,

death],

door, diipa, irij\i) (mostly plural).dote (talk foolishly), \-qpdv.double (adj. ), otcrcros, 5is roffovros,

StTrXoOy.

(v.), StTrXdfw, (met.) /xtjkdvu,

avâvio.

doubt (v. ), aTTLCTTew, inroirTeveiv

[disbelieve].

(s. ) aTriaTia, vTroipla [&5-i]\os

doubtful, &8r}\os, darj/xoi, HwiaTos,

dcratprjs, d(pai'ris.

doughty, d\Ki/j.os [brave],

dove, iriXeia, ireXeids.

down, /cciTw.

drag. eXKeiv, (rvpeiv, (jirav, anoairav,

S/yeiv, eêXKeif.

dragon, dpaKuv.

draught, TrCofxa, ir6iTi.s.

draw [drag],

dreadful, Setôj, (poêpbs, <XTvyv6^,

ex^pos, KaKds.

dream (s. ), evvirviov, 6vap, 6Vet/)os,

(pdcTfia (n. ).

(v., met.), eXtriû), Sokuj,

drench, ^pexîv.dress (s. ), aToXrj, ead-qs, dp.a. (n.),

KOCffxbs.

(v. ), KotTp-eiffOcLL, wepiariXXcc-dai, dfj.(pi^dXX€a6ai.

drink (s. ), ttotov [wine, water],

(v.), -irtvu.—up, iKirtvlj}.

drip, ard'gw, Xeiô/xai, pelv.

drive, iXavvdj, dyw, StcpprfXaTe'iv

[chariot].*

— away, — out, iêXaivu, e/c-

pdXXw, i^wOeTv.

driver, rjvioaTpofpos, 'nr-n-riXaTris.

droop (met.), ixapalvoaai., T-qKOfiai,

iriwru}, Ke7fiaL, ddvp.G).

drop (s.), <TTa.y(S}v, (rrdXaypM (n.),

•â(fds, dpdffos.

drop (v.), ni6lr}fXL [lose, abandon;drip, fall],

drought, auxfJ^Ss, Kav/xa (n. ) [dry],drown, TrocTt'fw, ^vdl^w, KaraKXvû,

irvtyu.

drowsy, vTvujdrjs [sleep].am —

, vvffrdiêip.

drug, (pdpp.aKov.

drunken, am, /jlcOiho, fiedvcTKOixai.

dry (adj.), t7?p(5s, avxp-VP^^, dvofi-

(Spoi, dyvBpos.

(v. ), avaiveip, ^rjpaiveiv.

due, is, dcpelXerai, Trpeirei, irpoarjKu,

5e', Xp-n,XPft^"-

due, Sfâtoj, a^tos, xp^°^-duel [fiovos fxavci) p-dx^cyOai.].

dull, Kwcpos, d/navpSs, dfipXi'is.

dumb, d(p(j}vo%, Koxpoi, dvavdos.

during, ev (d.), /j-era^v (withparticip. ) [ace. of time],

dust, Kovis, ffwoods (f. ) [xa/.ta:].

(corpse), dcrrd, veKpos, viKvs,ffTTodos.

duty, xpf'oj (iÔ [is due],

dwell, o'LKelv, KaToiKeiv, ixiveiv.

dwelling, o'lK-rjcns, oIkos, oiKia, oiKrjfjLa

[house],

dye, xpaii'W, ^dirTui [aXovprybs, §a.<f)r)\.

Eeach, eVatrros, Tray tiz.

(of two), (Kdrepos, &/J.(pu.

other, dXXrjXovs.

eager, am, cnrevSu] -o/xai, Ifidpu (r),

-ofxai TTodui [wish],

eagle, akrds [Aibs irrrjvbs kvojv'],

ear, oPs [give ear, dKovw, \-\[/w].

early (adj.), (in the day), eudivbs,

bpdios [dawn].

(adj.), (ancient), irdXatbs,

dpxcuos.

(adv.), (in the day), Trpo) rrjs

7)/xepas [da\^n].

(adv.), (long ago), TraXot, irpiu,

TTOTe, i^ dpxfis.

earnest, irpbdvp-os [eager],earth, yfi, x^wi/, yala, iredov, oCSas.

on earth, x<^y"«' [xa/J.anr€T7]s,

adj.].

earthly (mortal), /Sporos, Ovrirbs.

ease, (rxoX-q, ev/xapeia.

i8o VOCABULARY.

ease, be at, padvixuv, 7]avx<^s 'ixî-v-

easily, paSius, ei'xepwj, KoiKpus,

evfidpQs.

east, dvToXai, ews, avyai.

easy, padios, evirerris, Kov(pos, e\a(pp6s,

ev/jLCLp-^s, Trp6xetpos [often iu com-

pounds €v-, e.g. ev/xadrjs, easy to

learn].

easy-tempered, ei!;Vo\or, t^ctvxo^,

npaos.

eat, eadUiv, (payelv, SeLTrveif.

(met.) ^deipeiv [destroy, de-

vour],

eaves, areyrj [roof, house],

ebb, to, anoppelv.

echo, Tjxu) [sound, noise],

edge [two-edged afi(f)7]K-qs] (of

sword), oToâ (n.), cik/xtj.

efface, ika\ei(poj.

effect {v.),Trpdcr(TeLv [accomplish,do],effeminate, ixaXdaKos [rjdos yvvaLKds

varepov, OrjXvvw].

effort, with —, /xoXis, iroWd irovuv,

fftii' Trbvif.

egg, ibbv.

eight, oKTih.

either—or, 17—

-r^,eiVe—elVf, -^tol

—^.

either (adj.), (each), eKarepos, dpi<p(j}.

either (one or the other), drepos (d)= 6 erepos.

elate, to, iiraipeiv, itôyKovv [proud],

elder, irpecr^'uTepos, TraXairepos

[yepun/].

elements [heaven and earth],

ell, irrixi's.

eloquent, 5eLv6s Xiyeiu, ffO(j>6s [XPW-dai. KaXoFs Xoyois].

else, some one, dXXos rts, erepds ris.

else, nothing, ovdev dXXo ttXtjv,

[fiovov rdSe].

else, or —, et 5^ /aij, [ov yap &v].

elsewhere, dXXaxou [dXXodiv, dX\y].

from, dXXoOev.

embark (tr. ), ivTldTj/xi, ifi^L^dêiv.

(intr.), i/xâiveiv, elajSaiveiv [e/c-

TrXeit", eôpfxdv, vavTiWofiai].

embassy, irpeafiei.s, dyyeXoi.embrace (v.), dcTrdfo/xai, Xa/j-^dvea-

6aL, '^x^'^Qo.'-t f'' dyKoXaii ^f"'»

flJLTre(f>vK4vai, €/j.(pvvaL [Kvvflv].

embrace (s.), TrepiôXai ^pdxTbvwv,

irepLTrrvxai X^P^'^y dcTraafxa.

embroider, TroLKiXXeiv, vX^Keiv,

-ed, iroi.KtXos, 5at5d\os[7rotV'i\â.].

embroil, Tapdcaeiv [distract, dis-

turb, confound],

emerge, eKâlveiv.! emotion, irddo's (n.) \Xvtrrf, x^P^^

06/3os].

emperor, empire [king, ruler],

employ, XPV<^^^<- [subst. xpWi-^y

Xpei'O- See use],

empty, k€v6s (hungry, dairos,

Tr€ivu)v).

(met. ) fxaraios, k€v6s.

enable [turn it by 'can,' old; re

elvai, etc.].

enchant, K7]Xdi> [charm],enchantress, doidos (f. ).

enchantment, evcpBr} (lit.),

encircle, kvkXovv (wepi-), d/xirexf^v,

e'ipyeiv, Trepij3dXeiv [surround],encounter (v.), d-rravTav, iixnlwreiv

[ri/YXdi'w {iv-)].

encourage, dapcrvvo}, erraipu}, Odpao^

ip.[iSdXX€t,v.

encumber, ^dpVvui, e/jL-rrodiû [hinder,

gi'ieve, load],end (s.), TfXos (n.), Tipfia (n. ),

TeXevTT}, irepds [eVxaTos, varaTos].

(v. tr. ), Trepaiveiv, TfXelu,

TeXevTaf.

(intr. ), iraveffdai, Xi^yeLv [cease],

endless, direipos, dvqvvTos, aiwvio^,

aTipfJLOJV, dvavcTTO'S.

endure, Kaprepeiv, ToX/xdv, 4'^peu',

TXfjvai, TrdiTxei'', dvixop-o-i-, dvTex'^.

[cannot endure, Si'crxepaii'w,

'hate.']

enemy, ex^p^?, Stjios, woXi^nos,

evavrios, dva/nevris.

enforce, eKîdêadai, eâvayKa^w

[compel],

engine (of war), fiyixav-^.

engrave, iyypdipeiv, x'^-P^'^^'^'-^

mostly metaph."

enjoy (delight in), Tep-n-o/xai, riSoij.ai,

XO-ipoo.

(possess), Tvyx&fU}, xpi^P-aL

enjoyment, repxpis, tjSoj't? [joy.

pleasure],

enmity, ^x^pd, ^x^°^ (i^-)) A'i'cos (n. ).

(at enmity, Sva/Jievrjs, direx^rt^)-

"^W

VOCABULARY. i8i

enormous, inrepcpvrjs, OaufjiaarSs,

fj-^yicTTos [fxvplos].

enough (adv.), dXis (a), dpKovvTws,

abriu.

(adj. ), dcpdovos, eirapKTjs, eâpKTjS

[plenty],

enough, it is, dpKei, eâpKei, aXis

eariv, ov aira.vi.s.

enquire, wvdecrdai, icropio) [ask],

enrage, eôpyiêiv, ifj-jSaXelv dpyrjv,

eâypLaiveLV.

eni'ich, irXovriêiv, av^dvetv.

enslave, dovXovf, SeaixuTov dyfiu,

eXelv.

enter, eicriivai, eaeXdeli^, elcrepxofâi,

elcrpaLveiv, iTnevai.

enterprise, veTpa, ipyov, iyxeiprjixa.

entex'ta-in, iaTidv, êviêiv -eaOai,

awdeLTTPOv trOLeiv.

met. rpecpiii.

entice, ecp^XKnv -eaOai, tTrayeiv.

entii'e, oXos, was, ajrds, ffvfjLwas,

iravTeXris.

entrails, cnrXdyxva n. plur.

entrance, ei'troSos (f. ).

entreat, Xlwape'iv^ Xicrao/xai, iKereveiv

(r), iKi/ovfiai, Feiadai, ahelv, eâireiv

-eladai, ei"xOyaat(e7r-) [xeXei/w, ask,

pray],entiiist, TTLffTevcj, eiTLTpiiro].

enviable, j'-^Xwro?, /xaKap [happy],

envy (s.), (in bad sense), <pd6vos.

(in good sense), fijXos.

envy (v.) (in bad sense), <f)dov€tv,

iwKpddvus ^x^"'-

(in good sense), ^Xovv.equal, taos, 6p.OLos, laoppoiros, oi'x

rjCT(TiOV.

equally, e$ taov, 8p.0La, 'Cera, i'crwj,

bp.oiias.

ere, irptv [before],erect (v.), dpdovv (e^-, dv-, nar-,),

iardvai (dv- Kad-), eâipdj.

(adj.), opdos, 6pdios.

err, d/xapTduu} {i^-), iT(pdXXofiai,

^\pevap.aL [ignorance, sin],

error, dfiapria, dyvoia, VTaca/ma,

TrXaJ'OS, irXavT}.

erst, TTori, irplv, iraXai [ancient],

escape (v.), tpevyeiv (e/c-), crdi^taOai

(ex-) otxofxai (pvytbv.— notice, Xavddvw (Xrjdu rare).

escape (s.), ^11777.

met., ixrixavq, aKOs, dens [cure,

remedy],escort (v.), irip-TnLv (Trpo-) [conduct,

lead],

especially, h-dprd, /rnXd [eôxos].

espouse, ydp-elv [marry],establish, {(Trdvai (KaO-), Ibpiw,

êpaiovu [Kvplws ^X^"']-

estate (condition), rdfis, dîa,

dîu/na, Ti/xTj.

esteem (think), vop.i^w, i^yucdai,

e'xei*', irouiadaL [consider].

(value), rlp-dv, (pXXely, d^Lovv

[honour, regard],eternal, d(pdapTos, u'luuios, dOava-

TOS(d).

of memory, deifj.pri<jTos.

even (adv.), Kai (not even, ovde),

(adj.), (smooth, level), Xelos,

îX6s.

evening, ecnripd, vij^, jjXiov Svffis.

event, (rv/xcpopd, riXos (n.). ti'XV-

ever, Trore.

always, dei (a d) alel, a'Uv.

everlasting [eternal],

every, irds, eKaaros, Trds tls [ovkeariv ocxtis oi'].

everywhere, irdcT??, iravTaxov,

TravrdxTJ.

evident, BtjXos, e/xcpdvrjs [clear],

evidently, adepws.

evil, KaKos, iJ.oxQ'Opbs, Trov-qpos, <pav-

Xos, aiaxpo^t KaKiaros, dvdcrios,

SvcTfff.jBrjs, ^k5ikos [bad, ill],

exact (v. ), eKTrpdaau, Xaêw, vpda-aofxai, TTpdcraw [punish],

(adj. ),dKpT^jis.

exalt, a'ipui, eiraipio, iôyKovv, av^d-P€Lv [erect],

exalted, viJ/rjXds, /xiyas, Xa/xTrpos,

crefj.v6s.

examine, (TKOireiv, Stdypuvai, eêpev-

vdv, iêrdêiv, TrepLCXKOiruv.

example, a-qp-eiov.

exasperate, irapo^vvu [enrage,

anger],exceed, inrepâlveiv, vwep^dXXeiv,

irepidffivei.v [yTrepfioXri].

exceeding, wepicrcros.

exceedinglj^, wepiaad, Xiav {I i),

ayav, cr065/oa, Kaprd, oeivQs.

1 8: VOCABULARY

excelj irpoiJxei-i', VTrepcp^peiv, apiarei-

eiv, VLKciv [inreprepos].

excellent, dpiaros, îXTLaros, Xy-

(TTOS, djULe/XTTTOS, ^ÔXOS, tKTTpe-

TTTJS.

except, irXrjv, el firi.

(prep.), ttXtji', x<^P% »*'«»') ff-

t6s, irapd.

excess, virepjBoX^, Kopo's. \

excessive, Trfpitrcros, 5eti'6s, h^jlcxtos,

TrXelffTOS, p&pvs.

exchange (v.), ajxdûv {dvT-), d\-

Xdaaew (-fcrât).

exchange (s. ), dpLOL^rj, dTroiva (n.

pi.), di'TtTTOtca (n. pi.),

excite, Kiveiv, Tapdaaeiv, ciraiptiv,

eyeipeLv [wapo^vveiv, iôpyiêtv,

TTToeiv].

exclaim, ôdf, (pdiyyeadai [cry,

speak],exclude, ^KKXeieiv, eêipyeiv, iêXav-

veiv [shut, close],

excuse (v. ), TrapaiTelffdai, KoXXOveiv.

(s.), ffvyyvthfiri, Trp6<pdais.

execute, reXelv, ttouIv, irepaiveiv,

irpdcraeLv, epydêadai, di'tretv [do,

accomplish],

exempt, dp-oipos, eXev6epos, diraX-

Xayels.

exercise, dcKc'^v [use, practise, em-

exhaust, eâvrXelv, dvdXi(jKeiv [ei;-).

exhort, -rrapat-veiv, KeXeveiv, vovderelv.

exile (s.) (the state of), (pvyrj.

(man in), ipvyds, eKireadov Trd-

Tpas.exile (v.), iîXavvu, .e'/c^dXXw, e|o-

pi^w.

(am exiled, <pevyo}, eKwiTrrw).

expect, KapdSoKe'iv, eXTrifeti', irpoa-

hoKcLv, Trpo<Td4x^<^^<^h eKbex^<^GaL.

expedient, XPV<^Î^°^> o-i'IJ-(popo$ [avfi-

(pepei].

expedition, arpaTeta., 656s, trrAXos.

expel, eKjSdXXco, iêXavvu.

expense, SoLiravr], rpLprj.

experience (v.), Trdo-xet", XPV'^^"-'-

(s. ), ifiireipia.

experiment, -rretpa.

expiate, Xdeiv, StKijv oovfai.

explain, ad<pr)viôi, (T7]/xalvw, e^rjye?-

adai, 5->iXovv, (paiveiv, (ppdêii'.

exploit, ipyov [achievement].

explore [examine].

expose, iKTiO-qp.L, eK^dXXew, (palvw

[shew, reveal, betray].

expressly, (Td4>ws.

extend, TeLvu and conipds.exterior (^^w, e'/cros, e^wdev, ad-

verbs).

extinguish, (Xîvwû (/cara-).

extreme, ^trxctros, vararos [or use

superl. adjectives].

exult, x^-'-P'^j avxiw, dydXXoi.i.aL.

(exult over, 7eXai' eiri, e'0u-

;3pij-w, iyyeXu)).

eye, otpdaXfios, b/xfia (n.), Koprj, aiiyri,

jSXiâpov {6acruv -ois, ofifidrup kvk-

Xoi].

F

fable, /jLudos, Xoyos.

face, bp.fj.a, irpbcwirov, 6\pii.

to one's face, Kar' 6(pdaXfj.ovs.

fact, ipyov.

faction, CTaais, ipis [eyyepris "Aprjs].

fade, (pdtvij}, fxapau'onai, diravdelv.

fail, dp-aprdvco, eKXeiiru, Xelirop.aL,

ff(f)dXXop.ai, ov Tvyxo-fi^.

faint, (adj.) dffdevrjs, (met.) &9vfj.os,

droXfxos.

(v.), dffdeve'ii', wpoXeiireiv, €k-

Xeiireiv.

(met., ddvp.elv, despair, fear.)

fair (beautiful), KaXbs, evirpbawrros,

Xap-TTpos.

(of weather), eiiSios, KaXos.

(just), diKahs, IvdiKos.

faith, TTLffTLS.

faithful, TTiffTos, x/>'?o't6s, dyados.

faithless, dirLaros, KaKos.

faithlessness, dincTTla.

fall, iri-KTw, ff(pdXXo/xai, ipelTTo/xai.

/ ^m fallen, TrevTujKa, oXwXa,

oi'xo/uat, /cei/cat.

false, \f€vo-^s, expevapihos, /ci'/35?;Xos.

vn6l3XT]TOS, TrXacrrds.

falsehood, \f/ev8os (n.), ^v6os {n.).

falter, oKveTv [fear],

fame, 56â, KXios (n. ), eiiKXeia, iirai-

vos, evdoîd.

familiar, avv-qOt)^, oiKeios.

family, yevos (n. ).

V.

VOCABULARY. 183

famine, Xr/a6s.

famous, fVKXerjs, KXeivos, ^vdoôs,

Xafiirpos, ovK &5oôs.

fancy (s. )> So^°-

far, wpoau}, a.ivwdei', airoirTOS (adj.),

fXCLKpaV.

(with comparatives, noXv, ttoX-

Xy.)

(as far as, oaov iiri. )

fare (ill or well), irpaaaeLv, Traffxe !!'•

fare (food), a7Tos, jSopd, Tpo(prj.

farewell, x^^P^-bid — , x«'pf '" Xeyu.

fast (adj.), Taxvi, o^vs [quick,

swift],

fasten, deHv, icpairreiv, avvdnTew,

Trrjyvvfxi.

(with nails), TrpoariXovv, irpocr-

iraaaaKiveiv.

fatal, oXedpios, elfiapixivos, Kaipios.

fate, /JLOipa, dva-fK-q, fiopos, TvxVt

TToTfxos, TO irewpwixevov, d TreTrpwrat

[destiny, lot],

fated (it is), Se?, niTrpuTai.

father, irar-qp, yovevs, yiwfjTwp, 6

<t)6aas [oi t€k6vt€s].

fatherland, Trarpd, Trarpis, TrarpoJa

yrj, ttoXls.

fault, dfxapTia [error, sin],

favour (s. ), x°-P^^> evvoia.

(v.), eC (ppovelv, xaptfo/itti, eS

voeiv, €v 5pdv.

favourable, evuevrjs, (wovs, cptXos,

Trpevfievrjs, I'Xews (T), npScppwu.

fawn, vi^pbs.fear (s. ), (pdôs, de2/j.a, Tapay/ia (n. ),

5eos (n. ), rdpôs (n. ).

(v. ), (poêtcrdaL, deSoLKa, rapPelv,

rpeaai, rpo/xeTv, deifxaivw, 6k-

velu, TTToeiadaL, (ppiacreiv, iK-

TrXdyrjva.1., ddvixelv.

fearful, Sslvos [dreadful, terrible] ;

[trembling], rpo/j-epos.

fearless, dcpojSos, drap/Siys, ddeifxavros.

feast (festival), eoprr).

(dinner), bet-Kvov, rpdireâ, 5a?5.

feast (v.), ecTTLdf, 5aivvfj.(..

feaster, SairdXevs.

feat, ^pyov, wpdy/xd(n.).

feather, irrepov.

feathered, Trrepwros, eHiTTepos.

fee, fiicrdos.

feeble, dadev-qs.

feed, (peppw, ôckui, Tpe(poj, drdXXw

[TTOi/xalvw, ve/jLiu].—intr., ve/xo/xai..

fe'el (touch), i/zat-a;.

(perceive), aladdvo/j.ai, eldivai,

opdv, Trdax^'-"-

feign, doKelv.

fellow, Koivuv6s, eraipo?, ffv^v^,

(Tv^yos [compds. with crvv-].

female, drjXvi.

fence (v. ), dTro<pdpyvvp.L, (ppdffcreiv,

(pvXdcraeLV, dpyeiv(s.), epKos (n.).

fertile, eSKapiros, dcpdovos.

festival, eoprr}, 7raj'^7i"/3ts,

fetch, Kopl'gu (bring).

out, iKTrilXTTOp-ai.

fetter, 5eafx6s, Trior).

feud, (TTtto-tj [strife].

fever, voaos.

few, TraDpoj, /Satos, 6X170S.

fickle, dffTddfiTjTos, ov jS^jSaio^, a<pa.-

Xepds.

field, dypo^, XeifMuv, yvv's, dpovpa, yij.

(battle-field, omit 'field.')

fiend, oa'ifxwv, 'Epfvi's, dxT?.

fierce, dypios, u/J-ds, r]ypLwtJ.ivo5 (aTr-)

[cruel],

fiery, ^pLrrvpos, aWoif, irvp(p6pos,

deppios,

fifty, TTiVT-qKOVTa.

fight (v.), fâxop-ai, iptô/J-ai, dyoivi-

'êffdai, bXxoffTaTEiv, dpuXXdadai,is xf'^pas eXdeTv, avp.pdXX€iv [deri-vatives in -/xaxeiv].

(s.), P-dxVj (TvcTTdais, dyuv,

"Apr]s [battle, strife] (d in

all).

figure, (XXVP-o. (n.), elSos (n.), p-bpfpr].

fill, irXrjpovv, iri/XTrXrip.i, [ipL-, e/c-),

jXedTOV TTOteiv.

be filled, yefxeiv.

finally, reXos (adv.) [vcrraros].

find, evpidKw [e^-]) ivTvyxo.vw,

iprri^TW, XafjL^dvw.

(learn), aicr6dvo/j.ai, /uLavdauu.

fine (s.), ^/Jiia.

fine (adj.), Xctttos, d/3p6r, (cdXos

[fair, beautiful, dainty].

[fine talk, aep.vd enrj, K0/J,\l/€veiv}.

finger, 5dKTvXos [x^'p]-

i84 VOCABULARY.

finish, Trepabeiv, irave-iv, TtKevrav

[accomplish, end],

fir, irevKT], TriTVi.

fire, wup, ^X6f , KaufJ-a \_KaleLV, irvpiro-

Xetj/].

fire-side, earia.

firm, dKii'7]Tos(L), da<pa\ris, j3ij3aios,

e/xwedos, ttvkvos.

be firm, dapcreiv.

make —, /Se/Satow.

first (adj.), TTpUTOS, irpJlTKTTOS.

(adv.), TrpGiTov, TrpCira.'

(at first, TO TrpQrov.)

fish, Lxdos.

fist, TTvyixr}.

fit (adj.), erdlp-os, Trpîruv, irpocr-qKUv,

Kaipios, aîos.

(to think fit, d^LoOv.)fit (v.), dp/j.6^(i){ep-), (TVfj.fji.eTpeii'.

five, irivTe.

fix (v.), TTriyvvfii (ifi-), arripiêiv,

trpoadwTeiv [fasten],

fixed, piâcos [fii'm].

flame, (p\6^, irvp.

flanks (of a horse, etc. ), Xayuiv.flash (v.), darpdiTTta, (ttiX^w.

flat, TrXarvs.

flatter, diinreieiv, dpenKeiv,

flattery, diI}Trev/j.a.

flee, (peijyeLv, oi'xe<rât (air-), dtnevai,

Tp€TriffOai, (TKeSaadrjvat [^povSosJ.

fleece, ttokos.

fleet (s. ), ardXo^.

fleeting, fipaxv^, q<paX€p6s, 7rrepwr6s,

flesh, adp^, aw/j-a.

flight, (pvyrj.

(of birds), opfjiri, /cAeuSos.

fling, /3a\Xw, pLTTTU}, irifjLi [throw],flint, \idos, Trerpa.

flock, iroliiVLOV, TTolfivrj, 0,76X77(0.).

met. irXTJdos, (ryXXo70s [assembly,crowd],

flood, ir\7}ij.fxvpt's, kXuocov, k\v5u}vioi>

[sea, river],

flourish, dvdeiv, dKfxd'êiv, OdWeiv.met. KaXQs ^x^"'-

flow (v. ), pel", (pepeaOai, Xeiêadai.flow (s. ), porj, pods, pev/xa.

flower, &vdos (n. ), KciXv^.

flixte, avX6s.

flutter (intr. ), wTOovfiai., rdpaffiro/jLai.,

[fear].

fly (as a bird), Trereadai, aipo/j.ai.

. (flee), <p€vy(i}, diriivai, oi'xo/xat« (pvywv [flee].

ifoal, TTtSXos.

foe, ixOp6s, TToXi/xios, dva/xevris,

^Tjtbs, evdvTios.

fog, VV^, (TKOTOS.

foil, cr0dXXw, /3Xd7rrw [viKciv, Kpareiv].fold (v.), TTTVcrcTeLt', irepLTrXeKeiv.

folk, Syj/j-os [people, crowd],follow, dKoXovd€li'{d), 'iveadai, fierie-

vai, ij.eTepxofJ.aL [attend, pursue],follower, eraipos, dirdoos, ffv/uLfxaxos-

folly, [talk foolishly, \7)peiv]fond [love].

food, ôpd, Tpo<pri, aiTos.

fool, uu)pos, d(ppiov, eiiTjdrjs, ov (ro<p6s,

5v(Tp.ad-q's , pLdraws.

foot, irovs, /Sacrts.

(on foot, Trefos, dvnnros.)

for, (recipient) dative simply,(duration of time) accusative

simply.(sake of), x^-pi-v, ovveKa (g. ),

5td (a. ), Trpos x^-P'-"-

(with a view to), e-rri (d.), es,

eh (a.),

(instead of), duri.

(emotions, e.g. 'for fear'),

VTTO.

for (partic. ), *7dp, eTrei, ws.

forbear [cease].

forbid, KwXveiv, direiire'ii', ouk idv,

eipy€ii'(dw-).

(God forbid ! yHTj yevoLTO.)force (s. ), îa, ffdevos (n.), Icrxvs,

dXKTj, pibfj-ri [avdyKij],

(v. ), dvayKalcj, îdô/xai [com-

pel],

forceful, /States,

ford, TTopos.

forebode (tr. ), Oecnri^w, a-qfialvw,

SrjXovv.

foreign, ^dpjidpos, dXXdrpios.

foreigner, êvos.

foresee, wpoaKOTrelv, fxavreîeadai,

opdv, TrpoeiB^vai.

forestall, (pddvw.

foretell, npoenre'Lv [forebode],

forethought, irpofXTjdia, vpovoia.

forfeit, ^7]fxia.

forge (v.) (metal), xoX/cei/eti'.

VOCABULARY. 185

forge (lies, etc. ), TrXaaffew.

forged, Ki^Sr]\os [false].

forget, Xavdaveadai, X-qdonai, diivq-

ffTUi', dfivqixoveiv, Xrjdrjv Trotet-

forgetful, dfxvT^fiwv. '^jM

forgetfulness, XtjOv^ afx-vqaria.

forgive, avyyiyvwcTKetv, avyyvdi/XTiv

^Xeti', auyyvoiav tcrxeic, dtpIevaL^

Xdecv.

forgiveness, ffvyyuufxyj, avyyvoia.

forgotten, dfxvqfxuv.

forlorn, ^prjixos, dvaeXins, 6p4>dv6s.

form (s.), (T'XjilJ-o. (n. ), ixopcpyj,eWos

(n.), Tviros, 6ipLS.

form (v.), irXdaaeiv, -KOLilv [make],former, TrpSrepos [Trpiv, irpbadeiv),

epLTrpoffdev].

formerly, irpiv, irore, naXai,

irp6a9e(v).

fort, fortress, reixos (n.), TeixLcr/xa,

epvfia.

fortitude, Odpaos (n.) [coux'agej.

fortunate, evTvxn^, evdaifxwv, 6\pi.os,

fj.aKap [evTvxelî' ,ev TrpdcraeLv].

(of things,) oe|i6s, alVtos,

evTVXVS, einreTYjs [koXQis ^X^"*}

e5 TriTTTeii'].

fortune, tvxv, Xaxos (n. ), [xotpa.

(good), einrpaîa, 6\j3os. i-

forward, irpbdw, TrepaiTepui, is'\

ToiJ/MTTpoadev [verbs compd. with

TTpO-J. !

[forwards 1 x^P^h ''rp6â.ive,'Wi..'\'

foul, alffxpis, /ca\-6s, aTvyvos, fuapbs,

(pavXos, (pXaupos.

(of weather), <TKvdpwTrbv{îM.p,

Xd-iii-iiv [storm]. v

found, ISpOeLV, KaroLKiêiv, Kri'êiv.

foundation, Kpy}irLs{t), jiaais.

founder (s.), dpxvyo^, dpxvy^'''V^-

founder (v. ) (of a ship), TrovTi'^fadaL,

dXwXevat, 'qcpdvicJixaL, -6rjv.

fountain, Trrjyq, Kp-qv-q, vdpa. (n. )

[stream],four, Teaadpes ; -times, TerpuKii.

fourth, TirapTo?.

fowl, oppis, TTTqubv.

fox, dXdnr-qS, (met. ^•fJ'(x5os n. ).

fragrant, ei' 010775.

frail, dadev-q'i, (ipaxf'S-

frame (v.) [form, make].

fraud, dnaTT], 56Xos, i/'eOSos (n. ),

Travovpyid.

fray, p-axq [strife],

fi-ee (adj.), tXevOepos, dira\\ax6eis,

dfXOipOS [tKTb^ U)V KaKov].

free (v.), Xoeiv, diraWdaceiv,

d(pi4vai, eXevdepovv.

free-speech, irapprjala.

freedom. XiVts, dwaXXdy^.freely, iXevdepw^,'ovK e| dvayK-qs.

freeze, Tr-qyvv/j.i.

freight (s.), 76^05.

frequent, evx''^^ liroXvs].

frequently, ttoXXcLkls, dvxfd.

fresh, veos, veoxp-bs,' iroraivios,

XXwp6s, TTpoffcpdros [aKfialoi,

wpaios].

(cool), \pvxp6^.

iret (tr. ), 8aKV€iv, rdpacr'aeiv [annoy,vex],

friend, <pfXos, avvqOTqs, eraipos.

friendly, <pXXh(f)pwv, ev/jLevys, eiVoi'S,

(p^XdvOpUlTTOS.

friendsliip, eraipeia, evvoid, evaivtid

[elvai <p'iXos\

frighten, TTToeiv, rapdaaeiv, eKTrX-qcx-

aeiv, iCpojBelv, dpdaaeiv [Setixa, <f)6-

^Qo,].

-

/rom (source w.aence), dwo (g. ),

e/c(g.), irapd (g.), 7rp6s (g.)._

(emotion, e.ij. 'from indigna-tion'), v-rri (g. ) ; Sid (a.),

fl'ont, Toii/xirpocrdev, rd/J.-n-poadeu.

(face), TTpbawwov.

frost, Kpvos (n.), 7ra7os (n. ).

frowning, CKi'fpcoTros, awuippvupLi-vos.

frozen, KpvaTaXXbrrrjKTOs,

fruit, Kapiros.

fruitful, ^yKapTTos [fertile],

fruitless, aKap-n-os, (met.) /ceci?, /xd-

raios, diîO(peXr]s [p.a.TTji'^.

fugitive, <^r'7as.

fulfil, TfXeiv [accomplish],

fidl, TrX-qp-qs, TrXews, fxearbs, ttXt]-

adeis.

(complete), reXeios.

fully, irafTeXus, Kdprd, wduv, to

wdv.

funeral, racpos, KrepLff/xa, eKcpopd,

racpai.

funeral-pile, wvpd.

i86 VOCABULARY.

furnish, aKeva'^nv (rapa-, Kara-),

irapix^'-î TToplêiv, dovvcu.

furrow, aSXa^ [xapaffaeLv].further (beyond), TrepaiTeptii, irepa,

TT^pav.

(in addition), wpb% tovtois, €tX.

(more) adj., TrXewc, TrXeiwv.

furthest, âxo-ros {Trpoad^Tara, adv. ).

fury, Xvffcrd, opyrj [anger],

future, /j.eWu}!' [future generations,oi /xedvaTepov].

the — ,rb \onr6i>, TOviriXonrov,

Tovweira, rb /xiWov.

G

gain (s. ), K^pdos, \7i/j./j.a (n. ), eiipTj/xa

(n. ) ['^pfMaiov].

gain (s. ), evptcTKU}, Kep5aivu>, KraaOai.

\a/jL[3dveLv, Tvyxdveii' [Trpocryty-

verai],

gait, paais [crx^/xa (n. )].

gale, irvedixa (n. ), wvo-fj, 6veWa[wind, storm],

gallant (brave), dyados (a), iffdXbs,

evToXfios, dpiaros.

galley, vavs, crKacpos (n. ) [ship],

game (caught by hunters) (s. ), Hypoi,

drjpa, d-qpevina (n.), dypeufxa (n. ).

garb, ffToXrj, iadrjs [dress],

garden, ktjttos.

garland, cTT^(poi (n.), ffrepL/jLa (n. ).

garments [garb, dress],

gash, Tpav/j,d (n. ), irXriyr}.

gasp, eKcpvadv, eKTrvetv.

gate, ttvXt) (and plur. ), irvXthv.

gather, avXXiyeLv, dydpeiv, ddpot-

gathering, crvWoyr] [assembly].

gay (bright), Xafj.Trp6s.

gaze, eiaopdv, eiffadpetv, Xevaaeip

[see],

gem, \teos(i.).

general (adj.), kolvo?, n-dvSTjfj.os,

Trav8riiJ,ios.

(s. ), aTpaTTjyos, aTpaT7}XaTT)S,

ijyiixwv [leader],

generate, <ôw, tIktw, yewdv.generation (age), aldjv [future].

(offspring), pxd(TTT^/j,d (n. ), 7^-z/os (n. ) [descendants],

generous, yefvaios, eXeddepos, irpev-

fieuris, evyevns.

genius (guardian-spirit), baiixuv.

gentle (well-born), ivyevrjs.

(kindly), Trpaos, ripiepos, iJTrios,

Tjcruxos, rjavxahs, p-oXOaKos.

gentleness, evp-ivna.

get, Xap.j3dveiv, crxe'c (/cara-), oexe-

crdai, dpvvadai, Xayxdveiv, evpecp,

KTdcOaL, Tvyxaveiv (g.), Kepdalveti'

[yiyveTai p-oi].

ghastly, uxpbs, x^wp6s.

ghost, (pda/nd (n. ), etowXaf, CTKid.

giant, 7i7ds.

gift, bCipov, 86cris, yepds, 8upri/j,a (n. ),

Scaped,.

gilded (met.), Xafnrpbs.

gird, îlivvvfu.

girded, girt, iûcr/jLevos, e^craX^s,evaroXos.

girdle, (ûvyj, ûcrrrip.

girl, irapdevos (f. ), veavts, Koprj,

TTois (f. ).

give, dovvaL and compds., irapix^'-v,

vi/j.€iv, SupeTadai.

giver, 5oT-r)p.

glad, fvdvpLos, irepixapijs, x'^'-P'^"

[happy].(of things), TepTTvos, 7]dvi.

glad, am, TJ5ofj.ai, xa^pw, Tepnopiai,

ev<ppaivofj.ai.

gladden, eiKppaivij}, ripirw.

gladly, dcrfie fills, ijSeus [xaipw or

TjSoixai, with participle],

glance [eye, look],

glide, pelv (and compds.), epirui.

glitter, Xd/jLTreiv, aTiXôj.

gloomy, aKOTeivos, d/xavpos, KeXaivbs,

avvve(f>i)S, p-eXas.

(met.), (TTvyvos, ffKvdpuwos, drep-

TTTji.

glorious, evKXerjs, evooôs, \afj.irp6s,

kXuvos.

glory, do^d, xXeos (n. ), evKXeid, kv5os

(n. ), f Traii'os, evdoîa,

glow (v.), 6epp.aivop.ai., 6dXTrop.ai.

glowing, 6epp.6s, ^pLirvpos.

glut, p.e(TTOvv, wlp.TrXyip.L.

go, ^pxoMO'') iivaL, âiveiv, bp/ndcrdat,

crreXXo/xai, iropevop.ai, xw/jeif, ciTroi-

Xop-ai.

to and fro, (poirdv.

[approach, depart, enter, re-

tire, return.]

VOCABULARY. 187

goad (s. ), Kivrpov.

(v.), Kevriiv.

goal, TiXos (n.), ripfia (n.) [(T/cottos].

goat, ai't, x'V^'P"-

god, ê6s, dai/j-uv [Zeds, fxoTpa, ttot-

gold, xP'-'<''"5 [xp^/^'^''"'*) ttXoOtos].

golden, xpi'<''f0J» XP'^^'oi'S'

(of hair), âvdds.

gone, am, cppovdos elpu, ot'xo/ua. (aTr-),

good, i(j6\6s, a-yadbs, xpv<'"''°^f Ka\6s.

€vyevqs, "yfvvalos, eiKTe^rjS, TTiards,

apicFTOs, jSeXricrros [to avfMpepov],

goodly, KoXo^.

good-will, ei'ifoia, irpodvfxia.

govern, &px<^, (vdovu [rule].

government, dpxvj Kparos (n. ), .

(TKTjTVTpa (n. pi. )> Opdvoi, aK-qir- 7

Toi'X'a-

governor [chief, king],

grace, x^prs.

gracious, TXewy, ev/xevris, TrpeviMevrjs,

Trpaos, '!rp6(pp(j}v.

grand, ae/j.v6s, vip7fK6?, fxeyas.

grandfather, TraTnros.

grant (v. ), avyx'^pi'^'', SLdovai, X'^P'"

ô/jLat, vefiw, edv, ecpiecrdai,

(s.), dwpy/xa [gift],

grapes, /Sorpus.

grapple with, grasp, \aix§ave(j6ai,

€X^c0°-h dvrix^<^S^h cLpird^w,

ndpTTTio {crvfx-).

grass.'Keifj.ujvui' xôr], or x^^V simply,

grateful, am, x^P'" °^^°-

gratify, xiip'S'oA"*' [gladden, please],

grave (adj.), crejuvos.

(s. ), Tacpos, Tiifj.pos, arip.a (n.),

6riK7}, (TtjkSs (n. ).

gray, XevKos, Tro\i6s.

graze (v. ) (feed), iroifiaiveii', ^baKeiv,

Tpe(p€LV.

(touch), ypaveiv.

great, fieyds, fxaKpos, iroK'us, evp^s.

very—

pLeyiaros, VTreo'*>vrjS,

Treptffcros.

greatly, /xaXd, Kdprd, wavv.

gi'eatness, TrXfjdos (n. ), 0ddos (n.)

[power, might],

greedy, Xd/3pos, ird/xcpdyos.

Greek, a, "EXXtjj'.

green, xXwpis, evddXris.

greet, d(nrdôfJ.ai, x'^'P^"' ^^7^ or

A-eXeyoj.

grey, Xew6s.

grief, 5X705, Xpttij, irivBo's, axos (a),

d\yribu)v, (ppovrts.

grieve (tr. ), dvldv{a.), dXyVveiv,

/Sapweif, \{nrelv.

(intr.), passives of the above, and

dXyeiv, ixTiveiv, irevde'iv.

grievous, jSapus, iriKpSs, x"'^^'"'^^'

XvTTTjpds, dvcrx^PVî eTraxdrjs,

BvaoiffTos, Sv(r<p6pr]Tos.

grind, rpi^w (a-vv-) [grind teeth,

Trptco].

grip [grasp].

groan, cTivnv, arevd'êiv [lament],

ground, 7^, iriSov, yaia [earth].on the —

, x«î"-"' (adv. ).

grow (tr. ), Tpe(pw, <pvij} or (pdw.

(intr.), ISXaardvui, (pvecrdat.,

Tp^(pea6ai, avâvetrOai, ylyvea-

6ai, we(f>VKa.

guard (v.), TTjpeip, (pv\d<r(xeiv, cnli'êLv

(6/C-).

(s.), (pvXa.^, (ppovpos (garrison,

^poi'pd).

guess, eiVdj'w, TeKfxaipo/xai, SokcD.

guest, kefos.

(at banquet), avi/deiTrvos, avfi-

irorris, oatrdXti'S.

guide (v. ), dyeiv, ijyeicrdai, irefiveLv,

ev6vv€LV.

(s. ), riyepiiljv, 070)765, evOvvTrjp,

TTOp-TTOS.

guile, 56Xos, diricrTia.

guilt, atria, a/uaprta, (of blood, etc.,

fxuaos (n. ), fiiaa/jia).

guiltless, d^'airtos, KdOdpos, dj3Xdj3rjs,

ddwos.

guilty, aiVios, i'Trairios, ddiKwy

[d(pXi(rKdvio].

gush, peFc, ficpdyrivai.

Hhabit, v6poi [accustom].habitation, edpd, olktjctls [home].

hag, 7paiis. .

hail (s. ), xa^ttf'*'

hail ! X"'Pf-

hair, 6pi^, x°'''''7j x^M ['J^ÔKa/j.ds,

/SoffTpuxos],

hairy, 8davs.

i88 VOCABULARY.

half, TJfuavs.

hall, 5cD/xa (n.), /jLeXadpof, 56/xoi.

halt (hesitate), oKveTv.

(stop, tr. ), Travw, 'i(jT7)iu.

hand, xeip, 5eîd [ai'm].at — , Trpbxei-po% [near],

handle (v.), veixeiv, ^x^'-" ^^ X^P'^^-

hang (tr. ), Kpe/xavvvut,, dprav.

hang on (intr. ), [cleave to],

happen, yiyfo/xai, Tvyx&>'(^, crvfiâl-

vei.

happiness, oXôs, cinrpaîa.

happy, evTvxrjS, evSaifiuv, p.aKap,

6\j3ios, [xo-ipio, TiSofiai],

harass, Tcipdaau) [grieve, annoy],harbour, \Xfj.r]v, 6pfx.os, vedipta n.

plur.

harbourless, dvop/j.os, dvaop/xos.

hai'd, ffKXrjpds, TrepicrKeXrjs.

(met.) Svax^PV^j X''^^""'^'! Si'ctokt-

Tos, Sva(p6p7jTos [difficult,

severe],hard by [near],

hardly, ,u6Xts, (rxoXrj.

hardship, KaKo, n. plur. [misfor-

tune],

hare, Xdyios.harm (s.), ^Xd^r], KaKov, ip/jfiia.

harm (v. ), jSXdirreiv, ddcKeiv [gi'ieve].

harmless, d/3/\a/3^s, dcrivris, ddwos.

harmonious, ffvp-cpuivos, e/x/jLeXrjs,

(ji'/ji/jL€Tpoi [avvadeLv'].

harp, Xvpa.

harsh, rpaxvs, dvadXyriTos [severe].

harvest, owdipa, Kapwbs, [depo% n.].

haste (s.), raxos, (nrovSri.

in —,ws Tdx^(TTa, cl)s rcixos,

ahv Taxd.haste (v.), eyKOvelv, aTrevdeiv,

iirelyeadaL, rax^veip [(pOdveip],

hasty, TCLX^s, 6^6s, aoKvos.

hate, fjuffelf, OTvyetv [dwo-), ixâlpeiv

(dTT-), hvax^po-i-vnv, dTroTTTVeiv,

Sv<Tfxevj]S elvai.

hateful, exOpo's, aTrexdrjs, dvacptXris,

arvyvbs, dTroTrTvaros.

hatred, fuaos (n.), exôs(n. ), ^x'^pd,

dva/xiveia, (XTvyos (n).

haughty, a-e/.iv6s, vw^pcppwv [proud],

haunt, vifxeiv, olKeiv, ^x^"' [inhabit],

have, ^X"" {'<"'''-)> 'o'Xf'i' (Kar-),

KTu/JLai (perfect) [âri p-oi, rpi^teiv].

have to do, del, xp^l [must].haven [harbour].hazard (s. ), rvxr] [chance].he, oiJroj, ode, eKe?vos, Keluos, 6{de)

(often omitted),head (of body), Kapa, K€(pdX7j.

(of ti'oops. etc.), [chief, leader],

headland, aKpa.

heal, Idadat. (T), dKeiadai (a), iâKeâ-Bai.

healer, la.Tpbs{l).

healing (s.). ldffL%{T), dtcos (d) (n.),

dKeap-OL, (pdpp.a.KOv.

(adj.), idaip.os (i), ijinos.

health [eS ^x"*') âXus ^x^'*")'

heal,

cure, disease '].

healthy, dvocros, vyiris (u).

heap, wX-qdos (n. ), ddpoLa/xds.

hear, d\-oi'w, kXvw, [ktvttov dedopKo].

(be told), TTwddvofiai, fxavddvw.

(in return), d^ra/coiyaj.

heart, KapSia, neap, Xi}p.a, (ppovrjfxa,

(pp-rtv, (ppevcs, "^TTftp, TJTop, dv/.i6s,

0XV-,

hearth, eax&pa, itrria.

heat, ddXiros (n. ), Kavj-ia (n.).

_heaven, ovpavos, ttAXos, aldrjp,^^d7ip(a).

[by heaven, Trpbs dewf, 'laroj

Zei'S, debs ^vvicrTup].

heavenly, dews, ovpdvws.

heavy, jidpvs, evaxdrjs, e/x^pWrjS,dcLubs [grievous],

heed, pay heed to, wpav vep.eiv,

(pvXdaaofiat, (ppovTiû, Kijdeiju,

p.eXeii', fjLeXecrdac [attend, care],

heedless, pcidvfios.

heedlessly, dcppovriaTws.

height, vôs (n.), urJKos (n.) [p&6os

(n.)].

heir [Xa7x<^'''^]-

hell, adris, oi Harco, met. 'Epivvs,

aT-qifl.) [death],helm (rudder), oia^.

helmet, Kopis, Kpavos, Xocpos.

helmsman, olaKoarpbcpos.

help (s. ), dpuyrj, dpKecns, ihcpeXeia,

(io7)deia, vTTOvpyia.

(v.), l3oTjdeiv, dp-vveiv, C-fpeXelv

(eir-, TTpos-), dp-qyeiv, tri'/x/xa-

Xei^'', inrovpyeiv, vTrripeTelf,

(3or]5po/J.€iv.

VOCABULARY. 189

helper, ôi]66s, ôrjSpbiios, virripeTrjs,

dpwy6s, avfjLTTpaKTup, avWrjTTTup,

(Tvvepyds.

helpless, a./xrjxa.i'os, avoKKis, ep-qfj.o'S.

lience (place), evdevde, ivrtddev

[avTodiv],

(accordingly), *ot>, wpbsTavra.henceforward, e/c rovde, Tawd tov-

Tov, (is) rb \oLTrbv.

hei'ald, Krjpv^, &77e\os.

herb, xôVt (pi'Tbv.

herd, dyeXri, iroi/xvij, vofiT], wolfwXov,

(met.) irXrjdos (n. ), oi iroWoi.

herdsman, (iovKbXos, iroi/j.-rji'.

here, ivdabe, ivrauda, rfibe [Trapeivai,

ode].

hereafter, addis, eiaavBis, ^ti, âav-

di%, vaTepovifxed-) [henceforward],

hereditary [Kayxdvco].

hero, dvrip [dpicTTevu],

heroic, ecrO\6s [brave].

(of deeds), /cdX6s, Xa/j-irpos [dpi-

cTTeveu'].

hesitate, oKveii', fxeWeiv.

hesitation, Skvos.

hew, TeixveLv, Kelpeiv, kotttelv, crx'i'eii',

(and compds. with avu-).

hidden, KpvTrrbs IXavddvw].hide (s. ), oepfjLa (n. ), Sipos (n. ) dopd.

(v.), KpviTTeiv, Kokvimiv, Kev-

deiv, areydêtv, inreKTiOeaOai,

K\iwT€Lv (e/c), areyeiv [atydv,

ffiwirdv] .

hideous, alaxpbs [ugly],

high, v^7]\6s, vip7]pe(prjs, vxf'iyevvrjTos,

fxaKpos [ai7ri;s].

(pi'oud), ae/jLvos, iTryipp-evos,

iirapdeis.

high-born, evyfvrjs [noble].

hill, \b(pos, opos (n.), irdyos, Kprffivos

[mountain),himself (emphatic), avrbs.

(retiexive), eavrbv, aiirbv.

hind (doe), Sop/cas, ^Xaôs.

hinder, TovTrLffde{i').

hinder (v.), n-avei.i', KwXiJeii', eipyeiv

{Kar-, dir-), efxTrooi^'eiv [stop],

hindermost, eaxaros.

hindrance, Ka)Xi'^ta(n.),e/i7r6otcr/xa(n.).

hire (s.), /jncrdbs.

(v.), fxiadoucrdaL [am hired,

fxiaOapvelv].

hiss, aiêif.

history, \6yoi.hit (strike), walu], irXrjffcru}, iraraffffw,

apdcTaui [strike].

(a mark), riryxavu [e/iTrtTrrw].

hither, bevpo, ihoe, ivddbe.

hitherto, es rbbe, es rb vvv, is rbv

vvv xpbvov.ho ! iov, Si ovTos.

hoard (be stingy), <pdoveiv.

hoarse, [rpaxeta <puvrj, (pdeyyop-ai].

hoary, ttoXlos, XevKos : met, [yepaios,

yepiov, dpxacos].hoist (sail), aipeif.

hold, êi" (/car-), iVxeti' (âr-, e7r-),

Kpareiv, vipaiv, KTwfiai.

(seize), ^x^'^^^-'^ (o-'''''-)^ XdjSiadai

[grasp],

(think), exeiv, vofxlêiv, Tjye'icrdai.

[consider],hold ! (stop that !) iirlcrxfi, Travaai.

hold out, KaprepeTv, dapcn'iv

[endure].

(extend), irpoTelveiv, eKTelveiv.

hole, X'^CMO' (ii- )) fidpa£pov (a), cpvyfxa

(n.), fiodpos, cnrios (n. ) [cave],

holiday, ioprri.

hollow, KoiXos, Kevbs [KaracTKacpTjs].

(vain), Kevbs, fiaraios.

holy, d7J'6s, deios, euae^ris, iepos

(scanned ipos), iiyios (d), ocrios,

[davXos].

home, oiKOS, oiKid [t), o'lkt](7is, oo.uoi.

5u!/J.a, /xiXadpov [house].at

, OiKOL, 'ivbov, effW boLLLOV.

stay at —, oiKovpelv,

homicide, d.vbpoKTovos, ixialfpovos,

(povevs [avToxd-P, avdivrrjs].

honest, otKaios, Tricrroj, d7a^6s (d, d),

iadXbs, (of things) kuXus.

honesty, Triaris.

honey, p.iXX.

honourable, ivTip.os, KoXbs, evyevrjs,

rifiLos, dpiaros.honour (s. ), Tiij.y], KXios (n.), Kvbos

(n. ), îraivos, dîa, obâ, eirviveia,

Kofffxbs, yepas (n. ).

honour (v. ), Ti/j.dv, iiraLvelv, aiêiv

[yepalpeLU with gifts].

hope (s. ), iXwis.

(v. ), iXwi^d}, KapaooKetv, wpocr-

Igo VOCABULARY.

o^vs, 0paavi,

J^ hopeful, ei/'eXTTts, eXirtSos irXripTis,

eXTridos /xearos.

hopeless, aviX-maTO^, SvaeXivXs, &v-

eXms (a), eXTrldwv ^prj/xos, ov8h

i\Tri^Ci}i> in.

horn, Kepas.

horror, del/xa, 4>6ô% [fear],

horse, iVTros, ttcDXos [iipixa, fXaiyceiJ'].

horseman, itnrevs, iinrTjXdTTjs,

'nnroTTjs.

hospitable, (î'Xoêi'os [entertain],

host, (jTpaTbs [army],

hostage, ofMjpos [captive],

hostile, exdpos, iroX^nios, dvjfievrjs

[enemy, strife],

hot, lit. 6€p/j.6s.

met. depfj.6s,

tVxi'P^s, 5€i.v6s, (T(f>o5p6s.

hound, Kt'cof, (TKiiXa^.

hour, Ccpa : met. Kaip6s, clk/jlti.

house, oiKOi, oiKld, oiK-qacs, ar^yos (n. ),

areyr], du)/J.a, 56/j,oi, /xiXadpov.

(family), 7^1/05 (n. ) [race],household (adj. ), olKem [Tcivdov,

hover, ireTeaOai, iroTaadai., aiwpov-

fxaL, Kpefxacdai.how? (interr.), ttws ; tttj ; rqi

Tpbww ; TTcDs 7r6Te ;ttws by] ; wujs

ydp ; /cot ircDs ;

how (indir. ), oVws, ottj?, &t(j3 rpoirui,

^-. . ,how ! (interj. ), clij, olov, ola.

however (conjunction), ws &u, ottws

&v.

how much, many, -rroaos, birbaos,

(indir.) oiros, bwocros.

however (partic. ), oûws, */jLei'Toi,

Kairoi, *y€ /J-rjv, dXXd, dXX oSv.

huge, deii'bs, pL^yiaTos, ireXdoptos,

viv€p(pvf)s, dav/xaarbs.

hull, (TKafpos (n.).

human, dvdpwtretos, ^pbreios [/car'

dvdpwTTov]

mortal, Ovyjrbs.

humble, Tdireiubs, v(p€ifiii'OS, nirpios,

(pavXos.

hundred, eKarbv.

hunger, Treivd.

hungry, (Scrn-os, ddritpdyos.

hungry, be, ireivijv.

hunt (s. ), drjpa, KvvTfyld.

hunt (v.), 6T)pdv -dffOai. 9-qpeieiv,8t.d)K€Lv [pursue, seek],

hunter, KVPrjyeTri^.

hurl, 'pliTTui, jSdXXu], irifxi [throw],hurricane, 6ueXXa [storm],

hui'ry (v. tr. ), eweiyei.i', orpivnv,(TirevSeiv.

(intr. ), eTTfi-yeadai, dTrevdeii',

iyKovelv [haste],hurt (v. ), XvTvelv, SdKveiv, dXyvveiv,

dvTdv.

(injure), ddiKelv, ^XdirTeLv.

husband, dvrjp, Trbais, bfj-evverris.

husbandman, yecopybs.

hushed, to be, crtydv, atuirdv

[(Te<Tiyr]Tai dbfxos}.

hymn, v/xvos, (^drj.

I

I, e7w, often ode or ijfieis.

ice, KpvcTTaXXos, wayos.covered with— , KpvaToXXbirriKTos.

idea, Sbâ [thought].I have —

, 8oK€i, virrjXOi fie,

TrapiffTT] fioi.

idle, dpybs, pq.6vfj.os, aTrpdyfiuv.be —

, dpyelv, pqdvfxelv.

idleness, dpyia, crxoX?;.

idly (lit.), dpyQs.

(in vain), fiarifv, fidraia, dXXus.

talk —, Xrfpeiv.

if, el, edu, t)!/, e'iirep, ijvTrep.

oh if, eWe.—(past), eWe, eW ixpeXov.

ignoble (birth), dyewifs, darffios.

(actions), atVxpos.

ignominious, aiaxpbs, deiKJfi,

dvd^Los.

ignorance, dyvoia, direipia.

(want of instruction), dfxovcrla.

ignorant (not knowing), direipos,

dt5pis : often use dyvoelv.

(unlearned), dfmd-rjs, diral-

oevTos.—ly, dyvotq, 81' dyvoiav.

ill, KaKuJi, (pavXios.

(adj.), voawu [vb(Tos, vocriu,

Kdfxvu}, dppu:(TTelv^.

(s. ), KaKbv [evil, sorrow, suffer-

ing],

speak—

, KaK0(TT0fi.e1v , dvcrcprffi-

etv, v^piêiv.

VOCABULARY 191

ill, be — treated, KaKCis 7rd<Txeiv.

ill-doer, KaKovpyos, wauovpyos,

ill-will, Svafxiveia, dvavoia.

illness, vocros.

illustrious, eyxXeiyy, evdoôs, e'ôxof.

image, doos (n.), irxv/J-"-, Pôpcprj.

imagination, o6â [thought],

imagine, voeli', So^dfetc, oucrdaL

[think, fancy],

imitate, /xT/xeiadat.

immeasurable, fi/xerpos.—y, virep(pvQs, 'Xidv {Ttj, aydv.

immediately, d<dvs, evOius, avrtKO.,

TO-XO; ddcrCOV, U)S TO-XOS.

immense, a/nerpos, direipoi.

(number), avr/pW/xos.

imminent, irpoKeifievos, rjorj irapujv.

be —, ecpecrrdvai, TrapecTTdvai.,

immortal, a,a/3poTos, dcpdapros,

aOavdros, acpdiros.

(of memory), dei/xv-qaros.

(of things), alilivios, d<pdapTos.

immo\"eable, aKivyjTos, dcrcpaKrjs.

immutable, drpo-rros.

impart (give), vi/xw, irapaaxf^",dovvai.

(tell), Koivovv.

impartial [just].

impassable, d^dros, daTX^rjS.

impatience [use verb] .

impatient (vexed), Si^ffXfpatVwj'.

be —, dvcrxepaivu, 8va<popeiv,

dT\7)Te.lv.

impede, kuiKVu, i/uLTroowv elvai,

impediment, KibXH/xa.

impel, eôpfxdw, eiraipu.

impend (be imminent),

imperial, pdaTXiKds, rvpavviKos.

imperishable (immortal),

impetuous, o^vs, Seivos.

impiety, daefieid.

(concr. ), da-i^Tj/xa.

impious, dae^rjs, bvcrceîjs, dvoffLOS.

imjjlacable, dairovoos, dvrjKeffTos.

implant, €/x<p6<ji.— ed, '^fj.<pvTo%, avp.<pvTos.

implore, \icr<rofj.ai, alrfTf, Xiirapeiv

[ask],

important, p-eya?, /3api/s.

importunate, Xi-rrap-rjs, y^Laxpos.

importune, XiTrapety.

imjjose, €fj.j3a\€iv.

impossible, d/xT^xdvos, ddvvdroi, ovxoloi T€.

it is —,ouK icTiv, ovK lad^ Sttws.

impotent, dcrdevris.

imprecate, dpdcrdai, €Tre6xofxai

[kut-].

imprison, 6e'w, KO-deipyoi.—ment, 8ea/x6s, pi.—ed, decr/xios, Secr/xoiTTjs.

improper, dKaipos, deiKTJs, avdîos.

imprudent, fi/iouXos.

impudence, dfaioeLa.

impudent, dpdavs, dvaid'^s, dvalcr-

XVVTOS.

impulse, bpixrj.

impunity, with, x'^'-P^^-

impure, dvayvos.

impute, ahiav irpocrdirTeiv, alrida-

dau

in, iv (d.).— case of, eirl (g.).— comparison with, irpbs (a.).— consequence of, 5td (a. ).—light of, ev fxfpei (g. ).— order to, ivd, us, cos ai',

Situs, ottus dv.—place of, dvTi (g. ).—proportion to, Kard (a.).—respect of, vepi (g. ).—(space of time), evTos (g. )

or g. only.—spite of, /3ia (g. ).— time of, iiri (g.).—(describing means) dat.

—(describing manner), [past,

dat., subst., adv.].

inaccessible, dirpds^dros, 5i/o-/3aTos.

inane, ksvos.

inasmucli as, ws, ewet, iTreidij,

iweiirep.

inborn, ^fx(pvTos, crvfxcpvTos.

incense (s. ), 6tios (n. ), dv/xid/xa.

incense (v.), xo^'^'^5 Trapo^vvo},

tôpyi^w, TTiKpaivw.

incite, Trapop/xdu.incline (intr. ), (scale) peVw.

be —d, 6(\o} [wpodvfxos],

inconstant, dcrrdd-qs, dinaTos.

incorruptible, dcpdapros, a<pdopos.

increase (tr. ), av^dvw.

(intr.), av^dvofxat, irpoKbTmiv.

192 VOCABULARY.

incredible, 6.-Kiaro%.

incur (peril), KLvZwivw.

(blame), alriav ^xf^) cxpXuf.

incurable, dvTJKecrTos.

indebted, be, 606i/\a>.

(thanks), xapiy 6(peiXw.

indecent, (XTrpeTnjs.

indeed (concessive), /nev, /jlûtol.

(affirmative), irdvv, fxaXa.

(emphatic), ^py^ dX-qdu^,

Kapra.

(corrective), ^^j' ovu.

indicate, drjXoio, ffri/j-aivu.

indifferent [just].

(unimportant), (pavXos, eiireX-qs

[(ppovrilû), Trap' ouSiv],

[carelessj.

indignant [angry],

indignity, vl3piap.a (n.).

indolent, pq.dvfxos, pLedrfuwv.

indulge, xap'f^'Mii'-

indulgent, evixevrjs, Trpq.os, (Tvyypu-

fXCiJV.

inevitable, 8.4>vktos.

inexorable, &TeyKTos, dfxeiXiKTos,d KafJLTTT OS.

inexperienced, direipos, dyevaros.

infamous, drlp-os, SvcrKXerfs.

(evil), duoacos, 'dvayvos.

infamy, drifxia, Si'etSos (n. ), aiaxos

(n.), Xu},3ri.

infant, jSpicpos (n.), t^kvov.

(adj.)i "iJTrios.

infect, x/aaiVw, dj/aTrX^crat, dia^delpu.infection, p-laap-a.

infer, eiKd^w.

inferior, eXdaawv, rjffdoiv, vaTepos.

(bad), (pavXos, evreXris.

infernal, veprepos, 6 kAtw, ol vipde(v),

xOjvios.

infinite, direipos, d/ierpos, pLuplos,

infirm, dadevr]s.

inflame (tr. ), dirTU}, iiricpiXeyco.—,met. Trapo^vvixj.

inflict, eTTtjSdWco, e/xjiaXXio [^r]fj,iovv,

d5iK€iv, 5tK7jv XatSelu],

inform, 8rjXouv, aij/.iali'u [acquaintwith, tell, learn, etc.].

ingenious, croipds.

inglorious, d/cXeTjs, ddoôs, dva-

KXeris.

Inhabit, oiKelu, compd. êtc.

inhabitant, eyxii^pios, KaroLKos,

oiKfjTup, d<rr6s, irp6ffx<^poi [ot ^5ov,€Ke?, etc.].

inherit, irapaXaêip, Sexeo'dai

[dLadoxai],—ance (concr. ), KXijpos, ovcria.

(abstr. ) SittSoxi? pi.

iuhosiîtable, dêvos, dirbêvos.

mjure, ^Xdirrw, ddiKeco, KaKovpyeTf.injury, ^XdlBi), i'v/xla, avfjL(popd,

KaKOV.

injustice, ddiKia, rofxri diKaiov [^KdiKos,

ddiKos] {8Tk).

inner, to, ^vdov, eaw.

innocence, dyvoTrjs [dvahios].

innocent, dvalrios, Kaddpos, dOfos,d^XajSrjS.

(pure), dyv6s.

innumerable, dvdpXOixos, dv-fipiOjios.

insane [mad].insatiable, dirX-qaros, d/c6peros.

aKbpecTTOs.

inscribe, eyypa<peiv, ypd(pu, compd.inside, ^crw, ivrSs, hhov.

insight, yvu/jLtj, (ppovrjais.

insolence, v^pis (v), dpdaos (n. ),

dvaiSaa.

insolent, v^pLarijs.insomuch that, (Sore.

inspect, eTnaKOireiv.

inspired, evdeos.'

instant, adj. (entreating), Xiirdprjs

[imminent].

instantly, ev0vs, rdxa (d d) [im-

mediately].instead of, dvrl (g. ).

instruct, diSdaKeiv [teacli, tell].

instruction, -rraioela, p.a8yj/j.a (n.).

instrument, fxr]xdv7}.

(met.), dcpoppLTj, wdpos [ai'rios].

insult (s. ), i'jSpis (v), aida, Xw/3/7.

(v. ), v^plôj, Xwpdcrdai, trpowyfXa-

insurrection, araxTLS.

intelligence (understanding), vovs,

yvthfirj.

(information), \6yos.intend (wish), ôvXeaOai.

(mean), evvoeiv, ôvXeieiv,

/xfXXeif.

intent, intention, eViVota, yvw/xi],

ôvXevfjia (n.).

VOCABULARY. 193

intentional, iKihv, eKoiJcnos.

—ly, e^ eKovaias, e/coucn'ws.

intercourse, avpovaia, ofilXia, avvrj-

daa.

have— , ofuXeiv, (rvveXvailolKelos,

ffvvrjdris].

interest (the common), to kolvov,

TO cFVfxcpepov, dxpeXeia.

interpret, Kpiuu) (dreams).

(ppd'^w, aacpTjviô}, drjXou, i^Tjyei-

crf?at.

interpreter, ep/xTjueh.

interrupt, Tcipdcrau, /cwXdw.

interval, in tlie, ew t<2 yaeraû.

intestine, adj., (met.), oiKehs,

^57]fj.os, iyyevris.

Into, ets (a. ), (^crw g. , sometimes),

intolerable, drXTyros, dcpepTos, SvaoKX-

Tos, eTraxdrj^, oi> (poprjTos, ovk

dveKTos.

mtroduce, dmyeiv.invent, evpidKeiv, fj.r]xa.vdcrdai.

investigate, XxvocxKOTreiv e^-, eêrafw,

iXvevoj, aKoiretv, ipevvdv.

invincible, dpâxos, dvtKrp-o^.

invisible, dcpav-q?, dorjXos.

invite (ask to come), /caXew (a),

compd.(ask to do), aiTu).

involuntary, aKuv (a), d/coi5a-ios.

mward, inwardly, âia [inside],

iron, at57jpos, xa\/c6s.

island, vrjcros (f.).

isolate, /xovoii}, x^pt'^w, iprjixoio.

issue, tAos (n. ).

it, avTo.

ivy, KL<Tcr6s.

javelin, dKovTiov (d), /3Aos (n.).

jaw, yvddos (f. ), y^veiov.

jealous, vTroTTTOs, (pdovepbs, €irl(pdovos.

be — , (pdovQ.

jealousy, (pdovos, f^Xos.

jeopardy [danger],

jest, TTOdSid, yeXias [aKdiirreiv, yeXdv,

jewel (lit.), Xtdos (f.), Kofffios (array).

(met.), KTTJfxa, Kep5os(n). [ti/xios].

join (tr.), avvdiTTeit', <TV/xTr7)âi,

ffWapfMOTTHV.

join (often by compounding other

verbs with avv).— battle, fJ-axv avvd-n-TeLv, es

Xeipas eXOeXu, dopaTos es irelpav

/jLoXeTv, (TVfxâXeTv" Apr) (a).

(intr. ),— in doing, Koivuve'iv.

joining (s. ), a-vp-fioXri.

joint (body), iJ.4Xos (n.), dpOpov.

jointly, Koivrj, opiou.

joke [jest].

journey (s. ), iropda, iropos, 686s (I.),

(rr6Xos.—(v. ), odoiTTopeTv, iropeijeadai.

joust, dyuiv.

jovial, evOvfxos, iij(j}p(jiv.

joy (s.), xo-Pî Xo-P/J-O'y repyis, riBovrj,

Xcpp-ovT}, ydvos (n.).

feel —, xatpw, ev^paiveadai.,

give—

, eutppaiuo}.

joyful, evdvpLos, &a/xevos [ijdius].

joyless, drepTn'/s.

judge (s. ), KpiTrjS, dtKacTTroXos (t),

j3pd/3et/s.—(v.), Kpivo} (T) diKaû, yvbJvaL

(5ia-).

judgment, Kpt<ns, yvuifxr], 8lkv.

jump, TTTySdw, dXXo/xai, dopeiv compd.just, dUaios, ^diKos (T).—

(adv.), (numbers) fidXia-ra.— now, pvp 8t].—(this, that), avTO {tovto,

eKeivo).— (with verbs) [Tvyxdvu],

justice, 8tK7i, t6 h/8LKov, rd 8iK.aia.

justly, ev8tKW$, iv 8iKri, opdus.

Kkeen (blade), o^vs, oî-irToôs [sharp],

keep, fx^, /caracrxf 'i*, cttifw, (pvXdcrffw.—(cherish), Tpecpu.— (check), /caracrxe"', dpyuv,KwXveiv (v).—feast, dyuv.—

(intr.), ^x^'" (adv.), fxiveiv.— back (hide), KpvwT€tv,€KKX€Tr-T€tV.— away (tr.), dTrexw.

keeper, <pvXa^.

kill, KTeivio (compd.), (povetju}, (xcpdû,

voa<pi'^(j}.—, pass., Oivdv.

H

194 VOCABULARY.

kin, ffvuaifjLos, avyyevrjs, iyyevrj^,

o/xaipLUV, oi iv yevec,kind (s. ), y^vos (n.).

of this , TOLOVTO'!, TOIOS, TotosSe.

of what — , olos, iroios (int.),

OTTOIOS.

of all — (s.), Ttts, iravTOios.

kind (adj.), (piXos, tiivovi, ev/xevris,

XprjCTTos, Tvpevfiev-q's, I'Xews (I).

kindred [Ivin].

king, dua^ [a), m.

kingdom, apxf] [yfi, 7r6\ts].

kiss (s. ), <p'i.\T]/ji.a.

(v.), (piXiw, Kvveiv (TTpoi-).

knee, yovv.

kneel, yfj delvai yovv [Keladai,

Ko.drjadai.'].—(met.), TrpoaKweTv, Xicraoixai

[ask, pray],knock (strike), TvirreLV, iraieLv,

TrXriaaeiv.

(door), KOTTTeiv.

piit, ijreak, strike, beat.]

know, elSevaL, iiricTTaij.aL (e|-). ^?->

Kar-, avv- oi5a, yiyvihaKeiv, âdelv.

[ayvoiw, Xavdavu, SijXos, ^ti^].

knowledge, iiriaTrnxri, /xadriais.

known, yvwros, yvuarSs, drjXos,

(pavep6s, eijyvucrTos.

labour, irovos, ixdxdos.—(v.), iroveLv, Kd/xvw, ixoxOeiy.

lack (s. ), evSeia.—(v.), [oet], [want, need],

lady, 7i'i'7j, dvacrcra, decriroiva.

lake, XifivT].

lame, xwXoj.lament (v.), arevu}, ol/xui^w, oSvpea-

Oai, irevdeiv.—(s.), dprjvos, ol/j-wyfj, arovos,Trevdos (n.), 7601.

lamp, XaîTrds, Xt'xvos, (pQis (<paos).

lance, dopv [spear].land (s. ), x^'^^1 7^) X'^P^-—

(v.), ffx^^v, oK^XXeLV (vaiv).

language, yXCicra-a.

lap, kSXttos, (TTTidos (n. ).

large, fieyas, evpvs, iroXvs.

lash, Traiu, fj-aariybw.

last, etrxaTOS, xiffrepos, reXevToios.

at —, T^Xos, ii> T^Xei, xpo^'i?^

TTOri, (Tvv xpovqj.last (v.), fxiveiv, xpovlêtv.late (adv.), 6\p4.

be —, vcTTepeTv, varepiêiv.

lately, apri, dpr'nos.

later, varepos.

laud, alveu) compd. [praise],

laugh (s.), yAws.—(v.), 7eXdw.

laugh at, e77eXdw, aKuirreiv.

laughter, 7e'Xcos.

laurel, 5a<pv7}.

law, popLos.

lawful, h>voiJ.os, v6/JUfio% [Oefiis].

lawless, adeap-os, dvofios, eKdiKos.

lay (trs. ), delvai, lidXXeiv compd.— hold on, Xa/3e(7ât (g. ).

lead (s. ), p.6Xv§5o%.lead (v.), Eyeiu, rjyeiadai (

= be a

leader), <p4pei.v.— away, d7rd7et^.

leader, rtye/xuv, rdybs, <TTpa.T7)XaTris,

arparriyos, dpxvyoi, o-PXVl^T"')'^-

leaf, (pvXXov, (p6j3rj.

lean (trs.), 67/cXii'w.

(intr. ), KviTTOo.

leap (s.), TrriSrjfm, dX/xa.—(v. ), TTTjddw, dXXo/xai, compd.

learn, yvQvai, p.ade1v.

learning, iîBela.

least, eXdx'CTos. J—(adv.), TjKKTTa.

at — , *7e, *yodp.leave (s. ), permission, avyyvu/xrj,

eôuffia [eQ, d<p€lvai,].

take —, aTreXdetv, diraXXdyiivai

[go away],leave (v), XeiVw, compd., dwoaTiivai,

dTTOffTdrelv, Trpodovvai.

(permit), ecD, dcplivai.

left (hand, etc.), cr/catos, evuivvfios,

dpLcrrepos, Xaio?.

on the —, 6^ dptcTTepds.—

(remaining), Xolwos.

leg, aK^Xos (n.), ki'tj/j.t).

leisure, crxoXr) [axoXaios, ijavxos].

at —,/card (TxoXtjv.

lend, Trapaffx^^".

length, /jLrJKos (n. ).

lengthen, rebu), p.rjK6i"~

VOCABULARY. 195

less, 7]<r(Tuji', eXdacwi', /leluv.

(adv.), âcrov, aeiov.

no —, ovdev fjcraov, ovx rjffcrov.

let (permit), ecS, /jLedlrt/xi (i), acpl-qixi.— down, Kaddvai.—in, d(x6.y€iv, Six^^fâi.

(hinder), kwKvui.—go, acpt-qixL.

letter, ypacpq, ypafifia, firiaToKri.

liable (to passion), rjaauv, ovk

adlKTOS.

liljerate, i\ev9epu> (e^-), Xow.

liberty, to iXevdepof.

licence, eôvaia, (LdeM.

grant —-, iw, 8i8w/xi.

lie (s. ), iêvoos (n.) [êvdri^ vXaffTos].—(v.), -^pevoecrdoLi, dTrdrdw.

lie (v.), KeTadac, compd. KXidiivai,TreirTWKevaL.

life, ^Los, ûiy, xpvxn, aliiv [^rjv].

(manner) St'atra.

lift, opdow, compd., a'ipco, compd.dvix'^-

light (s.), 0dos (n.), (pus, (peyyos(n. ), creXas, ayy/?, dKTis.

(lamp), das, Xa/inrds, Xuxôs.—(adj.) (bright) Xa/j.irp6s

[bright].— (not heavy), Kou<pos, eXd(pp6s.— —,make — of, paoiws

(pepeiv, Trap' ovoh vefj-eiv or deadat.

light (not hard), pdSios, evxepn^.

light (v.) (fire), dirreiv.

lighten, Kovtpi'êLv [aid, help],

lightly, Kovcpws, padiws.

(easily), paSiws, evxepus, evire-

TcDs.

lightning, daTpdwf], Kepawbs.like, (adj.), o/ioios, €/jL<p€pris {irpos-),

ioiKiis, dXiyKios, 'iaos (i) : olos.

(adv.), ofjLOia, cjs, dbcnrep, e| i'crov,

iaa: rpowov, diKrjv, 5e/âs(g. ):

ibcrre, (hcnrepei.like (v.), (ptXeu, arepyu, alviuj :

XaipeLV, ijoecrdai [r/oews, eKUV,

povXo/j.ai].

likely (adj.), eiSXoyos.it is —

, ôiKev, etV'6s iariv.

as is —, cIjs e'lKos, wsirep eiKos,

e'lKOTWS.

likeminded, to be, Tairbv tf>povetv.

lilveuess, elKuv.

likewise, &/j,a (a, a), o/xov, ovxijaaov.

limb, dpdpov, fxiXos (n.), kCoXov.

limit (s.), ^pos, ripixa, riXos (n.).—(v.), oplêiv : iraveiv.

line (written), ypa/xf^ri.

(army), rd^ts.

(family), yifos (n.).

linger, filvtiv, xpoviiêw.—(hesitate), oKveu [jSpaSw-].

lion, Xiwv.

lioness, Xiaiva.

lip, xeZXos (n. ).

listen (hear), aKoveiv, dKpodop.ai,kXvuv,

(obey), veldeadai.

little, yu^^'p6s, jBpdxvs, /3at6s.

live, ^l^v, piuimi [er eifii, /SXeVw, etc. ].

(dwell), oIk€2v, diairdadai..

livelong [Travrj/j.epos, vdpvvxos].liver, Tjirap (n. ).

living, ^jxypvxos, 'gG>v, fy6j.lo ! idov, (at beginning) koi /xtjv.

load, (popTos, axdos (n.), 0dpos (n.).

load, yefjilfoj, f3ap6vw.

loathe, cTTvyuv, p.laeiv.

lock, KXeieiv [shut],

lofty, v\l/7]X6s [high],lone, lonely, lonesome, epriixos,

ixovos, fjpTj/xoj/j.ei'os, airXdros.

loneliness, iprifiia.

long, adj., fjLaKpds, ttoXijs, ffvxv6s.a — time, jJUKpdv, dtjpov.—

lived, fiaKpaloji', xpovios.—ago, TraXat.

so — as, oaov xpovov, ews {dv),

fiexpi, ^crre.

long (v.), TToduv, ifielpeiv (i).

longing, TTodos, 'i/u-epos {I).

look (s.) (glance), Bepy/ia [omid,otpOaXfjLos].—

(appearance), oîs, el8os (n. ),

o-xwa. -

look (v.), ^Xeireiv, bpav, IMv,(TKOweZv, XevffcreLv, depKeadai, 8e8op-Kivai, ddpeiv (compds. ).—

(appear), (palveadaL, ioLKevai,SoKeiv.—about, Trepi^XeirtLv.—at, (TKOTreiv, dewpeiv, OedadoLL,

dsopdv, irpo$l3XeTr€LV.—for, ^Teiv, iTposSoKdv.

196 VOCABULARY,

look off, away, dvo^XiTreiv.—through, diadpeiv.

loose (adj.), aveifievos.

let —, d(f>tr]/j.t, iêXevde-

povv.

loosen, Xooj, dcpievai, fiedievai (t).

lord (s.), KOpios, dva^, decriroTrjs,

KoLpdvos.—(v.), Kparetv [command,

conquer, rule].

lose, e/c/SaXeiv, dwoWvvai, diro-

aTepeiadon.—(battle, wager, etc.),

<j(paKr]vaL, ijcradadai.—• (labour) [fiaTrjv].

be lost, oXeadaL, oXwXa, compd.loss, |8Xa/3r;, '(rjp.ia, avp,(J3opd.

be at a —, diropiui, dfirixaveio.

lot (cast), KXijpos, trdXos.

(fate), Xaxos (n.), fxopos, fioTpa,

Tl'XT], TTOTflOS.

cast — , KXTjpovcrdai, irdXXeiv

KXrjpov.

loud, fxeyas.

love (friendly), <pLXe2v.

(passionate), ipdv (g.), epair-

Orjvai.

(parental, etc.), aripyeiv.

love(s. ), 1/j.epos, m.

low, Kdrw.—(adj.), raTreivds, âuXos.

lull, waveiu, fxaXddcraeLi> [abate,

soothe],

lump, oyKOi.

lurk, K^Kevda.

lust, Tj eTndv/jiia.

luxury, Tpv(pr], x^^^V-

lyre, Xvpa, Kidapd.

M

mad, ip.imvr)s, 'iKcppoiv, Xvacrwdrjs,

fiaveis.

madden, eK/maivco, iKTrXrjcrcru, rdpda-aw.

madman, /j-aveis [mad],madness, Xvaad, avoid.

magician, pJayos.

maid, maiden, vapdevos (f. ), (co'e^,

irais.

maid (servant), SovXt], dp.ij:ai,

Xdrpts.

maim, wrjpou, ^Xdirroj.

maintain, rrjpeoj, (puXdaaw, ex'^j

Tpicpii}.

maintenance (defence), ccjTripia.—(life), Tpo(prj, (3tos.

majesty, aej3a.s : Kparos (n.), dpxv,

TvpavvU.make, woLelv, Kadiarrifxi, aKevdêiv.

(invent), evpeiv, irXacrai, firixci-

vav.

(render), iroielv, rid-qfxi.

male, apcnjv, dvdpews.malice, (pdbvos, ^pis, irovrjpia.

man, dvrjp (not woman),man, dvdpoiTro^ (human being). /

^pOTOS, Ovr/TOS, (pib$. "i/.Yf'iJmanage, dioiKeo}, Trpdcrcw, vt/xw. jl/mane, x°-^''"Oi X6<pos.

manful, dvBpeios, dvSptKds.

manifest, BtjXos, €/M(pdvris, (rd.(p7Js,

(pdvepds.

(v. ), 5rjX6o}, arifiaivu} [shew],manliness, dvdpela.

manner, rpbiros, bobs (f. ), crxw^.—(custom), idos, vb/xos.

mantle, TreirXos, iad-qixa, [cloak],

many, iroXvs, avx^bs, fxvplos, wafj.-

TrX7]drji.— times, TToXXd/cts.

how —, irbcros (int.), ottocto?

(ind. int.), oaos rel. ).

march, iropda.

(v.), arpaTevetv (mid.), eXdeiv,

compd.marine, daXdaaios, irbvTLOs.

mark (s. ), crrifi.a, cxripieiov, reKfiap,

T€K^rjpiov, avv0T]fx,a, crv/j.ôXoi'.

(target), aKojrbs.

(v.) [note, heed, observe],

market-place, ciyopd.

marriage, ya/j.os.

marry, es Xe'xos dyeiv, Xdêip : yd/xeco.marvel (s.), Oavfia.

(v. ), 6av/xdôj.

marvellous, Oavp-aarbs, Kaivbs, virep-

4>vrjs.

massacre, crcpdyq, <pbvos.

mast, hrbs.

master, KVptos, SecnrbrTjs, Kolpdvos.be —

, Kpareiv, deanb^êiv [rule].

VOCABULARY. 197

mate, o-vvvo/jlo^, [crvvridr]?].

matter (business), ^pyov, Trpdy/j.a,

XPVfJ-o-

(v.), dia<pipcx), fxeXeiv.

it does not — , Trap' ov5ii' fffri.

mature (v.) (met), (nrevSw, Trepaivw.

may, I, iêarl /xoi. : rrdpa, at end of

line,

mead, meadow, Xeifiuv.

mean, <pad\os.

in the —time, iv fiiau), iv

rovr({j, iv ri2 fiera^v. Tews.

mean (v.), voelv, ôvXe6eiv, ywob/jLijv

iXeiv.

what — you, TTiDs Xiyeis ;

means, ixrixavri, iropos.

[often verbs, /j.-i]xoLvd(TdaL, etc.,

or preps., 5id, etc., or Trios,

OTTWS].

measure (s. ), fierpov.—(v.), p.eTpa.v (mid.),

medicine, <pdp/xaKov, tdcrts (I).

meet (v. ), ifj^weaetv, avvavrdu, Kvpdv

(g-), TvxeTv (g.).

(intr. ) (assemble), aweXdelv,

[avXKoyos iravriyvpis].

melt, T-qKij}.— (met. ), fiaXacrdu, /xaXdaaaw,

KTjXeo).

member, dpdpou [limb].

memorial, ixvqixa, /j-vrj/jLeiov.

memory, fiuq/xr], /xvela.

mend [amend].merchant, ^fxiropos. *

merciful, olKTip/Muv, eiivovs, eijcppijiv.

be —, OLKTiêiv, olKTelpoj, w0e-Xetj'.

merciless, w/mos, vriXefis.

mercy, oIktos, ^Xeos.

merry, evdv/xos.

message, dyyeX/Mi.

messenger, 0776X05.

method, rpdwos.

methought, ^8oê fioi.

mid, fxiffos.

midday, fiea-qn^pla.before —, wplu [xeaodv ttjv

ijjxepav.

middle, /ue'cros.

might, ftia, Kparoi (n. ).

might have, ij/j-eXXov, &v with aor.

mighty, laxvpiis.

milk, 7aXa (n-).

mind (s.), \j^vxv, vovs, (pprjv (plur. ),

yvwpLTj, dvp-bs.

bear in—, ficfivrjadai, /j.v7]fxopeij-

eiv.

mindful, /xvrjpLuv.

mine, e/x6s, dp^ds (d).

mingle, fiiyvupn. [mix],minister (s. ), virrjpeT-r]?, inrovpyds,

8ldK0V0S, (TVpLTTpdKTWp, ^07)66^.—(in council), (rv/nfionXos.—(v.), djcpeXelv (n. ), inrripereiP

(d.).

mire, tttjXo?.

mirth, xapd, kQ/ulos, €v0vfj.ia, rep^fis.

mischief, KaKov, TTTJfxa, avfiôpd,

/3Xd/3i7 [harm, woe, pain, grief],

miserable, ot/crp6s, dt^Xios (oucr- rpts-),

TXrjpLWv, rdXas.

misery, KaKd.

misfortune, irddos, irevdos, ovcrirpa^-

ia, (rv/j.(popd, Trddrjfia.

mislead, irXavdw.

miss, d/jLapravio.

mistake (s. ), TrXri/j./j.€Xrjfxa, Trraicr/xa.

mistake (v. sense), dyvoeTv, a(pdXr]-

vai.

(act.), dfiapravw, irXavdadat,.

mistrust (s. ), dTria-Tia.

(v.), awLcrTeti}.

mistrastful, airiaTos, vTroirros.

mix (tr. ), (pvpu, Kmdw, fuâi compd.Kepdvvvp.L.

(intr.), (Tvvf'ii/ai, crvyyevicrdai..

mixture, Kpdais.moan [lament, groan], <tt6vos.

mob, oxXos, 8fjp.os, irXijdos (n.).

mock, vlSpiêiviv), KepTop.elv, iyyeXav,

dripidêiv.

moderate, p-irpios.

modest, Khcrpnos, alooios, (Twcjypwv.

modesty, aiocis.

moment, KaLpos.

money, ttXovtos, xpvi^<^'''°-i xp^"'^^-

monster, r^pas, KViboaXov, ffavfia.

monstrous, innpcpvfjs, 6avpia<rT6s.

month, p.rji>.

monument, arip-a, /xvij/xa, ixv-qp-elov.

moon, (TeX-qvri, p.r)V7j.

more (adj.), TrXewc, irXeluv, virip-

repos.— (adv. ), TvXiov, TrXeiov, /rnXXov^

198 VOCABULARY.

more, no — (time), ovk4ti, /MriKiri.

no — ,oud^v Tt\iov, fxa.\\ov.

moreover, Trpos tovti^ (roi^Tots), eTi.

morn, opdpos, ews, 1701?.

in the — , ewQev, i^ iuOtvov,

Trpjj, opdpios, eitidivos.

morrow, the, ij avpiov, ij is avplov,

7) 'TTLOVCra.

mortal, OvrjTos, (pdapros, /Sporos.

(deadly), davafft/jLos, 6\€6pios,

Kaipios.

(of or belonging to— ), /Sporeios,

df^pWTTftOS.most (adj.), irXelaTos [often TrXeiuv

or 6 TrXe/wf ].

(adv.), 7r\e?aTov, fiaXicTTa.

mostly, TToWcLKis, to, tcoWo., ws to.

TToWa.

mother, /xriTrip, r) reKOvaa or TiKTOvaa.

mount, dvaâivio, iâKplû, aipofiai.

mountain, 6pos (n. ), dK/jLq, -rrpdiv.

mourn, -Kevdetv, dpTtvetv, irevdiKihs

mourner, Trevdrjrqp.

mournful, (rrvyvos, dpr/vwdris, Trevd-q-

IXWV, 1T€vdXfJ.0S.

mourning, irivdos {v^.), Oprjvos, Kovpd,

KOfiixos, jT^vdrifj.a.

mouth, crr6/xa, 7^j'i's, yfados, yXQcrcra.

move (tr. ), Kiveu, creiw, Tapdcrcno

[trouble, excite, madden].(intr. ), Kive'iadai, (pepeffOai,

eXdeTv, xwpeiJ'.

much (adj.), ttoKvs, (xvxvos.

(adv.), fidXd, Kdprd, TroXXd,

TToKv, (KpoSpa.

multitude, wXrjdos (n.) [ttoXuj,

TraiJ.TrX7]dr]S, d(p6ovos].

murder (s. ), (pouos, arpdyri, alfia.—(v.), KTelveiv, acpdêiv

(compd.), (poveveiv, eXeXi',

vocT(piô:.

murderer, cpovevs, ai^rdxetp, ai/6evT7]s,

fiiaicpovos.

murderous, (poivios [bloody],

murmur, 6poe7v.

muse, fxovaa.

must, Set, xPVi dvdyKt), wpiirei,

[verbals in -re'os].

mutable, darad-qs, dardros.

mute, d<pwuos, dvavoos.

mutiny, ffraais.

mutter (speak secretly), XddpaeiireTv.

(grumble), ^^70;, fxipL<pojj.ai

[blame],

my, f/j.6s.

myriad, (j.vpLos.

Nnaked, yvfj.v6s, \pi\6s.

name, Svofia, Trp6a(pdeyfia [dvuvvfjios,

—(glory), doâ, KXeos (n. ).

name (v.), ofo/xdû, Trpoaevveiru

[call],

nap, KpoKai.

narrate, i^rjyeâdai [tell],

narrow, crreros, cre^wTros.

nation, 7ei'os (n. ), drj/xos [people],natural (inborn), f/j.(pvTos, iyyevrjs.

(human), Kar^ dvOpijiirov, dvdpilj-

iretos.

it is — , eUbs icTTiv.

nature, (pvcns [v), 9i6os, <pp7]v, rputroi,

yvihfiri, etc.

(appearance), axw^> f^ôs (n. ).

naval, vavriKos.

near (adj.), 6 wX-qaiov, irapihv, irpoc-

epTTibv.

(adv.), TT^Xas, ayxi, eyy>js (v),

(g.).

be —, wapecvai, Trapearavai.

nearly, ax^^°''j o'X^^^'' ''''> iyi'v^-

necessary^ dvayKoios [Seov, Trpocrrj-

it is —, dvdyKTi, Set.

necessity, dvdyKTj, to Selv, XP^'-"--

neck, avxr)", Sepn], Xocpos, Xaip-os,

Tpaxvôs.need, xpf''*) XPô^y ''"^ Sebv.

at — , is 5eov.

need (v.), 5e?, deopiai, XPV-

needful, irposrjKwv [necessary],

needj^, evoerjs.

neglect, dfj.eXe'iv (g. ), Xe'iTrav, jxeBet-

vai.

neglected, dT7j/j.eXrp-os .

negligent, /j.e6f]/j.wv, paOCfios.

neighbour, yeirwv, nposx^pos, Trpocr-

OLKOS.

neither (adj. ), ovSerepos.—(particle), ovre—oih-e:

net. diKTvou, dfj.îj3X7](TTpov. dpKvs.

VOCABULARY. 199

nether, viprepos.

never, oOvore, ov5€Trd)TroT€.

nevertheless, oi;5^j' âcrov, dXX'

new, v4os, Kaivds, Trp6a-(paTOS, veoxfJ-os,

iroTalvLos.

news, \6yoL, to cvp-^dv [d77e'\Xw].

next, d.Yx,L<JTa.

night, vv^, (jKbros, '6p<pvq, eiKppdvij.—ly, v^x^'^î ^vi'xos.

all — long, Trdvwxos.

nine, iwea.

no, 01', ovxh oii8a/j.Qs, ov dyJTa, ovk

icTTiv.

no, none, ovSeis, ovtis.

nobility, evy&eia.

noble, €vyevr)s, dpicrros, yevvaios.

nod, I'ei'cj.

noise, fotpos, dopxJôs (voice), <p6€yfji.a.

noon, /j-eaTj/xlipla.

nor (neither—nor), ofire—oSre.

(not, uor), OVK— oiide.

(simply), ovd4.

northern, nposôppos, ôpeios.

not, oi, OVK, ovxt, ov -Kavv, -iJKKTTa,

ovoef, ovTi, ov iM~fj (hit. and subj.),

ovTTuis, ovod/nQis.

note (mark), arnxa, a-qfietov.

(v. observe), voelv, Karavoelv,

iSeiv, ixadeiv.— worthy, alios X6701;.

nothing, ot'oej'.

notwithstanding, 6'^tws.

nourish, rpicpw, drdXXw.

nourishment, rpocprj.

now, vvv, ijdrj, rd vvv, cxfjp.€pov.

nowhere, ov8a/j.ov.

number, dpidp-os (d), ttX^ôs (n. ),

numberless, dv-qpidp-os, a.ireipo's.

numerous, n-o\vs, p-vpios.

nuptial, yapqXios.

nurse, Tpo(p6s, rWrjVT].

(v.), Tpi(p€iv, Oepdireiieiv,

nurture [nurse],

nymph, pvp<pr].

O

0, <S, aidi, oi'/xot, (peO.

oak, dpvs, dpvos.

oar, Kunrr], TrXarTj, eperpos.

oath, 6'pKOJ, [evopKos, evopKia, opKLOS,

ivibpoTosJ.

oath, swear — , opvvvai, opKuporeiv.

obedience, Treidapxi-a, iruOiJ:.

obey, TreWeaOaL, Trudapxe^f,

object (v. ), dpTeLirelv, xfeyeiu.

oblige, îdêadai, dvayKd(;'u} (e|-).

obscui'e, dSrjXoj, aa-rjpos, KpviTTO'S,

ovo'KpLTos, dpavpos.observe [keeji, watch, note, say].

obstinacy, avOaSia.

obstinate, <rK\rip6s, avdadrjs.

obtain, XajSeiv, Krriaaadai, tvx^'^v.

occasion (s. ), Kaipbs.

(v. ), aiTLO% elvai.

occupy, ^fiJ', KaracTx^^v, \a^(1v,eXe'iv.

ocean, âXao'cra, ttovtos, iri\dyo^{'Q..).

odour, 6ap.t).

off, dTTO [e| and dTro in compd.].be—

, aireppe, ovk ctTret; ^KTroduv

ctTreXê.

ofifence, v^pis (v), ir\7]p.pi\T]pLa, dp.ap-

Tia, dpdprripa.

ofi'end, dhiKlw, dpaprdvo} els, Xvttuv,

be —ed, St' opyijs ^w [angry],offender, KaKovpyos.

oifer, 5t5w/xt, (pipeiv, irposcp^peiv,

irapa<JX^^^-

(sacrifice), Oveiv.

offering, dvpa, irpocrcpaypLa.

office (business), 'ipyov.

(rule), dpxT}-

offspring, 70;'??, yivo^ (n.), yivv-qpa,

^Kyovos, p\daT7]pa.

often, TToXXam, ddpd, TroXXd.

oil, ^Xaiov.

old, waXaios, dpxcuos.of—-, TTore, TrdXai, e/c irdXanepov,— man, yepwv, irpeajSvs.—

age, 7^pds.

omen, oliovds.

omit, XeiTreLv (eX- irapa-), irapeivai,

dpvyipovelv.

on, iiri (d.).— account of, did (a. ) (/card, a. ).'— behalf of, inrep.— side of, TTpos (g. ), irapd (d. ),— condition of, eiri (d.).— (time : on the . . . day)

(dat.).once (formerly), ndXai, wore, ijdTj.

(one time), d7ra|.— for all, eicrdirt^.

200 VOCABULARY.

one, ets, fita, 'iv.— another, 6 fiev . . . 6 de,

a certain — , ns.— another, dXXvjXwj'.

only, fxuvos, fj.ovvos.— (adv. ), fiovov.

open (adj.), &K\eL(TTos.

(v. ), dvoiyo}, %a\aw, dvaTrTvffao},\vu}.

opening, Xvais, avoiîs.—(hole), xacr/ia, arofia.

opinion, 56â, yvw/xrj [think],

opponent, ivavrios.

opportune, Kaipios, exjKaipos.—ly, ip Kaipcp, iv koXi^, is diov.

opportunity, /caipos.

oppose (tr. ), dvTLTdiTCTw.

(intr. ), evavTiovfiai, dvrurTijvai.

opposite, ivavrios, dvTicv.

oppress, TTi^fw, d5t.Kiw, KaKow,

i^piô}_ (v).

oppression, v^pis.

oppressive, (3a/)i;s, iirax^'fis, Sv(r(popos.

or, ij, eiVe.

oracle, xpV^fô^f iiavTeiov, iJ.avTev/j.a.—(place), xpvo"''VP'-0''-

give an —, ^pr/aa, dvelXov.

consult — , fj.avT€vo/j.ai.

orator, pfjTup.

orchard, ktjwos, dXcros (n.).

order (arrangement), rdîs, kothos.— (command), ivroKr}, Trpoa-

ray/xa.order (v.) (arrange), rdcraeiv, Koa-

fj-elv, dioiKelv.— (command), rdcrcreiv, KeXerju,

elTTOV.

orderly, eiiraKTOs, eSderos.

origin, dpxv.

ornament, K6a/j,os, dyaX/ia, dyXcua-fj-a.

other, dWos, erepos, dWoios.

[aXXocre, ctXXore, dWaxov, d\-

Xoeev].the — day, dprius.

otherwise, dXXri, aXXwj.

oi^ght, XPV, Xpe^f, Set.

our, TifMirepos.

out, e/c-.

(adv. ), ^^w, eKTos (g. ).

outcast, (pvyds.

outer, 6 i^wripw, ^ûdev, iKrds.

outermost, iûraros.

outrage (s. ), Xd^^rj, aiKKxpia, li^pis (u).

outside, f'^c;, eûdev.

outward [outer].

over, vTrip (g. ), iiri (d.).•—

(across), Tripa.

all —,Kard (a. ).—

(excessively), dydv, Xtdv{orX).

overcome, viKav, Kpdrecv.

overmuch, dyav, Xiav.

overtake, alpeiv, KaraXaêiv.owe, ocpelXfLV.

owing to, did (a.),

own, idiot, oiKe7os.

ox, jSoDs.

pain (bodily), dXyos (n. ), dXy-ripia,

dXyrjdwv (f. ), TraOos (n. ).

(mental), 0X709, wddos, Trivdos,

Xi^TTvj, ttSvos.

pain (v. tr. ), Xvwioo, dvTdu.

painful, dXyeivos, XvwTjpos, viKpos,

jSapvs, deivds.

paint (v.), ypd(pu, ^(i}ypd<p€b}.

paint (s.), xp^f^^-

painter, ypd(p€vs, ^coypa(pos.

pair, ^61170? (n. ), ^wwpis (f. ).

palace, fieXadpov, So/ioi, Sw/xara,

paaiXeid (pi.),

pale, ihxpbs, xXwp6s.

paltry, (pavXos, Tdweivds.

pang, dv7], dXyos [pain],

paper, SeXros (tablet),

pardon (s.), crvyyvdifXT), avyyvoiS,.—(v.), (Tvyyvuvai, (Xvyyvu/MTjv

êiv, avyyvoiav lax'^'-v.

parent, yov^vs, tok€vs ["êKwv].

parricide, TrarpoKTovos [r-ici)].

part (s. ), p-epos, p.o1pa.—(country), xcipa.

it is my — , TrpoarjKei fioi.

take) — , Koivuveu, /xerairxf^v

(g-).

part (v. tr. ), Siaipetv, x'^pili'eiv.—(intr.), diraXXayTJvai, Xelweiv,

direXOelv.

partake, Koivaivetv (g. ).

partaker, koivwv6s.

partially, €k p.ipovs.

particularly, Kaprd.

VOCABULARY. 20 1

partly, rb fiiv . . . rb 5i, irpQiTov

ixiv . . . 34.

partner, Koiviov6s.

partj', (TTaais, oi (ppovovvres ravrdv,

(piXoi.

pass (v. ), Trepdo}, irapeXOe'iv, ot'xo/xat.—by, irapeKdelv.— time, Tptlio}, a.va\iffK€iv

[traurjfxepos, irdvviJxos].

pass (s. ), irbpos.

passenger, bdoiiropo^.

passion, opyn [anger].

passionate, oeivbs, arvyuds.

passive, tjo-uxos, pa6vp.os.

past (adj.), irapeXOihv, Trecpeuydis,

6 irplv [irpbffdev, irdpos, irdpoiOep].

pasture, vo/xr]. r

paternal, TrarpSos} ,

'-

path, 656s (f.), rptôs (f. ).

patience (have), Kaprepetv, rXrivai.

patient, -Jjcri/xos, TXruxuv.

expect—

ly, KopadoKui.

pause (v. ), (TTTJi'ai, waveadai, TravXav

Xaêiv.

pay, rtvo}, Te\e?v.

payment, rtcris, /jLiaObs [^rj/xia].

peace, elpfivq, o-Troi'Sai, (rracrews, Xutrcs.

peak, cLKpov.

peasant, -yewpyb^, dypbrris.

pebble, \pfj<pos (f. ).

pelt, (SdXXw [Xevaip-os],

penalty, fr;|Uta.

penny, dpaxp-v.

people, dTjfxos, ttX^ôs (n.), 6'xXoy,

(TTpdrbs, ir6Xts, daroi, ttoXTtm.

perceive, aladdvofiai, opQ, voiu,

fiadeiv.

perchance, IVtos (?), tvxv [rvyx.'^v'A-

perfect, riXeios, dpiaros, evreXris. —

ly, TravTeXws, Trdvv, Kapra.

perfidy, diricrTia.

perform, reXû, irpdacroi.

perfume, 6(xp.fi [evwh-qs].

perhaps, urws (&v), rdx^ &.v, tvxv

[rvyxdvo), Kivdvvevo)].

peril, KLfduvos.

perilous, eiriKivdwos.

perish, dXiadai. [air- St-), 5ta0-

Baprjfai., oixâdaL, davelv.

pei'jured, \pev5opKoi, eTriopKos.

permit, edw, o-UTX^pe:!', d(p€7vai,

fiedelvai, iwiTpiireLi', TrepuSelv.

perpetual, diravaTos, aidvrjs (dec,

aiev).

perplexed, dwopo's, d/xrixa.'ôs.

persevere, Kaprepeu, ifx/xsveiv, ovbiv

iXXeliretv,

person, dvdpunros, tis, ^porbs.

persuade, ireidetv, ewayeiv.I am —d, iriivoLdd, iriTreicxfjLai.

persuasion, Treiddj.

persuasive, TrXOdvbs.

pervert, biacpdeipu, 8iaaTpe(pw.

pestilence, Xoi/x6s, vbaos (f.).

philosopher, crocpbs.

physician, larpos (<).

pick (flowers), dpeiroj, (XvXXiyu.

pick (choose), X^yoj, eXeadai.

picture, ypacpr/, irtva^, elKwv (f. ).

piece, p-ipos.

pierce, (rxi-^<^, rerpaivu, diopvaaoj,

pierced, bidropos.

piercing, diarbpos.

piety, euaejSeM, to eiiaeîs.

pile (funeral), Trcpd.

pillage (s.), dpTrdyrj.

pillar, Ktiiii' aTTjXrj.

pilot (v.), KvjSepmw.

pinch, dXt^w, wTe^dj.

pine (s. ), Trfrus, irevK'fi.

pine (v.), TaKijuai [OprjvicS].

pious, evaepris, KaXbs, d/xe/jiTrTos.

pit, 8pvy/j.a, ^bdpos.

pitch, Triffffa.

pitiable, eXetvos, oiKTpbs.

pitiful (active), oiKTlpp.wv.

pitiless, u)/t6s, vqXerjs.

pity (s.), ot/cros, ?\eos, oiKTipp-bs.

(v.), OLKTeipUJ (fTT-), oIkTLÛ

(/CttT-).

place, X'^'po^j Tbvos [rdîs, Telxos,

Telxicrfxa : irov, ottov, fj, ivddbe,etc. ].

•—(v. ), Otlvai, KadiCTTavai,

Tdaaw.

plague, XoLp.bs, KaKov, vbaos (f. ).

plain (s. ), wedov.—(adj.), StjXo? [clear].

(simple), d-rrXovs, dKo/jL\pos.

plait, ttX^ksiv (compd.).

I)lan (s.), T&xvv, fJ-ilxa-vh, yvuip-v.—(v. ), pLYixavdaOai.

plant (v. ), ^vTeijeiv, (piTeveiv.

play, dpdp.a (sport), TratStd.

202 VOCABULARY.

play (v.), TToffw.

plead (v.), aiVuJ [pray].

pleader, aivSlKos.

pleasant, r}5vs, yXvKijs, repirvos,

please, dpicrKii} (a), avodvw, x'^PH'^'

fiai.

it —s me, 7]dofxai, ijardijv,

doKeT.

pleasure, rjdovri, ripxpi^.

pledge, iyyuT}, Tricms [iyyvdcOai,

ixeyyvos].

plentiful, d<p9ovos, dcpeidris, 8a\f/'L\7}s.

plenty, fiXi'j, dSrfu (a, d).

have — , finropetv.

plot, firjxdvrj, 56\os.

plough, dporpov.

pluck, eX/cw (flowers), Spîru.

plume, TTTepbv [feather],

plumed, TTTepwrds.

plunder, dpirdy-f), Xeid.

poem, /xAos, diSrj.

poet, iroL7]Tr]s, dot56s (a).

point, aKtxT], ai'x/xij, yXwx'^ ('")•

(time), Kaipos.

pointed (sharp), o^vcrrofios.

poison, ios (r), (pdpfmKov.

pole (stick), 36^^.

(axis), TrdXos.

polish, Xeaivu, Xa/JLirp^vu îu},

polished, Xeios, ^€(tt6s.

pollute, fiTalvia, xp^^"^-

polluted, fitdpos, TTpo'STpbiraio's.

pollution, ixiafffMa, /jJuaos (n. ).

pomjJ, X^^^Vj KdfjiTros.

pompous, (jep.vb's.

ponder, (ppavTiî^, ivdvpieicrdaL

[think],

poor (not rich), irivrj's, tttuxos,

(inferior), <pav\os, evTeXrjs.

(wi'etched), ddXios (5vs- rpis-),

tXtj/xcov, TaXalirupos, 6et\6s,

dvarvxv^, dvcrSaipiuv.

portend, deairii'u}, ixavreijofxai.

portent, ripas, 6av,aa, (nj/jLelov,

porter, dvpwpos, TrvXwpds.

portion, âotpa [part],

possess, KeKTTjadai, êiv, p.eracx'^^v,

Kpareiv.

possession (abstr. ), KTr](ns.

( Conor. ), KTrj/xa.

possessor, KeKrrjfx^vos.

possible, oI6s re, 5ura7oy.

it is —, Trdpeari, ^êcrri [irdpa

at end of line],

post (pillar), aTad/j.6s, ffr-qXrj.

(station), rdîs.

posterity, ol ^weira, oi fxeXXovre^.

pot, KdXTTT], X^/Stjs.

pour, xî^ (compd.).poverty, ^vSeid, uTravLS, Trevia.

powder, kSvis, xprjyfia.

lôwer, dtvap-LS, adevos, t'crxPs, Kparos.

(permission), iôvaia.

powerful, ffOivuP, iaxvpo?, Kaprepb^,oecvos.

practice (skill), rex'^rj, ifxTreipia.

practise (v.), diXKe'iv : (evil, or

scheme), irpdaau}, /SouXei^w.

praise (s. ), 'i-rraivos, 86ia, evdoîa.

(v.), aiVuJ (ew-), euXoyelv, iipiveiv.

pray, Xiaffo/LLai, evxa/iai, XarapeXy,alreli' [ask],

prayer, Xtrri, evxv, irpoaevxri-

precept, evroXr].

precious, rtpuos, TroXvreXrjs.

precipice, Kp7i/j.v6s.

precise, dKpTjirjs, ad<f)rjs.

predict, arifxaivw, TrpoeLwetv, /lavTetj-

eaffai.

prediction, fiavreiifia.

prefer, irpoTT/xdui, Kptvw, fjLaXXov ôvX-eadai, aipetadai.

prelude, (ppoifxiov.

premature, dupos.

prepare (tr. ), cr/cei'dfw (compd. ),

eiiTpe-jriÔ}, eTOLfid^'cj, wopiôj.

(intr. ), ecTKevaafiai, eToip-dôixai.

prepared, eroinos, iaKevaa/j.^vos,

evTpeTnqs, Trpdxeipos.

presence, irapovcria.

present (adj.), irapuiv, irpbxeLpos,

TrpoKei/.i.evos.

for the —,TO vvv, to, vvv.

present (v.), irapixî-v, dupov/jLai,

douvai.

to ^ oneself, irape^vai, vapa-ffT/jvai, (pavTJvai.

present (s.), BQpov, duprjixa.^

preserve, crtb'gw, (pvXdcraco,

press, 6Xij3(J, ^rrej'w, âpovu.

presume (arrogantly), dîoui,

v§plîa (u u).

VOCABULARY. 203

presumption, -6\fM, v^pts (v).

presumptuous, inrep(ppu]v [(ppove^f

/j.eya].

pretence, (TKTJif/ii, Trp6axvf^°-

pretend, So/ceic.

pretended, 8okQi' [often drfl,

TrXacrros.

pretext, wp6<pa.aXs, irp6^\7}ixa.

pretty, Ko/xtJ/ds, KciXds.

prevail, I'tKciv [conquer],

prevent, kwXvw [eûTroSwf], etpyeiv,

j)i"evious, TTpoTepos, 6 irptv, irapos, etc.

prey, drjpd, e\up, Xela, dypevfia.

price, TLixr], dîa.

prick (s.), Kivrpov, KevT-rjixa.

(v.), Kevriij].—up, 6pd6v 'uTTavaL.

pride, vj3pLs(v v), (ppov-qp-a, 07/cos.

priest, iepevs(X).

prime (s.), aKpJ), &vdos (n. ), wpd.

prince, rvpawos, Siva^(oi) [king],

print (foot-), ^xôs, crtôs.

(impression), xapa-yij.a, ^k-

fj-ayixa.

prison, deafxoi, n^Sai.

prisoner, defffiLos [Seco eipyo}],—•

(war), alxp-aXuTos.

private, idtos (t), oiKehs.

privily, Xddpa, [Xavdavu].

prize, MXov, yipd^.—(gain), KTTJfia, KepSos.

prize (v.), d|tdj, aivw compd.probable, it is, et/c6s, tot/cec, 8oKe?,

evXoyov.

probably, eiK^rwr. __^

proceed, x'^P^'^ [go]-

procession, nofXTrrj.

proclaim, eâyyeXXu, K-qpiaaw,

irpoenretv, cryj/jLaivw.

proclamation, Kqpvyfxa, Kqpvîs.

procure, wopi^'u.

produce (bear), (pvco, <pepeiv, TiKTeiv

[bear].

(bring out), sKipepw, i^dyw.

produce (s.), Kapwos.

profess, (pdaKiLv [pretend],

profit (s.), K^pdos, wcpeXeLa.

(v. tr. ), u)(peXeu}.

(intr.), KepSaivw.it —s not, oi> X(7et t^Xt}, ovoh

6(peXos.

Aprofitable, ovriaiaos, (jiifxcôpos. '^^^^^^Vtprofitless, &Kapiros, axpv'^Tos, dvu- I

(peXrjs, davfxrpopos (a in all),

prolong, ^riKWw, relvu.

promise (s. ), iyyvrj [w;' I'Trô-xero].

(v.), vireo'xoiJ-V'i VTroarijvai

[TTicrTis].

prompt, doKvos [qi;ick, ready],

prone, irprjvy'ii, irpovuirrjs.

met. wpSOvpLos.

proof, iXeyxos, TeKp:qpXov, arifxewv,

T^Kfmp.make —

, irelpav Xaj3e7p.

prop, epeiffpLa.

proper, (virpiirris [fit],

property, KTrj/xara [riches, posses-

sions],

prophecy, fxavrev/xa, XPV<Î^^^-

prophesy (v.), xRV'^f^'ôeiv, Trpoenretu,

OecririêLv, dvaipeiv, qSetv.

prophet, Trpo(priTrjs, fidvTis, oluvo-

(TKOirOS, TepaCTKOTTOS.false —

, \l/eiid6fj.ai'TXs.

propitious (mind), l'\6a;s(r), evfxevTjs,

(pfXos.— (word), €V(p7ifxos.

propose, TTapaivCo, irddu, irpofSaXXui.

prosper, ev ^Xf"'» ^^' Trpdacreiv (KaXuis-)

evTvxeiv, evOac/jLOPelv.

prosperity, evirpdyla, tvxv-

prosperous (bringing good), aicrtos,

(enjoyinggood), evrvxh^, SXîos,

evdaifj-uv, fiaKapTaros.

prostrate, irprjvrjs.

protect, (Twj'o;, irpoaTaTelv, crTtyw.

protector, irpoa-TaTrjs, eTnararris.

pi'otest, p,aprvpo/iiaL.

proud, aep-vhs, xnr€p(ppuv, v\priX6<ppu}i' ,

(ppovQv fxiya.

prove, drjXovv [shew].

(test), irelpav Xdêtv.

proverb, Trapoi/xia, X670S.

provide, wopi^wv, dpriw (t's-),

evpelv.

(foresee), TrpocrKoiretv,

providence, irphvoid.

pi'ovoke, Trapo^rj'w, epedi^w, SaKvu

[es opyriv].

prow, TTpwpd.

prudence, Trpovoid, evôvXla, ei'Xd-

jSeta, ipp6v7]<ns.

204 VOCABULARY.

prudent, autppuv, ev(iov\os, dacpaXrjs

(of things).be —

, (ppovetv, eD (ppovelv,

(TiOfppoveiv.

public, Koi.v6s, ndvo-q/xos, Sq/mios,

[woXius].

puff, <pvad(j},

met. dyKdio, ef-, eKTvrpovu,

eiraipu! [K6/x7ros].

pull, airdw, eXKui, dyeLv (compel. ),

pump out, eâvrXeiv.

punish, ^7}ixiovv, KoXdô}, 8tK7jv Xa/Seij/,

punishment, tVf^^"-, 5tK-q, iroivq,

TLfxupLa, TTjj.'r).

pure, dKrjpdros, dKpai(pvris, KoiddpSs,

017^6?, dKpdros.

pure (morally), aucppuv, i]-yviaiJ.ivos,

evaejS'rjs.

purify I''"^^^P^> "y^^'^^ Kaeocridu,

purification, KaBap/mos.

purple, TTopcpvpa.

(adj. ), jrop<p\jpods, <poli>ios,

ipvdpbs.

purpose (s. ), ô^Xev/xa, yvcb/xr],

iirivoid [dv diXrj, to doâv, etc.].

purpose (v.), evdvixovixai, ôvXevcj,

/xeXXo}.

purposely, [e/cwj'], eKovaiws, e'/c

TTpovoias.

pursue, ixeTaarelx^, fi€T€\0e7i>, diwKU).

push, ihOio], eXavvoj.

put, TL6rip.l, ICTTTJfjLl. [opdoW, ai'plx),

jSdXXu}, 'irjfju, reLvw, û, dyui,

<pipw\ compd.—forth, eKTelvw, irpoT€Lvu.—off, eKdvopi,ai, drraXXdcrcreaOai,

dwo^dXXu}, dwoppiiTTO}.

on, d/XTT^XOJ, dpLKpUvVV/Mi,

Koa/ueiadai, ivSvti).

— out (light), ffjiecrai compd.putrefy, crriTreadai.

putrid, aairpos.

Qquantity, TrXTJdos (n.).

quarrel, ipis, velKos (n.), (TTaais.

(v.), epii'o} [a-iwdTTTOj ve^Kos],

quarter, from all —s, iravrddev.

from what —, TrbOev.

queen, dvaacrd, yvvr).

quench, crpiffaL {Kara- diro-).

question (v. ), ipcjTdv, ^pecrdai.

quick, Taxi''S, dûs.

-tempered, 6ûdv/j.os.

(adv.), Bdfforov, rdxa, rdxo^, ws

rdxoT, iv Tdxf t, ws rdxi.aTa,baov

rdxoj \o\JK dv (pddvois, (pddvoj\.

quickness, Taxos (n. ).

quiet, riaiixos, drpefi-qs, Tjpefiaios,

fxirpLos, -tjauxcuos.—(silent), &\po(pos, d^p6(p7)Tos.

(v.), iravui, KaTacrxeif.

quietly,^ Tjcrljxw, drpe/xd, rip^fxd,

(T?ya, crcyfi.

quit, XetTTw [leave].— be quit, diraXXdyTJpai, iXev-

depovadai.

quite, TraPTeXQs, rb irdv, iravv, Kaprd.qiiittance, diraXXdyrj.

quiver (s. ), (pap^rpd.

_

—(v.), Tp^w, TpifjLU, Tpop-iw.

quoit, SidKos.

Rrace, (pvXov, yiuos.—

(course), 8p6/j.os.

radiant, Xafj.irp6s [l>right].

rag, paKos (n. ), Xarfs.

rage (s. ), dpyrj, x6\os [anger].—(v.), Xvaadu, fiaivofxai, fiap-

yduj.rail (abuse), \oi8opav, veiKsTu, \ot8o-

pecadat (d.) [firippoOos, KCLKdppodoi].raiment, cadrjs, wîrXos [clothes,garment],

rain, v8iop (v), 'opL^pos, 8p6aos (f.).

rains, it, vet (v).

raise, 6p66cj, ai'pw (compds. ).

rampart, reixo^ («•)) ^pv/JLa, reixta-fi6s.

random, at, (Lktj.

range, -rrXdudofxai [wander],rank (military), rd^Xs.rank among (v. ), reXeiv ey.

ransom (s. ), Xvrpov, dvoiva.

(v.), Xvrpdoj, Xow, iXtvdepdo}.

rapid, o^vs, rdxiis.

rapine, dpirdyj}.

rare, davpLacrrSs, (nravtos.

rash, (S/SodXos, S.(tk€wtos.

rather, fiaXXov (corrective), uev

ovv,

rattle, Kpdros, ktvttos.

VOCABULARY. 205

ravage, drjovv, iropdeTv, a-yeLV (ptpeiv

re.

ravage (s. ), (pOopd, XVfiri.

ravager, \v/xavTifip.

rave [rage],

raw, tijuos.

ray, clktU, avyrj.

reach (ai-rive), d.<piKi>e2(T6ai, irpoatX-

dew.—(stretch), wpoTelvoi, irapacr-

read, dvdyvCivaL [fmOe'tv].

ready, 'eroLfxos, 7rp6xf'pos, eiiTpeirris.—(willing), TrpoOC/xos dcTfJ-fuos.

make — , evrpewi^w [prepare].

real, dXridris, er-qrvixos.

reality, d\y]9eLd.

really, a\-qd(jjs, epyip.

reap, Oepi^w.

rear, ai'pw [lift].— (cherish), Tpi(pw, waioorpo-

(pelv [ivTpo(pos, avvTpo(pos\.rear (of army), 0: oinadiv.

reason (mmd), vovs, \670s, yvib/nj,

(ppovrjcrts.—(cause), alrLd [eveKa, ovveKo].

reason (v.), \oyiôfj.ai,

reasonable (thing), eH'Xoyos.—• (man), atxxppwv, Sf/caios,

fj-irpXas.

reasonably, et/corcos, iv otKrj, diKaius.

rebellion, a-Taals, (Sid.

rebellious, dvaae^rjs, l3taios [avri-

aTTJvai, ivavTiovadai].

rebuke, fjLeix((>oixaL [blame].

I'eceive, Xaêiv, Se'xfc^ct', rvxîv.—friendly, dexecrdaL, oeîovcr-

6ai, daTrd'i'wfiai.

recently dpTt [lately],

recite, eêitrei.v, diijyeicrdai..

reckon, dîQ, vofiiû [think],

recognise, dvayvuivai.

recompence, x^P'î dLiroLva.

reconcile, SiaWdacreiu.

reconciliation, SiaWdyrj.record (s.), ixvTi,aa.

recover, di/a\d,3e'Lv, dvaKraaOaL.— (medical), d-n-aXKayrjvai. v6-

ffov, (pivyeiv vocr.

recovery, voaov (pvyr).

red, epv0p6^, Tvopcpvpovs.

reduce (to a state), KaraffTTJaoLi.

reed, doua^.

reflect, ewoiw, Xoyiôfiai, (jKoweiv

[consider],

reform, dvopdow.refrain (tr. ), KaTeipydOeiv, Karaax^'^v,

dirix<^-

(intr. ), dTroffTTJpai.

refuge, (pvyv, diro(jTpo<pr}.

refuse, dTroTTTiVat, dirudetv,—(to do), Qv de\w, oil ireido/xai,

dveiTTov.

refute, iXeyxw.

regard, (jKowelv, vofxlêiv [consider].

regard (s.), wpd, <nrov5ri.—pay,

—to, wpdv vineiv, (d.),

ctttouStjv TTOietcrdai, (g.), (ppov-

regiment, arpdros, Td^Xs.

region, x^P°-'

regret, wodos [sorrow, repent].(v.), iroQeZv.

reign (s.), dpxn.

(v. ), Kpdriw, apxw, decriroû,

Tvpavveveiv.

rein, 17^113, x^-XTvos, pvrqp.

reject, dvwdeoi, eK^dXeiv, dwopplxf/at,dTTOTTTvaat..

rejoice, x°-''-Pî Tepiro/xac, 'qdo/xai.

(tr.), eiKppaivu.

relate, dtjXSu, dyyeXXw, <ppdô> [tell],

related, relation, crvyyevrjs [kin],

relationship, dyxi-ffreM yivovs, to

(Tvyyevh.

relax, x^-ô-'î dvUvai, Xoeiv.

release, eXevdepouj [free],release (s. ), XvcrXs, diraXXayri.

relentless, dreyKTos [pitiless],

reliance, Odpaos, (n.), TrLarXs.

relic, Xeltpdvov.

relief, XvcX%, KovcpXaXs, d/j.ni'orj, diraX-

Xdyrj.—(disease or pain), XdaXs (f).—(assistance), uKpeXeia.

relieve, Xvu, /coi/î'j'w, iraveii' (dXyosetc.).—

(assist), difpeXetv, (a.), dpKeif,

iwapKeiv, ôrjdeiv, (d.).

religion, to deiov.

religious, evae^-qs.

relinquish, XetTrw.

reluctant, dKwv, dKOijcnos (a),

rely, Trtiroida.

2o6 VOCABULARY.

remain, êvw (compel.), {KaOriadai],XeiTreadai..

what —s, TO XoiTTOJ', ToiiTTiKel-

fievov XP^°^'

remainder, to \onr6v.

remaining, Xonros.

remarkable [famous],

remedy, <papâKov, &kos (a), 'idixa {i).

(v.), Idadai, (r), a.Ke'iffdai (a).

[ÔTjdeLv, eirapK€ii'].

remember, /j-v fjfj,-/}v êcv, fj.vTjfiov^veii',

fie/jLvyjadai, fiPTJarw iaxeiv.

remembrance, fivrifz-q, /xveid, /ivyjcrTts.

I'emiud, iiL^j-vqcrKw.

remiss, paOvixos, dfi^Xvs, dueLfj-evos.

remit, dcpeiuai.

remnant, XolttSs.

remorse, oTktos.

remove, [take, put,— away : ti9-

evai, icTTavai, alpeiv, rdaaeiv,

compd. ] dcpaipetv.

rend, airdw [tear],

renew, dvopdhoi.

renounce, dTrerTroj', dneaTi^v, dcptrjiju.

renown, /cXeos, (n.), 36^'

rent, XaKts, priyfju.

repair, dvopObw, dK€Ojj.ai [amend,remedy],

repay, Ttuw.

repeat, [avdis, TraXtf, av.]

repel [foes], afivvaadai, dirwOiw,

Stwêw, eâiruidiij}.

repent, fieraixeXei, impers. [grieve,sorry],

reply [answei-].

report, \670s, <pvf^V-

(v.), [relate, teU].

reproach, (s. ), êtoos (n.), eyKXrj/xa.

(v.), oveidi^co, airidadai, fx^fi-

(po/xai, ^670;, KaTTiyopQi,

[fxeixTTTb's, iwippddois KaicoTai,

devvdfw^.

reproof, \p6yos [reproach],

repulse, (v.), -rrapwddv [repel],

repute, 56â [fame],

request [ask, pray, require], d^tooj.

require, 5r\-at6u>, dftcD, KfXevw, alrw.

requisite, dfayKoios [need],

requital, dixoi^-q, dvotva, ^rjfjLla,

5tK7).

requite, dfivvaffdai, dfieiêffOat.

resemble, ôiku [like].

resent,—

ful,—ment, [k6tos, opy-q,

X^Xoj, . . anger],reserve, rripeio.

resign, d4>eTi'at, dTreiiretv, fKarrivai.

resist, direxeic, dvTLcrTrivai, ivav-

Tiovadai, KaprepeLv.

resolute, evroX/xos, evdaparji, doKvos.

resolution, [SoKet, d^doKTai, ôvXevu],/3ou\eii/xa, dbyfia.

resolve, ytyvihcFKeiv, (SovXevw, €vi>oQ.

resource, irbpos, iJir)xdvq.

respect, (s.), alSdis, tT/j.tj, evrponrj.

(v.), Tifidw, davfxdô}, aldeladai.

respectable, rtfjuos, ^vti/xos.

respite, d/xirpor] (a.),

responsible, vw^yyvos.rest, (s.), dvaTravXd, dfxTrvorj, ax°^0

[peace].

(adj.), XotTTo's, 6 dXXos.

(v.), fv8eLv, KeiaOai, 7Ja6ai,

ija-vxdû).

restless, dvirvos, dKol/j.7iTos, dardTos.

be —, dypvTTPe'iv.

restoration, iiravopduiaXs.

restore, dirobovvm.—[reestablish], dvopdoui, Kad-

LffTî-vai iraXTv.—[exile], Karayo}.

be —d, [exile], KaTeXdelv.

restrain, eTri- Kara- cxerz/, diro-

(TTpecpeLv, KuiXvu),

result, rb av/uL^dv.

result (v.), eKâlvw, crv/j.- yiyvofiai.

retain, ^w, ath'^w, (pvXdaaeLv.

retreat, f^'"^"''' ''"''' (^^' ^""^P*^-'

êi'7W. iiTvoppcw (water).retreat (s. ), Trpoa<pvyrj, KaTa<pvyr].return (intr. ), t/kcj, voariu, Kar-

eXOeiv, eTraveXOe'ii', VTroarp^cpeiv.— to land or home, KareXdetv.

return (s. ), vwoaTpocpr), vbcrros, [vocr-

rtfiui irodi, voffri/xTjv bdbf].

reveal, fxrfvou, brjXbw, [show, tell],

revel, kw/xos.

(v.), Koj/jidiô}, âyxevi^.

revenge (s.), TT/uiwpia, diKrj.

(v.), Tu-w, dfidvecrdai, dfieiêaOai,

dtKijv Xdpeiv.in — for, dvTavoLvd, diroiva,

[accusatives in apposition to

clause or subj.].

VOCABULARY. 207

revere, aiêiv, creêadai, aid€2<xdai,

aidu) vifiELV.

reverence, alSws.

pay — ,ai5Ci vifxetv.—

(v.), [revere],

reverend, ffe/xvSs.

re\'iew, Kptveiv, eêrdêiv.

re^^le, Xoidopeii', KaKoaro/xe'cv, Kep-

TOfieiv.

revive, (tr.), iyelpeiv.

revolt, dirocTTrivai, iTravaffTrjvai.

(s. ), itrai'dtTTa.cr'is, ffraffis.

revolution, [change],reward, x^P'î /^'<^0os, yepds.

(v.), d/xeiêadai.

rib, TrXeupd, vXevpov.

rich, TrXovcTLOs, eviropos, ttXovtwv,

dcpdovos.

riches, ttXovtos, xpV/J'''-'''"-— be rich, TrXoL'rew, evvop^Tf,

TrXovTLêadai, d<pd6vws êiv.en—

, 7r\oi/Ttfw.

rid (v. tr.), dTraXXdcrcreic, iXevdepovv.

get—

, dTraXXa/yiii'ai, eXevdepova-dai.

riddance, d7raAXa7T7.

ride, iirwevnv, LTnrriXdTe?v, eXwuveiv.

rider, tTTTrei^s, iTnrriXdT7]s.

ridge, Xocpos, KopiKprj, deipUs.

ridicule, 7AWS : [incur—

,] otpXew

yeXwTo,.

ridiculous, yeXohs.

right (adj. ), [straight], opdos, Idvs

(I), evdiis.—[just], 6p66s, ot/catos, ^5lkos.

—[proper], 6p66s, evirpewris,

irpeTTuiv.

[Set, irpoariKeL, XP'lt TpfTrei, deiJ.i{[.—[hand], Sextos

right (s.), Oep-is, 5tK.-q, tovvoXkov.

ha%'e the —,

St'âtos elvai.

ring, (j<ppdyU, kvkXos.

ring (v. ), 7)xdv .

riot, (ttIxcXs.

rip, Xpco, <jirdij}.

ripen (tr. ), we-n-alvw.

(intr. ), dKp.d^(ji.

rise, opdovadai, dvaarrivai, aipeaOai,

compd. x^peii' dvw.— [from sleep], eyepdyjvai (e'J-).—[stars, etc.], di>laxf(-f,

(pdvrjvai,.

rise, rising [of sun, etc.], dvToXr],

dvToXai.

(adj.), vTrepTeXrjs, opdios.

risk, KivdCvos.

(v.). Trapaj3dXX€(T6ai, roX/xdw.

rite, tAos (n. ).

rival, dvdd/j.i.XXos.

(v.), dpTdywi>iô/j.a.i, dvTiffTTjvai,

dfiiXXdadai (d).

river, Trordfids, peWpov, peedpov,

pevfia, pof).

road, 656s (f. ), KeXevdos (f.), afxaîrSs

roam, irXavQ/jLai, aXufxai, dva-

(7Tp4<peu6at.

roaring, jSodf, ^pvxdadai, i^xe^",

KTvireiP, (pO^yyecrOai, ^pip.w, ffTevu.

roaring, (ipep.uy, ar^vuv, (iapvKTVTros,

dXippotlos (sea).

(s.), pVKT]p.a, [ipofxos.

roast, oTTrdio, Kaio}.

rob, dpirdû}, crCXdw, (Ttepeiv (compd.).robber, XricrTrjs.

rol)bery, X-rjaTeia, dpwdyrj.

robe, TreTrXos, crroXri, aroXiff/xa, ecrdris.

rock, TTfTpd, Tre'rpo?, xotpar.

rocky, ireTpatos, TrerpwSijs.

rod, pd/35os.

I'ogue, iravovpyo^.

roll, KvXivSw, eXiaau, arpicpw.

roof, (TTeyoi, crTeyri, irvpyos, ^TraXfts

(of a Avall).

room, X'^pd, (JTeyr), oiKrj/xa.—(space), x'^po^-

root, pi^d.— and branch, wpoppiôs.

rope, airdpTov, dpravT].

rose, p65ov.

rot, aaTTTjvai.

rotten, craTrpos.

rough (lit.), rpdxvs.— (met.), aKXrjpos, ihp.6s,-&ypoL-

KOS.

round (adv.), Tripi^, KVKXip.

(prep.), TTfpt (d. a.),

rouse, eyeipuj, iKKlvew, opfidu), dvicF-

rdvai, eôpdoio.rout (v.), es (pvyrju Tpi-Kuv.row (s.), ffTtxos, rd^Ts.

(v.), ipecraoj, KOjirriXdreiv.

royal, ^daiXiKds, rvpavpiKds.

rub, Tiipw, Tptficj.

2o8 VOCABULARY.

rude, &fxovao%, diraidevTO^, &KOixipos.

rudder, oi'a| {a.K-) [steer],

rugged, (TTV(p\6s.

ruin, (pdopd, oXeOpos, dri] (d).

(v. ), (pdetpw, bWvfJLi.

ruinous, i^wXijs, ttwwXtjs, 6\idpXo$.rule (lit.), (TTadiJ.-q, Kavibv.—

(law), pdfjLos.— (dominion), Kparos (n.), dpxv-rule (v.), dpxeLv, Kpareiv, decrwoû},

Tvpavvevw (g.) : evdivoj (a.),

rulers, &pxovTes, ol KparovvTes, Tovi

eV TeXei, SecrirhTai.

rumble, ^peiJ.eiv, Ppvxo.(T6ai, \l/o<j)€ii',

iwrix^^v.

rumour, Xii7os, </>?7/ut?.

I'un, dpafxeiv, 6elv, (pepeadai, petv

(compd.), opfjidcrdai, awevoeiv,

eyKOveiv .

away, (pevyeiv, 5(.8pa.(rK€Lv

(compd. ), OLxo/j.aL [cppovoos].

rush (v.), op/jidu (mid.), (p^pop.ai,

aaauj, (pevyu} (compd.) [crvdeis].

_(s.), opfiri,(popd.^

rustic, yewpyos, dypoTrjs, avrovpyhs.

I'ustle, xj/ocpdv.

ruthless, w/ôs [pitiless].

S

sack (s. city), oKucrXs (a), dpirdyrj.

(v.), dpTrdj'cj, eXetv.

sacred, ^710? (a), iiyvoi (d), <X€fj.v6s,

lepos {t, r), deios.

sacrifice (s.), 6v/j.a, irpba<payp.a.

(v.), (lit.), dvu, a<j>d'gi>i.— — (met.) KTeivu, oXXvixi

(compd.).sacrificial, dvaras ({.).

sad (pei'sons), ddvfios, XvTroOfxevos,

dXyQiv,TXrip.wv, aKvdpwTTos {arvyvos,

appearance).

(things), dXyewds, XvTrijpos, oec-

fos, jSapuj.

sadden, XiiTrety.

safe, dacpdXrjs, iriaTos, /S^âtoy, ix^y-

yvoi.— (unharmed), dKriparos.

safety, fiSeta, dcrcpoiXeia.

sail (s.), iartov.

strike — , x^ô-'' i-iyrXov.

set—, aipeiv 'kttiov, tuvuv iariov.

sail (v.), wXeiv, vavaroXeiv, vavriX-

Xop-at [oi"p:oj, laTLoSpofieiv].

sailor, uavTTjs, vavrtXos, pavparris,

vavKXT]pos.

sake, for — of, x^P"') owe/ca, erarr.

sale, dirtixTroXrj.

salt, aXs, dXes (a),

salt (adj.), dXpi.vp6s.

salute, dairdiopiai.

same, 6 avros [ravro and ravrov]

op-oios, iaos (I).

[compounds, 6p.o- aw- lao-].

at — tune, o/xou, ap.d (d) : crvn-

fierpos xpovif), etc.

sanctuary, vdos [temple],

sand, xpap-p-oi (f.).

sandal, iridlXow, dplitiXr].

sane, ipLcppujv, awcppoju [(ppoveu, aw-

(ppovelv^

satiate, iJ-earovv, wXTJcrai.

satiety, /copos, ttXtjcx/xovt^.

satisfaction (for wrong), dturj,

TLp.<jipLa, diroiva,.

satisfy, wXrjpovv, xdpi'j'o/xat.

savage, d7ptoj, cDôs, dirpoa-rffopos.

save, (Tili'ô), (pvXdaaco.— from, diraXXdcrcru, iêXeiv,

eXevdepovv, eKad/^w.save (prep.), ttXtjv (g.).

saving, awr-r^pXos.

saviour, aunrjp.

say, Xeyuv, (pvp-h elireiv, avSdu,

evviireiv, eêXiaauv Xbyov.—(explain), Sr/Xovv, (ppd'êiv,

cr]p.a'i.vw, ffdcprivigeiv.—(utter), (pwvelv, (pdeyyeadai,

XdcTKeii', iKJBaXetv eVos.

saying, X67CJ, fivdos, (puxts, Ôey/xa,orOS (n.).

scale (weigh), aTad/xSs, rtiXavTov

[pOTT-q, dvrippoTTOS, laoppOTTOs].

scant, (Tiro.vKTTos, fxiKpSs, |3ai6s [ffwa-

vTs, cnrdvLûj].

scantily, ivdews.

scar, ovXr] [uttovXos^.

scarcely, fioXTs, p-oyXs, trxoXi?.

scarcity, hSeia [deficient],

scare, (pofie'iv, KToelv.

scatter, Siaairelpw, 8i.acrKeddvvvp.t..

sceptre, (TKrJTrrpov [rule, thi'one].

scorch, cpXeyu} (tr. and intr.),

€KTrvp6u, Kuieiv.

VOCABULARY. 209

scorn, C^pts [v v), arT/j-la.

(v.), VjSpiÔJ, BLTtfld^li}.

scourge, fidcm^.scream (v. ), /3oaw [Kpavyrfl.

sea, Trdtn-os, daXaacra, TreKdyos (u.),

ffa\os [Kv/ia, k\v5u>v, KXvdujpiov,

dlSfjLo], aXs.

sea (adj.), ddXdcrcrLos, wovTios, iudXws.

aXius (a), aXippodos.

-fight, vavfidxelv.

-coast, aKTTj, prjy/jds.

seal, ff(ppayts.

seam, pdcp-fj.

search, ^pewa.(v.), epevvdv, ^rjTe'iv, fidTeveiv,

fiacmveiv, drjpdv, Ixveveiv (ti).

season, &pd, Kaipo?

seat, ^5pd (e), OdKTjfxa, dwKos, dpovos,

e'5os, eOuiXiov, 9dKT]ais.

(v.), Kadlêiv, idpveLV.

second, devrepos.

secrecy, to KpvTrrdv, Td<pavh, idirdp-

prjTa.

secret (adj.). KpvwTos, KpiKptos, Kpv-

(paios, dir6ppT)TOS, Xddpaios, ddr]\os,

da-rjfios.

keep —, KpvirT€Lv (compd. ),

areyw, KoXincTW [<jlydw, ctya,

Xavddvui\.secret (s. ), dirbpprjTOV.

secretly, \adpd, Kpv<pd, Kpv(prj, Xdd-

paiws.

secure, dacpaX-qs [safe].

(v.), peâiow.

security, dcripdXeid, doeid, to wia-

TOV.

sedition, (XTaaXs, 66pvôs, dra^t'o,

TcipaypLa.

seduce, irXavdui, irapdyu, TreiOw,

dTrardo;, (pOeipco.

see, opu, Ibelv, ffKOTretv, ddpetv,

^Xeweiv, Xivacretv, dedffdai., dipKeff-

dai (compds. ).

seed, airipfia, cnvbpos, <nropd, yovos,

y€v6s (n.), yovrj.— (met.) dpxVj ^<popP-V> aiTia.

seek, ^r)T€Lv [search].— (aim in business), <nrovM^€i.v,

crirevdeiv, irfipdcrdai, /xrixS.v3.(T-

Oai.

seem, (paivop-ai, BokQ, eoiKa [ws with

part.].

seem, it— (s. ), good, So/cei, d^SoKrai.

seer, /xdvTis, jrpo<prjTr]s, xP'7<''MV56s,

oluvocTKdTros.

seize, Xdê^v, eXeiy, fj.dpTrT€i.i>, dpna-ftij' (compd.).

seldom [^t6\rs, cnravis].

select, iêX^ff&ai [choose].self, avrds.

self-will, avdddia.—ed, avdddrjs.

sell, TTuXeTp, irnrpdcTKeiv, ifnrokdco,

eôSdw.

send, 7re/.(,7rw, ariXXw, ir]/jLi (i), (com-pounds).

sense (perception), aiaOrjais.

(brains), yi'cbfirj, vovi, (ppeves.

sensible (person), ifxcppuv, cpp6vL/j.os,

(TilxppWV.

(thing), eiSXoyos.

be —, (TuxppovQ, eS <ppoveiv,

(ppovelv, Xbyov êiv.

sentence, dtKTj, Kptcris, ypui/jLtj.

separate, xwpifa;, Xow, Staipeiv, ota- âirdv. ^1

separately, x"P^^) ^^X°- msepulchre, rutpr), rdtpos, tv/jlôs.

serene, aWpTos : (met. ), ijavxos, ijav-

Xa?os.

serpent, 6<pLS, îdva, dpaKdiv,

servant, TrposTroXos, Sta/coj'os, oIk^ttjs,

inrrjp^Tris, waTs, Xarpis, 6rjs.

serve (as attendant), vwtjpeTeTv,

XdrpevfLv, BovXevtii.—(benefit), wtpeXeTv, tvfpytreTv,eP dpdv [xpVCi-P-osl.

service, dovXeia, BovXevfia.— (benefit), evepyiri^fia, w(p^-

X7]/J,a, Lb<p{X€ld.

serviceable, xPW^M-os, virovpybi.set (v.), Oeivai, ffrijcrai, I5pv{iu

(compd.).— about, ireTpav \dpeiv, iy-

Xeipelv.— out, direXBeiv [go awaj',

depart].—up, dviaT7)p.L, dpdovv (com-

pounds).—upon, eyKiiadai. [attack],

(intr. of sun), ovvaL.

settle, Td(T<j(>}, KadicTTovai, dLoiKelv,

irepaivw, Kpaivu, reXeiv.— (home), oiKiô}.

2IO VOCABULARY.

seven, eirra.

sever, x^P'-i'^ [separate].

severe, iriKphs, Seivbs, 6^v%, rpa-x^s,

bvaaXyriTos, âpvs, etc.

sew, paTTTW.

shade, a-Kid [darkness].—ghost, eiduXof, ^VXH-

shaft, jSeXos (n.), alxi^V, oIcttos.

shake, aeiu, TrdXXw, Ttvdcr<Tu,

shall, yue'XXw (fut.), (opt.), &" ' in

questions (snbj.).

shame(s. ), alaxos (n. ), alax^vn, alSus.

(v. tr. ), al(7X'<^vu] (compd.).-ful, alcrxpbs, deivSs, dcdjtos.

-less, dvaidrjs, dvaiax^'^Tos.

shamelessness, dvaideia.

shape, ixoptpq, crx^M"*, e'5os (n.), 6fXs.

shapeless, &fjLop(pos.

share, piipos (n.), juLolpa. [part].

(v.), ixeracrx^^v, KOLvwvelv,

ffvWaêaOai.

sharp, o^vs, 6t]kt6s, Tedi^yp-ivos,

o^vcTTOfios, o^vTrpupos, d^vwevKrjs.

J '. -sighted, eSaKOTTos.

\f sharpen, oÔvu}, driycj, d-T)yav(i3,

aKovdcj.

shear, Keipu, ^vpew [Kovpd, KOîpi/jLos],

shed, eXjidXeiv, x^'^-

I sheep, oh, fj.fi\ov, ôrbv.

sheet, 0apos, <pdpos (n.) : (ship), ttoi^s.

shell, darpaKov.

shelter, crre-yr;, aniiraap-a, Karacpvyi^.

(v.), areyu, TrpoaTaTeiv (g. ).

shepherd, TroLfifiv.

shield, diTTrts.

-bearing, daTrloTjrpopos, affirtd-

ouxos, daTTLffTrjp.

shine, Xd/xiru}, cttIXû, Trpeirw.

shining, Xap-irpos, iKirpeir-qs [bright],

ship, I'ai'S, irXolov, ddpv, aK&cpos (n.).

-wreck, vavayla [vaudYCiy].

shiver, (ppiaffw [tremble].— (break), Opaijoj.

shoe, efxlâs, dpj3v\7j, TreSlXos

-maker, (TKVTOppd(pos.

shoot, Toêi'w, jSdXXo;, dKOvriû,

/SeXos d<pa.vai.

(intr.) (met.) 6pp.dv, aacno.

shore, okxtj, priypis, [TrapdKTios,

iirdKTLos, d/crtos].

short, jSpaxvs, oXtyos, /Soios, avvTop.os,

e<pfi/J.€po's.

shorten, avyKhwrw, (rvareXXw.

shortly (soon), iv âxft, raxos,

raxd.

shot, /3Aoy (n.), roêv/xa, oCcttos.

should, xpij, Set, xp^'^" '• conditional,

optative and dv.

shoulder, wpLos.

shout (s.), l3or] [cry, noise, etc.].

(v.), l3odw, KeKpayevaL.

show, SeiKvvfii, BtjXovv, (T-qp-alvw,

(pdivw, ep.(pdvi'^w, irapix^t Tfpos-

(pepeiv.

shower, ofi^pos, xf'MWj'.

shrill, o^vs, Xr7i;s, pidKp6s.

shrine, vads, vedos [temple],shrink, oKvew (d7r-), <pvyeiv, dirojTi]-

vai, dTro(TTpe<peadai.

shrivel, iVx«'atJ'w.—led, pvcros, lcrxv6i.

shroud, irepiVTvcraeii', irepiaTeXXu)

[cover],

shudder, (ppiaaui [shiver],

shun, (pevyij).

shut, TTv/cdfw, KXelw, cppdacrw, TraK-~

TOW, irrjyvDfj.i (compels. ).

sick, dffdevqs, Kap-vuv, S-ppuaros,

voffdiorjs.

be —, vocreTv, kolkus exeii',

dcrdevelv.

sickness, voao^, vocrrjfia, nados (n. ).

side, irXevpd (sing.), TrXevpd (pi.),on the opposite

—, e^ ivavrias.

on this —,on that—

, evddp.ev,hed M.

on this —, TjSe, TavTrj [here],

on that —, iKeivrj (there),

[eVepos, owbrepos, iKarepoi].on father's (mother's, etc.)

—,

Trdrpodev, pLijTpodev, vpos

Trarpos, etc.

which — , TTTJ, oirt],

siege, [reiXVpn^l

sigh (s.), arevayfia, cttovos.

(v.), arevw, arevd'^w.

sight, 6\pXs [o^t/xa, ocpdaX/j-ds,], Oia,

6iap.a.

sightless, TV(f>X6s, d/jLavp6i, iixfiaroa-

Teprjs.

sign, ) ajj/xa, a-qp.eZov, o-v/jlôXov,

signal,) cwdrjpLa, TeK/xripiov, riKfiap.

signify, o-Tj/xatVw [show, tell,

declare].

VOCABULARY. 211

silence, ffiyfj, atuTrri : ev^rj/jLla.

silent, aiyQv, ijavxos, i]<Tiixaws, d0w-vos : €V(pij/MOS, d}j/o(pos, diporprjTos.

be —, (Tiydv, (xiuTrdi', evcprj/xdv.

silver (s. ), apyvpos.

(adj.), dpyvpovs.

simple, (XTrXoOs, dKo/x\//os, xp^JCtos.—morallj', &5o\os, dirXacrros,

aKriparos.

simply, /jLovop, dirXuis.

sin, dfiaprla, ajxapT-qfia, Svcraiêia,

rddiKov, Tr\rip,/uL€X7]/iji.a.

sin (v.), dp-apTavw, dotKecj, Svaaejie'LV,

dfxifKdKeiv (aor. inf.).

since (temporal), iirei, it. od, d(p' ov

(odTrep).

(causal), eVei, tlis, eTreidri.

(thenceforth), €k rovde, ef eKeivov.

sincere, dXijOris [simple],sinful, dvaaeSr]?, ddiKOS, dXiT-qpios.

sing, adeiu, deideiv, fi^XireLv, vfx-

veiv.

singer, doiSos, ^leXySos.

single, els, fidvos.

sink, trovTiÔ}, Sow, Kara-, Kadeivai,

KprjTTTd}.

(intr. ), peTTw, nlTrrw, evdu.

sinner, KaKoDpyos, d/j.apTu\6i, dva-

sire, Trdrrip, yevvrjTwp.

sister, dSeXîj, KaaiyvrjT-r].

sit, ?jffdai, Ka6-, e0-, Kadiû, ddaau,d&Keia.

sitting, edpa.

six, ef.— years old, eîr-r)^,

size, p-irpov, fieyedos, pLTJKOS (n. ).

skilful, ao(f)6s, Se^toj, ^p-irecpos, 8eiv6s,

sTnaTTj/jiCiiv.

skill, e/MTreipia, Ttxvf).

skin, dipfia.

sky, ovpdpos, aW-qp, d7]p{d), ttoXos.

slack, dv€i,fj.evos.

slacken, xaXdw, dvTefac.

slaughter, cpdvoi, atpayri.

(v.), ccpdi^w, KTeivw, (pdeipu

(compd. ).

slave, 8ov\os, oIk^tti?, ttposttoXos,

alxP-a\coTos, S^cis.

be a —, SovXevo).

slavery, BovXdd, SecrpJa., [5^w, etc.,

€lpy(j}\.

slay, Krdvw, acpdiû, voacplû}, (povevoj,

5La.<pdfipo3, 6XXvpi. (compds. ).

slayer, <poveiJS.

sleep, vTrvos(v).

(v.), evdo}, KOip.dcrOai, vwvdaao},VTrvovcdai, Kadevoo}.

asleep, vttvu} 5a.p.ds, Kdjxevos,

sleepless, dvirvos, dypvirvos (v v).

sleepy, vvvwdi]^ {v v).

slight, (pavXos, ei'reXijs, dcrdeurjs,

Xe7rr6s, dpaids, ^pdxvs.

slip, TTTaiio, acpdXyjvai, oXiadavco.

slip away, e\-K-X^7rrw iroda, dipepTreiv,

ffiya inreKcpvyeiv, etc.

slippery, a^dXepds.

slope, KaTavT7]s (adj.).

sloth, dpyia, pq-dvp-ia.

slothful, dpybs [idle],

slow, ^pddv?, (TxoXaios.be —

, (Spadvi/opai, /xeXXu,

Xpofii'w.

slumber, slumbrous, [sleep, sleepy]sly, d6Xios, irdvoupyos, iroiKtXos

small, p,LKp6s, ap,iKp6s, (BpaxiJS, âio'.

smart, dXyos (n. ) [pain],smell (s. ), oaprj [evioorjs, 5vaiboT]s]

(v. intr.), 6{'€(.v, 6ap.rjv ^X^'-"-

(v. tr.) 6(T<ppalvop.aL.

smile, jU€i8i.av, yeXdo}.

smite, Tvaiii}, kotttw, ti^tttw, wAjjffaw

Bpaiju. ,'*^

—(met.), eKTrkricrau.

smith, xaX\-fi'f.

smoke (s.), Ka-rrvS^.

(v.), f^w, KaTrvdv i^€?vai.

smooth, Xetos, êcrroj.

(v.), Xeaivii}.

smother, irvtyu.

snake, 6(pTs, SpaKWj/.

snare, irdyij, dpKvs (f.).

snatch, dpird'(u, papwru, eXeTv.

snort, <pvaid(i}, cpi'O'au, iKirveiv.

snow, x'"*"') vicpas.

so (thus), ovTws, wSe, rfjSe, raiyrr;.

(accordingly), ovkovv, *ovv,

*Tolvvv, Toiydp, roiyapoOv,

ware, *&pd.

(so that), ibare, w?.

so much, TOffOVTOV, TO(76vS€,

rbaov, Toaavra.

so great, tojovto!, etc.

soar, Trireadat.

212 VOCABULARY.

so

sober, vr](pwv : (met.), cruKppuv.

soft, /xaXaKos, /j.a\daK6i, a/3p6j.

soften (v.), (met.), fiaXdcrau, irpdwu,

softly, iJ,a\daKu>s.

(met.), ^(r§xws, fflya.

S0il(s.), 717, TTJSov, x^^", odSas, xcipa,

(v.), fioXvvo}, iMtaivii}, xpati'w.

sojourn, fxeroiKeu.

soldier, dvrip, dwXtrrjs, TrapaairiaTijs,

d<nri<TTrjp, acnrXdr](p6pos, d(nri(TTr}S,

dXKi/J-os dvrjp, Xoxir-qs.

sole, jj-ovos, ixovvos.

solemn, crefxvSi.

solid, arepphs, iruKi>6s.

— (firm), da(paXrjS, |3^/3atoy,

i/jLiredos, evarddrii.

solitary, fiovos, ^prifios, /xovoaroXo^.

solitude, ipTj/xia.

some, Tis, idrw o'i, (ir-q, ttiii^, ttov, vol,

Tro$ii').—times, £(T^' ore, irori, ijdTi, ijSri

TTori, &,XXoT€ jxev , . . &XXot€

dL

u, utos (r) iraTs, tiekpov, ^kjovo^,

[vecpvKws, </>0s, 76701?, tKyeydos].

song, ^TTos, doi57){d), ddrj, /j.eXos (n. ),

difffxa., v6/j.os.

soon, Tcixa., avrtKci, 6S.<T(Tov, rdxv, ws

rdxos, ws Tdxi-c^TO', evdvs, evdeu^,

jrapavrtKa.

soothe, TTpavvo}, KT/Xe'w.

soothsayer, navTis, xpV^f^Vô^y o/w-

vocTKOTros [seer],

sorcerer, yaa7os.

sorcery, (pdpiiaKa (n. pi.)

sore (s.), eXfcos (n.), rpavfia [pain,

wound],sore (adj.), dX7<!Di' [pain],

sorely (adv.), ndpra, Xtav, aydv,

iravu, wavTeXQs.

sorrow (s. ), axos, KTJdos, Trevdos,

Trddos (all n. ), Xvirr], durj.

to one's — , KXalwv, oiiri. xo.ip<^v.—(v.), dXyeTv [grieve],

sorry (sad), ddop-os, dXyuv, \ii7r0i'-

fievos, dvffOvfJLos.

(mean), (pauXos, ^XaOpof.

sort, 7^1*05 (n.) [kind].

what, this, which — , irolos,

roLovTOS, ToidsSe, rdios, olos,

oTToios.

in some —, rpdirov rivd.

sort, all —s, Tracrotos.

soul, (jipriv, ^pi'XVi fpp^vh, Xrifia, 9jTop,

iJTrdp, KapSia, crr^ôs (n. ).

sound, KTVTTOS, i)xv, (pwvTj, (pdoyyos,

(pd^yfia, ipo<po$.

sound (v. ), i7X^'^j (puvôi, \po(pi(i}.

sound (adj.), triSos, adxppcov,

sour, o^vs, TTlKpSs,

source, injyai, dpx'rj.

south, voTOS, fxecF-qix^pia.

sovereign, Ktpios, diairoT-qs, rvpavvos,

[lord, master].—ty, Kparos (n. ), rvpavvh

[power, rule],sow (v.), ffireipw.

sow (s. ), Cs.

sowing, ffwopd, airopos.

space, x'^po^; x^P"^-

spare, (peibeadai (g. ), fierpius XPV'^'

dai (d.).—(refrain), dvocrxfo^Sai., (pvyeiv.

sparing, <peiduiX6s.

sparkle, crTi\/3w, darpaTTTU), Xa/xTrw,

(pXeyo/iiai.

speak, Xe7w, <pT]iJ.i,dwelv [i^-, irpo-,

Kar-), XdcTKeLV, dyopedw, ivviirw,

(pdeyyo/xai, ôdv, (pcoveiv.— to, TTposenreii', irpoffavdav,

TTpOSiVVeTTfLV, TTpOSCpWUetf.

speaker, pf}TU)p, SijfjLtjyopos.

speaking, X670S.

spear, Xdyxv, ôpv, ^7Xos (n. ).

spearman, dopta-devrjs, dopvacrovs

(adj.)._^ ,

special, eâiperos.

spectacle, ê'a, 6\pTs, dedfia.

spectre, tpda/xa, etdwXov, (pavTacT/na.

speech, <poovri, Xoyos, <p6eyp.a : yXuxr-

ffa (tongue),

speechless, a0wi'os, dcpdoyyos,

speed, airovdrj, raxos (n. ), dpdfios.

(v.), cnrevdw, eireiyofiai, tyKovelv.—(prosper), ei^rux^'''-

speedily rax^ [see quick],

spend, dvaXuTKeiv (compd.).—(time), TpijSu, 8Layw.

spin, v<palvu> (weave), veoj.

(intr.), SlveladiXL.

spindle, drpaKTos (f. m.).

spirit, TTvevfia (breath), \pvxv, <Pp^-

vrjfj.a, dvfibs, ^do% (n. ), Xrnxa [soul,

mind].

VOCABULARY. 213

spirited, eiiOvfxos, <ppovQ)v iJ-eya.

spit, TTTUU), TTTVffaL.

spite, ^9pa, <pdbvos.

ill —, /Si'a (g.), Trpos ^Lav (g.).

splendid, \a/xirp6s, (paewds [bright,

clear],

splendour <paos (11.), <pu>s, creXas, t6

\afj.Trp6v, avyri, clktU, <p\6^.

[flame, beam],split, diappTJâi, O'x^f'w.

spoil ( destroy ), 5ta06'ei/)w, Xi'yaaiVo/xat.

(plunder), KXeTrreiv, avXdu.

(s. ), Xela, dpTTayrj.

spoi't (s. ), advp/xa, iraLdid.

(v.), iraiÔ}, ddvpw.

spot (stain), ktjXU (f. ), fjLia(r/j.a.

spotted (animal), otlktos.

spotless (lit. ), dKTjparoj, KLddpos.

(met.), d</;paTor, dp-e/xTTTOS.

spouse [wife],

spread, <jTpthvvvp.i. (compd.), x^'^j

retj'w (stretch), (Xirelpu} (scatter),

ireTdvvvp.1.

(iutr. ), xwpeo', av^dveadat, <pe-

peadai, viixeadai.

spring (v. grow), (pvvai, yeveadcu,

^XacTCLvw (compds. ).

(flow), peui.

(s. season), idp, wpd, &.vdos (n.),

dKp.7) (2 last metaph. ).—(^source), tttjy?} (pi.), Kpr)VTr),

vdfia.

sprinkle, palvw (fluid), wdo'crcj (pow-der), (compd.).

sprout, jiXdcTTT], ^\d<TT7]/xa.

spur (s.), K^vrpov.

(v.), Kevrelv : (metaph. ), orpuvu,

Trapop/ndo}.

spurious, KilidriXos, \j/evoi)s.

spurn, Xa/cTi'j'w, Trdreiv, dTro7rTV(Tat,

dirwdeiv.

spy, cr/coTTOS, KarduKOiro^.

(v.), aKOireiv.

squalid, ai'xp.rjpbs,

squeeze, 6\if3tj, Tptj3<a.

stable (adj.), d(7<pd\ris, /3e/3a{6s,

^fiwiSos, dKlVr]TOS. .

(s.), ardOfj.6s, (tijkos. Astaff, pd/3oos (f.), <jK7p:Tpovy^'/istag, ixdôs (m. ), Qi]p.

stagger (met.), (rtpdXrji'ai, OKVfiv,

Tpe/xeiv.

stain, Kr]XU, fuaap-a [pollution],

stamless, dK-qparos [pure],

stair, kXT/ulu^ (f).

stake (s. pale), crrai'pis, x^P'^^-—jpyre), irvpd.

stall, (paTvrj.

stamp, TVTTos.

stanch (flow), icrxeti', iradcrai, aîcra

(compds. ).

stand, i<TTap.ai, effrrjKa, 6pdovfj.ai,

iaT-qv, p.ivij3, /xifivi,] (compds. ).

[6p6o<7To.ST]i', TTtpiaTaoov, irapa-

aTaobv^standard, aTj/xeiov (n.) ffij/xa (n. ).

star, dcTTijp, durpov.

stare, ddpelv.

start (v. set ofi'), 6/)/idw (mid. ),d7rai'/3w.

(alarm), </)pi<T(ra;,Tp^;ue£i',5e5oiKa,

eKTrXdyrjvai, eirTofjffdai.

startle. eKTrX^lat, TrroeTv, cpo^dv,

rapdâustarve, XIixQi KTelvu}, or OvricKw.

state (condition). Traces (n.).

(city), TToXr?, TO Koivdv, orjixos.

(power, pomp), ffxrjixa, Tvpavvov

axvP-o., Kpdros (n.), Xa/XTrpd

ffToXq.

statue, a7aXâ, eiKcbv (f.). ^stature, s-u)ixa,p.op4>r],eldos(n.),defj.as. stay (iutr.), /xeVw, /xi/xvu}, arrjvai.

*(tr. ), (7xe'»' {evi- Kara-).

steadfast, ê'/Satos, iriarhs [stable],

steady, d<j(pdXf\s, ^((iaios [stable],

steal, KXiTTTw, ai'Xdu.

stealthy, Kpvcpaws, XaOpaios.—ily, Kpv^Tj, Xadpa, Kpv^drjv.

steel, cridTjpos, xi^Xh^s, ddd/xds.

steep, dfvu, pdwrw (compd.).steer, Kvêpvdo}, oiaKO<jTpo(pelv, olaKO,

V(j}fxdv,

steersman, Kvîpv-rirri^, oldKo<TTpb-

(pot.

step (s. of foot), âcris, I'xi'os (T), n.,

(TTljioS.—(of stair), âdpov ^fjfia (n. ).

(v.), âlvu, l3ddLl^w,

stern (s.), Trpv/xva.—(adj.), oeivoi, rpaxvs [severe],

stick (s.), ^dKTpov, (3aKTy]pia, aKrjw-

Tpov.stick (v. tr. ), Trpos- aw- dineiv,

iTTJâi, KoXXdoj.

214 VOCABULARY.

t

stick (inti*. ), ixeadai (g. ), iix<jyvvai

(d.), irpocreivaL (d..), avrex^-

<rât(g.).

stiff, ctk'Xtjpos, aKafiTTTos.

still (adj.), TJcruxaios [quiet].

(adv.), h-t, /J.€xp^ Tovde (never-

theless), 0/X.(xlS.

(v. ), irav'jj.

sting (v.), Kevreiv, -KKfjaaeiv, SaKveiv.

(s. ), Kevrpov.

stingy, aiVxpo'v'fpSTjs.

stink, [8vcrw5T]s, KOLKoafios, aairpb^:

smell],

stint, <pdov€iv, (peldeadai.

stir, Kiveuj [more],stomach, KoiXia, yacrr-qp.

stone, \Wos, irerpa.

(v.), [\evainos ixbpos\.

stony (met.), dreyKTOs [cruel, hard,

pitiless],

stoop, KVTTTw (compd.).stop (tr. ), Trai^w, /car^x^j kwKvw,

diTfipyeiv, €/j.Tro8iô}.

{intr. ), \7jye1v, Traij€ff0ai, fxeveiv,

aTTJvai.

stoppage, eTri(TTa(Tis, KiUXv/ma.

store, irXrjdos (n.), Oijaavpds [d(p9ovos,

einropeiv],

storm, %etjuc6i', crKijirTos, <?ue\Xa,

kXiiSwi', TV<pUS.

stoi'my, Xdjipoi, Kv/j-aivuv.

story, X670S, fivdos.

straight (adj.), dpdos, evdvs.

(adv.), evdvs.

straighten, evdovu, opdow (compd. ).

strain, reivu}.

strait (s.), crTevov, iropdfi6s.

strange (foreign), ^^vos, dXX60uXos.— (new), KaivSs, veos, dav/maards.— (wonderful), Oavfiatrrbs [use6av1x6.^03], inrep<pvrjs.

stranger [strange], ^^vos.

strangling, dyxovrj.

stray, TrXavdofxai.

stream, poos, povs, porj, pevfxa ;

peidpov, peeOpov [river, water,brook].

(v.), pSw [flow],

street, 656s (f. ), 7r6Xrs, dyvXa.

strength, Kpdros (n.), laxos, p^fJ-ri,

aXK-f], I3ta, aOivos (n.).

stretch, relvu (compd.).

strew, Siaawelpw, SiaaKeddvuvp-i.

strict, d/cpf/STjs.

sti'ike, Traiw, TrXqcrcru}, ri'nrTw, Trardcr-

(Tw, KOTTTio, deiveiv, dpdffffu, ^dXXco.

strip, aTTodvu, eKdvci), yvfj-vdco, dwo-

arepetv.strive (try), ireipaaOai, iretpav Xaêw,

irpodv/jLeicrdai, CTrevSeiv, crirovSdêiv :

(contend), ipiêiv, dfiiXXao/uLai.

stroke, TrXrjyf] [blow],

strong, Kaprepos, iVxi'/aos, Seivos,

O^pL/XOS.

be —, iaxvoj, adevu.

study, fjiddetv, dcTKetv.

stumble, irraiw, (TcpdXyjvai, ttitttw.

stupid, dvovs [foolish]. —

(stupefied), eKvXdyfis, eK-

ireTvXrjyixivos, iirTO-qp-evos.

subdue, Sap-dôi, Kparû [conquer].subject (adj. ), i'tttjk-oos.

sublime, v^prjXos, Oeios.

submit (yield, endure), eiAcetj',

rXTjvai, Kaprepeip, arepyeiv.

subterranean, x^^'''oj, KaTacrKd<pTJs.

subtle, Xenrhs (met.), o^tis, (T0(f>6s.

succeed (follo>\-), eweaOai, oirdSelv.—(prosper), wpoxi^pô], opdov-

adai, KaTOp66(i}, evrvxeiv.

success, evirpdyia.

succession, diadoxri-

successive [fîj^].

such, TOLOVTOS, TOWS, Toiosde.

sudden, deXwros.

suddenly, d<pvu (d), iS,ai<j)vris , evdiws,

irapavTiKci.

suffer, Trdcrxetf', dXyeif, iroveiv.— (endure), Kaprepeiv, (pipeiv,

rXrivai, viro/jLiyetv, dvacxîrâi,

aripyeiv,—(allow), ew, d<f)eTvaL.

suffering, Traôs [pain, grief, etc.]

(11.).

suffice, dpKeiv, iâpKe?v.

suggestion, avp-lSovXri, irapaiveaTs,

yvdi/uLT), (ppovrtdes.

Sllit, irpiirw, dpp.6^cij, i(p-,

(tr. ), opfMocraw.

suitable, irpewoov, wpbs(popos, cnjfj.<p<i}-

vos, i/j.fj.eXris.

sullen, cTTvyvbs, crKvdpuTrds, avvoi-

(ppvwptevos.

sum, apXd/j.6s.

VOCABULARY. !I5

summer, Oipo^ (n.), Kaii/ia.

summit, dKpa.

summon, Kokeoj [call],

sun, r)\tos, 'i'oijios.—beam, dKrts, avyfj.—rise, a.vr6\f].—less, oLvrikLos.—set, 5u(Tis.

sup, Seiirveiv, eoprafw.' •

superior, ixd'gwv, Kpeiaaui', viriprepos.

be —, Kpareu).

superiority, vTrepjSoKri.

supper, deTirvov.

suppliant, Ik^tyis (t), Trpoarpdiraios,

luT-qp, irpoaiKTuip, i(p(<TTlOS.

supplicate, \iTrape?p, iKeTeveiu, irpo%-

TpeireLV.

supplication, TrposTponri.

supply, ^ropij'u;, TrapacTKevAûi.

support, (TTTjptfw, epeidw, aK-qirTta.

supportable, aveKTos.

suppose, vofiiû, 7]yel(j9a.i [consider,

think],

suppress, Travu}, Koj-aax^^v.

supreme, inr^pTCLTos, wpuiros, fieyicTTOi.

be — , dpicrTevu}.

sure, TTtcrros, da(pci\i^s, Ifîredos,

jS^jSatos, aatpris.

surely, craâis, aafpiaTara.—(particle),

*wov,

*brjirov,

*TOi,

*Kapra, tjttov.

surface, T&ôjdev, rdîi}.

surfeit, /c6pos, ivK-qcrixovy].

burge, crdXos [wave].

surgeon, iarpis (T).

surly, (TTvyvos [sullen].

surname, ofo/xa.

surnameil, ewuivv/xoi (called after),

surpass, vTrepfSaXeTv, [cross, defeat].

surprise (s. ), dadfia, eKwXriîs.

(v.), Oavfia Trapaaxîv.

sun'ound, KVKXeiadai, KVK\io}.

survey, KaTaaKoiretv, dedadai [kot-

6i/'tos].

sur\'ive, auOrjvai.

suspect, vwoTTTevd} [inro\(/ia, Sttotttos^ .

suspicion, inroxpla.

suspicious, viroTTTO^ .

sustain [bear], cpipui [bear].—[real'], Tpi<pi>3.

.sustenance, (ito^, Tpo(pri.

swaddle, cirapydvou [cirdpydva.^.

swallow [lit.], KareaOieLv, (ftdyeiv.

[met.], 6\\v/j.i [destroy],

swear, 6p.vvixL \opKos, dpdcOai\.

sweat, tSptis .

sweep, a-aipoj.

,

—[drag], ffipo}, 'iXKCo.

'

^gVeet, yXvKvs, i]5vs : repirubs, (ptXos.

sweeten, t/Sww.swell (tr. ), oyKou, ef-, (pvadu.

(intr. ), oyKovcrdaL.swell (sea), ol8p.a, KXvduv [wave].

swelling, 6yK0i.

swift, iJbKvs, rdxos, 0o6i, Kpa.Lirvbs,

Xajipos. —

ness, raxos, n.

swim, veij}.

swing, TrdWw, auw.

sword, ^f(/)os n., (pdcrydvov, â^Kos,

^7X05 11-) o-'^X/^V fftdripos.

sword, kill with, ^XtpoKTovtlv.

symmetrical, av/x/xerpos, eH'pvdixos.

T

table, Tp&TTfâ.

tablet, diXros (f. ), Trtva^ (m-)) TP^M"1 fiara, ypdcprj.

I

tail, oi'pa.

i taint, pXalvo] [defile],

take [seize], Xafielv, eXelv, fidpirTuv,

dpTrdêiv, cryXXdêiv.

[receive], Xdêiv, S^xecrdou.— hold, Xdliâdai. g., dcrtXa/x-

âveadai g.— away, d(f>aipe1v, diroandu,

diroarepeiv, (kkX^tttu.— arms, atpecrOai. ddpv.— out, e'âipiu.

tale, X670S.talk (s.), X67ot, 6/j.iXla.

(v. ), X^7a; [say, speak],

tall, ixaKpos, p-iyas, v\l/rjX6s, v\pXyev-

V7JT0S.

tame, 77/xepos.

(v.), Sdyadfw.

tangle, e/x7ro5ifw.

tarnish, dfxavpbw, pjdpalvo}, alax^vw.

tarry, p-ivoi, rpt^w, pi/xvw [TpLjSri]

Tvaieadai.

task, ^pyov, to raxîv, ToinnKdfj.evov,

[irpoKel/Jievov].

taste, yeufxa, yevats.

(v.), yeveaOai.

2l6 VOCABULARY.

taunt, Keprofielv.

tax, (pjpos, riXos n.

teach, diddaKcj, traidevu, Tpe<j)(i3 : vov-

dereiv, (ppevbu [fiadeiv, evfiadri^,

Svs-]. —

ing, jraideLa, rpoipfi.—er, SXodaKciXos .

tear, prjâi, Btaairav, awapdaceiv,

[snatch], eX/cw, airdu, apird^w.tear(s. ), daKpv, SdKpuov : [5aKpvppoos,

-e'w, dcTTaKri (i I)].

tease, Xutt^w, dvido).

tell, \4yu, (pdaKcj, /jlt]vvu}, (ppdîo, dy-yelXai, KaruTreiv, ef-, i^rjye'icTdai,

[say],

temper, <puais, 6py^, Tp6vos.

good —ed, eilKoXos, evvovs,

bad —ed, dvc/jLevris, aTvyvds,

dvffKoXos.

temperate, /jiirpios, (7u}(ppu3u, iyKparrjs.

tempest, x^'-M-'^'', crK-qivTbs, d^dXrj,

aaXos, [storm],

temple, veuis, vd6s, Swâra, iep6v {X),

fxavTeiov.

tempt, weipdv, eôpfidu, iôptvu,

irpodyw.

ten, SfKot, (compds.).tend, depdirevci}, rpecpw, iroi/j.aivw.

tender (v.), irpoTeivui, dovvai, irapa-

(Txeiv.

(adj. ), fxaXoLKos, fxaXdaKds, Tiprjv.

tent, aKTjVT).

term (condition), [iiri, d.].—(end), reXos n., T^pfia.

terrible, 5eiv6s, [dreadful],

terrify, <po^^w, wto^w, dpdaau,rdpaaau), eKTrXrjcrao}.

terror, (f>6j3os, de?ij.a [fear].

test, (v.), iêrd^w.

testify, fMapTvpciv.

than, i}, or g. simply,thanks, x&P^^-thank (v. ), eiraivQi, alvCb, xaprj' eiS-

evai, xo-pi-" ^Xî-v, (pipuv.

that, eKiivos, Kelvos.

(rel. ), OS, offTis, [article],

(conj.), 6Vi, odovveKa, oweKa, ws.

(so—

), ware.

(final), ws, ottws, iVa Ci).

the, 6.

theft, kXottt), K\e/j.fj.a.

then (after that), elra, 'iweira,

evTevdev, T7]viKavTa.

(at that time), roTi, evravda,TrjviKavTa.

(during that time), reus.

(inferential), dpa (a), ovi>, uvv,

vvv, Tolvvv, ToLydp, roiyapovv,dv6' cSi'.

thence, evdhde, hrevdev, eKeWev,KeWev, aiTdOev.

there, evravda, evdd, €i>9a8e,TfjSe, eKe'i.

therefore, rovTovxa-p'iv, dvrl (T) rovSe,

Toiydp, Toiydpoi'v, ovkovv [then],thick, Trdxvs : [close] ttvkvos.

thief, KXe-n-TTjs." ••

thigh, /J.7]p6s, fi-qptov.

thin, XeTrris, dpaws, l<7xv6s.

thine, aos, [a^dev].

thing, XPlP-o-, TTpdyjxa, ^pyov,

Trpdyos, n. [often omit],think (consider a thing to be —

),

vop-l^w, oio/j-ai, OLfxai, Xoyigeadai,doK€w, So^dfo), rjye'icrdai.

(reflect), (ppouôj, voeco, €v0v/j.ov-

fiai., ivvodv, evvodcfdai.

[cTvvvoLd, Xoyicr/jLos, (ppfjv, vovs],

third, rptros.

thirst, 8i<l/d, 8l\pos, n.

thirsty, SlypXos.

be —, 5ti/'dw {-riv).

this, oSros, ode.

thither, eKeiae.

thong, i/ms, rjvLd, pvrrjp, /xaart^.

thorn, aKavda (a).

thou, (XV.

though, Kaiirep [partic] : kS.v, Kei.

thought, evvoid, crvvvoLa, vbrjfxa,

(ppbvrjfxa, yvdj/j.7], j/oPs, didvoia, fiep-

iixvd, (ppovrts, \_Keap, <pp-qv, aTTjdos,11. etc.].

thoughtful, ffibcppuv [M'ise].

thoughtless, acppwv (d), dvovs, /xupos,

dfppbvTLUTos, KOVipbvovs, apovXos.—ness, avoid.

thousand, x^Xios : [indefinite], /û/s/oi.

thread, PTJ/u-a, XTvov.

threat (s. ), direiXr) (d).

(v.), aTreiXiu, <pbj3ov irapaffxetj',

(p. ifxcpepeLV.

three, rpets [rptxa, rpi- compd.].—fold, TptTrXovs, rpiirXdaios.

threshold, ovdbs, ^rjôs, Ovpd.

VOCABULARY. 217

thrice, rpis [l).

throat, Tpaxvô?, a-vxhv, Sepr], \ai/j.6s.

(cut), (Tâyri.

throne, dpovos, edpd, 6aK-q(jL%,

[K-paros 11., Tvpapvts, (rKrJTrTpa].

throttle, dyxeiy [o-yxo''V]-

thi'ough, did g.— (owing to), Old a.

through [fear, joy, etc.], vtto g.,

e/c g., Trpo's a.

throAV, /3d\\w, piTTTij}, TTpoelvai

[compels.],be —n, TrtTrro) (compounds),(s.), /3o\?7.

thrust, w6eo} (compels.), irXifiaiTii},

rvwTU, KevTiw.

(s.), irX-ny-n-

thundei', ^povrrj, ^povrqjxa, Kepavvos.—bolt, h-epavvos [Kepavvou,

0ei/'a\6w].it thunders, (ipovra.

thus, oiJTws, SiSe, [so],

thy, aii, cidev.

tide, por\, wXrifiixvpts, pev/xa, ttovtos

[sea, river],

tidings, \6yos : [dyyiWu, Kripvcrcu

compds.].tie (v.), Sew, otttw (compds.).

tiger, rLypii.

tight, TTVKvds.

till, ^<TTe, ews, /J-expi, [until].

(v.), yewpyuv.timber, v\-r] (iJ), ^v\a.

time, XP^""^! aiiLv.

(season), wpd, Kaiphs, aKfir) (a) .

what — ?, TrrjvtKd ;

another — , ai;, avdis, aWore.

some — ,?<rd' Sre.

(leisure), axoXv-that— , TrivXKavra.

timid, oKVTjpos, ei',\a/3/js, deiXos.

—ity, (poôs, oKvos, droXfiia.

tip, aKpos (a).

tired, to be, Kdp.veiv, irovdv.

title, K-Xeos n., 56^d.

to, 6iS, Trpos, eVt, tlis, ace.

to-day, arjjjLepou, vvv, rd vvv.

together (motion to same place),es ravrb.

(rest at same place), eV ravTif.,

a/xd (a), is ravTov, 6/j.ov.

(generally), op-oi; Koivri.

toil, TTJfos, /jlSxOoS'-, (v.), TTOviu).'

toils, dpKvs,/, [snai'e, net],

toilsome, p-oxOripb^.

token, ar,p.iiov, ffi'fiôXov, T€Kp.-qpiov

[sign],

tolerable, dveKTos, fiirpm.tomb, ra(f)os, ratprj, rifiôz, p-vrjiia.

to-morrow, avptov : rrju is avpiov.

tone, (puvTj, (pdoyyos [sound],

tongue, yXwacrd, arbixa (n.).

too (also), Kal, wpos 8e tovtols (rwSe).—(excessively), Xidv (Tt), dyav.

tools, (TKivrj, oirXa.

tootli, doovs.

top, dKpa (f.), &Kpov (n.), Kpdra,

Kaprivov : &Kpos (a) (adj.).

torch, Xa/jLTTas, oas [Xa/jLwdSricpopos,

dadouxos].

torment, dXyriSdou, dvta [pain].

(v. ), Xvirelv, daKveiv, dvidv [pain],

torrent, xeijadppoi's [stream].torture (s. ), ^daavos [pain] (f. ).

(v.), (TTpe^Xdcj [pain],

toss, pliTTW, ^dXXw, aeico, irdXXu.

be —ed (sea), crdXeveii'.

touch, d(pri (a).

touch (v.) aiTTeaOai, \favu, diyelv,

(g.): (compds.).(a touch of= a little), ns, ti.

[ddiKTOs, &\pa.vcrTos (g-).]

towards (motion), vpos (a.), iiri

(a. g.), es (a.).— (about), wepT (i), dficpt {a,.).

tower, TTvpyos, relxos (n.).

town, vdXis, TTToXis, irbXicrfia, dcrrv.

trace, i'xyos (i) n., <rrifxe7op, reKfi-qpiov.

track, 'ix''V-> <^t1ôs (1).

(v.), ixvodKOTvetv, i^-, ixveêivCi),

fxereXde'iv, drjpdv.

trade, rixv-q, x^'-P'^""-^^"-

(v.), KepdaiPti), ifiTToXdw, ifiirop-

fvofiai.

trader, 'ifivopos.

tragedy, rpdyqidia [rpdyipSos, rpdyi^-

train, rraioivw [teach],

traitor, TrpoSorijs, diriaTOs.

trample, iraTe'iv, Xa/crtfeic, iiren^rivat,

TrpOTTTjXoK'if'W.

tranquil, [calm, quiet],

transfer, /xeraXXdaao], ixeTa(j)ipui.

transgress, dfj-aprtvo}, 7rX7;^yueXtD[sin].

2l8 VOCABULARY.

transgress (break), napaâlvw.

transport, Ko/xiîo, (pepw.

travel, 656s (f. ), ct6Xos, ivopda.

(v.), d5onropeiv, iropei'io/j,ai,

(TToXrjvai., CLTTOffTaXrivai.

traveller, bSoiiropos, efiwopos, oSfrijs.

ti'eacherous, aTriaros, 56\ros.

treachery, SoXos, dTncrrla.

tread, aTel^w, Trarew, /3aiVw.

treason, OoXos, ivpoSoaia, aTricrTia.

treasure, dTjaavpos, xpVfJ-o-Ta, ttXovtos.

treat, XRW^^î-be —edjTrdo'xt'i'.—

(entertain), dixâdai, êvo8o-

treaty, (nrovdai, avfiâxris, avvdrjiia.

treble, Tpiir\ovs, rpiirXacnos [rpas].

tree, êvdpov, cpvTov.

tremble, rpew, rp^/xw, Tpop.i(a [fear].

trembling, rpofiepos, rpofxuSrjs.

trench, opvy/xa, racppos.

trial, Treipa, dydjv (a).—(proof), kXeyxos.—(law), 8tK7j, dycbv (a).

tribe, <pv\ov, y^vos (n. ).

of the — , ^fX(pv\os, iyyevrjs.

tribute, (p6pos.

trick, ff6<pL(Tp.a, 56Xos, rexi'V, M'JX^"

vrjfia.

trip (v.), a-fpaXyivai [stumble],

triumph, tto^ttij.

(met. ), vtKrj, KXeos (n. ), 86^d.

triumph (v.), iroixirrjv ayeiv.

(met. ), xai'pw, d.ya.XXop.ai., yXX-Saw.

troop, Ta^Xs, (TTparbs.

trophy, Tpoiraiov.trouble (s. ), 6'xXos, d6pvj3os, rdpa^LS.—

(toil), 7r6fos, fj.6xdos, /cu/xdros

(5).—(suffering), naOos, TrevOos

[grief, pain], oi^'s, k5.k6v.

trouble (v. disturb), doXbw, rapdcrcru},—•

(annoy), Xvireci), avrdoi,

dXyvvu} [annoy],troublesome, /xox^''?p6s, XvTrijpbs,

ivax^V^, Svaxepv^, ^cipvs.

truce, cnrovdaL

true, dXT]dris, fTrp-vfxos.

(right), 6p^6s, Sfxaios.

(faithful), TTiarbs.

be — , dXTjdeiuv.

trumpet, adXiriy^ (f.).

(v.), aaXTrifeip.

trust, TriaTiS, dapdos, iXirts.

(v. ) TVLaTivw, ireiroidivai, iXirlû:

8okQ, olfiai : dapaelv.

trustworthy, l3ej3aLos, TnarSs, ex^y-

yvos.

truth, dXrjdeid, rdXriOis.

in —, dX7]$u>s, eTT]Tvfj.o}s.

try, Treipdv, ireipdaOaL, eyxeipeip [es

TTcli- dcply/xai : irdaa /XTjxdvrj],

tub, <jKa(pos (n.).

tumble [fall],

tumult, dopvôs, crrdais (a).

tune, /x^Xos (n. ), ui8r], doi8r]{d).

in —, ip-pieXris, avfxcpwvos.

turn (\r. tr. ), lit. rpiiru, (rTpe(puj,

KduLTTTw, kXivw, (compds. ), 8iveco.

turn (render), deivai.—(change), dXXdaaw, p-era^d-

Xetv, fieOiardvaL.—

(change), dXXdyiji'ai, /xera-

cTTrivai, peweiv.—(v. intr. ), lit. Tpeireadai,

(rTp^<pe<Tdai, sometimes aTTjvai..

(happen, become), yeviadai,

avfifiaivw, (pdvrjvai [TX'XVt

TTtTTTw].

turn (s. ), aTpo<p7i, /xeraXXdy fj, poTri].

in —,iv /xepei, e^rjs, eêîjs.

tusk, 680VS.

twain, 5vo, 8icraoL

in —, 8txa..

twelve, ScoSera.

twenty, eiKouT {v.).

twice, 8ti.

twig, kXwv, KXa8os, ^XdarTjfia.

twin, 8t8vp.os.

twine, irXeKw, crvfj.-, avcTTpicpeiv :

eXicrffw, KTvacrui.

twining, irXeKTos, €\lkt6s.

twirl, 8rveo}, eXlaaw, UTpecpca.

twist, (JTpecpw, irXeKW.

two, 8io, SicrcroL, Sitttuxm. —fold, SrTrXoOs.

tyranny, rvpawts, Kparos, dpxri.

tyi'ant, rvpavvos, 8eaTr6Tr]s, &pxuv.

U

udder, ixaaros.

ugliness, al<xxos (n. ), d/j.op<pia.

VOCABULARY. 219

ugly, aiaxpos, dtrx^yttwc, fi/j.op(po?.

ulcer, e\Kos (n.).

umpire, ^pa/JeiJs.

unable, ddivaTos, acrdevris.

unaccustomed, dweipos, dyjOri^, d^vvri-

6r]s.

unacquainted, dldpXs, dyvdi?, direipos,

d/jiddqi.

unadorned, aKocr/xos, aKOfffxrjTos.

unalloyed, ctKpdros, dfxiKTos.

imanimous, avfKpwvos, 6/j.oyvu>fxwv,

pua yvdjij-rj, i^ evbs Xdyov [avvdoKeiv].

unanswerable, dve^^XejKTos.

unarmed, cioTrXos, \pi\6^, yvuvbs.

iinasked, ci/cXtjto?.

iinavoidable, acpvKros.

unawares, acpvoo (a), iâifpvqs, dirpos-

SoKIJTOS.

unbearable, dcpepros, ovk dce/cros,

ovK dvaffx^Tos [intolerable].

unbecoming, d-rrpcTrrjs, daxvf^'^"-

unbelieving, airiaTos, uttotttos.

unbidden, &K\riTos.

unblemished, a.yv6s, dKripdro^.

unborn, dyevvTjros.

unbroken, appTjKTO^, aicXaffTos.

unburied, adairTos.

uncertain, dffrdd/xTjTos, awiaTO%,

dcFd(p7)s, dSriXos, &(r7jfj.os.—ty, TO ddriXov, Tdcrdcpes.

unchanged, d(TTpo(pos, (unturning),

arpoTTos.

unchaste, livayvos.

unchecked, oTraucrros

uncivilised, aypXos.

uncle, df-los.

unclean, dvdyvo^, ixXavdeis, fiiapos.

uncommon, dr]dr]s, vwep(pvi]s, deivos,

Kaivds.

unconcerned, dcppovncrTos, d/jieXrjs.

unconquerable, dff/cT/ros.

unconscious, direipos, aiopis, dyvws

[dyvoelv],

unconsecrated, /3e^r/Xos.

unconstrained, ckwu, eKoiaios.

uncover, 0^0170;, eKKaXinrTw, ^r\6w.uncultivated (lit-)» dp76s.

(met.), dypoiKos, dyptos.

undefended, d<ppoijpft)Tos, &.(ppaKTo%.

under, iiro, Kara (g. ).

undergo, Trdcrxe"', <p^peii> [bear, en-

dure].

underground, KaraaKcicpris.

undermost, vipnpos.

understand, fxadetv, (jweluai, t/xirei-

pu}$ êif [know].—ing, 4>pr]i', yvufXTi], <ppbv7]ai^

[mind],undertake, virocrrijvai, iyxîpf^v.

undeserved, dvd^Los, ov Kar d^lav.

undisciplined, draKTOs.

undisguised, dirXaaros.

undo, Xvw [dvrivvTOS, awpaKTos].

undone, dp76s [Xt-n-eiu, dtpeivai].

undress, diroSow (another), dirodv-

ofjLUL (self),

uneducated, dfiovaos.

unenviable, dfj'TjXos, d<pd6v7jTos.

unexercised, dyv/j-uaaros.

unfaithful, airLffros.

unfathomable, ajSvacros.

unfavourable, dvcxfxevrjs [angry],

unfearing, drapfifis.

unfeeling, hvadXyriTos, aKXtjpos.

unfit, dwpeirris, dvdpfj.o(XTOs : axpV<^-Toj : ovx olos Te.

unfold, iêXlaau.

unforeseen, dTrposdoKijTOS.

unforgotten, ddixvri<jTos.

unfortified, a^pa/croj.

unfortunate, Svarvx'hs [miserable,

unhappy],unfriendly, dv(Tfj.evris.

unfruitful, aKapiros, ^prjfxos.

unfulfilled, dnpaKTos.

ungenerous, dfjLeiXTxos.

ungovernable, dKpdrrjs.

ungrateful, dxapicrros, dyvjifxiov.

unguarded, dcppaKTos, d(ppovpy]TOs.

unhallowed, dvdyvbs, Svcrcre^rjs.

unlM^ppy, SvaTvxv^, 8va/xopos, ddXTos

(dvs^ TpTs-), dvffdaifiwu , rXrj/j.uv,

ToXds, TaXaiirupos, dvoXlSos, crx^r-

Xios, dvcxTroTfios.

unhealthy, voaworj^.

unheard, dv-rjKoos, dirvaTos.

unhesitating, doKvos, irpbOvfios.

unholy [impious],

unhonoured, dTifj.os.

uninjured, dKpaicpvrjs, daK-qd-qs, diri)-

IJ.<jiv, dvaros, d^Xd^ris.

unintelligible, dcrrj/JLos.

unintentional, aKwv, dKoiaios.

union, feC^rs, Kpaats.

220 VOCABULARY

unite, awaiTTeiv, crvêOâi, <Tvvap-

fxoTTU, ffwuTTavai., avveipyeiv.

universal, koivos [ttSs, (ri/îTras].

unjust, ^KdiKos, ddiKos (a), ouk opdos,OVK h>5XK0S.

unkind, dvcr/j.evris, (XKXiipSs.

unknown, dyuwaTos, &d7]\os, [XadHv].ixnlawful, (Lvofj.o's, irapavoixos.

unlearned, dfiovtros, oLTraidevTos.

unless, el p.j).

unlimited, Hireipos, dfierpos, direipav-TOS.

unloose, Xooj.

unloved, dcpXXo^.

unmanly, dvavdpos.

unmerciful, V7i\er)s, w/x6s, dvoiKrlp-HIjOV.

unmindful, dfivrj/jLuv.

unmixed, &/xlktos.

unmoved, dreyKTos, dKfp7)T0$,

unmourned, dKXavcrros, duoi/jLWKTos.

unnatural, ov /car' dvOpwnov, virep-

(pVTjS.

unnecessary, Trepiacrds.

unnoticed [\a^'âcw, Xadpd].

unoffending, dvairLO^, dduios.

unpleasant, dr]5rjs, drepwi'is, iriKpos,

ewaxd-qs, x^'Xeiros, dvaxeprjs.

unpolished, dêaros.

unpractised, direipos, drjO-qs, dyvfx-vaffTos.

unj)rofitable, dvuxpeXrjs, dvucpiXriros,

dffv/jLcpopos, dxpeios, fidraios.

iinprofitably, dXXws, fmrriv.

unprotected, a<ppaKTOs, d<ppovpTjTo^.

unpunished, d^rj/xios.

unquenched, daSearos.

unravel, iêXicrcreiv.

unrebuked, d/xe/xcprjs [blameless],

unrelenting, dreyKTos, d/ca/xTTTOs.

unrequited, ) ,, ^

unrewarded, \

'^

unripe, awpos.unsafe, i-n-iKivdwos, diriaTOS, ovk

d<T(pS,\r]s.

unseasonable, dKaipos.unseen [XaOe'iv, Xadpd^.

unserviceable, dvu}(peX-qs.

unshaken, dKivrjTOS.

unskilful, direipos.

unsparing, d(peidris [dcpeideo}}.

unspeakable, dfppaaTos, ctppjjros.

unstable, | , -„, , .i.

unstead^, \'"'^''^'"' a^TaO^vros.

unsubdued, dxeipwros.

unsuccessful, dwpaKTos, dKapiros.

unsworn, dfujfj.oros.

untamed, do/j.7jTos, dyptos.

untasted, dyevcrros.until (prep.), fj-expi (g.), is (a.).

(conj.), fj-expi-, ews, âre : vptvafter neg.

untimely, dwpos.

(adv.), dwpldv.

untired, drpvTos, d/jLOxOos.

untouched, ddiKTos, d\{/avcrTos, dK-r)-

pdros.

untried, dTrelpdros, dyevcros, aTreipos.

untrodden, dartlSris, d^dros.

unturned, darpocpos.

unusual, dijdrjs, ovk eiudus,

unveil, eKKaXvirru.

unwashed, dXovTos, dvnrros.

I unwedded, dSp-rjros, dw/xcpos, dvi'ifx-'

(pevTos.

unwelcome, Svax^pris, [unpleasant].i unwell, dffBevqs.

unwept, aKXavTos.

unwilling, dKwv, aKOvaios (a).

unwise, avoids,

unwonted, dTjdrjs.

unworthy, dvdîqs.

un'\\'ritten, dypawro's.

up, dvio (a).

(prep.), dvd.

upbraid, oveLî'û [revile],

upon, eirl [on],

upper, vTreprepos [dvcjrepwj.

upright (lit. ), opdos, 'opdios.

(met. ), opOos, 8tKai.os, evdiKos.

upwards, dvuj (a) (dviodev some-

times),

urge, iireiyw, dp/j-do}, ef-, eyelpd), e^-,

7rapoî7j'w.

urn, KVTOs (n. ), revxos (n. ).

use (v.), xP^P-o-'- (tl-)-—(habitual), eXwda.

use (s. ), xpf'«•

useful, xpW^h'-os, xp'70"''<5j, ivpbs(j>opos,

avfKpopos.

useless, dxpv<^Tos, dxpeios, dKapiros,

davp.(popos.

usual, e16ifffj.ei>OS, elwduis, avv-qdris,

v6/jUfjios, Ka6e<XTws.

VOCABULARY. 221

usurp, e\itv, rvpavvnv, otatrbaai,

etc.

usurper, rvpavvos, ol KpaTOvvres.

usury, TJKos.

utmost, ct/cpos, effxaros [imKlctto.

viripraTov, Kapra],

utter, it,ir]/ju, iKJiaXe'iv, eKp'nrT€Lv,

(pdeyyofiai, X^XdKa [my speak].

Vvacaut, iprfixos, XeXei/jLuifos.

vagabond, dXTjrrjs (a).

vague, &5t]\os, dcrrifxos.

vain, /xaratos, Kevbs.

in —, /xaTTjv, fiaraius, aXXwJ.

S'ale, vairrf.

valiant, &\ki/j.os [brave, courage],

valid, KVpios, /3e/3oios.

valley, vainj, vuttos (n. ), dyKiJov.

valuable, rt/j-ios, evrT/jLot.

value (s. ), Tifj./], dîa.

(v.), Ti/xdu}, d^LOvy, iroieiffOai

(estimate),vanish [acpavros], o'ixeo-dai.

vai'iety [iroLKtXos, wavTohs].

various, TroiK'tXos, wavroios.

vase, d/x<pop€iJS, kvtos (n.), (r/cePos

(n.), Kpuaaos.vassal, vTrijKoo's.

vast [great],

vault, kvkKos.

vehement, icrxipbs.

veil (s ), KaXi'/xytia, KoKvirTpd.—(robe), TreTrXos.

veil (v.), KaXi'TTTo), Kpinmi) [hide.

conceal],

vein, (pXexj/ (f. ).

venerable, aldoTo^, creixvos.

venerate, aideTadai, ceûv, creêadat

[revere],

vengeance, rifiupia, iroLvf), rtcis, dtKr].

venture, roXfidu, KLvdvvevu.

(s.), T6X/j,T]fji,a, KivSvvevfia.—some, ToX/xripds.

verdure [dK/j.ri, ihpd, xXupis, (f>vTd].

verily, ^ p-vv, iJToi, *KdpTa, *5rp-d,

/jLaXa, dXr)dQs (a).

and —,Kal fii^v.

verse, ^ttos.

versed, ivrpX^qs, ifxireipos, eiTLcrTrifiwv.

very, pAXd, yuaXicmx, (r<p68pd, Kaprd,Xiav (ii), dydv (a), ttoXv, /Vxi'pwJ-

vessel (ship), caOs, irXolov.

(bowl), <TK€vos (n. ), dyyo's (n.)

dyyelov.

vest, tt^ttXos, icd-qs [garment, dress

clothes],vestibule, wpodvpci.

vestige, i'xi'os (n. , t) [track],

vex, daKveiv, dvTdw, Xvirtu} [grieve],

vexation, Xvinj [grief],

vice, KaKdv. fjLoxOvpi-<^, vovTjpia.

vicious, KaKos, poxdvpb^ [bad],

victim, arpayiov [sacrifice],

victorious, vlKii(p'jpo^.

victory, viKT), Kparos (n. ), [conquer],view 6\I/Xs [(foToi/'tos, g.].

(met.), yîip-v, Su^d.

(v.) [look, see, examine],

vigorous, be, dK/xdêii', i]^q.v,

tVxi^w.

vile, TrayKaKiffTos, Trdvovpyos, dOXXos.

villain, Trdvovpyos, KdKicxTos, wayKd-KlffTOS.

villany, wdvovpyla, dvaicrx^'^Tla,

[KdKi.<rTa\.

vine, dfiireXos (f. )

vinegar, ofoj (n.).

violate, vjipiôj (v v), ^Xdêadai :

virep^Tjvai.

violence, /3fa.

violent, /3fatoj, oeiv6s.

violently, j3ia, (3Xalws.

violet, Lov (X).

viper, îdvd, 6(pTs.

virgin, irapOivos (f.), Kopri.

virtue, dperr} [dpeT-q z=.ij dperri).

(met.), ffdivos (n.), laxjîs.

virtuous, XP'70"''0S, ewe/Sijs.

vision, sight, 6-^Xs.

(thing seen), <pd<jfj.a, (pdvTacrp.a.

voice, (pcavTj, (pOey/xa, (pdbyyos.

void, ?p7]p.os, Kefds

voluntary, (kovoios, (chosen) avOai-

peros.

vomit, ep.fTv.

vote, ypTjcpos (f.), yvuip-t).

(v.), ^-qipiôpiai, 64ffdai yj/fi<pov.

vow, evxv-

(v.), evxe(T6ai (compd.).

voyage (s. ), irXovs, crroXos.

(v.), vXeiv, fai'o-ToXe?;' [journey,

sail],

vulnei'able, rpurbs.

222 VOCABULARY.

Wwages, fiLaOoi.

wagon, d/xaâ (a),

wail, ffrivu], koj/cpw [lament],

wailing, 65vpfj.6s, ko/x/jlos [lamenta-tion].

wait, /X^VU, fii/JLVOJ, eTTKTxelv. — (await), TTposdoKdu, 7rôs5^%e-

adai, KapdSoKeix}.— for, Trepifxevii}.

waken, eyeipcj, i^-.

wakeful, iyp-qyopihs, dvirvos (v v).

walk, âivio, (3d5i'j"a), (poirauj, ffrelxoj.

wall, reixos (n.), toixos, TeixLcr/xa.

wander, dXdcrdai (a), TrXavda-dai.,

(poLTdu, odoiTTopeu}.

wanderer, dXqTrjs, ir\dvqTr}i

wane, (pdtvu.

want (lack), (nrdvLô}, ivdews êiv,del [iv8eT)s].

(wish), irodeu} [desire].

(s. ), evdeid, airdvis ; irodos: XP^^d.

war, TriXe/xos,"

ApT/s (d) : fxaxVt S6pv.to go to —, aipecrdai 86pv, a'ipeiv

56pv : fmxv crwdTTTeiv.

ward off, e'ipyi^, dTnipyeii', d/xVvu}.

warlike, dXKifxos, eadXoi, dvBpeios.

warm, depfxos.

(v.), Oepfxaivoi, ddXiro}'.

warmth, ddXiros (n.), Kav/xa.

warn, vovOtretv, (ppevovv, [admon-ish],

warrior, dXKX/xos dvrjp, dv8pe?os.

wash, Xot'o;, vi^cj : /cXi'j'oj.

waste (v. ), <pdeipu}, fidpaiuu, rpvxi^,

TfjKeLV.— time, Tptô].

(adj.), €pT]fjLos [desolate],

(s. ), eprj/xia, (of time) TpX^ri.

watch (s.), (ppovpd (a post) [guard],

(guarder), (ppovpos, <pvXa^.

(v, guard), (ppovpelv, (pvXd(T-

ffeiv, [guard, v.].— (observe), ffKoireXv, dewpelv,

ddpeiv (a) [see, look].

watchful, dypVTTVOs, avTrvos [v, butV generally).

watchword, avvdr^pia, av/xôXov.

water, Vdoop (v), Trord/xos, Kpr]vy),

TT-qy-f) : Spbffos (f . ), Kvfxa, k\v8(Jjv,

k\v5J}viov : poTj, poos, pev/xa, pieO-

pov, piWpov : [sea, stream, lake].

water (v.), dpoew.

watery, vypos (u).

wave, Kvfxa, kKvSwv, KXCduviov,

old/xa, craXos.

(v. ), creitaj, TrdXXw, Kpadalvu.wax (s.), KTjpos.

way, Tvbpo'i, rptôs, olfios, (ntjSos ;

KeXevdos, 656s (f. ).— manner, Tporros,

(which? this, that, —) irfj,

T7J8e, ravrri, otttj, §, etc.

wayfarer, oSotTropos.

we, Tj/xels.

weak, dcrdevq^, dcpavpos.be —

, dadeveu, vocreiv.—en, djx^Xivu, dyjXdvo}.

weakness, daO^veia.

wealth, ttXovtos, xpni^"'-'^'^-

wealthy, irXomLos, eviropos [rich],

weapons, oirXa, aKevrj, jêXr]

(plurals),wear (clothes), êcv, (popetv, (pepeiv,

XpTJiyduL [Tj/xtpiea/xii/os],

(rub), Tpiû}, Tp6x^-weariness, kottos, ttovos.

weary, KdjXVWV, KeK/XT]Kib$.—(v. ), KdfXVU, dweLTTOV,

weave, ixpaivu} {v), KpeKw, TrXeVw :

iffTovpyelv.

weaver, vcpdvTris (v), icrTovpyos.

web, vcpaafia (v), 'vXoK-q, ixpr) (v).

wed, yd/xeLP.

wedding, ya/xos.

weep, /v'Xaiw, ddKOvco, SaKpvppoeiv,

weigh (tr.), iardvai.— down, pdpvvw, Ppfdoj.

(intr.), /Sapos êiv.

weight, ^dpos (n.), aradixbs (amountweighed), powq (turn of scale),

weighty, ^dpvs, epLjSpWrjs.

welcome ! x°-^P^-

(adj.), dcrvacTTds.

(v.), dcnrdô/xai, xat'peif KeXeiu

or Xiyu}, de^Lov/xai, êvow,

S^Xo/iat.

well (s.), (ppidp.

(adv.), ev, KoXQis [TjSfws], 6p6ws,

dpicTTa, KdXXiffTa.

(adj.), [ev exeiv, koKws ?X"''>

healed, cured].—particle, dye S17, *5â, koL

ixqv.

VOCABULARY. 223

wellwisher, eiivovs.

west, iawipa,, ijXtov Svafxai.

wet, vyp6s, vorepSs.

(v.), ^pix'^t Tiyytii, ^diTTOj.

what? rt, Tts, TTotos.

(indirect), octtTs, d,Ti, otos,

Sttoios.

(exclam. ), "tps.

(relat.), os, ostis, oairep.—ever, drX, 6,ti.

wheat, (Tiros, crraxi'S.

wheel, rpox^'s.

(v.), KvXiuotj}, -5ew.

whelp, crKvfj.vos.

when ? wdre, irrjvtKa..

(indirect, iutr.), oirore, oTrrjvtKo.

(irore).

(temporal), iirel, €Trei8rj, rjvtKa,,

€VTf, ws, Situs.

(relative), ore.

when? (indefA 6ran)»e'TreiSac, ijvtK'

ixv._

'

whence (int.), wbdev.

(ind. int.), oirbdev (-rrodev).

(rel. ), odev, hidev, oOev irep.

where (int.), wov, tttj.

(ind. int.), ottov, ottt? (ttoO, irr/).

(rel. ), ov, 17, IVa, ottov, ovwep,

^0a, hdaiTtp, rjirep.

whereas, sTret [since],

wherefore (int.), dia T?[why].(rel.), afd' ihi>, uicrre, iTpbs rad'

ovu, Toivvv, TTpbs TavTa.

whether (adj. int.), woTepos.

(int. ind.), oTrorepos.

(indef.), biroTipos &v.

(adv. int.), noTepov, TTorepa.

(ind. int.), el.

(alternative), etVe, etVe.

(altern. quest.), iTOTtpov . . , . ij.

which (int. ), ttoIos, TTbrepos (of two),tIs.

(int. indirect), ottoios, biTbrepos,

OffTls.

(rel.), 6's, ScTTts.

(indef.), otos &v, otto'los dv, os c^v.

while, xpî'os.

(conj.), ecus, cV w, ocroj' xP'^^°^>

^sre.

whip, fidcTi^ i^y-)-

(v.), palw, iT\-q(T<j<j3, dpAffffii) (a).

whirl, oTpû.

white, \evKbs : XevKbirrepos, Xevxî-

fj-uv, XevKoxpus.whither (mt. ), irol.

(indirect), Sttoi, (tto'i).

rel. 0?, olwep, ivd : ^vda,

who (int.), rts (ttoTos).

(indir. ), osT-rs (rts).

(rel.), 6's, ocTTis.

(indef.), 6s dv, bans, octtls dv,

ocroi.

whole, 6\os, ttSs, dwds, <Tv/j.wds.

wholly, TTavTeXQs, wavv, Kaprd,TTCLvra.

why (int. ), rt, ttiIis, bid ri, rod X^P''')

rtvos X'^P'-^t di'Tr Tov, ri xpW'^-(indirect), 6, Tt, Sttcos, brovxdpii',

dvd^ OTOV.

(relative), otov X'^P"'-

wicjêd, KaKovpyos, buaae^qs, wdvovp-

70s.

wickedness, ndvovpyia [evil, guilt,

CT'ime, sin],

wide, evpvs, evpvx^pos.

widow, xvpO' [XVP^'^Î dvavbpos.

width, eJpos (n. ).

wield, vw/xdii), v^p-co, TrdXXw.

wife, yvpf], (xwewos, av^'vyos, dXoxos,

(a).

wild, dypios, of country, ^pvp.os.

make — , eâypXabu.wilderness, epijp^la.

wile, 56/\os.

wilful, avddbrjs.—ness, avddbia.

will (mind), yvih/j-y), (ppqv.

(desii'e), ôvXri, iTodos.

(testament), biadrjKi], biddeais

TTjs overlas.

will [w], jSovXeadai, O^Xeiv, nrodelv.

willing, TTpbdvjj.os, tKomios, (roLp.os.

be — , e^Xeip.—ly, dcrp.î'ws, ckovctIus, ijdius.

win, dpvvnai, (pepeadai, (p^petv,

KTdop.ai, Tvxelv.

(conquer), KpaTeiv, viKdu.

(p(!rsuade), -n-eldw.

wind, dvijxos, TTvev/xa, ttvot], x"M'^''-

sheltered from — , iiT-qvep-os.

with fair —, oi"pios.

wind (v.), <TTpi(poo, ttX^/cw, iXlaaw.

window, Ovpts, Tprpxa.

wine, olcos.

224 VOCABULARY.

wing, irripv^, irrepov.

winged, Trrepwris, Trrrji'ds, vird-

TTTifJUS.

winter, x^'-M^^^; X^'M'*-

wipe, ofiSpâi, aXeiû), rpt^w.

wisdom, vovs, (ppovTjaTs, (pp7)v.

wise, <TO(f>l)s, <7ih(ppuv, eiJôvXos, (ppovX-

be—, (ppoviii), aii}<ppov€iv, eu cppo-

velv.

wish, l3ov\oixai, 6i\eiv, XRVi^''") """"

0eTv, euxofiai..

(s. ), TTodos, fvxVj o'T'Ovdr).

wit, (pprjv, vovs, yviifj.7].

\rith, auv, ^vv (v), d., /JLerd (g. )

[crvfeivai, apLO,, bfxov, irapuv, iri-

Xas].

(instrument), dative simply,manner, often ota (g. )

or avv,

/xeTo., or d. simply,withdraw (tr. ), e|a7eic, vwiêXe'ii',

a.Tro(f)^puv, eKKXeTTTeiv.

(intr. ), v<j}ipTV€LV, aty diroi-

Xecrdai.

wither (tr.). fj.dpatvu}.

(intr.), fxcipalvofxaL, (pOtvw.

withered, pvcros, irjpds.

withhold, Kpi'-irreiv, /caracrxetJ', eK-

KXeiTTeiv.

within, ivTos, b/Sov, h>Sod€v, 'iaoi,

âwdev.

without (outside), ^ktos, iKToOev,

(apart from), X'^P'^5, 5i^x<^> avev,

arep, aTepde(v).witness (v.), fj-aprvpuv, drjXoo:,

(pa'ivw.

(s. ), fidpTvs, avviaTwp.call to —

, fiapTVpo/uai.

witty, Sextos, KOfxtpos, (TOfpos,

woe, TTTJ/jLa, dXyos (n.), Traôs (n.),

8vTj [grief, sorrow, trouble],

woeful, olKTpos, ddXTos [unhapjjy].wolf, Xi'KOi (m.), XvKaiva (f. ).

woman, yvvq, irapdeuos, Kop-q, VLi^Kpr],

jrats, vedvXs, ypavs.

womanish, dT]Kvs, yuvaiKeios, yvvaiKO-

IJ.tp.OS.

womb, KoiXia, crySus, yaarrip, koXwos

[vTrb ^dbvris <pipeiv].

wonder (s.), 6avfj.a, ddfxjSos.

(a marvel), davfxa, repas.

wonder (v.), Oav/xdioj, ii;irXdyTivai.

wonderful, davfxaffTos, delos, d/xr)-

XO.V0S.

wont, eiwSa (accustomed),wood, ^vXov, oXtj, [^vXovpyos].

(forest), oXrj, dpvp,6s, 8evdpa

(plur.).

woof, KphK-q.

wool, TTOKOS \e\iepos\

word, prjfj.a, Xoyos, ^wos (n.), TriaTis

[speak, say].work (s.), epyov, irpdyiia, irovos,

fxoxOos [d<JXoXos\

(v. ), iroviiij, ipydôp-aL, /xox^ô},

Trpdcraeif.—man, tsktuv, orj/Miovpyos,

Tfxvfrrjs.

world, yrj, x^'^^t '''o T^dv, irdPTes

ppoToi.

worse, xeipwv, KaKtwv.

worship (s.),o-^âs, tT/jltj, eva^êid.

(v.), irpocjKVveiv, (r^/3w, (riêa$ai.

worst, KaKiaros, e'crxaros.

(v.), j'ucdw.

be —ed, -qaadadaL.

worth, dperri (7jdp.=d), So^d, Kparos.worth (adj.), ctftos.—

less, ei^reXTjs, (pavXos.

worthy, d^cos, iir-, dtKatos [raXcis

KoXQs, KaKds KaKws].

wound, TpavfjLa, irXrjyri, (Xkos (n.).

(v.), /3dXXw, TrXricraco, erpwaa,

Tpaiifxarii^w [strike],

(met.), 8aKvo3, dvidw [grivive].

unwounded, aTpwros.woven, TrXiKTos.

wrath, dpyri, OC/xos, X^^"^) fJ-^fos

u., [anger],

wreak, eêpydôixat [rtvw, 5tKri\.

wreath, ffTi(pos (n. ), (TT€fj.iJ,a, 7rXe'7/xa.

wreathe, irXeKU, (TTi<pw.

wreck, vav&yXov.

(v. tr. ), paiui, prjâi, oXXvvai.

wrench, dwocnrdv, /xoxXevu.

wrestle, irdXaico.—r, TrdXaLffTrjs.—ing, vaXr].

wretched, Bvcttvxv^, ddXios, rdXas,

TX-fjixwv, TaXaiirwpos [miserable,

unhappy],wrinkled, pvcr6s.

write, ypdipeiv (compd. ),

VOCABULARY. 225

writer, ypa<p€6s.

writing, ypd/jL/xara, ypa.<f>ri, avy-

ypa<pi], diXros.

writhe, ciXtô/ât.

wrong (adj.), irXruxtiiXi^s, ciSrôs,

êi'OTjs [wicked, bad, evil].

(s. ), Travovpyrjfia, afiapria [sin,

ill, evil],

(v. ), ddiKelv, irdvovpyitv, KO-KOVp-

yiiv, kclkCos Spav.be —

ed, kukus iradelv, rj8t-

KTJadai.

wroth, be, dv/xovadai, Si/o'Xfpa^J'w,

XoXouffdai. [angry].

yawn, x«f''w, X'^"''^''^-

yea, ttcDs yap ovx^, vai, Kal Kaprd y ,

travv, (Xtj/Kprj/Mi, iir-^vecra [often ye

only],

year, h-o% (n. ), iviavrds.

yearn, irodelv, ifieipoj (i).

yell, j3odv.

yellow, âvdos.

yesterday, x'^"; fX^^^-

day before —, wpwTjy.

yet (still), ^Ti, (hitherto) iru.

not —, oilirw, oiiSiTTW, ovdewdj-

wore.—(but), KaiToi, dXX' ow, *ye

IXTjv, 6/xus, *p.hToi, *y€ p-iv 5^,

*ye piivToi.

yield, eiKeiv (vir-, Trap-), v<pâdai.

(agree), -n-eidoixat..

yoke (s.), fuYov, Xiwa8vov.

(v.), avêvjat.be —d, ^xjybv (pepeiv.

j'oung (human), veSi, vedvlas, irais.

(birds), veoaaos.

(beasts), aKv/xvos.

(horse), irwXos.

ever —, dyripus.

your, v/jL^repos.

youth (time), vlSr]. wpa, OLKfiri.

(person), vedvlds.

youthful, Tj^dv, vedpbs, dKiM,^wv,

Z

zeal, CTvovdij, irpodvp-La.

zealous, irpbdvp.o's [cnrov8d^03, irpo-

$vfj,ov/j.ai].

zone (girdle), ^dvr], IwffT-fjp.

zounds, w deol.

laliinburgi) Slnibrrsitn JPrcsa:

THOMAS AND ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE, PRINTEES TO HER MAJESTY.

KoEarti

barts

A(i nnci f-j

PA

41235

1S95

Sidgwick, ArthurAn introduction to Greek

verse composition

lasES

Pili^^iiwiwlif^

An introduction to Greek verse composition, with exercises

Documents

Transcript of An introduction to Greek verse composition, with exercises