ELSEVIER Automation in Construction 6 (1997) 401-415

An integrated approach to design and engineering of intelligent buildings- The Intelligent Workplace at Carnegie Mellon

University

Volker Hartkopf * , Vivian Loftness, Ardeshir Mahdavi, Stephen Lee, Jayakrishna Shankavaram

Centerfor Building Performance and Diagnostics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA

Abstract

In the past few years, there have been significant advances made in the design and engineering of “intelligent” workplaces, buildings that not only accommodate major advances in office technology but provide better physical and environmental settings for the occupants. This paper will briefly present recent approaches to the creation of innovative environments for the advanced workplace. The architectural and engineering advances demonstrated in Japan, Germany, North America, the United Kingdom, and France can be summarized in four major system categories: (1) enclosure

innovations including approaches to load balancing, natural ventilation, and daylighting; (2) heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) system innovations including approaches to local control and improved environmental contact; (3) data/voice/power “connectivity” innovations; and (4) interior system innovations, including approaches to workstation

and Workgroup design for improved spatial, thermal, acoustic, visual, and air quality. In-depth international field studies of over 20 intelligent office buildings have been carried out by a multidisciplinary

expert team of the Advanced Building Systems Integration Consortium (ABSIC) based at Carnegie Mellon University. ABSIC is a university-industry-government partnership focused on the definition and development of the advanced

workplace. The ABSIC field team evaluated the component and integrated system innovations for their multidimensional performance qualities, through expert analysis, occupancy assessments, and field diagnostics.

Based on the results of the case studies and building on the most recent technological advances, the ABSIC team developed the concepts for the Intelligent Workplace, a 7000 square foot living laboratory of office environments and innovations. This project is now under construction at Carnegie Mellon University and its features are discussed in the second section of this paper. 0 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Keywords: Intelligent workplace; Systems integration; Environmentally consciousness; Fresh-air architecture

* Corresponding author.

0926-5805/97/$17.00 0 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. PII SO926-5805(97)00019-8

402 V. Hartkopfet d/Automation in Construction 6 (lY971 401-415

1. Summary of findings of the ABSIC interna- tional case studies

1.1. Defining the ofJice of the future

Traditionally, the “intelligent” office building has been defined by the introduction of a long list of new products in telecommunications, electronics, se- curity, automation, and building control systems. Although the United States has been a leader in the development and packaging of high-tech products and images, the buildings to house these technolo- gies have not advanced significantly. Indeed, after 10 years of use, the original definition of the intelligent building has proven insufficient for prompting the productive high-tech work environments anticipated by building owners and building occupants today.

A better definition would stipulate: intelligent of- fice buildings will provide for unique and changing assemblies of recent technologies in appropriate physical, environmental, and organizational settings, to enhance worker effectiveness, communication, and overall satisfaction. Three critical conditions should be demonstrated in new office design towards fulfill- ing the goal established in this definition.

First, the intelligent office building supports the full range of available new hardware for managing: (1) external signal propagation; (2) external power; (3) telephone systems; (4) internal signal propaga- tion; (5) computers-capacity, speed, and network- ing; (6) peripheral “inputters”, processors, and “outputters”; (7) environmental management sys- tems; (8) personnel management systems; (9) build- ing management systems, including diagnostics and maintenance automation; and (10) command centers for telecommunications, facilities, and personnel management. Too often architects rely on past knowledge of traditional telephone and power wiring (that can be installed after design is essentially com- plete)-an understanding that falls far short of that needed to design for the full range of technologies today.

Second, the intelligent office building insures the appropriate physical and environmental settings for the range of hardware anticipated, thereby resolving the level of long-term flexibility or adaptability needed in: (1) structure; (21 enclosure; (3) building

geometry, from massing to orientation to horizontal and vertical plenum space to overall spatial organiza- tion; (4) major conditioning services such as heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning, as well as power, lighting, and fire; and (5) interior elements such as ceiling, partition, floor, and furniture systems. The 1985 Buffalo Organization for Social and Techno- logical Innovation (BOSTI) study [I] and the 1985 Organizations, Buildings, and Information Technol- ogy (ORBIT II) study [2] were the first to identify the building and organizational responses necessary to accommodate intelligent building products.

Third, in the intelligent office building these phys- ical components are not only evaluated indepen- dently in relation to the range of hardware to be accommodated in the building, but in their integrated state, to ensure that all crucial environmental condi- tions are provided: (I) spatial quality, including

physical safety and security; (2) thermal quality; (3) air quality; (4) acoustic quality; (5) visual quality; and (6) building integrity versus rapid degradation. The “high-tech” building must be evaluated for its suitability in accommodating the immediate elec- tronic enhancements, as well as for its reliability and adaptability in accommodating future technologies and the anticipated level of long-term user require- ments.

To achieve these three conditions (levels of inno- vation), the “intelligent” office building must reflect an unprecedented series of new steps in the buildings delivery process: (1) a long-term mission statement written with “expert” input anticipating the capacity for change; (2) clear goals for short- and long-term budgets; (3) a team decision-making process involv- ing a range of experts with decision-making power from the project’s outset (for cost effectiveness and performance); (4) a performance design and con- struction contract with testable specifications; (5) a controlled building diagnostics process for quality

assurance through design and construction; (6) an expert commissioning stage, to lead into long-term expert maintenance and operation; and (7) a growing use of field evaluation techniques and user question- naires (post-occupancy evaluation) to assess the overall performance of the integrated system for the building occupancy.

Most critically, however, the intelligent office building must clearly improve the quality of the

V. Hartkopf et al./Automation in Construction 6 (1997) 401-415 403

workplace for the individual, representing a major philosophical change in office design.

1.2. An evolving list of major design changes

The efforts of the Advanced Building Systems Integration Consortium (ABSIC) at Carnegie Mellon University have focused on translating these critical conditions for creating the office of the future into a working list of building design and management changes. With knowledge of the expanding range of new technologies facing the workplace, ABSIC has distinguished 1.5 new design directions:

1. Distributed HVAC and power, lighting, electri- cal, communications (PLEC) systems

2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

10. 11. 12. 13.

14. 15.

Distributed vertical cores for HVAC/PLEC Innovative horizontal distribution Fresh-air architecture Thermal balancing-envelope and interior Daylighting/electric light balancing Movable tether, pigtail services Individual environmental controls New Workgroup concepts New workstation concepts Innovation in shared facilities and services Innovative team facilities management Architecture/computer-aided facilities manage- ment for iterative learning Innovative process: team decision making Resource management

Japan I Germany United Kingdom N.America I

404 V. Hartkopf et al./Automntion in Construction 6 (I9971 40/-415

In evidence in the most advanced buildings in various countries [3-71 (see Fig. 11, these innova- tions provide opportunities for developing new prod- ucts and processes, and integrating them into the design of tomorrow’s workplace. Based on the re- sults of the case studies and building on the most recent technological advances, the ABSIC team de- veloped the concepts for the Intelligent Workplace, a 7000 square foot living laboratory of office environ- ments and innovations, discussed in the following section of this paper.

2. Environmental consciousness in the Intelligent Workplace

2. I. Energy-global issues

In 1990, two sectors of the US building industry -commercial buildings and residential buildings- accounted for 34% of the CO, emissions. When considering material production for construction, renovation, rehabilitation, and retrofit, as well as waste caused by demolition, the building industry accounts for almost 50% of the nation’s CO, emis-

sions.

Having studied in-depth the conditions of the American office work environment, we have noted that the overwhelming majority of the buildings, housing 50% of the American workforce, failed to meet basic spatial, thermal, visual, acoustic, and air quality requirements, despite the very large energy outlay and environmental impact. Unfortunately, our “solutions” are setting the standard of architectural developments in rapidly developing countries, partic- ularly the Asian Pacific rim.

From our vantage point, the challenge is to dra- matically improve building performance while dra- matically decreasing energy requirements and im- proving environmental performance. We believe this to be the central issue for the architectural profession in the next decade. One key to achieving these goals is the comprehensive integration of all the systems in order to create the necessary performance improve- ments in the lighting, heating, cooling, and ventilat- ing of buildings. We must learn to heed age-old lessons of appropriate technology and design with climate, and we must also learn to harness the promise of advanced technologies in energy conver- sion, advanced sensing-actuating control systems, and advanced materials, components, and systems.

Financing and budgeting would include an under-

Fig. 2. The Intelligent Workplace, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, USA.

V. Hartkopf et al./Automation in Construction 6 (1997) 401-415 405

standing of lifecycle costs (not just adopting a “first cost” attitude), in planning, engineering and systems integration, construction, facility management, and building recycling. In addition to architects and engi- neers experiencing major changes in their education, training in the fields of business, management, and finance will enable these future professionals to have a holistic point of view regarding the connection between buildings, organizational effectiveness, and adaptability. These issues are key for the Intelligent Workplace Demonstration project (Fig. 2).

2.2. Energy and environmental ualues

The Intelligent Workplace at Carnegie Mellon is a collaborative effort of university, industry, and gov- ernment to create a “living laboratory” for environ- mental quality and resource management in offices [g-12]. The 7000 square foot workplace demon- strates innovations in materials, components, and assemblies, from innovative HVAC and enclosure systems with increased individual control and access to the natural environment, to effective pollution source control and facility management. The benefits of these efforts to the individual worker and the sustainability of future work environments are funda- mental to the success of the Intelligent Workplace, and will be measured after occupancy.

The Intelligent Workplace will focus on building material, component and integrated system innova- tions for environmental effectiveness, to guarantee the individual worker:

thermal and air quality-physiological and psy- chological; acoustic quality-physiological and psychologi- cal; visual quality-physiological and psychological; effective energy resource utilization: annual en- ergy savings and peak load savings; effective material resource utilization: waste re- duction and recyclability; reduced facilities complaints and maintenance costs; improved communication, team work, and pro- ductivity; reduced health costs and absenteeism.

2.3. Healthier enclosure design

- Maximized environmental contact: increased periphery, elimination of buried, in-

ternal high-use spaces; high visible transmission glass, view with con- tent; increased percent glass; direct access to the outside, outside work/meeting/eating areas.

- Layered, dynamic envelope: solar load control with exterior shading de- vices; light and glare control with interior shading devices; heat loss/heat gain control, high R-value en- closure; load balancing with water mullions or air flow windows.

- Passive conditioning: daylighting (with ambient and task control) natural ventilation with operable windows (cross, stack, and fan assist with photovoltaics); passive solar heating potential.

The first commitment to a “healthier” workplace and environmental consciousness in the Intelligent Workplace is the move away from large, deep floor plans with minimum window area (one window per 10 people), to a window for every workstation (one to one). The increased periphery maximizes environ- mental contact and eliminates internalized high-use spaces (see Fig. 3). A corollary commitment to worker health is the provision of direct access to the outdoors through open doorways and windows, com- bining the ability to bring the outdoors in with outside meeting and eating areas.

The move to highly articulated buildings, how- ever (once common in the pre-air-conditioning era for ventilation), requires a parallel commitment to layered, dynamic enclosure design. The Intelligent Workplace will begin with the highest performance glass commercially available, and test/demonstrate innovations as they arise. The external glazing speci- fied is a high transmission clear glass which offers

visible transmission of 70% to clearly access views while providing effective shading coefficients of less than 45%. Low-e glass coatings increase the thermal resistance of the double-glazed assembly with long- range plans to demonstrate multiple low-e glazings,

V. Hartkopf et d/Automation in Construction 6 (1997i 401-415

Fig. 3. The Intelligent Workplace layout ensures that all occupants have access to windows and views

advanced framing materials and inert gas-filled air spaces. In addition to the high-performance glass assembly, dynamic layers are added for further per- formance gains. An exterior roll-down shade brings combined shading coefficients to less than 20% for very overheated periods, while still allowing diffused light and diffused views. An interior vertical vene- tian blind allows for light redirection and diffusion, while trapping heat within the building during colder, sunny periods.

An innovation which may fully justify the return to highly articulated buildings is the use of air-flow windows or water-flow mullions to offset perimeter losses using excess internal heat gain from the build- ing’s machines, lights, and people. The Intelligent Workplace will demonstrate water-flow window mullions on center, using preheated (and potentially precooled) water to offset all perimeter heating de- mands (see Fig. 4). Water-flow mullions and air-flow window concepts both utilize waste heat to eliminate the need for perimeter mechanical systems through load balancing, while simultaneously allowing for increased glass exposure for occupant benefit.

A major area of research for the Intelligent Work- place is the reintroduction of daylighting and natural ventilation. Probably due to the inadequate window exposure areas, there is little utilization of daylight in offices today. Yet daylighting can amply provide

ambient lighting needs, and even task requirements given appropriate window configurations.

The Intelligent Workplace will continue the re- search into light shelves and light redirection de-

Fi g. 4. Excess heat from equipment and lights can be pumped

through these internal water-flow mullions, eliminating the need for perimeter heating.

V. Hartkopf et al. /Automation in Construction 6 (19971401-415 407

Fig. 5. The dynamic facade of the Intelligent Workplace provides

clear views with effective shading and daylight redirection.

vices, using various developments (see Fig. 5, Gart- ner [4]), and explore holographic daylight redistribu- tion concepts (Miiller [4]), and fiber optic daylight redistribution concepts (Mori [3]).

Natural ventilation has also fallen into disfavor: deeper and taller buildings rely on air-conditioning, with both first-cost developers and central-system mechanical engineers arguing strongly against opera-

EnclosurdFloor Area & Glazing/Floor Area

Ratios

ble windows. The Intelligent Workplace will test the possibilities of cross and stack ventilation, with the potential of fan assist, as the primary cooling tech- nique during the swing seasons. Photovoltaic (PV) panels will also be incorporated to locally generate and use DC electricity for driving the fan assist and

the shading devices as the sun becomes more in- tense. Through distributed mechanical systems, the marriage of forced ventilation and cooling systems with natural ventilation can be tested for comfort and energy effectiveness.

Despite the dramatically increased periphery, and a commitment to increasing the percentage of glass area from a typical 20% to 60% of facade area, there was no energy penalty for the Intelligent Workplace (see Fig. 6). Indeed, there was an energy benefit through daylighting and natural ventilation, with sig- nificantly improved environmental contact for each worker in the office.

2.4. Healthier HVAC and passive conditioning

- Generators and distribution: water-based vs. air-based systems, comparison for efficiency and comfort; high-performance air handling units and per- sonal environmental systems; closed-loop heat pumps for waste heat and

waste coolth recovery; simplicity of duct network, easy access to dis- tribution runs, dampers.

Annual Energy Consumption (MBTUlsq. ft./yr)

2.50 r ____ _ _____l__.____l__________ ________*___--------

Bldg 1 Bldg 2 Class A Bulldlng 1

Class A Bulldlng 2

Fig. 6. Energy simulations reveal that a 60% glass area has no energy penalty over 20% aperture, especially when daylighting and natural

ventilation are used.

408 V. Hartkqf et al. /Automution in Construction 6 (1997) 401-415

1. Mixing box 2. Control panel 3. Desktop diffuser 4. Radiant panel

Fig 7. Johnson Controls Personal Environment

and direction, as well as temperature control.

al Module (PEM) used “air-side” to provide user control of ventilation, air quantity,

Fig. 8. Closed-loop heat pumps and dedicated ventilation and exhaust ducts are used “water-side” for heating and cooling, to support

flexible densities of occupants and equipment.

V. Hartkopf et al. /Automation in Construction 6 (19%‘) 401-d/5 409

* Air freshness: dedicated 2Ocfm outside air, air supply inde- pendent of thermal demand; operable windows for natural ventilation; air quality filters on supply side, distributed filters for occupant access; steam humidification on air side, ultrasonic

individual units on water side. - Task diffusers:

flexible density, flexible grid diffusers (vs. fixed density, fixed grid); split task and ambient with occupancy sensors; task setbacks in unoccupied spaces, task-am- bient setbacks in unoccupied times.

- Negotiated control: individual control of air speed, temperature, direction, outside air content, and mean radiant

temperature; energy use monitoring, individual “odom-

eters’ ’ , negotiated optimization. The Intelligent Workplace will be a testbed for

comparing air- and water-based thermal conditioning systems. One half of the 7000 square foot facility will be dedicated to a high-performance central air handler with variable speed fans and an array of

changeable filters for comparative evaluation. The central air handler will feed conditioned, filtered air to personal environmental systems at each worksta- tion. These individual mixing boxes are integrated into the workstation, and enable user control of air temperature, air speed, and air direction, in addition to controllers for radiant heaters and task lights (see

Fig. 7). The other half of the facility will test a closed-loop

heat pump system, with 14 heat pumps sharing waste heat and waste coolth (see Fig. 8). The heat pumps will in turn feed floor air diffusers supporting user control of air temperature, air speed, and direction. Both the air- and water-based systems are designed for easy access to generation, distribution, and con-

trols. A critical healthy building factor in both the air-

and water-based systems is the decision to separate ventilation demands from thermal conditioning de- mands. Constant volumes of no less than 2Ocfm of outside, filtered air should be provided to the work- station, irrespective of the need to cool or heat. This is the reason for both the selection of the personal environmental systems and the heat pumps with their constant-volume outside air supply capability. In ad-

Fig. 9. The Intelligent Workplace has a strong commitment to “green architecture” by demonstrating the widespread use of operable

windows, doors for passive ventilation, and light redirection devices, skylights, shading devices for glare-free daylighting.

410 V. Hartkopf et al./Automation in Construction 6 (1997) 401-415

dition to the mechanical provision of filtered outside air, the Intelligent Workplace demonstrates the widespread use of operable windows and doors for ventilation whenever thermal or pollution loads are beyond the typical, or whenever climate conditions are benign. There is a strong commitment to “fresh- air architecture” in the Intelligent Workplace (see

Fig. 91, breaking away from the high-tech condi- tioned space capsule that confuses technological ca- pability with physical and environmental impera- tives.

A number of energy conservation and comfort agendas drive the design of the HVAC system. First, there is a commitment to the design of a flexible grid, flexible density, flexible closure conditioning system. This implies that the furniture and occupant locations and densities can change continuously while still accessing the key services (heat/coolth, air, light, networks). The workstations can also migrate from open plan to closed (flexible closure) with assurance of environmental conditions, due to the relocatability and adequate number of diffusers. These flexibilities can only happen if the HVAC system is designed to enable movement of the dif- fusers by the occupant, addition of future drivers and diffusers for increased occupancy, and individual workstation-based supply and return control provi- sions needed to support closed offices.

Second, there is a commitment to explore the concept of split ambient and task thermal condition- ing. This allows ambient temperatures to be set at a broader temperature band of 15 to 26 “C, while task temperature requirements would be set by the indi- vidual. This can be achieved when thermal condi- tioning is supplied at the desk to meet local require- ments in contrast to tighter uniform temperatures of blanket distribution from the ceiling. Once split am- bient and task conditions are supported, it is possible to use occupancy sensors to set-back task tempera- tures to an energy minimum whenever the space is unoccupied. Mirroring the benefits of task-ambient lighting, split task and ambient thermal conditioning offers significant energy savings as well as greatly improved individual health and well-being through control of both thermal comfort and air quality.

Innovations in controllers are also significant to the healthy office. The flexible density, flexible grid, flexible closure HVAC system will obviously require

flexible location of user controls. A number of ap- proaches will be demonstrated in the Intelligent Workplace. First is the use of clip-connect desktop controllers such as those demonstrated in the per- sonal environmental systems. Second is the use of integral controllers which move with the condition- ing unit, such as switches on the task lamp and vane controllers on the floor air-diffusers, as well as inte- gral occupancy sensors. Third is the use of network-

based controllers in which the computer screen or telephone becomes the input device. An intelligent cabling system feeds the user demands through an energy management control system (EMCS) to the smart device-such as a lamp, air diffuser, or radiant panel. Two responsibilities remain paramount: the

individual must be given back control of environ- mental conditions such as air temperature, air speed, air direction, fresh-air content, and mean radiant temperature, as well as light levels; and resource optimization must be achieved with maximum user satisfaction, through negotiated optimization, occu- pancy sensor/controllers. Submetering tied to indi- vidual odometers can give awareness of energy im- pact back to the individual.

2.5. Healthier lighting

- 3501~~ ambient; - High-efficiency ambient fixtures; - Electronic ballast T-8 fluorescent tubes with day-

light dimming response; - High-efficiency task fixtures; - Individual control of task light direction, on/off

as well as occupancy sensors; - Lighting energy use monitoring, individual

odometers, negotiated optimization; - Daylight redirection devices: south, east, west,

and skylight sources. To make effective use of daylighting, the lighting

for the Intelligent Workplace follows the wisdom of the most successful new projects. Ambient lighting will be set at a maximum of 35Olux, using high-ef- ficiency T-8 fluorescent fixtures with electronic (smart) ballasts supporting both daylight and lumen depreciation dimming capability. Ambient lighting will also be accomplished through accent lighting, using lighting to add focus and dynamics to the

V. Hartkopf et al./Automation in Construction 6 (19971401-415 411

Fig. 10. North-south section of the Intelligent Workplace, revealing the toplighting and ventilation systems as well as the free ceiling

articulation possible with floor-based servicing.

412 V. Hartkopf et d/Automation in Cmstruction 6 (19971 401-415

each workstation, with user control of task light location and light direction, as well as on-off control supported by occupancy sensors. Set at less than 1 watt per sq ft, lighting energy use will be centrally monitored and managed, with odometers to inform individuals for negotiated optimization.

Daylighting will be used to meet both ambient and task lighting needs. As previously described in the enclosure section, multiple blades of high reflec-

tivity glass will support light redirection in the upper “glare” regions of the window. It is anticipated that this light redirection will provide ample task-ambient levels throughout the narrow section of the Intelli- gent Workplace during daylight hours, with con- trolled brightness contrast at the window. Skylights have been introduced in the deep section of the Intelligent Workplace to replenish light levels at the center, and ongoing experiments will study various light redirection and diffusing elements below the

skylights (see Fig. 10).

2.6. Power generation and storage

Towards comprehensive environmental con- sciousness, the Intelligent Workplace will also sup- port applications in power generation and storage. The use of photovoltaic arrays on both the roof and south facade areas will supply DC power directly to distributed fans, motors, and heat pumps to offset power demand, most significantly during peak, sunny summer periods (see Fig. 11).

There are plans for demonstrations of fuel cell technology as well, which would generate power from natural gas, utilize waste steam for absorption cooling, and waste heat for space heating. Cogenera- tion makes possible the recovery of up to 90% of the fuel’s energy with significantly reduced emissions of NO, and CO, when compared with conventional energy conversions. Key issues in the development of distributed cogeneration are the heat recovery, operation, and control subsystems which assure that building needs are satisfied and that the lifecycle costs of the overall system are competitive with conventional power generation systems.

The Intelligent Workplace will be a testbed for demand-side management, where active involvement

of the users and expert systems will enable energy savings at the greatest user satisfaction. Occupancy sensors and sleep modes for office equipment, task lights and task HVAC will reduce energy demands when no need exists. Individual odometers on the computer screen will help to inform the occupants of ongoing energy use and the success of any energy conserving strategies they may develop. Expert sys- tems will support “negotiated” control between the occupant and the central systems energy simulation optimizations. The Intelligent Workplace will con- tinue to address an area of critical need-the devel- opment of cost-effective energy use submetering, data acquisition, data analysis/interpretation, and data minimization.

2.7. Healthier interior systems

. Design changes: low outgassing and low radiation materials in furniture, walls, carpets, fabrics, paints, adhe- sives; recycled and recyclable material selection; re- newable materials; easily maintained materials, high integrity ma- terials.

- Construction changes: remote outgassing of delivered products; reduced pollution sinks during construction; direct outdoor exhaust continuous during con- struction (no HVAC running); no fast-tracking occupancy.

- Operation changes: dedicated exhaust at service pubs and relocat- able office exhausts as needed; low-pollution office products: computers, ton-

ers, cleaners, paper processors; recycling of office products; plants as filters, oxygenators, and mental health; occupancy questionnaires; individual control; diagnostic evaluations: embedded, robotic, transportable.

Although the design of the enclosure, HVAC, and lighting “infrastructure” will determine the long- term flexibility and healthiness of an office building,

V. Hartkopf et al./Automation in Construction 6 (1997) 401-415 413

Fig. 1 2. Workplace 1 ‘urniture is modular, stackable, and can be continuously reconfigured to support new teaming and individual work

interior design decisions also contribute significantly to healthier workplaces. The Intelligent Workplace will demonstrate low “outgassing” and low radia- tion materials for furniture, walls, carpets, fabrics, paints, and adhesives. Carpets and carpet adhesives, duct coatings, and paint products will be used to reduce outgassing and long-term susceptibility to mold. Recycled and recyclable materials are being pursued, including recyclable plastics. Materials and products are selected for long-term integrity and easy maintenance, with the concept of “Leg0-block” modularity enabling a limited number of elements to create a wide range of interior planning configura- tions (see Fig. 12).

The Intelligent Workplace will also demonstrate a number of changes in the construction process to improve building health. Furniture, carpet, and other products will be remotely outgassed in a well-venti- lated warehouse rather than on the project site. Soft, absorbing materials that become pollution “sinks” will be covered or removed during construction. The construction area will be continuously exhausted di- rectly to the outdoors, with the HVAC shut down to avoid contamination of the ducts. There will be no fast-tracking of occupancy move-in, with a waiting

period of two weeks after the last new materials are installed.

Changes in the operation of the Intelligent Work- place will also contribute to a healthier workplace. Service areas (“media and production pubs”) will have dedicated exhausts, with relocatable office ex- haust connections available as needed throughout the workplace. Office products, such as computers, ton- ers, and cleaners, will be selected for minimum mass and energy pollution. Office products will be recy- cled as possible. The workplace will include experi- mentation with the effectiveness of various indoor

plant types as filters and oxygenators, and the use of roof runoff for watering outdoor plants. Most criti- cally, however, the Intelligent Workplace will rely on an ongoing involvement of the occupants in their environmental quality, implementing occupancy questionnaires and complaint records, as well as embedded, robotic, and transportable diagnostic in- strumentation.

2.8. Energy and per$ormance simulation

Towards defining the enclosure, HVAC, and lighting configurations and specifications, the Center

414 V. Hurtkopfet ul./Automcrtion in Construction 6 (1997) 401-415

for Building Performance and Diagnostics (CBPD) has been completing ongoing performance simula- tions, using various software application packages, as well as a number of in-house performance simula- tions for energy, for daylighting levels, for artificial lighting, for thermal comfort and ventilation, and for acoustics. Various modeling and simulation tasks were undertaken primarily during the early concep- tual design stages of the project. Tools that are fairly well established and commonly used in practice are employed where available, and augmented with pro- totypical simulation programs that have been devel- oped within the CBPD [ 131. Simulation has been critical to the determination of roof slopes for year- round solar performance. percentages of glass areas, light shelf configuration, ceiling acoustic absorption, and glass specifications. The integrative approach of the CBPD to performance evaluation and simulation [14] demonstrates clearly that the change of one design parameter results in complex interactions with other building systems and components.

2.9. A liuing, learning laboratory

The Department of Architecture at Carnegie Mel- lon University has taken the position that future architects will be accountable for the measurable performance of the buildings that they design. This accountability demands that architectural education must provide hands-on knowledge about thermal, air quality, visual, acoustic, and spatial performance, as well as long-term building integrity, in the fully integrated, occupied setting. To this end, the 7000 square foot Intelligent Workplace is designed for ongoing education and field studies within the inte- grated setting of high-performance enclosures; me- chanical systems; telecommunications and electrical systems; as well as interior finishes and furnishings; including innovations ranging from responsive load- balancing concepts to networked conference hubs.

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank Mr. Azizan Abdul Aziz, Research Associate, for generating the graphics for this paper

The long-term support of our research agenda and the contributions towards the Intelligent Workplace by ABSIC members is gratefully acknowledged: AMP Incorporated (1988-present), American Bridge/Continental Engineering (1990-present), Armstrong World Industries Inc. (I 989-present), Bechtel Corporation (1989-94), Bell of Pennsylva- nia (1989-94), Duquesne Light Company ( 1989-961, Johnson Controls Inc. (1988-present), Hanbo Group (1992-present), Interface Inc. (1994-present), PPG Industries Inc. (1989-941, Siemens Energy and Au- tomation Inc. (1993-present), Steelcase North Amer- ica (1993-present), Westinghouse/Knoll (1988-96), The National Science Foundation Industry/Univer- sity Cooperative Research Centers Program ( 1992- present), US Department of Defense (1994-present), US Department of Energy (1993-present), US Envi- ronmental Protection Agency (1993-present), and US General Services Administration (1993-present).

In addition, the following sponsors donated major equipment/components/systems for the Intelligent Workplace: Daimler-Benz AG, Joseph Gartner & Company, Kriilland Sonnenschutz, and Mahle GmbH.

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