AN EXAMPLE FOR TOURISM ORIENTED URBANISATIONS IN TURKEY: ALANYA (ANTALYA)

URBAN AND URBANIZATION ST. KLIMENT OHRIDSKI UNIVERSITY PRESS, SAYFA: 513-‐531, SOFIA 2014.

AN EXAMPLE FOR TOURISM ORIENTED URBANISATIONS IN

TURKEY: ALANYA (ANTALYA)

Erol KAPLUHAN

1. INTRODUCTION

Urbanisation is a process of population accumulation which leads to the changes in human

behaviours and relations uniquely in a city, and creates work sharing, organising and specialising in an

increasing rate, in a social system which provides the revelations of present-day cities and increase in

the number of the cities as a requirement to industrialisation and economic progress (Keleş, 2006: 21-

22). Urbanisation, which is directly proportional to modernisation and industrialisation, creates

significant changes in the economic, social and cultural fields of the society in which it takes place.

As economic, cultural, social and political centers, cities have undertaken significant functions

throughout the history of mankind. Geographical position, political and economic elements are

effective in the creation of the cities. The main sector, which the city economy relies on, is also

effective in the shaping the identity of the city. Accordingly, analyses are made by creating definitions

such as trading city, industrial city and etc. As every city form has its own settlement, its problems,

too, emerge within this scope.

The settlements which originate by becoming dissimilar from a village’s known features are

known as cities, while urbanisation is defined as the process that creates these cities, or the structural

changes that occur during the forming of these cities (Bal, 2002: 51).

It has been observed that the urbanisation process gathered speed in the West with the industrial

revolution, and the developing countries joined in this process rapidly after World War II. The

migrations from the countryside (rural areas) to towns took place during these processes. It is observed

that the cities and the urbanisation forms vary in parallel with the social changes. Besides other

elements, with the tourism sector displaying a development, migrations from the cities to the rural

areas, especially resort towns, have become a matter of fact.

Tourism, which contains economic, social and cultural features in itself, has been effective

throughout the world since about 1950s. And in our country, tourism has gone into a process of rapid

development with the investments on large-scaled accommodation facilities that began to be carried

out based on especially the coastal tourism with the Law for the Encouragement of Tourism that

became valid in 1982. Increasing the capacity of qualified touristic supply has always been one of the

primary policies in parallel with the developments that have been experienced in the international

tourism movements. The competition with especially the rival countries in Mediterranean basin has

gradually begun to take effect with the total number of beds that has actually been increasing since

about 1990s. Diversification strategies in tourism has been at the top of the agenda, and the tourism

forms to be developed as alternatives to the coastal tourism has been emphasised, with the rivalry that


has been increasing in international tourism market. On the other hand, the investments on large-

scaled accommodation facilities have gone on especially in the coastlines of the Mediterranean and

Aegean Regions.

Tourism is a sector that is materialised by a lot of different sectors coming together. These

sectors that come together create work load, new markets and employment. Thus, the regions in which

the tourism sector occurs become centers of attraction at short notice. On the other hand, increases in

the number of people joining in tourism and in incomes have been observed, and thus tourism

development has rapidly become the most significant sector in the world. With this aspect of it,

tourism is defined as “a service industry” especially for the less developed and developing countries.

In such regions that are planned to serve for the mass tourism, facility building, increasing the total

number of beds and creating amusement centers are the things that are sought.

In order for them to provide easy transportation, coasts have been urbanised, being exposed to

the establishing of some of the industrial enterprises and harbours and, around these establishments,

formation of the settlements. Climatic conditions accelerated the urbanisation of the coasts, and

therefore, led them to be centers of attraction. The fact that they became unique sources for tourism

accelerated this process (İspir, 1991: 107).

In parallel with the progress of tourism in Turkey, the Damlataş Cave, which was found in 1948

and was presented to “Health Tourism” in 1954, is the reason for the beginning of the event of tourism

in Alanya, which has a significant potential for natural, historical and cultural aspects. It gathered

speed after about 1980s with the mass tourism. In the regions which have strong potential for tourism,

increase in the income from tourism has been aimed at by opening them to the mass tourism rapidly.

Developments that have been experienced in this field has affected a lot of sectors, building trade

being in the first place, and emigrating regions have gone into the process of urbanisation by receiving

migrations rapidly.

The economy of Alanya had been self-enclosed until the year 1960; it is known that only lumber

from forestry products was merchandised to be used for ship building. After 1960, with the opening of

Alanya-Mersin motorway and, thus, easy transportation of the agricultural products to other cities and

the onset of tourism movements, great development in the economy started to be seen.

Alanya is one of the significant tourist attraction centers in the world, with its fortress, sea,

beach, historical sites, world-class huge accommodation facilities, recreation alternatives, plateaus,

banana gardens, climate and nature. As with the other regions in Turkey, in 1990s, Alanya, too, had

“tourism booms” and the number of the tourists visiting the region has increased every passing year.

After 1990s, tourism has gone into variations especially with the works and studies of the Municipality

of Alanya.

As economic investments led this city to become a significant touristic center in the course of

time, they became the main reasons for the city to grow physically at short notice. Besides, with the


recent development of tourism activities, the productivity provided for the economic life and increase

in incomes led people and institutions who generated income before from other sectors to head for and

invest in tourism. However, the urbanisation that has recently been developing rapidly has been

accompanied by some significant problems. The fact that Alanya has been overbuilding and turning to

a concrete jungle is the most negative effect of tourism. With tourism being effective in the field, the

income endeavours in the field has led to a haphazard urbanisation.

2. ALANYA’S GEOGRAPHICAL FEATURES

Alanya is a city on the Mediterranean coast inside the borders of Antalya Province and 135 km

away from the city center, located between 36 30' 07" and 36 36' 31" north latitudes and 31 38' 40"

and 32 32' 02" east longitudes, and comprises 175658 hectare area (Sür, 1977: 9-13).

Alanya has Manavgat (Antalya) on its west, Gündoğmuş (Antalya) on its north, Taşkent and

Hadim (Konya) on its northeast, Sarıveliler (Karaman) and Gazipaşa (Antalya) on its east, and

Mediterranean on its south (Map 1).

The sea level of the plateau that is an extension of the Taurus Mountains on the northside of

Alanya is about 1000 m high. Alanya Peninsula, which is surrounded by the city walls 6500 m long, is

on the south. This peninsula is separated from the Taurus Mountains by lowlands. The passage from

the Taurus Mountains which do not let any passage from the sea to the north, to Central Anatolia is

possible through Koçdovat Mountain Pass, Kuşyuvası, Yelköprü and Dim and Alara valleys, to which

Dim and Alara small streams give their name. The hardship of connection of it to Central Anatolia,

and its possession of a natural harbour on the northside of Alanya Peninsula which rises from the coast

on a very vertical profile, have led to the development of marine transportation in the region in time

(ALTSO, 2011, s. 1).

Lowlands that extend along the shore create the lower parts of the Taurus Mountains. One could

come across plateaus frequently upon descending from high mountain fields into the lowlands. These

plateaus disappear in the part that hits the northside of Alanya Peninsula. On the south is located the

Alanya Peninsula which is surrounded by the city walls 6500 m long and has a steep slope that is

about 260 m, and on the southwest corner of this peninsula is Cilvarda Cape that extends seawards for

about 300 m. The peninsula seems like separated from the Taurus Mountains because of the rough

lowlands. If one went 2 or 3 km northwards from the shore, one could find a shoreline 60 km long on

west and east, parallel to the Taurus Mountains that suddenly rose there.


Map 1: The Location Map of Alanya

Other than Cilvarde Cape peninsula which has Alanya Castle on itself and is 212 m high from

the sea level, Alanya has lowland areas that are on east-west directions and rise growingly with a very

little slope at 1, 5-2 km distance inland from the shore.

The passage from the Taurus Mountains which do not let any passage from the sea to the north,

to Central Anatolia is possible through Koçdovat Mountain Pass, Kuşyuvası, Yelköprü and Dim and

Alara valleys, to which Dim and Alara small streams give their name. The hardship of connection of it

to Central Anatolia, and its possession of a natural harbour on the northside of Alanya Peninsula

which rises from the coast on a very vertical profile, have led to the development of marine

transportation in the region in time.

The old island on which the Alanya Castle is found, is about 1,5 km long, 1 km wide and 212 m

high. This old island, whose three sides are surrounded by high-cliffed shores, is connected to the

mainland by a relatively wide tombolo from north. This peninsula has very suitable features for

defense in relation to its geographical formations, and sheltered harbours (Ceylan, 2011: 367).

From past to present, the geographic structure of the region has been the most effective element

in the formation of the city’s general form in Alanya. Thanks to this geographical structure, the urban

fabric is separated into three main regions. The first region consists of the Alanya Peninsula and the


Cilvarda Cape. This region contains the historical fabric of Alanya. The first settlements in Alanya in

history began in the Alanya Peninsula and the Cilvarda Cape. The reason of this is that this region

shows a natural castle and naturally sheltered harbour properties. The second region consists of the

coastal plains which run parallel along the coastline in northside at the end of the peninsula. This

region forms the most densely overbuilding and the most demolished region of today’s Alanya. And

the third region consists of the region that has mountains, hills and slopes that begin to rise at the end

of the coastal plain.

The structure of the Alanya Peninsula which is one of the places that the regular shorelines

found on eastside of the Alanya Gulf were disconcerted and is about 212 m high from the sea level,

was originated by permo-crystalline limestones. The faults that can be found between the crystalline

limestones and schists upon descending into the lowlands from this height are reminiscent of the

young tectonic movements. The sediment that originated as a result of the tectonic movements formed

the lowlands by being covered with carried silts. The permo carbon-crystalline limestones that belong

to the Alanya massif that is the continuation of the Taurus Mountains’ coastal line which has folded

mountain structure on the city’s northside, draw a bow so to speak, 1,5-2 km deeply, inland from the

shore (İlhan, 1976: 12).

This coastal plain of Alanya comes to an end by getting wider in Obaçayı valley eastside. The

Dim small stream valley that is passed by a 20-30 m threshold is found on eastside of the Obaçayı

valley. North of the region which is open to the Mediterranean from south, is surrounded by forests.

North of Alanya is surrounded by chains of coasts originated by the hills and plateaus that

exceed 1000 m in height and where the Akçalı and Geyik Mountains, part of the Taurus Mountains,

are merged. Here, there are places that native people live in as summer camping grounds. Lowlands

that run along the shore have originated on low parts of the mountains.

The flow rates of the streams vary according to seasons. Because it is dry and hot in summers,

the flow rates of the streams get lower towards the end of summers, some even dry completely. With

the beginning of the rains in autumn, the water level increases every passing day. It gets its last

formations with the melting of the snow on the Taurus Mountains in spring. The most significant of

these streams, which are used for also watering, are Alara, Kargı, Serapsu, Oba and Dim small

streams. The Alara small stream draws the border between the two towns; Manavgat and Alanya.

A typical Mediterranean climate, which is dry and hot in summers and warm and rainy in

winters, dominates Alanya. In this region where winters generally feel like summers, summer’s heat

decreases with the breeze that blows onshore in the afternoon. The bosphorus that is between the

Alanya Peninsula and the Taurus Mountains, is a positive element that regulates the heat of summer,

creating a current of air.

The climate form is effective on the attraction of the touristic region, and varying kinds of

climates are preferred in tourism types. Temperate climates that have long-lasting sunning durations


and are less rainy are preferred for leisure tourism, while cold weather and sufficient rain are preferred

for winter tourism. It is observed that a touristic region’s attraction level increases as long as it has

established values with regards to the climatic conditions suitable to its own features, and the tourists

prefer the places that have stable climates more (Toskay, 1988: 35-43). Alanya, which has its share of

the blessings of nature excessively as it can be understood from its climatic conditions, has become a

beloved place by especially the tourists coming from the Nordic countries, since it has a high sea water

temperature and a long-lasting sunning duration.

Alanya’s total area is 175.678 hectare. 17 % of this is agriculture, 6% is grassland farming, 65%

is shrubbery and forest, and 12% is non-agricultural and residential areas. It is a region of the

Mediterranean that has the most fertile soil with its climate and position. So, growing plant types vary.

The most diverse forestry of the Mediterranean region is inside the borders of Antalya Province.

Alanya, which is a town of Antalya Province, is diverse region with its forestry. The forests in Alanya

comprises 0,5% of the country’s total amount of forests. Some parts of the mountains are thick with

maquises, typical Mediterranean forest plans. On the upper parts of the mountains there are black

pines and cedar forests, while on the coastal region there are Turkish pine forests.

In forest lands where Turkish pines, black pines, cedars, oaks, fir trees, junipers, sycamores and

alders are generally found, one could find populuses, lime trees, chestnuts and hazelwoods too. In

Alanya, apart from natural flora, there is another flora that was originated by agricultural studies too.

While on the coastal area the citrus gardens and banana plantations bless the region with lively green,

the tree species such as avocado and kiwifruit that are good agricultural products for the region

increase. Fruit species such as apple, pear and quince which are cold resistant are grown in highlands

and plateaus. It is possible to find a corner where its unique flora grows under all natural conditions in

Alanya region (ALTSO, 2011: 2-3).

3. THE FOUNDATION AND HISTORY OF ALANYA

There is not much detailed information regarding prehistoric era of Alanya, which has been one

of the significant centers of population since the first eras of the history for the reason of its

geographical position’s advantage. This city, which was known as Coracesium and protected its

significance in the Roman era, was conquered by Kayqubad I in 1222, when it was under the rule of

Kingdom of Cyprus. The city’s name Kalanoros, which was from the Byzantine era and meant “the

beautiful mountain” was translated and turned into Alaiye (Ceylan, 2011: 367). In those ancient times,

since Alanya was on the line that was between the borders of Pamphylia and Cilicia, it was sometimes

considered a city of Pamphylia, and sometimes of Cilicia (Manisa, 2002: 19).

The name Alaiye was given to this city after the conquest of it during the reign of Seljuk Sultan

Kayqubad I. A lot of new constructions were built by Kayqubad I in the city, and the ancient

monuments were preserved. The castle and the city walls, two of the most significant constructions in

the city were built in six years. Alaiye, which became a running port city and a naval base in this new


era, was used as a second headquarters by Seljuk sultans during winters (Ceylan, 2011: 367). The

bright era of the city came to an end after the reign of Kayqubad I. The Mongolian attacks in1243 and

the entrance of Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt into Anatolia in 1277 wore out Seljuks, Sultanate of Seljuk

disintegrated in 1300, and this region was sold to the Sultan of Mamluk by Karamanids for five

thousand pieces of gold (Yardım, 2002: 7).

It is known that a lot of historical artifacts and monuments that have survived till today belong

to the Seljuk Era. The first settlements in Alanya started in the place where the Alanya Castle stands

today, and this castle that still stands today was initially built in the Seljuk Era.

Other than some features of the Hellenistic period seen on the city walls of the Alanya Castle,

no monument that was built during the Roman era survived to present day on the peninsula. Kayqubad

I got it built in place of the castle that the Roman pirates built in the years between 1221 and 1231.

Apart from the church in İçkale, all of the monuments are of Seljukid origin. After the Ottomans’

conquest of it in 1472, the Castle underwent some repairs and some additions were made to it in this

era.

It was during Mehmed the Conqueror’s reign that the Ottomans conquered Alaiye. During

Mehmet’s reign, Alaiye was in the possession of Kılıç Arslan Bey. After this period, reconstructions

of the Ottomans began in and around the castle. In 1571, along with Tarsus, Alanya was integrated

into Ottoman Cyprus, and in1864, it was a district of Konya. In 1868, it was connected to Antalya, and

in 1871 became a town of this province. Alaiye, which has developed from 1221 till today and has

always remained a Turkish town, has prospered with Turkish cultural impressions (ALTSO, 2011: 3).

While it is known that the name of the city, Alaiye, has been pronounced as Alanya colloquially

from 200 years ago until this time, and the name Alanya is written on a lot of gravestones and

epigraphs belonging to those times, the process of the name Alanya being officially accepted began

with the event that it was written as Alanya on a telegraph sent from Alaiye during a trip of the great

leader Atatürk to the Mediterranean on his ship “Gülcemal” in 1933, and so a page that extended from

Coracesium to Alanya was completed (ALTSO, 2011: 3).

With the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in the World War I, Antalya came under the domination

of Italy. With the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, Alanya became a town of Antalya. The

Municipal organisation of Alanya was first established in 1872. Akseki, another town of Antalya,

belonged to Alanya for a period. With the fire that burnt down the Government Office of Alanya in

1942, the archives of the town were destroyed as well. Drawing attention with its agricultural activity-

oriented way of life till 1980s, Alanya has delevoped rapidly with the opening of the country, and

especially the Mediterranean region, to domestic and foreign tourism (Alanya Belediyesi 2009, Alanya

Stratejik Plan 2010-2014).

4. URBANISATION PROCESS AND TOURISM RELATIONSHIP IN ALANYA


Alanya is among the significant destinations of the Mediterranean area. Alanya has lots of

beaches, bays, caves, plateaus and forest lands (Akış, 2007: 16). Alanya first met with tourism in

1950s, when health-aiming domestic tourism movements started to happen because of the curative

ambiance of Damlataş Cave, and with the Germans starting to visit this region at the same time. With

its history and natural beauties, Alanya began to draw attention in tourism after 1960s. Because in

1960s, there was not mass tourism yet, Alanya became one of the places that individually-travelling

tourists visited most. Until 1970s, there were a few touristic motels and a total touristic number of

beds not exceeding 1000. After mid-1970s, vitality in domestic tourism was also experienced.

With visits by domestic tourists, hostel-home concept developed during 1970s in Alanya. As in

every field, crucial developments were experienced in tourism field too, as a result of structural

changes and economic policies that began in 1980s in Turkey. With passing of the Law for the

Encouragement of Tourism in 1982, east and west sides of Alanya were declared as tourism centers

and, this event accelerated touristic investments in the city. The mass tourism movements that began

in those years with the touristic investments carried out, accommodation facilities being in the first

place, became intense, and so Alanya became one of the first regions in which mass tourism began in

Turkey. In mid-1990s, Alanya activated the apart-hotel concept, by gaining an advantage to engage in

tourism in touch with the city’s identity. As a result of this demand that Scandinavian market triggered

predominantly, lots of flats and houses which were inactive in the city, opened themselves to apart-

hotel tourism with little modification and regulation. Initially starting with the hiring of only furnished

flats apart from hotel concept, this process revived various sectors, restaurant and refreshments sectors

being in the first place, especially in Alanya city center (Doğan et al., 2010: 83-84).

Population is the most important element that forms and changes the social structure. The

analysis of population from different aspects such as its total amount, growth rate by gender, features

of being urban or peasant, age structure, economic activity structure and educational level, is, in a way,

the analysis of the social structure. In this context, a population census result in Alanya year by year is

shown below in Table 1.

Table 1: The Change of Population in Alanya by Years

Years Centrum Towns and Villages Total Population 1960 10.129 -- -- 1965 12.436 31.023 43.459 1970 15.011 38.541 53.552 1975 18.520 44.715 63.235 1980 22.190 51.958 74.148 1985 28.733 58.347 87.080 1990 52.460 76.646 129.106 2000 88.346 175.894 264.240 2007 91.713 134.523 226.236 2008 92.223 141.696 233.919 2009 94.316 147.135 241.451


2010 98.627 149.659 248.286 2011 103.673 156.114 259.787 2012 104.573 160.119 264.692

Resource: Formed by collection from TÜİK’s data

As seen in Chart 1, Alanya city population which was 10129 in 1965, had a rapid increase with

tourism gaining importance, and after 1980s, the era that mass tourism instigated, it reached 22190; in

1985 it reached 28733, and in 1990 it reached 52460. Today, the city center population in Alanya has

shown an increase being about ten times more than it was in 1960 when tourism initially began, with a

number of 104573. The most significant reason of this increase is, without a doubt, the fact that the

city has become a center of attraction with tourism gaining significance.

The total population of Alanya, which was 43459 in 1965, reached to 87080 in 1985, and in

2000, it reached to 264240 with an increase rate of %304. And according to the Address-Based

Population Registration System (ADNKS), the number of population in district, in 2008, was 233919

in total (92233 of which related to the city center, and 141696 of which related to sub-districts and

villages). In 2009, this number reached to 241451. The total population in 2010 was 248286. In 2011,

by an increase rate of %0,046 in relation to the total number in 2010, it reached to 259787. And in

2012, it reached to 264692 (Table1).

More than 10000 residences were built and sold in a three-year period between 2003 and 2005.

So, building and real-estate sectors revived greatly. But beginning from 2007, these sectors have been

on a standstill. It can be observed that the global economic crisis that took effect in the last quarter of

2008 and intensified gradually in 2009, has affected both tourism and these aforementioned sectors

negatively (ALTSO, 2011).

Table 2: The foreign population living in Alanya

Nationality Population Nationality Population Russian 5523 English 733 Danish 3988 Kirghiz 661 German 3950 Polish 567 Norwegian 1233 Finn 437

Netherlander 1094 Kazakh 301

Ukrainian 1090 Latvian 130 Azerbaijani 954 Turkmenistanian 212

Swedish 840 Lithuanian 56 Other 4611

TOTAL POPULATION

26.380

Resource: ALTSO, 2011: 1

While the foreign tourists visiting Alanya consisted almost entirely of German tourists until

1990, the tourist profile started to change in subsequent years and the number of the tourists coming

from the Netherlands, Ukraine, Poland, Scandinavian countries and especially Russia increased


significantly. In 2011 German people were in the first place among the foreign tourists visiting

Alanya, and the Russian, the Scandinavian, the Polish, the Czech, the Dutch, the English and people

from other countries (Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Syria, Ireland, Estonia, Hungary,

Slovenia, Slovakia, Croatia, Lithuanina, Romania) followed respectively (ALTİD, Turizm

İstatistikleri, 2011).

The economy of Alanya had been self-enclosed until the year 1960; it is known that only lumber

from forestry products was merchandised to be used for ship building. After 1960, with the opening of

Alanya-Mersin motorway and, thus, easy transportation of the agricultural products to other cities and

the tourism movements starting, great development in the economy started to be seen. Citrus and

vegetable productions and exportations are made primarily in the town. Stockbreeding is limited due

to the climatic and field conditions. There is diversity in sea products, but little income is fetched from

this diversity, since advanced technology is not used in fishing. The forested land around the city has

met the needs for lumber for long years in Alanya and the surrounding places.

While agricultural activities were in the foreground in Alanya region until 1980s, the cultivated

areas were gradually turned into tourism facilities with the development of tourism, after 1980s.

Tourism areas replaced cultivated areas in coastlines, and cultivated areas were moved to north parts.

Alanya forms tourism activities and agricultural activities at the top of its economic activities. Besides,

building sector also holds a significant place with respect to its contributions to economy in Alanya.

It can be seen that the structuring progresses depending on the tourism activities, when the fact

of urbanisation is reviewed generally in Alanya. It also can be seen that the fact of urbanisation gains

speed as well, in especially Alanya and the Mediterranean region where the tourism is observed

progressing at a fast pace especially recently.

It can be seen that the structuring progresses depending on tourism, when the fact of

urbanisation is reviewed in Alanya. The fact that the structuring increases when tourism is in good

condition is the obvious indicator of this. When the last decade is examined, a different structure

appears. Such that, the reconstruct activities experienced a burst in 2004, and in relation to 2003 we

can see an increase rate of 204% in building licenses. Again, an increase rate of 38,8% in habitation

permits, and 98% in reconstruction certificates have been experienced. This is one of the greatest

increases that have been experienced recently. An increase rate of 63% in sub-basement licenses can

be seen as well (ALTSO, 2011: 110).

When the progress of structuring in last ten years is examined in Alanya generally, it can be

observed that the number of areas in coastal regions on which tourism investments could be

maintained has decreased, but increased in value greatly. Another reason for the increase in the

number of flats for housing-purposes is the expectations of foreigners on the real estate purchases in

Alanya in the recent years.


The district of Alanya, which offers services to foreign tourism in big managements and

facilities, and to domestic tourism in mainly secondary residences, has found a ready market easily.

And it has made its progress rapidly to meet the market demands aforementioned. The formation of

tourism facilities that has initially started in the center of Alanya and near-by places for the foreign

tourists seeking universal values and acting as part of mass tourism, has spread to other lands qualified

for agriculture later on.

In 1989, east and west sides of Alanya were declared as tourism centers. Alanya drew the

attention of domestic and foreign entrepreneurs because of the fact that the tourism bank accepted the

tourism centers as the regions to be credited primarily. The constructions of the five-star facilities on

the shores of Alanya became possible by these opportunities. The opening of the hotels that have high

capacity for the total number of beds has introduced Alanya to mass tourism. The fact that the

construction season lasts long thanks to the favourable conditions of the climate, makes it possible to

finish a construction in 12-18 months. And thus, facilities like hotels, etc. are completed in a very

short time. A newly-constructed touristic facility immediately sees another one being constructed near

it, together with the fact that it refreshes the place it is constructed in; and when the facilities to offer

services to tourists like bars, cafes, restaurants, shopping centers are added to this, a rapid progress

occurs in the city. The post-1980 era is one in which a rapid structuring, and in turn a rapid

urbanisation, was witnessed. The increase in the tourism investments especially after 1985 is the main

reason for the structuring seen today in Alanya.

Initially starting in the city center, the touristic activities and structuring first progressed in the

beginning of the 1990s between Avsallar town and Alanya in west part of the city, and later eastwards

in the city, along the coastline towards Oba, Kestel, Mahmutlar. These progresses could not be

directed by planning in short, medium and long terms. As a result of this, banana gardens and

greenhouses were quickly destroyed in some coasts of the city (like Yeşilköy, Avsallar, Serapsu), and

various touristic facilities replaced them. And in the districts in east part of the city (like Oba, Kestel,

Mahmutlar, Demirtaş), orange groves and banana gardens were eradicated unmethodically. The

touristic facilities inside the city became dense firstly along E-24 state motorway that extended across

the beach; and then, spread and widened initially westwards and subsequently eastwards.

This progress affects not only the city center, but also the surroundings of the city in Alanya,

which rapidly becomes urbanised based on the development in the tourism events. The greatness of

the interest shown by the tourists to Alanya and its surroundings, which are regarded among the most

significant tourism areas of the country and on which lots of investments are made, has caused the

total number of beds to increase rapidly in the place. Because certain facilities and so constructions are

needed in order for total number of beds to increase, the structural tissue of the city and its

surroundings is rapidly changing. Such a rapid increase is the most significant indicator of the fact that

tourism has now become the most important sector in Alanya. The facilities in Alanya comprise a


significant part of all of the facilities in Turkey. This significant rate obviously shows us the function

of Alanya, having progressed as a city depending on tourism, with regards to the tourism of the

country. And if we take a look at the tourism-oriented facilities inside the city, we can see how

developed Alanya has become as a city of tourism.

Alanya has a particular importance in the country with regards to tourism. This progress in

relation to tourism in Alanya has led both the city to develop in a fast pace structurally, and tourism

facilities to have more parts inside the urban fabric. Thus, it is impossible to think of the fact of

urbanisation and tourism in Alanya separately.

4.1. THE PROBLEMS THAT URBANISATION BROUGHT WITH ITSELF IN

ALANYA

The significant effects of the physical and human elements that specify the space structures of

the cities on urban planning can be seen in the urban planning applied in the modern cities of our age.

Problems regarding the loss of issues are experienced in Alanya. And the most significant of these

problems are the ones that are created by different densities in the urban area of Alanya. It is possible

for us to see the differences the distributions of the population, buildings and even municipal services

inside the city (Kocakuşak, 1996: 169). The different distributions in Alanya have only one mutual

point, and that point is the density experienced in the population, the number of buildings and even

tourism itself near the city’s seaside. And yet, this fact loses effect upon going northwards, i.e., the

slopes.

The city of Alanya normally showed progress between the years 1923 and 1950. However, after

1950s, a rapid urban development and accompanying it a rapid destruction ensued (Kocakuşak, 1996:

35). The construction plan of Alanya, which was formed by the implementation of a project that came

in the first place in a contest in 1958, has survived till today and is still being applied, with some

changes made on it. This construction plan is the first and last plan of the city. In this plan that was set

in 1958, the shortcomings that were already agenda topics in those years are still present. The most

controversial part of it was the passing of the Antalya-Mersin transit route, which covered the city

from end to end, over the city center. Because some efforts were made to solve the problems that

emerged during the implementation of the aforementioned plan with some changes made on it until

today, the issue at hand has become more complicated.

When we take a look at the issue in terms of population density, we see that, except for the

neighbourhoods on the peninsula which is under guard, the market neighbourhoods in northern parts

and the neighbourhoods near the seashore following them have very dense populations. We can say

that the population density in neighbourhoods decreases towards northern parts in the city of Alanya.

If we are to evaluate the different densities inside the city in terms of building density, we encounter a

similar fact again. That is, upon going towards northern parts from southern parts, it can be observed

that the building density decreases. If we are to review the issue in terms of the density of the tourism


investments, we can see that almost all of the accommodation facilities are close to the seacoast on the

shoreline. The fact that there are almost no tourism investments in the neighbourhoods in northern

parts of the city is really standing out.

Beaches have been destroyed upon the constructions of lots of hotels and secondary residences

on them along the shore in the field. Because of the fact that the city was planned without considering

the physical and human geographic characteristics of the region, it has become a concrete jungle as a

result. These different densities in Alanya are the results of the unmethodical progress of the city. The

fact that especially the physical geographic characteristics of the city were not considered while the

construction plan of Alanya was being set, has created density problems. The investments on tourism

and the urbanisation should be distributed in a balanced manner to all of the neighbourhoods in the

city. In this way, not only the neighbourhoods in southern parts of the city, but the ones in northern

parts should be developed as well.

The neighbourhoods in today’s Alanya benefit from municipal services in different ways, too.

While the neighborhoods in southern parts of the city get more service in terms of substructure and

transportation, the neighbourhoods in northern parts benefit less from municipal services. In order for

these urban affairs and problems to be solved, a new construction plan should go into operation and be

applied and the legislations in force should be changed, to start with.

The gradual regression of the agricultural sector since 1980s and the revelation of an

urbanisation fact based on tourism in place of this in Alanya, have put the Municipality of Alanya in a

difficult situation. For instance, with the investments the private sectors made on southern parts of the

city, the land prices on seaside grounds increased rapidly. Therefore, the money resources of the

municipality, which were already limited, fell behind these prices, and the municipality could not buy

the places that should be publicized (which would direct the progress of the city and also take on the

task of the green fields, etc. where they would be publicized). And in this way, an immethodically-

progressing, problematical city of Alanya was formed.

The weather in the city center of Alanya is hot and blistering in summers. It is inevitable to

establish streets parallel to the direction of the dominant wind in order to remove the blistering

weather in summers in the city of Alanya. In order for this to succeed, the mountain breezes and the

sea breezes that are dominant in the city need to reach further inside the city, and this is only possible

by planning the streets and roads on these parts in north-south direction. But the streets and roads have

not been planned in this way yet.

According to Soyak (2003: 110); “Air motion is needed in order to create comfortable

environments. Streets and buildings should be directed so that they could catch the breezes.” And

according to Kocakuşak (1993: 245); “In the city of Alanya, the direction of the dominant wind is

dammed, so to speak, by high-rise buildings. So, the valley and wind systems cannot be benefited

from, in terms of the issues like cooling of the city and clearing the urban air pollution off.”


Alanya is a very significant tourism center, in terms of benefitting from land, air and water

transportations. Besides, the domestic tourists prefer land transportation, while the foreign tourists

prefer air transportation (ALTSO, 2011: 45). Being 135 km away from Antalya, Alanya is on high

standard D-400 state motorway which was completed in 1958. This state motorway divides the city in

two and extends along east-west direction. This road is also used for the urban functions as the main

arterial road of the whole city. Apart from D-400 state motorway, there are secondary roads extending

along southern and northern parts of the city. The roads in southern parts of Alanya are in fit condition

to provide a regular traffic flow. But, the roads extending to southern parts of the city are in a half-

settled condition because of their low geometric quality and low capacity to carry the traffic load. D-

400 state motorway is an interprovincial road that was constructed to connect the two centers between

the years 1954-1958; and since it was constructed for the city’s needs that existed in that time, besides

absolutely not meeting today’s requirements, it also creates some significant problems., The beltway

of Alanya carried a significant amount of traffic load after being brought into use in 2001, and this has

relieved, though a little, the urban traffic.

The coastal plain is the leading factor in the most significant physical elements that have caused

such a progress of tourism in Alanya. Having such beauties that can be deemed as wonderful for

tourism, the coastal plain of Alanya had been used as a means of agriculture from the Republic Period

to 1970s. But, with Alanya’s entrance into the process of a rapid urbanisation, the coastal plain has

become a dense populating place. Because of both the topographical features of the district and false

structuring, the natural coastal areas are in narrowed conditions (Köksal, 1982).

The “transhumance”, which has a significant place in socio-economic and cultural lives of

Alanya and its surroundings, lost its importance in about 1987, the time that the tourism boom was

experienced in the field, and subsequent ten years. Because it was not possible for native people to

earn the same financial income that tourism provided, from transhumance. For this reason, a part of

people practicing transhumance in summer started to work in tourism sector. However, transhumance

has started to gain importance recently. And as a result of this, together with growing demand,

environmental pollution in pasturing valleys in the field and deteriorations in domestic architecture has

occurred.

At the present time, the areas that need to be opened for settlement in Alanya should be the

slopes in northern parts of the city. But, since the slopes are distant from the beach areas, the tourism

investors chose to establish their facilities in the areas closest to sea, and when new housing areas in

the city followed this, the coastal plain witnessed a dense structuring, instead of the slopes. This is a

settlement type that was absolutely carried out recklessly.

7 and 8-storey buildings are constructed on the alluviums of the coastal plain today. A

structuring formed by such high-rise buildings is excessively dangerous on loose ground. There are

schists below the coastal plain, and since the water-holding capacities of these schists are high,


swamps occur partly on the coastal plain. Although the swamps in Alanya are drained poorly, since

the lands are highly valued, these dangerous situations are ignored and constructions are done

nevertheless. Because of the fact that the ground is loose, some buildings have started to drift and lean,

before the construction works are completed. It is also possible to witness the examples of this inside

the city of Alanya.

The irregular constructions of the buildings in Alanya and the permission for more stories have

created a very close urban fabric. Although there are high-rise buildings like 6 or 7-storey ones along

the coast, in northern and interior parts of the city the number of floors varies between 1 and 3.

With tourism gaining importance in Alanya, the land and residence values have reached

excessive prices as a result of mass tourism. The building enterprises that wanted to gain advantage

from this situation have entered the field and constructed thousands of residences. A lot of these

residences that have been constructed in the field are used as secondary residences. The secondary

residences in Alanya can be found widely in both coastal areas and a little inwards from coastal areas;

in the city center, Demirtaş, Mahmutlar, Kestel, Konaklı, Türkler and İncekum towns. Also most of

foreign purchases are secondary residences. Secondary residences take too much space, since they are

not put to use in summers and they do not offer service to many people at once. This situation causes

both the visual quality to deteriorate in the field and tourism areas to narrow.

At the present day, the buildings have intensified in the coastal areas of the city so much that the

progress of the urbanisation towards northern parts has become inevitable. Since a closely-fabricated

and irregular structuring would prevent the buildings from catching the sun and the air circulation, the

buildings should be lined up from south to north, without preventing each other’s views. As is known,

Alanya is a city of tourism; so, the buildings preventing each other’s views are contrary to the idea that

this place is a nice center of holiday and relaxation.

As a result of the tourism movements that aim at history and nature tourism, the landscape of

Alanya has become a maritime city at short notice. Nevertheless, the problems that we call

environmental problems in terms of increasing population and rapid structuring, affect the landscape

of Alanya negatively. Another important lack relating to this issue can be said to be the rareness of the

green lands. In especially the summer months, the population increases 5 or 6 times more compared to

the winter months. The insufficiency of the parks and gardens that could meet the requirements of the

population is a great shortcoming.

Another important lack of the landscape works in the city is the absence of view and scene

terraces in the slopes. If we went to the slopes in day and at night, we would be greeted here by the

Alanya’s peninsula having the characteristics of a tombolo, its castle, shipyard, Kızılkule, coastal plain

and sea, and the beautiful scenery that all these things form.

To road, water and electricity notions, which were included in the definition of infrastructure in

the past, sewer systems and telecommunication possibilities are added now today. Tourism in Alanya


has gained acceleration. In spite of the insufficiency of infrastructure services, the potentials have been

widened by efforts to evaluate all of the opportunities at hand (Tümertekin, 1982: 486). The biggest

shortcoming in infrastructure of today’s Alanya has been experienced in sewerage works. Such that,

there were no sewerage systems that functioned properly till 1985, so cesspits were used. Until this

time, the sewage and foul water polluted the city and the sea. The main sewers of the sewerage system

that was opened for general use in 1987, covers the city from east to west, passing under the main

street. After being collected, the foul water is refined, and from there, is pumped to the discharge unit

located in 7 km westwards from the city center.

Another infrastructure problem is seen in the city in rainy seasons (especially the winter

months). As is known, northern part of the city is surrounded by the slopes. In rainy seasons, the

floods that come from these places create problems in the city. As a resort for this, efforts to take these

surface waters in hand have been made by installing concrete and cement pipes in some places, and

making channels, grills and manholes in other places; but some problems are still being experienced

today, though partly.

There are lots of historical artifacts that have survived from past to present in Alanya and

around it, and these artifacts mostly belong to the Seljuk Era. And these historical artifacts are found

not only inside the city, but also in most villages in Alanya. Most of the historical artifacts have been

left alone, and because of the impossibilities, they have not been able to be restored. A solution to this

problem should immediately be generated, and these historical artifacts should be earned back into

tourism by restoring them. But unfortunately there is a significant problem in this issue too, and that is

the fact that some historical artifacts become demolished as a result of false uses, after being restored

completely and opened to tourism. And the most striking example of this is the renting of Şarapsa

Han, which belongs to the Seljuk Era, by the General Directorate of Foundations and its use as a night

club, after its restoration.

There are 173 historical artifacts that must be preserved in Alanya. And only a certain part of

them has been on the books as historical artifacts. The houses that hold historical values are cultural

heritages left by history for us. The ancient houses in Alanya must be immediately restored and

registered. Otherwise, they will perish one by one because of the rise in the prices of the lands inside

the city.

While the old Alanya houses were little homes inside the agricultural areas and gardens, today’s

Alanya has become a concrete jungle. There are lots of marshy lands in the coastal plain.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The fact that world tourism receipts have shown a remarkable increase and will probably

continue to do so causes the developing countries to save their investments on this sector. As seen in

the Mediterranean countries, labour force and capital transfers are made to the regions that have had

tourism values at short notice. In this way, the developments that have been initially seen in the


economic field are reflected on other fields, and, in a sense, a social transformation is experienced

based on the tourism sector. Before tourism activities, rural areas, on which agricultural production is

made and which are deprived of transportation, energy and communication opportunities, are exposed

to social upheaval. And being emigrant regions, these areas also enter into the process of receiving

migration.

The country started to make significant progress in the tourism sector, as a result of especially

the economic policies carried out after 1980s. By drawing attention of the investors to the new tourism

promotion laws, increases in the number of tourism facilities have been provided, total number of beds

being in the first place. The effect of these investments which were supported in development plans

has showed its face in the shores of the country at short notice. Lands and areas have gained great

values especially in coastal areas, and the economic balances in the region have been upside down.

Caught unprepared for such an economic mobility, the communities and local governments have had

difficulties in developing a strategy suitable for the process.

With the potential for tourism it has, tourism of Alanya has made progress at short notice under

the effects of tourism policies. It has become fit for offering service for mass tourism especially as a

result of the economic policies followed after 1980s. The economic and social mobility that have

increased in the regions with high potential for tourism, have reached attractive positions in local and

natural levels. Although it was one of the emigrant settlements until around 1985 before tourism

sector, it has become a migration-receiving settlement with the tourism activities intensifying. On the

other hand, a change, under the effects of globalising economy, has been observed in the structures of

the cities. People whose income levels have been increasing have residences in rural areas, under the

effects of various elements, and carry their settlements from city centers to these areas.

Some industrial cities in west have been evolving from being a city of production into a city of

consumption. Especially the coastal regions in our country have been more affected by this process.

Efforts were made to carry out the constructions of secondary residences that were started in the

coastal regions in around 1970 with cooperative concepts. Especially after 1990s, the building

enterprises began the productions of luxury residences in the tourism regions. Therefore, the

secondary residences began to be used for different purposes by undergoing some changes.

The fact that the migrations received by the cities that have industrial and trading city

characteristics are rural area-oriented and people form a citizen solidarity in places like shanty towns,

prolongs the urbanisation process. On the other hand, in tourism cities, the difference of the received

migration’s quality, the lack of possibility of forming citizen solidarity as seen in other cities, and the

absence of shanty town-like places make these tourism cities different than others. For these reasons, it

can be concluded that the tourism cities accelerate the process of urbanisation. People who have high

education and income level and migrate from metropolises and city centers are effective in the


settlements of tourism cities. It can be suggested that this element holds a significant place in the

entrance of the tourism cities into the process of urbanisation at short notice.

The employments of children at very young ages in the sector, as a result of the sudden

increases of incomes in the first periods of the density that started in tourism activities, affected the

education negatively. In these periods in which the interest in education decreased, the incomes

received were accepted as the sole determining factor. But, the reality that in time tourism started not

to be able to fetch as much income as it did in the first years of it, the effects of mass tourism, and the

enlargement of business and service areas highlighted the importance of education again. The

formation of competition environment, as a result of the progress of the sector, increased the need for

qualified personnel.

That the lands have risen in value in parallel with the development of the tourism sector and

agricultural lands have been abandoned and put into tourism service, is a known matter of fact in

Alanya, as in the other tourism cities. This transformation, which occurred at short notice, has affected

the social structure. The valuations of lands and areas in surprising levels, and the emergence of

different ways for income have affected the communal living.

While the main sources of living in Alanya, whose income levels were extremely low, were

citrus, sponge fishing and agricultural products, its income structure has completely transformed. It

has been being evaluated in employment, service, construction and entertainment sectors, as fit for the

structure of tourism sector. Shopping centers, marinas and fish farms have been starring in this new

period. Alanya has increased its population with the migrations it has received at short notice, and

formed an urban fabric unique to itself. It is actually the tourism activities that have created the fact of

rapid urbanisation in Alanya. And the factors that have provided the opportunities for tourism are the

physical aspects. However, the process of urbanisation has not only progressed rapidly and

unmethodically, but brought along a certain part of current problems unfortunately. Most of these

problems result from the pressure, and reckless and intense use of nature by human beings. In other

words, human activities are on the top of the reasons for nature to be demolished in Alanya. For

instance, the coastal plain in Alanya, which was formed in thousands of years, was demolished in such

a short time as 15-20 years. Another visual example is that the forests in northern parts of the city are

damaged together with the wild life.

A coastal town in its past, Alanya now has the characteristics of a new city form under the

effects of the tourism sector. This new city form has also been observed in the same way in other

regions to which the tourism sector has entered. They differ from other cities in terms of the migration

the city receives, population structure, economic structuring and services, housing forms, and social

and cultural activities. Such cities that undergo a reconstruction under the effects of the tourism sector

should be defined as “tourism cities”.


The aiming of the number of tourists and tourism incomes initially has caused the touristic

regions to encounter environmental problems especially. In the regions, the population of which

increase incrementally at short notice, the urbanisation problems such as traffic, unmethodical

structuring and infrastructure have emerged. In short, in touristic regions, the urban population

increases rapidly, and this originates the demand for secondary and urban residences, local

administrations cannot use the authority for construction plans they are given effectively in some

cases, and structuring cannot progress in a balanced manner.

As migrations happen from rural areas in order to meet the requirements for labour as seen in

industrial cities, other migrations happen too, from metropolises and abroad, for the reasons of

relaxation, resignation and to lead the rest of one’s life. Even if this type of migration has produced

secondary housing forms as settlements like shanties, there are very huge differences between the two

matters.

Besides the migrations based on habitation and settlement, tourism cities encounter an intense

pressure of population in certain periods of a year. The population that increases with the opening of

tourism season reaches its peak in July and August, a decrease occurs again towards the end of the

season. And in the subsequent months of the end of this season, the construction season starts and this

sector attracts another type of population.

A sectorial construction to appeal to the population that reaches to one million especially in the

summer months, contributes to the permanent population. As can be seen, the tourism cities differ

from other cities with their population mobility.

Another feature that makes the tourism cities different from other cities is the fact that the

entertainment and service industry is developed in these tourism cities. The orientation of large capital

to service industry has increased the significance of these cities in the processes of capital stock, and

started to carry the obvious marks of the investment strategies of large capital.

The tourism cities are typical cities of consumption with respect to both the mass that they

appeal to, and the urban structuring. Besides these structuring, the developments in the spread of small

handicrafts, production of souvenirs, authentic jewelry and dress accessories should be expected.

Along with these productions, the increase in the number of fish farms and the packaging-marketing

and exportation of sea products show, in a sense, that the tourism cities can not only be consumption,

but also production centers. The tourism city should be defined, and the problems peculiar to the city

should be analysed well. It will be possible to produce reliable solutions to problems by examining the

city’s formation and development processes. An enlargement, such as seen in especially the example

of Alanya, should be directed from a single center. It is highly significant to make the city progress, by

giving particular importance to the preservations of the city planning in relation to tourism sector and

social values of the city (like historical artifacts and traditional characteristics), and by preserving

ecological balance with respect to planning, design and architecture.


The necessary infrastructure and superstructure should be formed by evaluating the plateaus and

villages found in inner sides of Alanya within the scope of eco-tourism, and after this, the units to be

active in these fields should be made to take part more effectively in the tourism of Alanya. The new

projects that will be carried out in tourism field should be designed by getting the opinions of the local

community living in the region, tradespeople, and tourists as well.

The fact that Alanya has been overbuilding and turning to a concrete jungle is the most negative

effect of tourism. With tourism being effective in the field, the income endeavours in the field has led

to a haphazard urbanisation. While it is about 80000-90000 in winter, the city population of Alanya

reaches almost up to one million in the summer months. Serious traffic problems in the city center of

Alanya have been observed as a result of this. The solution to these problems is again only possible by

preventing haphazard urbanisation. Besides, new roads are needed to decrease the traffic density in the

city. The Municipality of Alanya makes efforts to overcome these problems. The urban planning to be

made newly should be made so properly and without concerns for income, to fix this haphazard

urbanisation.

In the coastal regions of Alanya, deteriorations have occurred because of irregular site selections

for tourism facilities. In order to prevent these deteriorations, the site selections for tourism facilities in

coastal regions should be made so that the coast will not be deteriorated. It is because Alanya fetches

most of its income from its beautiful coasts. Good projects should be made in the field in order for

Alanya to increase its income from tourism and for tourism to be a permanent income source. The

mountainous blocks at the back parts of Alanya should be benefited from for the issues like winter

tourism and eco-tourism, and tourism in the field should be diversified by designing projects in this

direction.

The occupancy rate of lots of accommodation facilities, established with taking the sea, beach

and sun trio into consideration in Alanya, decrease in the periods apart from the summer season, and

most of them become idle. But in fact, it is possible for Alanya to increase its incomes further through

product diversification in tourism, with its natural attractions like its rich history, cultural values,

caves, plateaus, streams, canyons etc. For this purpose, both new products could be provided for the

current ones, and the developments of new tourism areas could be provided to extend the tourism

season so that it could create income for 12 months a year.

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AN EXAMPLE FOR TOURISM ORIENTED URBANISATIONS IN TURKEY: ALANYA (ANTALYA)

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