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AJN Second Series 26 (2014) pp. 000–000© 2014 The American Numismatic Society

An Eighteenth-Century Sicilian Coin Hoard from the Termini-Cerda Railway Construction Site

(Palermo, 1869)

Antonino Crisà*

This essay provides for the first time data on the discovery of a coin hoard found in Cerda (Palermo, Sicily) in 1869 at a railway construction site. The main aims of the paper are to contextualize this event in terms of the history of post-Unification Sicilian archaeology and to offer new information on con-temporary bureaucratic procedures, as carried out by the Italian State and by local authorities in the case of casual discoveries. This historical reconstruc-tion makes use of a targeted set of archival records from the Central State Archive of Rome, which are fully transcribed in Appendix A.

IntroductionScholars have previously shown interest in the history of Sicilian archaeology par-ticularly under the Bourbon kings (1816–1860) and have provided a set of re-cords on numismatic collecting and discoveries made in this period (Lo Iacono and Marconi 1997; Crispino and Musumeci 2010; Crisà 2012). However, the post-Unification period (1861–1915), which was crucial for Sicily in endorsing the de-velopment of “professional” archaeologists such as Antonino Salinas,1 as well as of

* University of Leicester (ac472@leicester.ac.uk).

1 Antonino Salinas (born in Palermo on November 19, 1841, died in Rome on March 7, 1914) was the most important Sicilian archaeologist during the second half of the nine-teenth century. He became Professor of Archaeology at the University of Palermo (from 1865) and Director of the National Museum of Palermo (from 1873). He made several

308 Antonino Crisà

the regional museums such as the Museum of Palermo (Moscati and Di Stefano 2006: 14–21), certainly requires more detailed study through archival research.

The primary purpose of this paper is to present new documents related to the discovery of an eighteenth-century Sicilian coin hoard on the Termini Imerese–Cerda railway construction site (province of Palermo) (Fig. 1). The hoard was uncovered sometime before January 22, 1869, when its discovery was officially communicated to the Ministry of Public Education (Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione). The relevant records are preserved at the Central State Archive of Rome (Archivio Centrale dello Stato di Roma) and form part of the Ministry of Public Education’s archival collection (ACS, MPI, AA.BB.AA., ver. I, b. 66; Musacchio 1994, vol. 1, 205; Appendix A, nos. 1–4).

The documents form a meaningful case study for several reasons: a) they offer data on a coin hoard, whose discovery was previously unknown; b) they provide factual guidance on how the Italian post-Unification government and local authorities dealt with casual discoveries, occurring during construction and public works, and inform us on relevant bureaucratic procedures; c) the Cerda

archaeological excavations in Sicily, for example at Mozia and Selinunte. Salinas also stud-ied ancient Sicilian numismatics. He wrote numerous papers and monographs: Le monete delle antiche città di Sicilia (1867), Del Real Museo di Palermo: relazione (1873), Del Museo nazionale di Palermo e del suo avvenire (1874), Breve guida del Museo Nazionale di Palermo (1901) and Trafori e vetrate nelle finestre delle chiese medioevali di Sicilia (1910).

Figure 1. Map of Sicily, showing Cerda (Palermo) and eighteenth- and nineteenth-century coin hoards (see also Appendix B).

An Eighteenth-Century Sicilian Coin Hoard 309

hoard can be contextualized in terms of the history of Sicilian archaeology and related to similar discoveries.

Before detailing the find and the archives, we should first provide some his-torical context. As soon as he liberated Sicily from Bourbon army, the Italian revo-lutionary Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) imposed a dictatorship in the name of Victor Emmanuel II on May 15, 1860, in anticipation of completing the military advance in Southern Italy. Sicily suffered from many problems at this time, espe-cially social conflicts between landowners and peasants in the countryside, local lawlessness, and administrative difficulties. However, during the early stages of Italian Unification the Italian government made efforts to restore public order, build new infrastructure (notably roads and railways), improve education, and solve the land question (Brancato 1956: 90–97; De Stefano and Oddo 1963: 38–47, 62–65; Mc Smith 1970: 584–595; Riall 1998: 76–105: 131–135; Riall 2000: 142–145).

The Unification government was bureaucratic, and therefore a generally good documentary archive exists. Documents were produced by the General Commis-sariat Office for Railways Syndicate and Supervision (Commissariato Generale pel Sindacato e Sorveglianza delle Strade Ferrate), belonging to the Ministry of Public Works (Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici) (Appendix A, no. 1), the Ministry of Public Education (Appendix A, no. 2, 4), and the Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts (Commissione di Antichità e Belle Arti) in Sicily (Appendix A, no. 3).

Founded in 1827 by the Bourbon government and based in Palermo, the Com-mission of Antiquities supervised Sicilian antiquities and authorized archaeologi-cal excavations and the export of finds. This body was suppressed in 1875, when the Italian state centralized the safeguarding of archaeological sites and finds. At this time Antonino Salinas became the Director of the Museum of Palermo (Ca-giati 1914: 125–131; Cimino 1985: XIII–XVI; Grifoni 1986: 189–190; Bencivenni, Dalla Negra and Grifoni 1987–1992: 42–48; Musacchio 1994: vol. 1, 55–57; Lo Iacono and Marconi 1997; Crisà 2012: 6–8).

New work on roads and railways, no doubt disturbed many sites of archaeological interest, but little of this is reported. Some finds, like that discussed below, still await discovery. Here it is useful to describe briefly the history of the nineteenth century Sicilian transport system, since the Cerda hoard was found during railway construction. The General Parliament began significant modernization of the Sicilian road network in 1778. Even if many inland towns were still isolated, new roads were built and the most important cities were connected. After the Restoration, Ferdinand II, King of the Two Sicilies (1830–1859), promoted a notable scheme of road network improvement in Sicily, in the Royal Decree of December 17, 1838, which established the construction of thirty-seven new provincial roads. However, the Bourbon kings had little interest in developing a railroad network in Sicily during the second half of the nineteenth century, even though some railways were already operational in Southern Italy,

310 Antonino Crisà

such as the famous Napoli–Portici route (1839) (De Giorgio 1849: 46–53; Brancato 1956: 12–15; De Stefano and Oddo 1963: 143–145).

Subsequently, the Kingdom of Italy granted Sicilian railway construction and management to private industry. In 1863, the Vittorio Emanuele private company managed as a concession the Southern Italy and Sicilian railways, the so-called “Ferrovie Calabro–Sicule.” Next, the Vitali, Charles and Picard e C.i companies obtained new concessions by the Royal Decree of August 31, 1868, because new railways had become indispensable for the economic growth of Southern Italy. Thus, the railroad network was markedly improved and extended. By 1869–1870, nearly 200,000 kilometers of new Sicilian railways were operating (Maggiore Perni 1861: 303–328; De Cesare 1867: 89, 140; Jacini 1867: 77–79; Jacini 1869: 84, 87–88; Brancato 1956: 459; De Stefano and Oddo 1963: 143–151; Giuffrida 1967: 1–41; Giuffrida 1980: 240–253; Pescosolido 2010: 233).

General Giacomo Medici (Fig. 2),2 Prefect of Palermo, oversaw the completion of many railroads in Sicily, in accordance with the Decree of June 18, 1863, no. 1364, art. 1, because the General Direction of Public Works there had been suppressed by an earlier Royal Decree of May 28, 1861 (Oddo 1863: 939–941; Jacini 1867: 190; Brancato 1956: 339–371; Giuffrida 1967: 31; Giuffrida 1980: 251–252).

2 Giacomo Medici (born in Milan on January 16, 1817, died in Rome on March 9, 1882), Marquis of Vascello, was a well-known Italian general and politician. He fought the French in Rome in 1849, took part in the Second Italian War of Independence (1859) and in Garib-aldi’s landing in Sicily (1860), fighting at Milazzo and Messina. After Unification, Medici had tasks in Italian politics and became also Prefect of Palermo (1868–1873). His most significant books were Relazione del generale Giacomo Medici comandante generale delle truppe in Sicilia incaricato della prefettura al Consiglio provinciale di Palermo (1873) and La battaglia di Milazzo (1883).

Figure 2. General Giacomo Medici, Prefect of Palermo (1868–1873) (Oddo 1863, 940).

An Eighteenth-Century Sicilian Coin Hoard 311

A General Commissariat Office for Railways Syndicate and Supervision was created by a Royal Decree of May 14, 1865, no. 2296. This body replaced the old Railways General Direction, which had been established by a Royal Decree of August 14, 1859, no. 3555. Specifically, the Office supervised railway construc-tion and operations granted to private industry (Appendix A, no. 1; VV.AA. 1865: 895–897; Jacini 1867: 177–178; Carucci 1981: 214).

The Termini Imerese–Cerda railroad (8,168 km) was inaugurated in Decem-ber 1868, but only became operational on April 1, 1869. By this time the coin hoard was already discovered, according to the records published here. Subse-quently, the Cerda–Sciara railway (5,910 km), a short section of the route under construction from Palermo to Girgenti, was activated on June 6, 1869 (Giuffrida 1967: 33; Giuffrida 1980: 252).

The Cerda Hoard: Construction, Discovery, and Acquisition by the Museum of Palermo

Cerda (Fig. 1) is nowadays a small town with 5,000 inhabitants, located approxi-mately 60 km east of Palermo. It had been a marquisate of the Santostefano family since 1659, when Giuseppe Santostefano obtained the title of nobility from King Philip IV of Spain (1621–1665), becoming the first marquis of Cerda. Wine and oil were the major products for the local economy in the fifties and sixties of the eighteenth century, when the town was annexed to the Termini Imerese District. According to Zuccagni Orlandini, 2,384 people lived in Cerda in 1861 (Amico 1757–1760: vol. 2, 188–189; Busacca 1850: 260; Amico 1858: 322; Maggiore Perni 1861: 189, 199; Zuccagni Orlandini 1861: 405; Possenti 1865: 2, 57, 62, 72, 139–141, 168; Burgio 2004: 1).

The General Commissariat Office for Railways Syndicate and Supervision sent the Ministry of Public Education a letter on January 22, 1869, in which was announced a new archaeological discovery. While digging a trench during con-struction of the railway at the so-called “bridges of Pietralunga,” near Cerda, some workers had found a terracotta vase containing about 200 silver coins. Of these, only forty-nine were recovered by the authorities. We do not know the exact date of the discovery, because it is not expressly reported in the letter. Therefore, Janu-ary 22, 1869 is only a terminus ante quem for the discovery. Since the Termini-Cerda railway was, as noted, inaugurated only in December 1868, digging was surely already completed by that time. Workmen therefore probably found the hoard before December 1868 (Appendix A, no. 1).

The forty-nine coins were deposited with the Prefecture of Palermo. They were considered “common” coins at that time, because they could be found still in circulation. This is valuable information, as will be explained in detail below. As a group, the coins were provisionally dated to the previous century (“al secolo passato”), although the date 1739 was read on at least one coin. They were also valued at 60 ₤, according to their intrinsic value. Then, the General Commissariat

312 Antonino Crisà

Office for Railways Syndicate and Supervision explained that every archaeological discovery within the Calabro–Sicule railway construction zone was regulated by law. Thus, it was compulsory to inform the Ministry of Public Education about the hoard discovery at Cerda (Appendix A, no. 1).

Next, the Prefecture of Palermo sent the Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts in Sicily a letter on January 25, 1869, announcing the discovery of the coins. Furthermore, it was assumed by the Prefecture that the National Museum of Pal-ermo would probably be interested in these coins, even if they were considered quite recent and without any scientific value (Appendix A, no. 2).

Gaetano Daita,3 President of the Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts in Sicily, then sent the Ministry of Public Education a report on the hoard on February 15, 1869. The Commission charged Antonino Salinas, Professor of Archaeology at the University of Palermo and a well-known numismatist, to examine the coins. Unfortunately, very few scientific and numismatic elements are reported in this letter. The President of the Commission does not mention the precise number of coins, their specific denominations, dates, mints, or issuers. The correct deposition date of the hoard could not be known, since Salinas was able to examine only forty-nine coins out of the reported c. 200 pieces (Appendix A, no. 3).

Nevertheless, a valuable list is provided in the letter. It enumerates some coins from the hoard, which Salinas had chosen to increase the numismatic collection of the Kings of Sicily, kept at the National Museum of Palermo. The list includes ten silver coins with an intrinsic value of about 17 ₤ and dated to the first half of the eighteenth century (1705, 1735–1737, 1739–1743) (Appendix A, no. 3).

From this information, it can be inferred that the hoard coins were issues of King Philip V (1701–1713) and King Charles III of Bourbon (1734–1759). The mint was presumably Palermo or Naples. The brief list does not report the denominations of the coins, although they were probably tarì multiples (Figs.

3 Gaetano Daita (born in Trapani in 1806, died in Palermo in 1887), a famous Sicilian patriot and scholar, was President of the Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts in Sicily from 1867 to 1873. The most noteworthy of Daita’s books were Relazione sul Real Museo di Palermo e sullo stato delle antichità di Sicilia (1873) and Sul Collegio di Musica in Palermo: appendice al cenno storico artistico ed organico (1873).

Figure 3. Charles III of Bourbon (1734–1759), 4 Tarì AR (1735), Palermo (9.04 g). (Numismatica Genevensis SA 6, 30 November 2010, lot 740).

An Eighteenth-Century Sicilian Coin Hoard 313

3–4), because they were struck in silver. The list also registered coin size (“Do” as “Diametro”) by a numeric value from twelve to two, apparently referring to Mionnet’s scale. The coins were well preserved (“pure in uno stato di conservazione da sorprendere”), indicating that they were not long in circulation and perhaps hoarded shortly after minting (Appendix A, no. 3; Bovi 1935: 42–51; CNI: 522–526, 536–560; Spahr 1959: 224–228, pl. XXIII Philip V, 254–273, pl. XXIX–XXXII Charles of Bourbon; Caley 1965: VIII–XI; Varesi 2001: 121–123 Philip V, 134–146 Charles of Bourbon).

Finally, the Ministry of Public Education contacted the Prefect of Palermo on February 20, 1869, asking him to deliver to the Commission of Antiquities the coins of the Cerda hoard listed in Salinas’ report. These were assigned to the nu-mismatic collections of the National Museum of Palermo (Appendix A, no. 4: “la Commissione scelga per uso del Museo le monete che le occorrano”).4

Having exhausted the documentary evidence, we may speculate on the origi-nal owner of the Cerda hoard. The owner could have been a rich local landowner who had accumulated and hidden his wealth, derived from land rents, near the site of discovery. Alternatively, he may have been a merchant who had been carrying his coins, but while he was crossing a passage (“fra i ponti detti di Pietralunga”), he learned of a dangerous situation (e.g. brigands?) ahead and was forced to bury the hoard, but never recovered it later.

Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Sicilian HoardsA brief survey of modern Sicilian coin hoards is required to understand hoarding trends during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Unfortunately, we can use only preliminary studies on coin hoards, due to a lack of published data and a wider loss of finds (Appendix B).

4 The Coin Cabinet of the Museum of Palermo is now inaccessible to scholars. Thus, it is impossible to trace the coins found in Cerda.

Figure 4. Charles III of Bourbon (1734–1759), 6 Tarì AR (1735), Palermo (13.57 g). (Nomisma 40, 11 October 2009, lot 1497).

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Most of the hoards are concentrated in northern Sicily, particularly in the province of Messina (Appendix B, nos. 5, 7, 9–11, 13–15). Scholars link the in-crease of hoards buried during the period of transition from the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to the Kingdom of Italy (1816–1860) to the rise of rents for lands and pastures. These not only hindered a dynamic economy, but also favored the accumulation of wealth and hoarding (Demarco 1966: 4–5, 76–79, 86, 100–101; Cutroni Tusa 1968: 112). It is clear that silver coins were hoarded in large quanti-ties in Sicily during these centuries (Appendix B, nos. 1, 3, 4–5, 8, 10–14). The coins were probably used by local merchants or accumulated by landowners to make purchases or investments at a later time. In contrast, hoards containing only Bourbon gold coins are not very common (Appendix B, nos. 2, 6–7, 9),5 as they were presumably used only for large transactions. In fact, a Royal Decree of April 20, 1818, stripped gold coins of their legal tender status and therefore such coins did not usually circulate (Giuffrida 1980: 171–172). Meanwhile, copper coins were rarely hoarded (Appendix B, no. 5) because they circulated continually and were spent on everyday purchases.

The impression is that foreign currency was rarely hoarded in Sicily in this period (Appendix B, nos. 12–14) despite the fact that the Bourbon government tried to facilitate the entrance of foreign currency into the country with a favor-able exchange rate through the Royal Decree of April 20, 1818. Such foreign cur-rency came largely from France, as seen from the Trecastagni hoard (Appendix B, no. 12), and from Malta and Genoa (e.g. the Tripi hoard(s)—Appendix B, nos. 13–14). In all of these instances, the foreign currency was associated with Sicilian coins. Moreover, hoards containing only foreign coins seem to be very rare. For example, the Mazzarrà S. Andrea (Messina) hoard, discovered in a private house in 1950, included eleven Spanish-American gold coins from the Perù mint, issued by Philip V from 1722 to 1746 (Appendix B, no. 15) (Gentili 1954: 169; Ostuni 1992: 93–95).

There were two different monetary systems in the Kingdom of Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples until 1816, when Ferdinand II implemented a significant re-form to effect a monetary union. However, Sicilian and Neapolitan coins both pre-viously circulated on the island and so were sometimes hoarded together. Hence the Buonalbergo (Benevento) hoard, found in the ruins of an old building in 1993, contained 398 silver coins and one copper coin, struck by the mint of Naples and Palermo in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries (Volpes 1965–1966: 125–134; Capone and D’Aloia 2001).

5 Hoards reported in Appendix B, no. 2, 6, 7, 9 contain only gold coins. In contrast, the hoard described in Appendix B, no. 12 has only one gold and six silver coins.

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Monetary Circulation in Early Post-Unification SicilyThe Lieutenancy Government, imposed by Garibaldi, required the withdrawal of old Bourbon copper coins from circulation in accordance with the Decrees of De-cember 15, 1860, and February 17, 1861. In particular, the mint of Naples had to withdraw its coins and replace them gradually with new coins of the Kingdom of Italy carrying the effigy of King Victor Emmanuel II. The first exchange rates were set by a temporary table enclosed with the Decree of July 17, 1861. This schedule also gave values for old Bourbon coins circulating in the provinces of Sicily and Naples (Fig. 5, below). Afterwards, the unification of the Italian monetary system was dictated by Law no. 788 of August 27, 1862 (VV.AA. 1861: 744–748; AA.VV. 1862a: 234–242; VV.AA. 1862b: 2027–2032; Cohen and Federico 2001: 70–71).

Previously, the currency circulating in Sicily and Southern Italy had been enormous and heterogeneous, consisting mainly of silver and copper coins is-sued during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Large numbers of worn and clipped silver coins circulated at the end of 1850s and badly contaminated the Sicilian circulation pool. Even old coins from the period of Spanish domination were still present.

Usually, gold coins did not circulate often, but did get used for savings (Giuf-frida 1980: 170–179). A report of the Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry on Enforced Circulation Banknotes (“Commissione Parlamentare d’Inchiesta sul cor-so forzoso dei biglietti di banca”) indicated that 83,470,914 ducati were issued in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies from 1815 to 1859, amounting to 337,000,000 ₤:

Nell’ex-Regno di Napoli dal 1815 al 1859 sono state coniate monete per ducati 115,979,457. Dedotte però le riconiazioni fatte nello stesso periodo, nelle monete d’argento e di rame, le monete di questa specie sommano a ducati 83,470,914 pari a 337 milioni delle nostre lire cifra rotonda. La mo-neta d’oro non era moneta di circolazione, ma di tesoreggiamento. Ai 337 milioni vanno aggiunte monete antecedentemente in circolazione, monete di Spagna, ecc. per cui la cifra per l’ex-Regno di Napoli può essere portata a 400 milioni (VV.AA. 1868, vol. 1, 332).

Quintino Sella (1827–1884), the Minister of Finance, told the Italian Parlia-ment on December 13, 1865 that the government had just changed 254,000,000 ₤ of pre-Unification States currency. However, large quantities of Bourbon coins still circulated in Sicily and in the provinces of Naples, where the government had al-ready withdrawn respectively 66,000,000 and 20,000,000 ₤ (Sella 1866, 340). This information is relevant in order to understand better the evidence and significance of the Cerda hoard in the context of the enforcement of these laws.

Antonino Salinas evaluated the common coins of the Cerda hoard by their silver content and not for their numismatic and collector value. Besides, their value was modest, because they still circulated (“tuttora circolabili in piazza”) in

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1869, when the hoard was discovered. Based on this statement, it seems clear that the process of replacing old coins was slow and complex, and that many Bourbon coins still circulated in Sicily in the late 1860s (Appendix A, no. 3).

The Campofranco (Caltanissetta) hoard, found during renovation work in a private house in 1965, is instructive (Appendix B, no. 4). It contained seventy-five silver coins issued by Francis I (1 dated 1826), Ferdinand II (41 dated 1834–1857), and Victor Emmanuel II, as King of Sardinia (1 dated 1858) and as King of Italy (31 dated 1863). When the hoard was hidden, probably after 1863, its owner still had several Bourbon silver coins, to which he had added the new coins of Victor Emmanuel II that had entered circulation only recently. The owner did not spend the old Bourbon coins and continued to increase his modest treasure in the first years after Italian Unification. He probably knew that he could still have used his old coins, if he had wanted to.

ConclusionsThis study of the archival documents related to the Cerda hoard allows us to re-construct a notable event in the history of Sicilian post-Unification archaeology for several reasons.

The hoard is a useful case study for archaeological research, related to the con-struction of new state infrastructure. This was necessary for the economic devel-opment of post-Unification Sicily, but could clearly lead to chance archaeologi-cal discoveries. The Cerda find confirms the role of the Commission of Fine Arts and Antiques in Sicily and the correct application of a specific legal system for archaeological supervision, already operating in Sicily during the Bourbon period. The archival records also provide clear information about recovery and conserva-

Figure 5. Exchange rates table, enclosed with the Decree of July 17, 1861 (“Tariffa di ragguaglio in valuta decimale italiana delle varie monete in corso”) (VV.AA. 1862a: 237).

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tion procedures of finds unearthed in public works excavations. First, some coins of the Cerda hoard were delivered to Giacomo Medici, Prefect of Palermo, who held them temporarily. The General Commissariat Office for Railways Syndicate and Supervision announced the hoard’s discovery to the Ministry of Education on January 22, 1869. The intervention of law enforcement was crucial to help preserve such finds immediately and to avoid potential illegal misappropriations. Mean-while, the Prefect of Palermo advised the Commission of Antiquities and Fine Arts in Sicily. Its role was strictly related to the evaluation and analysis of finds, and, according to Salinas’ numismatic report, the President of the Commission proposed that the Museum of Palermo buy at least ten silver coins, valued at 17 ₤. The main purpose of this acquisition was to enhance the Museum’s Kings of Sicily coin collection. Salinas suggested acquiring only specific coins.

It is evident that Salinas and the Commission of Antiquities did not care about obtaining the whole coin hoard. This approach was quite commonplace among the state institutions that supervised the cultural heritage in post-Unification Italy, as instances in the province of Cremona (Lombardia) show: for example, Serafino Ricci (1867–1943), director of the Coin Cabinet at the Accademia di Brera in Milan (1901–1918), selected coins from the Pandino hoard (1910) after the local Carabinieri had seized it. Similarly, Ricci evaluated the Calvatone hoard (1911), formed of Roman Republican silver denarii. As soon as the Carabinieri sequestered the finds and dispatched them to the Coin Cabinet, Ricci selected some coins specifically to increase the denarius collection of the Brera Academy. Again, the intervention of law enforcement was decisive in the immediate rescue of the material (Chiaravalle 1992; Vismara 1992).

In addition, the (re)discovery of the Cerda hoard is useful for updating the map of Sicilian eighteenth- and nineteenth-century hoards. Nevertheless, re-search is still at a preliminary stage, since few hoards are known or are published only cursorily. Analysis of excavation finds can be also supplemented, we believe, through a detailed study of archival records.

It is significant that some coins of the Cerda hoard, issued by Philip V and Charles III of Bourbon, still circulated in 1869. The old currency, composed of many miscellaneous coins, was evidently withdrawn by the Italian Government from the territories of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies only slowly and with difficulty. The coins of Cerda, considered “common” by Salinas and evaluated for their intrinsic value, testify to this circumstance.

Finally, the archival records are significant both for the history of numismat-ics and for archaeology in northern Sicily during the post-Unification period—a subject rather neglected by scholars. It is essential to continue and deepen the analysis of archival documents, which are indispensable for a comprehensive his-torical reconstruction not just of archaeological discoveries in nineteenth-century Sicily, but also of the workings of state and regional archaeologists and museums.

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Appendix A: Archival Records6 1. ACS, MPI, AA.BB.AA., ver. I, b. 66, headed paper, 2 sides

{1} Firenze7 22 Gennajo 1869

MINISTERO DEI LAVORI PUBBLICI8

Commissariato Gen.le PEL SINDACATO E SORVEGLIANZA DELLE STRADE FERRATE

Direzione 7.a Sezione | N.° 1610 102

Indicare nella risposta la Div.ne e il N.° della presente

Oggetto: Ferrovie Calabro–Sicule. Monete rinvenute negli scavi pei lavori ferroviarii

Al Ministero della pubblica istruzione. Firenze

Nello scavo di una trincea compresa fra i ponti detti di Pietralunga nella linea di strada ferrata in costruzione Termini–Cerda furono dagli operai rinvenute entro vaso di terra cotta alcune monete di argento il cui numero si suppone potesse essere di circa 200, delle quali però, come suol verificarsi in simili scoperte, solo una tenue parte poté essere ricuperata nel numero di 49 monete che trovansi depositate presso la Prefettura di Palermo.

Dette monete appartengono al secolo passato / 1739. / ma non avrebbero come è di avviso la Prefettura suddetta, alcun pregio numismatico, perché trovavansi in corso fino ai tempi recenti; sarebbero quindi apprezzabili pel loro valore intrinseco che non oltrepassa le ₤: 60.

Or poiché nella convenzione stipulata colla Società delle strade ferrate Calabro–Sicule alla quale si è ora sostituita la Impresa generale di costruzione trovasi stabilito che per la pertinenza degli oggetti di antichità si osserveranno le leggi ed i regolamenti in vigore, il Ministero scrivente crede opportuno di {2} comunicare il fatto a quello della pubblica istruzione come di sua competenza perché voglia provvedere in quel modo che crederà più conveniente; nella intelligenza che il terreno in cui le monete furono rinvenute era stato espropriato dalla Impresa per conto del Governo.

Nello stesso tempo vorrà compiacersi comunicare le sue determinazioni alla Prefettura di Palermo intorno all’uso che debba farsi delle dette monete.

Pel Ministro

[signed]

6 The transcription of records, ordered by date, respects the original texts with reference numbers, stamps, and notes.

7 Florence was the capital of the Kingdom of Italy in 1869.8 Girolamo Cantelli (1815–1884) was Minister of Public Works (October 23, 1868–May

13, 1869), when the hoard was found.

An Eighteenth-Century Sicilian Coin Hoard 319

2. ACS, MPI, AA.BB.AA., ver. I, b. 66, headed paper, 1 side

Firenze, addì 25. Gennaio 1869.

All’attenzione della Comm di Antichità e Belle Arti

Palermo

Prot.o Gen.e N.° 2101 | Div.e 2 | Sez.e 407 | N.o di Posiz.e 11 | N.o di Part.a 1153.

Oggetto: monete.

Si unisce, con preghiera di restituzione, la lettera del Ministero dei Lavori pubblici.Negli scavi per la ferrovia fra Termini e Cerda furono rinvenute alcune monete

che trovansi ora depositate presso cotesta Prefettura.Dicansi del secolo scorso e quindi sono forse prive d’ogni valore scientifico.

Comunque vegga la SV se per avventura il Museo potrebbe vantaggiarsene.

Pel Ministro

Fir.o Napoli9

3. ACS, MPI, AA.BB.AA., ver. I, b. 66, headed paper , 2 sides

{1} Palermo 15 Febbrajo 1869

COMMESSIONE DI ANTICHITÀ E BELLE ARTI

N. 108.

Oggetto: Monete rinvenute lungo la strada Termini Cerda. Risposta alla nota 25 Gennajo 1869. N. 453.

N. 1 Pezzo da Do 12. 1735

1 Do 6 1705

2 Do 4 1735–1736

1 Do 3 1735

5 Do 2. 1735

1736–1737

1739–1743

A S.S. Illma

Il Sigr Ministro per la pubblica Istruzione in Firenze

Illmo Signore

9 Professor Federico Napoli (1819–1883) was General Secretary of the Ministry of Public Education (January 6, 1866–May 15, 1869).

320 Antonino Crisà

Il Prof. e membro di questa Commissione Sigr Antonino Salinas da me pregato di osservare le monete di argento rinvenutesi lungo la strada da Termini a Cerda, m’informava essere quelle quantunque tuttora circolabili in piazza, pure in uno stato di conservazione da sorprendere, e siccome si dovrà col tempo completare la serie delle monete de’ Re di Sicilia così opinava egli sceglerne alquanti esemplari di diversa coniazione, che faceva mettere in disparte, e che io annoto al margine, e per le quali m’invitava di pregare la S.V.a Illma a voler disporre, che se ne fosse fatta la consegna a questo Museo.

Or io volentieri mi presto alla proposta del ripetuto {2} Sig Salinas, tanto perché divido la di lui opinione circa alla collezione delle monete di Re di Sicilia, quanto perché in fin de conti, e qualunque sarà per essere, quelle monete non altro valore rappresentano che quello di circa ₤ 17.

Dopo l’anzidetto, e nel restituire a cotesto Ministero la nota di quello de lavori pubblici, io son sicuro, che la S.V.a Ill., si degnerà dare gli ordini opportuni per la consegna delle monete suddette, potendo disporre come meglio le parrà delle altre, il di cui merito consiste nel valore del metallo solamente.

Il Presidente

G. Daita

4. ACS, MPI, AA.BB.AA., ver. I, b. 66, headed paper, 1 side

Firenze, addì 20 febb.o 1869

Al Prefetto

Palermo

Prot.o Gen.e N.° 4943 | Div.e 962 | N.o di Posiz.e 49 | N.o di Part.a 948 | Risposta a del 15 febb. | Div.e Sez.e N.o 108

Oggetto: Monete trovate fra Termini e Cerda

Il Ministero dei Lavori Pubblici mi avvertì che erano deposte presso cotesta Prefettura alcune monete trovate negli scavi per la ferrata tra Termini e Cerda

Alcune di esse sono richieste da cotesta Commessione di Antichità e Belle Arti. D’accordo col Ministero predetto prego V.S. di permettere che la Commissione scelga per uso del Museo le monete che le occorrano.

Napoli

An Eighteenth-Century Sicilian Coin Hoard 321

Abbreviations Used in the Archival Documents

{x} progressive page number₤ Italian LiraAA.BB.AA. Antichità e Belle ArtiACS Archivio Centrale dello Stato di Romab. bustaComm CommissioneDiv.e, Div.ne DivisioneDo Diametrofebb., febb.o febbraioFir.o FirmatoGen.e, Gen.le GeneraleIll., Illma IllustrissimaIllmo IllustrissimoMPI Ministero della Pubblica IstruzioneN., N.° NumeroPart.a Partita, PartenzaPosiz.e PosizioneProf. ProfessoreProt.o Protocollos. serieS.S. Sua SignoriaS.V.a, SV Signoria VostraSez.e SezioneSig, Sigr SignorSV Signoria VostraV.S. Vostra Signoriaver. versamento

322 Antonino Crisà

Appendix B: Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Coin Hoards in Sicily10

1. Augusta (Siracusa), “proprietà Volpes,” 1936Date: 1838–1859Composition: 146 silver coinsFerdinand II: 146 piastre (1838–1859)Reference: Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 210

2. Caltagirone (Catania), wall demolition in Francesca Liberto’s house, 1962Date: 1749–1757Composition: 16 gold coinsCharles III: 1 4-ducati

1 doppia oncia14 once

References: Currò Pisanò 1962–1964: 255–257; Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 210.

3. Caltanissetta, unknown context (judicial attachment), 1934Date: 1734–1859. Composition: 44 silver coinsCharles III: 1 piastra (1734–1759)Ferdinand IV: 9 piastre (1759–1805)Ferdinand I: 2 piastre (1816–1825)Ferdinand II: 32 piastre (1830–1859)Reference: Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 211.

4. Campofranco (Caltanissetta), renovation work in a private house, 1965Date: 1826–1863Composition: 75 silver coinsFrancis I: ½ piastra (1826)Ferdinand II: 21 piastre (1834–1857)

12 half-piastre (1834–1847)8 tarì (1836–1856)

Victor Emmanuel II: 33 lira (1860–1863)Reference: Cutroni Tusa 1968: 105–113.

5. Castroreale (Messina), agricultural works at Contrada Serro (December 9, 1934).

Date: 1625–1736.Composition: 46 silver and 2 copper coinsPhilip IV: 1 4 tarì (1625)Doges of Genoa: 1 scudo largo and 1 scudo mezzo largo (1679–1682)Charles II: 1 ducat

10 This list includes only published hoards.

An Eighteenth-Century Sicilian Coin Hoard 323

1 half-ducat, 4 26-grani14 tarì, 2 3-grani (copper) (1691–1699)

Philip V: 1 tarì (1701)Victor Amadeus II: 2 grani (1714–1718)Charles VI: 4 tarì (1715–1733)

6 2-tarì (1731–1733)1 3-tarì (1732)

Charles III: 1 12-tarì (1735)4 6-tarì (1735)1 4-tarì (1735)2 3-tarì (1735)1 2-tarì (1736)

References: Mastelloni 2001: 269–279; Mastelloni 2002: 214–216

6. Delia (Caltanissetta), unknown context, 1931Date: 1734–1799Composition: 4 gold coinsCharles III: 1 4-ducati (1734–1799) 1 6-ducati (1734–1799)The identities of the 2 other coins are unknown.References: Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 212.

7. Messina (Messina), unknown context, 1929Date: 1734–1799Composition: 225 gold coinsCharles III: 16 6-ducati (1734–1759)

6 4-ducati (1734–1759)2 doppie once (1734–1759)4 once (1734–1759)

Ferdinand IV: 184 6-ducati (1759–1799)13 4-ducati (1759–1799)

Reference: Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 215 (here 226 coins are reported)

8. Nicosia (Enna), renovation works in Conti–Campagna’s house, 1965Date: 1805–185711Composition: 65 silver coinsFerdinand IV: 1 piastra (1805)Ferdinand I: 2 piastre (1816, 1825)

11 This date is not so reliable, since M. T. Currò Pisanò describes the material as both “65 monete d’argento, battute dai Borboni nella zecca di Napoli in un arco di tempo che va dal 1805 al 1834” and “Ferdinando II—1830–1859, n. 59 Piastre, anni 1832–1857.”

324 Antonino Crisà

Francis I: 3 piastre (1825)Ferdinand II: 59 piastre (1832–1857)References: Currò Pisanò 1965–1967: 223; Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 217

9. Pettineo (Messina), renovation work in an old house, 1957Date: 1734–1759Composition: 6 gold coinsCharles III: 6 once (1734–1759)Reference: Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 217–218

10. San Filippo del Mela (Messina), demolition of F. Barresi’s private building, 1962

Date: 1747–1857Composition: 111 silver coinsCharles III: 5 piastre (1747–1754)Ferdinand IV: 32 piastre (1785–1801)Francis I: 2 piastre (1825–1826)Ferdinand II: 72 piastre (1832–1857)References: Currò Pisanò 1962–1964: 257–262; Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 220–

221

11. San Piero Patti (Messina), excavation for the new road “S. Piero Patti”, Con-trada Fiumara, Giuseppe Mastrantonio’s property, September 19, 1964

Date: 1793–1855Composition: 5 silver coinsFerdinand IV: 4 piastre (1793–1808)Ferdinand II: 1 piastra (1855)Reference: Currò Pisanò 1965–1967: 222

12. Trecastagni (Catania), unknown context, 1934Date: 1759–1840Composition: 1 gold and 6 silver coinsFerdinand IV: 1 piastra (1759–1799)

1 ducat (1759–1799)Ferdinand I: 1 piastra (1816–1825)Francis I: 1 piastra (1825–1830)Ferdinand II: 2 piastre (1830–1859)Louis Philip I of France: 1 5-francs (1830–1840) Reference: Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 223

13. Tripi (Messina), found in a terracotta vase during the demolition of Carmelo Aveni’s private building, via F. Todaro, September 1950

Date: 1598–1713Composition: 48 silver coins

An Eighteenth-Century Sicilian Coin Hoard 325

Philip III: 15 4-tarì (1598–1621)Philip IV: 29 4-tarì (1621–1665)G. P. Lascaris (Malta): 1 4-tarì (1636–1657)Charles II: 2 4-tarì (1665–1700)Philip V: 1 4-tarì (1701–1713)References: Gentili 1954: 168; Cassarino Tranchina 1995: 22312

14. Tripi (Messina), found in a terracotta vase in Carmelo Aveni’s private prop-erty, May 1952

Date: 1598–1805Composition: 399 silver coinsPhilip III: 130 4-tarì (1598–1621)Philip V: 249 4-tarì (1621–1665)Issuers of Malta: 15 4-tarì (1601–1690)Charles II: 3 4-tarì (1677–1693)Issuers of Genoa: 1 scudoFerdinand IV: 1 3-grani (1799–1805)References: Gentili 1954: 168–169 (reports “421 pezzi d’argento”); Cassarino

Tranchina 1995: 224 (reports “422 AR”)

15. Mazzarrà S. Andrea (Messina), recovered in a small vase, unearthed in Via Vittorio Emanuele no. 84, 86, April 1950

Date: 1722–1746Composition: 11 gold coinsPhilip V: 11 Perù mint 8-escudos (1722–1746)Reference: Gentili 1954: 169

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