An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military ...

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NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Computer Generated STANDARD FORM 298 (Rev 2-89)Prescribed by ANSI Std 239-18298-102

An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations of Selected Western States

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Louis District1222 Spruce Street (CEMVS-PD-C)St. Louis, Missouri 63103-2833

Archaeological Curation-Needs AssessmentTechnical Report No. 20

Available from the U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis (CEMVS-ED-Z)

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

Archaeology, curation, collections management, 36 CFR Part 79, NAGPRA (P.L. 101-601)

Unclassifed Unclassifed Unclassifed UL

753

2000 Final Report

Susan S. Felix, Amy E. Halpin, Kelly L. Holland, Eugene A. Marino, Steve McSween, D. Lynn Murdoch, Julia A.Samerdyke, Kenneth L. Shingleton, and Syvia Yu.

Between April 1996 and July 1997 personnel from the U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis conducted curation needs assessments at all active militaryinstallations in Alaska, Arizona, Colorado, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, Utah, and the District of Columbia. Over 5,000 ft3

of artifacts and over 700 linear feet of associated documentation from archaeological projects conducted on these installations were examined during the courseof the fieldwork. This research was sponsored by the Department of Defense and was coordinated through the office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defensefor Environmental Security.

MIPR2697

Legacy Resource Management Program ProjectReport No. 970376

Legacy Resource Management ProgramOffice of the Deputy Under Secretary of DefenseEnvironmental Quality1225 Old Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1500, Arlington, Virginia 22202

An Archaeological Curation-NeedsAssessments of Military Installationsin Selected Western StatesVolume 2

BySusan S. Felix, Amy E. Halpin, Kelly L. Holland, Eugene A. Marino, Steve McSween,D. Lynn Murdoch, Julia A. Samerdyke, Kenneth L. Shingleton, and Sylvia Yu

Michael K. TrimbleandChristopher B. PulliamSeries Editors

Prepared forDepartment of DefenseOffice of Deputy Under Secretary of Defense, Environmental QualityLegacy Resource Management Program

U.S. Army Engineer District, St. LouisMandatory Center of Expertise for the Curation and Management of Archaeological Collections

Archaeological Curation-Needs AssessmentsTechnical Report No. 202000

iii

Contents

Volume 1

List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... ix

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................... xvii

List of Acryonms .............................................................................................................................................xxiii

Executive Summary ........................................................................................................................................... xv

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Naval Air Station Adak, Alaska ............................................................................................................... 9

3. Clear Air Force Station, Alaska .............................................................................................................. 11

4. Eareckson Air Force Station, Alaska ..................................................................................................... 13

5. Eielson Air Force Base, Alaska .............................................................................................................. 15

6. Fort Greely, Alaska ................................................................................................................................. 19

7. Fort Richardson, Alaska ......................................................................................................................... 23

8. Fort Wainwright, Alaska ......................................................................................................................... 25

9. Harding Lake Recreation Center, Alaska .............................................................................................. 29

10. Kotzebue Military Reservation, Alaska .................................................................................................. 31

11. Fort Huachuca, Arizona .......................................................................................................................... 33

12. Luke Air Force Base and Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range, Arizona .......................................... 45

13. Navajo Army Depot, Arizona ................................................................................................................. 53

14. Williams Air Force Base, Arizona .......................................................................................................... 55

15. Marine Corps Air Station Yuma and Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range, Arizona .......................... 61

16. Yuma Proving Ground, Arizona .............................................................................................................. 65

17. Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Base, Colorado ..................................................................................... 77

18. Falcon Air Force Base, Colorado ........................................................................................................... 79

19. Fitzsimons Army Medical Center, Colorado ........................................................................................... 81

20. Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado ........................................................................................................... 83

21. Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado ........................................................................................................ 85

22. Rocky Mountain Arsenal, Colorado ........................................................................................................ 89

23. U.S. Air Force Academy, Colorado ....................................................................................................... 91

24. Walter Reed Army Medical Center, District of Columbia ...................................................................... 93

25. Naval Air Station Barbers Point, Hawaii ................................................................................................ 95

26. Bellows Air Force Station, Hawaii ......................................................................................................... 99

27. Camp H. M. Smith, Hawaii .................................................................................................................. 107

iv An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

28. Dillingham Military Reservation, Hawaii .............................................................................................. 109

29. Fort DeRussy, Hawaii ............................................................................................................................ 111

30. Fort Kamehameha, Hawaii ................................................................................................................... 115

31. Fort Shafter, Hawaii .............................................................................................................................. 119

32. Radio Station, Helemano, Hawaii ......................................................................................................... 123

33. Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii .......................................................................................................... 125

34. Kaena Point Tracking Station, Hawaii .................................................................................................. 127

35. Kahuku Training Area, Hawaii ............................................................................................................. 129

36. Kawailoa Training Area, Hawaii .......................................................................................................... 131

37. Kipapa Ammunition Storage Area, Hawaii .......................................................................................... 133

38. Naval Magazine, Lualualei, Hawaii ...................................................................................................... 135

39. Makua Military Reservation, Hawaii .................................................................................................... 137

40. Marine Corps Base, Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii ........................................................................................ 141

41. Pacific Missile Range Facility, Barking Sands, Hawaii ........................................................................ 149

42. Naval Complex, Pearl Harbor, Hawaii ................................................................................................. 153

43. Pohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii ......................................................................................................... 157

44. Schofield Barracks, Hawaii .................................................................................................................. 163

45. Waianae Army Recreation Center, Hawaii .......................................................................................... 167

46. Wheeler Army Airfield, Hawaii ............................................................................................................ 171

47. Fort Leavenworth, Kansas ................................................................................................................... 173

48. Sunflower Army Ammunition Plant, Kansas ........................................................................................ 181

49. Fort Polk, Louisiana .............................................................................................................................. 183

50. Louisiana Army Ammunition Plant ....................................................................................................... 197

51. Hawthorne Army Depot, Nevada ........................................................................................................ 201

52. Fort Wingate Army Depot Activity, New Mexico ................................................................................ 203

53. Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico ................................................................................................ 207

54. White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico ........................................................................................... 219

55. Fort Sill, Oklahoma ................................................................................................................................ 237

56. Bergstom Air Force Base, Texas ......................................................................................................... 245

57. Naval Air Station Corpus Christi, Texas ............................................................................................... 247

58. Fort Bliss, Texas ................................................................................................................................... 249

59. Fort Hood, Texas .................................................................................................................................. 267

60. Fort Sam Houston, Texas ...................................................................................................................... 275

61. Naval Station and U.S. Mine Warfare Center, Texas .......................................................................... 281

Table of Contents v

62. Kelly Air Force Base, Texas ................................................................................................................ 283

63. Kingsville Naval Air Station, Texas ...................................................................................................... 285

64. Lackland Air Force Base, Texas .......................................................................................................... 287

65. Laughlin Air Force Base, Texas ........................................................................................................... 289

66. Lonestar Army Ammunition Plant, Texas ............................................................................................ 291

67. Matagorda Island Air Force Range, Texas .......................................................................................... 293

68. Red River Army Depot, Texas ............................................................................................................. 295

69. Reese Air Force Base, Texas ............................................................................................................... 297

70. Dugway Proving Ground, Utah ............................................................................................................. 299

71. Fort Douglas, Utah ................................................................................................................................ 307

72. Hill Air Force Base, Utah ..................................................................................................................... 313

73. Ogden Defense Distribution Depot (Ogden Arsenal), Utah ................................................................ 317

74. Tooele Army Depot, Utah .................................................................................................................... 319

75. Findings Summary ................................................................................................................................. 321

Appendix 1. ................................................................................................................................................. 339

Volume 2

List of Figures ..................................................................................................................................................... ix

List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................... xvii

List of Acryonms .............................................................................................................................................xxiii

1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Agency for Conservation Archaeology, Eastern New Mexico University, Portales ................................ 9

3. Archaeological Consultants of the Pacific, Hawaii ................................................................................ 15

4. Archaeological Research Services, Hawaii ........................................................................................... 19

5. Arizona State Musuem ........................................................................................................................... 23

6. Arizona State University ......................................................................................................................... 33

7. Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hawaii ....................................................................................................... 41

8. Bureau of Land Management, Northern District, Alaska ...................................................................... 51

9. Bureau of Land Management, Phoenix District, Arizona ...................................................................... 57

10. Bureau of Land Management, Salt Lake City, Utah .............................................................................. 63

11. Bureau of Land Management, Yuma District, Arizona .......................................................................... 67

12. Centennial Museum, University of Texas, El Paso ................................................................................. 71

13. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas, San Antonio ............................................... 79

14. Colorado Department of Transportation ................................................................................................. 87

15. Cultural Surveys Hawaii ......................................................................................................................... 91

vi An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

16. Dames & Moore, Utah ........................................................................................................................... 95

17. Delta Chamber of Commerce, Alaska ................................................................................................... 99

18. Garcia and Associates, Hawaii ............................................................................................................. 103

19. Garrow and Associates, North Carolina ............................................................................................... 107

20. Geo-Marine, Texas ................................................................................................................................ 111

21. Gulf South Research Corporation, Louisiana ........................................................................................ 117

22. Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies, University of Nevada, Las Vegas .............................. 121

23. Human Systems Research, Las Cruces, New Mexico ........................................................................ 127

24. Human Systems Research, Tularosa, New Mexico ............................................................................. 133

25. International Archaeological Research Institure, Inc., Hawaii ............................................................. 139

26. Kansas City Museum, Missouri ............................................................................................................ 147

27. Kansas Historical Musuem, Center for Archeological Research ........................................................ 153

28. KEA Environmental, California ............................................................................................................ 159

29. Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico .......................................................... 163

30. Museum of New Mexico, Laboratory of Anthropology, Museum of Indian Arts and Cultureand Archaeological Records Management Section .............................................................................. 171

31. Museum of Northern Arizona ............................................................................................................... 183

32. Museum Texas Tech University ........................................................................................................... 189

33. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, California ............................................................... 195

34. Nevada State Musuem ......................................................................................................................... 201

35. New Mexico State University Museum ............................................................................................... 207

36. New South Associates, Georgia ........................................................................................................... 213

37. Northern Land Use Research, Alaska ................................................................................................. 217

38. Northland Research, Arizona ................................................................................................................ 221

39. Northwestern Louisiana State University ............................................................................................. 225

40. Office of Contract Archaeology, University of New Mexico .............................................................. 231

41. Office of Public Archaeology, Brigham Young University, Utah ......................................................... 237

42. Ogden Environmental and Energy Services, Hawaii ............................................................................ 241

43. Parsons Engineering Science, Virginia ................................................................................................. 247

44. Paul H. Rohendahl, Inc., Hawaii .......................................................................................................... 251

45. Powers Elevation Company, Colorado .................................................................................................. 257

46. Public Services Company, New Mexico .............................................................................................. 261

47. Quivera Research Center, New Mexico .............................................................................................. 265

48. Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants, Utah ....................................................................................... 269

Table of Contents vii

49. San Diego Museum of Man, California ................................................................................................ 275

50. Scientific Consultants Services, Hawaii ............................................................................................... 281

51. Statistical Research, Arizona ................................................................................................................ 285

52. SWCA, Arizona .................................................................................................................................... 291

53. Tetra Tech, California ........................................................................................................................... 295

54. Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory ........................................................................................ 299

55. TRC-Mariah Associates, New Mexico ................................................................................................ 305

56. University of Alaska Museum .............................................................................................................. 311

57. University of Colorado, Colorado Springs ............................................................................................ 321

58. University of Colorado Museum ........................................................................................................... 327

59. University of Denver Museum ............................................................................................................. 335

60. University of Hawaii, Hilo .................................................................................................................... 341

61. University of Kansas, Museum of Anthropology ................................................................................. 347

62. U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque, New Mexico ................................................................... 353

63. U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore, Maryland ............................................................................. 357

64. U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles, California ......................................................................... 361

65. U.S. Army Engineer District, Pacific Ocean Division, Honolulu, Hawaii ............................................ 365

66. U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento, California .......................................................................... 369

67. Utah Division of State History .............................................................................................................. 373

68. Utah Geological Survey ........................................................................................................................ 381

69. Utah Museum of Natural History ......................................................................................................... 387

70. Weber State University ......................................................................................................................... 393

71. Wilderness Park Museum ..................................................................................................................... 399

ix

List of Figures

Volume 1

Figure 1. View of the exterior of the Natural Resources building at Eielson Air Force Base. .................. 16

Figure 2. Building 22330 is a 900 square foot adobe building constructed in 1884; it originallyserved as a magazine. .................................................................................................................. 34

Figure 3. Building 90322 on post, formerly part of a water treatment plant, is being renovated toserve as a curation facility. .......................................................................................................... 34

Figure 4. Acidic cardboard boxes of artifacts are stored on unsealed wooden shelves temporarilyin Building 22330. ......................................................................................................................... 36

Figure 5. Records from Fort Huachua archaeological projects in Building 22330. ..................................... 37

Figure 6. Building 302 on Luke Air Force Base houses the Environmental Impact Analysis Section. ...... 46

Figure 7. Although Williams Air Force Base is no longer an active military installation,archaeological collections are still housed in the headquarters building on base. ........................ 56

Figure 8. Archaeological collections remain in a display case in the headquarters building. ...................... 57

Figure 9. The Directorate of Environmental Sciences building houses archaeological artifactsand associated documentation. ..................................................................................................... 66

Figure 10. Yuma Proving Ground artifacts on display in the main headquarters building. ............................ 66

Figure 11. Associated project records are on file in the GPI trailer on Yuma Proving Ground. .................. 68

Figure 12. Front exterior of the Frontier Army Museum at Fort Leavenworth. ......................................... 178

Figure 13. The museum is monitored with security cameras. ..................................................................... 179

Figure 14. Artifacts are stored in acid-free cardboard box, plastic boxes, and loose on shelves in asteel cabinet. ............................................................................................................................... 180

Figure 15. Building 2531 serves as a curation facility on Fort Polk. ........................................................... 188

Figure 16. Artifacts are housed in cardboard boxes stored on metal shelving units in Building 2531 ........ 190

Figure 17. Special artifacts and type collection are stored in a flat file cabinet. ......................................... 190

Figure 18. Headquarters building of the 377th Air Base Wing, Kirtland Air Force Base housesthe office of the Environmental Management Section. .............................................................. 212

Figure 19. Building T-149 (repository 1), originally build as WWII temporary barracks, presentlyhouses the offices of the Natural and Cultural Resources Division. ......................................... 224

Figure 20. Building 1851 (repository 2), a concrete excess storage structure, houses prehistoricand historic artifacts as well as a variety of equipment. ............................................................ 225

Figure 21. Historic artifacts on exhibition in the Museum and Gift Shop on post. ...................................... 225

Figure 22. Large historic artifacts are housed with excess equipment in Building 1851. ........................... 226

Figure 23. The Quartermaster Granary on Fort Sill has been converted to serve as anartifact repository. ...................................................................................................................... 242

Figure 24. Artifacts are housed in cardboard boxes on steel shelving units. .............................................. 243

x An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

Figure 25. A variety of secondary containers are used in box #GM54. ..................................................... 244

Figure 26. The Fort Bliss Environmental Center (FBEC) is housed in Building 624 which wasoriginally constructed as a calvary stable in 1939. ..................................................................... 254

Figure 27. Collections are housed on steel shelving units in a variety of primary containers including woodendrawers and acid-free cardboard boxes. ................................................................................... 256

Figure 28. Macrobotanical samples are housed in small acid-free cardboard boxes within largeracid-free cardboard boxes, one of the many types of primary containers used at FBEC. ....... 256

Figure 29. Collections are housed in a walk-in freezer that has been converted into a storage room. ...... 272

Figure 30. Collections are housed in standard-sized boxes on metal storage units in thecollections room. ......................................................................................................................... 273

Figure 31. Exterior of the Fort Sam Houston Military Museum. ................................................................ 280

Figure 32. Primary container and loose artifact on the bottom shelf of the storage unit. Archivalsupplies are stored on the shelf directly above the artifacts. ..................................................... 305

Figure 33. Fort Douglas Military Museum exterior view looking east. ....................................................... 312

Volume 2

Figure 1. The office of ACA is located in Quay Hall on the campus ofEastern New Mexico University. ................................................................................................. 10

Figure 2. A corrugated metal and wood warehouse is used for collections storage of anthropologicalcollections at ACA ....................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 3. Collections are housed in a metal out-building at Archaeological Consultants of the Pacific. .... 16

Figure 4. Wooden storage units hold boxed collections and supplies in the collectionsstorage building. ............................................................................................................................ 16

Figure 5. A cinder-block building with a flat roof houses the offices of ArchaeologicalResearch Services. ...................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 6. ARS housed associated documentation from projects constructed on severalmilitary installations in Arizona. .................................................................................................... 20

Figure 7. Catalogued collections are housed in the North Building in acidic cardboard boxesin metal drawers in a metal cabinet. ............................................................................................ 26

Figure 8. An acidic cardboard box labeled directly in marker and with a printed paper label gluedto the box holds collections from Luke AFB. .............................................................................. 27

Figure 9. Boxes of negatives are stored on metal shelves in the photograph collection storeroom. .......... 28

Figure 10. The Matthews Center on the campus of Arizona State University houses artifactcollections from Williams AFB. .................................................................................................... 34

Figure 11. The Anthropology Building on the campus of Arizona State University houses associateddocumentation for archaeological work conducted on Williams AFB. ........................................ 34

Figure 12. Artifact collections from Williams AFB are stored in cardboard boxes on the floor andon a steel shelving unit in the Matthews Center. ......................................................................... 36

Figure 13. Halekini Hall (Repository 1) is a warehouse style building which houses oversized objectsas well as archaeological collections. ........................................................................................... 42

List of Figures xi

Figure 14. Konia Hall (Repository 2) houses offices, laboratories, and collection storage rooms. ............... 42

Figure 15. Exterior view of Bishop Hall (Repository 3). ............................................................................... 42

Figure 16. Collection storage room, units, and primary containers in Repository 1. ..................................... 44

Figure 17. Waianae Army Recreation Center collections are temporarily located in the archaeologylaboratory in Repository 3. ........................................................................................................... 47

Figure 18. Exterior view of the entrance to the BLM Northern District Office. ......................................... 51

Figure 19. The metal drawer is the primary container for artifacts and associated documentation fromFort Wainwright. Secondary containers for the artifacts consist of manila envelopes andplastic bags. .................................................................................................................................. 53

Figure 20. The BLM Phoenix Office holds several artifacts and associated documentation fromthe Barry M. Goldwater Range. .................................................................................................. 57

Figure 21. A projectile point and ceramic vessel collected from the Barry M. Goldwater Range arehoused in this museum quality cabinet in the BLM Field Office. ................................................ 59

Figure 22. View of the exterior of the BLM Salt Lake City Field Office building. ...................................... 63

Figure 23. The offices of the BLM Yuma Field Office. ............................................................................... 67

Figure 24. Records from an archaeological project conducted on Yuma Proving Ground. .......................... 68

Figure 25. The Centennial Museum is located on the campus of the University of Texas, El Paso. ........... 71

Figure 26. Acidic cardboard boxes serve as primary containers for Fort Bliss collections at theCentennial Museum. ..................................................................................................................... 73

Figure 27. Loading dock and entrance of the Center for Archaeological Research,University of Texas, San Antonio. ................................................................................................ 79

Figure 28. Exterior view of CDOT. ............................................................................................................... 87

Figure 29. Exterior of the Cultural Surveys Hawaii repository. .................................................................... 91

Figure 30. All the collections from Fort Kamehameha and Waianae Army Recreation Centerthat are housed at Cultural Surveys Hawaii are shown on the table. .......................................... 92

Figure 31. View of the exterior of the office building where Dames and Moore is located. ........................ 96

Figure 32. Exterior view of the temporary storage facility for the artifact collections fromFort Greely’s Sullivan Roadhouse. ............................................................................................... 99

Figure 33. Selected historical-period artifacts from Fort Greely’s Sullivan Roadhousecollection that will be placed on display in the Roadhouse. ....................................................... 101

Figure 34. Exterior of the building where Garcia and Associates is located. ............................................. 104

Figure 35. Collections from Department of Defense installations are housed on wooden shelves. ........... 104

Figure 36. Garrow and Associates has numerous offices including one in Raleigh, North Carolina. ........ 108

Figure 37. Fort Bliss collections housed in acidic cardboard boxes at Geo-Marine. .................................. 113

Figure 38. The offices of Gulf South Research Corporation. ..................................................................... 117

Figure 39. Collections that enter the GSRC building are temporarily stored in the laboratory untilthey are processed and sent to a designated repository for permanent curation. ...................... 118

xii An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

Figure 40. Front view of the Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies at theUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas. ............................................................................................. 121

Figure 41. Overview of the collections storage area at the Harry Reid Center of EnvironmentalStudies. Note the ceiling, lighting and storage units. .................................................................. 123

Figure 42. Human Systems Research in Las Cruces rents 16 rooms on the second floor of abuilding in the Santa Teresa Plaza. ............................................................................................ 127

Figure 43. Boxed collections as well as large loose artifacts from WSMR are stored on woodenshelves in the offices of Human Systems Research. ................................................................. 129

Figure 44. The Human Systems Research office in Tularosa is located in an adobe and stuccobuilding with a clay tile roof . ..................................................................................................... 133

Figure 45. An interior view of Human Systems Research in Tularosa; the space is used as bothan office area and laboratory area. ............................................................................................ 135

Figure 46. Exterior view of the James M. Chrone Building ........................................................................ 140

Figure 47. Exterior view of Building J, where IARII rents space to house their collections. .................... 140

Figure 48. A hallway in Building J, the self storage building in which IARII. rent storage spacefor artifact collections. ................................................................................................................ 141

Figure 49. Archival boxes are used to hold collections in Building J. ......................................................... 142

Figure 50. Associated project records are stored on shelving units in the administrative officesin the James M. Chrone Building. .............................................................................................. 143

Figure 51. Exterior of the Kansas City Museum’s Annex Administration building. ................................... 148

Figure 52. Interior entrance to the storage space within the Downtown UndergroundDock “cave” system. ................................................................................................................. 148

Figure 53. Collections from Sunflower AAP are stored in cardboard boxes on woodenshelving units in the Downtown Underground Docks. ............................................................... 150

Figure 54. The Kansas Historical Museum Center for Archaeological Research building iscement with a standing seam roof. ............................................................................................ 153

Figure 55. Shelved boxes of archaeological collections. ............................................................................. 155

Figure 56. Exterior of the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology (Repository 1) on the campus of theUniversity of New Mexico. The building houses the museum as well as the anthropologydepartment. ................................................................................................................................. 164

Figure 57. A warehouse (Repository 2) that holds collections of the Maxwell Museum of Anthropologyhas a key locked door and a large metal overhead loading door, both wired to the campussecurity. ...................................................................................................................................... 164

Figure 58. Acidic cardboard boxes are housed on metal and unsealed wood shelving units inthe warehouse (Repository 2) of the Maxwell Museum. A lift is used to retrieve boxesfrom upper shelves. .................................................................................................................... 166

Figure 89. The anthropology building and administrative offices are part of the Museum ofNorthern Arizona complex. ........................................................................................................ 183

Figure 60. Collections from Williams AFB are stored in plastic bags in a cardboard box. ......................... 185

List of Figures xiii

Figure 61. The building that houses the Museum Texas Tech University was originally constructedin 1970 with an addition made in 1990. ...................................................................................... 189

Figure 62. Collections from Reese AFB are stored in three drawers of a metal cabinet,the drawers are lined with Ethafoam and collections are housed in plasticzip-lock bags and acid-free cardboard boxes. ............................................................................ 191

Figure 63. Collections from Fort Bliss are housed on open metal shelving in Collections StorageArea 1. Boards are attached across the front of the units as earthquake protection. .............. 197

Figure 64. Wooden drawers hold artifact collections from Fort Bliss in Collections Storage Area 1. ....... 198

Figure 65. The Indian Hills Annex of the Nevada State Museum. ............................................................. 202

Figure 66. Exterior of Kent Hall (Repository 1) which houses the New Mexico State UniversityMuseum in Las Cruces. ............................................................................................................. 208

Figure 67. An off-site storage facility used to house collections from New Mexico State University(Repository 2); the open bays indicate the areas used by the museum. .................................... 208

Figure 68. A metal storage unit with drawers houses small artifacts with paper and plasticenvelopes as primary containers. A hygrothermograph on the unit monitors bothtemperature and relative humidity. ............................................................................................. 209

Figure 69. New South Associates offices are located in an 87-year-old wooden structure. ...................... 213

Figure 70. Collections are stored in a variety of secondary containers on steel shelving units. ................. 214

Figure 71. Front view of the exterior of the building where Northern Land Use Researchoffices are located. ..................................................................................................................... 217

Figure 72. The offices of Northland Research. ........................................................................................... 221

Figure 73. Collections from Yuma Proving Ground are housed in acidic cardboard boxes onmetal shelves. ............................................................................................................................. 222

Figure 74. Kyser Hall, where the Department of Social Services is located and archaeologicalcollections are housed. ............................................................................................................... 226

Figure 75. Artifacts are stored in a variety of acidic cardboard boxes on wooden shelving units inRoom 215A in Kyser Hall. ......................................................................................................... 227

Figure 76. The Office of Contract Archaeology, University of New Mexico is located in a buildingoriginally constructed as a tire dealership. ................................................................................. 231

Figure 77. Plastic zip-lock bags are used as secondary containers for artifacts; some artifacts areadditionally packed in aluminum foil and a whole ceramic pot is packed in a cardboardbox. Original field tags and envelopes are stored with the artifacts. ......................................... 233

Figure 78. Side view of the exterior of the Museum of Peoples and Culture building, which is thelocation of the Office of Public Archaeology. ............................................................................ 237

Figure 79. Ogden Environmental and Energy Service’s main office is located in a building formerlypart of the Dole pineapple cannery. ........................................................................................... 242

Figure 80. Boxed collections as well as field equipment are stored collectively in a storeroom. ............... 243

Figure 81. Parsons Engineering Science is a private contract engineering firm that conductswork for various Department of Defense installations. ............................................................. 247

xiv An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

Figure 82. Collections from Lackland AFB in Texas are housed in acid-free cardboard boxesin the laboratory at Parsons Engineering. .................................................................................. 249

Figure 83. The building (Repository 1) in which PHRI rents office space. ................................................ 252

Figure 84. PHRI rents office space in this building (Repository 2) which is part of ashopping mall. ............................................................................................................................. 252

Figure 85. Collections in Repository 2 are stored on wooden shelves. The windows in thisrepository have steel bars on the outside and are not filtered against ultraviolet radiation. ....... 254

Figure 86. Exterior view of the building where Powers Elevation offices are located. .............................. 258

Figure 87. Public Service Company of New Mexico headquarters building is located indowntown Albuquerque. ............................................................................................................ 261

Figure 88. Quivera Research Center is operated from a private residence. .............................................. 265

Figure 89. Exterior view of Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants’ office building. ................................. 269

Figure 90. Shelving units housing military record collections at Sagebrush ArchaeologicalConsultants’ off-site storage facility. The off-site facility has corrugated metal walls. ............ 272

Figure 91. Whole vessels are housed on metal and pressed wood shelving units in Laboratory 4(Collections Storage Area 2). ..................................................................................................... 277

Figure 92. Large ground stone artifacts are housed in Laboratory 5 annex (CSA 4). ............................... 277

Figure 93. Department of Defense collections are housed on steel and wood shelves inthe offices of Scientific Consultant Services. ............................................................................ 283

Figure 94. Statistical Research has offices, a laboratory, and a warehouse. .............................................. 286

Figure 95. Archaeological collections are boxed and housed on metal shelving units; processingand field equipment share the space. ......................................................................................... 287

Figure 96. Collections generated from Fort Huachuca are stored in plastic zip-lock bags in acidiccardboard boxes. ........................................................................................................................ 287

Figure 97. The offices of SWCA, Inc. are located in a Flagstaff in a former federal building. ................. 291

Figure 98. Collections are stored in acidic cardboard on wooden shelves in thearcheological laboratory. ............................................................................................................. 292

Figure 99. Artifact packaging at SWCA, Inc. includes cardboard boxes and nested acidicpaper bags secured with rubber bands. ..................................................................................... 293

Figure 100. A conference room is temporarily used to house associated documentation. ........................... 296

Figure 101. Building 5 (Repository 1) is located on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin;it formerly served as a munitions factory. .................................................................................. 300

Figure 102. Building 33 (Repository 2) on the J. J. Pickle Research Campus is a corrugated metalbuilding devoted to artifact and equipment storage. ................................................................... 300

Figure 103. The offices of TRC-Mariah Associates, Inc. are located in an industrial park on thenortheast side of Albuquerque. .................................................................................................. 306

Figure 104. Large groundstone and boxed collections are stored on metal and pressed woodshelving units in the storage room of TRC-Mariah Associates. ................................................ 307

List of Figures xv

Figure 105. Exterior view of the University of Alaska Museum in Fairbanks. ............................................ 312

Figure 106. View of the archaeology collections storage area showing both the stationary shelvingunits and the front panels for the five rows or nine ranges of the electric sliding-trackcompact storage unit. ................................................................................................................. 314

Figure 107. Exterior view of Dwire Hall, the location of the archaeology department at theUniversity of Colorado, Colorado Springs. ................................................................................. 321

Figure 108. Wooden shelving storage unit for artifact and record collections fromthe USAF Academy. .................................................................................................................. 322

Figure 109. Exterior view of the Henderson Building used for the University of Colorado Museum. ......... 328

Figure 110. Artifact collections for multiple military installations are stored in metal drawerstorage units. .............................................................................................................................. 330

Figure 111. The primary and secondary containers for the artifact collections from multiplemilitary collections. ..................................................................................................................... 330

Figure 112. Department of Defense collections are housed in Building 333 on the campus ofthe University of Hawaii at Hilo. ............................................................................................... 341

Figure 113. Collections from Pohakuloa Training Area are stored in a variety of acidic cardboardboxes and paper bags in a metal storage unit. ........................................................................... 343

Figure 114. Exterior of the Museum of Anthropology Building. ................................................................... 347

Figure 115. Artifacts are processed in the storage room. ............................................................................. 349

Figure 116. Artifacts are labeled directly in ink and housed in a plastic zip-lock bag; a label isalso inserted in the bag with the artifacts. .................................................................................. 349

Figure 117. The U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque headquarters was constructed in 1995. ........ 354

Figure 118. Project records for Fort Wingate are stored within a fenced and locked area of anexcess storage room. ................................................................................................................. 355

Figure 119. Archaeological collections, including ones generated from Walter Reed Medical Center,are housed in a storage facility constructed circa 1950. ............................................................ 357

Figure 120. The collections storage area is partitioned off from the rest of the building with plywoodwalls and a locking door. ............................................................................................................ 358

Figure 121. The U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles has offices in a large downtownoffice building. ............................................................................................................................ 362

Figure 122. Office of the U.S. Army Engineer District, Pacific Ocean Division are temporarilyhoused in Building T-1 at Fort Shafter. ...................................................................................... 365

Figure 123. Utah Division of State History exterior view looking northwest. .............................................. 373

Figure 124. Overview of collections storage area. Enameled metal shelving units house someof the Utah Test and Training/Hill AFB collections. .................................................................. 375

Figure 125. View of the freezer interior showing primary and secondary containers for artifactsfrom Utah Test and Training/Hill AFB. ..................................................................................... 376

Figure 126. Exterior view of the Utah Department of Natural Resources building. The building hasnatural light reflectors located above the windows. ................................................................... 382

xvi An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

Figure 127. Collections Storage Aarea 1 and the artifact processing area. Artifacts from DugwayProving Ground are located in this area. .................................................................................... 383

Figure 128. View of the exterior of the Utah Museum of Natural History. ................................................. 387

Figure 129. Exterior view of the Social Sciences building on Weber State University, which is thelocation of the archaeology laboratory. ...................................................................................... 394

Figure 130. Artifact collections for Utah Test and Training/Hill AFB are located in theCollections Storage Area 1, a large vault. .................................................................................. 395

Figure 131. The El Paso Archaeological Society has offices and laboratory space at theWilderness Park Museum. ......................................................................................................... 399

Figure 132. Collections from Fort Bliss have acidic cardboard boxes as primary containersand plastic zip-lock bags as secondary containers. .................................................................... 401

xvii

List of Tables

Volume 1

Table 1. Military Installations and Subinstallations Investigated in the Department ofDefense Curation Assessment Project (FY95), Listed by State .................................................. xiv

Table 2. Military Installations Investigated in Other St. Louis District CurationAssessments Projects .................................................................................................................. xvii

Table 3. Types and Frequencies of Facilities Curating Military Collections .............................................. xviii

Table 4. Department of Defense Archaeological Collections Summary(by State of Installation Location) ................................................................................................ xix

Table 5. Department of Defense Archaeological Collections Summary(by State of Facility Location) ....................................................................................................... xx

Table 6. Department of Defense Archaeological Collections Summary (by Service) ................................ xx

Table 7. Volume and Minimum Number of Individuals (MNI) of Human Skeletal RemainsRecovered from Department of Defense Installations ................................................................. xxi

Table 8. Previously Unassessed Archaeological Materials and Records Located During theDepartment of Defense (Legacy 95) Project ............................................................................. xxx

Table 9. Percentage of Material Classes Present in the Fort Huachuca Collection ................................... 36

Table 10. Prehistoric Material Classes Present in the Collection on Display atWilliams Air Force Base ................................................................................................................ 57

Table 11. Material Classes in the Archaeological Collections Housed at the Frontier Army Museum,Fort Leavenworth ........................................................................................................................ 180

Table 12. Material Classes in the Fort Polk Artifact Collections Housed at the Fort PolkEnvironmental Learning Center ................................................................................................... 190

Table 13. Primary Container Types by Volume Housed at the Fort Polk EnvironmentalLearning Center ........................................................................................................................... 191

Table 14. Material Classes Presented at White Sands Missile Range ........................................................ 226

Table 15. Material Classes in the Fort Sill Collection .................................................................................. 243

Table 16. Percentages of Material Classes in the Archaeological Collections Housed at theFort Bliss Environmental Center .................................................................................................. 256

Table 17. Secondary Container Types at the Fort Bliss Environmental Center .......................................... 257

Table 18. Percentages of Material Classes in the Fort Hood Archaeological Collections .......................... 273

Table 19. Percentages of Material Classes Housed at the Fort Sam Houston Military Museum .............. 281

Table 20. Material Classes in the Archaeological Collections Housed at Dugway Proving Grounds ........ 305

Table 21. Percentages of Secondary Containers Present in the Archeological Collections Housed atDugway Proving Grounds ............................................................................................................ 306

Table 22. Historic Material Classes in the Archaeological Collections Housed at the Fort DouglasMilitary Museum .......................................................................................................................... 313

xviii An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

Table 23. Facilities and Numbers of Repositories Housing Archaeological Collections fromDepartment of Defense Installations ........................................................................................... 322

Table 24. Repositories Holding Department of Defense Archaeological Collections and Quantitiesof Collections ............................................................................................................................... 324

Table 25. Types and Frequencies of Facilities Curating Department of DefenseArchaeological Collections ........................................................................................................... 330

Table 26. Presence/Absence of Infrastructure Controls at Repositories Housing Department ofDefense Archeological Collections .............................................................................................. 331

Table 27. Percentages of Secondary Containers Housing Department of DefenseArcheological Collections ............................................................................................................. 334

Table 28. Percentages of Material Classes Present in the Department of DefenseArchaeological Collections ........................................................................................................... 334

Volume 2

Table 1. Summary of DoD Documentation Present at the Archaeological Consultantsof the Pacific (in linear inches) ...................................................................................................... 17

Table 2. Summary of DoD Documentation Present at the ARS (in linear inches) ..................................... 21

Table 3. Summary of DoD Archaeological Materials Housed at ASM ...................................................... 23

Table 4. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at the Arizona State Museum .................. 26

Table 5. Summary of Secondary Containers Used to House DoD Collections at ASM ............................ 27

Table 6. Summary of DoD Documentation Housed at ASM (in linear inches) ......................................... 28

Table 7. Summary of Material Classes in the Williams AFB Archaeological Collectionsat Arizona State University ............................................................................................................ 36

Table 8. Summary of Secondary Containers Present in the Williams AFB ArcheologicalCollections at Arizona State University ......................................................................................... 37

Table 9. Volume of Artifact and Record Collections Housed at the Bishop Museum ................................ 42

Table 10. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections Housed at the Bishop Museumby Installation ................................................................................................................................. 45

Table 11. Summary of Secondary Containers Used to Store Department of Defense Collectionsby Volume in Each Repository ....................................................................................................... 46

Table 12. Human Skeletal Remains at the Bishop Museum Associated with DoD Installations .................. 47

Table 13. Summary of Prehistoric Material Classes in the Fort Wainwright ArchaeologicalCollections at the BLM Northern District Office .......................................................................... 53

Table 14. Summary of Material Classes in the BMGR Collections at the BLM Phoenix Field Office ........ 59

Table 15. Summary of BMGR Documentation at the BLM Phoenix Office ................................................ 60

Table 16. Volume of DoD Archaeological Materials Housed at Centennial Museum .................................. 72

Table 17. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Archaeological Collections at Centennial Museum ... 74

Table 18. Summary of Secondary Container for DoD Collections at the Centennial Museum .................... 74

List of Tables xix

Table 19. Volume of DoD Archaeological Materials at CAR ....................................................................... 80

Table 20. Summary of DoD Archaeological Collections at CAR ................................................................. 82

Table 21. Summary of DoD Documentation in Linear Feet at CAR ............................................................ 83

Table 22. Summary of DoD Documentation in Linear Inches at the CDOT ............................................... 89

Table 23. Volume of Archaeological Materials from DoD Installations Housed atCultural Surveys Hawaii ................................................................................................................ 92

Table 24. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at the Cultural Surveys Hawaii ............... 93

Table 25. Summary of DoD Documentation at the Cultural Surveys Hawaii .............................................. 93

Table 26. Summary of Material Classes in the Dugway Proving Ground Collectionsat Dames and Moore ..................................................................................................................... 96

Table 27. Summary of Historic Material Classes in the Fort Greely Sullivan RoadhouseCollection at the Delta Chamber of Commerce .......................................................................... 101

Table 28. Volume of Archaeological Materials from DoD Installations Housed atGarcia and Associates ................................................................................................................. 103

Table 29. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Archaeological Collections Housed atGarcia and Associates ................................................................................................................. 105

Table 30. Summary of DoD Documentation at Garcia and Associates ...................................................... 105

Table 31. Summary of Material Classes in the NAS Corpus Christi Archaeological Collectionsat Garrow and Associates ........................................................................................................... 109

Table 32. Volume of DoD Archaeological Materials at Geo-Marine ........................................................... 111

Table 33. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at Geo-Marine ....................................... 112

Table 34. Summary of DoD Documentation at Geo-Marine ...................................................................... 113

Table 35. Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Polk Collections at GSRC. ........................................ 119

Table 36. Summary of Material Classes in the Hawthorne AAP Collections at theHarry Reid Center for Environmental Studies ............................................................................. 123

Table 37. Summary of Material Classes in the WSMR Collections at Human SystemsResearch Offices ......................................................................................................................... 128

Table 38. Summary of Secondary Containers in the WSMR Collections atHuman Systems Research ........................................................................................................... 130

Table 39. Summary of Material Classes in WSMR Collections at Human Systems Research .................. 135

Table 40. Volume of DoD Archeological Collections Housed at IARII ..................................................... 140

Table 41. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at IARII ................................................. 142

Table 42. Summary of Secondary Containers in the DoD Collections at IARII ........................................ 142

Table 43. Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation at IARII .................................................... 144

Table 44. Summary of Material Classes in the Sunflower AAP Collections atthe Kansas City Museum............................................................................................................. 150

xx An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

Table 45. Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Leavenworth Collections atthe Kansas Historical Museum .................................................................................................... 155

Table 46. Summary of Material Classes in the MCAS Yuma Collections at KEA Environmental ............ 160

Table 47. Summary of Material Classes in the WSMR Collections at the Maxwell Museum ................... 164

Table 48. Summary of Secondary Containers in DoD Collections at the Maxwell Museum ..................... 167

Table 49. Volume of Archaeological Materials by Installation Located at theMuseum of Indian Arts and Culture ............................................................................................ 172

Table 50. Summary of Material Classes by Installation at the Museum of New Mexico .......................... 172

Table 51. Summary of Secondary Containers for DoD Collections at the Museum ofNew Mexico by Repository ......................................................................................................... 177

Table 52. Summary of DoD Documentation at the Archaeological Records Management Section .......... 178

Table 53. Summary of Material Classes in the Williams AFB Collection at theMusuem of Northern Arizona ...................................................................................................... 185

Table 54. Summary of Material Classes in the Reese AFB Archaeological Collectionsat the Museum Texas Tech University ........................................................................................ 191

Table 55. Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Bliss Archaeological Collectionsat the Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County ............................................................. 196

Table 56. Summary of Secondary Containers Present in the Fort Bliss Collections atthe Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County ................................................................. 198

Table 57. Summary of Material Classesin the WSMR Collections at theNew Mexico State University Museum ...................................................................................... 208

Table 58. Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Polk Archaeological Collections atNew South Associates ................................................................................................................. 214

Table 59. Major Classes of DoD Documentation at the Northern Land Use Research ............................ 219

Table 60. Summary of Material Classes in the Yuma Proving Ground Collectionsat Northland Research ................................................................................................................. 222

Table 61. Volume of Archaeological Collections at NSU............................................................................ 225

Table 62. Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Polk and Louisiana AAP Collectionsat Northwestern State University ................................................................................................ 226

Table 63. Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Wingate Army Depot Collection at OCA ................. 233

Table 64. Summary of Secondary Containers in Fort Wingate Collections at OCA ................................... 234

Table 65. Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation at the Office of Public Archaeology ........ 238

Table 66. Volume of Artifacts from DoD Installations at Ogden Environmental andEnergy Services ........................................................................................................................... 241

Table 67. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Archaeological CollectionsatOgden Environmental and Energy Services ................................................................................ 243

Table 68. Summary of DoD Documentation at Ogden Environmental and Energy Services ..................... 244

Table 69. Volume of DoD Archaeological Collections at PHRI ................................................................. 251

List of Tables xxi

Table 70. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at PHRI ................................................. 253

Table 71. Summary of Secondary Containers in DoD Collections at PHRI ............................................... 254

Table 72. Major Classes of Documentation by Installation at PHRI (in linear inches) ............................... 255

Table 73. Major Classes of Documentation by Installation at Powers Elevation Company ....................... 257

Table 74. Major Classes of Documentation by Installation at Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants ..... 270

Table 75. Summary of Prehistoric Material Classes in the Yuma Proving Ground Collectionsat the San Diego Museum of Man ............................................................................................... 277

Table 76. Volume of Artifacts from DoD Installations at Scientific Consultants Services ......................... 281

Table 77. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Archaeological Collections atScientific Consultants Services .................................................................................................... 282

Table 78. Summary of Major Classes of Documentation by Installation at theScientific Consultants Services .................................................................................................... 283

Table 79. Volume of Artifact and Record Collections at Statistical Research by Installation .................... 285

Table 80. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at Statistical Research ........................... 287

Table 81. Summary of Secondary Containers Used to House the DoD Collectionsat Statistical Research ................................................................................................................. 288

Table 82. Summary of Major Classes of Documentation by Installation Housed atStatistical Research ...................................................................................................................... 288

Table 83. Summary of Material Classes in the Navajo Army Depot Collections at SWCA ...................... 292

Table 84. Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation by Installation at Tetra Tech .................... 296

Table 85. DoD Collections by Installation Housed at TARL ...................................................................... 299

Table 86. Summary of Material Classes from DoD Installations in TARL Building 5 ............................... 302

Table 87. Summary of Material Classes from DoD Installations in TARL Building 33 ............................. 302

Table 88. Summary of Material Classes in the Kirtland AFB Collections at TRC-Mariah Associates ..... 305

Table 89. Summary of Secondary Containers in DoD Collections at TRC-Mariah Associates ................. 307

Table 90. Volume of Collections by Installation at the University of Alaska Museum ............................... 311

Table 91. Summary of Material Classes Present in the Military Archaeological Collectionsat the University of Alaska Museum ........................................................................................... 314

Table 92. Summary of Secondary Containers in the DoD Collections at theUniversity of Alaska Museum ..................................................................................................... 315

Table 93. Summary of DoD Documentation by Installation at the University of Alaska Museum ............ 316

Table 94. Summary of Material Classes in the USAF Academy Archaeological Collectionsat the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs ......................................................................... 323

Table 95. Summary of Secondary Containers in the USAF Academy ArchaeologicalCollections at the University of Colorado, Colorado Springs ....................................................... 323

Table 96. Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation by Installation at theUniversity of Colorado, Colorado Springs .................................................................................. 324

xxii An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

Table 97. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Archaeological Collections at theUniversity of Colorado Museum .................................................................................................. 329

Table 98. Summary of Secondary Containers in the DoD Artifacts at theUniversity of Colorado Museum .................................................................................................. 330

Table 99. Volume of Military Archaeological Collections Housed at the University of DenverMuseum........................................................................................................................................ 335

Table 100. Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Archaeological Collections atthe University of Denver Museum .............................................................................................. 337

Table 101. Summary of Associated Documentationat the University of Denver Museum .......................... 337

Table 102. Summary of Material Classes in the Pohakula Training Area Collectionsat the University of Hawaii, Hilo ................................................................................................. 342

Table 103. Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Leavenworth Archaeological Collectionsat the Museum of Anthropology .................................................................................................. 349

Table 104. Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documents at the Museum of Anthropology .................... 350

Table 105. Summary of Historic Material Classes in the Walter Reed Army Medical CenterArchaeological Collections at the U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore ................................ 358

Table 106. Summary of Associated Documentation at the U.S. Army Engineer District,Los Angeles ................................................................................................................................. 361

Table 107. Summary of Major Classes of Documentation by Installation at the U.S. ArmyEngineer District, Pacific Ocean Division ................................................................................... 367

Table 108. Summary of Historic Material Classes in the Utah Test and Training/Hill AFBArchaeological Collections at the Utah Division of State History ............................................... 376

Table 109. Volume of DoD Archeological Collections at the Utah Geological Survey ................................ 381

Table 110. Summary of Material Classes in the Archaeological Collections at theUtah Geological Survey ............................................................................................................... 382

Table 111. Summary of Secondary Containers in Military Collections at the Utah Geological Survey ........ 384

Table 112. Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation by Installation atthe Utah Geological Survey ......................................................................................................... 384

Table 113. Summary of Material Classes in the Utah Test and Training/Hill AFB ArchaeologicalCollections at Weber State University ......................................................................................... 394

Table 114. Summary of Secondary Containers Present in the Utah Test and Training/Hill AFB Artifact Collections at Weber State University ............................................................ 396

Table 115. Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Bliss Archaeological Collections atthe Wilderness Park Museum ...................................................................................................... 401

Table 116. Summary of Secondary Containers at Wilderness Park Museum .............................................. 402

xxiii

List of Acroymns

AAF Army Air Field

AAP Army Ammunition Plant

AEC Army Environmental Center

AFB Air Force Base

AFR Air Force Range

AFS Air Force Station

ARC Army Recreation Center

BLM Bureau of Land Management

BRAC Base Realignment and Closure Act

CRM Cultural Resource Management

DoD Department of Defense

DoE Department of Energy

DoT Department of Transportation

EFA Engineering Field Activity

EPA Environmental Protection Agency

FORSCOM U.S. Army Forces Command

IPM Integrated Pest Management

HQ Headquarters

HVAC heating, ventilation, and air conditioning

MCAS Marine Corps Air Station

MCB Marine Corps Base

NAGPRA Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act

NAS Naval Air Station

NAVMAG Naval Magazine

NAVSTA Naval Station

NPS National Park Service

PMRF Pacific Missile Range Facility

TRADOC Training and Doctrine Command

USAED U.S. Army Engineer District

USFS U.S. Forest Service

USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S.G..S. U.S. Geological Survey

1

1

Introduction

U.S. military installations are responsible forarchaeological artifact collections andaccompanying documentation (hereafter

referred to as archaeological collections) stored inmany different institutions in every state. The projectarea covered in this report consists of militaryinstallations in the states of Alaska, Arizona,Colorado, Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Nevada, NewMexico, Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and the District ofColumbia. Military installations located in the statesof California, Delaware, Idaho, Maryland, Montana,Nebraska, North Dakota, Oregon, South Dakota,Virginia, Washington, and Wyoming were investigatedand reported in separate curation-needs assessmentreports, which are outlined in the ExecutiveSummary. The remaining states, all bordering or eastof the Mississippi River, will be addressed in the nextreport to the Legacy Resource ManagementProgram office.

The responsibility for archaeologicalcollections is mandated through numerous legislativeenactments, including the Antiquities Act of 1906 (16U.S.C. 431-433), the Historic Sites Act of 1935(16 U.S.C. 461-467), the Archaeological and HistoricPreservation Act of 1974 (16 U.S.C. 469-469c), theNational Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (16U.S.C. 470), and the Archaeological ResourcesProtection Act of 1979 (16 U.S.C. 470aa-470mm).Executive Order 11593 (U.S. Code 1971) andamendments to the National Historic PreservationAct in 1980 provide additional protection for theseresources. The implementing regulation for securingthe preservation of archaeological collections is 36CFR Part 79, Curation of Federally-Owned and

Administered Archeological Collections. Additionally,the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is the only federalagency that possesses strict standards for curation ofarchaeological materials. ER 1130-2-540, which wasimplemented in November 1996, serves as a standardfor long-term Corps archaeological curation.

The Native American Graves Protectionand Repatriation Act (25 U.S.C.3001 et seq.,NAGPRA) was enacted in 1991 to identify federalholdings of Native American human remains,funerary objects, sacred objects, and objects ofcultural patrimony. In addition, NAGPRAmandates that federal agencies reach agreementswith Native American Tribes, and Native Alaskanand Hawaiian groups, on the repatriation ordisposition of these remains and objects. Allfederal agencies were required to meet mandateddeadlines for compliance with NAGPRA byNovember 16, 1993, when a summary ofunassociated funerary objects, sacred objects, andobjects of cultural patrimony was to be completed.An inventory of human remains and associatedfunerary objects was to be completed byNovember 15, 1995.

As the first step in complying with 36 CFRPart 79 and NAGPRA, the Legacy ResourceManagement Program began providing funds to theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1992 for thepurpose of inventorying archaeological collectionsrecovered from active DoD installations across thenation. Funding was provided in fiscal years 1992 and1993 for the complete investigation of installations inCalifornia, Oregon and Washington (Trimble and Pulliam1997,1999), and funding for fiscal year 1994 called for

2 An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations of Selected Western States

the complete investigation for installations in Idaho,Maryland, Montana, Virginia, and Wyoming (Wissehr, etal. 1999). Fiscal year 1995 funds were initiallyawarded to the St. Louis District for the purpose ofconducting curation assessments in the states ofLouisiana, Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma,South Dakota, and Texas. However, in fiscal year1996 these funds were applied to a new DoDcuration assessment project, at the direction of DoD.Reasons for this are twofold: (1) the new DoDproject anticipated a much larger geographical studyarea and (2) archaeological collections recoveredfrom active military installations in the states ofDelaware, Nebraska, North Dakota, and SouthDakota were assessed, in fiscal years 1995 and 1996by funds provided by the U.S. Air Force’s, AirCombat Command (Drew 1996, Marino 1997). Theexecutive summary of this report outlines the curationassessment coverage of active military installations inthe states from a historical perspective.

As part of the DoD curation strategy and atthe request of DoD, the St. Louis District initiatedcuration assessments for active military installationsin the following states: Alaska, Arizona, Colorado,Hawaii, Kansas, Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico,Oklahoma, Texas, Utah, and the District of Columbia.In addition, fiscal year 1995 funds were provided toperform assessments of potential curation partners inall western states and the mid-Atlantic states. Thepartnership program is outlined in a separate reportfor the DoD (U.S. Army Engineer District, St. Louis1999). Fiscal year 1996 funds were subsequentlyprovided to perform curation assessments andpartnership assessments in the remaining easternstates, which will be addressed in future reports.

As part of this curation assessment project,the DoD would receive a general inventory ofcollections, providing a firm estimation of themagnitude of curation needs. In addition, collectionsmanagers at storage facilities and cultural resourcemanagers at installations would receive a planaddressing their specific curation needs.

The Scope of Work outlines the followingservices:

1. Provide professional and technical services to theDepartment of Defense for the inspection and inventoryof archaeological collections in selected repositories.

2. Provide a final report detailing the results of theinspection and evaluation, and addressing thefollowing items.

a. Physical description of all repository facilities.b. Physical description of all recovered artifactcollections.c. Physical description of all associateddocumentation collections.d. Recommendations for compliance with therequirements of 36 CFR Part 79.

3. Provide a master bibliography of reportsassociated with the military collections.

MethodsEighty six facilities were evaluated in the course ofthe curation-needs assessment. Among the facilitieswere 27 archaeological research firms, 25 museums(both private and public), 13 military installations, 12university laboratories/curation facilities, and ninegovernment agencies. The following scheduleoutlines the facilities visited and the dates of visit.Some facilities that were visited were not included inthe report for reasons outlined below.

AlaskaBureau of Land Management,Fairbanks District May 22, 1997Delta Chamber of Commerce May 29, 1997Eielson Air Force Base May 30, 1997Northern Land Use Research May 23, 1997Office of History and Archaeology (no chapter—site files search only) July 8–19, 1996

University of Alaska Museum May 20–23, 1997

ArizonaArchaeological Research Services April 23, 1997Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (no chapter—site files search only) June 17–18, 1996Arizona State Museum June 10–14, 1996;

Feb. 4–7, 1997Arizona State University April 24, 1997Bureau of Land Management, Phoenix District April 29, 1997Bureau of Land Management, Yuma District Dec. 11, 1997

Introduction 3

Fort Huachuca Jan. 28–Feb. 3, 1997;May 1, 1997

Gutierrez-Palmenberg, Inc. (see Yuma Proving Ground) Dec. 12, 1996

Luke Air Force Base April 22–23, 1997Mesa Southwest Museum (no chapter—collections found April 28, 1997 not to belong to DoD)Museum of Northern Arizona April 21, 1997Northland Research Dec. 9, 1996Statistical Research April 30, 1997SWCA Dec. 10, 1996Williams Air Force Base April 25, 1997

Yuma Proving Ground Dec. 12, 1996

CaliforniaKEA Environmental Feb. 20, 1997Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Feb. 11–12, 1997San Diego Museum of Man Feb. 12–13, 1997Tetra Tech Feb. 13–14, 1997U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles Feb. 12, 1997U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento May 20, 1997

ColoradoColorado Department of Transportation Nov. 13, 1996Colorado Historical Society, May 13–24, 1996; Office of Archaeology and June 24–26, 1996 Historic Preservation (no chapter —site files search only)Goodson and Associates (no chapter —no collections found) Nov. 15, 1996IT Corporation (see University of Denver Museum) Feb. 27, 1997National Park Service, Rocky Feb. 28, 1997 Mountain Regional Office (no chapter—collections assessed under Technical Report No. IV)Peterson Air Force Base Feb. 25, 1997Powers Elevation Company Nov. 14, 1996University of Colorado at Colorado Springs Nov. 19, 1996University of Colorado Museum Nov. 18, 1996

University of Denver Museum Feb. 27, 1997

GeorgiaNew South Associates May 6–7, 1997

HawaiiArchaeological Consultants of the Pacific March 19, 1997Bernice P. Bishop Museum July 23–25, 1996;

March 25, 27, 1997U.S. Army Central IdentificationLaboratory (no chapter—CILHI not a repository) March 17, 1997Cultural Surveys Hawaii March 18, 1997Department of Land and July 15–22, 1996; Natural Resources (no chapter— March 21, 1997 site files search only)Garcia and Associates March 20, 1997International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. March 18, 26, 1997Ogden Environmental and Energy Services March 25, 1997Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. March 18–20, 1997Schofield Barracks, U.S. Army March 21, 24, 1997 Garrison (see U.S. Army Engineer District, Pacific Ocean Division)Scientific Consultants Services March 21, 1997U.S. Army Engineer District, Pacific Ocean Division March 21, 24, 1997

University of Hawaii at Hilo March 19, 1997

KansasFrontier Army Museum, Fort Leavenworth Aug. 20–21, 1996Kansas Historical Museum, Center for Archaeological May 13–16, 1996; Research (site files search Aug. 22–23, 1996 and assessment)

University of Kansas Museum Aug. 14–19, 1996

LouisianaFort Polk Environmental Learning Center Oct. 28-Nov. 8, 1996Gulf South Research Corporation Dec. 4, 1996Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism May 16–23, 1996 (no chapter—site files search only)Northwestern State University of Louisiana Dec. 3, 1996


MarylandU.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore Sept. 9, 1996

Missouri

Kansas City Museum Aug. 12–13, 1996

NevadaHarry Reid Center, University of Nevada at Las Vegas April 25, 1997

Nevada State Museum March 24–25, 1997

New MexicoAgency for Conservation Archaeology, Eastern New Mexico University Sept. 16, 1996Human Systems Research, Las Cruces Sept. 11–12, 1996Human Systems Research, Tularosa Sept. 18–19, 1996Kirtland Air Force Base Oct. 22, 1996Laboratory of Anthropology, Museum of Indian Arts and May 14–23, 1996; Culture and Archaeological Dec. 3–4, 1996; Records Management Section April 28–29, 1997Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico Oct. 28-29, 1996New Mexico State University Museum Sept. 13, 1996Office of Contract Archaeology, University of New Mexico Oct. 30, 1996Public Service Company, New Mexico Oct. 23, 1996Quivera Research Center Oct. 23, 1996School of American Research (no chapter—collections consist of curriculum reports only) Dec. 6, 1996TRC-Mariah Associates Oct. 24–25, 1996U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque Oct. 21, 1996White Sands Missile Range Sept. 17, 1996

North CarolinaGarrow and Associates Nov. 12, 1996

Oklahoma

Fort Sill March 18, 1997

Oklahoma Archaeological Survey (no chapter—site files search only) June 10–11, 1996Oklahoma Museum of Natural History (no chapter, no March 19, 1997 assessment due to scheduling problems)

TexasCentennial Museum, University of Texas at El Paso Nov. 18–21, 1996Center for Archaeological Research, University of Nov. 28–30, 1996 Texas at San AntonioFort Bliss Mar. 24–Apr. 2, 1997Fort Hood Jan. 7–14, 1997Fort Sam Houston Oct. 24, 1996Geo-Marine Oct. 22, 1996Museum of Texas Tech University March 24, 1997Texas Archaeological Research July 8–12, 1996; Laboratory (site files search July 15–16, 1996; and assessment) Oct. 23, 1996Texas Historical Commission (no chapter—site files search only) July 17–19, 1996

Wilderness Park Museum Apr. 28-May 1, 1997

UtahBureau of Land Management, Salt Lake City District Oct. 10, 1996Dames and Moore Jan. 17, 1997Dugway Proving Ground Jan. 14, 1997Fort Douglas Military Museum Jan. 16, 1997Hill Air Force Base Oct. 15, 1996Office of Public Archaeology, Brigham Young University Oct. 10, 1996Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants Jan. 15, 1997Utah Geological Survey Oct. 8, 1996Utah Museum of Natural History Oct. 9, 1996Utah State Historical Society Jan. 13, 1997; (site files search and assessment) Oct. 11, 1996

Weber State University Oct. 15–16, 1996

Virginia

Parson’s Engineering Science Sept. 10, 1996

Introduction 5

Washington, D.C.Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs, Historic June 24–26, 1996 Preservation Division (no chapter— site file search only)

Prior to visiting the aforementioned facilities,site file searches were conducted at the state historicpreservation offices and/or site file facilities forAlaska, Arizona, Colorado, Hawaii, Kansas,Louisiana, Nevada, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas,Utah and the District of Columbia. In addition toconducting fieldwork, much of the project wasconducted in house. This work consisted of pre-fieldwork, fieldwork planning, and report generation.The following schedule outlines the course ofactivities.

Activity Dates

Pre-Fieldwork April 1996

State Site File Visits May –October 1996

Fieldwork Planning August 1996

Fieldwork September 1996–May 1997

Preliminary Draft Report Generation October 1996–May 1997

Final Draft Report Generation June–July 1997

Pre-Fieldwork InvestigationAssessment of each facility’s compliance with36 CFR Part 79 included the following items.

1. A (National Park Service) National ArcheologicalDatabase and general records search wereperformed for each installation.

2. Topographic maps of each installation wereacquired for the purpose of establishing baseboundaries for the site file searches.

3. Site file searches were conducted at respectivestate archaeology and historic preservation offices todetermine the sites located within installationboundaries and to determine where collections mightbe located.

4. During site file searches a database wascompiled of all fieldwork reports deposited at thestate repositories.

5. All institutions and personnel likely to beknowledgeable about the collections were contactedby telephone.

6. A list was compiled of all agencies, firms, andinstitutions associated with the recovery or curationof materials belonging to the U.S. Military.

7. Agencies, firms, and institutions were contacted bytelephone for information regarding the curation ofmilitary collections. From these phone conversationsevolved the list of repositories visited for the project.

Field Inspection and Assessmentsof Repositories and Collections1. A survey questionnaire was completed for everyfacility involved with the curation of militaryarchaeological collections. The questionnaires solicitinformation on repositories, artifact collections, andassociated documentation.

2. A building evaluation facilitated the determinationof whether or not the facility approached compliancewith the requirements for repositories specified in 36CFR Part 79. Forms address topics such as structuraladequacy, space utilization, environmental controls,security, fire detection and suppression, pestmanagement, and utilities. Information was gatheredboth by observation and through discussion withcollections and facilities managers.

3. An examination of all documentation wasconducted to determine the presence of the differentdocumentation types, the amount present, and itscondition. Types of documentation include project andsite reports, administrative files, field records,curation records, and photographic records. For eachtype of document the length (in linear feet), thephysical condition of the containers and the records,and the overall condition of the storage environmentwas collected. The determination of whether or notthe facility is in compliance with the archivesmanagement requirements specified in 36 CFR Part 79is based on this information.


4. Artifact collections were examined and evaluatedas to their condition and compliance with 36 CFRPart 79. Assessments included examination of (1) thecondition of the primary and secondary containers,(2) the degree of container labeling, (3) the extent oflaboratory processing, (4) the material classesincluded in each collection, and (5) the condition ofand approximate minimum number of individuals ofany human skeletal remains. Primary containers aregenerally acidic or acid-free cardboard boxes thatcontain artifacts. Secondary containers are thoseincluded within the primary container, and they arecomposed of a wider range of materials. Secondarycontainers may include, but are not limited to, acidicpaper bags, plastic sandwich bags, archival or non-archival plastic zip-lock bags, glass jars, film vials,aluminum foil, newspaper, packing materials, or smallacidic or acid-free cardboard boxes.

NAGPRA-Compliance AssessmentTo satisfy the requirements for Section 5 NAGPRA,the following tasks must be performed at eachrepository holding military collections.

1. Conduct a records search of the collections toidentify the accession and catalog numbers and togather all written information on the NAGPRASection 5 material.

2. Perform a physical inspection of storagecontainers to identify human skeletal remains,associated and unassociated funerary objects, sacredobjects, and objects of cultural patrimony.

3. Conduct an analysis of the human skeletal remains,which includes (1) a detailed skeletal inventory listingelements present, their completeness, and condition;(2) measurements of long bones and crania sufficientto provide basic description of physicalcharacteristics, stature, and morphology of theskeletal remains; (3) estimates of age and gender;and (4) observations of any pathological conditions,cultural modifications, and evidence of life activitiesand trauma that might provide evidence of culturalaffiliation of the remains or the context from whichthey were recovered.

4. Produce summary and inventory reports for eachrepository.

Report Preparation1. A written report is required by DoD that detailsthe results of the curation-needs assessment.General information included in the report areestimates of the sizes of collections includingcondition statements, and descriptions of thefacilities.

2. Recommendations are provided for therehabilitation of the facilities and/or the collectionsaccording to the federal standards established in36 CFR Part 79.

Chapter SynopsisPreceding Chapter 1 is an executive summary of theproject, and Chapter 75 outlines the overall findingsof the project and lists references cited in this report.Chapters 2–74 provide a detailed examination of thestate of archaeological collections under thejurisdiction of individual military installations. Eachchapter contains an executive summary for eachinstallation, a detailed examination of any on-postrepository or repositories and the collections,recommendations for the improved care of thecollections, and a bibliography of archaeological workconducted on the installation.

Chapters 2–71 in Volume 2 consist ofnonmilitary repository summaries, referenced in theinstallation chapters as applicable. Volume 1,Appendix 1 lists references for military installationsin the project area for which no collections wereidentified.

A total of 86 facilities (museums, universities,state agencies, county agencies, federal agencies,private societies, and firms) was assessed for theproject. Collections are stored in a total of107 repositories within the 86 facilities. Throughoutthe report, assessment emphasis was placed on the33 facilities that are considered permanentrepositories. Detailed recommendations for the careof federal collections are provided at the end of eachpermanent repository chapter. For nonpermanent

Introduction 7

repositories, recommendations are less detailed.Given the current state of DoD archaeologicalcollections, all materials and documentation stored at

facilities without the proper staff, infrastructure, orstorage requirements should be deposited atpermanent repositories. These facilities should meetor exceed the standards outlined in 36 CFR Part 79.

9

2Agency For ConservationArchaeologyEastern New Mexico University

Portales

Collections Total: 1.3 ft3 of archaeological materials;1.2 linear feet of associated records.

Volume of Artifact Collections: 1.3 ft3

Compliance Status: Archaeological materialscurated by Eastern New Mexico University currentlycomply with existing federal guidelines and standardsfor archaeological curation.

Human Skeletal Remains: None

Linear Feet of Records: 1.2 linear feet (14.25 linearinches)

Compliance Status: Records require partialrehabilitation to comply with existing federalstandards and guidelines for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation of collectionsis funded through a one-time, per-box fee charged tothe agencies submitting archaeological materials forstorage. Storage of the collections in properenvironmental conditions is covered by an annualmaintenance fee. Additional funds for curation areminimal.

Assessment

Date of Visit: September 16, 1996

Point of Contact: John Montgomery

The Agency for Conservation Archaeology (ACA) isa contracting firm that operates out of Eastern NewMexico University (ENMU) in Portales. CurrentDoD holdings at ACA include 1.3 ft3 ofarchaeological artifacts recovered from White SandsMissile Range and approximately 14.25 linear inchesof associated documentation. ENMU was previouslyvisited by St. Louis District staff on March 28,1994, as part of the U.S. Air Force Air CombatCommand Project (Drew et al. 1996).

The office of ACA is located in Quay Hallon the campus of ENMU (hereafter referred to asRepository 1). Room 220 in Quay Hall is reservedspecifically for ACA project files and maps storage.Artifacts are stored in a single-story warehousefacility (also known as the Anthropology CurationFacility and hereafter designated Repository 2),which is located on another part of the Universitycampus.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Quay Hall

Quay Hall was originally built as a college dormitoryin the late 1930s but was converted to houseUniversity offices prior to 1983 (Figure 1). The entirebuilding encompasses 13,064 ft2 of floor space on two

Collection Summary

10 An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States

levels above grade, of which the ACA project filesoffice occupies an estimated 165 ft2 on the secondfloor. The foundation is concrete, and the exteriorwalls are concrete block with brick facing. The flatareas of the roof are composed of tar and gravel,while the pitched areas are covered with compositeshingles. Roof leaks have occurred but have notaffected the records room to date. There are twowindows in the ACA project files office. Both havealuminum frames and are fitted with venetian blinds.The interior door (Room 220) is wood panel.

Repository 2—Anthropology CurationFacility

The Anthropology Curation Facility is a wood-frameand corrugated-metal building on a concretefoundation (Figure 2). The warehouse was builtapproximately fifteen years ago by the university andwas used for storage of groundskeeping equipment. In1993, the university allocated the warehouse for thesole use of ACA. The wood-and-metal roof is originalto the building. ACA has conducted some internalrenovations such as removing partitions and installinginsulation and plasterboard. The warehouse floor hasalso been treated and sealed to prevent any leaks inthe foundation. Plastic-backed insulation has beenplaced in the ceiling and on the walls. Two smallrooms have been created for the storage of recordsand osteological collections. No windows exist in thebuilding. Electrical and plumbing systems arepresent, and the lavatory has been renovated. Thewarehouse is considered structurally sound and

provides 5,000 ft2 of storage space. There are twokinds of exterior doors present—single panel andgarage door.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Quay Hall

Each room in Quay Hall has its own thermostat fortemperature control; humidity is neither regulated normonitored. The building is heated and cooled byindividual fan coil units through which either hotwater (in the winter) or cool water (in the summer)flows. Each unit has its own filter system that ischanged quarterly. The university also providesregular maintenance for the building, such asdaily cleaning.


At the time of the original evaluation in 1994 and thesecond assessment in 1996, no environmental controlswere present in the warehouse facility. A gas forced-air unit provides heat for the building, but there is nomechanism in place for cooling. The dry climate inthis part of the state provides generally favorableconditions for the preservation of the collections, sohumidity control is not considered a priority. Dustfilters and ultraviolet sleeves were not in place, butthese measures are planned for installation. Dustblown into the warehouse facility by the frequent highwinds presents the greatest challenge. The warehousefacility is currently only cleaned on an as-neededbasis by the curatorial staff.

Figure 1. The office of ACA is located in Quay Hallon the campus of Eastern New Mexico University.

Figure 2. A corrugated metal and wood warehouse isused for collections storage of anthropological

collections at ACA.

Agency for Conservation Archaeology 11

Pest ManagementENMU is responsible for the pest-managementsystem in place at both Quay Hall and the warehousefacility. Measures include both monitoring andcontrol activities. The university employs aprofessional pest-management company that spraysthe warehouse quarterly with a pesticide. If curatorialstaff discover pest infestation, the pest-managementcompany will spray on an as-needed basis. Theassessment team noted no signs of pest infestation atthe time of the original assessment.

SecurityRepository 1—Quay Hall

Quay Hall is locked by key at night and patrolled bycampus police, who are located across the street. Noepisodes of unauthorized entry have ever occurred.


Security is provided by key locks on the entrancedoors to the warehouse and on the loading dockdoors. No additional security was present at the timeof the assessment. The lack of windows in the facilityprovides additional safeguard measures. There havebeen no past episodes of unauthorized entry into thewarehouse.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Quay Hall

Quay Hall has an internal fire alarm system that onlynotifies the occupants of the building. There are nosmoke detectors. Fire extinguishers (trichemical type)are present throughout the building, including one inthe second floor hallway. The building is consideredfireproof, and the university has a fire-safety officethat regularly inspects all campus buildings and fireextinguishers on a monthly basis.


The only fire-suppression devices in the warehouseare two fire extinguishers. No detection measures arein place.

Artifact StorageStorage Units

No artifacts are stored in Repository 1. Storage unitsin Repository 2 consist of 18-gauge, baked-enamel,metal shelving units measuring 12 x 8 x 3 feet (l x wx h). There are eight shelves per unit, and the lowestshelf is seven inches off the floor. Staff report that a totalof 1,928 boxes are currently stored on these units.

Primary Containers

One white, acid-free cardboard box (1.3 ft3) withtelescoping lid contains artifacts recovered fromWhite Sands Missile Range. It is directly labeled inmarker only with the box number.

Secondary Containers

Secondary containers consist of 4-mil, archival,plastic zip-lock bags (nested in multiple layers) thatare labeled in permanent marker and also containacid-free paper labels inside. The artifact materialclasses are evenly divided between lithics (49%) andceramics (49%), with a small soil sample (2%)comprising the rest of the collection. Inert cottonbatting is wrapped around the ceramic artifacts foradded protection.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll artifacts have been cleaned and are labeled usingacid-free paper tags that are stored loose in the zip-lock bags. Artifacts are sorted by material class.

Human Skeletal RemainsThere are no human skeletal remains in the DoDcollections stored at ACA.

Records StorageACA currently houses approximately 1.2 linear feetof documentation associated with archaeologicalwork conducted on White Sands Missile Range.Records are stored in one metal lateral file cabinet inRoom 220 in Quay Hall. The cabinet measures 18 x30 x 53 inches (l x w x h) and has a computer-printedpaper label taped directly onto the front of the drawer.


All the White Sands Missile Range records are in thetop drawer (of four) and comprise half of the drawer(14 linear inches total).

Dr. Montgomery noted that the project filesdate back to 1976 but have received very little use byresearchers over the years. Consequently, theuniversity has not demonstrated an interest inupgrading the archival condition of these records.

Paper Records

There are approximately nine linear inches of paperrecords related to White Sands Missile Range. Paperdocumentation includes administrative, survey andexcavation records; field notes; site forms; andartifact inventories.

Secondary containers consist of acidic manilafolders, accordion folders containing additionalmanila folders, two plastic, three-ring binders, andone hanging file folder. In addition, one legal-sizemanila envelope containing both paper and Mylarfigures for a report was found tucked behind theregular files. Organization of the documentation is byproject.

Report Records

Report records total approximately three linear inchesand are stored with the paper records. Reports areunbound in manila folders.

Maps and Oversized Documents

Maps are stored folded in manila folders and totalapproximately one linear inch.

Audiovisual Records

Seven audiocassettes total 1.25 linear inches and arestored loose in one hanging file folder. They arelabeled.

Collections Management StandardsACA maintains very few registration proceduresbecause it is considered a storage facility and not abonafide museum. ACA accepts collections,processes the materials according to federalregulations and guidelines, and stores the collectionsin a stable environment for as long as the ownerwishes. They currently do not deaccession or loan

material, but they are making the collections moreaccessible for research. The collections have beenrehabilitated and stored on metal shelving innumbered, acid-free boxes. The only records ACAmaintains are for their own use, such as a databasethat lists the physical location and contents of thecollections they store. No written, standardizedpolicies addressing curation procedures wereestablished at the time of the St. Louis District staff’soriginal assessment in 1994, and collectionsmanagement standards were not evaluated during thesubsequent visit.

Curation Personnel

ACA employs no full-time curation personnel.Rehabilitation activities are conducted by studentsunder the supervision of the director, Dr. JohnMontgomery, and the curation assistant, Erica Bauroth.

Curation Financing

Financing for collection rehabilitation and formaintenance of the facility comes directly from boxfees charged for these activities. Additional funding isminimal and is acquired through the AnthropologyDepartment of ENMU.

Access to Collections

Access to the collections is acquired throughthe director.

Future Plans

No archaeological curation facility existed at ENMUin 1984 the present director arrived. However, thedirector and the curation assistant have accomplisheda significant amount (e.g., putting together the metalshelving units and arranging all the boxes on them)since the St. Louis District staff’s previous visitalmost two years ago. ACA hopes to establish bothhumidity and temperature monitoring and controlmeasures in the future.

Comments

1. Neither Quay Hall nor the Anthropology CurationFacility is equipped with adequate temperature andhumidity monitor or control measures.

Agency for Conservation Archaeology 13

2. While ENMU’s pest management might not beintegrated, they do monitor and control for pests.

3. Security is minimal, consisting mainly of key lockson exterior doors.

4. Both fire detection and suppression measures areinadequate at this time. No smoke detectors and firealarms are wired to the outside. Suppressionmeasures in both buildings consist only of fireextinguishers.

5. Artifacts have been repackaged into acid-freecardboard boxes containing archival plastic bags withacid-free paper labels.

6. Records pertaining to White Sands Missile Rangeare currently housed in acidic manila folders andother nonarchival secondary containers.

Recommendations

1. Establish basic temperature and humiditymonitoring and control measures in the AnthropologyCuration Facility as soon as possible.

2. Install a basic security system, if possible, for theAnthropology Curation Facility.

3. Install smoke detectors in both Quay Hall and theAnthropology Curation Facility.

4. Archivally box the large ground stone objects,currently sitting loose on open shelving, and integratethem into the main collections storage area of theAnthropology Curation Facility.

5. Remove records from current acidic manila andaccordion folders and place in archival qualitycontainers. Produce duplicate copies of the recordsand store at a separate and secure location. Removeall contaminants, such as metal staples and paperclips, from the records.

15

3Archaeological Consultantsof the Pacific

Haleiwa, Hawaii

Collection SummaryCollections Total: No artifacts or human skeletalremains; 0.25 linear feet of associated records.

Volume of Artifact Collections: None


Linear Feet of Records: 0.25 linear feet (3 linearinches)

Compliance Status: Records requirecomplete rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded fromthe overhead from archaeological projects.

Assessment

Date of Visit: March 19, 1997

Point of Contact: Joseph Kennedy

Archaeological Consultants of the Pacific, located inHaleiwa, Hawaii, conduct archaeologicalinvestigations throughout the state of Hawaii and thesurrounding Pacific islands. They use two residentialbuildings for their office and equipment storage areasand two metal containers for all records and artifactsstorage. They currently hold records fromarchaeological projects conducted on Hickam AFBand PMRF Barking Sands.

Structural AdequacyThe main repository/office structure is approximatelyten years old. The foundation is concrete, and thebuilding is frame is wood. External walls of the

repository are wood siding, and the roof is original.No structural problems have been noted in thefoundation or the roof. Interior walls are wood, andfloors are concrete with a tile covering. Ceilings inthe repository are wood. Windows in the repositoryhave aluminum frames and blinds, and they aresealed. The 1,500 ft2 repository has space for artifactand record study, with the majority of space beingused for report preparation.

The collections area is a prefabricated metaloutbuilding, separate from the main repository, thathas been converted into a records archive (Figure 3).It has metal interior and exterior walls and floors anda concrete foundation. The roof and frame are steeland aluminum. No structural problems have beennoted in the archives by any staff members. There aretwo windows in the building that slide open and havescreens and blinds. The building measures 300 ft2.


EnvironmentThe repository has floor fans for ventilation.Temperature and humidity levels are monitored by thestaff, but the only control employed is insulation inthe walls. The building receives regular janitorialservice by the staff members. All artificial lighting inthe repository is generated either by incandescent orunfiltered fluorescent desk lamps. Repository utilitiesare original and have received no major repairs.

The collections area itself has space forstudy, but it is almost completely dominated bystorage space. Fans or windows are the ventilationsources. Temperature and humidity levels are notmonitored or controlled. Staff members performjanitorial duties in the collections area, and allartificial lighting is nonfiltered fluorescent. The onlyutility in the building is electricity, and it has not beenmodified to date.

Pest ManagementThe repository receives regular pest monitoring bythe staff on an as-needed basis. No infestations werenoticed either by staff or by the assessment team. Thecollections area is likewise serviced by staff and hashad no infestations.

SecurityThe repository has an intrusion alarm wiredthroughout the building and has key locks on theexterior doors. All buildings used by the firm areprotected by a wall with a locked gate and the

owner’s dogs serve as guard animals. The collectionsarea has a padlock on its exterior door. The steelexterior door is the only way to enter the building andhas proved to be resistant to unauthorized entry.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe only fire suppression in the repository are twofire extinguishers. Both were inspected in November1996 and are located in the main building. Thecollections building has no fire detection orsuppression system in place; however, it is consideredto be somewhat fireproof by virtue of being metal inconstruction.

Artifact StorageRecords Storage

Records are stored in the metal outbuilding onimmovable, wood shelving units in acidic cardboardboxes (Figure 4). Each box holds approximately2.8 linear inches of records and is secured with atelescoping lid. Records associated with DoD-administered land are stored in two such boxes thatare labeled directly in marker. Label informationincludes installation, report numbers, and dates.Records within each box are stored in manila foldersthat use adhesive labels written in ink with projectnumbers.

Figure 3. Collections are housed in a metal out-building at Archaeological Consultants of the Pacific.

Figure 4. Wooden storage units hold boxedcollections and supplies in the collections

storage building.

Archaeological Consultants of the Pacific 17

Paper Records

DoD records, dating from 1991–1992, encompassapproximately one linear inch (Table 1). The materialconsists of project files and internal correspondence.Materials are in good condition, but somecontaminants such as paper clips and staples, dooccur in these records. All paper records feelsomewhat damp from excessive humidity.

Report Records

Report materials comprise approximately 1.5 linearinches of the total record amount. They are in goodcondition but feel somewhat damp from excessivehumidity. They are stored with other project files inacidic cardboard boxes.

Maps Records

Approximately 0.5 linear inches of maps are amongthe total record collection. These are folded andstored either in manila folders or inside reports. Theyare then kept in the same acidic boxes as all otherrecords.

Computer Disks

All project files that have been generated by thecontractor are stored on two 3.5-inch computer disksthat are kept in the main repository. These copies areduplicated for security purposes on a regular basis aswork progresses.

Collections Management StandardsArchaeological Consultants of the Pacific is a nota permanent curation facility; therefore, collectionsmanagement standards are not evaluated for thisreport.

Curation Personnel

James Moore, staff archaeologist, maintainscollections held by the firm.

Curation Financing

Curation activities receive no funding. Costsassociated with curation are taken from the firm’soverhead budget.


Access to collections is controlled. Staff require atelephone call or a letter of explanation regarding thespecific collections desired and the needs of theparticular researcher.

Future Plans

Archaeological Consultants of the Pacific has nofuture plans regarding curation or collections storage.

Comments

1. There is no integrated pest management system.

2. Security is fair, with several deterrents to preventunauthorized entry.

3. Fire-detection and -suppression measures areabsent, with the exception of two manual fireextinguishers in the main repository only.

4. Primary containers consist of acidic cardboardboxes with telescoping lids.

5. Primary containers for records are generallyadequate, but the secondary containers consist mainlyof acidic, manila folders. Most of the records aredamp from humidity.

Recommendations

1. Transfer archaeological collections to a permanentrepository that meets the curation standards outlinedin 36 CFR Part 79. Coordinate with applicableinstallations to establish agreements for thepermanent disposition of the collections.

Table 1.Summary of DoD Documentation Present at the

Archaeological Consultants of the Pacific (in linear inches)

Types of DocumentationInstallation Paper Reports Maps Total

Hickam AFB 0.75 0.5 0.5 1.75PMRF Barking Sands 0.25 1.0 — 1.25

Total 1.0 1.5 0.5 3.0


2. All primary containers should be labeled usingarchival paper inserts and inert plastic sleeves.

3. Remove all contaminants (e.g., staples, paperclips) from the documents.

4. Duplicate all paper records onto acid-free paper orarchival microformat and place in acid-free folderslabeled in indelible ink. Place all folders in acid-free

cardboard boxes, and apply adhesive polyethyleneplastic label holders, with acid-free inserts, to theboxes. Store these materials in a separate, fire-safe,secure location.

5. Arrange associated documentation according tomodern archival procedures, and create a finding aidfor the documentation collection.

19

4Archaeological Research Services

Tempe, Arizona

Collections Total: No artifacts or human skeletalremains in collections; 2.5 linear feet of associatedrecords.




Compliance Status: Records require completerehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: No specific funds areallocated for the curation of records. Themanagement and storage of the collections are takenfrom the general overhead budget.

Assessment

Date of Visit: April 23, 1997

Point of Contact: Lyle M. Stone and Serelle Laine

Archaeological Research Services (ARS) currentlycurates approximately 29.5 linear inches ofassociated documentation from projects conducted onYuma Proving Ground and Barry M. GoldwaterRange (BMGR), which contains land administered byboth the MCAS Yuma and Luke AFB.

Structural AdequacyThe ARS office is located in a residentialneighborhood in Tempe. The office is in a 2,100 ft2

duplex house that was built in 1956 (Figure 5). Thebuilding has a concrete slab foundation, cinder blockexterior walls, and flat, tar-and-paper roof . At the

beginning of 1997, a layer of urethane foaminsulation was added to the roof. The building isstructurally solid, but it does have cracks in both thefoundation and the exterior walls. Repairs have beenmade to leaks that have occurred in the building. The

Collection Summary

Figure 5. A cinder-block building with a flat roofhouses the offices of Archaeological Research

Services.


numerous exterior windows have multiple panes ofglass in metal frames. At least one of the windowshas a cracked pane. There are two entrances to thebuilding, one leading into each side of the duplex.Each entrance has a metal screen door, as well as awooden door. Floors are painted concrete, andinterior walls are painted plasterboard. The ceiling isvarnished wood planks. The office areas and storageareas are not separated from each other and bothareas are crowded with office equipment and variouspaper records and resources.

EnvironmentA three-ton air conditioning unit with a heat elementis located on the roof of one side of the duplex. Theother side of the duplex is equipped with a heat pumpbut not air conditioning. There are no dust filters onthe environmental controls. Often doors are opened toprovide air circulation. Humidity is not monitored orcontrolled. The building is maintained and cleaned byARS staff on an as-needed basis. Nonfilteredfluorescent lighting is used throughout the duplex,as well as unfiltered natural light. No asbestos ispresent within the duplex.

Pest ManagementARS did not appear to have any type of pestmanagement system in place. There were no signs ofeither monitoring or control methods in use. Duringthe visit there was evidence of insects (e.g., spidersand moths).

SecuritySecurity measures for the building include key lockson exterior metal screen doors and wood doors. Thereare security lights outside the building. The windowsroll out with a handle and have a latch lock.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThere are fire-detection items such as smoke detectorsor heat sensors, in use. The fire-suppression systemconsists of one charged chemical fire extinguisher.

Artifact StorageARS does not curate any archaeological artifactsfrom DoD.

Human Skeletal RemainsARS is not curating human skeletal remainsrecovered from any archaeological projects conductedon any DoD installations.

Records StorageARS currently curates approximately 29.5 linearinches of documentation (Figure 6) associated witharchaeological work performed on Yuma ProvingGround and BMGR. Records are stored in variousoffices throughout the building. Table 2 outlines themajor classes of documentation by installation.

Figure 6. ARS housed associated documentationfrom projects conducted on several military

installations in Arizona.

Archaeological Research Services 21

Paper Records

ARS curates 11.5 linear inches of paper records fromLuke AFB, MCAS Yuma, and Yuma Proving Groundthat are housed throughout various file cabinets onboth sides of the duplex. Administrative records,background records, survey records, and analysisrecords from these installations are stored in letter-size metal file cabinets. The filing cabinets have fourdrawers and measure approximately 2.2 x 1.2 x 4.3feet (l x w x h). The metal drawers are labeled withacidic paper tags that are inserted into metal holders.The tags are labeled in pen with the file name, year,and project number. Secondary containers consist ofmanila folders and large manila envelopes that arelabeled directly in marker, pen, or pencil with somecombination of the following information: project file,project name, project number, and/or contents. Not allof the containers are labeled. Some of the manilafolders, and the records within, are fastened togetherwith rubber bands. The secondary containers and therecords are in fair to poor condition. The containersare overpacked and deteriorating, both the containersand the records are torn and discolored, and therecords are fastened together with a variety ofcontaminants, such as metal binder clips, paper clips,and staples.

Report Records

Luke AFB, MCAS Yuma, and Yuma ProvingGround have approximately 8.25 linear inches ofreport records at ARS. These records are stored in thesame manner as the paper records located in the four-drawer, metal file cabinets.

Photographic Records

Photographic records at ARS total approximatelyfive linear inches and include black-and-white prints,negatives, slides, contact sheets, and large aerial

photographs. Records are stored in the same manneras the paper records located in the four-drawer, metalfile cabinets.

However, the negatives, slides, and contactsheets for MCAS Yuma are not labeled and are stillin the original photoprocessing envelope. The largeaerial photographs from Luke AFB are stored loose,but are fastened together with a rubber band. Theyare labeled with adhesive pink sticky notes written inmarker with the project name and number.

Map Records

ARS curates approximately 4.75 linear inches of mapand drawing records from Luke AFB and MCASYuma. These records are stored in the same manneras the paper records located in the four-drawer, metalfile cabinets.

Collections Management StandardsARS is not a permanent curation facility; therefore,collections management standards are not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

The curation of the record collection is managed bythe staff at ARS. The two principal managers arethe president, Dr. Lyle Stone, and the projectsmanager, Serelle Laine.

Curation Financing

No specific funds are allocated for the curation ofrecords. Funding for the management and storageof these collections is taken from the generaloverhead budget.


Access to the collections is controlled by the ARS staff.

Table 2.Summary of DoD Documentation Present at ARS (in linear inches)

Types of Documentation

Installation Paper Reports Photos Maps Total

Luke AFB/BMGR 5.5 4.25 4.75 3.25 17.75MCAS Yuma/BMGR 3.5 2.00 0.25 1.50 7.25Yuma Proving Ground 2.5 2.00 –––– –––– 4.50

Total 11.5 8.25 5.00 4.75 29.50


Future Plans

There are no major plans for upgrading curationmanagement at ARS.

Comments

1. An air conditioning unit with a heat element islocated on one half of the duplex, and a heat pumpwith no air conditioning unit is on the other half ofthe duplex. There are no dust filters on theenvironmental controls. Humidity is not controlled ormonitored in the building.

2. An integrated pest-management system thatincludes both monitoring and control is not present.Signs of insects were noted in the building.

3. The offices of ARS have key locks on all exteriordoors, and all of the windows have latch locks. Thereare also security lights outside the building.

4. There is at least one charged chemical fireextinguisher for fire suppression; however, there areno systems installed for fire detection.

5. Documentation is stored in metal file cabinets.Records are in fair-to-poor condition. The recordsand their containers are torn, deteriorating, anddiscolored. Metal and rubber contaminants arepresent on the paper records. The records are notuniformly labeled.

6. A permanent repository for the long-term curationof these record was not included in the ARSfieldwork contracts.

Recommendations


2. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a finding aid to the collection. Recordsshould be free of metal binder clips, staples, andpaper clips, or other contaminants. The photographicmaterial should be placed in archival-qualityphotographic sleeves, labeled properly, and stored ina secure storage unit.

23

5Arizona State MuseumUniversity of Arizona

Tucson

Collections Total: 104 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials; 6.7 linear feet of associated records.

Volume of Artifact Collections: 104 ft3

Compliance Status: Archaeological materialswill require partial rehabilitation to comply withexisting Federal guidelines and standards forcollections.



Compliance Status: Records require partialrehabilitation to comply with modern archivalpractices for preservation of documentation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation financing isacquired through fees from individual projects.Curation costs are based on the number of person-days spent in the field, thus providing contractorswith curation costs before a project begins.

Assessment

Date of Visit: February 4–7, 1997

Point of Contact: Arthur Vokes

Approximately 104 ft3 of archaeological materialsand 6.7 linear feet of associated documentation fromarchaeological investigations on Fort Huachuca, LukeAFB and their portion of BMGR, Navajo ArmyDepot, Williams AFB, Yuma Proving Ground, andMCAS Yuma and their portion of the BMGR arestored at the Arizona State Museum (ASM). Forvolume of archaeological materials by installationrefer to Table 3. Associated documentation consistsof paper records, reports, photographic records, andmaps.

ASM occupies two buildings on theUniversity of Arizona (UA) campus and has largelyremained unchanged since the St. Louis District’sprevious visit in 1994. The majority of theinformation reported here regarding the facilities andcollections policies is taken from Drew et al. (1996).Any changes that have occurred since then areincorporated in this assessment.

Collection Summary

Table 3.Summary of DoD Archaeological Materials

Housed at ASM

Subject Installation Volume (ft3)

Fort Huachuca 5.6 ft3

Luke AFB/BMGR 54.3 ft3

Williams AFB 13.6 ft3

Yuma MCAS/BMGR 18.8 ft3

Yuma Proving Ground 11.7 ft3

Total 104 .0 ft3


Archaeological collections and associateddocuments are curated in ASM’s North Building,Repository 1. Repository 2, the South Building(located directly across the quadrangle), holds allphotographic materials associated witharchaeological projects and individually cataloguedarchaeological materials that have been removed forreport illustration and photographic purposes. Bothbuildings are similarly maintained in terms ofjanitorial and pest-management services, and they areof similar overall construction.

Repository 1 is divided into several levels,each devoted to different activities. Boxed researchcollections are stored in the center of the building onthree-story-tall, permanent shelving units that areanchored from floor to ceiling. These units weredesigned for use as library stacks. The second- andthird-story floors surrounding the stacks areconstructed of concrete covered with large marbletiles. Collection storage rooms are located throughoutthe building. Ceramic vessels are housed in astoreroom dedicated solely to ceramic collections.This windowless, interior storeroom is located on theground floor and is accessible through the exhibitarea. Most of the associated documents are housed inthe archives on the second floor. Documentation isalso located in the “Additional Site Files Information”folders on the first floor in the site files managementoffices. Other activity areas present in the NorthBuilding include an artifact processing and studylaboratories, storage for supplies, an exhibit area, awalk-in refrigeration unit, library, classrooms, andoffices.

Repository 2 houses the photographcollections and individually catalogued collections, allof which are located on the below-grade level of thebuilding. Other activity areas present in the buildinginclude exhibit space, a conservation laboratory, andoffices.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—North Building

The North Building was constructed in the early1920s and housed the library. The Department ofAnthropology expanded into this facility in 1974. Thefoundation is concrete, the exterior walls are three-foot-thick brick, and the roof is a built-up asphalt and

clay tile conglomerate. The roof has been repairedmany times and has had five major renovations. Atthe time of the evaluation neither the roof nor thefoundation leaked. There are three floors above gradeand one floor below grade. Windows in the facilityare of varying shapes and sizes, all of which are inlocking steel frames that are original to the building.All windows have blinds and in some cases have beencovered in a semitransparent shade to reduce lightand ultraviolet rays entering the storage areas. Theassessment team noted air passing through the closedwindows in the collections storage area. There is noasbestos in the building, and dust has been kept to aminimum. All of the utilities present in the facility areoriginal to the construction of the building.

Repository 2—South Building

The South Building was constructed with the samematerials and at the same time as the North Building.DoD collections are located in rooms partially belowgrade that have several small unshaded windows insteel frames. Floors and ceilings are concrete withconcrete-block interior walls. The photographicstorage and study rooms were in the midst of beingrepainted at the time of the visit. All of the utilitiespresent in the South Building are original to thebuilding’s construction in the 1920s, with no majorfailure of any of the systems to date.

EnvironmentRepository 1—North Building

Twelve air-handling systems in this building monitorand control the air conditioning and heatingtemperatures, which are targeted for the comfort levelof employees at 75° F. Dust filters are present onthese systems. Humidity levels, which are maintainedat 40%, are monitored in the collections storage areasthrough the use of a portable dehumidifier.Fluorescent lights used in the artifacts areas do nothave filters; however, bulbs in the library andarchives areas are filtered. The building is maintaineddaily by UA building services. Janitorial staff arerestricted from collections storage areas; therefore,curatorial staff are responsible for the maintenance ofthese areas.

Arizona State Museum 25


The South Building also has heating and airconditioning, with similar targeted temperature andhumidity levels, and dust filters installed in theirsystems. Light bulbs are not filtered. The building ismaintained daily by UA building services. Janitorialstaff are restricted from collections storage areas;therefore, curatorial staff are responsible for themaintenance of these areas.

Pest ManagementThe UA Facilities Division maintains the building’sexterior and entryway thresholds periodically.Building interiors are monitored through an integratedpest management (IPM) program. The IPM programincludes both monitoring and control measures by themuseum conservator. Mouse and rat traps arereplaced as needed. To date, only one problem ofinfestation, moths in the textiles, has occurred in theNorth Building. The problem was resolved, and nofurther incidents have been reported.

SecuritySecurity measures for both repositories includeintrusion alarms throughout the buildings that arewired directly to the police department. Key locks areused on all office doors, and dead-bolt locks are onthe front, exterior doors of both buildings. Key locksalso secure the doors to the research collectionstorage area and the ceramics storeroom. Motiondetectors are located throughout the facility, and somestorage units (e.g., those housing individuallycatalogued collections) are padlocked. All windowshave basic slip locks, and windows in the collectionsarea are wired into the alarm security system. Inaddition, ASM’s grounds are routinely patrolled bycampus police.

No evidence of forced entry through any ofthe windows or doors was noted by the assessmentteam, and the staff indicated that no illegal entry hasoccurred. In years past, there were some problemswith missing collections; some were incidents ofactual theft, but more recent episodes were cases ofmisplaced artifacts.

Fire Detection and SuppressionBoth the North and South Buildings have manual firealarm systems that are wired into the local firedepartment. In addition, the North Building has asprinkler system, smoke detectors, heat sensors, andfire extinguishers located throughout the facility.Fire doors are located at entryways to the collectionsareas. Fireproof cabinets are used for some of theartifacts and paper documents. The sprinkler systemin the North Building is not currently installed in thelibrary and archives areas; however, the installationof a system is scheduled for the summer of 1997.


Repository 1—North Building

Collections Storage Area 1—Research CollectionsStoreroom

The research collections, which constitute themajority (85%) of the collections assessed, arehoused on open metal shelving units measuring86 x 21.75 x 37 inches (l x w x h). These units havean enameled finish with eight shelves per unit. Thearea these collections occupy, which was originallyconstructed as library stacks, encompasses severalrooms on three levels of the building.

Collections Storage Area 2—Ceramics Storeroom

Collections in the ceramic storeroom are housed onunsealed pressed-wood shelving units that measure97 x 24 x 49 inches (l x w x h). There are sevenshelves per unit, with the top of the shelving unit alsoused for the storage of collections. The open shelvesare lined with ethafoam to cushion the artifacts.

Collections Storage Area 3—Processing Area

One collection from Yuma Proving Ground is locatedin a metal drawer in acidic boxes (Figure 7). Thedrawer measures 25 x 19 x 2 inches (l x w x h) andis located in the processing area. At the time thecollection was examined, the drawer was on a tablenot in a unit. The drawer is labeled with a card stocklabel thumbtacked to a side of the drawer. Artifactsare loose within the drawer, but they rest on thebrown paper bags in which they were once contained.


A handwritten note accompanies the collection in thedrawer. Several other collections were located ontables in the processing room. They are temporarilyhoused in acidic cardboard boxes and are awaitingintegration into the cataloged collections.


The cataloged collections are housed in the lowerlevel of the South Building in locked metal cabinetsthat line the hallway of the lower level. The cabinetsmeasure 42 x 28 x 46.5 inches (l x w x h) and arestacked two high. The cabinets have removabledrawers measuring 25 x 19.5 x 1 inches (l x w x h).Each drawer is designed with a holder at the front fora paper label insert. Artifacts are stored within thedrawers in open acidic cardboard boxes of varioussizes (Figure 7). These collections are arranged bysite number and region. Percentages of materialclasses are outlined in Table 4.

Primary Containers

Most of the artifacts in the research collectionsstoreroom are housed in acidic cardboard boxes(Figure 8). A small collection of groundstone isstored directly on a shelf. Box sizes range from 0.04to 1.3 ft3. A collection from a particular project maybe housed in one size, but there is not a uniform boxsize. Many of the boxes have an inventory enclosed.Boxes are labeled with acid-free paper labels glued to

Table 4.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections

at the Arizona State Museum

Material Fort Luke AFB/ Williams Yuma MCAS/ Yuma ProvingClasses Huachuca BMGR AFB BMGR Ground Total

PrehistoricCeramics 76 45 53 17 15 39Lithics 21 46 40 6 84 41Faunal remains — 1 1 — — 1Shell — 1 <1 <1 <1 <1Botanical 1 1 — — — <1Soil — 4 <1 — — 314C — <1 2 — — 1Worked shell <1 <1 0 — — <1Worked bone <1 <1 0 — — <1Other 1 <1 2 — — <1

Historical-PeriodCeramics — <1 — 7 — 1Glass — <1 <1 5 — 1Metal — <1 — 63 — 11Faunal remains — — — 1 — <1Textiles — — — <1 — <1Other — — — <1 — <1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Notes: Percentages of material classes are based on volume. Other prehistoric materials include adobe and mineral samples. Otherhistorical-period materials include rubber and burned wood.

Figure 7. Catalogued collections are housed in theNorth Building in acidic cardboard boxes in metal

drawers in a metal cabinet.


the side of each box. Typed label information includessite number, ASM accession number, and materialclasses. Additional information, such as project name,military installation name, and box number, is alsoincluded on some box labels. In addition to the paperlabel some of the boxes have information handwrittendirectly on the box in pen or marker.


The majority of secondary containers for DoDcollections housed at ASM consist of paper bags(Table 5). The paper bags are closed by folding.Some of the bags were once taped or wrapped withrubber bands, but the tape adhesive and the rubberhas since deteriorated. The bags are labeled directlyin marker and/or pen with site number, date,provenience, and material class. Some of the bags

have stamped labels as well as being labeled directlyin marker or pen.

The 2- and 4-mil plastic bags used assecondary containers have several types of closures,including zip-lock, twist ties, and string. Likewise,there is a range of methods used to label the bags.Some bags may only have a paper insert with the sitenumber written in pen. Other plastic bags havecomputer-generated acid-free paper labels enclosed,the brown paper label from the original field bagenclosed, and a computer-generated card stock labelattached to the exterior of the bag with a twist tiethrough a punched hole. These labels include suchdata as site number, site name, date, project,investigator, material class, and artifact count. Onerecently processed collection has card stock insertswith extensive information enclosed in the bags. Setsof these bags are grouped together physically with aplastic cord that is strung through holes punched inthe corner of each bag. Other secondary containersinclude acidic cardboard boxes, plastic boxes, paperenvelopes, and cardboard trays lined with ethafoam.Nine percent of the DoD artifacts are stored loose intheir primary containers.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAlmost all (99%) of the collections housed at ASMhave been cleaned, and all the collections have beensorted. Approximately thirty percent of the collectionshave been labeled. Artifacts are labeled with variouscombinations of site number, project number,accession number, and provenience. Those collectionsare labeled using ink applied directly to the surface ofthe artifact.

Human Skeletal RemainsThere are no human skeletal remains in the DoDcollections at ASM.

Records StorageASM curates approximately 6.5 linear feet ofdocumentation associated with work from FortHuachuca, Luke AFB and BMGR, Navajo ArmyDepot, Williams AFB, Yuma Proving Ground, andMCAS Yuma and BMGR (Table 6).

Table 5.Summary of Secondary Containers Used to House

DoD Collections at ASM

Secondary Container %

Paper bags 62Plastic bags 19Loose archaeological materials 9Acidic -cardboard boxes 8Other 2

Total 100

Notes: Percentages of secondary containers are calculated byvolume. Other secondary containers include paper envelopes,plastic boxes, and cardboard trays lined with ethafoam.

Figure 8. An acidic cardboard box labeled directly inmarker and with a printed paper label glued to the

box holds collections from Luke AFB.


There are separate archive areas for writtendocumentation and photographs. Paper archives arelocated in the anthropology library on the secondfloor of the North Building. The archive area isseparated from the library by a swinging gate that ispadlocked when staff members are not present. Thephotograph archive is located in the lower level of theSouth Building, an area accessible to staff only(Figure 9). Additionally, accession files and maps arelocated in the processing area of the NorthBuilding, and Additional Site File Information islocated in the site file office on the first floor of theNorth Building.

Paper Records

Paper documentation equals 30.0 linear inches of theassociated documentation. Written documentationassociated with accessioned collections field notes,final reports, artifact lists, analysis records, NationalRegister applications, and correspondences areprocessed and stored in ASM’s archives in manilafolders or loose in archival document boxes.Materials are arranged by project and are kept in theorder in which they are received. Archival materialsare arranged by ASM accession numbers for easyrecovery and crossreferencing. No duplicate/securitycopies or microfiche copies have been made for thewritten materials.

Report Records

Report records constitute 33.7 linear inches of theDoD associated documentation collections housed atASM. Draft reports and final copies are located withthe boxed collections in the archives, as well as in themetal file cabinets that house Associated Site FileInformation in the site file office.


Photographic records account for 12.0 linear inchesof the associated documentation. After beingseparated from other documentation, photographs arestored in archival-quality sleeves and folders andplaced on metal shelves in acid-free boxes. Someprints and contact sheets are labeled directly inpencil. Other color prints, housed in acidic paperenvelopes, are labeled with computer-generatedadhesive labels. Corresponding negatives are storedin an unlabeled, archival-plastic sleeve with aphotograph log stapled or paper clipped to it. All

Table 6.Summary of DoD Documentation Housed at ASM (in linear inches)


Installation Paper Reports Photographs Maps Total

Ft. Huachuca 0.1 2.0 0.1 0.3 3.3Luke AFB/BMGR 14.2 9.9 7.9 0.3 32.3Navajo Army Depot 0.6 1.3 0.1 0.1 2.1Williams AFB 6.0 3.4 2.3 0.5 12.2Yuma MCAS/BMGR 3.6 9.0 1.6 — 14.2Yuma Proving Ground 5.5 8.1 — 0.3 13.9

Total 30.0 33.7 12.0 1.5 77.2

Figure 9. Boxes of negatives are stored on metalshelves in the photograph collection storeroom.


photographs are indexed using their original ASMaccession number. The photographic archives istemperature and humidity controlled (a portabledehumidifier is present in the archives area).Photographs are easily accessible; however, presentstorage space is near capacity.

All artifacts in the cataloged collections arephotographed using slide film. The slides are labeledwith the object’s catalog number and stored insequential order by year and catalog number. Theslides are housed in archival-quality sleeves in three-ring binders on closed shelves in the assistant curator forarchaeological collections’ office.


Less than two (1.5) linear inches of the associateddocumentation consists of large folded maps, smallreport-ready maps, USGS topographic maps,drawings of sites, and blueprints. These documentsare included in files with other documentation and ina metal file cabinet designed to hold hangingtopographic maps.

Collections Management Standards

Registration ProceduresAccession Files

All materials received by ASM are recorded inaccession files, and a unique accession number isassigned to each collection. At least three accessionnumbering systems have been employed by ASM inthe past. In addition, all accession information isentered into a computer database that is updated on aregular basis.

Location Identification

Locations of all accessioned materials are recordedon computer, and the information is part of thecurrent database system.

Cross-Indexed Files

Materials are crossreferenced by ASM accessionnumber, project, and site number. The accessionnumber is the most important identifier, because it isused as the primary reference tool by all sections ofthe museum. For example, the ASM archives and the

photographic materials use the same accessionnumber to describe their portions of the collection.

Published Guide to Collections

No guide to the collections has been published, but alisting of all holdings can be obtained. In addition,published user guides for the site files and themuseum are available to contractors.

Site-Record Administration

ASM uses its own unique site-numbering system fornumbering archaeological sites in the state. Thenumber (e.g., AZ:BB:5:929) consists of the stateabbreviation, followed by letters to specify (withinone degree) an area within the state, an integer(1 through 16) depicting which 15-minutetopographic map is within this one degree area, andfinally the sequential site number on the 15-minutemap. This system is used on sites throughout thestate and is accepted by the State HistoricPreservation Office.

Computerized Database Management

ASM’s computer database (REGIS) ensures theaccurate cataloging of all collections and siteinformation. Tape backups for all records are storedin a separate facility and are updated weekly. Becausethe computer system is on a network, access isrestricted to those individuals directly responsible forthe curation of the collections. Within the curatorialstaff, access is controlled using a password system;only certain individuals (curator and curatorialassistant) have access to all information. Eachdepartment also maintains a specific database fortheir portion of the collection (e.g., “foto.proj” for thephotographic collections), which includes collectiondata in greater depth. All museum databases arelinked by the collections accession number.

Written Policies and ProceduresMinimum Standards for Acceptance

ASM asks that collections accepted for curation arecomplete in their information content so that they mayeasily be used for public interpretation andindependent research. Complete collections are thosethat include all written documentation regarding the


archaeological project that produced the collection. Inaddition, any materials collected, but later destroyedfor analysis purposes, are fully documented.

Curation Policy

Because of its role as the primary institution for thecuration of archaeological collections in Arizona,ASM acknowledges a responsibility for thepreservation of artifacts recovered fromarchaeological projects conducted in Arizona. ASMacts as a repository for those collections that havebeen prepared for curation according to the museum’sstandards and must be fully compensated for itsservices at a predetermined rate (see curationfinancing). ASM reserves the right to refuse acollection that does not meet its guidelines.

ASM accessions all materials it accepts andcurates them in perpetuity according to museumstandards. After being accessioned, the museumreserves the right to loan and authorize access to thecollections under its care.

Records Management Policy

Associated documentation is the responsibility ofseveral different sections within the museum. Theaccession records are maintained by the registrar; thephotographic records are maintained by thephotographic media curator; project records, maps,and files are housed in the archives, which is theresponsibility of the archivist; and additional site fileinformation and reports are maintained in the sitefiles offices. Records are arranged by accessionnumber, and their location can be accessed throughthe collection’s database system.

Field-Curation Guidelines

ASM provides contractors depositing collections withguidelines outlining the conditions of acceptance thatthe museum requires.

Loan Procedures

All accessioned materials are covered by a writtenagreement that is incorporated into the records of themuseum and held by the registrar. Further, any loantransactions that are agreed to following the initialaccession must be finalized with the registrar, whowill then receive the original and all copies of the

final loan-transaction form. If accepted, collectionsrestrictions are documented in writing andperiodically reviewed and revised with the depositor.Usually only those collections classified as sensitivebecause of their religious significance have restricteduse. In addition, materials requested for use indestructive analyses must be approved by thedirector’s administrative staff. In the case of humanremains, access to and consent for analysis(destructive or otherwise) must be obtained from theappropriate tribal organization.

Deaccessioning Policy

ASM recognizes the need to deaccession some of itsholding in order to benefit the collections as a whole.The decision to deaccession is made only by thedirector’s administrative staff to (1) permitdestructive analysis, provided the informationreceived outweighs the loss of the item; (2) removematerials hazardous to other holdings; (3) negotiateinsurance compensation for lost or stolen materials;(4) provide appropriate care of material that hasritual and/or sacred significance; (5) transfermaterials to other educational or scientific institutionswhere they might be more effectively put to use;(6) relieve the museum of its responsibility to thosematerials that have deteriorated beyond use; (7) carryout beneficial exchanges of materials with otherinstitutions; and/or (8) relieve the museum of itsresponsibility toward those materials that are notdeemed appropriate to its mission or scope ofcollections.

All collections to be deaccessioned, and anyassociated documentation, is assembled by themuseum registrar prior to deaccessioning. Materialsare examined by the director’s administrative staffand museum personnel. After materials are examinedby all concerned parties and any comments assessed,the director’s staff makes its final decision.

Accurate and complete records are keptregarding all deaccessioned materials. Currentrecords are changed to reflect the deaccessionedstatus of the artifact or collection. Any and all moniesreceived from the sale of the deaccessioned materialsare used for collections acquisition.


Inventory Policy

Collections are processed upon receipt andinventoried following the standard regional approachused by Arizona repositories. Inventories of alldisplay items exist and are kept separate from othercollection inventories.

Latest Collection Inventory

Inventories for management purposes have beenconducted by ASM personnel; however, the date ofthe last inventory is unknown. The latest partialinventory fulfilled initial NAGPRA requirements.

Curation Personnel

ASM currently has 10 full-time and four part-timestaff members, including a full-time curator and afull-time assistant curator for the archaeologicalcollections. Primary responsibilities for the curatorialpersonnel include receiving collections, distributingcollections that have been loaned out by the museum,and maintaining the collections currently housed atASM. All full-time staff have training in archaeology/anthropology and in museum methods.

Curation Financing

Curation financing is acquired through fees fromindividual projects. Curation costs are assessed basedon the number of person–days spent in the field, thusproviding contractors with curation costs before aproject begins.


The policy of ASM is to offer wide access to itsholdings. The museum does not usually acceptcollections that have restrictions placed on themregarding access privileges. Restrictions on materialsare reviewed when the collections are beingconsidered for curation.

Future Plans

Plans exist for an addition to the museum, which willprovide 65,000 square feet of space at a cost ofapproximately fifty million dollars. Exactly when thiswill occur is still unknown. Current storage space andshelving units are being upgraded and replaced. Inaddition, a sprinkler system is scheduled to be

installed in the library and archives sections of theNorth Building this summer.

Comments

1. Both buildings are structurally sound.

2. Not all light fixtures have filters.

3. Humidity levels are monitored but can only becontrolled by portable units.

4. Dust filters are present.

5. An integrated pest-management program is in placefor both buildings.

6. The building has excellent security, fire-detection,and fire-suppression systems.

7. The storage facilities are nearing capacity.

8. Boxes are not acid-free.

9. Some 4-mil plastic bags are needed for thecollections.

10. Not all artifacts are labeled directly.

11. Most of the records are processed, arranged, andstored in a professional archival manner.

12. All collections-management standards are inplace.

13. ASM is a professionally managed institution thatmeets most federal requirements for the long-termcuration of archaeological collections.

Recommendations

1. Install ultraviolet filters to all lighting fixtures.

2. Update and expand humidity controls to includemore collections storage areas.


3. Replace acidic cardboard boxes with acid-freeboxes. Apply adhesive polyethylene plastic labelholders, with acid-free inserts, to the boxes. Labelsshould no longer be applied directly to the boxes.When label information or box contents change,inserts should be replaced. This method reduces thechance of conflicting and confusing information.

4. Replace secondary containers with 4-mil, zip-lock,polyethylene plastic bags and label with indelible ink.Label inserts for secondary containers should be

made from spun-bonded, polyethylene paper labeledin indelible ink.

5. Brown paper bags that are in archival-plastic bagswith acid-free labels should be removed. If theoriginal information from these labels are to be saved,they should be photocopied onto acid-free paper andstored in the files for that collection.

6. Create duplicate/security copies of all writtendocuments, and store in a separate, fire-safe, securelocation.

33

6Arizona State University

Tempe



Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for curation.



Compliance Status: Records require partialrehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: State funding providesthe university with a budget, which in turn providesthe anthropology department with a specific budget.Curation is funded through collection fees.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Michael Barton

Arizona State University (ASU) currently curates6.4 ft3 of archaeological materials and 16.4 linearinches of associated documentation recovered fromwork conducted on Williams AFB. ASU maintainsan artifact repository, as well as a separate recordsrepository.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Matthews Center

Matthews Center (Figure 10) was constructed in1930 as the original site of the university library.The U-shaped building has a concrete foundation

and yellow brick exterior walls. Two floors are abovegrade and one is below grade. The building wasexpanded in 1949 by adding a large section in thecenter of the original U-shaped building. The entireaddition—foundation, exterior walls, and roof— isconstructed of concrete. The addition measures17,000 ft2 and has six floors above grade and onepartially below grade. Presently, Matthews Center isused by both the anthropology and art departments.The oldest sections of the building are currently usedby the art department. A large portion of the 1949addition is maintained by the anthropologydepartment and is the focus of this report.

The 1949 addition is specifically for long-term storage space, but it also has a receiving/loadingdock and an artifact study room. The collectionsstorage area that houses the Williams AFB collectionmeasures 2,423 ft2. Renovations were made to theinterior of the addition to create the storage area.This section has steel-framed windows on the west

Collection Summary


side that are shaded by concrete overhangs and theneighboring building. There are eight windows inthis area that measure 2.7 x 5.0 feet (w x h). Thereis no running water in the collections building;however, other utilities in this section include heat, airconditioning, and electricity. This area has a sealedconcrete floor with new steel-studded, concreteinterior walls covered with plasterboard. The ceilingis composed of concrete that has been painted. Boththe interior and exterior doors are steel. Dust ispresent throughout the collections storage area.

Repository 2—Anthropology Building

The Anthropology Building (Figure 11) was built in1914 and is listed on the National Register ofHistoric Places. The repository was originallyoccupied by the music and fine arts department untilthe 1970s. The repository includes a collectionsfacility; classrooms; artifact holding, washing, andprocessing areas; exhibit area; laboratories; andoffices. The Anthropology Building is the repositoryfor archaeological records. The repository has aconcrete foundation with brick exterior walls. Theflat roof is composed of tar. There are two floorsabove grade and one floor partially below grade.

The facility is structurally sound but is suspected tohave cracks underneath the tiled floors. There havebeen leaks, but those have been repaired. Internalrenovations in 1974 nearly gutted the entire buildingto create new wall configurations. The repository hasmultiple aluminum-framed windows that measure4 x 5 feet (h x w) and are equipped with shades.Windows appear to be airtight. Some of the windowshave been replaced. The repository has runningwater, heat, restrooms, telephone lines, computerlines, air conditioning, and electricity. The plumbing,electricity, and heat were renovated in 1974, and theair conditioning has been upgraded within the last tenyears. There are always active renovations in therepository.

The collections storage area, measuring698 ft2, includes the ceramics comparative collectionsand an artifact and record study room. Thecollections storage area has a concrete floor withplasterboard and brick interior walls. The ceiling iscomposed of asbestos over concrete. There are nowindows in this area. One metal panel door leads intothe collections storage area. The utilities in thecollections storage facility include heat, airconditioning, and electricity. There is no plumbingsystem in the collections storage area.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Matthews Center

The building has a central air conditioner that isthermostatically controlled by the curatorial staff anda heating system that is maintained at approximately

Figure 11. The Anthropology Building on the campusof Arizona State University houses associated

documentation for archaeological work conductedon Williams AFB.

Figure 10. The Matthews Center on the campus ofArizona State University houses artifact collections

from Williams AFB.

Arizona State University 35

68–70° F. Only the air conditioning unit has dustfilters. Humidity is not regulated or monitoredbecause of the excessively dry climate. The facility isregularly maintained by Campus FacilitiesManagement and the anthropology department on anas-needed basis. Fluorescent, incandescent, andnatural lighting are used throughout the building.None of the lighting systems have ultraviolet filters.The collections storage area has identical temperaturecontrols. Curatorial staff maintain the collectionsstorage area on an as-needed basis.


The Anthropology Building has thermostats in eachroom that control the air conditioning and heat. Theheating system is a cold water, compressor unit.There are dust filters for both environmental controls.Humidity is not regulated or monitored because of theexcessively dry climate. The building is regularlymaintained by campus facilities. The laboratorylocated within the Anthropology Building is not in thecollections storage area. Numerous chemicals areused in the laboratory for processing pollen samplesand for photodeveloping, and some chemicals areused by the physical anthropology staff. Ventilation iscontrolled with a fume hood vent that is directed tothe exterior of the building. All procedures in thelaboratory are monitored by the Risk ManagementDepartment of the Facilities Maintenance.

The collections storage area has a central airconditioning system that does not operate properly.The targeted temperature for this area is 68–70° F.Dust filters have been placed over the air conditioningducts. Humidity is not regulated or monitored. Thecollections storage area has nonfiltered fluorescentlighting. The area is regularly maintained by thecuratorial staff on an as-needed basis.

Pest ManagementRepository 1—Matthews Center

Precautions against pest infestation are taken in theMatthews Center. Sticky traps are used to monitorfor insects, and the building is regularly sprayedoutside to prevent rodent infestation. There were nosigns of pest infestation at the time of the assessment.Pest-management is the same for the collectionsstorage area.


Pest-management procedures include regular sprayingand sticky traps to monitor and control pests. Therehave been no signs of pest infestation in the building.

The collections storage area has a programfor pest management that includes both monitoringand control. Precautions taken against insects androdents include spray bombs and no-pest strips.These precautions are done on a yearly basis or whenneeded.

SecurityRepository 1—Matthews Center

Security measures for the building consist of 24-hourpatrols by the state police on campus, controlledaccess, slip locks on windows, and key locks on allexterior doors. Presently, the exterior doors arelocked after 5:00 p.m. Key locks will be replaced bya higher security lock called “medico.” There was oneepisode of unauthorized entry during construction,which involved the theft of a computer. No windowsare accessible from the outside, because the windowsbelow grade have suspended grates for security. Someartifacts in the collections storage area have a highmarket value but not in the Williams AFB collection.Security in the collections storage area is identical tothe repository.


The Anthropology Building is equipped with anintrusion alarm in the exhibit gallery and key locks onall of the doors. State police on campus patrol the area24-hours a day. There have been no past episodes ofunauthorized entry. There is a key lock on the metaldoor leading into the collections storage area.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Matthews Center

The repository is equipped with manual fire alarmswired into the fire department, and smoke detectors.Fire suppression consists of fire extinguishers and awet-pipe sprinkler system. The building is alsoequipped with fire doors. The fire department iswithin a mile of the facility. The collections storagearea has the same fire safety mechanisms as therepository.



Fire detection in the Anthropology Building consistsof manual fire alarms and fire suppression iscontrolled by fire extinguishers. The building isconsidered fireproof, because of the steel stud andbrick exterior wall configuration. There are no firesafety measures in the collections storage area.


Artifacts for Williams AFB are stored in the 1949addition of the Matthews Center on the ASU campus.The archaeological materials for Williams AFB arestored in a variety of locations in the collectionsstorage area (Figure 12). Two boxes are stored on animmovable shelving unit. The unit is composed ofmetal uprights and shelves that are bolted to the floorand ceiling. There are a total of 133 shelving unitswith seven shelves per unit in the collections storagearea. The aisles between the shelving units areapproximately 40 inches wide. The shelving unitmeasures approximately 1.4 x 3.0 x 7.25 feet (l x w x h)and the lowest shelf is 3.5 inches off the floor. Each

row is labeled with an acidic paper tag that has beeninserted with a letter designation (e.g., C) in a metalholder. Shelves are individually labeled with adhesiveor magnetic plastic tags that are embossed with theshelf number (e.g., C.7.1 indicates that the artifactsare in row C, shelving unit 7, and shelf 1).

Six boxes of material are located on animmovable metal shelving unit that measures 1.5 x0.27 x 7.0 feet (l x w x h). There is a total of tenshelving units with six shelves per unit. The distancebetween the shelves is 40 inches. Each shelving unitis labeled with a marker with the ASU storagenumber on an acidic index card (e.g., A.11). Theindividual shelves are labeled with adhesive ormagnetic plastic tags that are embossed with a morespecific ASU storage number (e.g., A.11.5). Sevenboxes of materials from Williams AFB are on thefloor between these shelving units. Composition ofthe collection is presented in Table 7.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist of both acidic and archivalboxes in various sizes. The two boxes on the firstshelving unit measure 0.3 ft3. The boxes are foldedwith telescoping lids and labeled directly in markerwith the site and box number. One of the boxes isdusty, and both are overpacked. The six boxes locatedon the second shelving unit are all archival-quality.Four of the boxes measure 1.4 ft3, and the other twoboxes measure 0.3 ft3. The boxes are folded withtelescoping lids and are labeled directly in markerwith the site number and box number; one has the

Figure 12. Artifact collections from Williams AFB arestored in cardboard boxes on the floor and on a steel

shelving unit in the Matthews Center.

Table 7.Summary of Material Classes Present in the

Williams AFB Archaeological Collectionsat Arizona State University

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 11Ceramics 30Flotation 3Soil 7Shell 2Botanical (Pollen) 46

Historical-PeriodMetal 1

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.


installation name. Primary containers for thecollections on the floor consists of two acidiccardboard boxes that measure 2.2 ft3 and fivearchival boxes that measure 2.0 ft3. Acidic boxes, arefolded and taped with folded flaps which showevidence of compression. Archival boxes are foldedwith telescoping lids.


Secondary containers for the military archaeologicalcollections consist of 2-, 4-, and 6-mil plastic zip-lockbags without any type of security (Table 8). Thesecontainers show evidence of punctures and tears,which have been taped. The plastic bags, if labeled,are labeled directly in marker, pen, or pencil with theaccession and site number. Secondary containers alsoinclude small manila envelopes with folded flaps thathave been taped shut. Some of these envelopes showevidence of damage, such as tears and punctures.Manila envelopes are labeled directly or have astamped fill-in-the-blank tag completed in marker,pen, or pencil. The tags request some combination ofthe following information: investigating organization,activity, site, feature, locus, material, remarks, name,date, and specimen. The third type of secondarycontainer present in the collection is an acidic boxwith glued construction and taped, folded flaps forsecurity. The box is labeled directly in marker withthe material and analysis numbers. Secondarycontainers are nested with acidic brown paper bagsand plastic vials. Most of the paper bags have beenlabeled in marker, pen, pencil, or a stamped tag andrequest the same information as that on the manilaenvelopes. The brown bags are fastened with staplesand/or string.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned and sorted.Approximately fourteen percent of the artifacts havebeen labeled directly in india ink with the accessionand site numbers.

Human Skeletal RemainsASU is not curating human skeletal remainsrecovered from DoD archaeological projects.

Records StorageThe Anthropology Building on the ASU campuscurrently curates approximately 16.4 linear inches ofdocumentation associated with archaeological workperformed on Williams AFB.

Paper Records

ASU curates 13.0 linear inches of paper records fromWilliams AFB in the Anthropology Building.Administrative, survey, excavation, and analysisrecords are stored in letter-size metal file cabinetsthat measure 2.4 x 1.3 x 4.4 feet (l x w x h). Thereare 11 file cabinets with four drawers per unit thatcontain site files. Project files are in three filecabinets with four drawers per unit. The site filedrawer for Williams AFB is labeled with a magneticstrip that is embossed with the site number. Findingaids are available for the files, which are arranged bysite number, through a computer system.

Secondary containers include manilaenvelopes and one paper folder. Containers arelabeled directly with a stamp that indicates the sitenumber, type of work, and content. Records are ingood condition, with the exception of metalcontaminants such as paper clips, staples, andfasteners. Project files are labeled with acidic paperinsert tags in metal holders with a plastic covering.Tags are stamped with the project number, and filesare arranged by project number. Secondary containersfor the project records are manila folders that arelabeled directly with adhesive backed tags, or tapedlabels. Some of the folders also are stamped withcontent information. Adhesive labels are typed orcomputer generated with project files, title, projectnumber, installation, account number, and dates of

Table 8.Summary of Secondary Containers Present in the

Williams AFB Archaeological Collections atArizona State University


Plastic zip-lock bags 54Small manila envelopes 43Acidic cardboard box 3

Total 100

Note: Percentages of secondary containers are based on volume.


account. The direct labels have the project filenumber, title, and contents.

Report Records

Williams AFB has 2.13 linear inches of reportrecords curated in the Anthropology Building on theASU campus. These records are stored in the samemanner as the paper records that are located in thefour-drawer metal file cabinets.


Photographic records at the ASU AnthropologyBuilding total 0.13 linear inches and include black-and-white prints and negatives. Photographic recordsare stored in the same manner as the paper recordsthat are located in the four-drawer metal file cabinets.


ASU curates 1.13 linear inches of maps and blueprintrecords from Williams AFB. Maps are stored in thesame manner as the paper records that are located inthe four-drawer metal file cabinets.



Currently, all materials are accessioned upon receipt.In the past, materials were not accessioned; therefore,today the backlog is being accessioned.


The location of the collection within the repository isidentified in the accession file, as well as acomputerized file. The next step is to develop aGeographic Information System.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed in the collections database byall of the fields that are entered.


A published guide to the collections has not beenwritten.


Originally an ASU numbering system was in place,but now a state wide number is used.


The repository uses an automated data processingtechnique to manage the collections. Backups of theserecords are made weekly on 4 mm tapes. Computersused for the collection records are attached to thedepartment and university-wide network. Thepassword into the network has not changed. At leastone backup copy is stored in a different part of thebuilding. Computer security and access are controlledby ‘read only’ files that are accessible to the staff andresearchers; ‘change only’ files are accessible to onlya few members of the collections staff with a securitypassword.

Written Policies and ProceduresThe Division of Anthropological Collections has beenformerly organized to establish the “AnthropologicalCollections Policies and Procedures.” This division isstaffed by members of the ASU Department ofAnthropology. The following policies and proceduresare outlined within this document and should bereferenced to find the specific guidelines.

Minimum Standards for Acceptance

ASU has written minimum standards for theacceptance of archaeological collections. Only thosearchaeological materials that assist faculty andresearch interests are accepted. A “Transfer ofProperty Custodial Agreement” is used for collectionsthat are accepted. Any artifacts that have been takenillegally will be excluded from the collection. Onlythe archaeological records for research andcollections are maintained. ASU does not keepnonrelevant records.

Curation Policy

The repository has a comprehensive plan for curationthat addresses the receipt of materials, processing ofmaterials, use of materials, and future preservation.There are also written guidelines and standards forthe curation of artifacts.


Records-Management Policy

There are written guidelines and standards for thecuration of artifacts and associated documentation.


The repository does not have its own written field-curation guidelines for researchers but uses thewritten procedures established in the ASM guidelinesor the Arizona Research Institute (Bureau ofReclamation) guidelines.

Loan Procedures

ASU has a written loan procedure.


There is a deaccessioning policy.

Inventory Policy

There is no written inventory policy at ASU;however, there have been ongoing inventoriessince 1991.


The latest inventory started in 1991 and is ongoingwith over 200,000 specimens to inventory.

Curation Personnel

Curation personnel at ASU consists of the directorwhose work is split between curation and teaching.A graduate assistant, Lisa Beyer, spends one-half ofher time on curation. ASU also hires other studentemployees to manage the collections.

Curation Financing

State funding provides the university with a budget,that in turn allocates money to the anthropologydepartment. Curation is funded through collectionfees. To date funding is adequate, but money shouldbe provided for big projects such as NAGPRA, andrenovation money should be allocated for compliancewith 36 CFR Part 79.


Access to collections is controlled by curationpersonnel who require visitors to fill out a request

form. Other staff members must check out keyscontrolled by the director, and the physicalanthropologist curator, or the department head togain access to the collections. Collections areaccessible only to legitimate researchers, and allunknown researchers must fill out forms. Recordsare accessible, through the director, to qualifiedarchaeological researchers and faculty and staff inthe department. Records can not be checked out ofthe repository.

Future Plans

ASU has intentions to upgrade the security systemsin place throughout the buildings, as well as the firesafety procedures, which will include fire alarms andextinguishers. The repository would also like to hirea conservator. Another plan for the collections is toestablish a state wide database consortium of site andproject records.

The Archaeological Research Institute (ARI)moved into the second floor of the Matthews Center,on the main campus of ASU in July 1997. ARI is aunit of the Department of Anthropology designated tocurate archaeological collections under federalcontract. ARI currently has a contract with theBureau of Reclamation to curate their collections inthe Matthews Center. Part of these funds will be usedto upgrade the storage facilities, which also willimprove the storage conditions for the othercollections.

Comments

1. Both repositories have an air conditioning and heatsystem. Humidity levels are not monitored orcontrolled in either repository because of excessivelydry weather. Dust filters are on all environmentalcontrols, except for the heat system in Repository 1.Neither facility has ultraviolet filters on their lightsources. Both collections storage areas are maintainedby the curatorial staff on an as-needed basis.

2. Both repositories have an integrated pest-management system that monitor and control for pestinfestation.

3. Repository 1 has a security system that includes a24-hour patrol by campus state police, key locks on


all exterior doors, controlled access, and slip locks onwindows. Repository 2 has an intrusion alarm in theexhibit area, 24-hour patrols by the campus statepolice, and key locks on both exterior and interiordoors.

4. Fire protection in Repository 1 includes a manualfire alarm wired into the fire department, smokedetectors, sprinkler system, fire doors, andextinguishers. Repository 2 has manual fire alarmsand extinguishers, as well as a steel stud and brickexterior wall configuration. The collections storagearea in Repository 2 does not have any fire safetymechanisms. Both facilities are within one mile of thelocal fire department.

5. Primary containers for the collections are acombination of acidic and archival cardboard boxes.Secondary containers for the artifacts are nonarchivaland archival 2-, 4-, and 6-mil zip-lock bags and smallmanila envelopes. Both the primary and secondarycontainers show some evidence of damage.

6. Documentation is stored in four-drawer letter-sizemetal file cabinets. Secondary containers are manila

envelopes and folders. Metal contaminants such aspaper clips, fasteners, and staples are present on therecords.

Recommendations

1. Plans to upgrade the security, fire-detection, andfire-suppression systems in both facilities will bebeneficial. It is important to include the collectionsstorage areas in these upgrades.

2. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into 4- or 6-mil archival-quality, polyethylene, zip-lock bags. Reduce thevolume of artifacts in each drawer and bag so thatcontainers are not overpacked. Insert acid-free paperlabels into each bag. Do not use contaminants tosecure the containers.

3. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Records should be free of metal staples andpaper clips, or other contaminants.

41

7Bernice P. Bishop Museum

Honolulu, Hawaii

Collections Total: 805.9 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials and human skeletal remains; 5.9 linear feetof records.


Compliance Status: Archaeological materialswill require partial rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forcollections.

Human Skeletal Remains: 667 ft3

Compliance Status: Human skeletal remainsare housed at the Bishop Museum from anundetermined number of individuals recovered from

NAS Barbers Point, Bellows AFB, Fort Shafter,Fort Kamehameha, Hickam AFB, Lualualei NavalMagazine, MCB Hawaii-Kaneohe Bay, PMRFBarking Sands, and Waianae Army RecreationCenter.

Linear Amount of Records: 5.9 linear feet (70.26inches)


Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded through each project.

Assessment

Dates of Visit: July 23–25, 1996, and March 25 and27, 1997

Points of Contact: Elizabeth Bauwens and GeorgeMacDonell

The Bernice P. Bishop Museum has a long history ofarchaeological work in Hawaii—much of the islands’earlier work was performed by museum staff. TheBishop Museum is a nonprofit institution dedicated togathering, preserving, studying, and sharingknowledge of the cultural and natural history ofHawaii and the Pacific. The museum was founded in1889 by Charles Reed Bishop as a memorial to his

wife, Bernice Pauahi Bishop, the last descendent ofthe royal Kamehameha line of Hawaiian chiefs.Collections from several DoD installations arelocated in three different buildings in the BishopMuseum complex. For a list of the approximate cubicfootage of artifacts and linear footage of associateddocumentation, refer to Table 9.

Repository 1 (Figure 13) is a warehouse usedfor oversized collections storage. Archaeologicalcollections are located on the second floor/loft of thebuilding. Konia Hall (Repository 2) includes spacefor offices, laboratories, and collections storagerooms (Figure 14). DoD artifact and records arelocated in three collections storage areas in thisrepository. Museum quality and special typecollections are housed on the second floor, which wasundergoing construction at the time of the assessment.

Collection Summary


Human skeletal remains are stored in a room locatedon the first floor; associated documentation is storedin another room on this same floor. Repository 3(Figure 15) is the original Bishop Museum building.Space in this building has been allocated for offices,laboratories, classrooms, and collections storagerooms.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Halekini Hall

Halekini Hall was built in 1975 as an overflow andgeneral storage building for collections. It is acorrugated metal facility on a concrete pad that hasspace evenly divided between offices and collectionsstorage areas. The corrugated metal roof is original tothe construction of the facility. The two-storybuilding is solid, with no signs of cracks or leaks inthe foundation or structure. There are no windows inthe collections storage half of the building. Utilities,which consist of electricity, running water in therestrooms, and telephone lines, were all installedduring the construction of the building.

DoD collections are located on the mezzaninelevel of the building and occupy 200 ft2. The metal

Figure 15. Exterior view of Bishop Hall(Repository 3).

Table 9.Volume of DoD Artifact and Record Collections

Housed at the Bishop Museum

Volume of Linear InchesInstallation Artifacts (ft

3) of Records

Air ForceBellows AFB 7.1 8.00Hickam AFB 1.3 —Kaena PointMilitary Reservation 0.7 —

ArmyAll installations — 26.00Fort Shafter 1.3 0.13Helemano Radar Station 2.6 2.00Waianae Army RecreationCenter 62.4 2.00

MarinesMCB Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay 650.0 10.50

NavyBarbers Point Naval Air Station 56.3 11.00Fort Kamehameha 1.3 0.13Lualualei Naval Magazine 19.0 10.50PMRF, Barking Sands 3.9 —

Total 805.9 70.26 lin. in.(5.90 lin. ft.)

Note: Volumes include human skeletal remains.

Figure 13. Halekini Hall (Repository 1) is awarehouse style building that houses oversizedobjects as well as archaeological collections.

Figure 14. Konia Hall (Repository 2) houses offices,laboratories, and collection storage rooms.

Bernice P. Bishop Museum 43

floor is covered with wood boards. Interior walls arewood framed with metal grating, and the ceiling hasmetal beams and layers of exposed insulation. Thereis no asbestos is this facility.

Repository 2—Konia Hall

Built in 1925, this three-story, above-grade facilitywas constructed for use as office and collectionstorage space. Konia Hall, which encompasses14,100 ft2, has a concrete foundation and exteriorwalls that have a stucco surface. The roof has hadmany repairs over the years, and any cracks that haveoccurred in the foundation and walls have beenrepaired. A new wing for exhibit space andethnographic collections storage area has been added.There are many wood-framed windows withoutshades; however, the glass panes are opaque and havea dimpled effect. There is no evidence that thewindows or frames leak water or are drafty, or theyhave never been replaced.

Repository 3—Bishop Hall

Bishop Hall was built in 1891 for the KamehamehaSchool for Boys, an exclusive school for Hawaiianboys. It encompasses approximately 11,510 ft2. Thefoundation and exterior walls are lava stone blocksand mortar, with wood floors inside. The metal roofhas had numerous leaks, and parts of the building stillexhibit water damage on the lanai (porch) area of thefacility. There are two floors, both above grade, and aturret. There have been no significant renovations tothe building, with the exception of moving aroundoffice and collections storage space inside the facility.The numerous painted, wood-framed windows haveno shades and are a variety of sizes. Some of thewindow seams leak water and are drafty.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Halekini Hall

No environmental controls are present on thecollections storage side of the building. Temperatureand humidity levels fluctuate regularly, and with nodust filters in place, collections storage areas havebecome quite dirty. The Buildings and GroundsDepartment of the museum is responsible for themaintenance of the facility. Curatorial staff membersmaintain the collections storage area as needed.

Fluorescent lights suspended from the ceiling do nothave ultraviolet filters.


Window air conditioning units are installed in someof the rooms. No windows are located in two of thecollections storage areas; however, windows arepresent in the document storage room. Humiditylevels are somewhat regulated with the use of windowair conditioning units, but there are no dust filters.Maintenance and cleaning of the building is the sameas Repository 1. Nonfiltered fluorescent lights aresuspended from the ceiling.


Window air conditioning units are installed in someof the rooms, which helps to regulate the fluctuatinghumidity levels. There are no dust filters present onthe units. Windows line one wall of the collectionsstorage room. Maintenance and cleaning of thebuilding is the same as Repository 1.Nonfilteredfluorescent lights are suspended from the ceiling.

Pest ManagementAn integrated program for pest management isestablished for all repositories housing collectionsinclude both regular monitoring and controlmeasures. Sticky traps are placed throughout allfacilities and checked weekly. Spraying of allentrances, cracks, and crevices in the buildings with acommercial fumigant also is conducted as needed.

SecurityPublic access is restricted to the buildings that houseoffices and collections storage areas. All visitors mustsign in at a security desk and have an appointmentwith a staff member who escorts and supervises thework in all collections storage areas. Visitor’s badgesmust be worn at all times.

Repository 1—Halekini Hall

This building is kept locked and has no windows onthe collections storage half of the building. Theentrance to the second floor/loft is kept locked and thedoor to the collections storage room, where thearchaeological collections are housed, is also kept


locked. Access is controlled to all collections storageareas and only collections personnel have access tothe keys that unlock the doors. The museum employssecurity personnel who routinely patrol the entiremuseum complex.


Konia Hall has two exterior doors that are both keptlocked. Upstairs, where the museum qualitycollections are housed in a room built inside a largerroom, the collections storage room has plywood wallsand a narrow door that is locked with a padlock. Thehuman skeletal remains are kept in a locked room onthe ground floor. The documents storage roomremains locked when not in use. The museumemploys security personnel who routinely patrol theentire museum complex.


The front door is kept locked and visitors are asked tosign in at the front desk. The collections storage roomis located at the back of one of the laboratories on theground level floor of the building. This storage andoffice space is kept locked when unoccupied. Themuseum employs security personnel who routinelypatrol the entire museum complex.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Halekini Hall

There are no fire-detection measures in the collectionsstorage half of this facility. The only means of firesuppression are fire extinguishers in the building thatare checked annually.


A wet-pipe sprinkler system and fire extinguishersconstitute the fire-detection and -suppressionmeasures present in Konia Hall.


There are no fire-detection measures in this facility.The only means of fire suppression are fireextinguishers in the building that are checkedannually.



Storage units in Repository 1 consist of adjustable,metal shelving units that have an enamel finish andmeasure 2.5 x 3.5 x 7.0 feet (l x w x h). There areapproximately four shelves per unit and twelve boxesper shelf (Figure 16).


Collections are located in two collections storagerooms in Repository 2. Upstairs, in CollectionsStorage Area 1, museum-quality collections andspecial type collections are stored in large metalcabinets with removable drawers, a baked-enamelfinish, and lockable doors. In addition, boxedcollections are stacked on top of these cabinets due tolack of storage space.

On the ground level floor, an unsealed woodshelving unit measuring 2.5 x 25.0 x 9.5 feet (l x w x h)covers an entire wall of Collections Storage Area 2.A second row of wood shelves, approximatelyeighteen feet wide, is also used to store the boxedhuman skeletal remains recovered fromDoD-owned lands.


Storage units in Repository 3 consist of adjustable,metal shelving units that have an enamel finish andmeasure approximately 2.5 x 3.0 x 10.0 feet (l x w x h).There are six shelves per unit, and each unit has an

Figure 16. Collection storage room, units, andprimary containers in Repository 1.


additional nine inches of space between the floor andthe bottom shelf.

Primary Containers


Two sizes of acidic cardboard boxes are used tohouse the collections, both of which have telescopinglids. The larger, standard-size box measures 1.3 ft3,and the smaller half-size box measures 0.5 ft3.Approximately 67.5 ft3 of archaeological collectionscurrently are stored in Repository 1. For a breakdownof the percentages of material classes associated withthese collections, refer to Table 10.

The primary containers are labeled withacidic, adhesive paper labels, or pieces of paper tapedto each box. Some of the paper labels are computer

generated and others are handwritten in black and redmarker. One of the boxes did not have a paper label,only a temporary storage number written directly onthe box in pen. Most of the boxes are dusty, aging,and are showing signs of compression and tearing.


In the first collections storage area, 3.4 ft3 of artifactsare either stored in metal drawers, each measuringapproximately 0.7 ft3, or in the same type of acidiccardboard boxes that were assessed in Repository 1.DoD collections are located in three drawers that arelabeled with pieces of paper inserted into metal labelholders. Label information is typed and includes thecabinet number, drawer number, and the contents ofeach drawer. DoD collections are also housed in one

Table 10.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at the Bishop Museum by Installation

Material Classes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total

PrehistoricLithics 12 1 — 19 — 2 — — — — — <1Faunal remains 3 3 — 12 — 10 — — — — — <1Shell <1 — — 3 — — — — — — — <1Soil samples 21 25 — — 50 — — — — — — 314C 20 — — — — — — — — — — <1Botanical samples — — — — — 4 — — — — — <1Human skeletal remains 41 0.013 — 19 — <1 100 100 100 100 100 86Modified faunal remains — — 80 2 — — — — — — — <1Modified shell –– — 20 2 — — — — — — — <1Mixed/indeterminate 1 — — — — — — — — — — <1Midden samples 1 68 — 18 50 2 — — — — — 6Column samples — 2 — — — — — — — — — <1Other — <1 — — — <1 — — — — — <1

Historical-PeriodCeramics — — — 13 — 28 — — — — — 1Glass — — — 10 — 39 — — — — — 1Metal <1 — — 1 — 12 — — — — — <1Modified bone — — — — — 1 — — — — — <1Rubber — — — 1 — 1 — — — — — <1Other — — — — — <1 — — — — — <1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages based on volume of material. Numbers represent the following: (1) NAS Barbers Point, (2) BellowsAFB, (3) Fort Kamehameha, (4) Fort Shafter, (5) Helemano Military Reservation, (6) Hickam AFB, (7) Kaena PointMilitary Reservation, (8) Lualualei Naval Magazine, (9) MCB Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay, (10) PMRF, Barking Sands, and(11) Waianae Army Recreation Center. Other prehistoric materials in the Barber’s Point and Waianae Army RecreationCenter collections include shell, mixed/indeterminate samples, botanical samples, modified fauna, volcanic glass,human skeletal remains, soil samples. Other historical-period materials in the Waianae Army Recreation Centercollection include a stone bead and textile fibers.


standard-size box and one half-size box that arelabeled with pieces of paper taped to each box. Dataon the box labels is handwritten in marker. For abreakdown of the percentages of material classesassociated with these collections, refer to Table 10.

In the second collections storage area,667.4 ft3 of human skeletal remains from severalDoD installations are stored in acidic cardboardboxes that measure 1.3 ft3 each. Each box has anumber stamped directly on the box or on a piece ofpaper stapled to the box. A marker is used to writelabel information directly on a number of the boxes.


Approximately 67.6 ft3 of archaeologicalcollections are stored in the same type of standard-size and half-size acidic cardboard boxes that wereassessed in Repository 1. Several of the heavierboxes have been reinforced by taping the bottom ofthe box. Acid-free paper labels are taped to eachbox with the project number, project name, boxnumber, contents, processing status, and conditionof the collections in each box. Most of the labelsare computer generated, with additionalinformation handwritten in black marker.


Most of the secondary containers used (80%) areplastic bags, primarily with zip-lock closures. Paperbags constitute approximately 13% of the containerspresent, and 2% of the artifacts are loose. Varioussecondary containers are used for the remainder ofthe collection (5%), including foil, newspaper, tapedethafoam, and plastic film canisters. Most of thesecondary containers had additional zip-lock bags,plastic bags with twist ties, foil, or film canistersnested within. For a breakdown of secondary

containers used in all of the repositories, refer toTable 11.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingThe majority of the 805.9 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials has been cleaned (98%), labeled (88%), andsorted by material class (98%). The level ofprocessing and labeling is detailed below for thecollections located in each of the three differentrepositories.


Most of the collections in Repository 1 (67.5 ft3)consist of midden and soil samples. Of the remaining6 ft3 of artifacts, only 38% have been cleaned.Sixteen percent of the artifacts are labeled directly onthe surface of the artifact with white paint or usingpaper tag inserts enclosed in the bags. Most of thecollections (94%) have been sorted by material class.


Almost all of the 670.8 ft3 of artifacts and humanskeletal remains in both collections storage areas havebeen cleaned (99%), labeled (97%), and sorted bymaterial class (99%). The collections are directlylabeled on the surface of the artifact in ink or with inkon black or white paint. Paper labels also are insertedinto some of the bags or placed near the artifacts inthe primary container.


Seventy percent of the 67.6 ft3 in Repository 3 arecleaned. A little more than half (54%) of thecollections are labeled directly on the surface of the

Table 11.Summary of Secondary Containers Used to Store Department of Defense

Collections by Volume in Each Repository

Container Type Warehouse Konia Hall Bishop Hall Total

Plastic bags 83 99 59 80Paper bags 16 <1 23 13Loose — <1 5 2Other

a1 <1 13 5

Total 100 100 100 100aOther secondary containers used include foil, newspaper, taped ethafoam, and plastic film canisters.


artifacts with ink or have acid-free paper tags insertsin the secondary container. The majority (77%) of thecollections are sorted by material class.

Human Skeletal RemainsAll 667 ft3 of the human skeletal remains areseparated from the rest of the collections and storedin Collections Storage Room 2 in Repository 2.Unknown skeletal material was located in a box ofcollections associated with Project Number 334, theNAS Barbers Point/NAVMAG Lualualei collection inRepository 1. This box is labeled with a temporarystorage number and contains a large variety ofmaterial classes stored in paper bags. Bone materialwas in one of the unlabeled paper bags and was ingood condition. The minimum number of individualsrepresented is undetermined. For the volume ofskeletal material at the Bishop Museum for whichDoD is responsible, refer to Table 12.

Records StorageAll of the associated archaeological records are storedin Collections Storage Area 3 in Repository 2.Records are organized by a project number assignedby the Bishop Museum. DoD records occupy

5.9 linear feet of shelf space and are filed in severaltypes of storage units and primary containers,including acid-free record boxes and standard-sizeacidic cardboard boxes (Figure 17). Acidic and acid-free files have a project number written on them inpencil or typed on an adhesive label.

Paper Records

Paper records present in the installation-specificproject files consist of administrative documents,background information, survey/fieldwork, siteforms, excavation forms, field notes, analysisrecords, and field notebooks. These documents total4.7 linear feet and make up the majority of theassociated records.

The overall condition of the records is verygood; however, a few of the project files areovercrowded, resulting in wrinkled and torndocuments. Contaminants are also present andinclude metal staples and paper clips, several ofwhich have rusted and stained the paper records.

Report Records

Less than two inches of bound report records are inthe project files. These reports have no other label,except for the report title, and are stored in the fileswith the rest of the associated project records.


Photographic records generally are stored in aprimary container away from the paper documents;

Table 12.Human Skeletal Remains at the Bishop Museum

Associated with DoD Installations

Minimum NumberVolume of Individuals

Installation (ft3) Represented

Air ForceBellows AFB 1.3 UndeterminedHickam AFB 1.3 Undetermined

ArmyFort Kamehameha 1.3 1Fort Shafter 1.3 5Waianae Army Rec. Center 0.1 1

MarinesMCB Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay 650.0 1,534 +

NavyNAS Barbers Point 2.6 UndeterminedNAVMAG Lualualei 5.2 UndeterminedPMRF, Barking Sands 3.9 Undetermined

Total 667.0 1,541 + undetermined

Figure 17. Waianae Army Recreation Centercollections are temporarily located in the

archaeology laboratory in repository 3.


however, approximately two inches of black-and-white prints and negatives were found in several ofthe installation project files. Most of the latterphotographic records have no labels and are at risk ofbecoming damaged or lost.

Audiovisual Records

Six audiocassette tapes of oral histories from a largeArmy-wide project performed in the 1970s are in theproject files. The tapes are labeled with the individualnames of the interviewees and the project name. Thetapes are housed in plastic cases and stored in a filecabinet labeled with the project name.


Approximately six inches of cartographic records,including large topographic maps, small hand-drawnsite maps, and blueprints are in the files. Somerubbings of Japanese gravestones on rice paper arefolded and filed with the project records.



All materials are accessioned upon receipt, except forthose items on loan to the museum. Accession filesare maintained by the registrar.


Collection location information is cross referenced byaccession number, project number, site number, andsite name.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are searchable by project number, site number,site name, and accession number.


A published guide to the Bishop Museum’s holdingshas not been produced.


The Bishop Museum assigns and maintains sitenumbers and files in the Anthropology Documents

Room. Numbers are assigned by a complex systembased on the state number (50), which island the siteis on (Oa for Oahu), and the sequential number of thesite within the ahupua’a (the chiefdom land divisionof each island, which generally extends from the topof a volcano to the sea).


Collection information is entered onto databases andupdated weekly. Tape backups are made weekly andstored separately.


The Archaeology Lab Procedures Manual detailsthe standards for acceptance of an archaeologicalcollection.

Curation Policy

Collections are curated using methods outlined in theArchaeology Lab Procedures Manual.


All original documents are turned over to theArchives Department within the museum. Personnelin this department follow written guidelines developedfor the curation of documentation.


The Archaeology Lab Procedures Manual providesguidelines for field curation measures.

Loan Procedures

The Bishop Museum has a written loan policy and astandard form that is used for the procedure.


Deaccessioning policies are addressed in theRegistration Procedures guidelines.

Inventory Policy

The Archaeology Collections Department does nothave a written inventory policy.



Museum staff have never performed a completecollections inventory. Many of the collections wererecently checked during NAGPRA summary andinventory compliance work.

Curation Personnel

George MacDonell, the full-time archaeologycollections manager, and one research assistant areresponsible for cleaning, processing, and curatingmaterials from ongoing projects. They also assistresearchers in accessing the museum’s archaeologicalcollections.

Curation Financing

Curation activities for archaeological collections arefinanced through the budgets of each project. Currentlevels of funding are inadequate. Curation personnelfeel that more money is needed for general operatingexpenses and maintenance of the collections andfacilities.


The two collections personnel control all access to thearchaeology collections. Other museum personnel andoutside researchers are allowed access only in thecompany of these individuals. The museum currentlycharges $50 an hour for access fees and staff time.

Future Plans

Collections staff want to ensure that the collectionsare self sustaining by charging a fee for curation byproject.

Comments

1. Adequate environmental controls are absent in allthree repositories. Water damage to Repository 3 hasoccurred, and temperature and humidity levelsfluctuate in the collections storage areas.

2. An integrated pest-management system is in placefor all facilities. The assessment team did not noticean infestation of any kind.

3. All rooms remain locked at all times when not inuse and security personnel patrol the groundsroutinely. Intrusion alarms or motion detectors areabsent from all archaeological collections storagefacilities.

4. Fire-safety precautions are not adequate in any ofthe buildings or collections storage areas.

5. A large majority of the collections are housed inacidic cardboard boxes, and a variety of nonarchivalquality secondary containers are in use.

6. The majority of the collections have beenadequately processed and organized.

7. A small amount of unknown skeletal material wasfound in a box in Repository 1.

8. The minimum number of individuals represented isundetermined for the U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navycollections housed at the Bishop Museum.

9. Photographic materials are not labeled and aresometimes filed with acidic paper records.Audiocassette tapes are stored with acidic paperrecords and files.

10. Associated documentation is housed in a varietyof storage units; contaminants are present on thepaper documents.

Recommendations

1. Funding is needed to purchase the equipmentnecessary to provide an environmentally stablecuration facility for archaeological collections.Temperature and humidity levels should be monitoredand regulated constantly, and a dust filtration systemneeds to be used in all areas.

2. Smoke detectors, heat sensors, and manual firealarms should be installed in all collections storageareas and wired directly to a local fire department.Easy access to a fire extinguisher in all collectionsstorage areas is needed. Optimally a dry-pipe, zonedsprinkler system should be installed.


3. Archaeological materials should be repackagedinto appropriate polyethylene, zip-lock bags withacid-free paper labels inserted into the bags. The bagsshould then be placed into acid-free cardboard boxesthat are themselves labeled with acid-free labels thatcan be inserted into self-adhesive plastic labelholders. All label information should be written inindelible ink.

4. The unknown skeletal material in the NAS BarbersPoint/NAVMAG Lualualei collection should beexamined and a determination should be made as towhether it is faunal or human. All NAGPRAcompliance measures need to be followed.

5. Photographic materials need to be removed fromthe paper documents, labeled, and stored inenvironmentally stable conditions within archivalprimary and secondary containers.

6. Remove audiocassettes from files and storeaccording to archival guidelines established for thecuration of electronic media.

7. All paper contaminants should be removed withcare taken to ensure that the original order of therecords is maintained. All associated documentsshould be stored in archival-quality containers.

51

8Bureau of Land ManagementNorthern District Office

Fairbanks, Alaska

Collections Total: 0.2 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials; 0.8 linear feet of associated records.






Status of Curation Funding: Curation financing isnot funded separately, it is part of the overall job ofthe archaeological staff. All archaeologicalcollections are sent to the University of AlaskaMuseum in Fairbanks. Presently, the Bureau of LandManagement does not provide financial support forthe long-term curation of archaeological collections atthe museum.

Assessment

Date of Visit: May 22, 1997

Point of Contact: John Cook

The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) NorthernDistrict Office currently curates approximately 0.2 ft3

of artifacts recovered from Fort Wainwright. Therepository also has 9.25 linear inches of associateddocumentation from Fort Wainwright and Fort Greely.

Structural AdequacyThe BLM Northern District Office building wascompleted in 1988 and dedicated in 1989 (Figure 18).The 52,000-ft2 building is primarily office space, but

it does have a receiving and loading garage, amultipurpose laboratory for artifact holding, washing,and processing, and a mechanical/utility room.

Collection Summary

Figure 18. Exterior view of the entrance to theBLM Northern District Office.


The building has a concrete foundation withconcrete block exterior walls. The flat roof is originalto the building and is composed of an insulated roofmembrane that was adhesively applied. The buildinghas two floors above grade and is structurally solid;however, the facility does have some cracks andleaks. There have been minor internal renovations inthe building. Multiple exterior, aluminum-framedwindows, which are equipped with shades, arelocated on all sides of the building. Windows appearto be airtight. The building has glass exterior doorswith metal frames and wood paneled interior doors.

Collections are located in two general areas.Most of the records are located in and around theoffice of the staff archaeologist, John Cook. Hisoffice is an open cubicle that is identical to thebuilding in all respects—structure, environment,security, and fire suppression and detection. The otherlocation is the archaeology laboratory, which consistsof an artifact holding, washing, and processing area,and an artifact and records study room.

The archaeology laboratory totals 424 ft2 andis the location of the archaeological materials forFort Wainwright, as well as some additional records.The interior walls of the archaeology laboratoryconsist of plasterboard and the floors are concretecovered with linoleum. The ceiling is made ofsuspended acoustical tiles. There are two aluminum-framed, west-facing, windows that measure6 x 6 feet (h x w). The windows are equipped withshades and appear airtight. There is one wood doorwith a glass window leading into the archaeologylaboratory. The laboratory does not use hazardousmaterials, but it does have a fume hood that ventsdirectly to the outside. Functional overhead pipes arepresent in the archaeology laboratory above thearchaeological materials. Overhead pipes are forfire and water purposes, and there has never been afailure of these systems.

EnvironmentTemperature controls in the BLM Northern DistrictOffice include air conditioning and fuel-oil baseboardheat. Humidity levels are controlled and there are dustfilters on the environmental controls. A contractedjanitorial staff clean the building daily. Maintenanceproblems are directed to the building supervisor.Nonfiltered fluorescent lighting is located throughout

the building. There is no asbestos present in thebuilding. Utilities and services within the repositoryinclude water, restrooms, telephone lines, andelectricity. The plumbing, electricity, and heatingsystems are all original to the building.

The staff archaeologist’s office has the sameenvironmental controls as the repository. However,the archaeology laboratory has constant air volumewith central air conditioning and radiator heat. Thetargeted temperature and humidity levels in thecollections storage area are 74° F and 40% humidity.Dust filters on the environmental controls are pleated.The laboratory is cleaned on an as-needed basis bythe archaeological staff at BLM. Dust is present inthe collections storage area.

Pest ManagementThe BLM Northern District Office has a pest-management program established to control andmonitor for insects and rodents in the facility. TheBLM staff have not seen signs of pest infestation inthe offices. No precautions are taken against insectsor rodents in the archaeology laboratory.

SecurityOne of the security measures for the building,including the collections storage areas, consists of aprivate security company that monitors the buildingon weekends and after hours of operation. Therepository also has key locks on all interior andexterior doors, as well as controlled access into thebuilding. The front door is monitored by a receptiondesk, which requires visitors to check in. The BLMoffice has law enforcement personnel on staff thatmonitor the building, even though they are BLMrangers. There are plans to upgrade the securitycameras for the building because of some break-insthat occurred in 1993–1994 in the parking lot. Theupgrade was approved but not completed at the timeof the curation assessment. The repository isequipped with an intrusion alarm that is connected toa private security company, Guardian Security;however, the intrusion alarm is not operated becauseof the flexible and wide ranging BLM staff hours.

The archaeology laboratory has a door with akey lock. There are only seven people who have a keyto this door. Those people include four archaeology

BLM Northern District Office 53

staff members, two law enforcement personnel, andthe building maintenance supervisor.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe BLM Northern District Office is equipped with awet-pipe sprinkler system, fire extinguishers, firedoors, and fire walls. Fire-detection mechanismsinclude manual fire alarms wired into the firedepartment, smoke detectors, and heat sensors. Thecollections storage areas have the same fire safetymechanisms, except that neither is equipped withfire extinguishers.


The archaeological materials located at the BLMNorthern District Office will not be curatedpermanently at this facility. The collection ispresently being analyzed and will be sent to theUniversity of Alaska Museum in Fairbanks forcuration upon completion of the project. Currently,the archaeological materials for Fort Wainwright arestored in the archaeology laboratory. The storage unithas three metal drawers across and 11 metal drawersdown. There are six of these metal drawer units, but

only one has military collections (Figure 19). The unitmeasures 1.1 x 2.5 x 3.1 feet (l x w x h). The metaldrawer units can be secured with a metal securityplate cover that has a key lock. These plates were notin use at the time of the visit. Percentages of materialclasses are outlined in Table 13.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist of two metal drawers thattotal 0.2 ft3. One of the drawers contains an obsidiansample from the collection that is scheduled foranalysis. The other drawer contains the remainder ofthe collection. At the time of the assessment thedrawer was on a shelf not in the unit, because it wasoverpacked and would not fit into the unit. Thedrawer with obsidian samples is labeled with a stickynote in marker with USGS map abbreviations. Theother drawer is not labeled.


Secondary containers for the military archaeologicalcollections consist primarily of small manilaenvelopes (95%) that have a folded flap for security.These envelopes are grouped together with rubberbands and metal binder clips. Plastic twist-tie bags(4-mil) make up the other 5% of the secondarycontainers. The secondary containers are labeleddirectly in marker, pencil, or a stamped fill-in plate.The plastic bags and some of the manila envelopesare labeled with the Alaska Heritage ResourcesSurvey (AHRS) number (site number), site name,field number, and analysis information. Theremainder of the manila envelopes are labeled withthe AHRS number, locus, coordinates, field number,artifact, depth/level, position, investigator, date, and

Figure 19. The metal drawer is the primary containerfor artifacts and associated documentation from Fort

Wainwright. Secondary containers for the artifactsconsist of manila envelopes and plastic bags.

Table 13.Summary of Prehistoric Material Classesin the Fort Wainwright Collections at the

BLM Northern District Office

Material Class %

Lithics 81Faunal remains 10Soil 4Wood 5

Total 100



accession number. Plastic bags are nested withtertiary containers of manila envelopes.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned and sorted bymaterial class. None of the artifacts have been labeled.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe BLM Northern District Office is not curatinghuman skeletal remains recovered from any DoDarchaeological projects.

Records StorageThe BLM Northern District Office currently curatesapproximately 9.25 linear inches of documentationassociated with archaeological work performed onFort Wainwright and Fort Greely. Records arestored in both the staff archaeologist’s office andthe archaeology laboratory.

Paper Records

The BLM Northern District Office curates 6.0 linearinches of paper records from Fort Wainwright andFort Greely. Less than three (2.75) linear inches ofFort Wainwright survey records are stored in themetal drawer with the artifacts in the archaeologylaboratory. Survey records consist of all-weather fieldnotebooks that are labeled directly in pencil withsome combination of field number, AHRS number,investigator, date, and location. The records are ingood condition. Less than one (0.25) linear inch ofFort Wainwright administrative records and surveyrecords are stored in a metal cabinet that is attachedto the staff archaeologist’s desk. The storage unitmeasures 1.6 x 1.2 x 1.6 feet (l x w x h) and has twodrawers—one for supply storage and the other is aletter-size file drawer. The storage unit has a keylock. The letter-size drawer measures 1.6 x 1.2 x 1feet (l x w x h) and is not labeled.

Secondary containers consist of acidichanging files that are in good condition. Acidic papertags in plastic holders on the file serve as labels forthe hanging files. The tags are labeled in marker withthe project name and installation. Fort Greely has

3.0 linear inches of administrative records,background records, and military reference recordsthat are stored in the staff archaeologist’s office in ashelving unit. The metal shelving unit measures 1.1 x2.8 x 3.6 feet (l x w x h) and has three shelves. Twoof these shelving units are located in his office. Thesecondary container for the administrative records isa cardboard binder that is labeled with an adhesive-backed plastic tag in typed print with the installationname. Military reference material is in a paper folder.

Report Records

Fort Wainwright has less than two (1.25) linearinches of report records in the staff archaeologist’sdesk file drawer. These records are stored in the samemanner as the paper records and are located in thesame storage unit. There are 1.5 linear inches ofreport records for Fort Greely located on the shelvingunits in this office. Report records are stored in thesame manner as the Fort Greely survey records andadministrative records located on the shelving unit.

Map and Oversized Documents

The BLM Northern District Office curates 0.5 linearinches of map records for Fort Wainwright and FortGreely. Field maps are stored throughout the officework space because of current usage. Topographicand computerized maps are located in a map storagecabinet that measures 3.8 x 4.6 x 1.4 feet (l x w x h)and has five drawers per unit. There are two mapcabinets. The metal drawers are labeled withadhesive-backed tags in marker with contents andBLM division user (e.g., Archaeology or Biology).Inside the drawers, the maps are protected by metal-and-vinyl-cover flaps. The maps are in good condition.

Collections Management StandardsThe BLM Northern District Office is not a permanentcuration facility; therefore, collections managementstandards were not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

No personnel are dedicated to the curation ofcollections because long-term curation is not in theirscope of work. The BLM Northern District Officehas an archaeological staff of four, which includethree archaeologists—John Cook, Howard Smith,

BLM Northern District Office 55

Mike Kunz—and one assistant seasonal technician,Chuck Atkins.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed as part of the archaeologicalscope of work. All archaeological collectionsrecovered by BLM archaeological staff are ultimatelysent to the University of Alaska Museum inFairbanks. BLM does not pay the museum for long-term curation. Recently, the museum requestedsupport money for the collections, but BLM did notrespond. The BLM Northern District Office didfinance an inventory catalog of the BLM collectionsat the museum for NAGPRA compliance purposes.The staff archaeologist believes that BLM should besupporting the museum.


Access to the collections is controlled by thearchaeological staff.

Future Plans

The BLM Northern District Office archaeologicalstaff is in need of more personnel, but funding is notavailable. There are a number of new archaeologicalprojects outlined in the budget, but there are no plansfor upgrading the curation needs.

Comments

1. BLM has temperature controls that consist of airconditioning and fuel-oil baseboard heat. Humiditycontrols also are present, dust filters have been placedon all environmental controls.

2. BLM’s integrated pest-management systemincludes both monitoring and control measures;however, no precautions against insects and rodentsare performed in the archaeology laboratory.

3. BLM has a security system that includes a privatesecurity company that monitors the building afterhours and on weekends. The building also has keylocks on all doors, controlled access through bothexterior doors, and law enforcement personnel onstaff. The building is equipped with an intrusion

alarm connected to the private security company, butthe system is not used because of the flexible workhours of the BLM staff. There also are plans toupgrade security cameras.

4. The repository is equipped with fire-suppressionmechanisms such as a wet-pipe sprinkler system, firewalls, fire doors, and fire extinguishers. Manual firealarms connected to the fire department, smokedetectors, and heat sensors are in the facility for firedetection.

5. Functional overhead water pipes in the archaeologylaboratory are located above the collections.

6. DoD artifacts are located in a metal storage unitwith drawers. Secondary containers for the artifactsare manila envelopes and twist-tie plastic bags.

7. Documentation is stored in a metal storage unitwith drawers, a metal file cabinet, metal shelvingunits, and a map cabinet. Metal contaminants arepresent on the paper records. No copy of theassociated documentation has been produced.

Recommendations


2. If possible remove the archaeological materialsfrom underneath the overhead pipes.

3. Rebag all archaeological materials into appropriatearchival-quality, polyethylene, zip-lock bags.

4. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a key to the collection. Records should befree of metal staples,d paper clips, and othercontaminants.

57

9Bureau of Land ManagementPhoenix Field Office

Phoenix, Arizona



Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archaeologicalcuration.




Status of Curation Funding: Presently, there is nocuration financing system in place at the BLMPhoenix Field Office. Specific project budgets mayinclude repository fees for a curation facility such asthe Arizona State Museum, but there currently is nosystem that allows for curation activities to be fundedspecifically.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Cheryl Blanchard

The BLM Phoenix Field Office currently curates1.3 ft3 of archaeological materials recovered from theBarry M. Goldwater Range which is managed byboth Luke AFB and MCAS Yuma. The repositoryalso has 38.75 linear inches of associateddocumentation from these two installations.

Structural AdequacyThe BLM Phoenix Field Office (Figure 20) includesoffices, a warehouse, a receiving/loading dock, an

artifact holding area, a records storage area, and asecurity monitoring space that totals 33,710 ft2.

Collection Summary

Figure 20. The BLM Phoenix Field Office holdsseveral artifacts and associated documentation

from Barry M. Goldwater Range.


BLM leased the building in 1983 as the originaloccupants; however, the lease agreement expires in1998, potentially resulting in a need to relocate.

The building has a concrete foundation with aconcrete block, paint, and stucco exterior wallconfiguration. The flat roof is composed of tar andasphalt. The building has a single floor above gradeand is structurally solid with no major cracks. Theroof was resealed in 1997 to alleviate past leakage.Internal renovations have been made that include thereconfiguration of some of the doorways and wallsfor space utilization purposes. Multiple exterior,aluminum-framed windows located on three of thefour sides of the building measure 13.25 x 58.50inches (w x h). Windows are shaded and appear to beairtight. Interior wood panel doors located throughoutthe building do not lock. Exterior doors, which havekey locks, are constructed from metal panels.

The collections storage areas are located inthe office of the state archaeologist, CherylBlanchard, as well as a general office area. Interiorwalls are constructed of painted plasterboard, and theceiling consists of suspended acoustical tiles. Floorsare concrete covered with carpet. There are nowindows located within the collections storage areas.One wood panel door leads into both collectionsstorage areas. Functional pipes are located above thecollections; however, there has never been a systemfailure.

EnvironmentThe BLM Phoenix Field Office has a computerizedcentral, zoned air conditioning and electric heatsystem that does not have dust filters. Thecomputerized system automatically turns off the airconditioning after 6:00 p.m., which according to theBLM staff causes a rapid temperature fluctuation.During the evenings and on weekends the buildingreportedly becomes excessively hot. Humidity isneither regulated nor monitored; however, theenvironment is typically very dry. The building ismaintained daily by a janitorial staff contracted bythe building owner. Fluorescent lighting withoutultraviolet filters is located throughout the building.No asbestos is present in the building. Theenvironment in the collection storage area is identicalto the repository.

Pest ManagementPrecautions are taken against insects and rodents inthe BLM offices on an as-needed basis. In the mid-1980s, a rodent infestation was reported in thewarehouse in metal storage bins containing grassseed. Also at that time, crickets and silverfish wereseen in the offices. These problems have since beenrectified.

SecuritySecurity measures for the building, including thecollections storage areas, consist of a 24-hour in-house dispatcher, key locks, sealed windows, andsecurity cameras. The camera monitors the entrance,parking lot, and a secure parking lot. The security lothas an electric gate and a security fence. Access tothe lot is obtained through a gate with a codedkeypad. The in-house dispatcher is primarily forseasonal fires. There have been past episodes ofunauthorized entry. Some thefts have occurred in theback of the building, including the theft of tires. Allof the windows are accessible from the outside.There is a considerable market value associated withthe artifacts.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe BLM Phoenix Field Office is equipped withmanual fire alarms that are located on the outside ofthe building. Heat sensors are connected to a wet-pipesprinkler system that is tested every six months.Fire extinguishers are present and were lastinspected in March 1997. Fire doors and a fire wallare located between the warehouse and the offices.The collections storage areas are identical to therepository.


Artifacts from Luke AFB and MCAS Yumamanaged land on BMGR are stored in the BLMPhoenix Field Office in a museum quality storageunit located in the general office area (Figure 21).The storage unit is a immovable, baked enamel, airtight shelving unit. There are glass windows on thedoors of the unit. The shelving unit measures 1.75 x

BLM Phoenix Field Office 59

4.3 x 7.0 feet (l x w x h) and has seven shelves. Theshelving unit is locked at all times and access to thekeys is controlled. Percentages of material classes areoutlined in Table 14.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist of two acidic cardboardboxes of varying sizes. The smaller folded and tapedbox contains a projectile point and measures 0.01 ft3.

The box has a telescoping lid secured with a rubberband. It is labeled with an acidic paper tag taped tothe box, as well as one located inside the box. Labelinformation, which is in pen, consists of the date,investigating organization, specific area, generallocation, project name, coordinates, type of find,environment, material, topographic map location,and investigator. The larger box, containing a wholeceramic vessel, measures 1.3 ft3. It is folded andglued and has folded flaps for security. An acidicpaper label is stapled to the box and one is alsoincluded in the box. Labels are handwritten in penwith the date, general project location, specificproject location, coordinates, type of collection, timeperiod, material, and investigators. A copy of thefield notes is also enclosed in the box with the vessel.


Secondary containers for the military archaeologicalcollections consist of a small plastic, zip-lock bag(2-mil) for the projectile point and Styrofoam®

packing peanuts to cushion the vessel in the largerbox. The zip-lock bag has an acidic paper index cardtag handwritten in pen with the same information asthe primary container labels. The projectile point isalso wrapped in tissue paper within the bag.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingBoth of the artifacts have been cleaned and sorted bymaterial class. Neither of the artifacts have beenlabeled.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe BLM Phoenix Field Office is not curating humanskeletal remains from DoD archaeological projects.

Records StorageThe BLM Phoenix Field Office currently curatesapproximately 38.75 linear inches of documentationassociated with archaeological work performed onLuke AFB and Yuma MCAS managed propertylocated on Barry M. Goldwater Range (Table 15).

Figure 21. A projectile point and ceramic vesselcollected from Barry M. Goldwater Range arehoused in this museum quality cabinet in the

office of the BLM Phoenix Field Office.

Table 14.Summary of Material Classes in the

BMGR Collections at the BLM Phoenix Field Office

Luke YumaMaterial Class AFB MCAS Total

PrehistoricLithics — 100 1Ceramic 100 — 99

Total 100 100 100



Paper Records

The BLM Phoenix Field Office curates 22.75 linearinches of paper records from Luke AFB and MCASYuma. These records are housed in the statearchaeologist’s office. Administrative and surveyrecords from these installations are stored in twoletter-size metal file cabinets. One file cabinet with akey lock has five drawers and measures 2.2 x 1.2 x5.0 feet (l x w x h). Paper records are located in twoof the metal drawers that measure 26.5 x 14.5 x 11.0inches (l x w x h). Drawers are labeled with an acid-free paper tag inserted into metal holders. Tags arehandwritten in pen with the project and contents.Records are arranged by project and planning units.Secondary containers consist of hanging files andmanila folders. Each hanging file is labeled with anacidic paper tag inserted into a plastic holder.Labeling, which has been typed or handwritten inpen, consists of the contents. Manila folders haveadhesive-backed labels handwritten in marker withthe contents. The paper collection is in goodcondition, except for the inclusion of metal, rubber,and plastic contaminants (e.g., staples, rubber bands,and paper clips).

The second file cabinet has four drawersand measures 2.1 x 1.5 x 4.4 feet (l x w x h). Theindividual metal file drawer measures 25.0 x 17.75 x11.5 inches (l x w x h). Drawers are labeled withadhesive tags taped to the outside. Tags are labeledin pen and/or pencil with the USGS quadrangledesignations. Secondary containers consist ofhanging files and manila folders. Hanging files haveacidic paper tags inserted into a plastic holder. Filesare labeled in pen with the USGS quadrangledesignations and location (e.g., Y:4 BGR). Therecords are in good condition, with the exception ofthe inclusion of metal contaminants such as paperclips.

Report Records

Luke AFB and MCAS Yuma have approximately10.5 linear inches of report records at the BLMPhoenix Field Office. These records are stored in thesame manner as the paper records that are located inthe five-drawer metal file cabinet.


Photographic records at the BLM Phoenix FieldOffice total 1.75 linear inches and include colorprints, negatives, slides, and one aerial photograph.They are presently stored throughout the office. Mostare still maintained in their original film processingcontainers; however, some of the photographs andslides have been placed into archival sleeves andlabeled directly in marker with the roll number,exposure, and location. Future plans to curate thephotographic collection include acquiring a fireproofmetal file cabinet and organizing the photographs.The aerial photograph is stored identical to the paperrecords that are in the five-drawer metal file cabinet.


The BLM Phoenix Field Office curates 3.75 linearinches of maps from Luke AFB and MCAS Yuma.Approximately four (3.5) linear inches of these mapsare located with the paper records in the five-drawerfile cabinet. Less than one (0.25) linear inch of mapsfrom Luke AFB-managed lands are stored in aquadrangle map shelving unit. The storage unitcontains 12 shelves that are constructed of metal withplastic rollers for easy access and maneuverability.The shelving unit measures 2.4 x 2.0 x 3.7 feet (l x wx h). Primary containers consist of metal and woodmap books that measure 26.5 x 21.0 x 0.5 inches (l x wx h) and are labeled directly in marker with the

Table 15.Summary of BGMR Documentation at the BLM Phoenix Field Office



Luke AFB 17.75 5.75 1.00 2.50 27.00MCAS Yuma 5.00 4.75 0.75 1.25 11.75

Total 22.75 10.5 1.75 3.75 38.75

Note: Figures are in linear inches.

BLM Phoenix Field Office 61

location and a number, as well as a prestamped labelindicating “United States Department of the Interior,Bureau of Land Management.” A topographic mapsymbol guide, a list of the topographic maps in thebook, and a copy of an overview map with all theenclosed topographic maps are taped to the frontcover of the book and labeled in pen. The books arein good condition but are dusty.

Collections Management StandardsThe BLM is not a permanent curation facility;therefore, collections management standards are notevaluated.

Curation Personnel

No personnel are dedicated to the curation ofcollections; however, Cheryl Blanchard, staffarchaeologist, maintains the archaeologicalcollections. Presently there is one other archaeologiston staff and they are awaiting the arrival of a thirdarchaeologist.

Curation Financing

There is no curation financing system in placepresently at the BLM Phoenix Field Office. Specificproject budgets may include repository fees for acuration facility such as Arizona State Museum, butthere currently is no overall system that allows forfunding curation activities.


Access to the collections is controlled by the staffarchaeologist.

Future Plans

The office has been acquiring archival-quality storageunits, and they plan on reorganizing their collections,including the DoD collections.

Comments

1. The BLM building has central, zoned airconditioning and electric heat that is set up to acomputer system that allows for system controlcausing temperature fluctuations after 6:00 p.m.

and weekends. Humidity is not controlled because ofdry temperatures in the Southwest, and there are nodust filters on the environmental controls.

2. BLM does not have an integrated pest-managementsystem. Insect and rodent precautionary measures areperformed on an as-needed basis.

3. BLM has a security system that includes a 24-hour, in-house dispatcher, key locks, sealed windows,controlled access, a security camera, and a secureparking lot with coded keypad access. The artifactsunit and some of the file cabinets have key locks.

4. The repository has a fire-detection system thatconsists of manual fire alarms on the outside of thebuilding and heat sensors connected to the sprinklersystem. The fire-suppression system in the repositoryconsists of a wet-pipe sprinkler system, multiple fireextinguishers, fire doors, and a fire wall between thewarehouse and offices.

5. Functional overhead water pipes are located in thecollections storage areas.

6. Artifacts are located in a museum-quality storageunit, but the primary containers for the collections areacidic cardboard boxes. Secondary containers for theartifacts are a nonarchival, 2-mil, zip-lock bag andStyrofoam® packing peanuts.

7. Documentation is stored in metal file cabinets.Metal, plastic, and rubber contaminants are presenton the paper records. The photographic collection islocated throughout the office area and is in variousforms of containers, primarily in the original filmprocessing containers.

Recommendations


2. Move collections away from the overhead pipes.


3. Rebox and rebag all archaeological materials intoarchival-quality materials.

4. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper, and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-

free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a key to the collection. Records should befree of metal staples, paper clips, and othercontaminants. Photographic material should be placedin archival-quality photographic sleeves, labeledproperly, and stored in a secure storage unit.

63

10Bureau of Land ManagementSalt Lake City Field Office

Salt Lake City, Utah

Collections Total: No artifacts or human skeletalremains in collection; 0.1 linear feet of associatedrecords.





Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities areusually funded through the BLM; however, curationis not currently a financial priority.

Assessment

Date of Visit: October 10, 1996

Point of Contact: Doug Melton

Less than two (1.25) linear inches of associateddocumentation from archaeological investigations onDugway Proving Ground are housed at the BLM SaltLake City Field Office. This documentation includespaper, report, adn photographic records.

Structural AdequacyThe BLM Salt Lake City Field Office building wasoriginally constructed over 35 years ago as theBLM’s District Office (Figure 22). Some additionswere made to the building in the early 1980s.

The one-story office building has a concretefoundation with brick exterior walls. The roof is

made of built-up asphalt, which has been replacedseveral times. There have been problems in the pastwith the roof leaking. The building has plasterboardinterior walls with concrete floors. The buliding’sinterior has been renovated. There are multiple

Collection Summary

Figure 22. View of the exterior of the BLM Salt LakeCity Field Office building.


exterior windows with aluminum frames; all windowsare fitted with shades and appear to be airtight.

Records associated with archaeologicalinvestigations on Dugway Proving Ground are storedin the staff archaeologist’s office, which measures225 ft2. Offices in the building consist of standardsystems furniture. The ceiling is suspended acousticaltiles. The staff archaeologist’s office has one shaded,aluminum-framed window that faces west. No interioror exterior doors are located in this office space.

EnvironmentThe building has temperature controls that regulatethe central air conditioning and heat. These systemsare fitted with dust filters. Humidity is not regulatedor monitored in the building. Nonfiltered fluorescentlighting is present in the office building. The entirebuilding is cleaned regularly by a contract firm.

Pest ManagementNo integrated pest management system has beenimplemented in the BLM building. Traps have beenused as a precaution against rodents. The officebuilding does not have a known problem withinsects. At present, there were no signs of pestinfestation.

SecuritySecurity measures for the building consist of anintrusion alarm that is wired into the police stationand a BLM ranger office on the premises. All exteriordoors have key locks. There have been past episodesof unauthorized entry, but cultural resources were nottaken during any of these episodes.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection and -suppression systems consist ofmanual fire alarms and fire extinguishers.

Artifact StorageNo DoD artifacts are curated at the BLM Salt LakeCity Field Office. The repository does not have aformal curation agreement with the Utah Museum ofNatural History, but archaeological materials are sent

to their facility (as mandated by state law). BLMformerly had an agreement to curate archaeologicalmaterials at Southern Utah University in Cedar City.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe BLM is not curating any human skeletal remainsfrom DoD archaeological projects.

Records StorageBLM currently curates less than two (1.25) linearinches of documentation associated witharchaeological work performed on Dugway ProvingGround. The staff archaeologist’s office is thelocation of paper, report, and photographic records.

Paper Records

Less than one (0.75) linear inch of paper records arelocated in the Dugway Proving Ground collections.Paper records consist of administrative records andoriginal Inter-Mountain Antiquities Computer Systemsite forms. These records are stored on open metalshelves that measure 2.3 x 1.0 x 2.5 feet (l x w x h).Shelves are labeled with “Reports\Site Forms” inpress-on letters covered with tape. Primary containersconsist of plastic vinyl binders that have a paper tagplaced in a metal holder. The tags are labeled in penwith “Survey Notes” and the year. There is noprocessing or retrieval information for any of therecords. Documentation is in fair condition, althoughsome records have tears, abrasions, and surface dirtand dust. Contaminants such as paper clips andstaples are also present on the records.

Report Records

Less than one (0.25) linear inch of report records arelocated in the Dugway Proving Ground collections.Report records are stored in the same manner as thepaper records. Some of the material is stored looseand unlabeled within the file cabinet. There is noprocessing or retrieval information for any of therecords. Report records are in fair condition, althoughsome records have tears, abrasions, and surface dirtand dust. Contaminants such as paper clips andstaples also are present on the reports.

BLM Salt Lake City Field Office 65


Photographic records at the BLM total 0.25 linearinches and include color photographs and negatives.Photographic records are stored on open metalshelves that are labeled “Photo” in press-on letters.The storage unit measures 2.3 x 1.0 x 2.5 feet (l x wx h). Primary containers are plastic vinyl binders thatare identified with a paper tag labeled in marker. Thebinders are labeled with “Photos 1979–80 Cultural.”Secondary containers for the negatives are archivalsleeves that are labeled in ink with the roll numberand year. Photographs are stored in nonarchival,2-mil, zip-lock bags labeled in ink with the rollnumber and year. Overall appearance of thephotographs is fair to good, although there are sometears and abrasions, surface dirt and dust,discoloration, and contaminants (e.g., paper clips).There is no processing or retrieval information for thephotographic records.

Collections Management StandardsBLM is not a permanent curation facility; therefore,collections management standards are not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curator for the archaeologicalcollections. Doug Melton, the one archaeologist on staff,is responsible for Section 106 compliance activitiesand curation.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed through funding requests to theBLM Utah State Office. Curation financing is notcurrently a priority.


Access to the archaeological collections is controlledby the office manager and the archaeologist for theBLM Salt Lake City Field Office.

Future Plans

The Utah State Office is pursuing a curation agreementwith the Utah Museum of Natural History. Artifactsfrom the Salt Lake Field Office would be sent to theMuseum under the provisions of this agreement.

Comments

1. The office building has central air conditioning,heat, and dust filters. Humidity levels are notmonitored. The building has nonfiltered fluorescentlighting.

2. There is no integrated pest-management system forthe BLM office building.

3. The BLM office building is equipped with analarm system wired to the police station, as well askey locks on all exterior doors and a BLM ranger onthe premises.

4. Manual fire alarms and fire extinguishers arelocated throughout the office building.

5. The repository does not have a formal curationagreement with the Utah Museum of Natural History,but archaeological materials are sent to their facility(as mandated by state law).

6. Documentation is not being properly curated.Original documentation is not duplicated or stored inan acid-free environment. Records show evidence ofdamage such as tears and abrasions, discoloration,and surface dust and dirt. Metal items such as bindersand paper clips are used on some of the records.

Recommendations

1. Transfer collections to the state-mandated curationfacility.

2. Copy original documentation, retain copies, andsend the originals to the state-mandated facility forcuration.

3. If originals are to be retained, address thefollowing: produce multiple copies of alldocumentation on acid-free paper and store inseparate, secure locations. Documentation should beplaced in acid-free folders, and lightly packed intofire-resistant file cabinets. Arrange documentation ina logical order, and provide a key to the collection.Records should be free of metal staples, paper clips,and other contaminants.

67

11Bureau of Land ManagementYuma Field Office

Yuma, Arizona





Compliance Status: Records require partialrehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for the curation ofarchaeological documentation.

Status of Curation Funding: The curation ofassociated documentation is not specifically funded.Documents are filed and maintained with workingfiles in their offices.

Assessment

Date of Visit: December 11, 1996

Points of Contact: Boma Johnson and Lori Cook

Approximately 18 linear inches of documentationfrom archaeological projects at Yuma ProvingGround are housed in the BLM Yuma Field Office.This documentation includes background records,survey and analysis records, reports, site maps,photographs, slides, and negatives. No artifacts arecurated at the BLM Yuma Field Office.

Structural AdequacyThe BLM Yuma Field Office building (Figure 23)was constructed in 1996 specifically for rental to theBLM. The building was approximately nine-monthsold at the time of assessment. The single-story

structure occupies a total area of 30,300 ft2, dividedapproximately equally between an office area andwarehouse space. The building is constructed withconcrete brick walls on a concrete foundation with ashingle roof. Both the foundation and the roof areconsidered to be structurally sound. Building facilities

Collection Summary

Figure 23. The offices of the BLM Yuma Field Office.


include a loading dock, a hazardous materials storagearea, a materials and supply storage area, a library, arecords storage room, a mechanical/utility room, anda law enforcement evidence room. The facility is notconsidered to be a permanent repository forarchaeological artifacts, and storage space is limitedto a metal cabinet in the staff archaeologist’s office.

EnvironmentThe building is equipped with an electric heat pumpand air conditioning system that has thermostattemperature controls. There are dust filters on theenvironmental controls. The humidity within thebuilding is neither monitored nor regulated because ofthe dry climate in Yuma. No overhead water pipes arelocated within the collections storage area. Windowsthroughout the building are shaded. The facility isregularly maintained by a maintenance staff that isprovided by the building owner.

Pest ManagementA pest-management-and-control service is providedby the building owner and includes periodic buildinginspection. There were no reported or observed signsof insect or rodent infestation within the building.

SecurityBuilding security measures include motion detectorslinked to all doors and windows, key locks, dead-boltlocks, and controlled access. The intrusion alarmsystem is wired directly to a private security agency.No episodes of unauthorized entry into the buildingwere reported, although it was reported that the fencesurrounding the warehouse portion of the buildinghad previously been found cut but no evidence of theftwas detected. All windows in the facility are accessiblefrom the outside ground level, but they are consideredsecure because of their sealed construction.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire protection measures within the building includemanual fire alarms, a sprinkler/suppression system,fire doors, a fire wall between the warehouse andoffice sections, a fire alarm wired directly into the firedepartment, and fire extinguishers that are inspectedon a regular basis by the fire department.

Artifact StorageThe facility is not viewed as a permanent collectionrepository by BLM staff, and no special area hasbeen designated for the curation of archaeologicalmaterials. A ceramic sherd type collection, recoveredduring a 1980 project by BLM personnel, wasreported to be located in the BLM Yuma offices. In1996, St. Louis District staff reported that 3–4 boxescontaining prehistoric lithic artifacts, ceramics,groundstone, flaked stone, shell, and historical-periodmetal, glass, and crockery were located in the BLMYuma Field Office. Upon inspection, however, noneof these materials were recovered from Yuma ProvingGround. No artifacts from Yuma Proving Ground orother DoD installations were identified among thesmall number of artifacts stored at the BLM YumaField Office.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains from Yuma ProvingGround or any other DoD installation are currentlybeing housed at the BLM Yuma Field Office.

Records StorageArchaeological documentation for Yuma ProvingGround consist of site file records, field notes,analysis records, photographs, slides, negatives, andsite maps (Figure 24). These records are stored in afireproof, locking file cabinet. Documentation recordsconsist of 1.5 linear feet of mixed material that isarranged in acidic manila folders by Arizona state site

Figure 24. Records from an archaeological projectconducted on Yuma Proving Ground.

BLM Yuma Field Office 69

numbers. Preservation/security copies of thedocumentation are held at Yuma Proving Ground.

Paper Records

Paper records from Yuma Proving Ground total13 linear inches and include site file records, fieldnotes, analysis records, and site maps. These recordswere observed to date from 1982 to 1992. All recordsare stored in acidic manila folders that have tabs thatare delineated by site number in ink on adhesivepaper labels.


Photographic records consist of approximatelyfive linear inches of color prints, black-and-whiteprints, negatives, slides, and contact sheets. The 3-x-5-inch photographic prints, slides, and negatives arestored in archival sleeves and are labeled directly withmarker ink. The 8-x-10-inch prints and contact printsare not stored in protective sleeves and are onlypartially labeled. Photographic materials are storedtogether with other site documentation in the labeledacidic manila folders.

Collections Management StandardsThe BLM Yuma Field Office is not a permanentcuration facility; therefore, collections managementstandards were not addressed during the assessment.

Curation Personnel

There are no personnel specifically assigned to thecuration of archaeological materials.

Access To Collections

Documentation files are stored in the staffarchaeologist’s office and are accessible by all BLMstaff.

Future Plans

No future plans related to building renovation ordocument storage were reported.

Comments

1. A sherd type collection was thought to have beencollected from Yuma Proving Ground and housed inthe BLM Yuma Field Office; however, this materialcan no longer be located. Upon inspection, it wasdetermined that the boxes of artifacts were notactually recovered from DoD lands.

2. Associated documents are housed in a locked,fireproof file cabinet.

3. Environmental conditions, security measures, fire-safety measures, and pest-management proceduresare adequate for the temporary storage of associateddocumentation.

4. Portions of the photographic records are stored inarchival-quality plastic sleeves but are filed withacidic paper records.

Recommendations

1. Locate the missing ceramic collection recoveredfrom Yuma Proving Ground.

2. Place all photographic records, fully labeled, intoarchival-quality plastic sleeves to ensure the longevityof the record. Store photographic records in a stableenvironment away from acidic paper documents.


71

12Centennial MuseumUniversity of Texas

El Paso, Texas

Collections Total: 28.4 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials and human skeletal remains; 6.7 linear feetof associated records.



Human Skeletal Remains: 0.3 ft3

Compliance Status: The Centennial Museumis currently holding one 6-x-6-inch plastic bagcontaining human long bone fragments from a singleburial that was removed from Fort Bliss.


Compliance Status: Records require nearlycomplete rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded by thestate of Texas and through formal agreements withother agencies that house collections at the museum.

Assessment

Date of Visit: November 18-21, 1996

Point of Contact: Scott Cutler

The state-owned Centennial Museum (Figure 25) wasconstructed in 1936 specifically for use as a museum,and located on—and operating under the umbrellaof—the University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP). Theprimary missions of the Centennial Museum arepublic education, research (coordinated throughUTEP’s anthropology department), and the care ofstate-owned collections. The museum also functionsas a repository under agreements with several federal

Figure 25. The Centennial Museum is located on thecampus of the University of Texas, El Paso.

Collections Summary


agencies, including Fort Bliss, Texas, White SandsMissile Range (WSMR), New Mexico, and the NewMexico BLM. The Centennial Museum currentlyhouses 28.4 ft3 of archaeological materials frommilitary installations (Table 16).

Structural AdequacyThe repository is housed in a two-story stone andconcrete building with ceramic-tile details on thefacade and a sloped, clay-tile roof. The originalmuseum building was constructed on a concretefoundation. A new addition in 1978 with a flat tarroof expanded the floor plan to include a partialbasement—also concrete—and several offices. Thecurator believes that the building’s utilities were alsoupgraded during the addition. The museum has21,077 ft2 of usable space. There are natural history,Native American prehistory, American history, andgeology exhibits on the second floor of the building,along with offices, record storage areas, and research/study rooms. A reception desk, gift shop, art gallery,botanical exhibit, and additional offices are locatedon the main level.

Interior walls and ceilings in the originalareas of the building are concrete with a plasteroverlay (in some rooms the ceilings have beendropped and are of lathe and plaster construction).The addition has plasterboard walls and suspendedacoustical-tile ceilings. All floors are concrete; theoriginal floor areas are set with ceramic tile, andfloors in the addition have industrial grade carpetingand linoleum tiles. The building is structurally sound,with no structural cracks or leaks, and all originalwindows have been covered with brick for securityand conservation reasons. There are two main-levelentry doors, one of solid wood and the other of glassand metal. In addition, two basement level entrydoors (one of which is a receiving dock), areconstructed of metal. Artificial lighting throughout

the building consists of overhead, nonfilteredfluorescent lights.

The collection areas, which arepredominately located in the basement, occupy2,182 ft2. The collections areas are identical to therest of the repository in terms of environment, pestmanagement, security, and fire-detection systems.DoD archaeological materials are stored in thebasement. The floors, exterior walls, and ceilings inthis area are concrete. Ultraviolet filters are presenton all collection area lights. Nonweight-bearing wallsare constructed of 2-x-4 inch stud walls andplasterboard; weight-bearing walls are brick andconcrete.

There are four main collection storagerooms—the entrance to one of which is locatedthrough another storage room—and a processing areathat house collections (this processing area isadditionally accessible through the receiving bay).Floor coverings inside two of the rooms and theconnecting corridor are linoleum. Floors in theremaining storage rooms are bare concrete. There isone entry door each to three of these rooms, and twoentry doors each for the other two. In addition, thereis a single interior access door to the stairwell andcorridor leading to the collection storage area. Alldoors in the collection storage rooms are metal, andthe interior access door is solid-core paneled wood.There are no windows in the storage areas. Thecollection area is currently filled to approximatelyeighty percent of available capacity.

EnvironmentThe Centennial Museum is heated with a hot-waterair exchanger. Temperature is monitored daily for atargeted 70° F; humidity is not controlled. Generalenvironmental considerations for the region consist ofdry conditions and extreme changes in temperaturewithin a 24-hour period. The lack of operationalwindows in the museum assists in controlling thesefactors. The building is professionally cleaned on adaily basis by university janitorial staff, and thecollection area is cleaned by the museum staff on anas-needed basis. There is a kitchen area, but it islocated away from collections and exhibits. No pest-attracting factors were noted during the assessment,and museum staff could not recall any past infestationproblems. Artificial lighting is as previously noted,

Table 16.Volume of DoD Archaeological Materials Housed

at the Centennial Museum

Installation Volume (ft3)

Fort Bliss 27.4White Sands Missile Range 1.0

Total 28.4

Centennial Museum 73

and occasionally by incandescent or fluorescentdesk lamps.

Pest ManagementBecause of concerns about the chemicals used by theuniversity over the years to kill pests, spraying hasbeen temporarily suspended at the museum to allowthe present chemical buildup to dissipate. No-Pest®

strips are being used in the interim to control insects,and rodents have never been a problem because ofthe physical construction of the building. Pestmonitoring is conducted by museum staff on a dailybasis. No insects were seen during the assessment,and no insects, dead or living, were seen in or aroundany of the collection storage areas.

SecuritySecurity measures for the repository consist ofcontrolled access (a single key to the collectionsaccess door is kept in a lock box), windows coveredwith bricks, key locks throughout the building, amotion detector at the main entrance, and an alarmsystem that is tied to the police station. The universityalso provides general security patrols around thebuilding.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe Centennial Museum has an alarm wired to thefire department, and manual alarms are located at allthe exit doors. The collection areas have fire-ratedmetal doors, and at least six manual fire extinguisherswere noted throughout the building by the assessmentteam. The structure’s concrete-and-stone constructionis somewhat fire-resistant. There is no sprinklersystem in place anywhere in the facility.

Artifact Storage

Storage UnitsDoD collections (Figure 26) total 28.4 ft3 and arestored on multiple sets of open, adjoining,immovable, enameled-metal and wood shelving units,as well as one enameled-metal locking cabinet. Unitsvary in size within the collection rooms. Fort Blisscollections are housed on five wooden shelving units

measuring 6.0 x 1.0 x 4.0 feet (l x w x h) in Room100 and three metal shelving units measuring 7.0 x0.7 x 3.0 feet (l x w x h) in Room 106. WSMRcollections are housed on two metal shelving units—measuring 84.0 x 1.0 x 3.0 inches (l x w x h) inRoom 102, and 6.0 x 4.0 x 6.0 feet (l x w x h) inRoom 103—and one metal locking cabinet (withwooden drawers) measuring 3.0 x 3.0 x 2.0 feet (l xw x h) in Room 106. Table 17 outlines the materialclass types present among DoD collections at theCentennial Museum. The curator indicated thatartifacts from Fort Bliss had previously beenincorporated into some of the exhibits on the secondfloor, but he was fairly confident that they have allbeen removed from display and should now be housedin the aforementioned collection areas.

Primary Containers

Archaeological materials are stored in 60 acidic and11 nonacidic cardboard boxes. All primary containershave telescoping lids. Labels for the primarycontainers are a mixture of hand-lettered adhesivepaper or tape, stamped ink, and directly applied hand-lettered pen and/or marker. Data most often consist ofa site or site-location number and sometimes theinstallation and/or project name. Only two of thecontainers appear to be overpacked. Somecompression damage and dirt were noted. Acidicboxes are dirty and often contain empty paper bagswith provenience data on them; artifacts housed inthese acidic primary containers are loose. There areno primary or secondary containers for the largerground stone and historic objects, which

Figure 26. Acidic cardboard boxes serve asprimary containers for Fort Bliss collections

at the Centennial Museum.


encompass 1 ft3 and are stored on open shelves orin metal cabinets with wood drawers.


Secondary containers for the archaeological materialsconsist mainly of archival- and nonarchival-quality,plastic zip-lock bags. Miscellaneous containers suchas paper bags, cloth bags, small acidic boxes, paperenvelopes, and plastic vials are also present. Table 18summarizes the secondary containers types byinstallation. Labels are either directly applied tosecondary containers, in marker, pencil, pen, or havepaper inserts labeled in pen or pencil placed in thesecondary containers. Information on the containersand inserts variably includes data such as projectname, site number, material class, artifactprovenience, installation name, collector/investigatorname, and the date.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingArtifacts in the acid-free boxes (43% of thecollection) have been cleaned, labeled, and sorted bysite number and/or provenience, although somemixing of material classes was observed. Labels on

objects are directly applied in india ink with no baseor protective top coat. Lot bags, as well as objects toosmall to label, have paper inserts, labeled in pen orpencil with the site number, catalog number, andsometimes provenience, placed with the object in asecondary container. Collections housed in the acidicboxes (53%) lack secondary containers but have beencleaned and labeled as noted for the collections inacid-free boxes. Larger artifacts that are stored looseon shelves or in drawers (4%) also have beenprocessed as noted above.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe Centennial Museum is currently holding one6-x-6-inch plastic bag (0.3 ft3) containing humanlong bone fragments from a single burial located onFort Bliss. This burial was recorded by the El PasoArchaeological Society as EPAS 60 (the Sgt. DoyleSite). All other human skeletal remains previouslyhoused by the Centennial Museum that are theresponsibility of Fort Bliss have been returned to thecustody of Fort Bliss. A copy of the 23 February1996 letter accompanying this transfer of remainswas provided to St. Louis District staff. TheCentennial Museum is not curating any other humanskeletal remains known to have been recovered onDoD lands, and the EPAS 60 remains, which wereoverlooked in the initial transfer, are being returned toFort Bliss.

Records StorageDocumentation for Fort Bliss is stored in filingcabinets in the curator’s office on the second floor ofthe museum (no associated documentation was foundfor WSMR during the assessment). This office has

Table 17.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD

Archaeological Collections at the CentennialMuseum

Fort Bliss WSMR TotalMaterial Classes % % %

PrehistoricCeramics 40 66 41Lithics 19 — 18Human skeletal remains 1 — 1Flotation 5 — 5Soil 11 — 1114 C 1 — 1Pollen 10 — 10

Historical-PeriodCeramics 5 — 5Glass 4 — 4Metal 3 1 3Other 1 33 1

Total 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.Other historical-period materials include caliche, leather,composite (metal, ceramic, rubber), brick, wood, fauna, and shell.

Table 18.Summary of Secondary Containers for DoD

Collections at the Centennial Museum

Fort Bliss WSMR TotalSecondary Container % % %

Plastic zip-lock bags 95 100 95Paper bags 1 — 1Paper envelopes 1 — 1Small acidic boxes 1 — 1Cloth bags 1 — 1Plastic vials 1 — 1

Total 100 100 100


glass-and-wood French-style doors and is locatedalong the periphery of the exhibit areas. Ceilings aredropped lathe and plaster, and lighting is mixedincandescent and fluorescent. Approximately seven(6.7) linear feet of records are housed at the museumfor Fort Bliss.

Paper Records

Paper records (6.1 linear feet) housed at theCentennial Museum for Fort Bliss are stored in metalletter-size file cabinets. Labels on the file cabinets aretyped paper inserts labeled “Contract File, FortBliss.” The arrangement of records within each filedrawer is generally by project, document type, andrecording media. About seventeen percent of therecords are loose in the file drawers, and theremaining records are stored in acidic cardboardboxes (3%) and manila folders (80%). Folders aredirect labeled in pen and pencil with the installationname and the folder’s contents. Approximately twoinches of computer punch cards mixed in with thephotographic media are stored in a box on top of oneof the file cabinets.


Photographic records (0.6 linear feet) for Fort Blissare currently stored in an acidic cardboard box on topof one of the file cabinets in the curator’s office.These proofs, photographs, and negatives have notbeen processed into archival sleeves and are eitherloose (60%) in the primary container or stored in theoriginal film processing packages (40%). The boxcontains the aforementioned two inches of loosecomputer punch cards. Photographs appear jumbledwithin the primary container, and the processingenvelopes are dirty and faded. Labels on theenvelopes are hand applied in marker, pen, andpencil. Data for most labels include roll and exposurenumbers. Additional information was variable fromenvelope to envelope and generally consisted ofinformation such as site numbers, provenience,project name, date, and/or a photographdescription.



Archaeological materials are accessioned uponreceipt, and it is the goal of the Centennial Museumto accession all incumbent holdings when theircurrent inventory is complete.


The location of archaeological materials within therepository is identified in the accession file and on acomputer database.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed by accession number, sitenumber, catalog number, and project number in thedatabase.


There is no published guide to collections.


The Centennial Museum does not keep site file records.


A Lotus® software program is used for databasemanagement. Backups are stored on disk, and thesystem is monitored by a university professor. Thereis no access to this database by the public.


Centennial Museum staff are in the process ofdrafting written standards for submissions thataddress packaging, processing, and labelingpractices.

Curation Policy

Centennial Museum staff are in the process ofdrafting standards for curation.



No separate written policy addressing the guidelinesand standards for the curation of documentation hasbeen created by the museum.


Written guidelines for field curation address fieldconservation and recommendations for manuals to beused. These guidelines are in draft form only.

Loan Procedures

There are written loan procedures and standard loanforms are used by the museum.


Written deaccessioning policy and a standard formfor the procedure.

Inventory Policy

Collections are inventoried upon receipt.


A complete collections inventory was beingconducted at the time of the assessment.

Curation Personnel

Mr. Scott Cutler is the full-time curator. Additionalfunded staff members consist of a full-time technicalassistant and a part-time student assistant.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed as overhead in the state budgetand through agreements with other agencies.


Access to the collections is limited to CentennialMuseum staff and researchers by permission. Awritten letter of intent is necessary, and access to thecollections is supervised.

Future Plans

The Centennial Museum is currently undergoing acomplete inventory of its holdings and is in theprocess of setting up written policies and proceduresfor the acceptance, care, storage, and use of

collections. When the inventory is finished, themuseum plans to use the new policies to renovateexisting collections. New collections willautomatically be subject to the new policies.

Comments

1. Security measures are adequate, and staff appeardedicated, organized, and well informed.

2. Fire extinguishers are the only fire-suppressionmechanisms at the facility; there are no fire-detectiondevices.

3. Most of the archaeological collections are easilylocated and generally in good condition. However,DoD collections currently housed in the basementprocessing area (Room 100) are in need of totalrehabilitation, including different storage units.

4. Record collections are not specifically addressed inthe current draft of the new guidelines and procedurespolicies, and there are no copies of the records storedat a separate and secure location.

5. The museum is currently holding a single bag ofhuman bone recovered from Fort Bliss land.

Recommendations

1. Add smoke detectors to each room in the repositoryand additional fire extinguishers to areas notconstructed of concrete and stone. If funds allow, adry-pipe fire-suppression system should be installedthroughout the entire building.

2. Formalize collections inventories and writtenpolicies as soon as possible so that consistentmethods of accessioning, processing, storage, anduse can be implemented.

3. Upgrade all existing DoD collections to meet therequirements stated in 36 CFR Part 79. Thesemeasures should minimally include cleaning andlabeling of artifacts, replacement in appropriate bags,and repacking into acid-free boxes.


4. The museum considers records to be part of thearchaeological collections for accession purposes, butthey should also address the specific needs of therecords in the museum’s new guidelines andprocedures. In addition, a copy should be produced ofany pertinent archaeological records and the copysent to a separate and secure facility.

5. Arrange for the return of the human remains toFort Bliss as soon as possible so that the installationcan complete its NAGPRA Section 5 inventoryobligations.

79

13Center for Archaeological ResearchUniversity of Texas

San Antonio

Collections Total: 287 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials; 30 linear feet of associated records.


Compliance Status: Archaeological materials requirepartial rehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for archaeological curation.


Linear Feet of Records: 30 linear feet (360 linearinches)

Compliance Status: Records require nearly completerehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for curation ofarchaeological documentation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded withgrants; a planned curation policy will include feestructuring specifically for curation of collections.

Assessment

Date of Visit: November 28–30, 1996

Point of Contact: Maureen Brown

The Center for Archaeological Research (CAR)(Figure 27) is a university-affiliated archaeologicalresearch center operated in conjunction with theAnthropology Program in the Division of Behavioraland Cultural Sciences, University of Texas at SanAntonio (UTSA). CAR’s primary mission is culturalresources research, and they have conducted anumber of archaeological investigations for militaryinstallations. CAR’s offices, processing laboratory,and collections storage area are all located in a largewarehouse on the UTSA campus. This warehouse is

Figure 27. Loading dock and entrance of the Center for Archaeological Research, University of

Texas, San Antonio.

Collection Summary

partially occupied by an administrative recordsstorage area administered directly by the university.This storage area is in a locked cage that is not


accessible to CAR staff. Administrative files relatedto archeological contract work are frequentlyarchived in this area by the university.

In addition to cultural resources research,CAR designs and develops exhibits for publiceducation and career outreach programs. Tours forlocal schools and other interested parties areconducted twice or more weekly, and a classroom hasbeen set aside for lectures and study. These types ofprograms at CAR are funded through donations,grants, and university funds. Ms. Brown indicatedthat additional storage and exhibit space would bebeneficial to their long-term goals and that CAR isnegotiating to obtain that portion of the buildingpresently used by the university for records storage.At the time of the St. Louis District visit CAR wasengaged in processing collections from projects theyconducted on Laughlin AFB and Lackland AFB andanalyzing fire-cracked rock from Fort Bliss. A totalof 287 ft3 of artifacts (Table 19) and 30 linear feetof records generated during archaeological projectsconducted on DoD lands is currently housed at CAR.

CAR occupies 14,791 ft2 in a single-story,22-year-old, university-owned warehouse (abouteighty percent of the total available space). The front20 feet of the building have been converted intoseveral small offices and a classroom. Thisadministrative area also serves as a security buffer tothe collections area, which is located predominately inthe interior center and back of the building. Severalexhibits have been erected between this buffer areaand the actual collections storage area. Multipleactivity areas exist around the perimeter of thecollections storage. These areas include artifactholding, washing, processing, temporary storage,supplies storage, records study, records storage,offices, exhibits, a classroom, and a break room that

is sometimes used as an overflow artifact processingarea. The far west end of the building is enclosed witha wire cage and contains administrative records andpublications. Access to this enclosed area iscontrolled by university staff, not personnel employedby CAR.

Structural AdequacyThe repository has a concrete foundation, andexterior walls are composed of steel framing coveredwith convoluted metal sheeting. The roof, which isoriginal to the building, is gable constructed andcovered with corrugated metal. The building is solid,with no cracks or leaks, although several repairs tothe roof have been undertaken in the past. There havebeen upgrades to the building’s plumbing andelectrical systems within the last two years, some asrecently as one month prior to the St. Louis Districtassessment. The front of the building, which consistsof two loading docks, several offices and a classroom,has 17 windows, all of which appear to have filteredglass panes. There are three exit/entry doors, and twoloading docks (one of the docks opens into the interiorcage area that is not administered by CAR personnel).

The collections storage area floors areconcrete. The interior building walls are metal andabut the metal frame. The underside of the metalceiling has packed insulation that is held in place withwire mesh. The office and classroom walls areconstructed of painted plasterboard, and the ceiling iscomposed of suspended acoustical tiles. Floorcoverings in this area are industrial grade carpeting.There are two entry/exit doors in the office andclassroom areas, and one door in the collections areaon the far wall (opposite the administrative areas)functions as an emergency exit. Windows—located inoffices only—are sealed, have steel frames, andappear airtight. Exterior doors are metal, and thereare multiple interior wood panel doors leading to thecollections area, offices, and classroom. Interior floorspace measures 14,791 ft2 in the area of the buildingoccupied and used by CAR. The collections area isoccupying approximately sixty-five percent of thecurrently available storage space. Except for the lackof windows and floor coverings, the collections areais identical to the rest of the repository in terms ofenvironment, pest management, security, and firedetection systems.

Table 19.Volume of DoD Archaeological Materials at CAR


Fort Bliss 31Fort Polk 52Fort Sam Houston 41Kelly AFB 2Lackland AFB 160Laughlin AFB 1

Total 287

Center for Archaeological Research 81

EnvironmentThe warehouse CAR occupies has forced-air (electricpump) heat and central air conditioning, but thesesystems are not equipped with dust filters.Temperature is monitored and controlled but humidityis not. General environmental considerations for theregion include extreme changes in temperature withina 24-hour period and relatively high humidity on aseasonal basis. The entire building is professionallycleaned daily by university staff. There are overheadwater-bearing pipes in the collections-processingarea. There are no windows in the collections storageor processing areas, and office windows are filteredand fitted with blinds. Artificial lighting consists ofnonfiltered fluorescent tube fixtures locatedthroughout the building and occasionallyincandescent bulb or fluorescent desk lamps.

Pest ManagementThe entire building is professionally sprayedbiannually for pests. Pest traps are also used, andseveral such traps were observed by the assessmentteam near the entry/exit doors and several plumbingoutlets. These traps contained crickets, beetles, and afew spiders and roaches. No live insects were seenduring the three days the team worked at therepository, and no insects, dead or living, were seenin any of the primary containers. CAR staff membersmonitor for infestations on a weekly basis.

SecuritySecurity measures for the repository consist of dead-bolt locks on the exterior doors and loading docks,key locks on the interior doors, and controlled accessby staff. The university also provides security patrolsaround the building when CAR staff are absent fromthe repository. There is a grant pending that, ifapproved, would provide funding for a locking cageto be constructed around the archaeologicalcollections.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThere are no fire-detection or -suppression systems inplace at this time, but there are six manual fireextinguishers located throughout the building. A grant

has been written, but is not yet approved, that wouldresult in the installation of a complete fire-suppression and -monitoring system.

Artifact Storage

Storage UnitsArchaeological materials are stored on multiple setsof adjoining, immovable, enameled metal shelvingunits. Units vary in size within the collections area—approximately thirty-six units measure 8.0 x 0.6 x3.0 feet (l x w x h), nine units measure 8.0 x 1.5 x3.5 feet (l x w x h), two units measure 7.5 x 1.5 x4.5 feet (l x w x h), and six units measure 7.2 x 1.5 x3.0 feet (l x w x h). DoD collections total 287 ft3.Table 20 outlines the types of material classes presentamong DoD collections at CAR.

Primary Containers

Archaeological materials are stored in both acidic(98%) and archival cardboard boxes (2%). A smallnumber of collections that are being processed arestored in cardboard flats. Labels for most of theprimary containers consist of adhesive-backed, typedpaper labels with handwritten data added in blackmarker. Data include the installation name, year ofproject, site number, project name, material classes,and occasionally the object catalog numbers. Theremaining labels are directly applied in black markerwith the same information as noted for the adhesivelabels. Over fifty percent of the containers areoverpacked, and most of the soil samples fromLackland AFB are placed directly on shelves in heavygauge plastic bags.


Secondary containers for the archaeological materialsconsist mainly of archival- and nonarchival-quality,plastic, zip-lock bags (39%) and paper bags (61%).Labels are directly applied to secondary containersin marker, or paper inserts written in pen or pencilare placed in the containers. Information variablyincludes data such as project names, site numbers,material classes, artifact provenience, names ofinstallations, collector/investigator name(s), andthe date.


Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts are generally noted as having beencleaned, labeled, and sorted by site number and/orprovenience, although some mixing of materialclasses was observed. Labels on objects are directlyapplied in india ink. Paper inserts are used in somebags, particularly those containing objects too smallto label. Inserts are labeled in pen or pencil with sitenumber, catalog number, and sometimes provenience,then the labels are placed with the object a secondarycontainer. Not all of the diagnostic objects in the DoDcollections have individual secondary containers.Some of the older collections—prior to about 1985—have objects wrapped in toilet tissue or padded withcotton.

Much of the Lackland AFB collectionsundergoing processing are loose in the previouslymentioned flats with paper tags; they have yet to belabeled or archivally packaged. However, CAR staffindicated that a substantial volume of these LacklandAFB materials were collected specifically for lithicanalysis, as was most of the fire-cracked rock fromthe Fort Bliss sites, and that most of these samplematerials will be discarded when studies on them arecomplete. Because analysis for these samples isexpected to take less than a year, extensive labelingand archival containers are not a priority for them.

Human Skeletal RemainsCAR has not encountered any human skeletal remainsduring their projects on DoD lands, and no remainsare being curated by them for other contractors whoconducted projects on DoD lands.

Records StorageDocumentation associated with archaeologicalprojects are stored in several areas of the repository:administrative offices, administrative office hallways,cardboard boxes in the collections area, and the mainrecords storage area, which is along the perimeter ofthe archaeological materials storage area. There are30 linear feet of paper records housed at CAR,including two linear feet of photographicdocumentation. Table 21outlines the types andquantities of associated documentation.

Paper Records

Sixty-seven percent of records housed at CAR arestored in cardboard boxes on the same shelving unitsas the artifacts. The remainder of records are storedin enameled-metal letter-sized file cabinets. Labels onthe file cabinets are typed paper inserts. Primarycontainers consist of acidic cardboard boxes with flapclosures (frequently noted as being taped shut) ornonarchival plastic-coated binders. Boxes have typed

Table 20.Summary of DoD Archaeological Collections at CAR

Percentage Present

Fort Fort Fort Sam Kelly Lackland LaughlinMaterial Class Bliss Polk Houston AFB AFB AFB Total

PrehistoricCeramics 100 96 2 — 1 16 1Lithics — — 48 100 64 52 54Faunal remains — — 2 — 1 — 1Shell — — 25 — 30 — 38Flotation — — 12 — — — 2Soil — — 4 — — — <1Botanical remains — — — — — — <1

Historical-PeriodCeramics — — — — 1 — <1Glass — — 3 — 1 15 1Metal — — 4 — 1 16 1Brick — — — — 1 1 <1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100



labels with handwritten data added that are taped tothe containers. Binder labels consist of paper inserts.The arrangement of records within each primarycontainer is generally by project, document type, andrecording media.

Secondary containers consist of acidic manilafolders, bound notebooks, letter-sized acidicenvelopes, archival and nonarchival plastic sleeves,and nonarchival three-ring binders. All types, exceptfor the three-ring binders, are labeled with adhesivelabels that are alternately typed or handwritten in penor pencil with the contents, year, and site number orproject name. Records are generally clean and ingood condition, with the exception of the original fieldnotes, which show some evidence of dirt and wear.


Photographic records at CAR are stored on metalshelves or cabinets in nonarchival plastic-coatedbinders or small, metal, 35 mm slide cabinets.Secondary containers consist of acidic and nonacidicenvelopes, and archival and nonarchival plasticsleeves. Most of the envelopes and sleeves are handlabeled in black ink with the project name and roll/exposure numbers. Most individual photographs,slides, and negatives are unlabeled, and about sevenrolls of photographs from the Lackland AFB projectare still in the processing envelopes, which are sittingon a table in the project director’s office.

Reports

Bound reports are stored loose in acid-free and acidicboxes of various sizes (mostly Fort Polk reports), onshelving units in the records storage area, and onshelving units in the Lackland AFB project director’soffice.


Most of the oversized records for Lackland andLaughlin AFBs have been stored flat in enameled-metal map cabinets. Some of the larger maps anddrawings from other projects have been folded andare in acidic manila folders with related paperrecords.



Archaeological materials are accessioned uponacceptance by CAR.


The location of archaeological materials within therepository is identified in the inventory log book andon a computer database.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed by accession number, sitenumber, catalog number, and project number in thenew computerized database.




CAR does curate site file records.


A dBase® database is used for computerized recordmanagement. New collections are being entered first,

Table 21.Summary of DOD Documentation in Linear Feet at CAR



Fort Bliss 0.5 — — — 0.5Fort Polk 15.9 2.2 0.2 0.1 18.4Fort Sam Houston 0.5 — 1.5 0.1 2.1Kelly AFB — — — 0.6 0.6Lackland AFB 6.2 0.3 0.3 0.6 7.4Laughlin AFB 0.7 0.1 — 0.2 1.0

Total 23.8 2.6 2.0 1.6 30.0


and older ones as time and funds allow. Backups ofthe database are stored on disk.


Written standards for submitted collections addresspackaging, processing, and labeling practices.

Curation Policy

CAR accepts collections from in-house projectsand from other institutions on a more-limited basisand depending upon the research potential of agiven collection. CAR has written guidelines andprocedures for curation that include labeling,cataloging, and packaging of collections.


There is no separate written policy addressing theguidelines and standards for the curation ofdocumentation.


There are written guidelines for field-curation thataddress field conservation. These guidelines arespecific to work conducted by CAR.

Loan Procedures

There are written loan procedures and standard loanforms.


There is a written deaccessioning policy and astandard form for the procedure.

Inventory Policy



At the time of the assessment CAR staff wereconducting a complete inventory of the collections.

Curation Personnel

Anne Fox and Maureen Brown are the laboratorypersonnel responsible for all archaeologicalcollections held by CAR.

Curation Financing

Curation funding is obtained from grants oruniversity funds, or it is included in a given project’swritten contract with the sponsoring agency. CAR hasimplemented a new policy for curation funding thatincludes built-in fee structuring; curation fees areassessed by volume for artifacts and records, andservice fees are assessed on an hourly rate.


Access to the collections is limited to CAR culturalresource staff and researchers by permission. Awritten letter of intent is necessary, and access to thecollections is supervised.

Future Plans

CAR is currently attempting to expand availablespace in the repository to include the caged area nowadministered by the university. In addition, they havesubmitted a grant, which if approved, will providefunds for (1) the installation of a fire-suppressionsystem with an alarm tied to a fire station, (2) theinstallation of an intruder alarm system tied to thepolice station, (3) the upgrade of primary andsecondary containers for existing collections as wellas the purchase of additional materials necessary toimplement new archival storage policies,(4) completion of CAR’s central computer databaseinventory, (5) the addition of a wire enclosure aroundthe collections, and (6) the purchase of additionalequipment needed to upgrade environmental andpest controls.

Comments

1. The building that CAR occupies has central heatand air conditioning controls that are monitored byuniversity staff on a regular schedule, but therepository currently has no humidity controls ordust filters.

2. There is a pest management system that includesmonitoring of sticky traps and regular spraying.

3. Security—consisting of key locks, staffmonitoring, and security patrols—is fair but notideal. Custodial staff have access to collections


storage areas, and interior door construction andlocks are inadequate in the event that an entry dooror window is breached or left unsecured.

4. Fire-detection and fire-suppression systems areabsent, with the exception of six manual fireextinguishers.

5. Primary containers consist of acidic cardboardboxes with folded flaps and taped security. Secondarycontainers for artifacts consist mainly of plastic zip-lock bags and acidic paper bags. Primary containerlabels are generally typed paper labels taped to thecontainers.

6. Labeling practices for the archaeological materialsas well as the plastic bag secondary containers appearacceptable in instances where CAR’s current writtenprocedures have been implemented. At this time,however, many of the objects remain unlabeled, andsome of the collections have not yet been sorted bymaterial class.

7. Primary containers for records and photographsare generally adequate, but the secondary containersconsist mainly of acidic envelopes, manila folders,and a few archival and nonarchival plastic sleeves.Some of the records are stored in the same boxes asthe associated artifacts, and there are no duplicatecopies of the records stored at a separate, securelocation.

Recommendations

1. Environmental controls should be set andmaintained at a constant temperature in all collectionsand records areas. Humidity should be monitored,and if determined to fluctuate more than 5% on a

daily basis or to be consistently above a 55% readingfor relative humidity, dehumidifiers should beinstalled in the collections areas.

2. Upgrade existing security, fire-detection and-suppression systems. Current interim measures forfire-detection and -suppression could be improvedwith the installation of several additional smokedetectors and manual fire extinguishers.

3. All archaeological materials should be placed inacid-free primary containers labeled by attachingstainless steel or polyethylene label holders with acid-free paper inserts—printed or typed in indelible inkand encapsulated in polyethylene plastic sleeves—tothe containers.

4. Remove all contaminants (e.g., staples, paper clips,and rubber bands) from the documents, and produce aduplicate copy of all the associated documentation,either on acid-free paper or archival microformat, andstore these materials in a separate, fire-safe, securelocation.

5. Place all paper records should be placed in acid-free folders and hanging files labeled in indelible ink.Place all folders in fireproof, enameled-metal filecabinets or acid-free cardboard boxes. If boxes areused, they should be labeled by attaching stainlesssteel or polyethylene label holders with acid-freepaper inserts—printed or typed in indelible ink andencapsulated in polyethylene plastic sleeves—to thefront of the boxes.

6. Arrange associated documentation according toarchival procedures and create a finding aid for thedocumentation collection.

87

14Colorado Department ofTransportation

Denver






Status of Curation Funding: Costs for curation areusually included in specific project funding. TheColorado Department of Transportation also allocatesfunding for curation in the internal operating budgetfor the Environmental Services Branch.

Assessment

Date of Visit: November 13, 1996

Point of Contact: Dan Jepson

The Colorado Department of Transportation (CDOT)office is located in Denver. The repository is a verylarge building with space allocated to offices, andsome laboratory and storage areas (Figure 28). TheEnvironmental Services Office curates approximately2.75 linear inches of associated documentation fromarchaeological investigations conducted on theU.S. Air Force (USAF) Academy and Falcon AFB.There are no major structural distinctions between therepository and the Environmental Services Office.

Figure 28. Exterior view of CDOT.

Collection Summary

Structural AdequacyAlthough originally constructed for, but never usedas, a high school, the building became the ColoradoDepartment of Transportation Headquarters Complexin 1954. The office building has four floors above


grade and is on a concrete foundation with brickexterior walls. The roof is made of built-up asphalt.The building is solid, with no major cracks or leaks.There have been no interior renovations. There aremultiple exterior windows, all of which are equippedwith shades.

Collections Storage Area 1

One of the staff archaeologist’s (Dan Jepson) officespace contains the storage area for the recordsassociated with archaeological investigations at theUSAF Academy and Falcon AFB. The officeencompasses 150 ft2 and has concrete walls with aconcrete floor covered in carpeting. The ceiling isalso poured concrete, and there are no windows.There are two interior metal doors—one leads intoother interior rooms and the second leads to thehallway. The collections storage area is filled toapproximately fifty percent of capacity witharchaeological records.


This multipurpose room serves as a laboratory andas a processing and storage area for both theEnvironmental Services archaeologists andpaleontologist. This area houses the photographicrecords for the Academy investigations. The roomencompasses 100 ft2. The structure is nearly identicalto that of Collections Storage Area 1; however, theconcrete floor is not covered in carpeting and thetwo interior metal doors lead to other rooms withinthat office.

EnvironmentThe building, as well as both collections storageareas, have temperature controls, that include centralair conditioning and gas, forced-air heat. There aredust filters for the environmental controls in all areasof the repository. Humidity is not regulated ormonitored in the building. Nonfiltered fluorescentlighting is present in the office building. The entirebuilding is cleaned daily by an internal janitorialstaff.

Pest ManagementThere is no integrated system that includes regularmonitoring or control of pest infestation. Precautionssuch as traps, sprays, and chemical bombs are takenagainst insects and rodents on an as-needed basis.The office building does not have a serious problemwith infestation.

SecuritySecurity measures for the building consist of a24-hour, in-house guard that restricts access to thebuilding. Key locks and card key access are locatedon all exterior doors. There have been no pastepisodes of unauthorized entry, but there has beenvandalism in the parking lot and some episodes ofinternal stealing. The collections storage areas aresecured by a key lock on the exit door, which leadsinto the hallway.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection and -suppression measures within therepository consist of manual fire alarms, smokedetectors, and fire extinguishers. The collectionsstorage areas, however, are not equipped with any ofthese fire deterrent devices. The public announcementsystem is used to alert personnel of fire danger.

Artifact StorageThere are no artifacts for military installationscurated at CDOT. The repository has a formalcuration agreement with the University of ColoradoMuseum at Boulder, where archaeological materialsare currently housed.

Human Skeletal RemainsCDOT is not curating any human skeletal remainsrecovered from archaeological projects at USAFAcademy and Falcon AFB.

Records StorageCDOT currently curates approximately 2.75 linearinches of documentation associated witharchaeological work at USAF Academy and FalconAFB (Table 22). These documents are stored in two

Colorado Department of Transportation 89

separate rooms at the CDOT Environmental ServicesOffice and include paper, report, and photographicrecords.

Paper Records

Less than two (1.5) linear inches of paper recordsfrom the USAF Academy and 0.25 linear inches fromFalcon AFB are curated at CDOT. Paper recordsconsist of administrative and survey records stored inlegal-size metal file cabinets. The filing cabinetsmeasure 1.5 x 2.3 x 4.3 feet (l x w x h). File cabinetlabels are composed of a paper tag, a metal holder,and typed region numbers. Primary containers consistof manila folders and expanding manila folders thatare labeled in pen with the region, project number,and project description. These records are arrangedby project. Documentation is in good condition,except for the use of contaminants such as paper clipsand staples.

Report Records

Less than one (0.5) linear inch of report records fromthe USAF Academy and Falcon AFB are housed atCDOT. Report records are stored in a manneridentical to that of the paper records.


Photographic records at the CDOT EnvironmentalServices Office total 0.25 linear inches and includenegatives, slides, and contact sheets. Photographicrecords are stored on open wooden shelves thatmeasure 5.5 x 1.1 x 6.7 feet (l x w x h). Primarycontainers consist of one cardboard covered binderand one plastic vinyl binder. These binders arelabeled with paper tags in pen with the project yearand the contents. Secondary containers for thenegatives are nonarchival plastic sleeves labeled inmarker with the date, number, and subject. Slides also

are stored in archival sleeves and individually labeledin marker with the project number. Contact sheets aredirectly bound and labeled in marker with the projectnumber. Photographic records are arranged by projectand are in fair condition, the negatives, however, arediscolored. It is important to note that hazardouschemicals, such as hydrogen chloride and muriaticacid, are stored on a shelf directly below thephotographic records.


One large folded map, totaling 0.25 linear inches,from the USAF Academy collections is being curatedat CDOT. The map is stored in the same manner asthe paper and report records.

Collections Management StandardsCDOT is not a permanent curation facility; therefore,collections management standards were not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curator, but there are three full-time staff members in the Environmental ServicesOffice. The staff includes two archaeologists and onepaleontologist. Dan Jepson, one of the staffarchaeologists, dedicates less than one percent of histime to curation.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed primarily through the internaloperating budget of CDOT. Curation expenses areincluded in the budget for the Environmental ServicesBranch. Some curation finances are funded byspecific projects. The CDOT Environmental Serviceshas established a formal agreement with theUniversity of Colorado Museum at Boulder to curateall archaeological artifacts. They pay a one-time feeon a per-box basis. This contract is renewed annually.


Access to the records is controlled by the staff. Oneconsultant has access to the collections, as well assome of the temporary employees. Researchers haveaccess to the collections on a fairly regular basis.

Table 22.Summary of DoD Documentation in Linear Inches

at CDOT



Falcon AFB 0.25 0.25 — — 0.50USAF Academy 1.50 0.25 0.25 0.25 2.25

Total 1.75 0.50 0.25 0.25 2.75


Future Plans

Dan Jepson feels that the funding for curation isadequate; however, the University of ColoradoMuseum is running out of storage space, leavinginstitutions such as CDOT looking for other curationfacilities. In this case, Dan Jepson believes that theywould probably send their collections to ColoradoState University in Fort Collins.

Comments

1. Humidity levels are not monitored or controlled inthe repository or the collections storage area. Thebuilding has nonfiltered fluorescent lights.

2. There is no integrated pest-management system forthe CDOT office building; however, precautionsagainst pests are taken when necessary.

3. Hazardous chemicals such as hydrogen chlorideand muriatic acid are used by the paleontologist inCollections Storage Area 2. There is no ventilationsystems for this area. These hazardous chemicals arelocated on the same storage unit as some of therecords, and more importantly, they are located on theshelf below the photographic records.

4. The repository does not have an intrusion alarmwired to a police station but does have numerousother measures— a 24-hour, in-house guard, keylocks, and card key access. Collections storage areas,however, are only secured by a key lock on a metaldoor that exits into the repository hallway.

5. There are manual fire alarms, smoke detectors, andfire extinguishers in the office building, but there areno fire measures in the collections storage areas. It isimportant to note that the fire alarms in the buildingare not wired to the fire department.

6. A formal agreement for the curation ofarchaeological materials has been established with theUniversity of Colorado Museum at Boulder.

7. Documentation is not properly curated. Originaldocumentation is not duplicated or stored in an acid-free container. Records show some evidence ofdamage (e.g., discoloration and the use of metalcontaminants).

Recommendations

1. Transfer archaeological collections to a permanentrepository that meets the curation standards outlinedin 36 CFR Part 79.

2. Move photographic records away from thehazardous chemicals in Collections Storage Area 2.These chemicals should not be in the same locality asthe records. Some type of ventilation system, such asa fume hood, should be installed.

3. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Place documentation in acid-free folders,and lightly pack into fire-resistant file cabinets.Arrange documentation in a logical order, andprovide a guide to the collection. Records should befree of metal staples, paper clips, and othercontaminants.

91

15Cultural Surveys Hawaii

Kailua, Hawaii

Collections Total: 7.0 ft3 of archaeological materialsand human skeletal remains; 1.5 linear feet ofassociated records.


Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire complete rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological curation.


Compliance Status: Cultural Surveys Hawaiicurrently holds approximately fifty fragments of

human bone from Waianae Army Recreation Center.These are scheduled for repatriation.



Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded fromoverhead generated from archaeological projects.

Assessment


Point of Contact: John Winieski

Cultural Surveys Hawaii, located in Kailua, Hawaii,conducts archaeological investigations throughout thestate of Hawaii and the surrounding Pacific islands.One large house serves as office and equipmentstorage areas (Figure 29). Collections are stored inutility closets set into the garage portion of the house.Archaeological materials from military installationstotal 7 ft3 (Table 23).

Figure 29. Exterior of the Cultural Surveys Hawaiirepository.

Structural AdequacyThe approximately 20-years-old structure (1,600 ft2)has a concrete foundation with a wooden frame.

Collection Summary


The building is privately owned. External walls areconstructed of wood siding, and the shingled roof isoriginal to the structure. No structural problems werenoted in the foundation or the roof. Interior walls areplywood, and floors are concrete. Ceilings in therepository are wood with plasterboard. Windows inthe repository have aluminum frames, are open, andhave no blinds.

Collections areas are part of the repository,but they are separate because they are built into thegarage. Six large closets measuring 4.5 x 4.5 x 6.5feet (l x w x h) comprise the collections areas. Thesecontain all boxes holding artifacts from fieldwork.Records for the projects are stored inside therepository proper. No structural problems have beennoted in the archives by any staff members. There areno windows in the collections area.

EnvironmentThe repository has space for analysis of artifacts andexamination of documents. Most of the space is usedfor report preparation. Floor fans are used forventilation. Temperature and humidity levels are notmonitored. The repository is regularly cleaned by thestaff. All artificial lighting in the repository isgenerated by incandescent and nonfiltered fluorescentdesk lamps, incandescent bulbs, or natural light.Repository utilities are original and have received nomajor repairs.

The collections area in the garage iscompletely dominated by storage space. There are nowindows and no temperature or humidity controls.Staff members perform janitorial duties in thecollections area. Utilities in the collections area areoriginal to the structure and have not been modifiedto date.

Pest ManagementThe repository receives regular pest monitoring andcontrol by the staff on an as-needed basis. Noinfestations were noticed either by staff or by theassessment team. The collections area is likewiseserviced by staff and has had no infestations.

SecurityThe repository uses key locks on exterior and interiordoors, and collections areas have padlocks on thedoors. The repository is protected by a half wall thatblocks direct access from the street or sides.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThere are no fire-detection and -suppression systemsin place in the repository or in the collections area.


DoD collections at Cultural Surveys Hawaii(Figure 30) total 7.0 ft3 of archaeological materialsfrom five installations (Table 24). Materials arestored by project on wooden shelves in large utilityclosets.

Primary Containers

All materials are stored in acidic cardboard boxesranging in size from 0.8 ft3 to 2.0 ft3. Boxes aredirectly labeled in marker with information regarding

Table 23.Volume of Archaeological Materials from DoD

Installations Housed at Cultural Surveys Hawaii


Fort Kamehameha 0.9Kaena Point Tracking Station 0.5Kipapa Military Reservation 0.3Marine Corps Base Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay 0.8Waianae Army Recreation Center 4.5

Total 7.0

Figure 30. All the collections from FortKamehameha and Waianae Army Recreation Center

that are housed at Cultural Surveys Hawaii are shownon the table.

Cultural Surveys Hawaii 93

provenience, project, date, investigator, and materialtype. Boxes are secured with telescoping lids orfolded flaps. They are somewhat overpacked and showsome evidence of compression damage and tearing.


All secondary containers are plastic, zip-lock bagsthat show some signs of punctures. Most are directlylabeled with provenience information. Most bags arenested within one another.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingApproximately one-third of the DoD materialsexamined have been cleaned and processed but notlabeled. All materials have been sorted byprovenience for storage.

Human Skeletal RemainsCultural Surveys Hawaii currently holdsapproximately fifty fragments (0.1 ft3) of human bonefrom Waianae Army Recreation Center. The remainsare from older projects conducted by this firm. Theremains have been inventoried by St. Louis Districtpersonnel and have been reported to DoD and thecontractor.

Records StorageAll DoD records were pulled by the contractor for theevaluation team; however, when not in use they residein standard file cabinets. Individual records are storedin manila folders that use adhesive labels with typedinformation.

Report Records

Report materials comprise 1.4 linear feet of the totalrecord amount (Table 25). Reports are in goodcondition but are somewhat damp from excessivehumidity.


Photographic materials comprise 0.1 linear feet of thetotal record amount. Photographs are in good

Table 24.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at Cultural Surveys Hawaii

%

MCB Hawaii Waianae Army Fort Kipapa Military Kaena PointMaterial Class Kaneohe Bay Recreation Center Kamehameha Reservation Tracking Station Total

PrehistoricLithics 30 13 — 20 100 20Faunal remains — 6 — — — 4Shell 40 23 — — — 19Human remains — 10 — — — 6Soil 30 19 — — — 1614 C — — — 10 — 1Worked Shell/Bone — 2 5 — — 2

Historical-PeriodCeramics — 5 40 — — 8Glass — 15 10 30 — 12Metal — 5 40 20 — 9Brick/Cement — — 5 — — 1Textiles — 2 — — — 1Obsidian — — — 20 — 1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100


Table 25.Summary of DoD Documentation at the

Cultural Surveys Hawaii

Documentation Type

Installation Reports Photos Total

Kaena Point Tracking Station 0.4 0.1 0.5Waianae Army Recreation Center 1.0 — 1.0

Total 1.4 0.1 1.5

Note: Figures are in linear feet.


condition and are stored with project reports in acidicmanila folders or loose inside the reports.

Collections Management StandardsCultural Survey Hawaii is not a permanent curationfacility; therefore, collections management standardswere not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

Mr. John Winieski, staff archaeologist, maintainscollections held by the firm.

Curation Financing



Access to the records and archaeological materials iscontrolled. Staff require a telephone call or a letter ofexplanation regarding the specific collections desiredand the needs of the particular researcher.

Future Plans

Cultural Surveys Hawaii has no future plansregarding curation or collections storage.

Comments

1. No temperature or humidity monitoring isconducted at Cultural Surveys Hawaii.

2. Cultural Surveys Hawaii has no integrated pest-management system.

3. No intrusion alarm on the facility or collectionsstorage areas is in place at Cultural Surveys Hawaii.

4. Fire-detection and -suppression systems are absent.

5. Primary containers consist of overpacked acidiccardboard boxes with telescoping lids and foldedflaps that show signs of damage.

6. Primary containers for records are generallyadequate, but the secondary containers consist mainlyof acidic manila folders. Most of the records aredamp from humidity.

7. Human remains from Waianae Army RecreationCenter are present.

Recommendations


2. Place all artifacts in archival-quality primarycontainers and inert plastic secondary containers.Primary containers should be labeled using archivalpaper inserts and inert plastic sleeves.

3. Place all records in a humidity controlled room andstore in archival-quality primary containers and inertplastic secondary containers.

4. Duplicate all paper records onto acid-free paperand place in acid-free folders labeled in indelible ink.Place all folders in acid-free cardboard boxes, andapply adhesive polyethylene plastic label holders,with acid-free inserts, to the boxes. Remove allcontaminants (e.g., staples, paper clips, and rubberbands) from the documents. Store these materials ina separate, fire-safe, secure location.


95

16Dames & Moore

Salt Lake City, Utah



Compliance Status: Collections requirecomplete rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archaeologicalcuration.




Status of Curation Funding: Funding for curationactivities is accomplished through the individualbudgets written into all archaeological researchcontracts. These funds cover the cost of immediateprocessing but not long-term curation.

Assessment

Date of Visit: January 17, 1997

Point of Contact: Lori Hunsacker

Dames & Moore is a large consulting firm with overone hundred thirty offices worldwide. Projects forclients are largely environmental, science, orengineering related, although a small amount ofcultural resources work is performed. Seven Dames& Moore offices, including Salt Lake City, offercultural resources capabilities. The firm currentlycurates approximately 2.3 ft3 of artifacts recoveredfrom Dugway Proving Ground and approximatelyone linear foot of associated documentation. Theartifacts from Dugway Proving Ground areunprocessed. It should be noted that as of April 1997,

Dames and Moore had transferred the artifactcollections described in this report to DugwayProving Ground.

Structural AdequacyDames & Moore is located in the Boyer Companyoffice building (Figure 31), in downtown Salt LakeCity. Dames & Moore is one of many tenants in thislarge office building that was constructed in the1980s. The building foundation is concrete, andexterior walls are composed almost exclusively ofglass and metal. The roof, which is original to thebuilding, is built-up asphalt and steel. The structureis solid, with no significant cracks or leaks. A parkinggarage is located below grade, and six floors arelocated above grade. Exterior windows are generallyequipped with shades.

Collection Summary


The prehistoric archaeologist’s (Ms. LoriHunsacker) office serves as the collections storagearea for the archaeological collections. The office hasa concrete floor covered with carpet. Walls arecomposed of plasterboard, and the ceiling issuspended acoustical tiles. There are two exterioraluminum frame windows, each equipped with blinds.One wood panel door leads into the hallway withinthe Dames & Moore suites. The collections storage areaencompasses 100 ft2 and is filled with file cabinets, adesk, and a set of shelves for reports.

EnvironmentThe office building is equipped with heat, airconditioning, and dust filters for the forced-airsystems. Humidity is neither monitored norcontrolled. The building is regularly cleaned andmaintained daily by a contracted firm. Lighting isaccomplished by nonfiltered fluorescent tubes.

Pest ManagementDames and Moore has not implemented an integratedpest management system. The building staff mayspray for insects regularly or as-needed. Theassessment team did not observe any signs of insectsor rodents.

SecurityThe office building is equipped with an intrusionalarm system that is wired to the local policedepartment. Exterior doors are equipped with key

locks. During non-business hours, elevators arelocked and accessible only with keys. Individual suitedoors are secured with combination locks. Ms.Hunsacker’s office is not equipped with a lock.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire detection consists of smoke detectors. Firesuppression consists of a fire hose located in the floorhallway, and fire extinguishers. The main floor of thebuilding is equipped with a sprinkler system; thissystem is not present on the third floor (the locationof Dames & Moore), nor in the offices and suites.The collections storage area is equipped with a fireextinguisher, which is located in a box with suppliesreserved for operations in the field.


The primary container for artifacts is stored on thefloor next to the door in the collections storagearea. Percentages of material classes are outlinedin Table 26.

Primary Containers

Artifact Collections are stored in a large plastic box.The unlabeled box encompasses approximately2.3 ft3.


Secondary containers for artifacts consist primarilyof 4-mil, nonarchival-quality, plastic zip-lock bags.Several of the bags have punctures and are torn, and

Figure 31. View of the exterior of the office buildingwhere Dames and Moore is located.

Table 26.Summary of Material Classes in the Dugway Proving

Ground Collections at Dames & Moore

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 1

Historical-PeriodCeramic 28Glass 30Metal 40Worked shell 1

Total 100


Dames & Moore 97

dirt is present on and in them. Most of the zip-lockbags are the field bags, which will be supplanted byarchival-quality plastic bags when the collections arecompletely processed. Approximately four bags ofartifacts have been processed by Dugway ProvingGround cultural resources staff. These secondarycontainers are 6-mil, archival-quality, plastic zip-lockbags with acid-free paper insert labels.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingApproximately five percent of the artifacts have beencleaned (those processed by Dugway staff). None ofthe artifacts have been labeled or sorted by materialclass.

Human Skeletal RemainsDames & Moore is not curating any human skeletalremains recovered from archaeological projects onmilitary installations.

Records StorageRecords are stored in two file drawers in thecollections storage area. One of the file drawers is ametal desk drawer attached to the prehistoricarchaeologist’s desk, and the other file drawer is partof a standard letter-size, metal file cabinet. Thereare 12.5 linear inches of records associated witharchaeological work conducted at Dugway ProvingGround in the file cabinet.

Paper Records

Paper records measure 6.75 linear inches and consistof administrative, background, and surveydocuments. They are stored in manila folders withinhanging files in the cabinets. Manila folders haveadhesive labels, with either hand-applied labels orinformation written directly in pen. Label informationconsists of the folder contents. Although records havesome surface dirt and dust, they are generally in goodcondition. Staples and paper clips are present in thefiles, however.

Report Records

Three linear inches of report records are located inthe manila folders with the paper records.


Photographic records encompass 1.25 linear inches,and consist of negatives and color and black-and-white prints. None of the individual photographs arelabeled, and they are stored in the original processingenvelopes.


Large and small maps measure 1.5 linear inches, andare stored in the manila folders with the paperrecords. Large maps were stored folded.

Collections Management StandardsDames & Moore is not a permanent curation facility,and transfers collections to the state repository or thehiring agency after they have been processed andanalyzed. Collections management standards were notevaluated.

Curation Personnel

Lori Hunsacker is a prehistoric archaeologist forthe Dames & Moore Salt Lake City office. Anadditional historic archaeologist is employed in thesame office. Ms. Hunsacker has collection processingresponsibilities.

Curation Financing

Curation costs are covered in the contracts with theagency requesting the archaeological research. Thesecosts cover the immediate processing activities butnot long-term curation.


Access to collections is through Ms. Hunsacker, theprehistoric archaeologist.

Future Plans

There are no plans for upgrading the curationprogram. In fact, Dames & Moore is considering amove out of the cultural resources field.


Comments

1. Heating and air conditioning systems are presentfor the office building, but there are no humiditycontrols or monitoring devices.

2. Dames & Moore has no integrated pestmanagement system. Pest control is probablyperformed as-needed, and there were no signs of acurrent problem.

3. The building is equipped with a security systemwired to the local police, and each suite is securedwith a combination lock. However, the collectionsstorage area is not secured.

4. Fire detection consists of smoke detectors, and firesuppression consists of a sprinkler system on selectedfloors, fire hoses, and fire extinguishers.

5. The primary container for Artifact Collections is alarge plastic box. Secondary containers for artifactsconsist predominantly of nonarchival-quality, plasticzip-locks. Artifacts are currently being processed.

6. Records are stored in acidic manila folders andplaced in standard-size metal file cabinets.

Recommendations


2. Box and bag all Artifact Collections into foldedacid-free cardboard boxes with telescoping lids, andappropriate archival-quality, polyethylene, zip-lockbags. Insert acid-free paper labels into each bag. Thevolume of artifacts in each box and bag should below so that containers are not overpacked.

3. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper, and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistantmetal file cabinets. Arrange documentation in alogical order, and provide a key to the collection.Records should be free of metal staples and paperclips, or other contaminants.

99

17Delta Chamber of CommerceSullivan Roadhouse

Delta Junction, Alaska

Collections Total: 25.6 ft3 plus oversizedarchaeological materials; no associated records.

Volume of Artifact Collections: 25.6 ft3, plusoversized items.

Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire complete rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological curation. Large artifacts include awooden chair, a large wood stove, a long wooden

bench, a wood sink, wall cloth, metal bed frame,large metal buckets, metal plow fragment, originalwooden door, metal advertisement, two metal rooffragments, wooden boxes used as shelves, and aflour sack.


Linear Feet of Records: None

Status of Curation Funding: Unknown

Assessment


Point of Contact: Sheryl Mills

Sullivan Roadhouse is a National Historic Sitelocated within the interior of Alaska, just inside thecity of Delta Junction. The Roadhouse, a spruce logbuilding, had formerly been on the Fort Greelybombing range but was dismantled, moved, andfinally rebuilt on a lot across from the Delta Chamberof Commerce Visitor Center (Figure 32). Thebuilding was constructed in 1906 along the trailbetween Valdez and Fairbanks. The Roadhouseoperated until 1923 when the railroad made the trailobsolete. After it was abandoned, only campers andhunters continued to use the log structure. It was

Figure 32. Exterior view of the temporary storagefacility for the artifact collections from Fort Greely’s

Sullivan Roadhouse.

Collection Summary

deeded to the Chamber of Commerce for use as aninterpretive center employing replicas of some of theartifacts found within the cabin.


John Cook, BLM archaeologist in Fairbanks,conducted an archaeological survey at the site,gathering all of the collections currently under thecare of the Delta Chamber of Commerce. Thesecollections were originally stored with the BLM butwere transferred to the Delta Chamber of Commerceto assist the exhibit creators in choosing particularartifacts to recreate the atmosphere of the roadhouseduring the time it sheltered people on the trail. Itemsto be displayed are currently in the roadhouse. Someof the artifacts, are being replicated for display. Afew artifacts including various bottles, a snuff jar,and horseshoes, are presently with the exhibitdesigner. Most of the collections are going to bereturned to the BLM. Currently, these collections arein a separate storage building behind the VisitorCenter.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—The Sullivan Roadhouse

The historic structure is a single-story, four-room logcabin constructed with indigenous spruce trees. Theroadhouse was rebuilt using all of the original woodlogs, except for the bottom three, which had becomerotten. Unfortunately, the replacement logs have beeninfested with insects that bore holes in the freshspruce. A new wooden floor has also been added,and the corrugated-metal roof is new. A plastic sheetbetween the overhead logs and the corrugated-metalroof provides insulation and additional protectionfrom leaks. New features include electricity, a closetto hide the electrical box, and a crawl space underthe cabin.

Repository 2—The Storage Building

This long, narrow building is divided into smallsections that each have an opening in the front. Ahinged piece of plywood hangs down from the top.When this is propped open, each section has aconcession- stand appearance.

EnvironmentSince electricity has been added, the roadhouse doesnot have to be heated in the original manner with awood-burning stove. Track lighting is currently beingadded. The seven windows have been replaced and

are sealed within the wood frames. Temperature andrelative humidity levels are not monitored orcontrolled. The plywood storage building has noenvironmental controls. Building maintenance andcleaning are performed by staff on an as-needed basis.

Pest ManagementNo pest-management system has been employed ineither building. However, an infestation of wood-boring insects is already present in some of the newreplacement logs in the roadhouse. Spiders werefound in some of the collection containers in thestorage shed.

SecurityAll doors in the roadhouse are solid wood with keylocks. Three doors open to the exterior of thebuilding. These have dead-bolt locks. All windowsare sealed. Access to both repositories is controlledby the manager, Ms. Mills. The storage building doorhas a key padlock. The top-hinged door at the front ofthe shed, which swings up to reveal an opening in theupper half of the stand, is kept shut with a wedgedlog leaning from the ground into the door.

Fire Detection and SuppressionNo fire detection system is in place in bothrepositories. Fire extinguishers supply the onlymethod of fire suppression in the roadhouse. Thestorage building has no fire-suppression devices.


There are no storage units in the roadhouse. Theboxes and large historic items are placed on the floor(Figure 33). Storage units in the storage building arebuilt-in wooden shelves. Three shelves on the wallopposite the door measure 4.0 x 1.4 x 1.5 feet(l x w x h). Another shelf at the side openingmeasures 12 x 2 feet (l x d) and is three feet off thefloor. Oversized items are stored either on the floor orhung on a wall in the roadhouse. Percentages ofmaterial classes are outlined in Table 27.

Delta Chamber of Commerce 101

Primary Containers

Twenty acidic cardboard boxes house the collectionsand range in size from 0.9 ft3 to 2.8 ft3. Most of theboxes are without lids; however, some have foldingflaps that are not closed properly. Most of theprimary containers have a label directly written on thecontainer in marker. The information, ofteninconsistent, includes the contents, project name, sitename, site number, and name of the investigator.Many of the containers are damaged and often areoverpacked. Boxes are compressed, torn, and water

damaged. Live insects were also noted in at leasttwo containers.


Secondary containers are labeled directly with markerand contain information such as the site number, date,provenience, investigator, and contents. Secondarycontainers include paper bags (20%), thin,nonarchival plastic bags and plastic garbage bagswith plastic drawstrings (60%), and small acidiccardboard boxes (10%). Security for the plastic bagsinclude zip-locks and twist-ties. The brown paperbags and the larger plastic bags are not secured.Many of the secondary containers are torn, puncturedand dirty. Some archaeological materials (10%) wereloose in the primary containers. This does not includethe oversized archaeological materials that are toolarge for containers.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingApproximately ten percent of the artifacts, located forthe most part in the roadhouse, are labeled. Labeledartifacts have data written on them in india ink, or anacidic paper tag is tied to the artifact with a cottonstring. Some of the tags have metal edges, and aretorn, dirty, or not well secured to the object. Only afew of the artifacts in the storage shed have beenlabeled with paper tags and string. The Chamber ofCommerce labels are marked with the site number,XBD-061-94-025. Most of the collection is sorted bymaterial type. None of the items in the storagebuilding have been cleaned.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains from the roadhouse orFort Greely are housed at the Sullivan Roadhouse.

Records StorageThe Delta Chamber of Commerce holds no associateddocumentation from an archaeological project at theSullivan Roadhouse. However, a record collectioncontaining approximately one linear foot ofdocumentation, including administrative records, fieldnotes, and photographs, was donated by a privatehistorian who collected information about the

Figure 33. Selected historical-period artifacts fromFort Greely’s Sullivan Roadhouse collection that

will be placed on display in the Roadhouse.

Table 27.Summary of Historical-Period Material Classes in the

Fort Greely Sullivan Roadhouse ArchaeologicalCollection at the Delta Chamber of Commerce

Material Class %

Ceramics 4Faunal remains 25Modified shell <1Botanical <1Soil <1Metal 45Glass 15Wood 10Other <1

Total 100


Other materials include plastic buttons, asbestos, leather, shoes,corks, textiles.

Totals do not include furniture, farm equipment, and otheroversized items also considered to be part of the roadhouse andits artifact collections.


roadhouse on his own time. No artifacts werecollected, and no specific archaeological informationwas generated. As a result, these records were notassessed.

Collections Management StandardsThe Delta Chamber of Commerce is not a curationfacility and is limited to the Sullivan Roadhouse;therefore, collections management standards werenot evaluated.

Curation Personnel

The Chamber of Commerce manager, Sheryl Mills isresponsible for the care of the Roadhouse collection.

Curation Financing

The status of curation financing is unknown.


Collections can be accessed through the manager.

Future Plans

Future plans include getting a telephone lineconnected, developing exhibits that employ originalartifacts and replicas for the creation of aninterpretive center, adding track lights, and returningmost of the artifacts to the BLM for curation.

Comments

1. No standard pest management system has beenimplemented in the repositories.

2. Fire safety measures are inadequate, consisting ofonly fire extinguishers.

3. Temperature is only partially controlled but notmonitored. Humidity is not monitored or controlled.

4. Artifact Collections are stored in acidic cardboardboxes and a variety of nonarchival secondarycontainers.

5. Plastic bags containing asbestos were stored inboxes with other Artifact Collections in the storagebuilding.

Recommendations

1. Employ an integrated pest management system thatuses methods of monitoring and control. The infestedlogs should be removed or treated and replaced withpest-free timber.

2. Fire-detection devices should be liberally placedthroughout the wood cabin. Do not use the wood-burning stove.

3. Temperature and relative humidity should bemonitored and controlled, if necessary, withcommercial humidifiers or dehumidifiers.

4. Rehabilitate collections by using acid-free primarycontainers. Clean and label all of the artifacts withindia ink. Place artifacts in appropriate archival,plastic, zip-lock bags. Place label information directlyon the secondary container with an indelible marker.

5. Contact an asbestos-abatement-and-removalspecialist to determine the best way to properlyhandle the asbestos safely.

103

18Garcia and Associates

Honolulu, Hawaii






Compliance Status: Records require completerehabilitation to comply with existing Federalguidelines and standards for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded withoverhead generated from archaeological projects.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Jeff Pantaleo

Garcia and Associates conducts archaeologicalinvestigations throughout the state of Hawaii and thesurrounding Pacific islands. Slightly more than 33 ft3

of artifacts from multiple installations are housed atthe firm (Table 28).

Structural AdequacyThe privately owned structure in downtown Honoluluis approximately twenty-one years old andencompasses 1,393 ft2 (Figure 34). The foundation isconcrete, and the building frame is steel and concrete.External walls of the repository are constructed of

Table 28.Volume of Archaeological Materials from DoDInstallations Housed at Garcia and Associates


Fort DeRussy 23.8Fort Shafter 1.3Hickam AFB 2.6Makua Military Reservation 0.3MCB Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay 2.6Pohakuloa Training Area 2.6

Total 33.2

concrete, and the built-up asphalt roof is original. Nostructural problems have been noted in the foundationor the roof. Interior walls are plasterboard, and floorsare concrete covered with carpet. Ceilings in therepository are suspended acoustical tile. Windows inthe repository have aluminum frames and are sealed.The repository has space for analysis of artifacts andexamination of documents. Most of the space is usedfor report preparation and for administrative activities.

Collections Summary


The 150-ft2 collections storage area is alonga wall of the office and is partially partitioned fromthe rest of the repository. This area contains all boxeswith artifacts from fieldwork. Records for theprojects also are stored in this area, but some arekept by individual project managers in their offices.No structural problems have been noted in thecollections storage area by any staff members. Thereare no windows in the collections storage area.

EnvironmentCentral air conditioning provides for temperaturestabilization; however, none of the air conditioningvents has dust filters. Temperature and humiditylevels are not monitored. The repository is cleanedweekly by the staff. All artificial lighting in therepository is generated either by incandescent orfluorescent light. Repository utilities are original andhave received no major repairs. The collectionsstorage area is dominated largely by storage space forartifacts, records, and circulated reports. Staff alsoprovide janitorial services in the collections area.

Pest ManagementThe repository receives professional pest managementservices on an as-needed basis. Staff membersmonitor for pests, and to date, the facility hasrequired no pest management services.

SecurityThe repository has an intrusion alarm that is wired tothe police department and areas of controlled accessthat are monitored by staff members. All exteriordoors are metal and glass with dead-bolt locks. Thereare very few interior doors, which are wood and havekey locks. One interior door is shared with the officenext door and remains locked.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe repository has a fire alarm that is wired to thefire department as well as a sprinkler system. The onefire extinguisher in the repository was last inspectedin 1993.


DoD collections total 33.2 ft3 (Figure 35) and arestored on immovable, wooden shelves 32.5 x 22.5 x6.5 inches (l x w x h). Five-to-six shelves compriseone unit, with a total of five units in the collectionsarea. Percentages of material classes are outlined inTable 29.

Figure 35. Collections from Department of Defenseinstallations are housed on wooden shelves.

Figure 34. Exterior of the building where Garcia andAssociates is located.

Garcia and Associates 105

Primary Containers

Most primary containers are acidic cardboard boxesthat are glued and folded in construction and securedwith a telescoping lid. Boxes are generally in goodcondition. They have adhesive labels that containinformation written in marker. The information,which is legible and consistent for all collections,includes installation name, project number, andbox contents.


Approximately ninety percent of all secondarycontainers are paper bags. The remaining ten percentare plastic 2- and 4-mil, zip-lock bags. Both types ofcontainers are directly labeled with provenience andproject information. Throughout the collection plasticbags are nested inside the larger paper bags. All bagsare in good condition, and there are relatively fewtears or punctures.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingApproximately fifty percent of the artifacts have beencleaned and none have been labeled. All of theartifacts are sorted by project and provenience.

Human Skeletal RemainsGarcia and Associates holds no human skeletal remains.

Records StorageDoD records encompass 11.25 linear inches fromseven distinct collections (Table 30). All DoD recordsare stored in standard file cabinets located in thecollections area and in project manager offices.Individual project records are stored in manila foldersthat use adhesive labels with typewritten information.

Table 29.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Archaeological Collections at Garcia and Associates

%

Fort Fort Hickam Makua Military MCB Hawaii, PokakuloaMaterial Class DeRussy Shafter AFB Reservation Kaneohe Bay Training Area Total

PrehistoricLithics 3 15 3 — 5 27 5Faunal remains 11 — 3 5 — — 7Shell 21 — 20 — 40 13 19Soil 25 80 68 — 50 13 3514 C 3 5 — — — 17 4Botanical 2 — — — — 15 2Other 2 3 3 60 1 15 2

Historical-PeriodCeramics 7 — — — — — 5Glass 21 — — 5 — — 16Metal 5 — 3 30 4 — 5

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes based on volume. Other prehistoric classes include: volcanic glass, worked bone, worked shell,ceramics, and historic brick/masonry.

Table 30.Summary of DoD Documentation

at Garcia and Associates

Documentation Types

Installation Paper Reports Total

Camp Smith – 1.0 1.00Fort DeRussy 4.75 – 4.75Fort Shafter 0.25 – 0.25Hickam AFB 1.75 0.5 2.25Makua Military Reservation 0.50 – 0.50MCB Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay 1.75 – 1.75Pohakuloa Training Area 0.75 – 0.75

Total 9.75 1.5 11.25



Paper Records

Paper records, totaling 9.75 linear inches, are themajority of the documents. They are in goodcondition but do have some contaminants (e.g., paperclips and staples).

Report Records

Report records encompass 1.5 linear inches and arestored in the same manner as the paper records.

Collections Management StandardsGarcia and Associates is not a permanent curationfacility; therefore, collections management standardsare not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

The principal archaeologist, Jeff Pantaleo, maintainscollections held by the firm.

Curation Financing



Access to the records and artifacts is controlled.The staff requires a telephone call or a letter ofexplanation regarding the specific collections desiredand the needs of the particular researcher.

Future Plans

Garcia and Associates has no future plans regardingcuration or collections storage.

Comments

1. Temperature is controlled through central airconditioning, which is not equipped with dust filters.Humidity is not monitored or controlled.

2. Security measures consist of dead-bolt locks on thedoors, an intrusion alarm that is wired to the policedepartment, and controlled access.

3. There is no integrated pest-management system.

4. Fire-detection and -suppression systems arepresent.

5. Archaeological materials are stored in nonarchival-quality primary containers.

6. Primary containers for records are generallyadequate, but the secondary containers consist mainlyof acidic manila folders.

Recommendations

1. Place all artifacts in archival-quality primarycontainers and inert plastic secondary containers.Label primary containers using archival paper insertsand inert plastic sleeves.

2. Place all records in an environmentally controlledroom and store in archival-quality primary containersand inert plastic secondary containers.

3. Duplicate all paper records onto acid-free paperand place in acid-free folders labeled in indelible ink.Place all folders in acid-free cardboard boxes, andapply adhesive polyethylene plastic label holders,with acid-free inserts, to the boxes. Remove allcontaminants (e.g., staples, paper clips, and rubberbands) from the documents. Store these materials in aseparate, fire-safe, and secure location.

4. Arrange associated documentation according toarchival procedures, and create a finding aid for thedocumentation collection.


107

19Garrow and Associates

Raleigh, North Carolina



Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire minor rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archaeologicalcuration.



Compliance Status: Records require nearlycomplete rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Funding for curation ofarchaeological collections is currently included in thescope of work for any project undertaken by Garrowand Associates.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Daniel Cassedy

Garrow and Associates is an archaeologicalcontracting company with branch offices in severalstates. Their main office is located in Atlanta and allother branches coordinate their projects through theAtlanta facility. Collections are only housed at theRaleigh office, as is the case with all of Garrow’sdivisions, as a temporary measure for researchpurposes prior to submittal to a long-term curationfacility. Garrow’s Raleigh office, processinglaboratory, and temporary collection storage are alllocated in a single office building in the downtownarea. Approximately 1.2 ft3 of artifacts and 0.7 linear

feet of documentation from NAS Corpus Christi arecurrently housed at Garrow.

Structural AdequacyGarrow occupies 2,300 ft2 of a 9,200-ft2, single-level,brick office building with a partially above-groundfull basement (Figure 36). The thirty-year old,privately owned building has a concrete foundationand steel-frame construction. The present roof, whichis less than five years old, is constructed of built-upasphalt. Garrow’s staff is not aware of any cracks orleaks in the structure and there have been no upgradesto the building’s plumbing or electrical systems.

The office building’s main corridor is linedwith individual suite entry doors. Garrow’s suite hasa front office that also serves as a security buffer.Just through this office is another L-shaped corridor,which provides access to Garrow’s private offices,processing areas, and temporary storage. A kitchen

Collections Summary


area just past the front office that has beenconstructed within the corridor and just outside theprocessing room.

There are sealed aluminum-frame windowsin the offices, but there are no windows in theprocessing or storage areas. All rooms in the spaceoccupied by Garrow have concrete floors coveredwith industrial grade carpeting. Rooms areconstructed with plasterboard and have suspendedacoustical-tile ceilings fitted with nonfilteredfluorescent lighting. Exterior doors are constructed ofmetal and glass, and interior doors are solid core wood.

The collections area and overflow storage(the processing room) are identical to the rest of thefacility in terms of environment, pest management,security, and fire detection. The collections area isfilled to capacity. Materials evaluated by St. LouisDistrict staff were stacked on other boxes that wereon the floor.

EnvironmentThe building Garrow occupies has forced-air heat(electric pump) and central air conditioning, butGarrow staff members were not sure if these systemsare equipped with dust filters. Temperature ismonitored and controlled, but humidity is not.General environmental considerations for the regioninclude extreme changes in temperature within a24-hour period and relatively high humidity on aseasonal basis. The entire building is professionallycleaned on a daily basis. There are no windows in thecollections storage or processing areas, and office

windows are shaded. Artificial lighting consists ofnonfiltered fluorescent tubes throughout the building.

Pest ManagementPest control is professionally contracted on anas-needed basis. No pest infestations have beennoted by Garrow staff since their occupancy in thebuilding, and St. Louis District staff saw no evidenceof infestations during their assessment. There is nointegrated pest management system in place atthis facility.

SecuritySecurity measures for the repository consist ofdead-bolt locks on the exterior doors, key locks on theinterior doors, exterior lighting, and controlled accessby staff. There was one break-in last year; noartifacts were stolen.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThere are no fire-detection or -suppression systems inplace at this facility, although one manual fireextinguisher was noted in the main building corridoroutside Garrow’s suite.


NAS Corpus Christi archeological materials arestored in a single box that is stacked on top of severalother boxes. All boxes are stored on the floor.Table 31 outlines the types of material classes in theNAS Corpus Christi collections at Garrow.

Primary Containers

Archaeological materials are stored in a single acid-free cardboard box with a telescoping lid. A piece ofpaper with information handwritten in black markeris taped to the box. The information on the labelconsists of the installation name and the phase ofthe project.


Secondary containers for the archaeological materialsconsists entirely of 6-mil, polyethylene, zip-lock bags.

Figure 36. Garrow and Associates has numerousoffices including one in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Garrow and Associates 109

Labels are either directly applied to secondarycontainers in marker, or acidic paper inserts writtenin pen or pencil are placed in the secondarycontainers. Information on the labels include theproject name, site number, material classes, artifactprovenience, the date, collector/investigator name(s),special sample numbers, and field specimen numbers.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingMost artifacts appear to have been cleaned, labeled,and sorted by provenience. Labels on objects aredirectly applied in black ink and include the sitenumber and catalog or field specimen number. Lotbags have paper inserts labeled in pen or pencil withthe same information as noted on the secondarycontainer labels. Bulk samples of shell are notlabeled, but labeling is not generally recommendedfor these types of samples.

Human Skeletal RemainsGarrow does not have any human skeletal remains intheir Raleigh office that were removed from DoDlands.

Records StorageDocumentation associated with currentarchaeological projects is stored in file cabinets inDr. Cassedy’s office. Once a project is completed therecords and a copy of the relevant report are sent tothe main office in Atlanta. DoD collections atGarrow’s Raleigh office include 0.65 linear feet ofpaper records, including one draft report withphotograph mock-ups, and 0.05 linear feet ofphotographic media.

Paper Records

Paper records housed at Garrow are storedpredominately in legal-size, metal file cabinets.Adhesive paper labels on the file cabinets blackmarker lettering. The primary container for therecords is an acid-free hanging file with a typed labelinserted into a plastic tab. All secondary containersfor the collection are manila folders directly labeledin pen or marker. There is no specific arrangement ofrecords within the primary container, but primarycontainers are arranged by project at Garrow’sRaleigh office. Once the records are sent to Atlantato be archived, they are also arranged by year into acompany-wide archival system.

Photographic and Report Records

The draft report housed in the NAS Corpus Christiproject file with the paper records containsphotographs that have been taped in place. Additionalphotographs are loose in this folder.

Collections Management StandardsGarrow is not viewed as a permanent repository;therefore, collections management standards are notaddressed in this report.

Curation Personnel

There is no curation staff at Garrow, because they donot professionally curate collections.

Curation Financing

Funding for curation of archaeological collections iscurrently included in the scope of work for anyproject undertaken by Garrow.

Table 31.Summary of Material Classes in the NAS Corpus

Christi Collections at Garrow and Associates

Material Class %

PrehistoricCeramic 5Lithics 25Faunal remains 6Shell 25Flotation 2Soil 2514C 2Botanical 1

Historical-PeriodCeramic 5Glass 1Metal 2Plastic 1

Total 100




Access to the collections is limited to Garrow culturalresource staff and researchers by permission. Awritten letter of intent is necessary, and access to thecollections is supervised.

Future Plans

No changes or upgrades to existing protocols orfacilities are planned by Garrow at this time.

Comments

1. Humidity at Garrow is not monitored or controlled.

2. One break-in occurred at this facility last year, andalthough no artifacts were taken, some additionalsecurity measures are in order to prevent furtherincidents. Until collections are transported to aprofessional curation facility, Garrow is responsiblefor their security.

3. There are no fire-suppression systems in place atthis facility. This issue is of concern, not only becauseof the potential for damage to the collections, but forthe safety of Garrow’s staff and other individualsworking in this facility.

4. Generally, DOD archaeological materials atGarrow’s Raleigh office appear to be in very goodcondition, but currently they are being stored on otherboxes on the floor. Some attention, such asrepackaging the artifacts and replacing the label onthe primary container, is needed for the historiccollections.

5. DoD records have not yet been archivallyprocessed and should be upgraded to reflect existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Recommendations


2. Place Artifact Collections in acid-free primarycontainers labeled by attaching a stainless steel orpolyethylene label holder with an acid-free paperinsert—printed or typed in indelible ink andencapsulated in polyethylene plastic sleeves—to thecontainer. All artifacts should be placed inpolyethylene zip-lock bags. Acidic paper inserts inthe secondary containers should be replaced withacid-free inserts.

3. Remove all contaminants (e.g., staples, paper clips,and rubber bands) from the documents, produce aduplicate copy of all the associated documentation,either on acid-free paper or archival microformat, andstore these materials in a separate, fire-safe, securelocation.

4. Place all paper records in acid-free folders andhanging files labeled in indelible ink. Place all foldersin a fireproof, enameled-metal file cabinet or an acid-free cardboard box. Arrange associateddocumentation according to modern archivalprocedures, and create a finding aid for thedocumentation collection.

5. Remove contaminants from all photographicmaterials, label with an archivally acceptableproduct, and place in polyethylene archival sleeves.

111

20Geo-Marine

Plano, Texas

Table 32.Volume of DoD Archaeological Materials

at Geo-Marine

Subject Installation Volume (ft3)

Fort Bliss 5.9Fort Sill 7.3

Total 13.2







Status of Curation Funding: Geo-Marine has noformal curation agreement with DoD installations andis acting only as an interim repository.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Duane Peter

Geo-Marine is an archaeological contracting firmwith several branch offices that frequently conductscultural resource compliance work for various DoDinstallations across the country. See Table 32 forvolume of Artifact Collections from DoD installationscurrently housed at Geo-Marine.

Structural AdequacyThe branch office assessed by the team is located indowntown Plano in a building believed by Geo-Marine staff to have been constructed sometimebetween 1976 and 1985 and previously used as asavings and loan office. The structure has a concrete

foundation with stucco exterior walls that have beenrecently resided. The roof is metal and is original tothe building. No cracks in the foundation or currentleaks in the roof were reported by Geo-Marine staff,although the roof has been repaired several times inthe past. Building utility systems include heat,telephones, air conditioning, and electricity. All utilitysystems are original.

The building functions primarily as office,report preparation, and study space. Space also isallocated for temporary artifact storage andlaboratory analysis. The two-level structure hasundergone numerous renovations, including the

Collections Summary


addition and removal of internal walls (plasterboard)to facilitate current usage, painting, and theinstallation of new carpet. All windows in therepository have steel window frames and shades ordrapes. According to repository staff, all of thesewindows are airtight.

All exterior doors for the facility are metal-framed glass, and interior doors are predominatelysolid core paneled wood, with the exception of therecords archive door, (the door to what waspreviously the savings and loan vault), which is steel .Most windows in the repository are original. Therepository comprises 16,314 ft2, 69 ft2 of which isdedicated to temporary artifact storage.

The collections areas are structurallyidentical to the rest of the repository, except for thelack of windows in these areas, and they sharecommon environmental, utility, fire, and securitysystems.

EnvironmentThe building has air conditioning and heat controls.Temperature is set to staff preferences. No humiditycontrol is presently undertaken, although levels arechecked on occasion. Dust filters are present on thefurnace ducts, and the building is maintained weeklyby a professional janitorial service. Artificial lightingis accomplished with nonfiltered fluorescent tubefixtures.

Pest ManagementThere is no integrated pest-management system inplace at this facility. Pest maintenance occurs on anas-needed basis, or at least semiannually, and noprevious infestation problems of any kind have beennoticed by Geo-Marine personnel.

SecurityIn terms of security, the facility possesses key locksfor all exterior doors and main interior office doors,a security tumbler lock on the records archive door,a dead-bolt lock on the collections area door. Allwindows are sealed shut. Current security measuresappear to have served as useful deterrents, as noincidents of unauthorized access were reported byGeo-Marine staff.

Fire Detection and SuppressionA fire alarm wired to the local fire department ispresent at this facility, as are fire extinguishers—noted by the assessment team as having been lastinspected in November of 1995—and a wet-pipesprinkler system. According to repository staff, noparts of the structure are considered fireproof.


Archaeological collections are stored on wood(2-x-2-inch) frame shelving units with plywoodshelves and uprights, all of which are painted white.Approximately sixteen individual units line the wallsof the collections area, each measuring 2 x 4 x 6 feet(l x w x h). Boxes are appropriately stacked, andnoncollections items are kept to a minimum.Currently, Geo-Marine collections storage is at 70%of its capacity. The 13.2 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials from DoD installations currently stored atGeo-Marine are summarized in Table 33.


DoD Collections at Geo-Marine

%

Material Class Fort Bliss Fort Sill Total

PrehistoricCeramic 11 1 5Lithics 33 17 24Faunal remains 15 1 7Shell — 1 1Flotation 5 — 2Soil 1 60 3414C 2 — 1Botanical 11 — 5Hematite — 16 9

Historical-PeriodCeramic — 2 1Glass 6 1 3Metal 15 1 7Shell 1 — 1

Total 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based onvolume.

Geo-Marine 113

Human Skeletal RemainsThere are no human remains from any DoDinstallations at Geo-Marine.

Records StorageAssociated documentation (Table 34) from DoDinstallations is stored in legal-size, enameled-metalfile cabinets in the records vault, which is locatedroughly in the center of the building; in a letter-sizeenameled-metal file cabinet located outside of anoffice cubicle; and in the collections storage area onthe same storage units that house the artifacts. Alldocuments are arranged by project number and sortedby record medium and record type. Documentation iseasily accessible.

Paper Records

In addition to the documents stored in the filecabinets, a manila folder containing artifact fieldinventories for Fort Sill, Oklahoma, is housed in oneof the acidic boxes containing artifacts from thatinstallation, and the Fort Bliss, Texas, documentationis stored in an acid-free cardboard box (1.15 ft3), alsoon the shelving units in the collections storage area.Records for Fort Bliss include copies of site fileforms that have copies of topographic maps and linedrawing attached. All files, except for the Fort Sillfield inventories, are stored in manila folders that arethen placed inside hanging folders. These folders arelabeled directly in black marker with a projectnumber. Other DoD documentation includesphotographic records and reports.


Photographic records (i.e., black-and-white prints,negatives, slides) are stored in the previouslymentioned acid-free box with the other documents for

Figure 37. Fort Bliss collections housed in acidiccardboard boxes at Geo-Marine.

Primary Containers

Objects are stored in acidic cardboard boxes(Figure 37) with telescoping lids—approximately1.15 ft3 each in volume—that are directly labeled inblack marker with variable information such asproject number, installation name, project phase, sitename, material class, and a series of artifact catalognumbers. A few of the boxes containing samplematerials are overpacked, and one groundstoneartifact for Fort Bliss is stored loose in an acidicbox lid.


Secondary containers consist entirely of 4-milpolyethylene, zip-lock bags that have acidic paperinserts labeled directly in black marker with theproject number, provenience, date, site number, sitename, name of investigator(s), and catalog number.Most secondary containers are organized by sitenumber and are nested into larger polyethylene bags.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll artifacts have been cleaned, but only the materialsfrom Fort Bliss have been sorted by material classand provenience. None of the artifacts are labeleddirectly. As previously noted, paper inserts are usedto identify the contents of each bag. The loosegroundstone artifact from Fort Bliss has a piece offlagging tape tied around it that is labeled with acatalog number in black marker.

Table 34.Summary of DoD Documentation at Geo-Marine


Installation Paper Reports Photos Total

Fort Bliss 8.00 1.75 5.75 15.50Fort Sill 0.13 0.13 — 0.26

Total 8.13 1.88 5.75 15.76 (1.3linear feet)

Note: Figures in linear inches.


Fort Bliss. The secondary containers for thephotographic media consist of archival plastic sleevesand acid-free file folders. The sleeves are also placedin acid-free folders, and all folders are labeleddirectly in pencil or black marker.

Reports

Report copies seen by the assessment team are storedin manila folders labeled directly in pencil or blackmarker. They are housed with the otherdocumentation for Fort Bliss and Fort Sill in thecollections storage area.

Collections Management StandardsGeo-Marine is an archaeological contractor not along-term curation facility. Therefore, collectionsmanagement standards will not be addressed forthis facility.

Curation Personnel

Geo-Marine does not curate objects, so there is noone in charge of curation. The laboratory director,Marianne Marek, is responsible for the care of theobjects while they are housed at Geo-Marine.However, due to a seasonal slow down in theircontracting work, Ms. Mareck was on temporaryleave during the assessment visit.

Curation Financing

Geo-Marine has no formal curation agreement withDoD installations and is acting only as an interimrepository. Long-term curation funding is notaddressed in their contracts, only the initialprocessing of the collections as necessary tocomplete analysis.


Access to collections by valid researchers is allowed,if permission is obtained from the responsible agencyand Geo-Marine staff. All access is supervised.

Future Plans

There are no plans to upgrade the Plano branch ofGeo-Marine’s offices.

Comments

1. Environmental controls for heat and airconditioning are in place throughout the repository,but temperature is set to individual staffpreferences. There are no humidity controlmeasures at the facility.

2. There is no integrated pest-management policy inplace for the repository, although some pest controlpreventive measures are performed on asemiannual basis.

3. Intrusion detection and deterrent measures for Geo-Marine do not meet the guidelines established in 36CFR Part 79.

4. Fire-detection and -suppression measures areadequate.

Recommendations


2. Place all archaeological materials into acid-freeprimary containers labeled by attaching stainless steelor polyethylene label holders with acid-free paperinserts—printed or typed in indelible ink andencapsulated in polyethylene plastic sleeves—to thecontainers.

3. Remove all contaminants (e.g., staples, paper clips,and rubber bands) from the documents, and produce aduplicate copy of all the associated documentation,either on acid-free paper or archival microformat.Store these materials in a separate, fire-safe, securelocation.

4. Place all paper records in acid-free folders andhanging files labeled in indelible ink. Place all foldersin fireproof, enameled-metal, file cabinets or acid-free

Geo-Marine 115

cardboard boxes. If boxes are used, they should belabeled by attaching stainless steel or polyethylenelabel holders with acid-free paper inserts—printed ortyped in indelible ink and encapsulated inpolyethylene plastic sleeves—to the front of theboxes.


6. Remove all contaminants from photographicmaterials, label with an archivally acceptableproduct, and place in polyethylene archival sleeves.

117

21Gulf South Research Corporation

Baton Rouge, Louisiana



Compliance Status: Collections comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological curation.




Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded through contracts between Gulf SouthResearch Corporation and Fort Polk.

Assessment


Points of Contact: Dennis Jones and MalcolmSchuman

Approximately 5 ft3 of boxed artifacts and 0.4 linearfeet of documentation from Fort Polk were examinedat Gulf South Research Corporation (GSRC) inBaton Rouge. GSRC is a private environmentalengineering firm that has conducted work at FortPolk. The collections that were examined during thisassessment are the remainder of the collections fromthe most recent work conducted at Fort Polk. Most ofthe materials generated from that work already havebeen transferred to the installation. The collectionsconsist of both historical-period and prehistoric items.Associated documentation consists of paper andphotographic records.

Structural AdequacyThe offices of GSRC are located in a buildingapproximately fifteen years of age. The two-storystructure (Figure 38) is constructed with a steel-beamframe and a cement slab foundation. The asphalt roofwas resealed in 1995. The laboratory and the shared

Collections Summary

Figure 38. The offices of Gulf SouthResearach Corporation.


office of the staff archaeologists are located on thesecond floor of the building in windowless interiorrooms. Collections are processed and temporarilystored in the laboratory, Room 252. This is a small10-x-12-feet room but the staff has found this spaceto be adequate for the work they conduct there. Theroom has painted plasterboard walls and tile floors.The ceiling consists of suspended acoustical tileswith overhead nonfiltered fluorescent lights. Thereare two doors to the room; both are solid wood inmetal frames. Work surfaces in the laboratoryinclude two long folding tables and a counter top.A double sink for washing artifacts is set into thecounter, and a fume hood is installed above thecounter. Hydrochloric acid is the only chemical usedfor processing the collections, and it is stored inthe laboratory.

EnvironmentThe HVAC system is electric. The temperature iscontrolled with a thermostat, and humidity levels arenot monitored or controlled. Dust filters are presenton the vents. The building is cleaned daily by aprofessional cleaning company.

Pest ManagementGSRC contracts with a local pest-management firmto monitor the building regularly for signs of pestinfestation. Additionally, the company is on call ifany infestation is discovered. GSRC staff membersdo not recall any incident of infestation, and the teamlikewise did not see any sign of pests.

SecuritySecurity measures for the GSRC building meetminimum federal requirements. The security of thebuilding is the responsibility of a private securitycompany. Security measures include intrusion alarmswired to the local police, motion and sound detectors,key locks, and controlled access.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire detection is monitored by the same privatecompany that provides security for GSRC. Firealarms are both manual and electronically censored.

A sprinkler system is present in the building, and thebuilding is constructed with both fire walls and firedoors. Fire extinguishers are located on each floor;they are up to date and inspected regularly by thesecurity company. The building must also passinspection by the local fire marshal.

Artifact StorageA collection of 5 ft3 Artifact Collections from FortPolk was being processed at the time of theassessment (Figure 39). When the collection isprocessed and packed to the standards of Fort Polk,they will be transferred to the installation forpermanent curation. For a breakdown of materialclasses present in the collections, refer to Table 35.

Storage Units

Collections are stored on an open metal shelving unitin the laboratory. The shelving unit is located behinda door to the room. Table surfaces and counter topsalso serve as temporary storage space.

Primary Containers

All collections from Fort Polk are being packed intogray, acid-free boxes with telescoping lids. These

Figure 39. Collections that enter the GSRC buildingare temporarily stored in the laboratory until they are

processed and sent to a designated repository forpermanent curation.

Gulf South Research Corporation 119

boxes were purchased from an archival materialssupplier and are to the specifications of Fort Polk.Boxes are marked with adhesive labels that are handprinted in marker.


All of the artifacts are in 2- or 4-mil, zip-lock bags.Some of the materials are also in plastic zip-lock bagswithin the secondary container. The bags are labeleddirectly in marker, and paper labels have beeninserted into each bag. Information—site number,catalog number, provenience, collecting organization,and collection date—on the labels has beenhandwritten in permanent marker.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned, sorted bymaterial class, and labeled. In addition to the paperlabel inserts, most artifacts have been labeled directlyin india ink. A clear, protective base coat has beenapplied to each artifact before being labeled. Darkerartifacts are labeled using white ink.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains are associated with theFort Polk collections at GSRC.

Records StorageApproximately 0.4 linear feet (4.5 linear inches) ofassociated documentation were assessed during thisvisit. These records were stored with the Fort Polkcollections on the counter in the laboratory.

Paper Records

Field notes constitute the majority of the records(4 linear inches) and are separated by investigatorinto brown envelopes. Included with the original notesare copies of the notes on acid-free paper, asrequested by Fort Polk.


One manila envelope holds 0.5 linear inches ofphotographic records from Fort Polk. These materialsconsist of black-and-white prints, negatives, andslides. All the photographic materials are stored inarchival-quality plastic sleeves and are labeleddirectly, as are the sleeves.

Collections Management StandardsThis facility is not viewed as a permanent repository;therefore, collections management standards are notaddressed in this report.

Curation Personnel

Since GSRC is not a curation facility, they do notemploy curators. Five full-time staff members workon cultural resource management projects for thecompany. Dennis Jones and John Lindemuth areproject managers, Malcolm Schuman is a principalinvestigator, Patrick Watts is the laboratorysupervisor, and Rebecca Hill is a laboratoryspecialist. Mr. Watts and Ms. Hill also serve as fieldtechnicians.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are financed through eachproject’s contract; additional financing may comefrom the company’s overhead budget.


Staff members working with the collections are theonly ones with access to the collections.

Table 35.Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Polk

Collections at GSRC

Material Class %

PrehistoricCeramics 6Lithics 72Soil 4Other

a1

Historical-PeriodCeramics 7Glass 7Metal 2Other

b1

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.aOther prehistoric materials include faunal remains and shell.

bOther historical-period materials include a battery and a

graphite rod.


Future Plans

The collections at GSRC from Fort Polk arescheduled to be transferred to Fort Polk when allanalysis and processing is completed. Othercollections from the same project at Fort Polk weretransferred to the installation’s collection facility justprior to this assessment.

Comments

1. The building appears to be structurally sound.

2. Temperature levels are monitored and controlledthrough a thermostat; humidity is not monitored orcontrolled.

3. Security measures, fire detection, and pestmanagement meet minimal federal requirements.

4. Ultraviolet filters have not been placed on thelights.

5. GSRC staff expressed concern that requirementsfor processing collections from Fort Polk werechanged during the course of the project.

6. Archaeological materials are processed andpackaged in a manner that complies with federalstandards and regulations for curation ofarchaeological materials.

Recommendations


2. Make copies of pertinent information in the fieldnotebooks and include with collections from theproject. Remove all contaminants (e.g., staples, paperclips, and rubber bands) from the documentation.Transfer documentation to archival-quality folders forpermanent storage. Place all folders in fireproofenameled metal filing cabinets or acid-free cardboardboxes. Label boxes by attaching stainless steel orpolyethylene label holders with acid-free paperinserts—printed or typed in indelible ink andencapsulated in polyethylene plastic sleeves—to thefront of the boxes.

3. Remove all contaminants from all photographicmaterials, label with an archivally acceptableproduct, and place in polyethylene archival sleeves.

121

22Harry Reid Center ForEnvironmental StudiesUniversity of Nevada

Las Vegas, Nevada



Compliance Status: Collections requirepartial rehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for archaeological curation.



Compliance Status: Records require partial tocomplete rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation is notfinanced separately at the University of Nevada, LasVegas; archaeological materials are collected throughin-house projects and curated through the samebudget.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Lynda Blair

The Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies(Figure 40), University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV),currently curates 12.6 ft3 of artifacts and 2.8 linearfeet (33.3 linear inches) of associated documentationfrom Hawthorne AAP. A repository evaluation wasconducted in 1996 as part of a St. Louis DistrictACC Project; therefore, this task was not duplicatedduring this visit. The following structural andenvironmental information was taken from AnArchaeological Curation-Needs Assessment forHeadquarters Air Combat Command, Volume 2(Marino 1997).

Collection Summary

Figure 40. Front view of the Harry Reid Center forEnvironmental Studies at the UNLV.

Structural AdequacyThe UNLV repository contains areas for offices,classrooms, laboratories, museum exhibits, librarystorage, temporary artifact storage, artifact holding,


artifact washing, artifact processing, study, recordsstorage, photographic storage, report preparation,security/monitoring, mechanical/utility, and materials/supplies storage. The structure was built in the 1950sand originally served as a gymnasium. The repositoryis four floors above grade comprising approximately50,000 ft2, of which 1,200 ft2 is dedicated to long-term artifact and records curation. The collectionsstorage area is located on the second floor of thestructure. The facility has undergone numerousinternal and external renovations to better serve itscurrent functions. Some of the internal renovationsinclude the addition of plasterboard walls used todelineate office boundaries.

The structure has a concrete foundation andconcrete-block exterior walls. It has a built-upasphalt roof that was added in 1992. The foundationand roof are structurally solid with no major cracksor leaks. All of the windows in the repository havealuminum frames and shades. Most of the windowsare original to the structure, but some have beenreplaced. All windows appear to be airtight.

Utility systems present include heating,running water, restrooms, telephone lines, airconditioning, and electricity. The age of theequipment is mixed; some systems are newerdepending on their location in the building. None ofthe systems have experienced major malfunctions,and no evidence of water damage has been noted byUNLV personnel.

The archaeological materials storage areaand records storage areas are structurally identical tothe rest of the repository and share commonenvironmental controls, utilities, fire-detection and-suppression, and security systems. Maintenance andpest-management schedules are the same as those inplace for the rest of the facility.

The archaeological materials storage area hasa suspended acoustical tile ceiling, concrete blockinterior walls, and a concrete floor. One interior woodpanel door leads to the archaeological materialsstorage area. There are no windows in this room.Boxes are not overstacked, and clutter is kept to aminimum. UNLV collections storage is at 50%capacity. Functional overhead pipes are located abovethe collections. However, there has never been afailure of these systems. The other collections storageareas that contain associated documentation aresimilar to the archaeological materials storage area,

with the exception that these areas have concretefloors covered in linoleum or carpeting andaluminum-framed windows.

EnvironmentThe structure is equipped with an electric heat pumpand air conditioning; temperature is set to staffpreferences. Humidity is not monitored or controlled;however, with an annual average humidity level of3%, high humidity is not an issue. Dust filters arepresent on the furnace and air conditioning ducts. Thefacility is maintained by a contracted janitorialservice on a nightly basis, as well as maintenanceservices provided by the university.

The archaeological materials storage area hasa swamp cooler, but it does not have a heatingsystem. The targeted temperatures for the collectionsstorage area are 65° F in the winter and 80° F in thesummer. Dust filters have been placed on theenvironmental controls, and noonfiltered incandescentbulbs provide illumination. This area is maintainedby UNLV archival staff on a yearly basis. The otherrecords storage areas are identical to the repositoryenvironmental controls.

Pest ManagementPest-management procedures are performed by acertified company on a monthly basis. No pestinfestations have been reported recently by UNLVstaff. When needed, spraying has been used in thearchaeological materials storage area .

SecuritySecurity measures for the building consist of anintrusion alarm that is wired into the local policedepartment. A guard patrols the campus throughoutthe day and night. Key and dead-bolt locks arelocated on interior and exterior doors. Exterior doorsalso have electronic locks. Windows are not designedto open. There is also controlled access to thecollections storage areas. According to staff, therehave been no incidents of forced entry through anywindows or doors. Access through the windows ispossible, but it would require breaking a window.Current security precautions have, so far,safeguarded the facility against such an occurrence.

Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies 123

Fire Detection and SuppressionSmoke detectors and fire extinguishers are locatedthroughout the facility. The facility is equipped withmanual fire alarms wired to the local fire departmentand a sprinkler system. The building also has firedoors and walls. None of the facility is fireproof, butthe staff use fire-retardant file cabinets and vaults.


UNLV devotes 1,200 ft2 to the long-term curation ofarchaeological collections recovered throughoutNevada (Figure 41). Approximately 12.6 ft3 ofprehistoric and historical-period archaeologicalmaterials from projects conducted at Hawthorne AAPare currently housed at UNLV. Percentages ofmaterial classes are outlined in Table 36. Allcollections are stored on standard, immovableshelving units that have metal uprights with treatedwood shelves. The shelving units measure 2 x 8 x 7feet (l x w x h) and have six shelves per unit. Thereare 14 shelving units in all.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist of nine archival boxes thatare all in good condition, except for one box thatshows evidence of water damage. The boxes measure1.4 ft3 and are folded with telescoping lids. Primarycontainers are labeled directly in marker with somecombination of site number, contents, locus number,item/lot number, and/or bag number.


Secondary containers for the military archaeologicalcollections consist entirely of zip-lock, plastic bags.A few of the bags are torn and show evidence ofpunctures, but the majority are in excellent condition.If the bags are labeled, it is direct in marker or withacid-free paper inserts that are computer generatedfill-in-the-blank tags; the responses are in marker.The bags that are labeled directly have the sitenumber, date, box/bag number, investigator, content,and item/lot number. The fill-in-the-blank categoriesare item/lot number, site number, provenience,material class, collection organization, collector,collection date, number of items, and comments.However, not all categories are necessarily filled outin marker. Tertiary containers also consist entirely ofplastic, zip-lock bags. Some of the bags are groupedtogether with rubber bands and metal binder clips.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned, labeled, andsorted by material class. Artifacts are labeled directlyin india ink with the item/lot number.

Human Skeletal RemainsUNLV is not curating human skeletal remainsrecovered from archaeological projects conducted onany military installations.

Figure 41. Overview of the collections storage areaat the Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies.

Note the ceiling, lighting, and storage units.

Table 36.Summary of Material Classes in

the Hawthorne AAP Collections at the Harry ReidCenter for Environmental Studies

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 85Soil 5

Historical-PeriodMetal 5Glass 5

Total 100



Records StorageUNLV currently curates 2.8 linear feet (33.3 linearinches) of documentation associated witharchaeological work performed on Hawthorne AAP.Records are stored in three locations throughout thebuilding; the archaeological materials storage area,Lynda Blair’s office, and a general office area.Duplicate copies of the records are produced andstored in a vault within the repository.

Paper Records

UNLV curates 7.5 linear inches of paper recordsfrom Hawthorne AAP. Administrative, background,and survey records from these installations are storedin three different locations in the repository. Recordsthat are stored in the archaeological materials storagearea are considered backup records. These recordsare stored in a cardboard file cabinet that hasreinforced metal supports. Hawthorne AAP recordsare stored in one of four file cabinets that measure2.10 x 1.10 x 4.75 feet (l x w x h) and have fivedrawers per unit. The file cabinet drawers are labeledwith adhesive tags and/or paper insert labels inplastic holders with the date and project. There is noform of processing information. The records are infair condition within manila folders in an accordionfolder.

The remaining records appear to be workingdocuments. Some of these records are stored in a filecabinet in Lynda Blair’s office. The records arestored in a metal, letter-size file cabinet that measures2.4 x 1.3 x 5.0 feet (l x w x h). The cabinet has fivedrawers and a key lock. The records are in onedrawer that has a paper tag taped to the drawerhandle and labeled in marker with “DZB -Hawthorne.” The records are in accordion folders,manila folders, and hanging files within the drawer.The secondary containers, if labeled, have beenlabeled with a marker or pen directly on the containeror on an adhesive tag. The information on thesecontainers is not consistent. The records are in goodcondition, except for the use of metal contaminantssuch as binder clips and fasteners.

The third record storage area was in ageneral office area. The records were located in ametal, letter-size file cabinet that measures 2.4 x 1.5x 4.4 feet (l x w x h). The records are in one of fivefile cabinets, each with four drawers per unit.

Drawers are labeled with the contents on computer-generated paper insert tags in metal holders (e.g.,Closed Accounts and CCSD-F). The secondarycontainers are in manila folders that are labeled witha marker or pen directly on the container or on anadhesive tag. The labels are consistent with thecontract name (e.g., Day & Zimmerman). Some havedates or other information. These records are in goodcondition.

Report Records

Hawthorne AAP has 14.5 linear inches of reportrecords at UNLV. These records are stored in thesame manner as the paper records that are located inthe file cabinets in the two office spaces.


Photographic records at UNLV total 7.75 linearinches and include color prints, black-and-whiteprints, and negatives. Photographic records are storedin the same manner as the paper records that arelocated in the archaeological materials storage areaand Lynda Blair’s office. The only exception is thesecondary containers. Photographs in thearchaeological materials storage area are in whitemailing envelopes, and those in the office are in thepaper photographic processing envelopes and plasticphotoprocessing containers.


UNLV curates 3.5 linear inches of map records.Hawthorne AAP has maps, drawings, and blueprintsin both the archaeological materials storage area andLynda Blair’s office. These records are storedidentical to the paper records in the file cabinets ofthese two areas.

Collections Management StandardsThe Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies hasnot accepted collections for curation in several years.They function as a long-term storage facility forcollections that are generated from in-house contracts(e.g., the Hawthorne AAP project) and for collectionsacquired prior to the current policy.

Harry Reid Center for Environmental Studies 125


UNLV only curates artifacts that are collected byin-house projects. All written material is archivedimmediately upon receipt.


The location of the collection within the repository islisted by box on the register and site-inventory sheet.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files at the Harry Reid Center for EnvironmentalStudies are cross indexed.


A published guide to the collections has not beenwritten.


A trinomial site-numbering system is used.


The repository does not use automated data-processing techniques to manage the collections.


The repository does not have written minimumstandards for the acceptance of archaeologicalcollections. UNLV only curates those materials thatthey cannot curate elsewhere.

Curation Policy

UNLV does not have a comprehensive plan forcuration.


The repository does not have written guidelines andstandards for the curation of associateddocumentation.


The repository does not have written field guidelines.

Loan Procedures

UNLV has a written loan policy that requires theborrower to fill out a Loan-Out Agreement form. Theform indentifies the borrower, the institution, address,and phone number. The agreement also establishesthe conditions under which the loan will be made.


The facility does not have a deaccessioning policy.

Inventory Policy

The repository does not have a written inventorypolicy for the archaeological collections.


Prior to the St. Louis District visit, the collectionsand documentation were last inventoried in 1995.

Curation Personnel

There is not full-time curator for the archaeologicalcollections at UNLV. Collections are managed by thearchival unit, which is managed by Lynda Blair.

Curation Financing

Curation is not financed separately at UNLV; ArtifactCollections are collected through in-house projectsand curated through the same budget. Lynda Blairfeels that a plan needs to be established for curationresponsibilities and then implemented. At present,they maintain the collections dating from the 1960sand 1970s. The majority of the collections are fromBLM land


The repository does not have a policy regardingaccess to collections because there has never been arequest to see any of the collections. Access to thecollections is not controlled. Staff members do haveaccess to the collections. None of the collections haveever been lost or damaged. Records are accessibleonly to UNLV staff.

Future Plans

There are no future plans for upgrading the curationof archaeological collections. The repository hopesthat BLM will retrieve their collections, which willallow for adequate future storage.


Comments

1. UNLV has an electric heat pump and airconditioning that is regulated by the staff. Dust filtersare present on the furnace and air conditioning ducts.Humidity is not monitored or controlled.

2. Pest-management procedures are performed by acertified company on a monthly basis.

3. UNLV has a security system that includes anintrusion alarm that is wired into the local policedepartment, a 24-hour guard that patrols the campus,controlled access, key and dead-bolt locks on allinterior and exterior doors, electronic locks onexterior doors, and sealed windows. There are keylocks on the file cabinets that are located in theoffice areas.

4. The repository has a fire-detection system thatconsists of manual fire alarms wired to the local firedepartment and smoke detectors. The fire-suppressionsystem in the repository consists of multiple fireextinguishers that are inspected regularly, fire walls,fire doors, and a sprinkler system.

5. Functional overhead pipes are located above thecollections in the archaeological materials storagearea.

6. Artifacts are located on a museum-quality storageunit, and the primary containers for the collectionsare acid-free boxes. Secondary containers for thearchaeological materials are zip-lock, plastic bags.

7. Documentation is stored in metal and cardboardfile cabinets. Metal and rubber contaminants arepresent on the paper records. The photographiccollection is scattered throughout the records invarious forms of containers, such as mailingenvelopes and the original film processing containers.

Recommendations

1. Monitor humidity in the collections storage areasand control, if necessary, to maintain constant levels.Humidity levels can be maintained through the use ofcommercial dehumidifiers or humidifiers.

2. Rebag all archaeological materials into appropriatearchival-quality, polyethylene, zip-lock bags.

3. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Place documentation in acid-free folders,and lightly pack into fire-resistant file cabinets.Arrange documentation in a logical order, andprovide a key to the collection. Records should befree of metal staples, paper clips, and othercontaminants. Place photographic material inarchival-quality photographic sleeves, labeledproperly, and stored in a secure storage unit.

127

23Human Systems Research

Las Cruces, New Mexico


Volume of Artifact Collections: 106.6 ft3, plusunboxed, oversized archaeological materials.

Compliance Status: Archaeologicalmaterialsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological curation.


Linear Feet of Records: 39.8 linear feet (477.6linear inches)

Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded through the contracts Human SystemsResearch has with White Sands Missile Range

Assessment

Date of Visit: September 11 and 12, 1996

Points of Contact: Meliha Duran and DavidKirkpatrick

Approximately 106.6 ft3 of boxed artifacts, plusseveral loose, oversized artifacts, and 39.8 linear feetof associated documentation from White SandsMissile Range (WSMR) are housed at the contractingoffice of Human Systems Research (HSR) in LasCruces (Figure 42). HSR has done extensive workon WSMR over the past twelve years and has beentemporarily storing the collections for the past tenyears. The collections are scheduled to be transferredto a facility on WSMR that is currently undergoingrenovation. The moving date is scheduled forNovember 1996; however, because of continuing

Figure 42. Human Systems Research in Las Crucesrents 16 rooms on the second floor of a building in

the Santa Teresa Plaza

Collection Summary

renovation activities, the moving of artifacts havebeen scheduled for November 1999. For percentagesof material classes present in the collections, refer toTable 37.


HSR is a nonprofit archaeologicalcontracting firm. They are located on the second floorof a building that is eligible for the National Registerof Historic Places. The owner of the building, whichis located in the Santa Teresa Plaza, operates a usedbookstore on the ground floor of the building andrents space to businesses on the second floor.Originally, the second floor was a horseshoe-shapedstructure with a courtyard in the center. Additional officespace was later added and filled in this courtyard.

Structural AdequacyThe building housing the offices of HSR wasconstructed in 1946. The foundation and exteriorwalls are constructed of reinforced concrete. Thisstructure has two roofs. The older roof over theoriginal building is constructed of tar paper and rolledroofing, and the newer roof is wood framed coveredwith tar and gravel. The entire roof was completelyreplaced in 1989.

The building is a two-story structure thatencompasses 9,000 ft2 . HSR rents 4,000 ft2 on the

second floor of the building. The interior space isdivided into offices and storage rooms that line twocentral hallways. The halls have ceramic tiles overthe concrete floor.

HSR has control over two-thirds (16 rooms)of the space on the second floor, sharing theremaining space on the second floor with a few othersmall businesses and the office of the building owner.Artifacts and records associated with projects onWSMR are located throughout many of the 16rooms, all of which are carpeted. At the end of eachhallway is an exit to the back of the building andstairs leading down to a parking area. These twoexterior doors are glass panels set in metal frames.

Numerous wood-panel, interior doors leadinto connecting rooms and the two hallways. Theceiling is comprised of acoustical tiles over a woodframe, and the interior walls are either reinforcedconcrete block or wood frame covered withplasterboard. There are numerous steel-framedwindows around the building, none of which haveever been replaced. Most of the windows have noshades, and one of the windows has several cracks inthe glass where it looks like a rock or bulletpunctured the glass. Covered nonfiltered fluorescentlight fixtures and natural light illuminate the officesand hallways. The whole electrical system wasoverhauled and brought up to code in 1994. Theplumbing system in the building has not neededrepairs since the owner bought the building in 1990.

EnvironmentOn the second floor, where HSR is located, acombination of evaporative coolers and refrigeratedair units are used to cool the building. Heat isprovided by gas forced-air heating units. Thetemperature of the offices is kept at a levelcomfortable to the staff. Neither the temperature northe humidity is monitored or controlled. Dust filtersare present on some of the heating and cooling units.The staff is responsible for cleaning the offices andstorage spaces on an as-needed basis. The assessmentteam noted a minor amount of dust during theevaluation. Stained ceiling tiles are the result of waterdamage to the roof, before it was repaired in 1989.The owner of the building is responsible for thegeneral maintenance of the building.


WSMR Collections at Human Systems Research

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 29Ceramics 514C 4Flotation 2Soil 2Other

a3

Historical-PeriodMetal 22Glass 21Ceramics 3Brick/Masonry 2Faunal remains 1Other

b6

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.aOther prehistoric materials include burned wood stump, wood

fragments, faunal material, shell, and botanical samples.bOther historical-period materials include leather, textiles,

modified bone/ivory/shell, rubber, plastic, paper, canvas bag,flash cube, glazed and unglazed marbles, corn cob, cable fiber,electrical tape, fiberglass, asbestos, chalk, cement, radio controlpanel, concrete, carbon rods, and a battery.

Human Systems Research 129

Pest ManagementThe owner of the building hires a professional pest-management company to spray the facility twice ayear. The staff did not know which pesticide wasused. No incidents of past pest infestation werementioned, and the assessment team noted no signsof infestation.

SecurityHSR staff try to control access to the rooms on thesecond floor during regular business hours. Staff lockall interior doors after business hours, and the ownerof the building secures and locks all exterior doorsafter the bookstore hours. Key locks are located on allinterior and exterior doors, and all windows havehook-and-eye latches to keep them closed. Theground level doors have all been wired with anintrusion alarm. The local police department checkson the downtown mall area, where the building islocated, throughout the night. In the past, someonebroke into the second floor and robbed merchandisefrom one of the other businesses across the hall fromHSR. An arsonist also set fire to a small storage shedin the back of the building. No damage was done tothe HSR offices and collections.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-safety measures in the building consistexclusively of fire extinguishers. Upstairs, two fireextinguishers, one located in each hallway, areprominently mounted on the walls and checkedannually. Additional fire extinguishers and smokedetectors are located on the ground floor, in thebookstore, along with evacuation routes forbookstore customers. The owner of the building hasavoided installing a fire-suppression system becauseof the potential for water damage to the books on thefirst floor.

Artifact StorageCollections associated with more than 135 projectsconducted by HSR staff at WSMR temporarily arebeing stored in the HSR offices in both Las Crucesand Tularosa, New Mexico (See Table 37).

Storage Units

Collections are stored on wooden shelving unitsmeasuring 8 x 3 x 6 feet (l x w x h) (Figure 43). Tworows of shelving units in the corner of the processinglaboratory provide approximately 80 ft3 of temporarystorage space. These collections will be turned over toWSMR as soon as an adequate facility becomesavailable for collections storage.

Figure 43. Boxed collections as well as largeloose artifacts from WSMR are stored on wooden

shelves in the offices of Human Systems Research.

Primary Containers

Approximately 106.6 ft3 of boxed collectionsrecovered from the numerous projects conducted onWSMR over the years have all be repackaged in1.3 ft3, acid-free cardboard boxes with telescopinglids. The boxes are glued in one corner and foldedinto shape. Each box has an acidic, yellow paperlabel. Label information includes the project nameand number, site numbers, and catalog numbers of theartifacts inside. Several oversized artifacts, too big ortoo heavy to be stored in these boxes, are loose on theshelves, in plastic bags on top of the boxes, or piledin a corner of one of the offices.



Most of the artifacts in the boxes are in zip-lock,plastic bags (Table 38). The rest of the collections arestored in either small acidic and acid-free cardboardboxes and trays, acid-free paper envelopes, foil, andpaper bags. Each artifact is in its own individual zip-lock bag and is nested within up to four or fiveadditional zip-lock bags of more artifacts. Every zip-lock bag is labeled directly on the surface of the bagin black marker with the project number, projectname, and catalogue number of the artifact. Most ofthe zip-lock bags also contain the acidic paper fieldenvelope, which has the original label written on it.Also present in the secondary containers are plasticmedicine vials, glass jars with metal lids, papertowels, round cardboard containers, plastic filmcanisters, foil, and flagging tape.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingMost of the artifacts have been cleaned (81%) andsorted (85%) by material class in individual zip-lockbags. Only 17% of the artifacts have beenindividually labeled, either with paper label inserts inthe zip-lock bags, or directly on the surface of theartifact with ink. Most of the large, oversizedartifacts that do not have primary and/or secondarycontainers have acid-free paper tags that are tied tothe object with string.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains are associated with thecollections housed in the HSR offices in Las Cruces.

Records StorageApproximately forty (39.8) linear feet of associateddocumentation were assessed during this visit.Undoubtedly, there is additional documentationlocated throughout the various desks and files of staffmembers that are working on current projects. All ofthis documentation is going to be given to culturalresource personnel at WSMR, along with thearchaeological materials as soon as an adequatestorage facility is available on WSMR. Records arehoused in various types of file cabinets, in deskdrawers, or in acidic cardboard boxes stacked in acorner in the conference room. Most of the recordswere in good condition at the time of theassessment, but many of the project files are notorganized in any particular order and are in dangerof becoming lost or damaged from being filed inovercrowded containers.

Paper Records

Paper records encompass approximately tweleve(11.8) linear feet. Part of the collection (2.0 inches)are documents that were recovered from a historical-period ranch house on WSMR. These records havebeen placed in the bottom of an acid-free box beneathhistorical-period glass and metal artifacts. Originalpapers are placed in an acid-free envelope labeleddirectly in pencil and on a ‘post-it note.’ Acidicmanila files are used for the copies made of thesedocuments. Most of this collection is personalcorrespondence, bank records, and newspapers.

The remaining paper records consist ofadministrative records and correspondence(11.8 inches), background records (8.3 inches),survey records and field notes (24.8 inches),excavation records (7.6 inches), artifact analysisrecords and artifact summaries (51.5 inches), and siteform records and information (35.5 inches). Theserecords are filed in acidic manila folders that arelabeled with the project number, and sometimes theproject name, directly on the folder in pen, pencil, anddifferent colors of marker.

Table 38.Summary of Secondary Containers in the WSMR

Collections at Human Systems Research

Container %

Plastic, zip-lock bags 91Acid-free cardboard boxes 3Acid-free envelopes 2Paper bags 2Acidic cardboard boxes 1Other

a1

Total 100

Note: Percentages based on volume of materials.aOther secondary containers present include aluminum foil,

plastic medicine vials, glass jars with metal lids, paper towels,round cardboard containers, and plastic film canisters. Someitems are not stored in secondary containers.


Report Records

Approximately 20.5 linear feet of bound and unbounddraft reports, preliminary reports, and final reportsare located primarily in the file cabinets in theexecutive director’s office. Reports that are currentlyin production are kept in a separate file cabinet in thepublications director’s office. Various copies of draftreports can be found throughout the project files.These records are filed in the same manner as thepaper records.


Photographic records, including color copies ofcontact sheets, negatives, slides, prints, and oversized8-x-10-inch prints, amount to 2.5 linear feet ofrecords. These documents are stored in the projectfiles, in three-ring binders, in acidic cardboard boxes,and in plastic sleeves. Some of the prints have beenlabeled and some of the photographs, slides, andnegatives have been placed in archival-qualitysleeves.


Approximately 2.4 linear feet of maps are located inthe project files. These maps are rolled and folded inthe files. Types of maps present include topographicmaps, site maps, field maps, and Mylar copies of thesite maps made for the reports. Most of these mapshave not been labeled.

Audiovisual Records

Audiovisual records comprise approximately2.6 linear feet. Two videocassette tapes have beenplaced in plastic cases, within an acidic manila filefolder, inside an acid-free box by themselves. Thisbox is stacked with the rest of the archaeologicalmaterials in the collections storage area in one of theoffices. Duplicate copies of 59 cassette tapes madefor the oral history project on WSMR are located in aplastic, fitted tray inside a drawer in a lateral filecabinet in one of the offices. These tapes have allbeen labeled with the project name, date, and identityof the individual interviewed on the tapes.

Computerized Records

Three 3.5-inch computer disks were found among theassociated project records. Many more files arelocated in computer hard drives used by HSR staff.


Curation Personnel

Three individuals work part time on curationactivities. The level of curation activities to beperformed on a particular collection is generallydictated in each contract, and these three staffmembers are responsible for ensuring that tasks arecompleted.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are financed through eachproject’s contract. WSMR contracts provide moneyto wash, catalog, label, and bag the collections in zip-lock bags and place them in acid-free boxes.


Staff members working in these offices have access tothe collections. Researchers are granted access uponrequest and with the permission of WSMR.

Future Plans

Pending renovation of a facility suitable to housethese artifacts and records, HSR is planning totransfer the collections in the near future to thecultural resources staff at WSMR. No major changesor improvements are being planned at HSR.

Comments

1. The building has proven to be structurally sound.

2. Environmental controls are not consistentlymonitored or controlled to eliminate fluctuations oftemperature and humidity.


3. Ultraviolet filters are not in place for the lightbulbs and windows.

4. Fire-detection measures are absent, and fire-suppression measures consist of two fireextinguishers upstairs.

5. Building security does not meet the minimumfederal standards for safeguarding of archaeologicalcollections.

6. Associated documentation requires partialrehabilitation to meet modern archival standards andfederal guidelines.

7. Pending the renovation of an adequate storagefacility on post, HSR will transfer collections toWSMR.

Recommendations


2. House all artifacts in acid-neutral primary andsecondary containers, and place an artifact labelinside every secondary container. Boxes should belabeled with adhesive plastic label holders on theoutside of the box, with the acid-free paper labelinserted in the holder.

3. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. All records,including photographic materials, should beprocessed and arranged according to modern archivalpractices and standards. Documents should be placedin acid-free folders and lightly packed into fire-resistant file cabinets. All records should be free ofcontaminants, including metal fasteners and rubberbands. Provide a finding aid to the record holdings.

133

24Human Systems Research

Tularosa, New Mexico

Collections Total: 54 ft3 of archaeological materials;20.1 linear feet of associated records.

Volume of Artifact Collections: 54 ft3 plus unboxed,oversized artifacts.



Linear Feet of Records: 20.1 linear feet (240.75linear inches)

Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded through the contracts Human SystemsResearch has with White Sands Missile Range.

Assessment


Points of Contact: Peter and Sarah Eidenbach

Approximately 54 ft3 of boxed artifacts, plus a fewshelves of loose, oversized artifacts, and 20.1 linearfeet of associated documentation from WSMR arehoused at the contracting office of HSR in Tularosa,New Mexico (Figure 44). This facility was previouslyevaluated in March 1994 for the U.S. Air Force, AirCombat Command project (Drew 1996). The facilityinformation has not changed significantly in that timeand will be repeated for this report.

HSR has done extensive work on WSMRover the past 12 years and has been temporarilystoring the collections for the past 10 years.Collections are scheduled to be transferred to a

Figure 44. The Human Systems Research office inTularosa is located in an adobe and stucco building

with a clay tile roof.

Collection Summary

facility on WSMR that is currently undergoingrenovation. The moving date for the collections wasscheduled for November 1996; however, due tocontinuing renovating activities, the date was changed


to November 1997. The collections consist of bothhistoric and prehistoric elements. Associateddocumentation consists of paper records, reports,photographic records, and maps.

HSR is a nonprofit archaeologicalcontracting firm. Their office building was donated tothe group only recently. The historic adobe buildingwas originally constructed as a church at the turn ofthe century. Staff members could not provide aspecific construction date. Evidently, the buildingserved as a church for several years until it waspurchased by a group that established the TularosaWomen’s Club. Again, the staff of HSR wasuncertain how many years the building was used inthat capacity. Recently, the Tularosa Women’s Clubdonated the building and much of the furnishings toHSR. Staff members have done some minormaintenance work such as patching cracks in thewalls and some minor repair work on the roof, but forthe most part the building is much the same as whenit was first built.

Structural AdequacyThe building housing the offices of HSR is thought tobe approximately 85–90 years old. Exterior walls areconstructed of adobe with a stucco finish. Thefoundation is concrete, and the roof is constructed ofclay tiles and shingles. The roof was completelyreplaced at some point during the 1930s, but onlyannual maintenance and minor repairs have beenperformed since that time. The building is a single-story structure that encompasses 2,150 ft2 . Theinterior space is divided into rooms, but the majorityof the work conducted by HSR is performed in twolarge rooms in the front of the building. A processingand conservation laboratory, a collection storagearea, and a few desks are situated in the first room.The second room contains several desks for staffmembers and a conference table, and the library issituated along three walls. A kitchen and twobathrooms are located directly behind these two largerooms. The final room, located at the back of thehouse, is used for equipment and documentationstorage. Most of the artifact washing is done in theback yard.

Interior doors are solid wood, except for theFrench doors (constructed of glass) that separate thelaboratory from the offices. The ceiling and interior

walls are plaster, which was applied directly on theadobe used for the exterior walls. Twelve wood-framed windows are located throughout the building,many of which allow air through the frames.Evidently water leaking in through the frames has notbeen a problem. Only the smallest of the windowshave shades, the rest have curtains. The heatingsystem was replaced in 1992, and the electricalwiring in the house was completely renovatedaccording to building codes in 1993. Plumbing wasbeing renovated at the time of the 1994 assessment.Telephone and computer lines are installed, and alllighting is provided by incandescent bulbs. None ofthe bulbs or windows are filtered.

EnvironmentNo air conditioning system is in place at HSR andheat is provided by two large gas forced-air heatingunits. One is in the laboratory and the other is in thelarge room used for offices. Each of these unitsoperate independently. Other than these two unitsand ceiling fans, there is no way to control thetemperature of the building, which is kept at a levelcomfortable to the staff. Neither the temperature orthe humidity is monitored or controlled. Staffmembers are responsible for cleaning the offices andstorage spaces on an as-needed basis. The assessmentteam noted a minor amount of dust during theevaluation.

Pest ManagementHSR employs a professional pest-managementcompany to spray the facility once a month. The staffdid not know what pesticide was used. No incidentsof past pest infestation were mentioned, but theassessment team noted the presence of spiders insome of the windows.

SecurityStaff members control access to the building duringregular business hours. During off hours, aneighborhood watch program is in effect. Key locksare located on all exterior doors, and all windowshave hook-and-eye latches to keep them closed. Noincidents of past unauthorized entry into this facilityhave occurred.


Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-safety measures in the building consistexclusively of three fire extinguishers. One is locatedin the laboratory, the second is kept in the offices, andthe third is secured to the metal shelving units in thecollections storage area. No other fire-detection or-suppression measures are present in the building.

Artifact StorageCollections associated with more than 135 projectsconducted by HSR staff at WSMR are beingtemporarily stored in the HSR offices in bothTularosa and Las Cruces, New Mexico. For abreakdown of material classes present in all of thecollections currently housed in Tularosa, refer toTable 39.

Storage Units

Collections are stored on metal shelving unitsmeasuring 8 x 3 x 6 feet (l x w x h) (Figure 45). Tworows of these shelving units in the corner of theprocessing laboratory are used for the temporarystorage of collections. These units provide 80 ft3 ofstorage space. These collections will be turned over

WSMR as soon as an adequate facility becomesavailable for collections storage.

Primary Containers

Approximately 54 ft3 of boxed collections recoveredfrom the numerous projects conducted on WSMRover the years have all been rehoused in acid-free,1.2 ft3, cardboard boxes with removable lids. Theboxes are glued in one corner and folded into shape.Each box has computer generated adhesive paperlabels, some of which are acid-free. Labelinformation includes the project name and number,site numbers, and catalog numbers of the artifactsinside. Several oversized artifacts, too big or tooheavy to be stored in these boxes, have been storedloose on the shelves, in a display cabinet, or on thehearth by the fireplace.


Almost all of the artifacts (99.7%) in the boxes are inzip-lock plastic bags. Less than one percent of theartifacts are loose inside these boxes. Each artifact isin its own individual zip-lock bag and is nested withup to five or six additional zip-lock bags of moreartifacts. Every zip-lock bag is labeled directly on thesurface of the bag in black marker with the projectnumber, project name, and the catalogue number ofthe artifact. Most of the zip-lock bags also containthe acidic paper field envelope, which has the originallabel written on it. Also present in the secondarycontainers are plastic medicine vials, glass jars withmetal lids, glass vials with corks, round cardboard

Figure 45. An interior view of Human SystemsResearch in Tularosa; the space is used as both an

office area and a laboratory area.

Table 39.Summary of Material Classes in the WSMRCollections at Human Systems Research

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 42Ceramics 1914

C 2Flotation 2Soil 2Other

a3

Historical-PeriodMetal 15Glass 11Ceramics 3Other

b1

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.a

Other prehistoric materials include rat midden, copper ore,hearth samples, a wood pipe bowl, a burnt wood beam, faunaland shell material, botanical samples, modified shell artifacts,and ash samples.b

Other historical-period materials include small amounts ofmodified bone and a graphite and metal battery.


containers, pill-size clear capsules, foil, andflagging tape.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingMost of the artifacts have been cleaned (93.3%) andmore than half (57.4%) have been labeled with paperinserts in each artifact bag or directly on the surfaceof the artifact in ink. Almost all of the collectionshave been sorted (98%) by material class inindividual zip-lock bags. Individually baggedartifacts of various material classes are often allstored together within larger zip-lock bags.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains associated with WSMRcollections are housed in the HSR offices inTularosa.

Records StorageApproximately 20.1 linear feet of associateddocumentation were assessed during this visit. Thereis undoubtedly additional documentation locatedthroughout the various desks and files of staffmembers who are working on current projects. All ofthis documentation is going to be given to culturalresource personnel at WSMR, with the ArtifactCollections, as soon as an adequate storage facility isavailable on WSMR. Records are housed in varioustypes of file cabinets, acidic cardboard boxes on adesk, or on the same shelves that the artifact boxesare stored on in the large laboratory/processing room.Most of the records are in good condition; however,at least 14 inches of records stored in a cardboard filecabinet have dirt and rocks throughout the records.These records are in the most danger of becomingseriously damaged.

Paper Records

The paper records portion of the associateddocumentation constitutes the majority of the records.Part of the collection (1.6 linear feet) consists ofdocuments that were recovered from a historic ranchhouse on WSMR. These records have been carefullyplaced in acid-free boxes with acid-free tissue andenvelopes holding the more fragile items. Acidic

manila files are used for most of this collection ofpersonal correspondence, bank records, andnewspapers. Copies were made on acid-free paper butare kept on file with the originals.

The remaining paper records (11.6 linearfeet) consist of administrative records,correspondence, survey records, field notes,excavation records, artifact analysis records, artifactsummaries, site form records and information, andbackground research. These records are filed inacidic manila folders that are labeled with the projectnumber and sometimes the project name directly onthe folder in pen, pencil, and different colors of marker.

Report Records

Approximately 3.3 linear feet of bound reports anddrafts are located throughout the project files. Theserecords are filed in the same manner as the paperrecords.


Photographic records, including color copies ofcontact sheets, negatives, slides, prints, and oversized8-x-10-inch prints, amount to two linear feet ofrecords. These documents are stored in the projectfiles, in three-ring binders, in acidic cardboard boxes,and in plastic sleeves. Some of the prints have beenlabeled, and some of the photographs, slides, andnegatives have been placed in archival-quality sleeves.


Approximately 1.6 linear feet of maps are located inthe project files. These maps are rolled and folded inthe files. Types of maps present include topographicmaps, site maps, and field maps. Most of these mapshave not been labeled.


Curation Personnel

Three individuals work part time on curation. Thelevel of curation activities to be performed on aparticular collection is generally dictated in each


contract, and staff members are responsible forensuring that tasks are completed.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are financed through eachproject’s contract. WSMR contracts provide moneyto wash, catalog, label, and bag the collections inzip-lock bags and place them in acid-free boxes.


Staff members working in these offices have access tothe collections. Researchers are granted access uponrequest and with the permission of WSMR.

Future Plans

Pending renovation of a facility suitable to housethese artifacts and records, HSR is planning totransfer the collections in the near future to thecultural resources staff at WSMR. No major changesor improvements are being planned at HSR.

Comments


2. Temperature and humidity levels are neithermonitored or controlled.

3. Ultraviolet light filters are not in place for the lightbulbs or windows.

4. Fire-detection measures are absent, and fire-suppression measures consist of three fireextinguishers.


6. Artifact Collections are housed in acid-free boxes;however, some of the oversized Artifact Collectionsare without a primary container.

7. Associated documentation requires partialrehabilitation to meet modern archival standards andfederal guidelines.

8. Pending the renovation of an adequate storagefacility on post, HSR will transfer collections toWSMR.

Recommendations


2. House all artifacts in an acid-neutral primarycontainers, and place an artifact label inside everysecondary container.

3. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. Process allrecords, including photographic materials, andarrange like the historic records found in thiscollection. Place documents in acid-free folders, andlightly pack into fire-resistant file cabinets. Removecontaminants, including metal fasteners and rubberbands, from all records. Create a finding aid for theassociated records.

139

25International ArchaeologicalResearch Institute, Inc.

Honolulu





Compliance Status: Skeletal remains from aminimum number of three individuals were recoveredfrom the NAS Barbers Point, Family Housing Project.


Compliance Status: Original records requirepartial rehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arenot adequately funded. Project funds were used toprocess and package the collections in their currentcontainers.

Assessment

Date of Visit: March 26 and 28, 1997

Points of Contact: Gail Murakami and GreigNakamura

International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc.(IARII) is a private cultural resources contractingfirm that has performed many surveys and projects on13 Department of Defense (DoD) militaryinstallations on Hawaii—NAS Barbers Point,Bellows AFS, Ford Island/Pearl Harbor NavalComplex, Fort DeRussy, Fort Kamehameha, FortShafter, Hickam AFB, MCB Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay,PMRF Barking Sands, Pohakuloa Training Area,

Schofield Barracks, NAVMAG Waikele, and WheelerAAF. Records and Artifact Collections are located inthe Chrone Office Building (Repository 1) (Figure 46)and in an off-site storage facility (Repository 2)(Figure 80). For the volumes of artifact and documentcollections present, refer to Table 40 and Table 41.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Chrone Building

Construction was completed in 1948 on the James M.Chrone Building, which is a large two-story structurewith several tenants, including a restaurant on theground floor. IARII rents approximately 2,500 ft2 ofoffice and laboratory space on the second floor. TheChrone Building has a concrete foundation and roof,a steel frame, and concrete block exterior walls that

Collection Summary


have been painted gray. The building is structurallysound with no visible cracks or leaks. Steel-framedwindows measure 4 x 4 feet, and have dimpled,opaque glass panes with wire mesh imbedded in theglass. Windows have never been replaced. Theentrance door has glass panes in a metal frame.

Records and archaeological materials weremoved to an office in the Chrone Building for theassessment. However, records are usually stored onshelves in the administrative office area; boxedcollections are stored in Repository 2. The secondfloor has a suspended acoustical-tile ceiling withfluorescent lights and a concrete floor covered withcarpet. Neither the fluorescent light bulbs or the

window glass have ultraviolet light filters. Interiordoors are in a wood frame, with the bottom half beingwood and the top half being opaque glass.

Repository 2—Building J

IARII rents one room (Room 63) in Building J of theHy-Pac Storage complex. These large warehouses arehave corrugated metal roofs and walls on concretefoundations. Building J was built within the last tenyears. There are no visible cracks or leaks, and thestructure appears to be solid. There are no windows.Suspended, fluorescent light fixtures are installed inthe hallway.

Collections are stored in Room 63, whichencompasses a 93-ft2 area. This room has a concretefloor, corrugated metal ceiling and walls, and a singlenonfiltered, incandescent light bulb. Interior andexterior doors are wood.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Chrone Building

The region typically experiences fluctuations inhumidity and temperature. Air conditioning isaccomplished with window units. Temperature andhumidity levels are not monitored or regulated. A dustfiltration system is not in place. The building owner isresponsible for building maintenance. Collectionsstaff clean the storage areas as needed. At the time ofthe assessment a storm caused water to leak throughthe windows into the office where the collections were

Figure 46. Exterior view of the James M. ChroneBuilding.

Figure 47. Exterior view of Building J, where IARIIrents space to house their collections.

Table 40.Volume of DoD Archaeological Collections

Housed at IARII

Artifacts DocumentationInstallation (ft3) (linear inches)

NAS Barbers Point 5.8 16.00Bellows AFS 3.0 16.00NAS Ford Island/ Pearl Harbor Naval Complex — 4.00Fort DeRussy 2.0 6.00Fort Kamehameha — 1.00Fort Shafter 1.1 10.25Hickam AFB — 1.50MCB Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay — 1.75PMRF Barking Sands — 15.25Pohakuloa Training Area 3.0 4.50Schofield Barracks — 1.25NAVMAG Waikele — 3.75Wheeler AAF — 5.00

Total 14.9 86.257.2 linear feet

International Archaeological Research Institute, Inc. 141

coalesced. There was no water damage to the recordsor boxes of artifacts, but the carpet and floor requiredcleaning.


There are no environmental controls in this facility.

Pest ManagementAn integrated pest-management program is not inplace at either facility; however, the assessment teamnoted no signs of infestation. Staff perform periodicinspection of the collections and take appropriateactions if an infestation is suspected.

SecurityRepository 1—Chrone Building

The office doors, including the entrance, are lockedafter business hours with key and dead-bolt locks.Windows are reinforced with a wire mesh in the glassand are secured with sliding latch locks.


A security code is needed to enter the storagecomplex, which is surrounded with a chain link fence.Entrance is gained with a secured access numberentered on an electric key pad that raises the crossingbar. The buildings have key locks on the exteriordoors and padlocks on the individually rented storagerooms. The complex is wired with security lightingand a resident manager is on call 24 hours a day.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Chrone Building

Fire-safety measures present in the Chrone Buildingconsist of smoke detectors and fire extinguishers inthe hallways.


Heat sensors are wired to a private contract firm,which notifies the fire department. A wet-pipesprinkler system is installed throughout the facilityand is checked annually. A fire extinguisher, lastinspected in March 1997, is also mounted in thehallway.


Collections are stored only in Repository 2 onenameled metal adjustable shelving units withpressed-board shelves (Figure 48). Each of the sevenunits measure 3 x 2 x 6 feet (l x w x h). There arethree or four shelves per unit, with the bottom shelfraised 4.5 inches above the concrete floor. Theshelving units are directly labeled in marker, with therack number and shelf letter. Strips of masking tapealso have been applied to the shelving units withcollection information handwritten in marker. Forpercentages of material classes present, refer toTable 49.

Primary Containers

Artifact Collections are housed in folded, archivalquality cardboard boxes fitted with telescoping lids(Figure 49). The boxes are labeled with adhesive tagsthat are handwritten in pen and marker. Labelinformation is legible and typically includes theproject name and number.

Figure 48. A hallway in Building J, the self storagebuilding in which IARII rents storage space

for artifact collections.


Table 42.Summary of Secondary Containers in DoD

Collections at IARII

Secondary Container Type %

Plastic bags 74Paper bags 15Tyvek

® bags 6

Acidic cardboard boxes 5

Total 100

Note: Percentages of secondary containers are calculated byvolume.


Most of the secondary containers are plastic bags.Other secondary containers include paper bags,Tyvek® bags, and acidic cardboard boxes (Table 42).Secondary containers have been labeled with marker,and labels typically include the site number,provenience, project name, catalog numbers or bagnumber, and the material contents of the container.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned and sorted bymaterial class within their secondary containers. Only39% of the materials have been labeled. Artifactlabels consist of catalog numbers in ink on thesurface of the artifact, sometimes on white paint andsealed with a clear top coat. Paper inserts have alsobeen used that have label information written on themin pencil.

Table 41.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at IARII

NAS Bellows Fort Fort PohakuloaMaterial Classes Barbers Point AFS DeRussy Shafter Training Area Total

PrehistoricLithics 10 50 5 15 11 18Ceramics — — 30 — — 4Faunal remains 50 7 10 1 — 21Shell 10 15 20 7 1 10Botanical — 10 — 6 28 8Soil — — — — 10 214C 5 10 3 15 25 10Human skeletal remains 10 — — — — 4Other

a5 1 — 1 25 9

Historical-PeriodGlass 5 1 30 50 — 10Metal 5 — 2 5 — 3Other

b— 6 — — — 1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.a Other prehistoric materials include ash, volcanic glass, worked shell, and worked bone.

b Other historic materials include wood and ceramics/crockery.

Figure 49. Archival boxes are used to holdcollections in Building J.


Human Skeletal RemainsApproximately 0.3 ft3 of skeletal remains, from aminimum number of three individuals, were recoveredfrom the NAS Barbers Point Family Housing Project.Five plastic bags of remains are packaged and storedin the same box with the rest of the NAS BarbersPoint collections in Repository 2.

Records StorageApproximately 7.2 linear feet of associateddocumentation (Figure 50) are located in the files inRepository 1. Records have not been archivallyprocessed and do not have a finding aid or a securitycopy. Upon completion of a project, project files arestored in expandable file folders, which haveoverlapping flaps that are secured with cotton stringor an elastic band. These folders are directly labeledwith marker. Label information consists of the projectarea or name and often the project number. For thevolume of document types by branch of service andinstallation, refer to Table 43.

Paper Records

Paper records—administrative records, receipts,correspondence, background information, survey

records and field notebooks, analysis records, artifactcatalogs, and photograph logs—comprise a total of2.8 linear feet. Records, organized by project numberand delivery or task number, are stored loose withinthe expandable folders or in manila folders. Files areeither directly labeled or have adhesive tags. Papercontaminants present in the records include paperclips, metal binder clips, staples, and rubber bands.

Report Records

Approximately 2.7 linear feet of report records—draft copies and finals—are present throughout theproject files. These records are sorted in the samemanner as the paper records described above.


Almost one linear foot (11.5 inches) of photographicrecords are present in the project files. Photographicrecords, which include color prints, black-and-whiteprints, negatives, slides, and Mylar contact sheets,are stored in the commercial acidic paper developingenvelopes or with acidic paper wrapped around themand secured with rubber bands. A few of thephotographic materials are in archival-quality plasticsleeves that are directly labeled with the project name.Several large aerial photographs are stamped andlabeled in pencil; however, most of these records areunlabeled.


Seven inches of large U.S.G.S. topographic maps,handdrawn field maps, and report ready maps arestored either folded in the folders with the rest of thedocuments or rolled and stored in a large circularmailing tube.


Less than one inch of computer disks is also presentin the project files. These disks presumably have thefinal reports and other project data on them.

Collections Management StandardsIARII is not a permanent curation facility; therefore,collections management standards were not addressedduring the assessment.

Figure 50. Associated project records are stored onshelving units in the administrative offices on the

James M. Chrone Building.


Curation Personnel

IARII does not employ a full-time curator ofarcheological collections, so the management of thecollections is the responsibility of the laboratorydirector, Gail Murakami, and the assistant laboratorydirector, Greig Nakamura.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are not adequately funded. Projectfunds were used to process and package thecollections in their current containers.


The laboratory staff have access to the collections.Outside interests must make an appointment with thelaboratory director to view the collections.

Future Plans

There are no future plans for upgrading the conditionof the collections or their storage location.

Comments

1. Repository 2 has no environmental controls;collections are in danger of rapid deterioration.

2. An integrated pest-management system is not inplace in either repository.

3. Repository 1 does not have adequate securitymeasures.

4. Fire-detection and -suppression measures areinadequate in Repository 1.

5. Artifact Collections and records are not housed inappropriate storage containers.

6. A duplicate copy of all records has not been made.

7. No plans have been made for the long-termcuration of the collections.

Table 43.Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation at IARII


Branch/Installation Paper Reports Photos Maps Computer Discs Total

ArmyFort DeRussy 3.00 2.00 0.50 0.50 – 6.00Fort Kamehameha 0.50 0.50 – – – 1.00Fort Shafter 2.25 4.75 2.50 0.50 0.25 10.25Pohakuloa Training Area 3.25 – 0.25 1.00 – 4.50Schofield Barracks 0.75 – 0.25 – 0.25 1.25Wheeler AAF 0.25 4.00 0.75 – – 5.00

NavyNAS Barbers Point 7.00 6.50 2.25 – 0.25 16.00NAS Ford Island/ 1.75 1.25 – 1.00 – 4.00 Pearl Harbor Naval ComplexPMRF-Barking Sands 6.50 6.75 1.50 0.50 – 15.25NAVMAG Waikele 1.50 1.00 0.50 0.75 – 3.75

Air ForceBellows AFB 5.50 5.25 2.50 2.25 0.50 16.00Hickam AFB 0.50 0.50 0.50 – – 1.50

MarinesMCB Hawaii, Kaneohe Bay 1.50 – – 0.25 – 1.75

Total 34.25 32.50 11.50 6.75 1.25 86.25 7.2 linear feet


Recommendations


2. House artifacts in acid-neutral primary andsecondary containers, and place an artifact labelinside secondary containers.

3. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store copies in aseparate and secure location. Process records andarrange according to modern archival practices andstandards. Place documents in acid-free folders andlightly pack into fire-resistant file cabinets. Recordsshould be free of contaminants, including metalfasteners and rubber bands. Provide a finding aid tothe record holdings.

147

26Kansas City Museum

Kansas City, Missouri



Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire no rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for curation ofarchaeological materials.




Status of Curation Funding: Curation is financedthrough a general fund with a line item in the budget.

Assessment

Date of Visit: August 12–13, 1996

Point of Contact: Julie Mattsson

The Kansas City Museum is located in the historicNortheast neighborhood of Kansas City. The museumis in the former Robert A. Long mansion and containsa variety of exhibits—regional history, naturalhistory, weather, space travel, and astronomy. TheMuseum also has traveling exhibits.

The Kansas City Museum curates 0.1 ft3 ofarchaeological materials and 0.1 linear feet ofassociated project documentation from SunflowerAAP. The small Sunflower AAP artifact collection ishoused at the Downtown Underground Docks, theMuseum’s off-site storage location, and theassociated project documentation is housed at the

Museum’s Annex Administration Building locateddirectly behind the Museum’s exhibit hall.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Annex AdministrationBuilding

The Kansas City Museum’s Administrative AnnexBuilding (Figure 51) was constructed as a privateresidence in 1910. Currently, the Annex Buildingserves as both an office space for the museum and asa repository for a portion of the museum’s collection.The four-story building, with three floors above gradeand one floor below grade, has a stone foundation,stone and stucco exterior walls, and a rolled-outcomposition roof. Although both the roof and stonefoundation were reported to be structurally solid, italso was reported that water had previously causedsome damage to the building’s structure as well as tosome nonfederal collections. No record of internal or

Collection Summary


external renovations to the building structure wasreported. Annex Building utilities include a telephone,restrooms, air conditioning, electricity, heat, and adehumidifier.

The associated records for Sunflower AAPare stored in Ms. Mattsson’s office, which serves asboth an office and a records storage area. This room,with a total area of 220 ft2, has a wood floor undercarpeting, plastered walls, and a suspended,acoustical-tile ceiling that reduces the original heightof the room. Two windows, one located on the northwall and one located on the west wall, have theoriginal wood frames and are covered with venetianblinds. Evidence of water damage was noted aroundthe window frames. Room lighting is provided bynonfiltered fluorescent lights. On the south wall ofMs. Mattsson’s office, a wood-panel interior doorleads into an adjacent collections storage room. Thisoffice, cleaned weekly by a janitorial staff, was neatand uncluttered.

Within Ms. Mattsson’s office are metal filecabinets that occupy a total area of 18 ft2. Thesecabinets are devoted to the storage of accessionrecords and other administrative documents and arefilled to nearly seventy-five percent of capacity.

Repository 2—Downtown UndergroundDocks

The Downtown Underground Docks (Figure 52) is asingle-level, manufactured cave system located80 feet below ground. The cave system entrance islocated at 1501 West 31st Street. The DowntownUnderground Docks location was privately developed

in the late 1930s and early 1940s for commercial use.The single-level cavern is partitioned into individualtenant use areas by concrete block walls built amongthe excavated limestone support pillars.

The cave system is entered by a ramp thatdescends through a cement block and brick wallfronting on West 31st Street. The entrance ramp andfloor of the cave are asphalt over limestone, the wallsare natural limestone and cement block, and theceiling is limestone. The facility was reported to bestructurally solid with no cracks or leaks.

The 10,500-ft2 section occupied by KansasCity Museum collections is equipped with a loadingdock. Activities such as collection rehabilitation,cataloging, inventorying, and basic cleaning takeplace here. No hazardous chemicals are used orstored ain this part of the cave.

There is a metal overhead loading dock onthe ceiling of the south side of the room and anotheron the southwest wall, which is not in use. A singlesteel door is adjacent to the southern overhead door.A small ladder must be climbed to gain access to anyof the doors.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Annex AdministrationBuilding

Steam radiators supplemented with space heatersprovide heating, and window-unit air conditionersprovide cooling. The targeted temperature rangewithin the repository is 68–72° F. There are no dustfilters on the environmental controls. The humidity

Figure 51. Exterior of the Kansas City Museum’sAnnex Administration building.

Figure 52. Interior entrance to the storage spacewithin the Downtown Underground Dock

“cave” system.

Kansas City Museum 149

target for collections storage areas, 45–55%, ismonitored seasonally and controlled as needed withdehumidifiers.

All windows in the collections storage areaare equipped with blinds, and additional overheadlighting is provided by nonfiltered fluorescent lights.The facility is regularly cleaned by a janitorial staff,and building repairs are undertaken by the city.Utilities within the collection storage area includeheat, air conditioning, humidity control, electricity,and a telephone. No asbestos is present within thebuilding structure, and there are no overhead pipeswithin the collections storage area.


The facility has a natural temperature control rangingfrom 70° to 77° F. The relative humidity is notcontrolled; however, it is monitored. The air intakesystem has dust filters. The building is regularlycleaned by the registrar two to three times a week.Vehicle traffic is the primary source of dust. Supportutilities include electricity and a telephone. Water isonly used for the sprinkler system. There is noevidence of water damage to the collections or to thefacility. Illumination is provided by nonfilteredfluorescent lights.

Pest ManagementRepository 1—Annex AdministrationBuilding

Pest precautions include monthly spraying in thekitchen and around any openings. Pests are monitoredwith sticky traps and rodent traps. Evidence of amouse and dermestids has been noted and controlled.In addition, the records storage room has a nodrinking or eating policy.


Precautions taken against insects and rodents includea no food policy and monthly spraying around dooropenings with a low level insecticide. Rodent trapsare checked monthly. No signs of insect or rodentinfestation were reported or observed.

SecurityRepository 1—Annex AdministrationBuilding

The building has an intrusion alarm wired to acontracted security service, a key lock, controlledaccess, and window locks. No evidence of previousunauthorized access was reported or observed.Specific security measures for the record collectionstorage area include controlled access and key lock.None of the windows in the storage area areaccessible from the outside, and there are noexterior doors.


Security measures for the repository include a keylock, an intrusion alarm wired to a central location,motion detectors spaced throughout the room, andcontrolled access. A special code for the alarm systemis only known by a select group of people, includingthe museum’s president and the collectionsmanagement staff. No evidence of unauthorized entrywas reported or observed.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Annex AdministrationBuilding

A smoke detector is the sole fire-detection system inRepository 1. Fire extinguishers serve as the onlyfire-suppression tools. A fire extinguisher is locatedjust outside the door to Ms. Mattsson’s office, whichalso serves as the record collection storage room.

Repository 2 —Downtown UndergroundDocks

The facility is fireproof and has a wet-pipe sprinklerfire suppression system located above the collections.Additional devices include fire extinguishers and asmoke detector.

Artifact StorageArchaeological materials are stored in Repository 2where the holdings consist of approximately onepercent archaeological collections, five percentethnographical materials, and two percent


paleontological and geological collections. Historical-period collections, fine art, and film collections makeup the remaining collections. The collection storagearea is at capacity with the current storage units.Overstacking of boxes is evident, and the space iscluttered with collections. A summary of theSunflower AAP collection is presented in Table 44.

Storage Units

Storage units include both wood and metal openshelving units (Figure 53). The federal collection islocated on a wooden shelving unit.

Primary Containers

The primary container is an acid-free box with aremovable lid and metal reinforcements on eachcorner of the box and lid. There is an attachedadhesive label with “CA-I, D-3, Box 10, AR”written in black marker.


Secondary containers are unlabeled, archival-qualityplastic, zip-lock bags. An acidic paper bag that wasused previously to package the artifacts is storedinside the box with the collection. This bag is labeledwith a catalog number, the archaeological sitenumber, provenience information, and artifactcollection date.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned and directlylabeled. The labeling, which is legible, is in india ink.Dark colored artifacts have a white base coat. Alllabels are given a clear top coat.

Human Skeletal RemainsThere are no human skeletal remains at the museum.

Records StorageThe records, comprising 1.2 linear inches, arestored in a four-drawer, legal-size metal file cabinetin Repository 1. All records are labeled and are ingood condition, with accession data and finding aidsavailable. There are no security copies of thedocumentation.

Paper Records

The record collection for Sunflower AAP has beenassigned Accession Number 1983.37 and is storedin an acid-free folder. Paper records include a siteform and a catalog sheet. The catalog sheet iscompleted in pencil.

Figure 53. Collections from Sunflower AAP arestored in cardboard boxes on wooden shelving units

in the Downtown Underground Docks.

Table 44.Summary of Material Classes in the Sunflower AAP

Collections at the Kansas City Museum

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 96

Historical-PeriodCeramic 1Glass 1Metal 1Unmodified Shell 1

Total 100


Kansas City Museum 151

Report Records

One final report, bound with tape, is stored within thesame file as the paper records.



According to policy, none of the archaeologicalcollections are accessioned into the collections.


There is no location information for thearchaeological collections.

Cross-Indexed Files

The files are cross indexed.


There is no published guide to the collections.


The Smithsonian Intitution’s trinomial site-numbering system is used.


Archaeological collections are not managed using acomputerized database system.


There are no written minimum standards foracceptance.

Curation Policy

There is no written curation policy.


There is no written records-management policy.


There are no field-curation guidelines.

Loan Procedures

There is no written loan procedure. General museumpolicy dictates that only educational institutions, notindividuals, may request an object for loan. This loanmust be approved by the president of the museum.


The collection staff and a deaccessioning committeemust present a case for deaccessioning an object tothe president, and sometimes board members, forapproval.

Inventory Policy

There is no inventory policy.


The last collection inventory was from 1984 to 1988.

Curation Personnel

There is no one with a curator title; however,Ms. Mattsson acts as registrar and collectionsmanager. She has one full-time assistant.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed through the general fund with aline item in the budget.


Any collection may be accessed by a researcherunless the original receipt stipulates otherwise.

Future Plans

The collections will be moved to an environmentallycontrolled facility in three years. During the springand winter of 1997, Ms. Mattsson intended to get aconsultant with expertise in archaeological curationto outline a plan for the care of those collections.

Comments

1. The Annex Administration Building is structurallysound.

2. The Downtown Underground Docks storage areahas reached its storage capacity.


3. No standard pest-management system has beenimplemented in the repositories.

4. Intrusion detection and deterrent measures for therepositories meet the guidelines established in 36CFR Part 79.

5. Fire-detection and -suppression devises areappropriate and adequate within the collectionsstorage areas.

6. The archaeological materials are not accessionedinto the museum collections.

7. Fluorescent lighting in the Downtown UndergroundDocks storage area is equipped with ultravioletsleeves.

8. Storage units are constructed of uncoated wood,which poses the potential of outgassing and damagingthe collections.

9. All records are labeled and in good condition.Finding aids have been created, but there are nosecurity copies of the documentation.

Recommendations

1. Implement a professional pest-management planfor the collection storage areas.

2. Place ultraviolet filters on fluorescent lights in thedocuments storage area in the Annex AdministrationBuilding.

3. Place primary containers on an enameled-metalshelving unit.

4. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store copies in aseparate and secure location. Process records andarrange according to archival practices andstandards. Place documents in acid-free folders andlightly pack into fire-resistant file cabinets. Recordsshould be free of contaminants, including metalfasteners and rubber bands. Provide a finding aid tothe record holdings.

153

27Kansas Historical Museum Centerfor Archaeological Research

Topeka, Kansas

Collections Total: 2.8 ft3 of archaeological materialsand human skeletal remains; no associated records.


Compliance Status: archaeological materialsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with federalguidelines and standards for archaeological curation.


Compliance Status: The repository houseshuman skeletal remains from site 14LV328 at FortLeavenworth. The minimum number of individuals isone. The remains and the accompanying funerary

objects have been accessioned under number 1991-21and are located in the Unmarked Burial Site (UBS)storage room (Room 171). Three accompanyingfunerary objects—a piece of worked sandstone, ascraper, and a core—are reported by the museum asmissing.


Status of Curation Funding: Curation is financed bythe State of Kansas and the Kansas State HistoricalSociety and through contracts with the Department ofTransportation.

Assessment

Date of Visit: August 22–23, 1996

Points of Contact: Martin Stein, Verna Dietrich, andJohn Reynolds

The Kansas Historical Museum Center for HistoricalResearch (Figure 54) curates 2.8 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterial from Fort Leavenworth. These materials arehoused in two separate rooms on the first floor of theCenter’s repository. The bulk of the collection ishoused in the general collections storage room thatadjoins the archaeology laboratory, and theremainder—a small collection of human skeletalmaterial and associated funerary objects—is housed

Figure 54. The Kansas Historical Museum Center forArchaeological Research building is cement with a

standing seam roof.

Collection Summary


in the Unmarked Burial Sites (UBS) storage room,which has been designated specifically to househuman remains and funerary objects.

Constructed in 1995, the building designincludes administrative offices, a research library,an archaeology laboratory (which includes areas forartifact holding, washing, processing, and artifactconservation) archival and archaeological collectionsstorage areas, a receiving/loading dock, a materials/supplies storage area, a hazardous materials storagearea, a records storage room, a photographic storageroom, a records study room, an exhibit area, a securitymonitoring space, and a mechanical/utility room.

Structural AdequacyThe building has a concrete foundation extendingdown on piers to bedrock. Exterior walls are acombination of stone, brick, and concrete blockconstruction, and the roof is constructed of standingseam metal. Both the foundation and roof arestructurally sound, and there is no evidence of eithercracks or leaks. The building has two floors aboveground and none below ground. Window frames arewooden and windows are equipped with shades.There is no evidence of air or water leakage aroundthe windows or frames. There have been no internalor external renovations to the building since itsconstruction in 1995.

The collections storage areas forarchaeological materials are located on the first floor.The 1,050-ft2 primary collections storage area isadjacent to and connected by a doorway to thearchaeology laboratory. All human skeletal remainsare placed in a small room referred to as the UBSroom, which measures 108 ft2. Both rooms haveconcrete floors and concrete block walls. There areno windows in either room and each has a metal paneldoor. The main storage area is filled to approximately90% capacity and the secondary storage (UBS) roomis filled to approximately 50% capacity.

EnvironmentAlthough there is a heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) system present in the office andlibrary sections of the facility, there is none in thecollections storage areas. In these areas, a centralforced air system provides heating and cooling. There

is no system for monitoring or controlling humiditylevels and no dust filters are present on the ventilationsystem. There are overhead air ducts and overheadconduits for electrical wiring. There is no report of aprevious failure of any of the utility systems.Nonfiltered fluorescent lights provide lighting in bothstorage areas. Maintenance and cleaning in theprimary collections storage room is performed weeklyby the archaeological collections staff, and also by thestaff on an as-needed basis in the UBS storage room.

The archaeological laboratory is separatefrom, but adjacent to, the collections storage room.Chemicals used in the lab include glycolic acid(Be square 195 White Wax), acrylic resin (acrysolUS-24), and polyvinyl acetate varnish. Ventilation isprovided by a fume hood, which is vented directly tothe exterior of the building.

Pest ManagementAs precautions against insect and rodent infestation,eating/drinking is allowed only in designated “lounge”areas, and new collections are fumigated. Althoughthere is no established program for pest control,mouse traps distributed within the collections areasare monitored for signs of rodent infestation. Therewas no indication of pest damage to collectionmaterials. However, several dead insects wereobserved in first floor hallways by the assessment team.

SecuritySecurity measures at the facility include a 24-hourin-house guard, key locks on doors, code-punch deadbolt locks, motion detectors, padlocks on some doors,controlled access, and video monitoring camerasmounted at both interior and exterior locations. Onlythe small “slit” window on the first floor is consideredto be accessible from the outside; all windows in thefacility are sealed. There was no evidence ofunauthorized entry through windows or doors, and noreports of past episodes of unauthorized entry bymuseum staff.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire detection/suppression for the facility is providedby manual fire alarms, heat sensors, smoke detectors,fire extinguishers, and a sprinkler/suppression

Kansas Historical Museum Center 155

system. The building is considered to be constructedof “fireproof” materials.

Artifact StorageThe composition of the Fort Leavenworth collection ischaracterized by material class by volume in Table 45

Storage Units

Within the main collections storage room, artifactsare stored on open, enameled metal shelves placed onmovable “space saver” shelving units (Figure 55).There is a total of 10 movable units measuring 2 x 8x 27 feet (l x w x h). There are 1,050 ft2 ofcompressed storage in the units, which is equivalentto 2,624 ft2 of standard shelving. The rest of thespace is cluttered with curation supplies and fullartifact boxes. In the UBS storage rooms wood boxesare stacked directly on the floor without shelving orother storage units.

Primary Containers

Primary containers, for general collection items,consist of acidic cardboard boxes which measure0.25 ft3 each in volume. Typed adhesive box labelslist the site numbers of artifacts contained in theboxes. Human skeletal remains and associatedfunerary objects are stored in wooden primarycontainers.


Ninety-five percent of the secondary containersconsist of plastic zip-lock bags. These are directlylabeled with marker with the site number. The rest ofthe secondary containers consist of plastic vials,tissue paper, and foam wrap.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the archaeological materials have been cleaned,sorted by material class, and directly labeled. Thelabel medium is india ink. Archaeological materialswith a dark coloration have labels applied on a whitebase coat. All labels have a clear top coat.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe Kansas State Historical Museum collectionsfrom Fort Leavenworth include fragmentary humanskeletal remains and associated funerary objectsexcavated from site 14LV328. These items arecurrently housed in the UBS storage room. Includedin the collection are two fragments of a humaninnominate along with one piece of deer antler andone indeterminant burned bone fragment. A papernote inside the wooden storage container states that


Archaeological Collections from Fort Leavenworthat the Kansas Historical Museum

Material Class %

PrehistoricCeramics 14Lithics 46Faunal remains 4Shell 7Human remains 7

Historical-PeriodCeramic 1Glass 4Metal 17

Total 100


Figure 55. Shelved boxes of archaeologicalcollections.


associated lithic materials were removed from thecollection, “Thesis for Reynolds.” After furtherinvestigation by the staff, Randall Thies, CaseInvestigator for the Kansas Unmarked Burial SitesPreservation Board, indicated by letter that some ofthe associated items had been located among othercollection materials, but that three items, a piece ofworked sandstone, a scraper, and a core, could not belocated and are probably lost. The remains and theassociated objects total approximately 1 ft3.

Records StorageThe museum does not have organized files fororiginal documentation associated witharchaeological projects conducted on militaryinstallations. The museum, as the state repositoryfor site files, requires only the site files and thereport. Any additional documentation isvolunteered by the contractor.



According to policy, only donated artifacts areaccessioned into the collections.


There is no location information for thearchaeological collections.

Cross-Indexed Files

The files are cross indexed by site number.




The Smithsonian Institution’s trinomial sitenumbering system is used.


There is no computerized database system.


The repository has a written minimum standard foracceptance of archaeological collections.

Curation Policy

A written, comprehensive plan for curation iscurrently in progress. This plan will include receipt ofmaterials, processing of materials, use of materials,and future preservation.


There is no written records-management policy.


The repository has written field-curation guidelinesfor researchers depositing collections.

Loan Procedures

The repository does not have a written loan policy.


The repository has a written deaccessioning policy.

Inventory Policy

Artifact Collections are inventoried upon receipt bythe repository, but there is no written inventorypolicy.


Collections were inventoried during 1995 before themove to the current location.

Curation Personnel

Presently, there is no full-time curator or collectionsmanager.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed by the State of Kansas, theKansas State Historical Society, and throughcontracts with the Department of Transportation.

Kansas Historical Museum Center 157


Access to the collections is controlled by thelaboratory personnel. Other archaeologists andarchaeology clerical staff also have access to thecollections. Non-museum personnel wishing toexamine collection materials are required to makean appointment and work with minimal supervision.They may work either in the laboratory or within thecollections storage area.

Future Plans

Personnel intend to approve a comprehensivecuration document, hire a collections manager,computerize the collections, and develop a betteruse of the storage space.

Comments

1. The facility is structurally sound.

2. Relative humidity levels are not monitored orconsistently controlled, and therefore no dust filters.

3. The repository and collection storage areas employstricter security measures.

4. The repository and collections storage areas meetthe required standards for fire safety.

5. There is no full-time curator of archaeologycollections.

6. A database for collections management is notemployed.

Recommendations

1. Employ a full-time curator with adequateexperience in caring for archaeological collections.

2. Rehabilitate the collections using acid-neutralprimary and secondary containers, and place anartifact label inside secondary containers.

3. Extend the HVAC system into the collectionstorage areas.

4. Employ a computerized database for better controland organization of the collections.

5. Cover fluorescent lights with sleeves that filterdamaging ultraviolet rays.

6. Implement a professional pest management planfor the collection storage areas.

159

28KEA Environmental

San Diego, California



Compliance Status: At present, thearchaeological materials are still undergoing analysisand have not yet been fully prepared to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological curation.



Compliance Status: Records require partialrehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for the archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Funds for the initialprocessing and packaging the Artifact Collections andassociated documentation are provided within eachproject contract. Long-term curation is theresponsibility of the hiring agency.

Assessment

Date of Visit: February 20, 1997

Points of Contact: James Cleland, Rebecca Apple,Andrew York, Christy Doland, Cheryl Bowen-Renna,and Rick Graham

The offices of KEA Environmental (KEA), arelocated on the sixth floor of the San Diego NationalBank building. The building is also known as the“whale building” because of the large sea-life muralpainted onto the north-side exterior. The building,encompassing a total area of 121,500 ft2, wasconstructed in 1986 to house the bank and to providerental space for private firm offices. The facility hasseven floors above grade and one floor below grade.

The archaeological collections are stored on atemporary basis in the KEA laboratory facility, whichis located adjacent to the firm offices. Except whereotherwise noted, the environmental control measures,security measures, and other results of thisevaluation, are the same for the laboratory/storagearea as for the facility in general. It is planned thatthe 2.5 ft3 collection materials and the 0.15 linear feetof documentation from the MCAS Yuma, Arizona,will be forwarded to a designated permanentrepository upon completion of analysis and archivalprocessing.

Structural AdequacyThe building foundation is constructed of concrete.Exterior walls are marble and glass. The roof isdescribed as a “rolled out” composition that has beentorch melted. The roof is original to the building and

Collection Summary


has been spot repaired since its original construction.The foundation, exterior walls, and roof are eachconsidered to be structurally sound and withoutcracks or leaks. All windows are steel framed andhave built in sun shields. Windows and frames areoriginal. There was no reported or observed evidenceof water or air leakage around the window frames.Internal renovations have occurred, but have beenspecifically related to the needs of rental clients ratherthan for the purpose of structural repair or improvement.

Within the archaeological laboratory/collection storage area, the floor is tile over concrete,the walls are painted plasterboard, and the ceiling isconstructed with suspended acoustical tiles. There areno windows in the storage area.

EnvironmentEnvironmental controls within the facility include aheating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)system that is outfitted with temperature controlsand dust filters. The humidity within the facility isneither monitored nor controlled. Lighting withinthe collections storage area is provided bynonfiltered, fluorescent lights. The artifact storagearea is cleaned on a monthly basis by a contractedservice and general maintenance is performed on anas-needed basis by the KEA “lab crew.”

Pest ManagementThe integrated pest-management program within thefacility includes monthly inspections and spraying bya professional pest management company. No signsof pest infestation were reported or observed duringthe evaluation.

SecuritySecurity for the facility in general is provided by anintrusion alarm on the first floor where the bank islocated. A security guard is also present in the bank.Additional building security is provided by key locks,dead bolt locks, controlled access after hours, andwindows that are permanently sealed.

Specific security measures for the KEAlaboratory/storage area include dead bolt and keylocks on the two interior doors. There has been noincident of unauthorized access into KEA office spaceor storage areas.

Fire Detection and SuppressionSystemFire safety measures within the facility as a wholeinclude manual fire alarms, a wet sprinkler/suppression system, fire doors, smoke detectors,fire walls, fire alarms wired into a security company,and up-to-date fire extinguishers. The facility is notconsidered to be fire proof.

Specific fire safety measures within theKEA laboratory/storage area include a wet sprinkler/suppression system and a fire extinguisher.

Artifact StorageApproximately 2.5 ft3 of artifact materials fromMCAS Yuma are stored at KEA. Overall, thecollections storage area is filled to approximately80% capacity. Table 46 indicates the percentages ofvarious materials classes present in the collection.

Storage Units

The two boxes of MCAS Yuma artifacts are storedon fixed metal shelving in the archaeologicallaboratory. The shelving units measure 24 x 72 x 66inches (l x w x h) each with three shelves per unit.

Primary Containers

The MCAS Yuma collection materials are housedin two non-acidic, folding construction cardboardboxes that measure 16 x 12.75 x 10.50 inches (l xw x h) each. Each box has a telescoping lid forsecurity closure. The boxes are labeled with acidicpaper computer generated labels that are attached

Table 46.Summarys of Material Classes in the

MCAS Yuma Collections at KEA Environmental

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 75Ceramic 20Faunal remains 1


Total 100

Note: The percentages of material classes are based on totalvolume.

KEA Environmental 161

with clear tape. It is planned that the taped acidiclabels will be replaced with acid-free adhesivelabels once the analysis is completed. Presently,label information includes project name and box content.


Nearly ninety-five percent of the artifacts, by volume,are packaged in secondary and tertiary zip-lockplastic bags. One metate fragment had no secondarycontainer. The secondary containers are directlylabeled with black marker. Label information includessite number, box contents, provenience, and artifactcatalog numbers. The secondary container for anunidentified bone chip is labeled — “Yuma - TACTSAZY 5:28 cut 2 GCU 1 80-90 cm 7 1/8 screen Bone .0g”.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll artifacts in the collections have been cleaned andsorted by material type before packaging. Only themetate fragments had been labeled directly with blackink on a white background. KEA staff indicated thatonce their research is completed all materials will beprocessed in accordance with 36 CFR Part 79.

Human Skeletal RemainsThere are no human skeletal remains identified amongthe collection materials from MCAS Yuma.

Records StorageApproximately 1.75 linear inches of associateddocumentation are housed with the collectionmaterials at KEA. Most of the documentation isstored in a three-ring binder on a shelf in thearchaeology laboratory. Overall, the documentationhas a neat, organized appearance and is in very goodcondition. Paper clips among the artifact inventorysheets were the only potential contaminants observedwithin the document collection.

Paper Records

Paper records include original field notes, surveyrecords, and artifact inventories. All but the fieldnotebook are contained in the three-ring binder.

Report Records

A bound report was present.


Photographic records include both photographs andphotolog sheets. Photographic records are labeled andare in appropriate archival sleeves.

Collections Management StandardsKEA Environmental is not a permanent curationfacility; therefore, collections management standardsare not evaluated in this report.

Curation Personnel

KEA Environmental does not employ a full-timecurator for archaeological collections. ChristyDoland, the laboratory manager, is responsible forthe collections while they are temporarily housed inthese offices.

Curation Financing

Funds for the initial processing and packaging of thearchaeological materials and associateddocumentation are provided within each projectcontract. Long-term curation is the responsibility ofthe hiring agency.


Researchers must have a legitimate reason to seecollection materials. An appointment must be madewith the laboratory manager for access.

Future Plans

There are no current plans for upgrading the curationactivities at KEA Environmental.

Comments

1. The building is structurally sound.

2. An HVAC system is in place; however, there are norelative humidity monitor or control measures.

3. Lighting in the collection storage area is not fittedwith ultraviolet sleeve filters.


4. A standard pest management system that includesmonitoring and scheduled spraying is in place.

5. Security and fire measures are adequate fortemporary storage of federal collections.

6. Storage of all associated records from MCASYuma does not meet modern archival standards.

Recommendations


2. Label Artifact Collections with indelible ink toprevent information loss if archaeological materialsare separated from provenience data.

3. Apply adhesive polyethylene plastic label holders,with acid-free inserts, to the boxes. When labelinformation or box content changes, inserts arereplaced, thus reducing the chance for conflicting andconfusing information.

4. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store copies in aseparate and secure location. Process records andarrange according to modern archival practices andstandards. Place documents in acid-free folders andlightly packed into fire-resistant file cabinets. Recordsshould be free of contaminants, including metalfasteners and rubber bands. Provide a finding aid tothe record holdings.

163

29Maxwell Museum of AnthropologyUniversity of New Mexico

Albuquerque, New Mexico

Collections Total: 48.0 ft3 of archeological materialsand human skeletal remains; 0.1 linear feet ofassociated records.




Compliance Status: Human skeletal remainsrecovered from Fort Wingate are located at this

facility. The minimum number of individualsaccounted for in these collections is seven.


Compliance Status: Record require partialrehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded through a curation fee the Maxwell Museumcharges to all clients.

Assessment

Date of Visit: October 28–29, 1996

Point of Contact: Brenda Dorr and Joseph Powell

Approximately 48 ft3 of artifacts and human skeletalremains and less that one linear foot of associateddocumentation from Fort Wingate and White SandsMissile Range (WSMR) are housed at the MaxwellMuseum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico(UNM) in Albuquerque. The collections consists ofboth historic and prehistoric elements (see Table 47).Associated documentation consists of artifact countsheets from the field and a bound report. This facilitywas previously evaluated in March 1994 for theU.S. Air Combat Command project (Drew 1996).

Most of the facility information has not changed inthat time and will be repeated for this report, notingthe areas of change.

The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology islocated on the campus of the UNM (Figure 56). Themuseum occupies at least twenty-five percent of thebuilding that also houses the UNM AnthropologyDepartment. In addition to this space, the MaxwellMuseum stores collections in a warehouse locatedelsewhere on the campus.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Maxwell Museum

The building that houses the Department ofAnthropology at UNM was constructed during the1930s and 1940s. It originally functioned as officespace and classrooms. In 1972, the Maxwell Museum

Collection Summary


of Anthropology was established. The museum wasdesigned as an addition to the Anthropology buildingand was constructed specifically for museumexhibits. The addition provided much-needed spacefor the museum, but eventually many rooms of theAnthropology building were also converted to servemuseum space requirements. In 1990, a permanentgallery was constructed, and in 1992, the gift shopwas expanded. Activity areas located in the museuminclude a receiving dock, an artifact holding area, anartifact washing area, an artifact-processing andconservation laboratory, a temporary artifact storagearea, collection store rooms, a supply storage area, ahazardous materials storage area, exhibit space, anartifact study room, a record study room, a recordstorage room, a photograph storage room, arefrigerator unit, offices, osteology laboratories, anosteology storeroom, a library, and a utility room.

The Anthropology building has two floorsabove grade and one floor below, occupyingapproximately 7,290 ft3. Exterior walls areconstructed of concrete blocks, some of which haveadobe or stucco facing. The foundation is pouredconcrete and is considered structurally sound. Theroof is made of tar and gravel and was completelyreplaced in 1994. Other than the construction of themuseum, there have been no exterior renovations. Allwindows have the original aluminum frames and areshaded. Utilities and facilities include running water,

restrooms, heat, air conditioning, telephones, andelectricity. The plumbing, electrical, and heatingsystems all date from the 1970s when the museumwas completed. To the staff’s knowledge, there havebeen no major failures of any of these systems.

Repository 2—Warehouse

The warehouse used by the Maxwell Museum for thestorage of archaeological collections occupies2,070 ft3 and was originally constructed as awarehouse in the 1960s (Figure 57). It is a single-story, windowless structure constructed almostexclusively of concrete. The foundation and exteriorwalls are constructed of concrete, and exterior wallshave a stucco finish. The roof is made of corrugated

Figure 56. Exterior of the Maxwell Museum ofAnthropology (Repository 1) on the campus of theUniversity of New Mexico. The building houses themuseum as well as the anthropology department.

Figure 57. A warehouse (Repository 2) that holdscollections of the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology

has a key locked door and a large metal overheaddoor, both wired to the campus security.


WSMR Collections at the Maxwell Museum

Material Class WSMR Fort Wingate Total

PrehistoricLithics 70 0 62Human skeletal remains 3 100 13Ceramics 12 0 10Soil 8 0 7Flotation 1 0 1Faunal remains 3 0 3Other 1 0 1

Historical-PeriodCeramics 1 0 1Glass <1 0 1Metal <1 0 1

Total 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.Prehistoric other consists of modified shell,

14C samples, and

botanincal remains.

Maxwell Museum of Anthropology, University of New Mexico 165

metal and concrete blocks and is original to thebuilding. The warehouse has a receiving/loadingdock, and the entire space is used to store bulkarchaeological materials. Electricity and telephoneservice are the only functioning utilities in thebuilding. The building does not have heat, airconditioning, plumbing, or humidity controls.No interior or exterior renovations have been madeto the building.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Maxwell Museum

The building is equipped with an electric airconditioning system and a gas forced-air heatingsystems, both of which are zoned. Temperature andhumidity are monitored in all the collections storageareas. The temperature is controlled in these areasthrough the zoned heating system, and the humidity iscontrolled through the use of portable humidifiers anddehumidifiers. Dust filters are present on the heatingsystem and are changed regularly by the universitypersonnel. There is no asbestos present in thebuilding. Janitorial services are provided daily byuniversity personnel in all areas but the collectionsstorage areas. Curatorial personnel clean thecollections storage areas on an as-needed basis.Ultraviolet radiation filtering sleeves are in place onall overhead fluorescent lights.


There are no environmental controls present in thewarehouse. It is equipped with neither heat nor airconditioning. Dust filters are not present, but thecuratorial staff sweep the warehouse regularly. Sincethe building was reviewed in 1994, overheadnonfiltered, fluorescent lighting has been installed inthe building. The assessment team noted a substantialamount of dust and dirt in the room.

Pest ManagementRepository 1—Maxwell Museum

An integrated pest-management system is maintainedby UNM. This system includes both monitoring andcontrol activities. Curatorial staff monitor the facilityand report any signs of pest infestation to theuniversity. In addition, the facility is sprayed every

three months by a professional pest-managementcompany. The assessment team noted no signs of pestinfestation during the evaluation.


A pest management system is also in force at thestorage warehouse. The curatorial staff areresponsible for monitoring the area for pestinfestation and for placing rat and mouse traps in thewarehouse. Additionally, a professional pestmanagement company sprays the warehouse withpesticide twice a year. The assessment team noted thepresence of spider webs in the corners of the roomnear the door and loading dock.

SecurityRepository 1—Maxwell Museum

The Maxwell Museum meets the minimum federalrequirements for safeguarding archaeologicalcollections and associated documentation. Thebuilding is protected with intrusion alarms, controlledaccess, motion detectors, and locks (either key locksor dead-bolt locks) all on interior and exterior doors.Each of the storage areas in the building is opened bya different key, and all keys are located in a separatelocked room. Keys must be checked out and returnedpromptly after use. Two locked safes are used to storespecial collections. The primary storage area andprocessing laboratory are located in a secured area,and access is controlled by a keypad security system.There is no current evidence of unauthorized entry;the staff knew of only one case of theft in 1975.


Since the 1994 evaluation, security precautions havebeen increased. The warehouse has a key lock doorand the loading dock door can only be opened fromthe interior. Additionally, an electronic keypad alarmsystem has been installed.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Maxwell Museum

Fire safety measures include fire extinguishers, asprinkler system, smoke detectors, and alarms wireddirectly into the local fire department. A fireextinguisher is located in each room used by the


Maxwell Museum, and in most rooms there are two.In addition, flood detectors are located in the maincollections storage area. At one time, a water pipebroke, and there was a minor flood in this area.Although damage to the collection was minimal, flooddetectors were installed to prevent similar incidents.


The only fire suppression devices in the warehouseare two fire extinguishers, one by the entrance andone on the opposite wall. No fire detection devices areinstalled in the warehouse.

Artifact StorageA total of 48 ft3 of artifacts was examined for thisproject. All of the artifacts were recovered fromWSMR (41.5 ft 3) and are stored in the warehouse,with the exception of one ceramic pot that is housedin the Maxwell Museum proper. Human skeletalremains recovered from Fort Wingate (5.2 ft3) arehoused at the osteology laboratory at the MaxwellMuseum. For a breakdown of material classes presentin all of the collections, refer to Table 55.

Storage UnitsRepository 1—Maxwell Museum

A partially reconstructed ceramic pot from WhiteSands Missile Range is housed in the ceramicsstoreroom (B03) in the lower level of the museum.The pot is stored loose on an open shelf. Shelves areconstructed of unsealed wood and lined with acid-freetissue. Each shelf in the unit has a slightly differentmeasurement, but the unit housing the vessel fromWSMR measures 8.4 x 2.5 x 4.1 feet (l x w x h).Cotton twill tape has been secured across the front ofmost of the shelves to protect the artifacts fromslipping off the unit.

Osteology collections are housed in their ownstoreroom above the laboratory. Access to thestoreroom is gained by climbing a steep metalstaircase secured to the wall. Collections aretransferred to the storeroom with the use of a dumbwaiter. The shelving units in the storeroom are metalframes with wood shelves. Units measure 3.0 x 5.6 x6.0 feet (l x w x h).


Most artifacts in the warehouse are stored on shelvingunits constructed of metal beams with plywoodshelves (Figure 58). Each shelving unit measures 4 x5 x 13 feet (l x w x h). Some of the older collectionsare housed in wood drawers in a wood unit. Eachdrawer is nailed and screwed together with interiorwood separators that form small compartments. Aprojectile point from WSMR is housed in this unit.The only provenience of this artifact is a piece ofpaper with ‘White Sands, NM’ written on it.

Primary Containers

The pot in the ceramics storeroom is stored loose ona shelf with twenty percent of its unassembled piecesstored in acid free paper and envelopes next to it.Osteology collections are stored in acidic cardboardboxes, with attached telescoping lids, lined with papertowels. Boxes measure 0.6 x 0.7 x 3.0 feet (1.3 ft3 ).Boxes are labeled directly in pencil with box number,accession number, and site number.

There are several large groundstone artifactsthat are stored directly on the shelves in thewarehouse. The rest of the collections (94%) are

Figure 58. Acidic cardboard boxes are housed onmetal and unsealed wood shelving units in the

warehouse (Repository 2) of the Maxwell Museum.A lift is used to retrieve boxes from upper shelves.


stored in acidic cardboard boxes with folding topsand bottoms that are secured with tape. Most of theboxes have a written contents inventory enclosed.There are two sizes of boxes, 0.9 x 0.9 x 1.5 feet(1.2 ft3), and 1.0 x 0.4 x 1.5 ft (0.6 ft3). Boxes arelabeled directly in marker with the project name, anOffice of Contract Archaeology number, sitenumbers, and a description of the contents.


Sixty-one percent of human skeletal remains in theosteology collection are loose in the boxes. Cardboarddividers within the boxes separate the craniums.Archival plastic bags contain thirty-six percent of theosteological collections within the boxes, and threepercent are in plastic vials.

Archival plastic bags constitute seventy-fourpercent of the secondary containers in the artifactboxes. The majority of the bags have zip-lockclosures, but some are sealed with staples or twistties. The plastic bags are labeled directly in marker.Envelopes with information stamped and written inmarker are enclosed with the artifacts in the plasticbags. Paper bags comprise twenty-five percent of thesecondary containers. They have folded closures andare labeled directly in marker and pencil. Brownenvelopes and plastic grocery bags constitute theremaining one percent of the secondary containers(See Table 48).

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned and sorted bymaterial class. A majority (72%) of the collections

have been labeled directly in ink. The largegroundstone artifacts present in the warehouse arelabeled with paper tags secured to each piece withstring. Skeletal remains in three of the boxes havebeen dipped in polyvinyl acetate (PVA) as apreservation measure. This is a practice that themuseum no longer follows.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe osteology laboratory houses a large number ofhuman skeletal remains including prehistoricskeletons, forensic cases from the medical examiner,and donated specimens. A total of four boxes (5.2 ft3)from Fort Wingate is housed at UNM. Two boxes(2.6 ft3) of remains from Kirtland AFB are alsohoused at UNM. These came from the Two DeadJunipers site, which is on Kirtland AFB land that hasbeen withdrawn from the U.S. Forest Service. TheU.S. Forest Service is taking responsibility for thisskeletal collection; therefore, it has not been includedin the collection totals of this report.

A team from the St. Louis District visited theMaxwell Museum to conduct a NAGPRA Section 5inventory in February 1997. They examined twoboxes of remains recovered from WSMR that werenot assessed in October 1996. The contents of onebox is entirely from WSMR (1.3 ft3 ). A second boxhas remains from WSMR, but also from non-DoDlands. Upon examination, the remains from WSMRwere identified as faunal remains.

Records StorageA very small amount (1.5 linear inches) of associateddocumentation was examined at the MaxwellMuseum. This is documentation from the Border Starproject conducted at WSMR in 1985. Documents arestored in a small room in the lower level, which hasbeen designated the archive for archaeologicaldocumentation. Open metal shelves are used to housethe materials.

Paper Records

Paper records consist of 0.5 linear inch of artifactcount sheets used in the field. These forms are storedin a manila envelope with a metal fastener. Theenvelope is labeled Border Star ‘85 LA 6388093.78.4 Original Documentation.

Table 48.Summary of Secondary Containers in

Collections Housed at the Maxwell Museum


Plastic zip-lock bags 68Paper bags 21Loose artifacts 10Other 1

Total 100

Note: Percentages of secondary containers are calculated byvolume. Other containers include plastic canisters, plasticgrocery bags, and paper envelopes.


Report Records

A bound report for the 1985 Boarder Star project isalso on file with the documentation.

Collections ManagementStandards


All materials are accessioned upon receipt. A hardcopy of the information is kept on file and is alsoentered into the ARGUS computer system used by theMaxwell Museum.


Information on the physical location of eachcollection is kept on the ARGUS computer systemalong with the accession files.

Cross-Indexed Files

All information that is kept on the ARGUS computersystem is cross-indexed electronically and can besearched using several different fields.


A published guide to the entire holding of theMaxwell Museum does not exist; however, thisinformation can be printed out using the ARGUSdatabase system.


The Maxwell Museum of Anthropology follows thesite numbers established by the Laboratory ofAnthropology.


All information on the holdings of the MaxwellMuseum and any associated documentation is enteredinto the ARGUS database. This database is regularlymaintained and augmented by curatorial staff.


The Maxwell Museum fully describes the minimumstandards for acceptance of collections in“Requirements for Submitting ArchaeologicalCollections to the Maxwell Museum ofAnthropology,” written by Kathryn Mauer Trinkausin 1989. Sections 2 and 3 of this document discussthe preparation necessary for documents, ArtifactCollections, and human skeletal remains beforesubmission to the museum.

Curation Policy

The curation policy of the Maxwell Museum is alsodescribed in “Requirements for SubmittingArchaeological Collections to the Museum ofAnthropology.” Section 7 discusses the museum’scuration responsibilities and the proper forms used bythe museum. The Maxwell Museum is also governedby Collections and Repatriation Policies.


Sections 4-6 of “Requirements for SubmittingArchaeological Collections to the Maxwell Museumof Anthropology” address the records managementpolicy of the museum.


Preparation in the field is addressed in Section 2 of“Requirements for Submitting ArchaeologicalCollections to the Maxwell Museum ofAnthropology.”

Loan Procedures

Procedures for requesting the loan of museummaterial, care for the loaned material, and the returnof the material are addressed in the “MaxwellMuseum of Anthropology Archaeological CollectionsLoan Policy.”


The Maxwell Museum is currently revising thedeaccessioning policy in order to better address issuesraised by NAGPRA.


Inventory Policy

The inventory policy of the Maxwell Museum isdescribed in a standardized repository agreementbetween the museum and depositors. This documentalso specifies that collections will be inventoriedevery five years.


The inventory process is ongoing, because therepository agreement states that each collection willbe inventoried every five years.

Curation Personnel

The Maxwell Museum employs two curators ofarchaeology, one part-time and one full-time. Theseindividuals are responsible for the care of the bulkarchaeological collections (both archaeologicalmaterials and documentation), acceptance of newcollections, and other collections managementactivities, maintenance of both electronic and manualcatalogs, supervision of student workers andcollaboration with other staff members in developinglong-term plans. There is also a director of themuseum, a photograph archivist, a curator ofosteology, a curator of southwestern ethnology, acollections conservator, and a curator of collections,among other museum support staff.

Curation Financing

The Maxwell Museum is owned by UNM. Funding isprovided for incoming federal collections and contractprojects through a negotiated repository agreement(box fee) and annual maintenance fees. Additionalfunding is provided by UNM and grants.


Legitimate uses of the collections include scholarlyand educational use, commercial use, and inspectionand inventories. Each individual must submit requeststo the curator for approval. Each request isconsidered on its own merit. The process generallytakes one to two months before approval is granted.

Future Plans

The Maxwell Museum warehouse is near capacity.An amount of the collections that are stored in thewarehouse are stacked on the floor at the end of isles.

Further, the Maxwell Museum has contracts toreceive additional materials from Kirtland Air ForceBase that are presently at TRC-Mariah Associatesoffices, and collections from Fort Wingate that are atthe Office of Contract Archaeology. There arenegotiations for more storage space in a former carwash building owned by the university.

Comments

1. Both the Maxwell Museum and its warehouse arestructurally sound.

2. Temperature and humidity levels are monitoredand controlled (by portable humidifiers anddehumidifiers) in the museum building, but not inthe warehouse.

3. Dust filters are in place in the museum, but not inthe warehouse.

4. UV filtering sleeves are in place on the lights in themuseum building, but not in the warehouse.

5. An integrated pest management system ismaintained at both the museum and the warehouse.

6. Security at the museum and the warehouse meetfederal requirements for safeguarding ofarchaeological collections.

7. Fire-suppression and fire-detection systems in themuseum meet the minimum federal requirements; theonly fire-detection measures in the warehouse are fireextinguishers.

8. Acidic cardboard boxes are used as primarycontainers.

9. Proper registration procedures and policies havebeen developed and implemented by the MaxwellMuseum.

10. Both funding and storage space are insufficientfor the Maxwell Museum’s anticipated needs.

11. The Maxwell Museum is a professionallymanaged institution that meets most federal


requirements for the long-term curation ofarchaeological collections. Collections stored in thisfacility should be considered secure.

Recommendations

1. Find a storage area, if possible, with a more stableenvironment for the collections currently housed inthe warehouse.

2. Replace storage units, where necessary, withbaked-enamel, metal shelves. In the case of theceramics storeroom, replace storage units withenclosed shelving. Additionally, the use of mounts orsupports for each vessel would further ensure theirsafety.

3. Update both security and fire-detection systems inthe warehouse to meet minimum federal standards.

4. Replace secondary containers with 4-mil, zip-lock,polyethylene plastic bags, and label with indelible ink.Make labels for secondary containers from spun-bonded polyethylene paper, label in indelible ink, andinsert into the secondary containers.

5. Replace acidic cardboard boxes with acid-freeboxes. Apply adhesive polyethylene plastic labelholders, with acid-free inserts, to the boxes. Applylabels directly to the boxes. When label informationor box contents change, replace inserts. This methodreduces the chance of conflicting and confusinginformation.

6. Remove the faunal remains from WSMR that havebeen identified in the osteology collection and storewith other collections from WSMR.

171

30Museum of New MexicoLaboratory of AnthropologyMuseum of Indian Arts and Culture andArchaeological Records Management Section

Santa Fe, New Mexico



Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archaeologicalcollections.




Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefinanced in part through federal agencies, stateagencies, and grants. A one-time, per-box fee ischarged to agencies storing archaeological collectionsand data at the Laboratory of New Mexico, Museumof Indian Arts and Culture. Additional funds areobtained through contracts with agencies to upgradestorage conditions and perform collection inventories.The Museum of New Mexico Board of Regentsadopted a regulation in 1996 that imposed an annualfee of $100.00 on individual and institutional users ofthe New Mexico Archaeological RecordsManagement Section. Present funding is insufficientto meet current curation responsibilities.

Collection Summary

Assessment

Date of Visit: December 3–4, 1996; April 28–29, 1997

Points of Contact: Patricia Nietfeld and Tim Seaman

The Museum of New Mexico and the Laboratory ofAnthropology were established as independent entitiesin 1909 and 1927, respectively. The Laboratory of

Anthropology (LOA) was established as a privatelyfunded center for anthropological research in theSouthwest. It became part of the Museum of NewMexico system in 1947. The Museum of Indian Artsand Culture (MIAC) was opened as the publicprograms and exhibitions facilities for the LOA in1987. Presently the Museum of New Mexico consistsof four exhibiting units (LOA/MIAC, the Palace ofthe Governors, the Museum of Fine Arts, and theInternational Museum of Folk Art), five state


historical sites, and shared administrative and serviceunits (central registration, conservation, exhibitions,educational outreach, security, maintenance, andfinance).

The Museum of New Mexico is thedesignated state repository for archaeologicalmaterial. Reports and files pertaining to all excavatedand surveyed archaeological sites in New Mexico arecurated by the Archaeological Records ManagementSection of the New Mexico Historic PreservationDivision (NMARMS) in coordination with the LOA/MIAC archivist.

Approximately 55 ft3 of artifact materialfrom military installations stored with LOA/MIACare curated in either the Individually CataloguedCollections (ICC) branch or the ArchaeologicalResearch Collections (ARC), which is the bulkcollections branch of the museum. Recordcollections housed at NMARMS amount toapproximately 2.2 linear feet from Fort Wingate,Kirtland AFB, and White Sands Missile Range.

This facility was previously visited andevaluated for the U.S. Air Force Air CombatCommand project (Drew 1996) in 1994. Only thebuilding evaluation sections that have not changedsince the initial visit will be used in this report.Details of the 7.5 ft3 of Cannon AFB and MelroseBombing Range archaeological materials and the

associated documentation are unchanged from theprior evaluation and will not be included in thisassessment.

Archaeological materials located at LOA/MIAC are housed in three buildings: the originalLaboratory of Anthropology building (Repository 1),the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture facility(Repository 2), and the La Villa Rivera off-sitestorage building (Repository 3). Within these threerepositories, collections are housed in eightcollections storage rooms. For a list of theapproximate cubic footage of artifacts recoveredfrom military installations in New Mexico and Texas,refer to Table 49. Percentages of material classes areoutlined in Table 50.

Table 49.Volume of Archaeological Materials by InstallationLocated at the Museum of Indian Arts and Culture

Installation ft3

Fort Bliss 0.1Fort Wingate 17.6Kirtland Air Force Base 0.4White Sands Missile Range 36.9

Total 55.0

Table 50.Summary of Material Classes by Installation at the Museum of New Mexico

Kirtland Fort Fort White SandsMaterial Classes Air Force Base Bliss Wingate Missile Range Total

PrehistoricLithics 51 66 20 57 45Ceramics 49 34 55 15 28Faunal remains — — 10 1 4Botanical — — 1 10 7Flotation — — — 8 5Charcoal — — 9 3 514C — — 2 1 1Baked clay — — 2 — <1Adobe — — — 3 2Soil — — — 1 1Other — — — 1 1

Historical-PeriodMetal — — 1 — <1

Total 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages are based on total volume.Other prehistoric materials present include a jet pendant, a piece of turquoise, ochre, and ash.

Museum of New Mexico 173

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Laboratory ofAnthropology Building

The LOA building was originally established as oneof the nation’s first anthropological research centersand served an important role in the formative years ofSouthwest anthropology and archaeology. The LOAbuilding, designed by Santa Fe architect John GawMeem, officially opened on September 1, 1931, andis now on the National Register of Historic Places. Itis a weatherproof, pueblo-revival style structureconstructed of reinforced concrete with sublevelbasement collections storage areas and ground leveloffices, archives, and a library. A building additionwas constructed in 1952 using state funds in order tohouse the Mera Collections in the basement andprovide more office space upstairs. An unheatedgarage was added during the 1950s that wassubsequently enclosed with another unheated storagebuilding called the Prewitt House in 1965. The latteraddition was not done by the original architect. Theentire existing building was re-stuccoed by John GawMeem during the 1952 addition. Another stucco layerwas added to the building in 1975 by the museumstaff. The roof was replaced in 1988 with an EPDMmembrane. Compact shelving added to the library inthe upper level required the addition of a steel beamand column in the basement. Security devices and ahalon fire extinguishing system have been added tothe building. Additionally, the interior plaster wallshave been painted and parts of the facility have beenrecarpeted in the last five years.

Windows in the ARC areas measure 29.5 x51.5 inches (w x h). The windows are wood framed,shaded on the inside, and barred on the outside. Noevidence of leakage was noted by the evaluation team,but ARC staff noted that one window in Room 201had allowed water to seep in during heavy rains.Recent repairs seem to have rectified this problem.Additionally, the corner of the ceiling in Room 106,the processing room, was reported to leak, and therewas evidence of past water damage. There are threewooden doors in the interior of the ARC area, andone wooden door and three metal doors leading to theexterior of the ARC areas. This facility is structurallysound, but many of the pipes in the building areinsulated with asbestos. ARC staff indicated that the

asbestos in the LOA building had been examined bystate inspectors and judged to be contained.

In 1993, Room 203, which was one of thelater additions to the original LOA building, wasgiven a new roof and exterior weatherproofing. Insectand rodent gaskets and barriers were also installed onhigh-security, fire-rated doors. Interior surfaces andconcrete floors were sealed with an acrylic, andcompactor carriage shelving was installed to housearchaeological materials.

Repository 2—Museum of Indian Artsand Culture Building

The MIAC building was constructed in 1987 adjacentto the LOA building. It is currently under renovationto add 21,000 ft2 of additional exhibit and collectionstorage space. In addition to exhibition galleries andstorage space, the existing 30,000-ft2 buildingcontains offices for museum educators, publicprogramming space, an auditorium, a loading dock,security offices, an artifact holding area, an artifactprocessing and registration area, an artifact studyroom, a materials and supplies storage area, and amechanical/utility room. It has concrete block wallswith a stucco exterior giving the appearance of anadobe structure, and a concrete foundation. Therubber membrane roof is original to the building.

Over the exhibit area, a wood frame atriumskylight has been known to leak water during heavyrains. Repairs to the skylights have attempted tocorrect this problem. The water leakage has notdamaged any collections, only portions of thecarpeting. This facility has one floor on the groundlevel as well as a basement, and appears to bestructurally solid. All of the collections storage areasare located on the lower level and these areas occupyapproximately 5,700 ft2 of space. There are nowindows in any of the collections storage areas.All of the utility systems are original to the 1987construction of the facility. New construction isscheduled to be complete on the addition in 1997.

Repository 3—La Villa Rivera Building

The La Villa Rivera (LVR) Building, is located indowntown Santa Fe several miles away from theLOA/MIAC campus. This 1950s brick building witha poured, reinforced concrete basement formerlyserved as St. Vincent’s Hospital. The LVR building


was purchased by the state government to providespace for state offices and to serve as the State SeniorCitizens Residence Facility. Because of these otheruses, archaeological collections are relegated to alarge portion of the basement where the bulk of theARC collections are housed.

The LVR building was designed with twowings, one of which has four stories, the other ofwhich has five. A built-up roof covers both wings.No problems with water leaking through the roofwere reported; however, the ARC collections area inthe basement has developed some leaks between thewalls and the foundation. When the building wasconverted to an office building, several interiorrenovations were necessary, but very few were madeto the collection storage area in the basement. ARCoccupies 4,560 ft2 of the basement.

Interior basement walls are constructed ofcinder blocks, and the floor in the basement isexposed concrete. The collection storage areaoccupies two large rooms with a hallway betweenthem. Boiler steam pipes, chilled water supply, returnpipes, fresh water supply, and waste-water sewerpipes pass directly over collections. Many of thesepipes are insulated with asbestos. The onlyfunctioning utility in the basement is electricity. Nowindows are present in the basement level of thebuilding. There have been past episodes of overheadpipes leaking, and plastic has been draped over theshelved collections in an attempt to prevent waterdamage to the boxes of archaeological materials.Several holes are visible in the concrete ceiling in thecollections storage rooms. Both storage rooms andthe hallway have reached storage capacity. Thehallway also serves as a storage area for excessfurniture from other departments in the building.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Laboratory ofAnthropology Building

The building has a steam heating system withradiators. The boiler was replaced in 1971 but theoriginal pipes remain. There is no air conditioning,nor are dust filters in place on the environmentalcontrols. Temperature and humidity cannot becontrolled in the collections storage area, althoughstaff regularly monitor hygrothermographs placedin the rooms. High humidity is not a problem for

the museum, though, as the local climate is dry andnaturally maintains a 35–40% relative humiditylevels. Lighting consists of fluorescent bulbs,incandescent bulbs, natural light, and desk lamps.Ultraviolet sleeves are not in place on any of theselight sources. New electrical service and transformerswere added in the 1970s but the distribution ofelectrical outlets and lighting is still below currentlocal codes. Telephone systems are distributedthrough the original conduit, but have been adapted tomodern requirements. The plumbing and electricalsystems are maintained on an as-needed basis, withregular checks performed on both.


MIAC has a computerized heating, ventilation, airconditioning (HVAC) system, which uses forced airdistribution for air conditioning and a hot waterheating system with three boilers and chillers, fans,and humidifiers. Although this system monitors andcontrols humidity only in the ground floor galleries, ithas resulted in relatively stable temperature andhumidity levels for the basement collections areas.MIAC also employs an energy management controlsystem (EMCS). A large south-facing glazed wall inthe galleries presents a problem with controlling theamount of radiant energy that is generated. Bothtemperature and humidity levels are monitored byhygrothermographs and maintained by a privatecontract firm. HEPA filters are used on allenvironmental control units, which are alsomaintained by the HVAC contractors. The publicareas are cleaned by museum security personnel,while the collections storage areas are cleaned bycollections staff.


Heating is provided from excess heat that emanatesfrom the steam heat pipes that run along the ceiling.No air conditioning is installed in this area, althoughthe facility’s underground location helps to keep thearea cool. Temperature and humidity levels aremeasured by a hygrothermograph in each of thestorage rooms, but neither level can be controlled.Lighting is provided by nonfiltered, fluorescent lighttubes. The offices in the building are regularlymaintained by a professional janitorial service; but


the collections storage areas are maintained by thecuratorial staff on an as-needed basis. The evaluationteam noted a significant amount of dust and dirtaccumulated on the boxes of DoD collections.

Pest ManagementRepository 1—Laboratory ofAnthropology Building

Since 1992, the museum has had a contractedentomologist. An insect behaviorist is undercontract to write and lead an integrated pestmanagement program, educate staff, and makemonthly inspections and reports for all areasholding LOA/MIAC collections.


The same measures are taken in this facility as aretaken in LOA. In addition, a nitrogen anoxiaprotocol for treatment of infested collection objectsand museum materials was introduced in 1995.This, combined with a freezing protocol introducedin 1985, has been instrumental in controlling anderadicating insect habitats and population in thebuildings.


The same pest-management plan is established for thebasement collections storage areas as for LOA.Curatorial staff stated that there were occasionalproblems with silverfish, and the evaluation teamnoted several indications of spiders.

SecurityRepository 1-—Laboratory ofAnthropology Building

This building is protected with intrusion alarms,motion detectors, controlled access, and locks on alldoors and windows. Only four windows in the ARCareas of the building are considered accessible fromthe exterior, and these have been secured with bars onthe exterior and window locks on the interior. Motiondetectors are located throughout the building. Thefront entrance to the building is secured with adouble-cylinder, dead-bolt lock and an electronic keypad security code. The intrusion alarm and motion

detectors are wired directly to a private securitycompany. The evaluation team was required to sign inand out of the facility and wear visitor badges in thebuilding. Curatorial staff was present at all timesduring the assessment. No evidence was noted ofunauthorized entry, and curatorial staff indicated thatno past episodes of this nature had occurred.


MIAC meets the minimum federal requirements forsafeguarding archaeological collections andassociated documentation. The evaluation team wasescorted and supervised at all times while in thecollections storage facilities. The building isprotected with intrusion alarms, motion detectors,audio monitoring devices, controlled access to thecollections storage rooms, and locks on all doors.There are no windows in any of the collectionsstorage areas. In addition, security guards monitorall public and private areas of the museum. Noevidence of unauthorized entry was noted, andcuratorial staff indicated that no past episodes ofthis nature had occurred.


All doors leading to the basement are constructed ofmetal with double-cylinder, dead-bolt locks. Thereare also dead bolt locks on the four doors that leaddirectly to the ARC storage areas. Only a limitednumber of people have access to the basementstorage rooms, but it is not limited to curatorial staff.Maintenance people have access, as do otherindividuals who are responsible for the LVR facility.No intrusion alarms or motion detectors are in place.Groundstone artifacts are stored in the hallway alongwith excess furniture from other departments.Curatorial staff noted that some of this materialhad been subject to theft, but that there had been noepisodes of unauthorized entry in the collectionsstorage areas since the installation of the dead-bolt locks.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Laboratory ofAnthropology Building

The entire building is protected by manual fire alarmsthat are wired directly to the local fire department.


Smoke detectors, heat sensors, and fire extinguishersalso are installed in the building. Fire extinguishersare checked regularly by qualified personnel. Thebasement room that houses the individuallycatalogued collections is equipped with a Halon fireextinguishing system that was installed between 10 to15 years ago.


The entire museum is protected with a dry-pipesuppression system, manual fire alarms, fire doors,smoke detectors, heat sensors, and fire extinguishers.The fire alarms are wired directly to and monitoredby a private alarm monitoring company. A few ofthe fire extinguishers in some of the storage rooms(none that contain DoD collections) are filled withHalon. All of the fire extinguishers are checked on aregular basis.


A water sprinkler system runs throughout thecollections storage rooms and the hallway. Firealarms wired to the local fire department are locatedat either end of the hallway near the exits. Smokedetectors are located throughout the collectionsstorage areas. Three fire extinguishers are located inthe hallway in the basement of the building; two aremounted below the fire alarms near each exit, thethird is in the hallway just outside of one of thecollections storage rooms. Fire extinguishers arechecked on an infrequent basis, and the inspectiontags were out of date at the time of the assessment.


Repository 1—Laboratory ofAnthropology Building

Collections housed in LOA are located in fiveseparate rooms: Rooms 117, 118, 120, 201, and 203.Storage units in these rooms are either locked paintedmetal cabinets or metal space-saver units. The newercabinets used for the individually cataloguedcollections measure 32 x 58 x 37 inches (l x w x h).The cabinets all rest on 3-x-3-inch wood beams,keeping them off the ground. The older metal

cabinets, which are also kept locked, house theresearch collections and measure 2.3 x 6.0 x 4.0 feet(l x w x h). The space-saver units in Room 203 haveeight shelves per section and also rest four inches offthe ground. Each section measures 18.7 x 2.5 x 8.5feet (l x w x h).


In Room 109 of this building, baked enamel metalshelving units are screwed together to form rows ofshelves. The adjustable shelving units measuredalmost 2.5 x 4.0 x 8.0 feet (l x w x h). Each unit hasseven shelves, including the top shelf. The bottomshelves are approximately four inches off the floor.All shelves are lined with sheets of inert polymerfoam, and are labeled with thick adhesive tapeembossed with the shelf identification number.

One artifact from Fort Wingate is housed inRoom 100, a lower level storeroom dedicated toceramics. This room contains both open metalshelving and enclosed cabinets to house smallartifacts. The vessel from Fort Wingate is housed in astorage unit containing six stacked cabinets. The totalmeasurement of the unit is 28.5 x 73.0 x 47.5 inches(l x w x h). The locked metal cabinet has removablewood drawers lined with polymer foam.


Storage units used in this repository consist ofpainted metal framed shelving units with pressedboard shelves. Shelving units have been arranged intovery long rows within the collections storage area.Each unit measures 2.5 x 4.0 x 6.8 feet (l x w x h).Each shelving unit and shelf are labeled with adhesiveembossed tape depicting each unit and shelf number.

Primary Containers


Most of the ceramic artifacts stored in Repository 1do not have primary containers; rather they have beenplaced on shelves lined with inert polymer foam. Thevolume of DoD artifacts on these shelves is estimatedat 0.8 ft3.



Approximately 13 ft3 of collections located in thevarious storage rooms in Repository 2 are housed inmetal sliding drawers, wood drawers, or acid-freecardboard boxes. There are two sizes of drawers inthe locked metal cabinets; the volume is either 0.5 ft3

or 1.5 ft3, however, the drawers did not exclusivelycontain DoD collections. Estimates of the volumeencompassed within each of the drawers have beenused to determine the total volume of DoDcollections. Drawers have been labeled with pieces ofpaper that are either glued to the front of the draweror are placed in the metal label holders. Labelswritten in marker and pen have the general contentsof the drawer and the artifact catalog numbersenclosed in each drawer.

The small vessel from Fort Wingate had awood drawer measuring 26 x 20 x 6 inches (l x w x h)as a primary container. The vessel itself has a volumeof approximately four cubic inches. The removabledrawer is lined with polymer foam. There are nobarriers between the artifacts. The outside of thedrawer is labeled with a paper tag that is inserted intoa metal slot. The handwritten ink label reads “L205Prehistoric Miniatures.”

In addition, collections in Repository 2 arealso contained in acid-free cardboard boxes, whichare of a folded and taped construction with tapedfolded-flap lids. Boxes are labeled with preprintedpieces of paper either glued or taped to the box. Someof the boxes also have information written directly onthe box with marker.

Repository 3-—La Villa Rivera Building

Approximately 40.4 ft3 of collections in variablysized acidic cardboard boxes house collections in thebasement of Repository 3. Some of the boxes havebeen badly damaged and the collections are in need ofrepackaging. Boxes are labeled with adhesive paperlabels, or with marker either directly on the front boxsurface or on a side of the box that has been paintedwith white paint. Label information includes the sitenumber, site name, project number, project name,date, and contents of the box.


For a breakdown of secondary containers in use byrepository, refer to Table 51.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingThe majority of the 55 ft3 of archaeological materialshas been cleaned (88%) and sorted by material class(99%); however, only 33% of the artifacts have beenlabeled. The level of processing and labeling isdetailed below for the collections located in each ofthe three repositories.


The ceramic artifacts have all been properly cleaned,labeled, and sorted by material class. The individualartifacts have each been directly labeled with ink on awhite base coat. The label information, an artifactcatalog number, was legible and consistent amongthe artifacts.

Repository 2—Museum of Indian Artsand Culture Buildings

Most of the artifacts stored in this facility have beencleaned (95%), and all have been sorted. Seventypercent of the artifacts have been labeled in a varietyof ways. Archaeological materials have been directlylabeled with either black or white ink with a clear topcoat, and occasionally on a base coat of white paint.

Table 51.Summary of Secondary Containers for

DoD Collections at the Museum of New Mexico byRepository

Repository Repository RepositoryContainer 1 2 3 Total

Plastic bags — 69 34 42Paper bags — 5 58 45Loose 100 8 4 6Other — 18 4 7

Total 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of secondary containers are based on volume.Other secondary containers include a cardboard cigar box,cotton draw-string bags, clear plastic boxes, an acid-freecardboard tray, wax paper envelopes, newspaper, inert polymerfoam sheets, and styrofoam peanuts.



Most of the artifacts in this building have beencleaned (85%) and sorted (99%); however, onlynineteen percent of the individual artifacts arelabeled. In addition to the methods of labeling used inRepositories 1 and 2, some of the sherds have alsobeen stamped with a catalog and site number. A fewof the lithic artifacts have a masking tape adhesivelabel with the site number written on it, and otherartifacts have a labeled paper tag tied to the artifactwith cotton string.

Human Skeletal RemainsThere were no human skeletal remains associatedwith DoD collections.

Records StorageAssociated documentation from Fort Wingate,Kirtland AFB, and WSMR comprise 2.2 linear feet(Table 52). The collections are stored in theNMARMS offices in the LOA building. Copies ofreports that are submitted to the NMARMS arestored on compact shelving units. Associateddocumentation is presently housed with site forms inlegal sized, four-drawer, metal file cabinets. Thesecabinets line the walls of several connected rooms.The staff of NMARMS is in the process of cullingthrough the numerically arranged site files andseparating out all documentation that is not a siteform. These associated documents will be filed in“Activity Files” with their own unique number. Atthe time of the assessment only one activity file hadbeen created for any documentation relating toDoD properties.

Paper Records

Paper records, equaling 18.75 linear inches, consistof correspondence, manuscripts, survey, analysis,

excavation records, field notes, and newspaperarticles. Paper records are contained in brown paperand archival-quality paper envelopes that hold thesite files. Contaminants have not been removed andinclude staples, paper clips, and metal spiral bindingon field notes. One original manuscript from aproject performed on Fort Wingate is in an activity fileseparate from the site files. Activity files are contained inacid-free folders with contaminants removed.


Black and white photographs are included in the oneestablished activity file for Fort Wingate. The printsare in an archival quality plastic sleeve and arelabeled directly in pencil on the back of each print.Prints are also included in the envelopes containingthe site files. These photographs are labeled in avariety of methods; some are labeled directly on theback in ink, while some have typed adhesive labelsapplied to the back. They are housed in plasticsleeves, as well as manila folders, and acidicenvelopes. Slides are also present in these filesand are enclosed in an acidic envelope.Photographic records account for 1.5 linear inchesof associated documentation.


Some maps and drawings are present in the site fileenvelopes, equaling 5.38 linear inches. Most arelarger than the envelope and are folded to fit.

Reports

Copies of reports that are submitted to NMARMSare stored on metal compact shelving units incardboard magazine holders labeled directly in pencil.Labels are consistent throughout the collection andare simply the report numbers contained in eachindividual storage unit. None of the reports have been

Table 52.Summary of DoD Documentation at the Archaeological Records Management Section


Installation Paper Reports Photographs Maps Total

Ft. Wingate 0.88 0.12 0.12 0.13 1.25Kirtland AFB 0.50 — — 0.50 1.00White Sands MR 17.37 0.75 1.38 4.75 24.25

Total 18.75 0.87 1.50 5.38 26.50Note: Figures are in linear inches.


copied on acid-free paper, nor have the nonarchivalbindings been removed. Reports are systematicallynumbered upon receipt and are added to the NMCRISdatabase for information retrieval. Draft manuscriptsand copies of some reports are stored in the site fileenvelopes. These reports equal 0.87 linear inch.



All artifacts and associated documentation areaccessioned upon receipt into the LOA/MIACcollections by the registrar. Federally ownedcollections are accessioned as long-term loans fromeach agency. Archaeological materials are enteredinto the ARC database and cross indexed with theNew Mexico Cultural Resource Information System(NMCRIS) database, which is maintained byNMARMS. This database contains site, report, andproject information.


Information on the physical location of the artifacts isnot kept in the accession files, but is kept in thecollections database. The assessment team wasprovided a detailed copy of LOA/MIAC DoD holdingsand their respective locations within each facility.

Cross-Indexed Files

Holdings in ARC are entered into the ARC database,and several fields are cross indexed with theNMCRIS database to facilitate researcher access.


No published guide to the collections currently existsoutside of published reports.


LOA established a sequential site numbering systemfor the state of New Mexico that has been in usesince the 1930s. These numbers are cross referencedwith archaeological materials curated by ARC aswell as the report and site files which are maintainedby NMARMS.


All information on associated documentation, statesite-recording forms, and reports are entered into theNMCRIS database upon receipt. Information onartifacts is entered into the ARC database and cross-referenced to the NMCRIS database.


Minimum standards for the acceptance of collectionsand associated documentation are outlined in the“Procedures for Submission of Collections to theState Archaeological Repository.”

Curation Policy

LOA/MIAC has a written curation policy thataddresses processing, labeling, cataloging,inventorying, and proper documentation ofincoming collections.


While all associated documentation is part of LOA/MIAC’s collections, it is curated by NMARMS staff.


Field-curation procedures are outlined in the“Procedures for the Submission of Collections to theState Archaeological Repository.”

Loan Procedures

The Museum of New Mexico, of which LOA/MIACis a unit, has very specific guidelines on loaningmaterial, both as a loaner and as a loanee. The stateof New Mexico has also passed legislation governingthe loan of museum materials (1989, Chapter 211,Senate Bill 332, as amended).


State-owned archaeological collections are neverdeaccessioned. Federally owned collections aremaintained by the LOA/MIAC as long-term loansfrom each agency, and each agency determines thedisposition of its collections. Private collectionsdeeded to the museum can be deaccessioned, but allitems must first be appraised and then a written


request to deaccession an item must be made to theassociate director of the museum. If the item inquestion is appraised at $500 or more, additionalapproval from the Museum of New Mexico Board ofRegents must be obtained before deaccessioning canbe completed.

Inventory Policy

All incoming collections accepted by ARC areinventoried upon receipt. Old ARC collections thathave never been properly inventoried are inventoriedas funds and staff time become available.


The last collection inventory in ARC began in 1989and was ongoing at the time of the visit.

Curation Personnel

ARC has one full-time curator, two full-time assistantcurators, one half-time data-entry clerk, and twoquarter-time student workers. The curator isresponsible for curating collections, controllingaccess to the collections, assisting researchers,developing additional control measures as needed,and supervising the rest of the curatorial staff.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed in part through a one-time,per-box fee charged to agencies storingarchaeological collections and data at LOA/MIAC.Additional funds are obtained through contracts withagencies to upgrade storage conditions, performinventories of collections, and from a cooperativeagreement with one federal agency for annualmaintenance as required under 36 CFR Part 79. Draftcooperative agreements for annual maintenance feeshave been sent to five other federal agencies, but, todate, none have budgeted for annual maintenance oftheir collections. Current funding is insufficient tomeet current curation responsibilities. The curatorestimated that LOA/MIAC needs $6 million for anaddition to LOA, funding for four full-time curators,and approximately $205,000 annually to meetcuratorial responsibilities.


Access to the collections is restricted to the staff ofthe Museum of New Mexico. Any other requests for

access to the collections must be made in advance, inwriting, to the curator. Legitimate researchers mayuse the collection, if approved by the curator.

Future Plans

The museum, recognizing the need for a new facilityto replace the ARC storage areas in the LVR buildingbasement, has received funds—through the state,under the National Endowment for the Humanities(NEH), and from private contributions—to add theBloch Wing to the existing MIAC facility. Thisaddition is increasing the museum’s on-site storagecapabilities by 60%. Construction is scheduled forcompletion in February 1997, with the grand openingin August 1997. LOA/MIAC has also recentlysubmitted a proposal to NEH requesting additionalfunds to furnish the newly constructed storage areasand provide them with additional storage and accessimprovements for the anthropology collections. Amaster plan has been written for the Santa Fe sitesand facilities to study and plan for all the museum’sneed to the year 2010.

Comments

1. Asbestos is present in both the LOA and LVRbuildings. While currently judged as being“contained,” additional renovations may requireits removal.

2. Temperature and humidity levels cannot becontrolled and fluctuate in Repositories 1 and 3;however, staff monitor these levels withhygrothermographs located in the collectionsstorage rooms.

3. Light sources in the collections storage rooms donot have UV filters installed.

4. An integrated pest-management system in place atall facilities; however, the assessment team notedevidence of spiders in the collections stored inRepository 3.

5. Repositories 1 and 2 meet all of the federalrequirements for the proper safeguarding ofarchaeological collections; however, Repository 3


does not meet the minimum standards as described infederal regulations.

6. The LVR building is structurally sound, but it isnot appropriate as a collections storage facility.

7. Fire-detection and -suppression measures areadequate in all facilities.

8. The foundation in Repository 3 is cracked andallows water seepage. Additionally, some of the pipesabove the collections leak.

9. Collections are not uniformly stored in appropriatestorage units and containers.

10. All required written policies and procedures arein use at this museum. The Museum of New Mexicois a professionally managed institution that meetsmost federal requirements for the long-term storage ofarchaeological collections.

11. The museum recognizes its shortcomings in spaceand storage requirements for present collections andprojected future growth. The staff is very aware thatcollections housed at the LVR building are threatened,and the removal of collections from the LVR seems tobe a priority. They continue to rectify these problemas funding and staff become available.

12. The institution has a history of submitting grantproposals and receiving funding for projects toimprove the conditions of collection. A range offunding agencies has accepted these proposals andsupplied grant money ranging from $5,000 to$146,000 for such projects.

13. A grant application was submitted to the NationalEndowment for the Humanities (NEH) in 1996 for“Storage and Access Improvements for AnthropologyCollections.” This application was not funded and themuseum is continuing to search for funding sourcesto purchase storage equipment, supplies to rehousethese collections, as well as pay salaries for personnelto conduct this work.

Recommendations

1. Remove collections from the LVR building.

2. Install the necessary environmental controls inRepositories 1 and 3 to eliminate temperature andhumidity level fluctuations.

3. Install UV filters sleeves and film to all lightsources in the collections storage rooms.

4. Install additional security measures to thecollections storage area used in Repository 3, if thecontinued use of this area is planned.

5. Install enameled steel shelving units in the collectionsstorage areas currently lacking such units.

6. Fix the overhead pipes and the foundation inRepository 3 so that water leaks will no longerthreaten to damage the collections. Again, thismeasure is only necessary if this area continues to beused as a collections storage area.

7. Label all artifacts with indelible ink to preventinformation loss should the artifacts becomeseparated from provenience data.

8. Replace all acidic and chemically unstable primaryand secondary containers with acid-free or acid-neutral containers. Primary containers should all beconsistently and uniformly labeled on the exteriorusing adhesive polyethylene plastic label holders,with acid-free paper inserts. Labels should no longerbe applied directly to the boxes. When labelinformation changes, label inserts should be replaced.Acid-free paper or spun-bonded, polyethylene paper,labeled with indelible ink should be inserted intoevery secondary container.


183

31Museum of Northern Arizona

Flagstaff, Arizona



Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire complete rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards for curation.


Linear Feet of Records: 1 linear foot (11.5 inches)


Status of Curation Funding: The curation of theWilliams AFB archaeological collections is notspecifically funded. The cost of storing thesearchaeological materials comes from the generaloverhead budget of the Collections Department.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Tracy Murphy

The Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA) is anonprofit organization founded in 1928 as theColorado Plateau Regional Repository (Figure 59).Archaeological materials (38.8 ft3) recovered fromthe Williams AFB Midvale Site, are currently housedin a room devoted to bulk collections storage.Associated documentation (11.5 linear inches) ishoused in file cabinets in the archives room. Thecollections are located in the AnthropologyBuilding #11. Funding has never been provided toMNA for the proper curation of these materials.

Figure 59. The anthropology building andadministrative offices are part of the Museum of

Northern Arizona complex.

Collection Summary

Structural AdequacyBuilt in the 1960s, this single-story butler buildinghas been converted and adapted for use to house thearchaeological collections and the offices of the

An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Selected Western States184

collections staff. The building, encompassingapproximately 12,221 ft2, has a concrete foundationand painted concrete block exterior walls. The roof isoriginal to the construction of the building. It iscomposed of tar and tarpaper, covered with a silver,reflective paint. The roof is repaired and maintainedas needed. Structurally sound, the staff andassessment team noted no signs of cracks in thefoundation or walls. The roof has had water leaks inthe past, but has been repaired. There is no evidenceof water damage to the building or collections. Metal-framed windows surround the building, with theexception of the addition that is used for bulkcollections storage, which has no windows at all.None of the windows have been replaced, andoccasionally leak water, or are drafty. Theseproblems are repaired as needed. Utilities in thebuilding are original; electrical lines have beenupdated recently to accommodate the increased use ofcomputers. There is no asbestos in this facility.

The Anthropology Building #11 is dividedamong offices, laboratory space, and collectionsstorage rooms. The large butler-building style roomthat houses the majority of the bulk collections wasadded to the building in the 1970s and encompasses3,024 ft2. Its concrete floor has been sealed. There areno interior walls in this collections storage room. Themetal exterior walls are insulated. The ceiling is alsometal with insulation.

EnvironmentAnthropology Building #11 is equipped with gasforced-air heating units, but does not have airconditioning, humidity controls, or dust filters inplace. Temperature levels are maintained between65–68° F for staff comfort. Collections stored in thebulk collections storage room are considered non-perishable, and are not greatly affected by the lack ofenvironmental controls. Humidity levels aremonitored with hygrothermographs, and normallyexhibit an average of 30–35% relative humidity,which is consistent with the typically dry climate ofFlagstaff. The building is maintained by theMuseum’s Buildings and Grounds staff. Curatorialstaff clean the building as needed. Nonfilteredfluorescent light fixtures are present in the collectionsstorage room.

Pest ManagementAn integrated pest-management program is in placefor the entire museum. Periodic visual spot checks ofthe collections and sticky traps are used to monitorany pest infestations. Collections are frozen at atemperature of -10° F when needed to destroy pests.In addition, new collections are frozen in a receivinglaboratory prior to integration into collections storageareas. No pesticides or fungicides are used. In thepast, moths had infested the historic textilescollection, but staff have not had any problemsrecently. The assessment team noted no signs of pestinfestation during the visit.

SecurityThe building is equipped with an intrusion alarm onall exterior doors that is wired directly to a privatesecurity service. All the doors are metal panel withkey locks. The museum complex also has a 24-hourguard that lives on and patrols the grounds. Motiondetectors are installed throughout the building. Thewindows are secured with latch locks that arechecked nightly. The assessment noted no signs ofunauthorized access, and museum staff reported nopast incidents. Access to the collections is controlledby the curatorial staff.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe only fire safety measures present in the buildingare smoke detectors and fire extinguishers that arechecked annually. Dry chemical fire extinguishers,and special extinguishers for electrical fires, areavailable. There are no fire extinguishers in thecollections storage room; however, there are twoextinguishers located outside the entrance to this area.


Collections are stored on open metal adjustableshelving units which measure 2.5 x 6.5 x 8.0 feet (l xw x h). There are approximately 378 shelving unitswith seven shelves per unit. Shelves are 1.5 inch thickuntreated wood boards. For percentages of materialclasses present in the collection, refer to Table 53.

Museum of Northern Arizona 185

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist of acidic cardboard boxes(Figure 60) that range in volume from 0.08 ft3 to1.2 ft3 with the majority being 1.2 ft3. The boxes areof a folded and stapled construction with folding flaplids for security. A few of the box lids are alsostapled shut. Acid-free adhesive box labels are typedwith the site number, provenience, culture/stage, andcontents. Written directly on the box in marker isadditional information such as site number, “WAFB,”and contents. The boxes are dusty, and a several ofthe boxes are torn or damaged from compression.


Fifty-five percent of the artifacts are housed in avariety of plastic bags, including thin 1- to 2-mil bagssecured with twist-ties or string and 4- to 6-milarchival-quality zip-lock bags. The thin bags arepunctured from the sharp edges of artifacts within thebags. Forty-four percent of the collections are housedin acidic paper bags. Many of the bags have beendoubled, but are still ripping and spilling the artifactcontents into the primary containers. Nested withinthe secondary containers are tertiary containers,which include smaller plastic bags and paper bags.Labels have been stamped in ink or written directlyon the front of the containers in pen, pencil, andmarker. Label information is not on every container,

nor is it consistent. Information generally includes thesite number, provenience, date, investigator, feature,locus, specimen number, and remarks.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the collections have been processed andcleaned. Most of the collections (80%) have beensorted by either material class or feature andspecimen number. Only thirty-two percent of theartifacts have been labeled. They are labeled with acombination of the feature and specimen number, sitenumber, or accession number in india ink directly onthe artifact.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains recovered fromDepartment of Defense installations are currentlybeing housed at the Museum of Northern Arizona.

Records StorageLess than one linear foot of associated documentation(11.5 inches) is stored in the archives room of thecollections storage facility. Document types presentinclude paper records, photographic records, reports,and maps. Records are filed by site number in a five-drawer metal lateral file cabinet. The slide-outdrawers have doors that lift open and slide up andover the file. The drawers are all labeled with a paperinsert in a plastic label holder in the handle of thedrawer. The label is typed with the range of sitenumbers in each drawer (e.g., NA16911-NA17270).

Figure 60. Collections from Williams Air Force Baseare stored in plastic bags in a cardboard box.

Table 53.Summary of Material Classes Present in the Williams

AFB Collection at the Museum of Northern Arizona

Material Classes %

PrehistoricCeramics 67Lithics 26Other

a2

Historical-PeriodCeramics 1Metal 1Glass 1Other

b2

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes based on volume.a Other prehistoric materials in the collection include shell and

faunal material, 14C sample and modified shell and faunalartifacts.b Other historic materials in the collection include concrete,

asphalt, burned adobe, plastic, shingle, coal, and rubber.


Paper Records

Over half of the collection (6.75 linear inches)consists of paper records including a site file card,catalog cards, administrative correspondence,contracts, billing documents, scopes of work,background information, survey field notes, profiles,excavation/auger notes and results, inventory sheets,and analysis records. Documents are housed inmanila folders, acidic expandable folders, and abinder. The containers are in fair condition. The filesare labeled in a variety of methods, including directlyon the binder in pencil and marker, or with adhesivepaper labels with information written in pen andpencil, or typed. Paper contaminants (such as staples,rubber bands, and paper clips) are present and thepages are showing signs of deterioration.


Less than one inch (0.25 inches) of photographicrecords are present in the project file. The 8-x-10-inch black-and-white prints are stamped with thephotographer’s name on the back. The envelope isdirectly labeled in marker “Photos A81-33.”

Report Records

Approximately three inches of report records arepresent in the project file and include report drafts,finals, and original report-ready tables. The reportrecords are stored in the same manner as the paperand photographic records.


Large U.S.G.S. topographic maps, field maps withsites plotted, and original feature drawings compriseapproximately 1.5 inches of the record collection.Maps are filed and stored with the project records inthe same manner as the rest of the collection.



All materials are accessioned upon receipt at MNA.Accession files are maintained by the collectionsmanager and assistant collections manager.


Collection location is identified in a computerizeddatabase of MNA’s entire holdings.

Cross-Indexed Files

Many of the fields of information kept in thecollections database are accessible.


A published guide has not been produced.


MNA assigns their own site numbers to sites andcollections submitted to the museum. The number issequential within the entire state. The Williams AFBMidvale site has a designation of MNA 16913. Thecorresponding site number that the Midvale Site wasgiven by the Arizona State Museum was not noted.


A comprehensive collections database is maintainedby staff at MNA. Backups of the data are madenightly on tape. A weekly tape record backup isstored in a fireproof vault in the library. There aredifferent levels of access to the information stored inthe database. Four curatorial staff members havecomplete access and data-entry level access.Researchers have read-only access. Individuals withaccess to the computer databases have passwords thatare changed every six months.


Minimum standards for acceptance of collections areoutlined in the Curation Guidelines for the Museumof Northern Arizona–March 1997.

Curation Policy

Curation policies for both artifact and records are inthe Curation Guidelines for the Museum of NorthernArizona–March 1997.


A records-management policy is included in theCuration Guidelines for the Museum of NorthernArizona–March 1997.

Museum of Northern Arizona 187


Field-curation guidelines are included in the CurationGuidelines for the Museum of Northern Arizona–March 1997.

Loan Procedures

The museum’s loan policy is part of the CurationGuidelines for the Museum of Northern Arizona–March 1997. Standard forms are used.


The museum’s deaccessioning policy is part of theCuration Guidelines for the Museum of NorthernArizona–March 1997.

Inventory Policy

The museum’s inventory policy is part of theCuration Guidelines for the Museum of NorthernArizona–March 1997.


A continual inventory is performed on a collectionsubset basis, and a bulk inventory was conductedin 1993.

Curation Personnel

MNA employs a full-time curator of archaeologicalcollections, a full-time collections manager, and afull-time assistant collections manager.

Curation Financing

The curation of the Williams AFB archaeologicalcollections is not specifically funded. The cost ofstoring these artifacts comes from the generaloverhead budget of the Collections Department.MNA is currently trying to recover curation costs fromagencies whose collections are stored there, but do notprovide funding for the curation of these materials.


Access to the collections is authorized by curatorialstaff and controlled by collections staff. A researchrequest must be submitted to the curator andapproved before an appointment with the assistantcollections manager can be made.

Future Plans

Plans for archaeological collections management atMNA include rehabilitating collections as curationfunding is obtained from agencies. As a whole, themuseum has a five-year plan and a year 2000 planwhich address anticipated curation needs and setspecific goals.

Comments


2. Environmental controls are minimal in thecollections storage room.

3. An integrated pest-management program is inplace.

4. Adequate security measures are present for thestorage of federal collections.

5. Fire safety measures are inadequate for thecollections storage room and archives.

6. Records and archaeological materials are housed innonarchival-quality containers.

7. All of the necessary management protocols andprocedures have been established and implementedfor the long-term curation of federal collections.

Recommendations

1. Install an air conditioning system equipped with adust filtration system in the collections storage room.

2. Place ultraviolet filters on fluorescent lights incollection storage room and archives room.

3. Install a dry-pipe zoned sprinkler system in thecollections storage rooms. Install either smokedetectors or heat sensors that are wired directly to thelocal fire department for quick response to anemergency situation.


4. Replace secondary containers with 4-mil, zip-lock,polyethylene plastic bags, and label bags directly withindelible ink. Additionally, labels made from spun-bonded, polyethylene paper (e.g., Nalgene polypaper),and printed with indelible ink, should be inserted intothe secondary containers.

5. Replace acidic cardboard boxes with acid-freeboxes. Apply adhesive polyethylene plastic labelholders, with acid-free inserts, to the boxes. Labelsshould no longer be applied directly to the boxes.When label information or box content changes,inserts are replaced, thus reducing the chance forconflicting and confusing information.

6. Label all artifacts with indelible ink to preventinformation loss if artifacts are separated fromprovenience data.


189

32Museum Texas Tech University

Lubbock, Texas



Compliance Status: Archaeological materialscomply with existing federal guidelines and standardsfor archaeological curation.



Compliance Status: Records comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded by thestate of Texas, as line items in archaeologicalcontracts, and through donations.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Eileen Johnson

The Museum Texas Tech University (MTTU) islocated on the university’s campus near the outskirtsof Lubbock, Texas (Figure 61). MTTU has a broadscope of educational programs and resources,including multiple divisions specializing in differentbranches of natural science. They also have ananthropology division, the ethnology and archaeologyof which is defined in their scope-of-collections to belimited to peoples of the southern plains region.Approximately 5.2 ft3 of artifacts and 2.4 linear feetof documentation from Reese AFB, Texas, arecurrently being housed at MTTU.

Figure 61. The building that houses the MuseumTexas Tech University was originally constructed in

1970 with an addition made in 1990.

Collection Summary

MTTU was in operation long beforeconstruction of the current building, and has housedfederal collections since its inception in 1929. Thecurrent facility was originally constructed by theState of Texas under the umbrella of the university


for use as a museum in 1970. The museum hasrecently added another new wing to the mainbuilding. The museum building is 190,000-ft2.

The museum building has two floors abovegrade and one below, with space dedicated to securityand division staff offices, an employee kitchen/breakroom, hazardous material storage, general supplystorage, collections storage, documentation storage,research, study, artifact temporary holding andisolation rooms, an artifact processing workroom,exhibits, classrooms, and a planetarium. Activityareas and staff offices specific to the anthropology,archaeology, and ethnology collections care/storageare all located in the below grade level of themuseum. These areas encompass about 11,043-ft2 ofthe total available space at this facility.

Structural AdequacyThe MTTU building has concrete and steel exteriorwalls with masonry brick aspect, and is seated on asteel reinforced poured concrete foundation. The roofis flat and of wood frame construction with built-upasphalt covering. No cracks or leaks in the foundationhave been noticed or reported by museum staff, butthe roof has occasionally required repairs. Fullutilities are in place throughout the building, and havebeen upgraded to meet current building codeswhenever additions have been made to the building.These upgrades have included asbestos abatementprocedures, which continue to be in effect for theoriginal structure.

The uppermost floor in the museum isconstructed of wood, but the entry level floor ispoured concrete. Floor coverings in the offices andpublic areas are linoleum tiles. The windows in thisstructure are original to the building, and are locatedonly in the main lobby area. These windows aresealed and fully filtered for ultraviolet light. Artificiallighting throughout the building is accomplished withfiltered fluorescent tube fixtures. Ceilings in theabove ground levels are of suspended acoustical tiles.The main exterior doors are metal-framed filteredtempered glass, and the remaining exterior doors aresteel fire doors. Interior doors consist predominatelyof paneled solid core wood, except for the interiorbank of emergency exit doors, which are also steelfire doors.

Reese AFB collections are stored in thebasement of the museum. Floors, exterior walls, andthe ceilings in the collections areas are all bareconcrete. Nonweight-bearing walls are constructed ofwood frames and wallboard. There are separaterooms for the ethnology, physical anthropology,archaeology, and associated documentationcollections. Steel girders covered with mesh top thenonweight-bearing walls for several feet betweenthese areas to assist the museum in regulatingenvironmental factors. There are no windows in thebasement. The collection area is filled to 75% ofcurrently configured capacity.

EnvironmentThe entire building is equipped with a fully filteredheating, ventilation, air conditioning system (HVAC).This system is cared for by the university, and iszoned and balanced for specific areas of the museum.The above ground levels are set to 72° F, and thelower level to 68° F. Humidity controls are alsopresent throughout the entire structure, and these areset to a targeted 45–50% relative humidity level.According to museum staff, humidity in the Texaspanhandle is a fairly constant 20%, and their biggestenvironmental challenges are keeping the humiditylevel up and the dust down. Any artifact requiringspecial environmental consideration is isolated in amicroenvironment tailored to the specific needs ofthat object. Hygrothermographs are used to monitorthe environmental levels throughout the building, andthese are checked daily by the museum’s registrar.Custodial staff are assigned to the museum by theuniversity, and they perform janitorial services on adaily basis. Any cleaning conducted in collectionsareas is monitored by museum staff.

Pest ManagementThere is a complete integrated pest-managementpolicy in place at MTTU, including full inspectionand temporary isolation of all new collections, as wellas weekly monitoring of sticky traps by the registrar.Spraying is conducted as needed by a contractedcompany that uses pyrethrin-based chemicals. Thesemeasures have come about as the result of some peststhat were inherited when an ethnographic collectionwas obtained from Iran in the early 1970s. No current

Museum Texas Tech University 191

problems with insects or rodents were reported bymuseum staff, and no signs of infestation were notedby assessment personnel.

SecuritySecurity systems at MTTU consist of motiondetectors throughout the building and at all potentialexternal contact points, an intrusion alarm systemwired to campus security, video camera monitoring,picture identification badges for all staff, staffcontrolled access, requiring sign-in at the securitydesk for a visitor’s pass which must be worn at alltimes while in restricted/collections areas, andaccompaniment by authorized personnel, dead-boltlocks on all doors leading into the building and maincollections areas, and key locks on all interior doorsleading to offices and supply rooms. According tomuseum staff, no break-ins have occurred at thisbuilding, although one instance of vandalism to anexhibit was reported to have occurred during regularpublic visiting hours.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe MTTU fire alarm system is wired to the firedepartment, and smoke detectors as well as a dry-pipeheat-activated sprinkler system are in placethroughout the building. In addition, there are 73 fireextinguishers—a minimum of one per room—and13 fire hoses, all of which are inspected at leastannually by the university. There are double banks ofmetal fire doors at all emergency exits, the first bankof which is attached to a fire wall, and the secondbank that permits exit from the building.


Reese AFB archaeological materials are stored infour enameled metal drawers lined with ethafoamwithin a non-movable, key-locked, enameled metalstorage cabinet measuring 34 x 58 x 76 inches (l x wx h) (Figure 62). This cabinet is in the mainarchaeological collections room, D-24. Drawers arelabeled using an acid-free typed paper tag insertplaced into the metal label holder built into eachdrawer. Information on the labels includes site andaccession numbers as well as the drawer and cabinet

numbers. Table 54 outlines the material classespresent among Reese AFB collections at MTTU.Finding aids are available, and all collections areeasily accessible and well organized.


Secondary containers for the archaeological materialsconsist of 4-mil polyethylene, zip-lock bags and acid-free specimen boxes (half of each). Some of the very

Figure 62. Collections from Reese Air Force Baseare stored in three drawers of a metal cabinet, the

drawers are lined with ethafoam and collections arehoused in plastic zip-lock bags and acid-free

cardboard boxes.

Table 54.Summary of Material Classes in the Reese AFB

Archaeological Collections at theMuseum Texas Tech University

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 73*Botanical remains 25*Unmodified shell 1*


Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.14C samples were also collected during the project, but wereconsumed for analysis.* Portions of these percentages include what remains ofprocessed soil samples.


small materials such as micro-debitage or seeds are ingelatin capsules, which are then individually baggedin the aforementioned zip-lock bags. Computergenerated paper tag inserts (acid-free paper) arepresent in all secondary containers and are handprinted in marker with the site number, provenienceinformation, the catalog number, feature numbers,and the date the collection was made.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the collections for Reese AFB have beencleaned and are sorted by material class.Archaeological materials large enough to label(about 45% of the total collection) are directly labeledwith a catalog number in black or white water-basedink sandwiched between coats of polyvinyl acetate.All artifacts have the aforementioned paper taginserts for identification.

Human Skeletal RemainsMTTU does not curate any human remains fromReese AFB or any other Department of Defenseinstallation.

Records StorageDocumentation for Reese AFB is currently stored inthree different rooms in the basement: the regulardocumentation storage room (D-22), the draftingroom (D-6), and the documentation workroom (D-2).Paper records are on enameled, open metal storageshelves measuring 35 x 14 x 65 inches (l x w x h) inroom D-22 and on work tables in rooms D-6 andD-2. Photographic records are stored in a standarddomestic refrigerator in room D-22. Shelves arelabeled with a location number using typed adhesivetabs. Documentation is somewhat scattered at thistime because the project for Reese AFB is ongoing,and many of the drawings and field notes are eitherbeing used to prepare the project report or beingarchivally prepared for long term storage. Findingaids are available, and all documentation is clean andwell organized.

Environmental conditions, pest management,security, and fire detection/suppression measures arethe same in these rooms as the rest of the collections

areas in the basement. There is a total of 2.4 linearfeet of documentation housed at MTTU for Reese AFB.

Paper Records

Paper records housed at MTTU for Reese AFB,totaling 1.5 linear feet, are stored in archival bindersand loose in acid-free document boxes on theaforementioned shelving units or work tables. Theserecords include field notes, analysis sheets, sitesketches, excavation profiles, contracts,correspondence, site form copies, artifact catalogs/inventories, and field “bag tags.” Binders anddocument boxes are labeled using typed acid-freepaper tag inserts. Secondary containers consist ofacid-free file folders labeled directly in archival penwith the project name, site number, and the contents.


There are 0.9 linear feet of photographic recordsincluding slides, negatives, and contact sheets forReese AFB housed at MTTU. These records arecurrently stored in acid-free slide boxes or archivalphotograph binders labeled with typed paper taginserts. Secondary containers consist of polyethyleneplastic sleeves and acid-free paper envelopes. Sleevesand slide mounts are all labeled directly—using anarchival marking pen—with the site number,installation name, roll number, exposure number, andyear. A copy of the relevant photograph log isincluded in each box or binder.



Artifact Collections are accessioned upon receipt.There are written protocols for the procedure and astandard form that is used. The accession number isalso entered into a ledger book kept specifically forthis purpose.


Each shelving unit or cabinet has an assigned numberand each shelf or drawer within a unit also has adesignated number. These two sets of informationplus the room number is the location of the artifact

Museum Texas Tech University 193

within the repository and this number is identified inboth the computer database and the accession files.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed by site number and accessionnumber.


There is no published guide to collections, but thereare complete written collections management policiesin place for each department.


MTTU only retains copies of archaeological siterecords relevant to their region. These files areorganized alphabetically by county and by sequentialnumber within each county as established by theSmithsonian Institution’s trinomial site-numberingsystem.


There is a computerized system for databasemanagement in place, but it is currently havingproblems due to the large volume of data entered intoit. This is an internal network only, and backups ofthe systems data are made daily. Because of thecurrent problems, however, a temporary policy hasbeen issued to stop all data entry.


There is a written draft of standards that are requiredfor submitted collections that addresses packaging,processing, and labeling practices. It is rare thatcollections are submitted, generally only thosegenerated by in-house staff are curated at MTTU.

Curation Policy

Written standards for curation activities cover receipt,processing, use, and future preservation of materials.


Written policy addresses the guidelines and standardsfor the curation of documentation.


Written guidelines for field-curation address fieldconservation and processing.

Loan Procedures

There are written loan procedures and standard loanforms for the procedure, but loans are only made toinstitutions, not individuals.


A written deaccessioning policy and a standard formfor the procedure are in place.

Inventory Policy

Collections are inventoried upon receipt and acomplete inventory is conducted every 10 years.


It takes five years to conduct an inventory, andMTTU is currently in the second year of theinventory process. Spot inventories are alsoconducted upon receipt of new materials.

Curation Personnel

There is a Curator of Anthropology (75%), acollections manager (100%), a documentationspecialist (100%), several student assistants (65hours a week), and research assistants (100 hours aweek). Dr. Johnson is the Curator of Anthropology.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed as overhead in the state budget,through private donations.


Access to the collections is limited to MTTU staffand researchers by permission. A written letter ofintent, a research design, and a list of the collectionsneeded must be received and approved a minimum oftwo weeks in advance of the visit. No direct access tothe collections area is allowed. Collections are pulledby staff, and researchers conduct analysis on themunder direct supervision in the work room.


Future Plans

MTTU is currently expanding into a new wing toalleviate space stress, and current storage unitarrangements are being evaluated in an attempt tofree up additional space. Upgrades to the currentdatabase system are also being discussed.

Comments

1. MTTU is accredited by the American Associationof Museums. Their standard care of collections meetsor exceeds existing federal guidelines and standards

for archaeological curation and archivalpreservations.

2. Staff are organized, dedicated, and well informed.

3. The only difficulty MTTU was experiencing at thetime of the assessment was the overloaded database.St. Louis District staff are confident that MTTU willresolve this issue in a timely and efficient mannerwithout outside assistance or input.

195

33Natural History Museum ofLos Angeles County

Los Angeles, California

Collections Total: 7.5 ft3 of archaeological materialsand human skeletal remains; 0.4 linear feet ofassociated records.




Compliance Status: The human skeletalremains have not been inventoried for NAGPRAcompliance. Fort Bliss is claiming responsibility forthe remains.


Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with federalguidelines and standards for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation is financedthough several channels including budgeted fundsfrom the county, fund raising events, an endowmentfund managed by a private museum foundation,grants, and photocopying fees.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Chris Coleman

The Natural History Museum of Los Angeles Countycurates more than 35 million artifacts and specimens,making it the third largest natural science and culturalhistory museum in the United States. Opening in1913, the museum was built in Exposition Park.The original portion of the museum is almostovershadowed by the additions made to the structure.

Collections in the Anthropology Sectioninclude both archaeological and ethnographic items

and related archives. The Archaeology collectionnumbers 100,000. The Anthropology Sectionarchives contain 350 linear feet of records plus10,000 photographs. Collections recovered fromFort Bliss, Texas, include approximately 3.5 ft3 ofartifacts, 4.0 ft3 of human skeletal remains, and4.4 linear inches of associated documentation.Percentages of material classes are outlined in Table 55.

Structural AdequacyCollection Storage Area 1—AnthropologyCollections

The majority of the archaeological collections arestored in a 2,500 ft2 room located on the mezzaninelevel between the second and third floors of the new

Collection Summary


building annex. The room has an exposed concreteceiling and a concrete floor covered with tile. Thewalls are concrete block covered with plasterboard.Three rows of storage units include metal cabinetsand open metal shelves. There are a couple of tablesfor study, some map cases, file cabinets, a storagearea for special collections, and an office area forthe curator of archaeology. No windows arepresent. Doors are metal panel.

Collection Storage Area 2—AnthropologyCollection Manager Office

The Anthropology Collection Manager, ChrisColeman, keeps the majority of the records in his120 ft2 office. The room is on the third floor of theoriginal museum structure in the southwest corner.The floor is concrete, the ceiling has suspendedacoustical tiles and the walls are plaster. One exteriorwall has two wood framed windows. Numerous filecabinets are lined against one wall. Two work tablesare placed in the center of the room. A desk andshelves take up the rest of the wall space. A singlewood panel door has a glass window.

Collection Storage Area 3—HumanSkeletal Remains

The 120 ft2 room set aside for human skeletal remainsis located on the third floor of the museum near staff

offices. The human skeletal remains are kept in aformer office and conservation laboratory. It has oneexterior wall with two wood-framed windows. Thefloors are concrete and covered with tiles, the ceilingis concrete covered with plasterboard. Two largestudy tables are at the center of the room. The wallsare surrounded by open metal shelving units. There isa sink and small counter top in one corner of theroom. The glass on the single, hollow wood door iscovered for privacy.

EnvironmentCollection Storage Area 1—AnthropologyCollections

No heating or cooling system is employed. Relativehumidity is monitored. The temperature fluctuatesbetween 50–70° F. Pipes are located above some ofthe collections. A past leak was correctedimmediately without damage to any federalcollections. Cleaning and maintenance occurswhen needed. Fluorescent lights have ultravioletfilters.


A forced-air heating system and a window airconditioner provide environmental control. Humiditylevels are not monitored. Fluorescent lights haveultraviolet filters. Cleaning and maintenance occur onan as-needed basis.


The room is cooled with a window air conditioningunit. Lights are fluorescent with ultraviolet filtersleeves. A hygrothermograph monitors the relativehumidity. Cleaning and maintenance are conductedas-needed.

Pest ManagementAn integrated pest-management system is employedusing no-pest strips to monitor storage areas. Uponidentification of a pest problem, the conservator isimmediately consulted. Rooms are regularly sprayedunder the supervision of a conservator.

Table 55.Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Bliss

Archaeological Collections at the Natural HistoryMuseum of Los Angeles County

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 3Faunal remains 3Botanical remains 15Soil 1Human skeletal remains 32Textile 2714C 1Other 7

Historical-PeriodGlass 3Plastic containers 8

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.Other prehistoric materials include wood artifacts, sinew, andfibers.

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 197

SecuritySecurity for the overall museum includes a 24-hourin-house guard. All windows have locks and allexterior doors have dead bolt locks. Access tostorage areas is controlled by appropriate staff. Nounauthorized access has been reported for any of thecollection storage areas.

Collection Storage Area—AnthropologyCollections

Two sets of double doors provide access to thisstorage area. These remain locked. Each set of doorsrequires a different key. No windows are present.


This collection area has one door entered from thehallway and another door connecting to the office ofthe section head. Both have key locks. Windows aresecured with a latch lock and can not be accessedfrom the ground.


A single, key-locked door provides access from thehallway. Windows have a latch lock and are notaccessible from the outside. Access is strictly limitedby personnel.

Fire Detection and SuppressionManual fire alarms directly connected to the localpolice are located throughout the public areas and allhallways within the museum. Each room contains afire extinguisher. Collection Storage Area 1 also hasa sprinkler suppression system and fire doors. Publicareas also contain smoke alarms.


Storage units in Collection Storage Area 1 consist ofmetal cabinets with wood drawers and an open metalshelving unit each lined with ethafoam (Figure 63).The metal cabinets have permanent, metal labelholders on the front of each cabinet. The labels arepaper slips that have the accession number, area of

origin, and a brief description of the cabinet contentstyped or printed in permanent ink. There are open,unlabeled shelving units in both Collection StorageAreas 1 and 3. The shelves in Collection StorageArea 1 have wood boards screwed to the sides of theshelving units for better earthquake security.

Primary Containers

In Collection Storage Area 1 the primary containersare wood drawers lined with a layer of Ethafoam®

with paper labels stapled on the outside (Figure 64).Each label is typed with the accession number,drawer number, a short description, collection name,and area of origin. The oversized artifacts on openmetal shelving have no primary or secondarycontainer; however, the shelf is lined with a thickpiece of Ethafoam®.

The primary containers for the humanskeletal remains are acidic boxes of different sizes.A large, self-adhesive label has been placed on eachbox. Preprinted on the label is the museum name andsection, the date the label is printed, and the letters“HSR” for “human skeletal remains.” Also preprintedon the labels are the following types of informationwith space provided for the details: box number,geographic location (area of origin), site name, sitenumber, and accession number.

Figure 63. Collections from Fort Bliss are housedon open metal shelving in Collections Storage Area 1.

Boards are attached across the front of theunits as earthquake protection.



Secondary containers for the collections in the metalcabinets in Collection Storage Area 1 are plastic bagsof varying types with varying methods of labeling,including direct with permanent marker (Table 56).The human skeletal remains have varying secondarycontainers including plastic bags, clear acrylic boxesand cardboard boxes. Many are wrapped in archivaltissue paper.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingPaper label tags attached with cotton string arecommon with some of the fragile, organic materialsthat could not be directly labeled. Some do havedirect labels in permanent ink. The accession numberis employed since no official site numbers were givento the location. The oversized artifacts have paperlabels attached with cotton string. All of the

collections were sorted by material class, but noneare cleaned due to the fragile nature of the artifacts.

Human Skeletal RemainsHuman skeletal remains are stored in a room set asidefor this sole purpose and total 4.0 ft3. The minimumnumber of individuals was not determined.

Records StorageApproximately 4.4 linear inches of associateddocumentation are housed at this facility. The recordsare stored in the Chris Coleman’s office in metal filecabinets. The hanging files contain acid-free folderslabeled with ink on paper under clear plastic tabs.The records are generally in very good condition;however, contaminants such as staples and paperclips are present.

Paper Records

There are 2.4 linear inches of administrativerecords, most of which are correspondence andartifact inventories.

Report Records

There are 1.75 linear inches of report records. Theserecords consist of report drafts, photocopies ofreports, and published articles.


Photographic records total 0.25 linear inches andinclude 8-x-10-inch black-and-white prints andnegatives. The photographic records are not labeledand are housed in an acidic manila envelope, with theexception of one print that is labeled in pencil andstored in an archival quality paper envelope.



Accession files are created and maintained by theregistrar. Archaeological materials are accessionedupon receipt. Donor files and artifact lists are alsocreated and maintained in the office of the Registrar.

Table 56.Summary of Secondary Containers in the Fort Bliss

Collections at the Natural History Museum ofLos Angeles County


Plastic bags 90Cardboard boxes 5Acrylic boxes 4Loose 1

Total 100


Figure 64. Wood drawers hold artifact collectionsfrom Fort Bliss in Collections Storage Area 1.

Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County 199


The physical location of each collection or objectisnoted in a binder serving as a guide to the collections.A computerized database also includes locationinformation.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed between the collectiondonor files and artifact lists. Any artifact orcollection can be searched and located through thecomputer database.These are filed in numerical andalphabetical order. Photographs are organizednumerically according to the negative numbers.

Published Guide to the Collections

No published guide to the collection exists.


The Smithsonian Institution’s trinomial site-numbering system is employed; however, not allartifacts have come from sites that have been givennumbers employing the trinomial system.


The archaeological collection information taken fromthe card catalog is stored in a customized databaseusing FileMaker Pro, a Macintosh database.


Few archaeological collections are currently accepteddue to restricted space. Any accepted collection musthave clear, legal provenance and completearchaeological provenience.

Curation Policy

The museum follows a comprehensive, writtencuration policy.


Museum-wide records are maintained by the registraraccording to the registrar’s policies and procedures;however, the collection manager of the anthropologysection maintains a specific archives of records

pertaining to artifact and specimen collections withinthat section. The collection manager has established aunique system for maintaining the anthropologysection archives.


No field-curation guidelines have ever been established.

Loan Procedures

Loans are processed by the registrar using standardloan forms for incoming, outgoing, and long-termloans. The anthropology section has additionalrestrictions on loaned materials including the banningof photography, providing proof of adequateinsurance, and requiring payment of shipping fees bythe borrowing institution.


The policy allows deaccessioning of objects uponwritten approval provided by the registrar, thedirector, and the division head.

Inventory Policy

The inventory policy includes a system ofcategorization which determines the inventoryschedule of each category of objects. Only a few keystaff members know the schedule for securitypurposes; however, it is known that collections withhigh monetary value are inventoried every five years.


This could not be determined due to the secretive natureof the inventory policy.

Curation Personnel

Curation personnel include the section head andcurator of ethnology, Dr. Margaret Hardin; theassistant curator of ethnology, Dr. Chris Steiner;emeritus curator of archaeology, Dr. Charles Rozaire;the assistant curator of archaeology, Dr. Karen Wise;and the anthropology collection manager,Chris Coleman.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed though several channelsincluding budgeted funds from the county, fund


raising events, an endowment fund managed by aprivate museum foundation, grants, andphotocopying fees.


Access to collections must be approved by one of theappropriate curation personnel. All persons except forstaff members must be supervised while in thecollection storage areas.

Comments

1. The museum is structurally sound.

2. Environmental controls are inadequate.

3. Only Collection Storage Area 1 has an appropriatefire suppression system.

4. An integrated pest-management system isemployed.

5. Security measures meet the 36 CFR Part 79standards.

6. Many older collections frequently have confusingor missing information; however, the currentarchaeology collections manager has been successfulin researching and reorganizing these troublesomecollections.

Recommendations

1. Install a dry-pipe zoned sprinkler system in thecollections storage rooms. Install either smokedetectors or heat sensors that are wired directly to thelocal fire department for quick response to anemergency situation.

2. Install environmental controls in the collectionsstorage areas that do not have them. Monitor andcontrol relative humidity levels in collection storageareas.




6. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a finding aid to the collection. Recordsshould be free of metal staples and paper clips, orother contaminants.

201

34Nevada State Museum

Carson City, Nevada



Compliance Status: Collections requirecomplete rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archaeologicalcuration.



Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire complete rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Financing for curationoccurs at several levels. An annual state budget existsfor salaries, building maintenance, and supplies.Responsible federal agencies establish agreementswith the museum for curation, and a curation feefunds the cultural resource management collection.

Assessment

Date of Visit: March 24–25, 1997

Point of Contact: Amy Dansie and Maggie Brown

Most of the information for this Assessment wascollected during a February 1994 visit to the NevadaState Museum for the U.S. Navy EFA West project(Halpin and Holland, 1997). During that visitcollections from NAS Fallon were assessed; theresults can be found in the aforementioned report.Hawthorne AAP collections are assessed in thisreport and consist of lithic and ceramic artifacts. TheHawthorne AAP collection is stored in the museum’soff-site storage facility—the Indian Hills Annex,

which lies on the outskirts of Carson City. The Annexhas offices and is a storage facility for archaeologicaland paleontological collections. It is also the locationof the regional information center that houses mostof Nevada’s archaeological site files and associatedrecords.

Structural AdequacyThe Indian Hills Annex was built in 1982 andencompasses 15,408 ft2 (Figure 65). The single-storybuilding was constructed to house the Anthropologylaboratory, the collections storage area, and offices.A wing, identified as the “quarry room,” whichcontains a receiving/loading dock, was added sometime after construction of the original building.Multiple activity areas within the annex include amechanical/utility room, offices, a materials/supplies

Collection Summary


storage area, an equipment bay, an artifact holdingarea, an artifact washing area, an artifact processinglaboratory, a temporary artifact storage area, anartifact study room, a records study room, aphotographic storage room, and a records storageroom. The facility’s exterior is cinder block and thefoundation is concrete. The roof is 15-years-old andis without leaks or cracks. Interior walls are cementand concrete block.

The Hawthorne AAP collections are stored inRoom 121 in the Indian Hills Annex. The ceiling,constructed of wood with metal ceiling joists, hasexposed insulation. All of the walls are windowless.Two of the walls are made of plasterboard and theother two are concrete block and cement. There aretwo sets of interior doors, are both made of woodpanel. The storage area is filled to 70% capacity.

EnvironmentThe only environmental control for the facility is anelectric forced-air heater. Relative humidity is notmonitored, nor is it controlled. The temperature isgenerally targeted at 55° F, but according to a note onthe wall, staff are instructed to lower this on theweekends. The unfiltered fluorescent lamps providethe only light. The storage area is not regularlymaintained and the heating source has no filters. Dustwas evident on the collections near the exterior door.

Pest ManagementA professional pest-management company visitsmonthly to monitor and control insects and rodents.

Traps are used for pest monitoring. Dead insects werenoted at the time of the February 1994 visit.

SecurityThe facility is surrounded by a chain-link fence witha padlocked gate. A garage door provides limitedaccess for receiving and loading. The doors to theartifact storage area are kept locked; however, a keyhangs visibly near the door. The artifact storage areahas no windows. Access to the building iscontrolled. No unauthorized entry into the buildinghas been reported.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe facility has several fire alarms including heatsensors, manual fire alarms, and a sprinklersuppression system equipped with an alarm wired tothe fire department. The storage room contains asingle fire extinguisher near a second room.


The immovable, open metal shelves measure18 x 48 x 98 inches (l x w x h). Hawthorne AAPcollections, which consist of 99% lithic artifacts and1% ceramic artifacts, are housed here.

Primary Containers

The primary container is an acidic cardboard boxheld together with glue and closed with folded flaps.The torn box measures 23.5 x 12.0 x 12.5 inches(l x w x h). The box is labeled directly in ink with thesite number 26MN2002.


The secondary containers are an acidic envelope andtwo open acidic cardboard boxes. Labels on theboxes are written in pencil on an acidic paper labelthat are paper clipped to the container. The label onthe envelope was in black ink and written directly onthe envelope. Labeling is inconsistent but informationsuch as the site number, catalog number, project, andprovenience were present. Plastic bags were nestedwithin the boxes.

Figure 98. The Indian Hills Annex of the NevadaState Museum.

Nevada State Museum 203

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned. Approximately95% of the materials have been labeled with the sitenumber in ink. The small flakes were not labeled.The collection is also sorted by material class andthe larger artifacts are individually bagged.

Human Skeletal RemainsNevada State Museum holds no human skeletalremains for Hawthorne AAP. Human skeletal remainsfrom NAS Fallon were assessed during the 1994 visitand reported in the EFA West report (Halpin andHolland 1997).

Records StorageThe records, which are in fair condition, are storednear the artifacts on the same open metal shelvingunit. One primary container is a dusty hinged plasticbox that measures 12 x 10 x 5 inches (l x w x h) withthe records separated by manila folders. Thesecondary containers are manila folders with self-adhesive labels marked in ink and pencil. The otherprimary container is a dusty, plastic folder with aninside spring clip on the right side and a pocket onthe left. The folder measures 12.5 x 9.5 x 0.25 inches(l x h x w). The record total is 1.25 linear inches.

Paper Records

Paper records consist of less than 1 inch ofexcavation records and less than 1 inch ofadministrative records.


There is less than 1 linear inch of black-and-whiteprints. A black-and-white aerial photograph is ducttaped to the inside of the plastic folder.


A hand-drawn map is clipped on the top of the black-and-white aerial photograph. This has water damageand the ink has run. The plastic box contains one ortwo maps.



All materials are accessioned upon receipt.


Physical location of the artifacts within the storagearea is identified in the accession files and within thecomputer database.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed by site and accession numbers.


No published guide to the collection exists.


The Smithsonian Institution’s trinomial site-numbering system is employed.


Amy Dansie uses a computerized databasemanagement system for managing the ethnographicand archaeological collections. Programs too large fordisks are backed up onto two to three different harddrives and disks, which are stored in the museumvault. Backups are made after any change is made tothe database. At least one backup is stored off-site atAmy Dansie’s home, and backup disks also are storedin the museum vault at the Guild Annex, which isattached to the main museum building.


No minimum standards for acceptance of artifactshave been written; however, when acceptingdocumentation the museum requests that two reportcopies, copies of the site records, and a catalog of thecollections be included in the submittal.

Curation Policy

No written curation policy exists.



No records-management policy has been written forthe Nevada State Museum.


No written field-curation guidelines have been created.

Loan Procedures

The museum’s loan procedures have not been detailedin a written document.


The curator of the collection presents adeaccessioning request to the board. A vote amongthe board members makes the decision. Federallyowned collections are not deaccessioned without theapproval of the responsible agency.

Inventory Policy

No inventory policy is in place.


The date of the latest collection inventory is unknown.

Curation Personnel

The Department of Anthropology staff include twopermanent full-time state-funded professionalpositions, the Curator, Don Tuohy, and theAnthropologist, Amy Dansie. Sue Anne Montileoneis a part-time curation assistant.

Curation Financing

Financing for curation occurs at several levels. Anannual state budget exists for salaries, buildingmaintenance and supplies. Federal agencies supportcollections care activities with curation agreements.A curation fee funds the cultural resourcemanagement collection.


The Anthropologist, Amy Dansie, approves writtenrequests only from Native Americans andresearchers. The letter must provide a reason for therequest and must arrive two weeks prior to thedesired date of the appointment.

Future Plans

Future plans include linking all information systemson the computers, updating the accession ledger,improving the physical storage space, and creating acomprehensive plan for curation.

Comments


2. Humidity levels are neither monitored norcontrolled and there are no adquate environmentalcontrols.

3. Appropriate pest-management procedures areutilized.

4. Security measures are not adequate.

5. Fire Detection and Suppression are adequate.

6. Collections are not adequately protected fromdamaging ultraviolet light.

7. Primary and secondary containers are acidic.

8. The original documentation is stored with theartifacts.

9. Records are not archivally processed, and aduplicate copy has not been created.

Recommendations

1. Install environmental controls equipped with a dustfiltration system to control the temperature, relativehumidity, and dust levels. Monitor both the relativehumidity and temperature in the collection storageareas.


Nevada State Museum 205


4. Remove contaminants and acidic folders from theoriginal records. Produce multiple copies of alldocumentation on acid-free paper and store inseparate, secure locations. Documentation should beplaced in acid-free folders, and lightly packed intofire-resistant file cabinets. Arrange documentation ina logical order, and provide a finding aid to thecollection.

207

35New Mexico State University Museum

Las Cruces, New Mexico

Collections Total: 21.1 ft3 of archaeologial materialsand human skeletal remains; 0.25 linear feet ofassociated records.




Compliance Status: One individual thought tohave been recovered from White Sands MissileRange, New Mexico, is housed at the New MexicoState University Museum.



Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arenot adequately funded. Museum overhead funds areused to store the collections in their current condition.

Assessment


Points of Contact: Patricia Miles and MarilynNorcini

New Mexico State University Museum has beenstoring archaeological collections for several yearsand is currently trying to give them back to the landowners. The museum collects, preserves, and exhibitsmaterials relating to the natural sciences, socialsciences, humanities, and folk arts of the Southwestand no longer wants to be involved in curatingArchaeological materials. Approximately 21.1 ft3 ofcollections recovered from White Sands Missile

Range (WSMR) are located in two different buildingson the New Mexico State University campus.Percentages of material classes are outlined in Table 57.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Kent Hall

Repository 1 is Kent Hall, a Spanish mission-revivalbuilding that houses the museum’s exhibit and storageareas, and offices (Figure 66). Kent Hall, built in1957, was originally used as a dormitory. TheMuseum moved into the facility in 1980. Thehorseshoe shaped structure has a concrete foundationand brick exterior walls covered with plaster. Acenter courtyard is surrounded on three sides by thebuilding and arched gateways on the fourth side. The

Collection Summary


building has a red-tiled roof and a brightly colored,mosaic-tiled cupola. The building has proven to bestructurally solid, although staff have noticed cracksin the foundation and the roof occasionally leaksduring heavy rains. There are two floors aboveground and one level below grade. There are manywindows on both floors above grade, but no windowsin the basement. Asbestos is present in the building.The building is regularly maintained by the universityfacilities personnel.

The collections storage area, which is locatedin the basement, encompasses approximately 1,800 ft2.The room has a concrete floor covered with asbestostiles, painted concrete block interior walls, and aconcrete ceiling.

Repository 2—Storage Bays

Repository 2 is a row of storage bays used by severaldepartments on campus for surplus storage (Figure 67).Bays 58 and 59 have been allocated to the museumfor excess storage of archaeological collections.These bays were constructed during the 1980s. Themuseum moved some of their archaeologicalcollections into bays 58 and 59 in 1987. Each bayencompasses approximately 200 ft2 of space and isconnected to neighboring bays on three sides. Thestructure has a poured cement slab foundation andprefabricated plasterboard exterior walls over a woodframe. There are no windows, only an overheadsliding door that serves as an entrance into eachsingle car garage-type structure. During the time ofthe assessment, a significant amount of water from asevere storm the night before had leaked into the bayswhere the collections are housed, causing damage tosome of the boxes stored on the floor.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Kent Hall

Electric heating and cooling wall units with individualthermostats are used to keep the temperature at acomfortable level to the people who work there. Thehumidity level in the basement where the WSMRcollections are stored is monitored with ahygrothermograph, but not regulated. A dehumidifieris available to use is needed. Collections storage areasare illuminated with fluorescent bulbs withoutultraviolet filters. Museum staff are responsible forthe cleaning of the storage areas.

Figure 66. Exterior of Kent Hall (Repository 1), whichhouses the New Mexico State University Museum in

Las Cruces.

Figure 67. An off-site storage facility used to housecollections from New Mexico University (Repository 2);the open bays indicate the areas used by the museum.


WSMR Collections at the New Mexico StateUniversity Museum

Material Classes Repository 1 Repository 2 Total

PrehistoricLithics 81 80 80Ceramics 0 3 3Flotation 0 3 3Botanical 0 1 1Human skeletal remains 19 0 1

Historical-PeriodMetal 0 12 11Other 0 1 1

Total 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.Other historic materials present include ceramic/crockery itemsand pieces of glass.

New Mexico State University Museum 209


No environmental controls and no windows arepresent in this structure. It was hot, very dusty, andhumid during the time of the assessment. Naturallight coming trough the open bay door was the onlylight source. Cleaning chores are performed bycuratorial staff as needed, but had not beenperformed in quite a while.

Pest ManagementRepository 1—Kent Hall

Sticky traps are used to monitor any pest infestationsand a professional pest-management company iscalled as-needed. Staff are unsure as to whichpesticides are used. It was noted that the Museumoccasionally has a problem with beetles in thecollections storage room.


A pest-management program is not in effect at thisfacility. At the time of our assessment, an infestationof spiders and cobwebs was noticed.

SecurityRepository 1—Kent Hall

Public access is restricted to the areas in Kent Hallthat house offices and storage spaces. Staff andstudents working in the building have access to thetwo floors above grade. To get to the basement level,a key is needed to allow elevator access to thebasement. All of the collections storage areas are keptlocked. Campus security patrol the building on aregular basis. Thermal motion detectors have alsobeen installed throughout the museum.


The sliding overhead door on the storage bays issecured with a key lock. Access to these keys islimited. There is a chain link fence that surrounds therows of storage bays; however, the gate is left open,at least during the day. Campus police patrol the areaon a regular basis.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Kent Hall

Fire detection measures present in Kent Hall consistof heat sensors and smoke detectors that are wireddirectly to the campus fire department. Firesuppression measures consist of fire extinguishersplaced throughout the building.


No fire safety measures have been installed in thesefacilities.

Archaeological Storage MaterialsStorage Units

Repository 1—Kent Hall

Storage units in Repository 1 consist of adjustablemetal shelving units that have an enamel finish andmeasure 7.0 x 9.0 x 1.5 feet. There are seven shelvesper unit with an additional six inches of clearancebetween the floor and the bottom shelf to protectcollections from any possible flooding in thebasement. A metal cabinet with a baked enamel finishthat measures 4.5 x 1.5 x 2.0 feet is also used tohouse a small collection from WSMR (Figure 68).

Figure 68. A metal storage unit with drawers housessmall artifacts with paper and plastic envelopes as

primary containers. A hygrothermograph on the unitmonitors both temperature and relative humidity.



The same metal shelving units used in Repository 1are also used in the storage bays. The shelving unitsand each shelf have been numbered with adhesivelabels to facilitate locating the collection within thestorage bays. A piece of paper on each shelf has theproject numbers of the collections that should bestored on the shelf. These finding aids, however, areloose and have a tendency to get shuffled around andpossibly become misplaced around the shelving units.

Primary Containers

Repository 1—Kent Hall

Approximately 1.6 ft3 of the collections associatedwith WSMR are stored in the basement of Kent Hall.An acidic cardboard box (0.3 ft3), taped shut, is usedto house the human skeletal remains thought to havebeen recovered from WSMR. The box is labeled witha paper tag taped to the box. A black marker wasused to write the label information.

A metal drawer (1.3 ft3) also contains a smallcollection of lithic artifacts recovered from WSMR.The drawer is labeled with a piece of paper insertedinto the metal label holder on the front of the drawer.This label information is also written in black marker.

Repository 2–Storage Bays

Various sized acidic cardboard boxes are used tostore the 19.5 ft3 of collections housed in the storagebays. The boxes are very dusty and have been labeledeither directly on the box with a marker, or on a pieceof paper that has been taped or stapled to the box. Aloose sheet of paper lists the project numbers thatshould be found in the collections on each shelf;however, one of the collections associated withWSMR could not be located. Patricia Miles thinksthat staff at Human Systems Research, Las Crucesmay have requested that particular collection, whichmeans it may be stored at the Human SystemsResearch offices at this time.


Most of the secondary containers used (70%) arepaper bags, many of which are stapled and/ortaped shut. Plastic bags constitute approximately13%, and 10% of the artifacts do not have anysecondary container. For the remainder of the

collection (7%), various secondary containers wereused, including plastic film canisters and smallacidic cardboard boxes.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingThe majority of the 21.1 ft3 of Artifact Collectionshave been cleaned (97%) and sorted by material class(96%). Approximately twenty-four percent ofartifacts have been labeled directly on the surface ofthe artifacts with black ink on a white coat of paintand sealed with a clear top coat.

Human Skeletal RemainsOne small acidic cardboard box of human skeletalremains thought to have been recovered from WSMRis stored in the collections storage room in thebasement of Repository 1—Kent Hall. The box has apaper label taped to the box. Data on the label includethe catalog number, site name, project number, date,and contents. The partial remains of at least oneindividual are in good condition and have beendirectly labeled with black ink on a clear coat ofpolish. The skeletal elements have been wrapped inacid-free tissue paper and placed within thick plasticzip-lock bags or within a plastic vial. The museuminventory says that these remains were used for yearsto demonstrate cranial morphology in theanthropology lab and forensics class at Breland Hall.

Records StorageLess than one linear foot (three linear inches) ofassociated documentation is located at the Museum.These records consist of project records and reportsgenerated from work on WSMR. The records areorganized by project and kept in acidic manilaenvelopes with closeable metal clasps. The recordsare given report numbers and filed numerically in ametal four-drawer letter-size file cabinet inRoom 212. All of the records are in excellent shape,although a few of the envelopes are torn anddamaged from use and crowding in file drawers.Associated documentation consists primarily ofpaper records such as site forms, artifact summerysheets, artifact analysis forms, site maps, fielddrawings, and report drafts.

New Mexico State University Museum 211

Collections Management StandardsNew Mexico State University Museum staff informedthe assessment team that they are no longer acceptingcollections with human skeletal remains, orarchaeological collections in general.


Accession files are maintained on all current andincoming collections. This documentation is kept inbinders and shelved in the curator’s office.


The location of the collections can be obtainedthrough their collections database which details thebuilding number/name and shelf location of theboxed collection.

Cross-Indexed Files

Records are cross indexed in their computer systemfor many fields of information.


A published guide to the collections has not beenproduced.


The Museum follows the site numbers assigned bythe Laboratory of Anthropology, ArchaeologicalRecords Management Section.


Museum staff are currently entering comprehensivecollection information into their computer databasesystem.


The Museum has a Collections Policy (dated 9/1990)that states the conditions of deposit and areas ofinterest under which the museum will acceptcollections. This policy is currently being revised.

Curation Policy

At the time of the site visit, the museum did nothave a written curation policy addressing thelong-term care of archaeological materials andassociated documentation.


At the time of the site visit, the museum did not havea written records-management policy.


At the time of the site visit, the museum did not havewritten field-curation guidelines.

Loan Procedures

Loan procedures are outlined in the 1990 CollectionsPolicies that is currently being revised. These policiesaddress the purpose of the loan, treatment of thecollection during the loan, insurance, transportation,and duration of the loan.


A written deaccessioning policy is included in the 1990Collections Policies that is currently being revised.

Inventory Policy

At the time of the site visit, the museum did not havea written inventory policy.


Staff have recently been devoting a lot of time toinventorying the collections for their NAGPRAcompliance.

Curation Personnel

Patricia Miles is the Curator of ArchaeologicalCollections and is the only full-time museumpersonnel with access and responsibility for curationof the collections.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are financed through the Museum.The Museum has not been charging the landowningagencies with collections at the museum for curatorialfees and would like to return the collections to theseagencies as soon as possible.



Access to the collections is granted on a case-by-casebasis. Researchers are supervised while using thecollections.

Future Plans

There are no future plans for upgrading the conditionof the collections or their storage location, as themuseum would like to return all of the collections tothe landowning agencies.

Comments

1. Repository 2 has no environmental controls;collections are in danger of rapid deterioration.


3. Asbestos is present in Repository 1.


5. There is no means of fire-detection or -suppression inRepository 2.

6. Archaeological materials and records are nothoused in appropriate storage containers.

7. A duplicate copy of all records has not been made.

Recommendations

1. Deposit these collections at a permanent curationfacility. This facility should meet the minimumrequirements outlined in 36 CFR Part 79.

2. Install environmental controls equipped with a dustfiltration system to control the temperature, relativehumidity, and dust levels. Monitor both the relativehumidity and temperature in the collection storage areas.

3. Remove collections from rooms containingasbestos.

4. Install smoke detectors and heat sensors inrepository 2. All fire detection measures should bewired directly to the local fire department. Place fireextinguishers in all collections storage areas andinstall a dry-pipe, zoned, fire suppression system,if possible.

5. Take steps to provide additional security measuresfor the collections stored in Repository 2, includinginstalling dead-bolt locks on all exterior doors andpossibly installing an intrusion alarm wired directlyto the local police department.

6. House all artifact material in acid-neutral primaryand secondary containers, and place an artifact labelinside every secondary container.

7. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. Process andarrange all records according to modern archivalpractices and standards. Place documents in acid-freefolders and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. All records should be free of contaminants,including metal fasteners and rubber bands. Provide afinding aid to the record holdings.

213

36New South Associates

Stone Mountain, Georgia



Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire complete rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards for curationof archaeological collections.




Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded fromoverhead generated from archaeological projects.

Assessment

Date of Visit: May 6–7, 1997

Point of Contact: Lotta Danielson

New South Associates, located in Stone Mountain,Georgia, conducts archaeological investigationsthroughout the United States. A large house(Figure 69) serves as their office, laboratory,and equipment storage areas. Collections fromFort Polk, Louisiana, are stored in two collectionsstorage areas. One collections storage area islocated in the laboratory and the other is the atticabove the laboratory.

Structural AdequacyThe structure is approximately 87-years-old. Thefoundation is concrete and the building frame type is

Collection Summary

Figure 69. New South Associates offices are locatedin an 87-year-old wooden structure.

wood. The building is privately owned. Externalwalls of the repository are constructed of wood sidingand the shingled roof is original to the structure. Nostructural problems have been noted in the foundationor the roof. Interior walls are plasterboard and floors


are wood. Ceilings in the repository are wood withplasterboard. Wood-framed windows in the repositoryare sealed and covered with blinds. The repository is4,000 ft2 and has space for offices and reportpreparation as well as areas for examination ofartifacts and documents.

The collections areas are located in a portionof the repository that was added onto the main house.Approximately 70% of the laboratory and the entireattic above it are used for collections storage. Nostructural problems have been noted in either areaby any staff members. There are 16 windows inthe laboratory and none in the attic. The attic is500 ft2 and the storage space in the laboratorymeasures 250 ft2.

EnvironmentTemperature and humidity are not monitored in therepository. It is cleaned by the staff, including thecollections storage areas. All artificial lighting in therepository is generated either by fluorescent orincandescent light. Repository utilities were updatedin 1994.

The collections areas have no temperature orhumidity control, though staff do attempt to maintainthe temperature at 72° F using a central airconditioning unit separate from that of the mainrepository. Other utilities in the collections areas areidentical to the rest of the repository.

Pest ManagementThe repository receives biannual pest monitoring by acontracted professional service. No infestations werenoticed either by staff or by the assessment team.

SecurityThe repository has three intrusion alarms wired to thepolice department, each dedicated to a specificportion of the repository, the main house, thecollections areas, and the graphics area. This facilityhas areas of controlled access, and motion detectorslocated throughout the building. Additionally, exteriordoors are secured with dead-bolt locks and interioroffices use key locks.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe repository, including collections areas, has a firealarm wired to the fire department and a sprinkler/suppression system. In addition, several fireextinguishers and smoke detectors are locatedthroughout the main house.


Fort Polk collections total 35 ft3 of artifacts. Materialclasses are listed in Table 58. All containers arestored on metal shelving units (Figure 103) thatmeasure 16.0 x 36.5 x 70.0 inches (l x w x h).

Primary Containers

All materials are stored in acidic cardboard boxesthat measure 15.5 x 12.5 x 10.5 inches (l x w x h).

Figure 70. Collections are stored in a variety ofsecondary containers on steel shelving units.

Table 58.Summary of Material Classes in the Fort Polk

Archaeological Collections at New South Associates

Material Class %

PrehistoricCeramics 4Lithics 94

Historical-PeriodGlass 1Other 1

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.Other historic materials include botanical samples, soil samples,historic ceramics, metal, and brick.

New South Associates 215

The boxes are labeled directly in marker withinformation regarding site number, provenience, andmaterial type. The boxes have telescoping lids forsecurity. Many are overpacked and show someevidence of compression damage and tearing.


All secondary containers are plastic, zip-lock bags.Most are labeled directly in marker with provenienceinformation and include a paper insert with similarinformation. Bags show some signs of punctures andare nested within one another.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the Fort Polk materials examined have beencleaned or processed. All materials have been sortedby site number for storage.

Human Skeletal RemainsNew South Associates holds no human remains fromFort Polk.

Records StorageFort Polk archaeological documentation is stored withthe collections in the same type of acidic containerused to hold artifacts.

Paper Records

Fort Polk records encompass approximately5.1 linear feet. The materials are stored in manilafolders and are in good condition, but do havesome contaminants, such as paper clips andstaples, throughout.


Approximately 0.5 linear feet of maps from Fort Polkare housed at New South Associates.

Collections Management StandardsNew South Associates is not a permanent curationfacility; therefore, collections management standardsare not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

Ms. Lotta Danielson maintains collections held bythe firm.

Curation Financing

Costs associated with curation are incorporated intoproject budgets.


Access to the records and artifacts is controlled.Staff require a telephone call or a letter ofexplanation regarding the specific collectionsdesired and the needs of the particular researcher.

Future Plans

New South Associates has no future plans regardingcuration or collections storage.

Comments

1. Temperature and humidity levels are not monitoredor controlled.


3. Fire-detection and sprinkler systems for fire-suppression are present.


5. Records are kept on shelves with artifacts.

Recommendations


2. Store record and archaeological materials in astable environment, which includes measures formonitoring and controlling the temperature, humidity,and dust filtration systems.


3. House all artifact material in acid-neutral primaryand secondary containers, and place an artifact labelinside every secondary container.

4. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. Process and

arrange all records according to modern archivalpractices and standards. Place documents in acid-freefolders and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. All records should be free of contaminants,including metal fasteners and rubber bands. Provide afinding aid to the record holdings.

217

37Northern Land Use Research

Fairbanks, Alaska

Collections Total: No artifact or human skeletalremains collections; 3.1 linear feet of associatedrecords.




Compliance Status: All associated recordswill require partial rehabilitation to comply with

existing federal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Northern Land UseResearch (NLUR) is the contractor or subcontractorof projects, not a permanent curation facility;therefore, it is the responsibility of the agency fundingthe project to include a stipulation in the contract forlong term curation. NLUR has a no-collection policy,but if archaeological materials are made they are sentto the University of Alaska Museum in Fairbanks.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Peter Bowers

The Northern Land Use Research (NLUR) officecurrently curates approximately 37.5 linear inchesof associated documentation recovered from ClearAFS and Eielson AFB.

Structural AdequacyThe NLUR offices are located on the second floor ofa large office complex called 600 University Plaza(Figure 71). The building was constructed in the1970s and the second floor originally housed the statelaw enforcement offices. The building has a concrete

Figure 71. Front view of the exterior of thebuilding where Northern Land Use Research

offices are located.

Collection Summary

foundation with framed wood slate exterior walls.The roof is composed of built-up asphalt and isoriginal to the building. The building has two floors


above grade and one below and is structurally solid,with no major cracks or leaks. Internal renovationsinclude periodical reconfigurations of office partitionsdue to new rental agreements. There are multipleexterior wood framed windows that are equipped withplastic sun shades. These shades do not offerultraviolet protection. There are interior wood paneldoors in the NLUR office space. The exterior doors,which have combination locks, are metal panels withglass windows. The building is equipped with runningwater, heat, restrooms, telephone lines, and electricity.

Record collections for Clear AFS and EielsonAFB are stored in two of the offices in the NLURspace. One of the offices, Collections Storage Area 1,measures approximately 168 ft2 and the other office,Collections Storage Area 2, measures approximately240 ft2. Interior walls consist of plasterboard and thefloors are concrete with a plywood floor joint that iscovered with carpet. The offices have a suspendedacoustical-tile ceiling. Each of the collection storageareas have one wood framed window. There is onewood panel door leading into each of the collectionsstorage areas.

EnvironmentThe building NLUR occupies has an oil-operatedcentral furnace with forced-air heat. This system doesnot have dust filters. Humidity is not regulated ormonitored. NLUR is responsible for maintaining theiroffice space, according to their rental agreement.Cleaning is performed by the NLUR staff on an as-needed basis. NLUR contracts out of the office ifthere are major maintenance concerns. The facilityhas fluorescent lighting without UV filters. There isno asbestos present in the facility. The collectionstorage areas environment is identical to the repository.

Pest ManagementPrecautions are not taken against insects androdents in the NLUR offices. However, the staffindicates that there have not been any problemswith pest infestation.

SecuritySecurity measures for the building include key lockson all interior doors, combination locks on the

exterior doors, and sealed windows. One of theoccupants in the building is a 24-hour crisis center;therefore, there are people in the building at all times.There is a sign on the building indicating that it isprotected by a private security system, but NLURstaff are not sure if there is a contracted privateagency. There have been no past episodes ofunauthorized entry.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection and -suppression at NLUR consist ofsmoke detectors that are connected to the wet-pipesprinkler system. There are also fire extinguisherslocated in the office area. The local fire department isone mile from the building. The collections storageareas are identical to the repository.

Artifact StorageNLUR is not curating artifacts recovered fromarchaeological projects conducted on any militaryinstallations.

Human Skeletal RemainsNLUR is not curating human skeletal remainsrecovered from archaeological projects conducted onany military installations.

Records StorageNLUR currently curates approximately 37.5 linearinches of documentation associated witharchaeological work performed on Clear AFS andEielson AFB (Table 59).

Paper Records

NLUR curates approximately 20.0 linear inches ofpaper records from Clear AFS and Eielson AFB. Theadministrative records, background records, surveyrecords, analysis records, photograph logs, and papercopies of photographs from these installations arestored in two separate offices. One office, CollectionsStorage Area 1, has a shelving unit with metaluprights and wooden shelves. The unit has sixshelves. This shelving unit measures 0.6 x 6.0 x 5.4feet (l x w x h). Distance between the shelves variesbetween 13–14 inches. These shelves are labeled with

Northern Land Use Research 219

an adhesive backed tag that was computer generatedwith the content information. The paper records onthis shelving unit consist of all weather fieldnotebooks from Clear AFS and Eielson AFB. Thesenotebooks are labeled directly in marker, pen, orpencil with the project name, location, investigatingorganization, date, investigator, and book number.The notebooks are in good condition; however, someof the notebooks are held together with rubberbands.

Collections Storage Area 2 has three letter-sized metal filing cabinets with four drawers per unit.Records for Clear AFS and Eielson AFB are each inone drawer of two separate filing cabinets. The filingcabinets measure approximately 1.8 x 1.3 x 4.3 feet(l x w x h). Each drawer measuring 22.0 x 15.0 x11.5 inches (l x w x h) is labeled with an adhesivebacked tag that is computer generated with the projectnames. Secondary containers for the paper recordsare manila folders. The folders are labeled directly inmarker, pen, or pencil or with adhesive backed tagsthat are typed. The tags are consistent with contentinformation. The records are in good condition withthe exception of the use of metal contaminants, suchas staples, paper clips, and binder clips.

Report Records

Report records for Clear AFS and Eielson AFB totalapproximately 8.75 linear inches. These reportrecords are stored identically to the paper records inboth Collections Storage Areas 1 and 2.


Photographic records at NLUR total approximately1.25 linear inches, and include color prints, black-and-white prints, negatives, slides, and aerialphotographs. The aerial photographs from Clear AFSand Eielson AFB are stored identical to the paperrecords in Collections Storage Area 2. The remainder

of the photographic material is from Clear AFS andis located in Collections Storage Area 1. This areahas another shelving unit that is composed of fourparticle board shelves that measure approximately 1.0x 8.0 x 3.3 feet (l x w x h) with a distance of 11–14inches between the shelves. There are no labels on theindividual shelves. The secondary container for thephotographic material is a vinyl binder. The binder islabeled with a sticky note on the spine of the binding.The tag is labeled in marker with the installation andyear. A second tag, located on the cover, is anadhesive backed pre-made NLUR tag with a notelabeled directly in pen on the corners indicating thebusiness phone number and fax number. The colorprints, black-and-white prints, negatives, and slidesare all in archival-quality sleeves labeled directly inmarker with a number (e.g., 1 of __) and title (e.g.,CR-94-1). The photographs and slides areindividually labeled in marker with the title number.


NLUR curates approximately 7.5 linear inches ofMaps and Oversized Documents. Clear AFS andEielson AFB have maps, drawings, and graphicsstored identically to the paper records located inCollections Storage Area 2. Large rolled maps forEielson AFB are stored in the corner of the room onthe floor of Collections Storage Area 1. Some of themaps are loose and in boxes, other maps are in tubes.Two cardboard tubes contain 6.2 inches of maps fromprojects conducted on Eielson AFB. The cardboardtubes are labeled with acidic paper tags taped to thetube. The tags are labeled in marker with theinstallation, date, and contents. These maps are ingood condition.

Collections Management StandardsNLUR is not a permanent curation facility; therefore,collections management standards are not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

There is no personnel dedicated to the curation ofcollections; however, NLUR has a staff of fivepeople. There is an administrative assistant, a graphicspecialist/archaeologist, two staff archaeologists, andtwo owners/archaeologists.

Table 59.Major Classes of Documentation

at the Northern Land Use Research



Clear AFS 5.00 2.75 1.00 0.25 9.00Eielson AFB 15.00 6.00 0.25 7.25 28.50



Curation Financing

NLUR is the contractors or subcontractors ofprojects, not a permanent curation facility; therefore,it is the responsibility of the agency funding theproject to include a stipulation in the contract forlong- term curation. NLUR has a no collection policy,but if archaeological materials are made they are sentto the University of Alaska Museum in Fairbanks.


Access to the collections is controlled by theNLUR staff.

Future Plans

NLUR does not have a collection policy and is not acuration facility; therefore, it does not have any plansfor curation.

Comments

1. The 600 University Plaza Building has a centralfurnace with forced air that does not have dust filters.Humidity is not controlled or monitored.

2. There is not an integrated pest-management systemthat includes both monitoring and control.

3. The building has a security system that includeskey locks on all interior doors, combination locks on

all exterior doors, sealed windows, and possibly aprivate security company.

4. The repository has a fire-detection system thatconsists of smoke detectors that are directlyconnected to the wet-pipe sprinkler system. Thefire-suppression system in the repository consists offire extinguishers.

5. Documentation is stored on wood shelves, in metalfiling cabinets, and on the floor. Metal, plastic, andrubber contaminants are present on the paper records.

Recommendations


2. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Place documentation in acid-free folders,and lightly packed into fire-resistant file cabinets.Arrange documentation in a logical order, andprovide a finding aid to the collection. Records shouldbe free of metal staples and paper clips, or othercontaminants. Place the photographic material inarchival-quality photographic sleeves, label properly,and store in a secure storage unit.

221

38Northland Research

Flagstaff, Arizona

Collections Total: 7.9 ft3 of archaeological material;no associated records.


Compliance Status: The archeologicalmaterials require complete rehabilitation to complywith existing federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological curation.



Status of Curation Funding: The temporary storageof the Yuma Proving Ground collection at NorthlandResearch is not funded. The collection storage isprovided as a part of the ongoing research contractbetween Yuma Proving Ground and NorthlandResearch.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Steven Dosh

Northland Research, located in Flagstaff, Arizona,houses approximately 7.9 ft3 of archaeologicalcollections recovered from Yuma Proving Ground(YPG). No YPG project documentation is currentlyhoused at Northland.

Structural AdequacyThe building housing Northland Research (Figure 72)was constructed in 1920 as a duplex, but laterfunctioned as a bus repair facility and then a localtelevision station before being remodeled into officespace for occupation by Northland Research in 1983–1984. The single story building occupies an area of

Figure 72. The offices of Northland Research.

approximately 5,850 ft2 and is constructed withconcrete and stone exterior walls on a concretefoundation. Both the foundation and walls werereported to be structurally solid with no cracks orleaks. The roof, covered with composition shingles,was approximately 10-years-old at the time of

Collection Summary


assessment and was reportedly scheduled to bereplaced during the spring of 1997.

The collection materials from YPG are storedon open metal shelves in the office of Steven Dosh,YPG project manager. In this office the floor isconcrete covered with carpet, the walls areplasterboard on metal studs, and the ceiling issuspended acoustical tiles. There are no windows andonly one wood-panel interior door with key lock. Theoffice occupies an area of approximately 150 ft2.

EnvironmentThe facility is heated and partially air conditioned buthas no system to monitor or regulate building interiorhumidity. There are dust filters on the environmentalcontrols. The building is regularly maintained by amaintenance staff that is provided by the buildingowner. There is no asbestos present and no hazardouschemicals are used or stored within the facility.Unfiltered fluorescent lighting is used throughoutthe building.

Pest ManagementThere is no specific program of pest monitoring oreradication; rather, pest control is undertaken on anas-needed basis. There were no reported or observedsigns of insect or rodent infestation within the building.

SecurityBuilding security measures include dead-bolt locks,controlled access, and window locks. One previousbreak-in to the facility was reported, although nocollection materials were disturbed. All windows areconsidered to be accessible from the outside. Thereare no special security measures provided for roomshousing DoD collection materials.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection and -suppression within the facility islimited to wall mounted fire extinguishers that areinspected annually by the Flagstaff fire department.


The YPG collection materials are stored on openmetal shelves in the office of Steven Dosh, projectmanager (Figure 73). The collection is organized inprimary container boxes by installation and deliveryorder number. Table 60 summarizes the materialclasses present in the YPG collection.

Primary Containers

The nine primary containers consist of eight acidiccardboard boxes and one acidic brown paper grocery

Table 60.Summary of Material Classes in the Yuma Proving

Ground Collections at Northland Research

Material Class %

PrehistoricCeramics 72Lithics 27

Historical-PeriodGlass <1Metal <1

Total 100


Figure 73. Collections from Yuma Proving Groundare housed in acidic cardboard boxes on

metal shelves.

Northland Research 223

bag. The collection totals approximately 7.9 ft3 andprimary containers range in volume from 0.3 ft3 to1.3 ft3. Direct labeling in black marker on eachprimary container specifies the project and deliveryorder number. The primary container boxes vary inconstruction with approximately half being taped orglued, with folding flap security, and the remainderbeing of folded construction with a telescoping lid.Four of the nine primary containers exhibit tears orcompression damage.


Secondary containers include acidic brown paperbags and plastic grocery bags that are labeled directlywith black ink. The paper bags are secured by foldingthe tops and fastening with rubber bands, and theplastic grocery bags are secured by tying the handlesinto a knot. There are tertiary containers nested intotwo of the secondary containers. Tertiary containersconsist of stapled paper bags and nonarchival, zip-lock plastic bags. The type of secondary containerlabeling varies, with some bags having theinformation filled in on a standard ink stamp formand others having the information hand writtenwithout the stamped form. Secondary labelinformation is generally consistent. Some tertiarycontainers have paper tag insert labels written in inkon ruled notebook paper.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll collection materials are cleaned before packagingbut only a small portion of the individual artifacts arelabeled.

Human Skeletal RemainsNorthland Research is not curating any humanskeletal remains recovered from YPG.

Records StorageNo project documentation was present at NorthlandResearch.

Collections Management StandardsNorthland Research is not a permanent curationfacility; therefore, collections management standardswere not addressed during the assessment.

Curation Personnel

There are no personnel specifically assigned to thecuration of archaeological materials.


The collection materials are stored in the office ofSteven Dosh and are accessible by other NorthlandResearch staff.

Future Plans

No future plans were indicated for buildingrenovation. Currently, Northland Research isawaiting a decision from YPG regarding thepermanent disposition of collections.

Comments


2. No standard pest management system has beenimplemented in the building.

3. Intrusion detection and deterrent measures for thefacility do not meet the guidelines established in 36CFR Part 79.

4. Fire-detection devices are absent in the facility.Adequate and appropriate fire-suppression devicesalso are lacking.

5. All collections are housed in acidic cardboardboxes; secondary containers consist of acidic paperbags and nonarchival quality plastic bags.

6. No project documentation was present atNorthland Research.

7. Lighting in the collection storage area does nothave ultraviolet filters in place.


8. Environmental controls are not present throughoutthe facility.

Recommendations

1. Transfer archaeological collections to a permanentrepository that meets the curation standards outlinedin 36 CFR Part 79. Coordinate with applicableinstallations to establish Memoranda of Agreementfor the permanent disposition of the collections.

2. Label all Artifact Collections with indelible ink toprevent information loss if Artifact Collections areseparated from provenience data.

3. Replace secondary containers with 4-mil, zip-lock,polyethylene plastic bags, and label with indelible ink.Make labels for secondary containers from spun-bonded, polyethylene paper (e.g., Nalgene polypaper),label in indelible ink, and insert into the secondarycontainers.

4. Replace acidic cardboard boxes with acid-freeboxes. Apply adhesive polyethylene plastic labelholders, with acid-free inserts, to boxes. Labelsshould no longer be applied directly to the boxes.When label information or box content changes,inserts are replaced, thus reducing the chance forconflicting or confusing information.

225

1944. It gained its present title and standing in 1970.The university occupies 916 acres immediately westof the city of Natchitoches, Louisiana. TheDepartment of Social Sciences, where archaeologicalcollections are housed, is located in Kyser Hall(Figure 74).

Structural AdequacyKyser Hall was built between 1970 and 1971 as aclassroom building. It also contains offices, theFolklife Center, the Williamson Museum, two

39Northwestern State University

Natchitoches, Louisiana

Table 61.Volume of Archaeological Collections at NSU

Installation ft3

Louisiana AAP 16.0Fort Polk 0.1

Total 16.1






Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire partial to complete rehabilitation to complywith existing federal guidelines and standards forarchival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded through the budget of the Department ofSocial Sciences at Northwestern State University ofLouisiana and through contracts with depositors.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Hiram “Pete” Gregory

Approximately 16.1 ft3 of boxed artifacts and7.7 linear feet of associated documentation fromLouisiana AAP and Fort Polk were examined at theNorthwestern State University (NSU) inNatchitoches, Louisiana (Table 61). The collectionsconsist of both historical-period and prehistoricelements (see Table 62). Associated documentationconsists of paper records, reports, photographicrecords, and maps.

NSU was established in 1884 as a LouisianaState Normal School for the preparation of teachers.The school became Northwestern State College ofLouisiana by an act of the Louisiana legislation in

Collection Summary


archaeology laboratories, the social sciencedepartment, and the microbiology department. Aconservation laboratory was recently added. Thefoundation of the building is concrete slab and beam,which was resealed in 1996 and found to bestructurally sound. The four-story building is of brickmasonry construction with no floors below grade.The interior walls were being repainted during theevaluation. The current gravel and tar roof is15-years-old and was resurfaced two years ago. Thenumerous windows in the building have wood framesand most appear to have been renovated. There is noevidence of window leaks, and all are equipped withshades. The gutter system, the front porch ceiling, the

front porch pillars, and floor joints are all eitheradditions or major modifications. Overall, the structureis solid, with no cracks or leaks.

Room 215A, the artifact storage room, hastile floors, painted concrete block walls, and asuspended acoustical-tile ceiling. The room covers68 ft2 and has no windows. It is an interior room,accessed through Room 215. The door to the hall issolid wood, and the interior door to Room 215A ispacked wood.

Records are stored in Dr. Hiram Gregory’soffice, which is a 279 ft2 room with a tile floor,painted concrete block walls, and a suspendedacoustical tile ceiling. There are two west-facingwindows in the room. The aluminum frame windowsmeasure 2 x 5 feet (w x h) and are shaded. There aretwo interior wood panel doors to this office.

EnvironmentKyser Hall is equipped with central air conditioningand has an electric forced-air heating system that ispowered by its own generator. The temperature of thebuilding is maintained at around 70° F. The humidityremains between 30–40%, although it is not routinelymonitored. Dust filters are not in place on the ductwork in the building. Since Kyser Hall is a classroomfacility, there is a high volume of pedestrian trafficthrough the building that generates a fair amount ofdust. Fluorescent lighting in the record storage roomis not filtered for ultraviolet radiation. This area andthe rest of the building is cleaned daily by themaintenance staff of the university. The artifactcollection storage area is not accessible to themaintenance staff, and Dr. Gregory maintains thisarea on a monthly basis. The artifact storage room isilluminated by nonfiltered, incandescent lighting butthese fixtures remain off most of the time. Most rawasbestos has been removed from the building,although some remains in the mechanical room,which is inspected every six months as part of anabatement program.

Pest ManagementThe university is responsible for pest-management inKyser Hall. The building is sprayed monthly againstpotential infestation. The collection storage area andthe records storage area are on this schedule. In the


Fort Polk and Louisiana AAP Collectionsat Northwestern State University

Material Class LAAP Fort Polk Total

PrehistoricLithics 26 80 26Ceramics 4 20 4Soil 10 – 10

Historical-PeriodCeramics 14 – 14Glass 12 – 12Metal 16 – 16Brick/Masonry 17 – 17Other 1 – 1

Total 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.Other historic materials include faunal remains and charcoalsamples.

Figure 74. Kyser Hall, where the Department ofSocial Sciences is located and archaeological

collections are housed.

Northwestern State University 227

past there have been signs of roach infestation, aswell as ants. The team saw no signs of infestation atthe time of the evaluation.

SecurityKyser Hall is locked between the hours of 10:00 p.m.and 7:00 a.m., but all faculty members have keys tothe building. The university police patrol the buildingtwice each night. The campus radio station is locatedin Kyser Hall and is open at all times, but has aseparate entrance from the rest of the building. Thebuilding is not wired with an intrusion alarm system.The exterior doors to the building are secured withkey locks and dead bolts. The artifact storage room issecured with a key lock. The record storage area hasboth a key lock and a dead-bolt lock. The onlyincident of unauthorized access to the building in thepast was a break-in through a museum widow. A casein the museum was vandalized and projectile pointswere stolen. Most of the points were recovered.These points were not part of any federal collectionheld by NSU.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe building was constructed with fire doors and firewalls, and most of the building is of brick/masonryconstruction. Smoke detectors are installed in thebuilding along with manual fire alarms that are wiredto the fire department. Fire extinguishers with currentinspection dates are located throughout the buildingincluding the archaeology laboratory, the second floorhallway, and the record storage room. There is not anextinguisher present in the artifact storage room; thenearest fire extinguisher is located across the hallfrom this room.

Archaeological Storage MaterialsCollections from Louisiana AAP curated at NSUequal 16 ft3. A small collection from Fort Polk(0.1 ft3) is also curated at this facility. For abreakdown of material classes present in thesecollections, refer to Table 62.

Storage Units

Collections are stored on unsealed wooden shelvingunits constructed of plywood and two by fours

(Figure 80). The units were constructed in the storagerooms and vary in size to fit the dimension of the area.

Primary Containers

All the collections are stored in acidic cardboardboxes ranging in size from 0.1 ft3 to 1.6 ft3. Many ofthese boxes are compressed and overpacked. Theboxes are constructed with glue and tape. Most of theboxes are secured with folding flaps or attached lids,although several have telescoping lids. Eleven of the14 boxes examined are labeled directly in marker;two boxes have adhesive labels with informationwritten in marker; one box is directly labeled and hasan adhesive label. Label information is not consistentfrom box to box. Some boxes are merely labeled withthe installation and project area name. Other boxesinclude accession numbers, project name, contractorname, site numbers, installation, box number, contents,and processing status.


Most of the artifacts (95%) in the boxes are in plasticbags, both of archival-quality and non-archival. Fivepercent of the artifacts are loose inside the boxes.Some of the loose materials are wrapped innewspaper. Of the plastic bags, about half are

Figure 80. Artifacts are stored in a variety of acidiccardboard boxes on wooden shelving units in

Room 215A in Kyser Hall.


secured with zip-locks and half are secured with twistties, with several of the plastic bags having a foldedclosure. Plastic or paper bags are contained withinsome of the secondary plastic bags, and styrofoampacking peanuts are present in several of the bags asadditional protection for the artifacts. About half ofthe bags (49%) are directly labeled in marker. Thirty-two percent of the bags are not labeled, and 19%have paper label inserts.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned (100%) andmost (81%) have been directly labeled on the surfaceof the artifact in ink. The majority of the collectionshave been sorted (71%) by material class inindividual plastic bags.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains are associated with thecollections housed at NSU. It is their current policy tonot curate burials, because they do not have adequatespace. They do have a signed agreement with aNative American tribal group to co-curate burials asdeemed appropriate by the tribe.

Records StorageApproximately 7.7 linear feet (92.5 linear inches) ofassociated documentation from the Louisiana AAPwere assessed during this visit. The majority of therecords are stored with the archaeological materials inRoom 215A, either in their own box, or in the samebox as the artifacts. A small amount of records isstored in a metal file cabinet with otherdocumentation in Dr. Gregory’s office. This is acollection of documentation specifically from theLouisiana AAP/Bayou Dorcheat Cultural ResourceSurvey of 1990 and accounts for 8% (7.5 linearinches) of the total documentation assessed.

Paper Records

The paper records constitute 44% of the totaldocumentation (41 inches). These records includeadministrative records, background records, scopesof work, field notes, excavation records, artifactinventories, site forms, and catalog records. The

records are stored in a variety of secondarycontainers including paper envelopes, file folders, andthree-ring binders. They are also bound with staples,paper clips or binder clips. A few of the records arealso stored loose.

Report Records

There are approximately 7 linear inches of boundreports that constitutes 8% of the records. They arestored with other documentation by project.


Photographic records, including black and whitecontact prints, negatives, and slides, amount to 46%of the documentation collections (43 linear inches).Each negative is stored individually in an archivalplastic sleeve within an archival paper envelope. Theblack and white photographic contact print is glued tothe exterior of each envelope along with writteninformation about the photograph. Some of the slidesare in archival plastic sleeves and are labeled directlyin ink. A collection of slides from the Louisiana AAPTesting and Survey-RDX project remains in theoriginal cardboard or plastic containers.


Only 2%, or 1.5 linear inches, of the associateddocumentation consist of maps. These documents aresmall maps and drawings of sites.



Materials and associated documentation are acceptedfor curation at NSU, but are not formallyaccessioned. NSU does not have the staff to cataloguecollections and assign numbers. An inventory isrequired to accompany incoming collections. Aninventory is not physically verified against thecollection. Most collections are stored in the samecondition they come to NSU for curation. Basic filesare maintained on the collections housed at NSU.

Northwestern State University 229


The location of the collection within the repository isnot identified in the files. NSU curates federalcollections, state collections, and universitycollections. These three broad categories are thegeneral order in which the collections are grouped instorage. Collections from specific projects are alsohoused together.

Cross-Indexed Files

There is no overall cataloging system for collectionsand no files are cross indexed.


A published guide to the collections has never beenproduced outside of the project reports.


Jeff Girard is a regional archaeologist for the state ofLouisiana and has an office at NSU in Kyser Hall.Site-records he maintains for the region are the onlysite-records administered at the repository.


NSU does not have a computerized database for themanagement of the archaeological collections andassociated documentation they curate.


NSU does not have a minimum standard ofacceptance for collections they curate.

Curation Policy

NSU has a drafted plan for curation, which closelyfollows that of the state of Louisiana. This planaddresses the receipt, the processing, and the use ofmaterials. NSU does not have the resources toprocess and catalogue all the materials they curate.They request that collections are already processedupon receipt, and a written inventory be included withthe collection. The use of the materials is dictated bythe agency to which the collection belongs. Materialsthat fall under the jurisdiction of the Native AmericanGraves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)require tribal permission for use.


There is no policy or guidelines for the curation ofassociated documentation at NSU.


No field-curation guidelines are required orfollowed for collections made by or accepted byNSU for curation.

Loan Procedures

NSU does not loan out any material.


NSU only deaccessions collections when it isstipulated in the contract with the depositing agency.In this instance, the contract must also stipulate howthe materials will be deaccessioned.

Inventory Policy

There is no policy that requires an inventory ofcollections. A written inventory is requested of eachagency submitting a collection for curation.


The inventory received with a submitted collection isin most cases the only inventory record for thecollection. Part of the Department of Defensecollections were inventoried in 1993 by theU.S. Army Engineer District, Tulsa, Oklahoma.

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curator of collections. Dr.Gregory assumes the duties of a curator, but themajority of his time is dedicated to teaching. Inaddition to the time Dr. Gregory dedicates tocollections, there are two student workers hired toassist him at 30 hours a month per student. Curationduties include cataloging of collections, cleaningthe artifact areas, shelving of artifacts, and actingas docents.

Curation Financing

All collection facilities and utilities are provided bythe university. The university budgets $30.00 per yearfor curation activities (this is the smallest amount theuniversity can annually budget to maintain an


account annually to keep it open). Other funding isprovided by contracts with the depositing agency,although many of the collections are curated withoutcharge. Staff stated that this budget is not adequate.More funds are needed for supplies and additional staff.


Dr. Gregory and three other staff archaeologistshave access to the collections. Researchers areallowed access to the collections with a legitimateresearch request, proper credentials, and letters ofrecommendation.

Future Plans

Written guidelines for the curation of archaeologicalcollections are being drafted, based on the guidelineswhich will closely match those of the State Divisionof Archaeology. Funding will also be requested of theState Division of Archaeology to help supportcuration needs. The Social Science Department hasacquired a building from the university that wasformerly used as a meat processing plant (part of theuniversity’s vocational training). This space is beingconverted into conservation laboratories and storagefor archaeological collections.

Comments


2. Dust filters are not present on the environmentalcontrol systems and humidity levels, while relativelystable, are not monitored on a regular basis.

3. UV filters are not in place on the light bulbs andwindows.

4. Curation funding is not adequate to meet the needsof the collections.

5. Security measures do not meet minimal federalstandards.

6. Storage units are inappropriate for the long-termcuration of archaeological collections.

7. Boxes are not acid-free and many are compressedor showing signs of wear.

Recommendations



3. Documentation and archaeological materialsshould be stored separately. Produce multiple copiesof all documentation on acid-free paper and store inseparate, secure locations. Place documentation inacid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistantfile cabinets. Arrange documentation in a logicalorder, and provide a finding aid to the collection.Records should be free of metal staples and paperclips, or other contaminants. Place the photographicmaterial in archival-quality photographic sleeves,label properly, and store in a secure storage unit.

4. NSU should derive a fee schedule for rehabilitationand long-term curation of collections they currentlyhouse, as well as for any future collection they mayaccept.

5. Renovations of the building designated forarchaeological collections storage and conservationshould strive to meet required federal standards forsuch a facility as outlined in 36 CFR Part 79.

231

40Office of Contract ArchaeologyUniversity of New Mexico




Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire minimum rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological curation.



Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire minimal rehabilitation to comply with existing

federal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: The Office of ContractArchaeology has line items in their budget thatinclude materials for processing and packingcollections and staff time used to prepare collectionsfor curation. These items are billed to the client. TheOffice of Contract Archaeology works closely withthe Maxwell Museum of Anthropology to preparecollections to the standards of the Maxwell Museum.The Office of Contract Archaeology is not apermanent curation facility; collections are sent to theMaxwell Museum for curation.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Richard Chapman

Approximately 2.4 ft3 of boxed artifacts and1.9 linear feet of associated documentation fromFort Wingate, New Mexico, are housed at the Officeof Contract Archaeology (OCA) in Albuquerque,New Mexico (Figure 76). OCA is affiliated with theUniversity of New Mexico and conductsarchaeological work, but is not a curation facility. Itworks in conjunction with the Maxwell Museum ofAnthropology at the University of New Mexico in

Figure 76. The Office of Contract Archaeology,University of New Mexico is located in a building

originally constructed as a tire dealership.

Collection Summary


preparing collections for curation at the museum. Thecollections and associated documentation from FortWingate that were examined at OCA will bepermanently curated at the Maxwell Museum. Thecollections from Fort Wingate consist of both historicand prehistoric artifacts and survey, photographic,catalog, and analysis documentation. OCA is anonprofit archaeological contracting agency at theUniversity of New Mexico. OCA moved to its presentlocation at the corner of Lomas and University in1995. The building was constructed in the 1950s as atire dealership. Since construction, the building hasfunctioned in several capacities including alaundromat and a flower shop.

Structural AdequacyThe single-story building that the OCA occupies hastwo wings separated by a reception area encompassinga total of 8,837 ft3. Offices are located in the eastwing of the building. The warehouse-type laboratorywing of the facility angles in a northwest direction offthe main entrance. Both sides of the building areaccessed through the south-facing front entrance andreception area. The main entrance is an aluminum-frame glass door. Interior doors lead from thereception area to the laboratory and to the office wing.

The east wing of the building was renovatedin 1995 when OCA took occupancy. It is constructedof cement block with a cement foundation and a built-up asphalt roof. This wing has 21 rooms withplasterboard walls, drop ceilings, and carpeted floors.The rooms are offices, an archive, a map library, acomputer room, and a storage/mechanical room.Most of the south facade (front) of the building ismetal-framed glass windows with blinds. The framesof the windows are not adequately sealed and allowmoisture to enter. There are two glass doors that leadto the exterior along the south side of the building.Interior office doors are constructed of wood.Utilities were updated in the east wing with the 1995renovation. One metal door exits to the exterior onthe east side of the building.

The laboratory side of the building isconstructed of cement blocks with a cementfoundation. Its roof is corrugated metal with sixopaque skylights. Fluorescent lights are present in thelaboratory. Walls and floors of the laboratory areunfinished cement. The laboratory is a large open

space with several partitioned office spaces and workareas. Interior doors in the laboratory are metal.Three metal overhead loading doors are located onthe west side of the building. One of these doorsopens directly into the laboratory. The other two openinto attached storage rooms with additional interiorlocked metal doors that lead to the laboratory.

EnvironmentA heating, ventilating, air conditioning (HVAC)system is not in place at the building occupied byOCA. Heat is provided by a gas forced-air systemthat is controlled by thermostat and filtered for dustin the office area. Space heaters are employed in thelaboratory area. An evaporative cooling system, or“swamp cooler,” cools the building. The temperaturecan be regulated, but not the relative humidity.Lighting is provided by nonfiltered fluorescent bulbs.Natural light is present in the laboratory area throughthe skylights. The building is maintained by thecustodial staff of the university and is cleaned on aweekly basis.

Pest ManagementAs part of the University of New Mexico campus,pest management is conducted by the university’sservice. Traps are used as a precaution againstinfestation. When OCA first took occupancy of thebuilding, there was a ground squirrel discovered inthe laboratory and the office wing had a miceinfestation. Those problems were eliminated, but thelaboratory side of the building has an occasionaltrapped bird.

SecurityExterior doors have key locks and intrusion alarmswired to the campus security. Bay doors, exteriorgates, and equipment cabinets are secured with padlocks. There are motion detectors presentthroughout the building. Windows do not open.Access to the collections is limited to employees ofOCA. Researchers using the facilities aresupervised by employees. There is no evidence ofunauthorized entry.

Office of Contract Archaeology, University of New Mexico 233

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire safety precautions at OCA are also under thejurisdiction of the university. Smoke detectors arepresent in the building, but no manual alarms or afire-suppression system. One fire extinguisher ispresent in the east wing of the building. Twoextinguishers are in the laboratory; one at the frontdoor to the room and one at a back door. Theuniversity inspects and monitors the extinguishers ona schedule, although no tags were present thatindicated the last inspection of this equipment. Thereis a large number of small fire extinguishers stored ina back room that are taken into the field, but these arenot part of the building’s safety plan.

Artifact StorageThe 2.4 ft3 of collections associated with a FortWingate testing/survey project conducted by OCAstaff are being temporarily stored in the OCAlaboratory. For a breakdown of material classespresent in the collections, refer to Table 63.

Primary Containers

Fort Wingate collections are housed in four acidiccardboard boxes with folding lids. The bottoms of theboxes are secured with tape. These boxes measure0.6 ft3 each. Boxes are labeled directly in marker withsite numbers, field survey numbers, and materialclasses of the enclosed materials. An artifactinventory on acid-free paper is included in each box.Two boxes have the original site tags rubber bandedtogether and enclosed in the box with the artifacts.


Most of the artifacts (90%) in the boxes are inplastic, zip-lock bags (Table 64). Ten percent of theartifacts have paper bags as secondary containers(Figure 77). Plastic bags and paper bags are labeleddirectly in marker. Within the secondary containersfoil is used to store 14C samples. Screening materialused to acquire the flotation samples are also keptwith the collections. Two complete ceramic pieceshave Ethafoam® within their plastic bags andcardboard supports around the bags as additionalprotection.

Figure 77. Plastic zip-lock bags are used assecondary containers for artifacts; some artifacts are

additionally packed in aluminum foil and a wholeceramic pot is packed in a cardboard box. Original

field tags and evelopes are stored with the artifacts.


Fort Wingate Army Depot Collection at OCA

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 27Ceramics 18Faunal remains 5Botanical 4Flotation 3614C 3

Historical-PeriodGlass 3

Mixed Other 4

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.Mixed other materials present include prehistoric charcoal andadobe, and historic paper.

Storage Units

The collections from Fort Wingate are presentlystored on a table top in the laboratory. Thesecollections are temporarily stored at OCA while theyare being processed. They will be sent to the MaxwellMuseum for permanent curation.


Laboratory Processing andLabelingSixty-one percent of the artifacts have been cleaned.Less than one percent have been labeled directly, butall the artifacts have acid-free paper labels enclosedin their secondary containers. All of the collectionshave been sorted (100%) by material class withintheir individual primary bag.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains are associated with thecollections housed in the OCA laboratory inAlbuquerque, New Mexico.

Records StorageApproximately 1.9 linear feet (22.75 linear inches)of associated documentation was assessed at OCAduring this visit. The records are housed on an openwood shelf or loose on top of the boxed ArtifactCollections in the laboratory area. The records are inexcellent condition, with the exception of some dustand paper clips.

Paper Records

Paper records constitute less than one linear foot(1.75 linear inches) of the records. Inventories of theboxed archaeological mateials and blank site formson acid-free paper are contained in an acidic manilafile with an adhesive paper label typed “Fort WingateTesting.” Original survey catalog sheets, floatationprocessing forms, and site catalogs of artifacts arecontained in a three-inch, three-ring vinyl binder. Thebinder is unlabeled. Tabbed pages separate sites inthe binder.


Photographic records amount to a total of 1.75 linearfeet of records, including black-and-white negatives,contact sheets and prints, color slides, and colorprints. Most of the photographic materials are storedin archival sleeves in vinyl three-ring binders.Photologs on acid-free paper are kept with thephotographic material. Some color prints remain inthe paper film developing envelopes. The binders arelabeled directly on their spines with black-and-whiteink. The color slides and archival sleeves are labeleddirectly with ink.

Collections Management StandardsThis facility is not a permanent repository; therefore,collections management standards are not addressedin this report.

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curator at the Office of ContractArchaeology. Kathy Pierce is the laboratory director.OCA has a core staff of 20 employees, although thestaff has numbered 250 when large contracts werebeing fulfilled. The staff consists of archaeologists,analysts, and cartographers.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are financed through eachproject’s contract. Line items are included in thebudgets for each project to cover the costs of packingmaterials and labor to process collections. Collectionsare processed according to the Maxwell Museum’sstandards.


Staff members working in these offices have accessto the collections. Researchers are granted accessupon request with the supervision of staff. BecauseOCA is affiliated with the University of New Mexico,the collections are frequently used by studentsconducting research.

Future Plans

OCA in the past year relocated to its present facility.No major changes or improvements are beingplanned.


Fort Wingate Collections at OCA


Plastic zip-lock bags 90Paper bags 10

Total 100

Office of Contract Archaeology, University of New Mexico 235

Comments


2. An HVAC system is not in place at this facility.

3. Temperature levels can be controlled by thermostatin the office areas of the building, however, humiditylevels are neither monitored or controlled in theoffices or the laboratory.

4. UV filters are not in place for the light bulbs orwindows.

5. Water leakage occurs from the windows along thesouth facade of the building.

6. Fire-detection measures are limited to smokedetectors, and fire-suppression measures consist ofthree fire extinguishers.

7. Building security meets the minimum federalstandards for safeguarding of archaeologicalcollections.

8. OCA will transfer collections to the MaxwellMuseum when processing of the artifacts is complete.

Recommendations


2. Label all archaeological materials with indelibleink to prevent information loss if archaeologicalmaterials are separated from provenience data.




237

41Office of Public ArchaeologyBrigham Young University

Provo, Utah

Collections Total: No artifact or human skeletalremains; 0.1 linear feet of associated records.



Linear Feet of Records: 0.1 linear feet (1.25 linearinch)

Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existing

federal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: The Office of PublicArchaeology (OPA) is a division of the Museum ofPeoples and Cultures at Brigham Young University.OPA is funded entirely by contracted research.Collections made by OPA are curated at the Museumof Peoples and Cultures under a repository agreementbetween OPA and the Museum. The Museum receivesan operating budget from the University, and receivesadditional funding through curation fees assessedaccording to the volume of collections being curated.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Shane Baker and Lorraine Runyan

The Office of Public Archaeology (OPA) is locatedon the second floor of Allen Hall on the campus ofBrigham Young University (Figure 78). The first andthird floors of Allen Hall are occupied by theMuseum of Peoples and Cultures. The Museum andthe OPA are affiliated, and they share space and staff.The Museum has been in business since 1961, andtheir facility is considered a permanent repository.OPA began operations as a division of the Museum in1981 and has a vigorous and active role in cultural

Figure 78. Side view of the exterior of the Museum ofPeoples and Culture building, which is

the location of the Office of Public Archaeology.

Collection Summary

resource management throughout the southwesternUnited States.


Structural AdequacyAllen Hall was originally built during the 1930s as adormitory. The foundation is concrete, and thebuilding has a brick exterior. The roof is shingledwith fireproof slate, and is original to the building.The facility is solid with no cracks or leaks. There isa total of three floors above grade and one floorbelow. Interior walls are composed of lathe andplaster, and there have been a number of interiorrenovations. Multiple wood framed windows exist,all equipped with shades. Window frames are wood.Activity areas include a museum, offices, andlaboratory space. The collections storage areaoccupies approximately 100 ft2, and serves as storagespace for records and equipment. The room is filledto approximately 70% of capacity.

EnvironmentAllen Hall is equipped with heat, but only somerooms have air conditioning. Heat is provided by ahot water radiator system. Some rooms overheatduring winter because of difficulties in regulating theheating system. Humidity is monitored but notcontrolled. The building is regularly maintained andcleaned by university staff. The collections storagearea is not equipped with air conditioning.

Pest ManagementThere is no regular pest management system.Monitoring is conducted visually, and treatment isprescribed as necessary. Very little attention waspaid to pest management until 1980 when thebuilding was evaluated and then fumigated. There hasbeen little problem with pests since. Specific objectsare evaluated and treated if necessary as they arrivefor curation.

SecurityExhibit areas and the third floor (where artifacts arestored) are equipped with an intrusion alarm andmotion detectors, all wired to the university policedepartment. Exterior doors for the facility are securedwith dead-bolt and key locks. The records storagearea is secured by key lock.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection is provided by smoke detectors andheat sensors wired to the university fire and policedepartments. Fire-suppression is accomplished by fireextinguishers. The collections storage area isequipped with heat sensors and a fire extinguisher.

Artifact StorageThe OPA is not curating any archaeological materialsrecovered from projects conducted on militaryinstallations.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe OPA is not curating any human skeletal remainsrecovered from archaeological projects conducted onmilitary installations.

Records StorageApproximately one linear inch of documentationassociated with military archaeological projects isstored at the OPA (Table 65) or is curated by theMuseum of Peoples and Cultures on behalf of OPA.The storage unit for the documentation is a standardletter size, four-drawer metal file cabinet.

Paper Records

Paper records consist of site forms and administrativedocuments, and measure approximately 0.5 linearinches. Secondary containers for records are manilafolders, identified with a typed self-stick adhesivelabel. Label information consists of the technicalseries number, project description, and subject property.

Table 65.Summary of Major Classes of Documentation at the

Office of Public Archaeology



Dugway Proving Ground 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.75Fort Douglas 0.25 0.25 — 0.50

Total 0.50 0.50 0.25 1.25

Office of Public Archaeology, Brigham Young University 239

Report Records

Report records consist of letter reports and draftreports, measuring a total of 0.5 linear inches. Theseare stored in the same manner as the paper records.


Photographic records measure 0.25 linear inches andconsist of black-and-white prints. Photographs aredirectly labeled in marker with the accession number,and are stored with the paper records.



Materials are accessioned using a five componentsystem. The accession number is composed of theyear, a sequential number, a lot number, and aspecific object number. The system offers specificityat the collections level or the object level.


The location of collections within the repository areidentified in the accession files or in the donor files.The locations are also listed in the computeraccession files.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed by the donor, owner,researcher, site number, collection type, andaccession number.




The Smithsonian Institution’s Trinomial System ofsite numbering is used.


The OPA utilizes Quattro Pro®, WordPerfect®, andParadox® for data and word processing. Data arestored on hard drive, standard disks, and onBernoulli® disks. All backups are stored locally, andthere is no network.


There are written minimum standards of acceptance.

Curation Policy

There is a written curation policy, which is separatefrom the curation standards outlined by the UtahMuseum of Natural History. The curation policyaddresses the receipt, processing, use, and futurepreservation of materials.


There are specific records-management policies andprocedures outlined in the curation policy thataddress the proper curation of paper records,photographs, and maps.


There are specific field curation guidelines.

Loan Procedures

There is a written loan procedure.


There is a written deaccessioning policy.

Inventory Policy

There is no written inventory policy.


Collections are continuously inventoried.

Curation Personnel

Shane Baker is one-half time collections manager.Records are managed by Mr. Baker and Ms. LorraineRunyan, the OPA business manager. In addition,there is a student collections manager, and a studentmanager for the photographs. There is no curator.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed through the operating budget ofthe Museum. Curation fees are also assessed byvolume of materials curated at the Museum.



Access to the collections is controlled by Museumand OPA staff. Staff will sometimes loan collectionsto researchers.

Future Plans

Funding for curation is not adequate. There areseveral needs, including space, more computerhardware and software, training, and a conservator.

Comments

1. The facility is heated, but air conditioning is onlypresent in select rooms. Humidity is monitored butnot controlled. In addition, heat output appearsinadequately unregulated.

2. There is no integrated pest-management system inoperation.

3. Security measures consist of an alarm systemwired to university police, but only in the exhibitareas and the collections areas. The records andphotographs are not in secured areas.

4. Fire-detection consists of smoke alarms and heatsensors wired to the local fire and police departments.Fire-suppression consists of fire extinguishers.

5. Secondary containers for associated documentationand photographs consist of manila envelopes.

Recommendations

1. Install an air conditioning unit in the records andartifacts areas. Monitor humidity levels with a digitalor analog hygrothermograph, and control through theuse of commercial dehumidifiers if necessary.

2. Implement an integrated pest-management system.Protection should include consistent monitoring usingsticky traps for insects or mechanical traps or baitingfor rodents, and control should plan for regularspraying and/or other control methods.

3. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper, and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a finding aid to the collection. Recordsshould be free of metal staples and paper clips, orother contaminants.

241

42Ogden Environmental and EnergyServices

Honolulu, Hawaii

Collections Total: 146.5 ft3 of artifact and humanskeletal remains; 7.1 linear feet of associated records.




Compliance Status: Human skeletal remains,minimum number of individuals is 90, were recoveredfrom Fort Kamehameha and Waianae ArmyRecreation Center and are scheduled for repatriation.




Assessment


Point of Contact: Scott Williams

Ogden Environmental and Energy Services (Ogden),located in Honolulu, Hawaii, conducts archaeologicalinvestigations throughout the state of Hawaii and thesurrounding Pacific islands. Ogden houses materialsrecovered from multiple installations (Table 66).

Structural AdequacyThe structure is approximately 60-years-old and wasoriginally used as the main processing plant for theDole Corporation (Figure 79). The foundation is

Collection Summary

Table 66.Volume of Artifacts from DoD Installations atOgden Environmental and Energy Services

Installation ft3

NAS Barbers Point 1.0Bellows AFB 1.0Fort Kamehameha 75.0Fort Shafter 5.0Kahuku Training Area 0.4Makua Military Reservation 4.0MCAS Kaneohe Bay 10.0PMRF Barking Sands 8.1Pohakuloa Training Area 20.0Schofield Barracks 4.0Waianae Army Recreation Center 17.0Wheeler AAF 1.0

Total 146.5


concrete and the building frame type is steel andconcrete. The building is privately owned. Theexternal walls of the repository are constructed ofconcrete and the built-up asphalt roof was renovatedeight years ago. No structural problems have beennoted in the foundation or the roof. Interior walls areplasterboard and floors are concrete covered withcarpet. Ceilings in the repository are suspendedacoustical tile. Windows in the repository havealuminum frames, have shades, and are sealed. Theportion of the repository used by Ogden encompasses10,000 ft2. The majority of space in the repository isused for report preparation and for offices. Inaddition, there is a small kitchen area for employees.

The collections storage area is a separatebuilding located adjacent to the main repository andcontains all boxes holding artifacts from fieldwork.The building holding the collections area is similar inconstruction to the main building. Interior walls in thecollections area are plasterboard and concrete. Nostructural problems have been noted in the area byany staff members. There is one bank of louveredwindows in the collections area. The collectionsstorage area encompasses 1,200 ft2.

EnvironmentCentral air conditioning provides for temperatureand humidity stabilization, but neither is monitored.All air conditioning vents have dust filters. Therepository is maintained daily by a professionaljanitorial service. All artificial lighting in therepository is generated by nonfiltered fluorescentlight. Repository utilities were renovated eight years ago.

The collections storage area is dominatedlargely by storage space for archaeological materialsand field equipment. The staff provides janitorialservices in the collections storage area on an as-needed basis.Utilities in the collections area were alsoupdated eight years ago.

Pest ManagementThe repository receives professional pest-management services on an as-needed basis. Staffmonitor for pests and to date the facility has requiredno pest management services. The collections storagearea is also monitored by the staff and has likewiseneeded no service.

SecurityThe repository is patrolled by a private securitycompany and has areas of controlled access thatare monitored by staff members. All exterior andinterior doors are solid wood in construction andpossess key locks. The collections storage area hasa metal exterior door and is further secured bycontrolled access and an intrusion alarm wired tothe police department.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe repository is equipped with a fire alarm that iswired to the fire department as well as a sprinkler/suppression system. There are also six fireextinguishers present in the repository that were lastinspected in February of 1997. The collectionsstorage area has the same fire safety systems as the restof the repository, but has only one fire extinguisher.


DoD collections total 146.5 ft3 and are stored on thefloor of the collections storage area (Figure 80). Allcollections are stored loosely by project. Percentagesof material classes are outlined in Table 67.

Primary Containers

All artifacts are stored in acidic cardboard boxes thatare glued and folded in construction and secured witha telescoping lid. They are all labeled with paper tags

Figure 79. Ogden Environmental and EnergyService’s main office is located in a building formerly

part of the Dole pineapple cannery.

Ogden Environmental and Energy Services 243

that are tucked under the lid of the box. Labelinformation is written in marker. The information islegible and consistent for all collections and includesinformation regarding site number, provenience, sitename, project, date, catalog number, and materialclasses. Human remains are stored in acidic and

archival cardboard boxes that are labeled in the samemanner as the rest of the collection.


Approximately 70% of all secondary containers are2-mil zip-lock, plastic bags and 20% are paper bags.The remaining 10% comprises artifacts that are loosein the primary container (human remains are stored inpaper bags or loose in the box). Both plastic andpaper bags are directly labeled with provenience andproject information. Throughout the collection plasticbags are found to be nested inside the larger paperbags. All bags are in good condition and there are fewtears or punctures.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingNone of the artifacts have been cleaned and nonehave been labeled in any way. They are sorted byproject and provenience.

Figure 80. Boxed collections as well as fieldequipment are stored collectively in a storeroom.

Table 67.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Archaeological Collections at Ogden Environmental

and Energy Services

%

Material Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total

PrehistoricLithics 10 10 3 – – 33 5 20 10 – 30 – 10Faunal remains 10 10 8 – – – 5 10 10 – 10 – 8Shell 10 20 10 – – – 2 20 15 – 40 – 9Soil 30 40 20 – – – 80 20 20 45 – 25 2514C 30 10 4 100 50 47 5 10 15 – 10 25 5Botanical remains – – 5 – – 10 – – 20 – 1 – 6Flotation – – – – – 10 – – – – – – 1Other

a– – – – – – – – – – 5 – 4

Historical-PeriodCeramics – 10 17 – – – 1 – – 25 2 – 10Glass 5 – 20 – – – 2 20 – 15 – 25 14Metal – – 11 – – – – – – 15 1 25 7Other

b5 – 2 – – – – – 10 – 1 – 1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes based on volume. Information on the c.90 individuals is not included in the table.

(1) NAS Barbers Point; (2) Bellows AFB; (3) Fort Kamehameha; (4) Fort Shafter; (5) Kahuku Training Area; (6) Makua MilitaryReservation; (7) MCAS Kaneohe Bay; (8) PMRF Barking Sands; (9) Pohakuloa Training Area; (10) Schofield Barracks;(11) Waianae Army Recreation Center; (12) Wheeler AAFaOther prehistoric materials include volcanic glass, worked bone, and modified shell.

bOther historic materials include plastic, tile, coal, rubber, textiles.


Human Skeletal RemainsOgden holds approximately 90 individuals fromprojects conducted on Fort Kamehameha (33.5 ft3)and 16 fragments of human bone from Waianae ArmyRecreation Center (2.5 ft3). All remains are scheduledfor repatriation.

Records StorageAll DoD records reside in standard, legal-sized filingcabinets located in the main office area. Records arestored individually by project in manila folders thatuse adhesive labels with typewritten information.DoD records encompass approximately7.1 linear feet from 13 distinct collections (Table 68).

Paper Records

Ogden houses 75.7 linear inches (6.3 linear feet) ofpaper records from thirteen installations. Theserecords include administrative records, backgroundnotes, field notebooks, survey records, excavationrecords, analysis records, and artifact catalogs. Thematerials are in good condition but do have somecontaminants, such as paper clips and staples,throughout.

Report Records

Approximately 5 linear inches of report records fromWaianae Army Recreation Center are housed atOgden.


Photographic records from Makua MilitaryReservation, Fort Kamehameha, Marine Corps AirStation, Kaneohe Bay, and Fort DeRussy equalapproximately 4.75 linear inches. These recordsinclude negatives, color prints, black and whiteprints, and slides.


A small number of maps and drawings, 0.25 linearinches, from Pohakuloa Training Area are foldedand stored in the manila files with the rest of theproject records.

Collections Management StandardsOgden is not a permanent curation facility; therefore,collections management standards are not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

Mr. Scott Williams, senior archaeologist, maintainscollections held by the firm.

Table 68.Summary of DoD Documentation by Installation at Ogden Environmental and Energy Services



NAS Barbers Point 5.75 — — — 5.75Bellows AFB 4.0 — — — 4.00Fort DeRussy 1.5 — 1.00 — 2.50Fort Kamehameha 3.75 — 0.25 — 4.00Fort Shafter 1.0 — — — 1.00Hickam AFB 9.0 — — — 9.00Kahuku Training Area 1.0 — — — 1.00Makua Military Reservation 4.5 — 1.50 — 6.00MCAS Kaneohe Bay 15.5 — 2.00 — 17.50PMRF Barking Sands 0.5 — — — 0.50Pohakuloa Training Area 6.5 — — 0.25 6.75Schofield Barracks 2.25 — — — 2.25Waianae Army Recreation Center 20.5 5.0 — — 25.50

Total 75.7 5.0 4.75 0.25 85.75(7.1 linear feet)


Ogden Environmental and Energy Services 245

Curation Financing



Access to the records and artifacts is controlled.Staff require a telephone call or a letter ofexplanation regarding the specific collections desiredand the needs of the particular researcher.

Future Plans

Ogden has no future plans regarding curation orcollections storage.

Comments

1. Environmental conditions are inadequate forfederal collections storage purposes. Temperature andhumidity levels are not monitored to preventfluctuations in the collections storage area.


3. The facility is not equipped with intrusion alarmsor motion detectors.

4. Fire detection and sprinkler systems for firesuppression are present.

5. The collections are stored on the floor of thestorage room.

6. Primary containers consist of acidic and archivalcardboard boxes with telescoping lids.

7. Primary containers for records are generallyadequate, but the secondary containers consist mainlyof acidic manila folders.

Recommendations





247

43Parsons Engineering Science

Fairfax, Virginia

Collections Total: 1.2 ft3 of archaeological materials;0.1 linear feet of associated records


Compliance Status: Archaeological materialscomply with existing federal guidelines and standardsfor archaeological curation.



Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire nearly complete rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is included in the budget ofany given project’s work order or memorandum ofagreement.

Assessment


Points of Contact: Michael Petraglia and CarterShields

Parsons Engineering Science (Parsons) is anarchaeological contracting firm with multiple officesin more than 25 states and several foreign countries.They have conducted numerous archaeologicalinvestigations for United States military installations.The offices, laboratory and temporary artifact storagearea for the headquarters of Parsons culturalresources division are located at an office building inFairfax, Virginia (Figure 81). Since the laboratory atthis location is used for processing and temporaryholding only, Parsons has no plans to expand thefacility. Parsons is engaged in multiple ongoing

Figure 81. Parsons Engineering Science is a privatecontract engineering firm that conducts work for

various Department of Defense installations.

Collection Summary

projects for the Department of Defense (DoD), and atotal of 1.2 ft3 of artifacts and 1.25 linear inches ofrecords relating to archaeological projects conducted


for Lackland Air Force Base (AFB), Texas, arecurrently housed at Parsons.

Structural AdequacyParsons operates out of a privately owned 60,000-ft2

office building—constructed around 1981—indowntown Fairfax. The ground level space thatParsons laboratory occupies comprises 5,000 of the36,000 total square footage used by the company atthis location. Multiple activity areas are present,including artifact holding, washing, processing,temporary storage, supplies storage, records study,records storage, and offices.

The repository has a concrete foundation andexterior walls are composed of steel frames andconcrete blocks covered with bricks. The roof, whichis original to the building, is covered with built-upasphalt and has occasionally required repairs.Currently there are no cracks or leaks. There havebeen no major renovations or upgrades to thebuilding, only minor interior wall restructuring toaccommodate changes in office staffing. There aremultiple exterior windows and doors throughoutthe building.

The collections storage/processing area floorsare concrete covered by industrial carpeting. Thewashing area floor is unpainted concrete. All officesand the records storage/library area are also carpeted.Interior walls are painted plasterboard, and allceilings are suspended acoustical tile. There is a setof glass and metal doors to the storage/processingarea, and a steel one to the washing area. Theremaining interior doors are paneled wood, and theexterior doors are metal framed glass panel. Windowframes throughout the building are steel, with noevidence of air leakage. There is only one shadedwindow present in the collections area, and there arenone in the library/records room. Storage/processingareas are virtually filled to capacity with collections.The collections area is identical to the rest of thefacility in terms of environment, pest management,security, and fire detection.

EnvironmentThe office building that Parsons operates out of hascentral air and heat equipped with dust filters. Heatand humidity are not monitored or regulated in the

storage/processing area because the environmentalcontrols cannot be set for individual rooms. Theentire building is professionally cleaned on a dailybasis. All windows are shaded, and additionallighting consists of overhead nonfiltered fluorescenttube fixtures.

Pest ManagementThere is an integrated pest management plan in placeat this facility. The entire building is professionallysprayed biannually for pests. Parsons staff monitorfor infestations on an as-needed basis. The teamobserved no signs of pest infestations and Parsonsstaff indicated that they had only seen one cricket inthe past.

SecuritySecurity measures for the repository consist of sealedexterior doors with an intrusion alarm system tied tothe police station, and key locks on interior doorsthroughout the building. Parsons staff also self-monitors access to the collections area.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection measures consist of smoke detectors,manual fire alarms, and a main alarm tied to the firedepartment. Fire-suppression systems consist of aheat-activated wet-pipe sprinkler system. Manual fireextinguishers—inspected annually—are also locatedthroughout the building.


Artifact Collections are stored on multiple sets ofadjoining, non-movable, enameled metal shelving.Units measure 4 x 7 x 1.5 feet (l x w x h), and havefrom five to six evenly spaced shelves. Lackland AFBarchaeological materials total 1.2 ft3 and arecomposed entirely of lithic materials.

Primary Containers

Archaeological materials are stored in acid-freecardboard boxes with a telescoping lids, about 1.2 ft3

in volume (Figure 82). This primary container is

Parson’s Engineering Science 249

Figure 83. Collections from Lackland Air Force inTexas are housed in acid-free cardboard boxes in the

laboratory at Parsons Engineering Science.

labeled (typed) on an acid-free adhesive label with theproject and installation name. Archaeologicalmaterials are well packed.


Secondary containers for the archaeological materialsconsist entirely of 4-mil, polyethylene zip-lock bags.Labels consist of acid free paper inserts—labeled inblack. Some of the bags are nested.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll collections are cleaned and labeled.

Human Skeletal RemainsParsons does not house any human skeletal materialfrom DoD projects.

Records StorageAll documentation associated with Lackland AFB isheld in a manila folder currently stored in the sameprimary container as the archaeological materials.There are 1.25 linear inches of relevant paper recordshoused at Parsons for Lackland AFB.

Paper Records

Paper records for Lackland AFB are currentlyunprocessed, and are stored together in an acidic,unlabeled manila folder with the archaeologicalmaterials.

Collections Management StandardsParsons is not a permanent repository; therefore,collections management standards will not beaddressed in this report.

Curation Personnel

Carter Shields is the laboratory director and managesthe archaeological collections housed at Parsons.

Curation Financing

Curation funding is financed as overhead in thebudget of any project.


Access to the collections is limited to Parsons culturalresource staff and researchers by permission. Awritten letter of intent is necessary and access to thecollections is supervised.

Future Plans

Because their building space is for processing andtemporary storage only, Parsons has no plans toupgrade their space to include curation-levelpermanent storage.

Comments

1. The building in which Parsons leases space hascentral heat and air conditioning, but no humiditycontrols. In addition, Parsons staff have no access toany of the building’s environmental monitoringcontrols.

2. Security is adequate with key locks and intrusionalarms, but not ideal. Custodial staff have access tocollections, and the door to the collections area ismade of glass.

3. Adequate fire-detection and -suppression are inplace.

4. Primary and secondary containers for the artifactsare archival.


5. Associated documentation is currentlyunprocessed.

Recommendations


2. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-

free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. If a box is used, it should be labeled byattaching a stainless steel or polyethylene label holderwith an acid-free paper insert—printed or typed inindelible ink and encapsulated in a polyethyleneplastic sleeve—to the front of the box.

3. Arrange associated documentation according tomodern archival procedures and create a finding aidfor the documentation collection. Records should befree of metal staples and paper clips, or othercontaminants.

251

44Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc.

Hilo, Hawaii





Compliance Status: Skeletal remains from aminimum number of one individual were recovered

from the Bobcat Trail Cave Habitation Site onPohakuloa Training Area, Hawaii.

Linear Feet of Records: 15.4 linear feet (184.25inches)


Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arenot adequately funded.

Assessment

Date of Visit: March 18–20, 1997

Points of Contact: Wanda Pua-Kaipo and TomWolforth

The contract firm of Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. (PHRI)has done extensive work on many Department ofDefense (DoD) installations on the islands of Hawaii.Artifacts and records from NAS Barbers Point;Bellows AFS; Hickam AFB; Kahoolawe Island,MCBH Kaneohe Bay; PMRF Barking Sands; PearlHarbor Naval Complex; Pohakuloa Training Area,and Schofield Barracks are located in either the PHRIoffices or in the off-site storage facility. For amountsof collections for these installations, refer to Table 69.

Collection Summary

Table 69.Volume of DoD Archaeological Collections at PHRI

Artifacts RecordsInstallation (ft3) (linear inches)

NAS Barbers Point 251.3 56.50Bellows AFS –– 4.75Hickam AFB 3.9 8.00Kahoolawe Island 37.3 38.00MCBH Kaneohe Bay 11.1 47.00Pearl Harbor Naval Complex –– 7.75PMRF Barking Sands –– 8.25Pohakuloa Training Area 5.2 10.75Schofield Barracks –– 3.25

Total 308.8 184.25(15.4 linear feet)


Structural AdequacyRepository 1—PHRI Office Building

PHRI rents office space in what was originally afurniture store, and the staff refer to it as the TropicalSleep Center building. PHRI moved into the facilityin October 1993 and occupies almost 65%(9,444 ft2) of the 14,616 ft2 building (Figure 83).There is one other tenant in the building, with morespace available for rent. The two-story building hasa concrete foundation, painted concrete block walls,and a corrugated metal roof which is original to theconstruction of the building. It is structurally solid,with no visible cracks in the foundation or walls;however, the east wall leaks water during heavy storms.

Records and archaeological materialsundergoing processing in the laboratory are located inthe various offices in the building. Significant internalrenovations have been performed and plasterboardwalls were added to create the offices. Wood-framedwindows are located on three of the four sides of thebuilding and measure either 6.25 x 7.3 feet (w x h) or2.3 x 7.3 feet (w x h). Windows are partially shadedand appear to be airtight. The concrete floor is carpeted.


PHRI rents storage space in a partially below gradelevel underneath the Hilo Shopping Center, whichwas rebuilt in the early 1960s after the 1960 tsunamidestroyed the area. PHRI rents approximately13,400 ft2 of the 70,000 ft2 building for collectionsand field equipment storage (Figure 84). Theshopping center has a concrete foundation and

painted concrete block walls with a steel frame. Theoriginal metal roof is supported by metal beams andcovered by a five-layered roof of tarpaper andEPDM. There is no asbestos present in the structure.DoD archaeological materials are housed in a 900 ft2

area where the floor, walls, and ceiling are concrete.Doors in the collections storage areas are woodpaneled. The entire building was renovated andbrought up to code in 1985.

EnvironmentRepository 1—PHRI Office Building

Window air conditioning units controlled by staffmembers are the only means of regulating theenvironment. There is no need for a heating system,and humidity levels are not monitored or regulated.A dust filtration system is not in place. The buildingowner is responsible for building maintenance, andPHRI employs a cleaning staff to clean the offices onthe weekends. Natural and fluorescent light fixturesare used; however, they do not have ultraviolet filtersin place.

Repository 2–Warehouse

There are no environmental controls present in thestorage area that PHRI rents. The building owner isresponsible for the maintenance of the building andPHRI staff clean their storage areas when needed.

Pest ManagementAn integrated pest-management program is notestablished at either repository. PHRI staff take

Figure 83. The building (Repository 1) in which PHRIrents office space.

Figure 84. PHRI rents office space in this building(Repository 2), which is part of a shopping mall.

Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. 253

precautions as needed to control pest infestations.Pest infestations were not evident during this assessment.

SecurityRepository 1—PHRI Office Building

An intrusion alarm has been installed on the exteriordoors and is wired to a security company. The doorsare also equipped with key and dead-bolt locks.Access to the keys that unlock the doors is limited.Prior to installing the intrusion alarm on the backdoor, an intruder broke in and stole petty cash fromthe offices.


A 24-hour security guard patrols the shopping center,including the storage space below the mall. Theshared exterior door has a key lock and all windowsare barred on the outside. Interior doors that lead tothe collections storage areas are kept locked withpadlocks or key locks. Laboratory and collectionsmanagement staff are the only staff who have keys tothese rooms.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—PHRI Office Building

A smoke detector in the library and fire extinguishersin the common areas and in the laboratory are theonly fire-detection and -suppression in place in thePHRI offices.


There are no fire safety measures in place in thestorage areas where the collections are located.

Artifact StorageExcept for the collections from recent projects thatare undergoing processing in the laboratory inRepository 1, all collections are stored in Repository 2.For the percentages of material classes present in thecollections, refer to Table 70.

Storage Units

All federal collections have been stored separatelyfrom the rest of the collections in a 900 ft2 room on awall-length, unsealed wood shelving unit whichmeasures 2.0 x 23.3 x 8.8 feet (l x w x h) (Figure 85).This open shelving unit is 2.5 inches off the floor and

Table 70.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections at PHRI

NAS Hickam Kahoolawe MCBH PohakuloaMaterial Classes Barbers Point AFB Island Kaneole Bay Training Area Total

PrehistoricLithics <1 46 — 2 7 2Faunal remains 3 11 2 6 — 3Shell 4 15 — 20 — 4Flotation — — 2 — 27 <1Botanical remains <1 — 2 3 4 1Soil 86 — 86 60 62 8314C <1 — 1 1 — 2Other

a<1 — 7 — — <1

Historical-PeriodGlass 3 21 — — — 2Metal 2 2 — 2 — 1Other

b1 5 — 6 — 1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.aOther prehistoric material classes include coral, volcanic glass, worked shell, worked bone, and bulk gley samples.

bOther historic material classes include plastic, leather.


has four shelves. The shelves are labeled with piecesof paper taped to the edge of the shelf, identified witha letter or roman numeral written in black markernoting the collection location.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist of two types of acidiccardboard boxes. PHRI has an arrangement with alocal grocery store to take all of their boxes—originally containing Portuguese sausage—and usesthem for collections storage. These boxes occupyapproximately 0.7 ft3 and are of a folded and gluedconstruction with folding flap lids for security. Thesecond type of box used has a folded and gluedconstruction, telescoping lids for security, and is1.2 ft3 in volume. Primary container labels are piecesof paper taped to the box with information written inmarker that notes the box’s number and shelflocation. A copy of the box inventory is enclosedwithin each box.


Secondary containers are directly labeled with the sitenumber, provenience, project number, bag number,and date. The labels, which are written in marker, areconsistent and legible. For the percentages ofsecondary containers present in the collections, referto Table 71.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingThe majority of the collections consist of soilsamples, midden samples, and botanical samples(86%). Of the remaining 14% of the collections thatcould be cleaned and labeled, approximately half ofthe collections (51%) have been cleaned; however,only 4.2% of the artifacts that can be labeled havebeen with paper labels inserted into the artfact’stertiary container. All of the collections have beensorted by material class within their tertiary containers.

Human Skeletal RemainsA single piece of bone, which was determined to be ahuman skeletal element, was recovered with thecollections from the Pohakuloa TA Bobcat Trail CaveHabitation site. It is housed in a plastic, zip-lock bagwithin box #5012 with the faunal material from the site.

Records StorageApproximately 15.4 linear feet of associateddocumentation are located in the archives, laboratory,editing room, or the library. For the type and amountof records for each installation, refer to Table 72.

Paper Records

Paper records comprise more than 10.2 linear feet ofdocumentation. Completed projects are filedchronologically and by project number in a lockedrecords storage room. A small portion of the oldestrecords are filed in manila folders in acidic recordsboxes that have telescoping lids, otherwise recordsare all filed in standard 4-drawer letter-size file

Figure 85. Collections in Repository 2 are stored onwooden shelves. The windows in this repository havesteel bars on the outside and are not filtered against

ultraviolet radiation.


DoD Collections at PHRI


Paper bags 70Plastic bags 22Acidic paper envelopes 5Acidic cardboard boxes 3

Total 100


Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. 255

cabinets. Drawers are labeled with paper slips inmetal label holders that list the project numbers filedin each drawer. Paper records consist ofadministrative correspondence, inventories, nationalregister nomination forms, site survey records, fieldnotebooks, excavation records, and laboratoryanalysis records. Files are labeled with the projectnumber. Paper contaminants are present and consistof paper clips, staples, metal binder clips, rubberbands, and transparent tape.

Report Records

Drafts and final copies of reports are kept on file inthe editing room in file cabinets, also by projectnumber. Approximately 3.3 linear feet (39 linearinches) of reports are stored in files that are labeledwith the project number. Reports are sometimesspiral-bound with plastic combs or have papercontaminants present such as staples, paper clips,and metal binder clips.


Most of the 9.75 linear inches of associatedphotographic records are kept in the laboratory areain binders on shelves. Contact sheets are filed byproject number and are stamped with the roll numberon the back. Negatives are located in a fire-proof safeby negative number, which has been assignedindependently from the project number, as more thanone project may be on one roll of film. A finding aidis available for access to the negatives. Most slidesare placed in non-archival quality plastic sleeves and

filed by project number. If slides are part of theproject records, they are noted in the contact sheetbinders by placing colored sheets of paper in thebinders where the slides correspond to the contactsheet prints. A few black-and-white prints, whichare directly labeled on the back, are filed with thepaper records.


Map documents are located throughout the paperdocuments in the records storage room and comprise13 linear inches. Several flat map cases in the libraryare also available for storage of oversized mapdocuments. Types of maps present include hand-drawn field maps, U.S.G.S. topographic maps,copies of topographic maps, plot maps, site mapsand report-ready maps.

Collections Management StandardsPHRI is not considered a permanent repository;therefore, collections management standards are notaddressed in this report.

Curation Personnel

There is no dedicated personnel hired to curate thecollections; however, the laboratory director and herassistant are responsible for the care and managementof the collections.

Table 72.Major Classes of Documentation by Installation Housed at PHRI (in linear inches)



NAS Barbers Point 53.50 –– 3.00 –– 56.50Bellows AFB 3.25 1.00 0.25 0.25 4.75Hickam AFB 5.00 2.00 0.25 0.75 8.00Kahoolawe 24.00 13.50 0.50 –– 38.00MCBH Kaneohe Bay 19.75 15.50 2.75 9.00 47.00Pearl Harbor Complex 3.25 3.75 0.25 0.50 7.75PMRF Barking Sands 8.00 –– 0.25 –– 8.25Pohakuloa Training Area 4.75 3.00 2.50 0.50 10.75Schofield Barracks 1.00 0.25 –– 2.00 3.25

Total 122.50 39.00 9.75 13.00 184.25(15.4 linear feet)


Curation Financing

Curation activities are not adequately funded. Projectfunds are used to purchase storage supplies neededfor the collections.


Access to collections is limited to the laboratory staff.St. Louis District staff were granted access to thecollections under PHRI staff supervision and withpermission from a point of contact for the U.S. Navy.

Future Plans

There are no future plans for the collections or thecollections storage facility.

Comments


2. Repository 2 has no environmental controls.


4. There is no means of fire-detection or -suppressionin Repository 2.

5. Archaeological materials and records are nothoused in appropriate storage containers.

6. Human skeletal material was recovered from siteon Pohakuloa Training Area.

Recommendations


2. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into four- or six-milarchival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reducethe volume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, sothat containers are not overpacked. Insert acid-freepaper labels into each bag. Do not use contaminantsto secure the containers.

3. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. All recordsshould be processed and arranged according tomodern archival practices and standards. Documentsshould be placed in acid-free folders and lightlypacked into fire-resistant file cabinets. All recordsshould be free of contaminants, including metalfasteners and rubber bands. Provide a finding aid tothe record holdings.

257

45Powers Elevation Company

Aurora, Colorado






Status of Curation Funding: Financing for curationis built into project contracts.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Gordon Tucker

Powers Elevation Company curates approximately3.75 linear inches of associated documentation fromarchaeological investigations conducted onLowry AFB and Fitzsimons AMC (Table 73). PowersElevation Company has also conducted investigationson Rocky Mountain Arsenal, but records from thiswork could not be located for examination bySt. Louis District staff. One repository, CentralPlace 1, houses the records for the investigationsconducted on Lowry AFB and Fitzsimons AMC.

Central Place 1 is an office complex locatedin Aurora, Colorado (Figure 86). The entire buildingencompasses an estimated 50,000-ft2 of office space,storage areas, a mechanical/utility room, and asecurity monitoring area. Powers Elevation Companyoffices occupy only about 4,863 ft2 of this space. The

space Powers Elevation Company occupies does nothave a formal laboratory, but instead uses a kitchenarea as their artifact holding, washing, and processingarea. The 3.75 linear inches of documentation storedin the office are in a large open area measuringapproximately 2,000 ft2.

A storage facility, located a few miles off-sitefrom the main building, is also maintained by PowersElevation Company. This facility, measuring 200 ft2,was acquired specifically to store archaeologicalrecords and supplies. Other archaeological projectdocumentation is stored at this facility.

Collection Summary

Table 73.Major Classes of Documentation by Installation at

Powers Elevation Company



Lowry AFB 1.00 –– –– 2.00 3.00Fitzsimons AMC 0.25 0.25 0.25 –– 0.75



Structural AdequacyCentral Place 1 was originally constructed in 1984-1985 as an office complex. Powers ElevationCompany moved into this building in 1988. Thefoundation of the building is concrete, and theexterior walls are concrete block. The roof is madeup of built-up asphalt and is original to the building.The repository has three floors above grade and issolid, with no major cracks or leaks. Individualoffice space within the repository has been renovatedby the various occupants. There are multiplealuminum-framed windows in the building, allequipped with shades.

Within the office space for Powers ElevationCompany there are numerous individual offices and alarge open space, which serves as the collectionsstorage area. This area has a concrete floor coveredwith carpet, concrete block interior walls, and asuspended acoustical-tile ceiling. There are nowindows in the collections storage area. This area isfilled to approximately ten percent of capacity witharchaeological records.

EnvironmentTemperature controls for the building consist of airconditioning and gas forced-air heat. Humidity is notmonitored or controlled. The building has a problemwith static electricity because the air is very dry.There are dust filters on the environmental controls;however, maintenance of the filters is questionablebased on reported complaints regarding dust build-up.Maintenance for the building is managed by a private

company that is called in on an as-needed basis. Acleaning service vacuums and empties trash on adaily basis. The building is equipped with nonfilteredfluorescent lighting.

Pest ManagementPrecautions are taken against insects and rodents onan as-needed basis. Control is managed by amaintenance agreement with a company that conductsspraying quarterly. There has been only one problemwith pest infestation, an ant problem four years ago,and it was controlled.

SecuritySecurity measures include monitoring by a privatesecurity company, as well as police patrols of thearea. In addition, there is a janitorial staff on duty atall times. The exterior doors are locked on a timersystem. There are key locks on all interior andexterior doors. There have been no past episodes ofunauthorized entry in the office complex. Thecollections storage area has the same securitymeasures as the repository, and additionally useslocks on all filing cabinets.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection and -suppression within the repositoryconsist of manual fire alarms and fire extinguishers.The building provides a fire protection service and isonly a few blocks away from the local fire station.

Artifact StoragePowers Elevation Company does not curate anyarchaeological materials for military installations.The majority of the archaeological materials havebeen sent to the University of Colorado Museumat Boulder.

Human Skeletal RemainsPowers Elevation Company is not curating anyhuman skeletal remains recovered fromarchaeological projects conducted on DoD land.

Figure 86. Exterior view of the building wherePowers Elevation offices are located.

Powers Elevation Company 259

Records StoragePowers Elevation Company currently curatesapproximately 3.75 linear inches of documentationassociated with archaeological work performed onLowry AFB and Fitzsimons AMC. PowersElevation Company also curates records fromRocky Mountain Arsenal, but these records couldnot be located during the assessment visit.

Paper Records

Central Place 1, the main office complex, curates1.25 linear inches of paper records from Lowry AFBand Fitzsimons AMC. The administrative,background, and survey paper records from theseinstallations are stored in a standard five-drawerlegal-size, metal file cabinet. The file cabinetsmeasure 2.2 x 1.3 x 4.3 feet (l x w x h). The storageunits are labeled with paper tags that are type printedwith letter distinctions (e.g. “A,” “B,” “C”). Thesepaper tags are inserted into metal holders. Secondarycontainers are manila folders that are labeled withadhesive backed paper tags typed or printed with thesubject property and the year. Some of the manilafolders have a stamped tag covering the front flap.This stamp is a fill-in-the-box information sheet. Allof the records are arranged by project. The papercollection is in good condition, except for the use ofmetal contaminants such as paper clips.

Report Records

Fitzsimons Army Medical Center has 0.25 linearinches of report records curated at Central Place 1.These records are stored in the same manner as thepaper records.


Photographic records at Central Place 1 total0.25 linear inches, and include negatives and black-and-white prints. Photographic records are storedidentical to the paper and report records atCentral Place 1, except that the photographic recordsare still in the original processing envelopes, whichare labeled with the companies name and thesubject property.


Lowry AFB curates 2.0 linear inches of map recordsat the Central Place 1 collections storage area. Thesemap records are stored in a manner identical to thatof the paper and report records.

Collections Management StandardsPowers Elevation Company is not a permanentcuration facility; therefore, collections managementstandards were not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curator, but there are twofull-time staff archaeologists within the PowersElevation Company.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed through client contracts. Thefunding is estimated prior to the project and isincluded into the contract.


Access to collections is controlled by the staffarchaeologist, Dr. Gordon Tucker.

Future Plans

Curation is adequate because Powers ElevationCompany usually overestimates the curation costs.Most of artifacts collected by Powers ElevationCompany are sent to the University of ColoradoMuseum at Boulder. Powers Elevation Company doesnot have any plans to upgrade their curation program.

Comments

1. Humidity levels are not monitored or controlled inthe building or the collections storage area.

2. The building does not have an intrusion alarmwired to the police, but does have security monitoringand key locks on all interior and exterior doors.


3. There are manual fire alarms and fireextinguishers. The fire alarms in the building are notwired to the fire department, but the station is only afew blocks away.

4. Original documentation has not been duplicated orstored in an acid-free environment.

Recommendations



261

46Public Service Companyof New Mexico





Linear Feet of Records: 0.1 linear feet (1 linearinch)


Status of Curation Funding: Public ServiceCompany of New Mexico is not a permanent curationfacility and does not budget any money for curationactivities.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Scott Berger

Public Service Company of New Mexico (PNM) isthe electric and gas service company for New Mexico.The archaeological work that the environmentalservice section of PNM conducts is part ofenvironmental impact analyses mandated bylegislation or regulations. PNM has conductedwork on Kirtland AFB lands upon request from theinstallation and in conjunction with gas or electricalline projects.

PNM is headquartered in a two city blockarea of downtown Albuquerque (Figure 87). Thisbuilding has an overhead pedestrian walkway thatconnects with the Alvarado Square Building on theother side of the street.

Structural AdequacyThe Headquarters Building is a poured cementstructure that was constructed in 1967 with 12 storiesabove grade and one below grade. The environmental

Collection Summary

Figure 87. Public Service Company of New Mexicoheadquarters building is located in downtown

Albuquerque.


service section of PNM is located on the fourth floorof the southwest tower of the Headquarters Building.Scott Berger’s office is located in the environmentalservice section. This office has a bank of sealedwindows with venetian blinds along an outside wall.The floor is carpeted, and the ceiling is tiled withacoustical tiles. Overhead fluorescent lights are notfiltered for ultraviolet radiation. The entrance to theroom has a hollow wood door in a metal frame with akey lock. An interior room on this floor serves as adocument room and report production room. Thisroom has the same features as Mr. Berger’s office,but due to its location on the interior of the building,it is windowless.

The Alvarado Square Building is connectedto the Headquarters Building by an overheadpedestrian walkway. The poured cement structurewas built in 1981–1982 and has a total of eightstories above grade. A small file of documentation fora current project was assessed in an office on theground level of the Alvarado Building. This office isa partitioned cubicle in a large open room. Hardcopies of documentation were examined in theseoffices, therefore, an assessment was not conductedon the document control center on the fifth floorwhere all data are duplicated onto microfiche.

EnvironmentThe south facade of the Alvarado Square Buildingconsists of solar panels. The building was designedto use solar energy as a ventilating source. A watertank is installed under the building as part of thatsystem. Below the windows in Mr. Berger’s office isa vented register.

SecuritySecurity measures for both the headquarters buildingand the Alvarado Square building meet minimumfederal requirements. Access to the building iscontrolled by security guards in the lobby of eachbuilding. Visitors to both buildings are escorted by astaff member and issued and visitor’s pass.Information, including name of guests, employee withwhom they have an appointment, and date and time ofarrival and departure is recorded by security whenpasses are issued.

Pest ManagementData on pest-management procedures for bothbuildings were not made available to the team.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire safety measures in both buildings meet fire codesof the city of Albuquerque.

Artifact StorageThe PNM is not curating any archaeologicalmaterials recovered from projects conducted onmilitary installations.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe PNM is not curating any human skeletal remainsrecovered from archaeological projects conducted onmilitary installations.

Records StorageThe team assessed approximately one linear inch ofdocumentation from Kirtland AFB housed in severalrooms in the PNM complex. Documentation is storedin metal filing cabinets, map cases, and metalshelving. Duplicate copies of records have beenproduced on microfiche and are stored in a separate,secure location within this building.

Paper Records

Approximately one linear inch of paperdocumentation was examined for Kirtland AFB.These files are administrative records consisting ofcontracts and correspondence housed in acidic manilafolders in metal file cabinets. The documentation hassome contaminants including paper clips and metalbinder clips.


Public Service Company of New Mexico 263

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curator for the archaeologicalrecords. Mr. Scott Berger is responsible for the recordmaintenance for current projects.

Curation Financing

Public Service Company of New Mexico is not apermanent curation facility and does not budget anymoney for curation activities.


Access to the collections is gained throughMr. Berger. Staff working on the project alsohave access.

Future Plans

There are no plans for upgrading the facilities for thepurposes of curation.

Comments

1. The buildings have proven to be structurallysound.

2. An HVAC system is in place at this facility.


4. Security in both buildings meets the minimumfederal standards for safeguarding of archaeologicalcollections.

5. Original records are filed in acidic folders andenvelopes. Contaminants are present.

6. Duplicate copies of records have been produced onmicrofiche and are stored in a separate, securelocation within this building.

Recommendations



265

47Quivera Research Center






Compliance Status: Documentation requirepartial rehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Quivera ResearchCenter is not a permanent curation facility and doesnot budget any money for curation activities.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Carol Condie

Less than two linear inches of documentation fromarchaeological work conducted at Kirtland AFB arepresent at Quivera Research Center. Quivera does nothouse any artifacts. Quivera Research Center is acontract archaeology firm run from the privateresidence of Carole Condie. Ms. Condie has officespace for the business in the lower level of her home.The house was designed by her husband, an architect,who likewise has office space in the lower level fromwhich he conducts business.

Structural AdequacyThe 3,200 ft2 structure was built in 1975 as aresidence, and is maintained as a residence (Figure 88).

It has a concrete foundation with slump block exteriorwalls. The roof of the house is a built-up gravel-surfaced roof that is original to the home. The land onwhich the structure is built is sloping, with half afloor below grade, and one and a half floors abovegrade. Eight hundred square feet of office space is onthe lower level. Ms. Condie has an office with a desk

Collection Summary

Figure 88. Quivera Research Center is operated froma private residence.


and files in one room on this level, and an additionalroom next door with work space, a copy machine, amap case, and more files. Financial records are storedin labeled document boxes in a closet on the lowerlevel. Each office has a single 3 x 4 feet (h x w)double glazed window with a curtain windowtreatment. Rooms are lit with unfiltered fluorescentlights. Interior walls are brick and paintedplasterboard. The rooms in the lower level havegypsum board (painted over) wood-frame construction.

EnvironmentThe house is heated by a gas furnace and cooled byan evaporative cooling system, commonly known as a“swamp cooler.” The humidity is not monitored orregulated. Dust filters are present on the furnace andair conditioning unit. The building is maintained bythe owner.

Pest ManagementPest-management is conducted on an as-needed basis.The only infestation problem encountered is ants,which are occasionally present in the spring.

SecurityThe residence is secured by dead-bolt locks,controlled access, and window locks. There has beenno evidence of unauthorized entrance from a break-in,but there was one occurrence of theft of a purse dueto an unlocked door.

Fire Detection and SuppressionSmoke detectors are installed, but there are no fireextinguishers present in the house. The structure isbuilt to code, but not fireproof.

Artifact StorageNo archaeological materials associated with KirtlandAFB are located at Quivera Research Center.

Human Skeletal RemainsQuivera Research Center does not house human skeletalremains recovered from any DoD-owned land.

Records StorageA minimal amount (1.75 linear inches) of originalrecords resulting from work on Kirtland AFB ishoused at Quivera Research Center. The paperrecords consist of correspondence, work plans,proposals, survey records, excavation records, andpottery analysis. These records are arranged byproject, and stored in manila folders with typewrittenadhesive labels. The folders from current projects arehoused in file cabinets. Associated documentationresulting from older projects is stored in cardboardtransfer boxes in an adjacent hall closet. There areseveral drawings present in the files. Photographicrecords from Kirtland AFB projects consist of3-x-5-inch prints labeled directly in pencil on theback of the photographs. Negatives are stored inacidic envelopes typed with the pertinent information.Contaminants are present and include staples andpaper clips.


Comments


2. An HVAC system is not in place at this facility.

3. Temperature levels are controlled, but humiditylevels are neither monitored or controlled.


5. Fire-detection measures are limited to smokedetectors. No fire extinguishers are present.


Quivera Research Center 267

Recommendations



269

48Sagebrush ArchaeologicalConsultants, L.L.C.

Ogden, Utah






Status of Curation Funding: Funding for curationactivities is covered in the budget for archaeologicalresearch contracts. These funds cover the cost ofimmediate processing, but long-term curation isgenerally funded by the client.

Assessment


Points of Contact: Mike and Ann Polk

Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants, L.L.C., is aprivate firm that performs contract archaeologicalwork primarily in the Great Basin region. The firmhas done work for several military installations, andcurrently houses a total of 3.2 linear feet ofassociated documentation. Table 74 outlines abreakdown of the records by installation. Theinstallations include Luke AFB, Arizona; HawthorneAAP, Nevada; Dugway Proving Ground, Utah; HillAFB, Utah; Defense Distribution Depot, Ogden,Utah; and Tooele Army Depot, Utah.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Sagebrush Main Offices

Sagebrush occupies three suites of an office building(Figure 89). The building was constructed in 1972,

Collection Summary

Figure 89. Exterior view of SagebrushArchaeological Consultants’ office building.


consists of two floors and a basement area, andencompasses approximately 50,000 ft2 of space. Thefoundation is concrete and the exterior walls arebrick. The roof is composed of tar and is less than2-years-old, but it is still subject to occasional leaks.Interior walls are comprised of plasterboard, and theceiling is composed of suspended acoustical-tiles. Thefloor is wood covered with carpet. Doors to theexterior of the suite are solid glass panel, while doorswithin the interior of the suite are wood panel. Thebuilding has multiple aluminum framed exteriorwindows, all equipped with locks and blinds. Withinthe offices, the firm utilizes space for artifact holdingand temporary storage, for records and photographstorage, and for artifact and records study.

Collections Storage Area 1—Main Offices

The three main suites occupied by Sagebrush on thesecond floor encompass approximately 9,000- ft2; thisis Collections Storage Area 1. Within this collectionsstorage area, records are housed in several locations:individual offices, the main file cabinets, the reportslibrary, and the map storage rack.

Collections Storage Area 2—BasementStorage

Sagebrush has a small storage unit located in theoffice building basement, in a wing separate from thethree suites the firm occupies. Entrance to thebasement unit is through the firm’s suite doors to theexterior of the building and then into another set ofexterior doors to a different set of suites. Thecollections storage unit encompasses approximately50-ft2 of floor space, and houses records as well assupplies/field materials. The floor is concrete, with

plasterboard exterior walls and a wood panel door.The ceiling is plaster. There is one aluminum frameexterior window, which is at ground level. Thewindow is locked, but not equipped with a shade.

Repository 2—Storage Facility

Sagebrush rents a small storage unit from a largestorage facility located several miles from the mainoffice building. The storage unit encompassesapproximately 100-ft2 of space. The facility has beenin existence for roughly 20 years, and has a concretefoundation with brick exterior walls. The roof andinterior walls are tin. There are no windows, and theentry of the storage unit is secured by a large metalgarage-style upward sliding door.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Sagebrush Main Offices

Collections Storage Area 1—Main Offices

Environmental controls for the main offices consistof gas forced-air heat and central air conditioning.Air movement systems are equipped with dust filters.There is no humidity monitoring or control; however,the climate is generally very dry and humiditychanges are rare. Building common areas aremaintained and cleaned by the building’s owners, andthe Sagebrush suites are maintained and cleaned bythe firm’s staff. Lighting consists of nonfilteredfluorescent tubes.

Collections Storage Area 2—BasementStorage

There are no temperature or humidity controls in thebasement storage area. Lighting is provided by

Table 74.Major Classes of DoD Documentation by Installation at Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants


Installation Paper Reports Photos Maps Disks Total

Luke AFB, AZ 0.50 0.50 –– –– –– 1.00Hawthorne AAP, NV 8.00 6.00 –– 0.25 –– 14.25Dugway Proving Ground, UT 0.75 0.25 –– –– –– 1.00Hill AFB, UT 1.50 2.25 0.25 –– 0.25 4.25Defense Distribution Depot, Ogden, UT 4.50 6.50 –– 0.25 –– 11.25Tooele Army Depot, UT 3.00 3.00 –– 0.25 –– 6.25

Total 18.25 18.50 0.25 0.75 0.25 38.00


Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants 271

incandescent bulbs. Sagebrush staff maintain andclean the area as needed.


The storage unit has no environmental controls. Thereis no artificial lighting. Cleaning is performed on anas-needed basis by Sagebrush staff.

Pest ManagementRepository 1—Sagebrush Main Offices

There is no integrated pest management system.Neither monitoring nor control are utilized on morethan an as-needed basis. There is no current pestproblem, and no major pest infestations were reportedby Sagebrush staff.


No precautions against pests are taken for this facility.

SecurityRepository 1—Sagebrush Main Offices

Exterior doors to the suites and the suite entrancesthemselves are equipped with key locks. Thebasement storage room is secured by a key lock,and a key lock on a hallway door within the suite.Building tenants have access to all the exteriorsuite doors.


The exterior door of the storage unit is secured with akey padlock, and an exterior metal bar gate is securedwith a combination lock that is accessed by alltenants. The gate only keeps vehicles out of thebuilding area.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Sagebrush Main Offices

Fire extinguishers are the only form of firesuppression, and these are located outside of eachsuite in the hallways. There are no fire detectiondevices. The basement storage area is not equippedwith a fire extinguisher.


There are no fire detection or suppression devicesor systems.

Artifact StorageSagebrush Archaeological Consultants is notcurrently curating any artifacts recovered frommilitary installations.

Human Skeletal RemainsSagebrush has no human skeletal remains recoveredfrom any military installations.

Records StorageSagebrush Archaeological Consultants housesapproximately 3.2 linear feet of documentationassociated with archaeological work performed onmilitary installations (Table 74). Records are storedin the main suite of offices, the basement storageroom, and the off-site storage facility. In the mainoffices, storage units consist of standard letter-size,metal file cabinets, and acid-free cardboard boxesstored on the floor in various individual offices. InCollections Storage Area 2, the Basement StorageArea, storage units consist of metal uprights withparticle board shelves (Figure 90). In Repository 2,storage units are again metal uprights withparticleboard shelves.

Paper Records

Sagebrush houses approximately 18.25 linear inchesof archaeological documentation related to workconducted on military installations. Paperdocumentation includes background records,administrative records, survey records, and siteforms. Primary containers consist of two acid-freecardboard boxes and the file cabinet in CollectionsStorage Area 1, four acidic cardboard boxes inCollections Storage Area 2, and one acidic cardboardbox and one acid-free cardboard box in Repository 2.

Secondary containers for paper recordsconsist primarily of manila folders, with informationtyped on an adhesive-backed paper label. Informationgenerally consists of project name, project number,and folder contents. Manila folders for documentation


stored in the basement storage room are also enclosedin hanging file folders.

Report Records

Report records total approximately 18.5 linear inchesand are stored with the paper records. Reports areeither loose or bound in manila folders.


Photographic records include color prints andnegatives, and total 0.25 linear inches. Thephotographs are currently stored in CollectionsStorage Area 2, the Basement Storage Area. Printsare stored in nonarchival plastic photograph sleeves,with a photograph list included in the sleeve. Thephotograph list is typed, and information consists ofproject, roll number, photograph subject, client, date,and film type. Individual prints are not labeled.Negatives are stored in non-archival plastic sleeveslabeled in pencil with the subject, roll number, andphotograph number.


Large maps total 0.75 linear inches, and are currentlyin the main offices suite. They are rolled by projectand are standing upright in a large metal map rack(Houston map rack). They are unlabeled.

Computer Records

There is a total of 0.25 linear inches of 3.5-inchcomputer diskettes stored with the paper records inCollections Storage Area 2. They are unlabeled.

Collections Management StandardsSagebrush Archaeological Consultants is not apermanent curation facility; therefore, collectionsmanagement standards were not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

Mike and Ann Polk own Sagebrush ArchaeologicalConsultants. They currently employ 12 staffmembers, including several archaeologists. Theregular staff performs most of the processingactivities, sometimes with the help of additional staff.There are no personnel devoted to the full timecuration of collections, as the firm is not a permanentstorage facility.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed through archaeological workcontracts. The budgeted funds usually cover the costof collections processing. Long-term curation is notfunded.


All Sagebrush staff have access to the documentation.Visiting researchers or other interested parties canhave access by appointment.

Future Plans

In the future case of a large contract requiring agreat deal of collections processing, the firm hasplans to acquire an off-site laboratory facility,funding for which would be written into the contract.If necessary, the firm would also rent anothertemporary storage facility. There are no plans forlong-term curation.

Figure 90. Shelving units housing military recordcollections at Sagebrush Archaeological

Consultants’ off-site facility. The off-site facility hascorrugated metal walls.

Sagebrush Archaeological Consultants 273

Comments

1. Heating and air conditioning systems are presentfor the main office building, but there are nohumidity controls or monitoring devices. There areno environmental controls for Collections StorageArea 2 in the main office building, nor for theoff-site storage facility.

2. Sagebrush has no integrated pest managementsystem. Pest control is performed as-needed; therewere no signs of any current problems.

3. Key locks are the only form of security for themain office building. Suite doors, including exteriordoors, are solid glass. A padlock is the only securityfor the off-site storage unit.

4. Fire-suppression consists only of fireextinguishers. There is no fire detection system. Theoff-site storage unit has no fire control measures.

5. Records are stored in acidic manila folders, andplaced largely in a mixture of acid-free and acidiccardboard boxes. Photographic materials are stored inthe basement storage area, which is not equipped withenvironmental controls.

Recommendations


2 Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper, and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistantmetal file cabinets. Arrange documentation in alogical order, and provide a finding aid to thecollection. Records should be free of metal staplesand paper clips, or other contaminants.

275

49San Diego Museum of Man

San Diego, California

Collections Total: 14.8 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials; no associated record collections.





Status of Curation Funding: Curation is financedthrough the museum, which is a private non-profitcorporation with small stipends from the city andcounty. Financing for archaeological collections isincluded in the operating budget as a line item.Financing appears to be adequate for maintenance ofthe status quo, but inadequate for collection storagereplacement or rehabilitation of the current facilities.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Ken Hedges

Most of the information for this Assessment wascollected during an October 1993 visit to theSan Diego Museum of Man for the U.S. Navy EFAWest project (Halpin and Holland, 1997). Itemsassessed for the 1997 visit were from the YumaProving Ground (YPG) in Arizona.

Structural AdequacyThe San Diego Museum of Man was built in BalboaPark for the 1915 World’s Fair and has remained aviable museum devoted to the collection, study andexhibition of ethnographic and archaeological

materials from the Western Hemisphere withemphasis on the Western Americas.

The building has a foundation of reinforcedpoured concrete. The walls are constructed of hollowceramic bricks with a stucco exterior on a frameworkof heavily reinforced concrete pillars and cross-members. The roof has been repaired and renovatednumerous times and is composed of asphalt andceramic tile. The structure is solid with no cracks orleaks, and has two floors above grade and three floorsbelow grade. The electrical system has been replacedas-needed over the past 10–15 years. The plumbing insome parts of the facility is original, but has beenrehabilitated and replaced as needed. The heating wasrecently replaced. The collections are curated in fourdifferent collection storage areas. Collection StorageArea (CSA) 1 is Laboratory 2, which holds themajority of the archaeological collections. Thislaboratory is in the first level below the ground floor.CSA 2 is Laboratory 4, has the only windows presentwithin any collection storage area. These are

Collection Summary


permanently closed but not covered and are locatedbehind shelving units. Laboratory 4 is accessed bygoing down another level from a staircase in Room 4a(adjacent to CSA 1). CSA 3 is Laboratory 5, which isaccessed through and on the same sub-level as CSA 2.A door from Laboratory 5 leads to the fourth CSA(Laboratory 5a) where oversized groundstoneartifacts are stored on a small section of a wood floor.The rest of the room has a dirt floor.

EnvironmentCollection Storage Area 1—Laboratory 2

The environment is controlled by an HVAC systemrecently expanded from the rest of the museum.Temperature levels range from 68–70° Fahrenheit.Humidity levels are also monitored and controlled.Fluorescent lamps protected with ultraviolet sleevesprovide the only light. The janitorial staff clean on anas-needed basis.

Collection Storage Areas 2, 3, and 4—Laboratories 4, 5, and 5a

There are no environmental controls in these storageareas. There are no windows in most of thecollections storage areas, except for Laboratory 4.These windows are permanently closed but notcovered and provide additional light. Temperatureand humidity levels are monitored with ahygrothermograph. Lighting is provided bynonfiltered fluorescent lamps. Janitorial staff cleanthese rooms on an as-needed basis.

Pest ManagementPests are managed through monthly spraying and anon-call policy for specific problems noted duringmonitoring. An integrated pest management programhas been established; however, methods used formonitoring were not described. Any organicmaterials entering the museum are first inspectedand fumigated.

SecurityAll exterior doors and doors leading to collectionstorage areas have intrusion alarms that are wired tothe security office and to the local police station. All

doors have keyed, dead-bolt locks. Museumpersonnel maintain controlled access to the collectionstorage areas. No unauthorized access was reportedand no evidence of any past episodes of this naturewere observed by the assessment team. Visitorsallowed into the storage areas are required to gainpermission from the curator and sign a guest log. Nowindows are present in any of the assessed collectionstorage areas.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire inspections are conducted annually. Heat sensorsand smoke detectors are located in all of thecollection storage areas. These are wired to the localfire department. Fire extinguishers in each areaprovide the only means of fire suppression.

Archaeological Storage MaterialsThe artifacts are stored in four different locations. InCSA 1, ceramic sherds, some shell and small lithicmaterials are stored in wooden drawers built into thewall. Additional drawer storage is located in thecenter of the room, taking most of the availablespace. A counter top above this cabinetry is used forstaging exhibits and general work space. Inpreparation for an upcoming exhibit, nearly all of thecounter space was taken by baskets. Downstairs inCSA 2, whole and reconstructed ceramic vessels arestored on open metal shelving units (Figure 91). In asmall corner section of the same room, boxes ofsherds are stored on open metal shelving units. Thethird collection storage area is primarily anarchaeological storage area. Both sides and the entireback section of the room are devoted to ceramics,lithics, and general archaeological collections; themiddle area is shared with ethnographic collectionstemporarily housed there pending funding of arenovation of ethnographic collection storage space.The fourth and final storage location is adjacent tothe third. Oversized groundstone is stored on a smallwooden plank deck built over the dirt floor. Theselarge metates are placed in rows with the row numberpainted directly on the wood panels. The metates areplaced sideways leaning on each other like dominos(Figure 92). The percentages of materials classesincluded in the collection are given in Table 75.

San Diego Museum of Man 277

Storage Units

The storage units in CSA 1 are built-in woodendrawers and the central wooden cabinetry unit withthe counter top. The drawers have paper labels.Collections in areas 2 and 3 are stored on open, metalshelving units with particle board shelves labelednumbered with printed labels. Pieces of masking tapeare stuck on the metal structure with the site numberswritten in marker. These served as finding aids for thecollections while they were being placed in theirpresent location. The shelves containing the wholeand reconstructed ceramic vessels from southernCalifornia are labeled with unit numbers printed onyellow self-adhesive labels. These units also have anadditional wooden board along the sides to provideadditional earthquake security. No storage units are inCSA 4.

Primary Containers

Primary containers in CSA 1 are wood drawers.Primary containers for the rest of the collections—except for the whole vessels and the oversized manosand metates—are acidic cardboard boxes. The wholeceramic vessels are wrapped in plastic bags andplaced in ring stands on the open shelving. Thecatalog or accession number is directly written onthe plastic bag. The metates are loose, lined upagainst each other on a section of wood flooring.


Secondary containers consist of many different typesand sizes of small, acidic boxes. Many had nosecondary containers. Some are directly labeled inink or marker.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll collections were cleaned and directly labeled withindia ink. Collections were sorted by site and bymaterial class.

Human Skeletal RemainsSan Diego Museum of Man does not curate anyhuman skeletal remains recovered from YPG.

Records StorageNo associated documentation at the San DiegoMuseum of Man was assessed for the YPG artifactcollection.

Table 75.Summary of Prehistoric Material Classes in the

Yuma Proving Ground Collections at the San Diego Museum of Man

Material Class %

Ceramics 71Lithics 28Shell 1

Total 100


Figure 91. Whole vessels are housed on metaland pressed wood shelving units in Laboratory 4

(Collection Storage Area 2).

Figure 92. Large ground stone artifacts arehoused in Laboratory 5 annex (Collections Storage

Area 4).




Collections are accessioned upon receipt by theRegistrar.


Location is identified within the inventory sheets.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed according to catalognumber, site number, cultural affiliation, and byaccession date.

Published Guide to the Collections

No guide to the collections exists.


The museum uses its own site-numbering system,established by Malcolm Rogers in the 1920s. It is aninstitutionally established system.


Staff are currently adding collection information to adatabase.


The minimum standards for acceptance of collectionsis outlined in the museum’s collection policy.Archaeological collections are no longer accepted.

Curation Policy

Curation policies are written in the collection policy.


There is no records management policy.


No field-curation guidelines have ever been in placefor depositing archaeological collections.

Loan Procedures

Loan procedures are discussed in the collectionpolicy. No individuals can obtain a loan. Aninstitution may be granted a loan upon the approvalof the director if the purpose is for educational orscientific use.


Deaccessioning is addressed in the collection policy.A record of all deaccessioned items is maintained.The approval of the director, the Board of Trusteesand a chief curator or registrar is required.

Inventory Policy

No written inventory policy exists.


The collections were last inventoried in the 1970s.

Curation Personnel

Ken Hedges is the Chief Curator for Californiaethnography, archaeology, and administrative/publications duties; Grace Johnson is the full-timeCurator for the Latin American Ethnographiccollections and administers the archaeological recordssearch program; and Rose Tyson is a full-timeCurator of Physical Anthropology.

Curation Financing

Financing for archaeological collections is included inthe operating budget as a line item. Financing appearsto be inadequate, considering the need for collectionstorage rehabilitation.


Approval for an appointment for access to collectionscan be made through Ken Hedges. Individualsrequesting access must have legitimate, project-specific research needs.

Future Plans

Future plans include computerizing collection dataand upgrading storage conditions by acquiring metalcabinets. The San Diego Museum of Man is in fullsupport of the San Diego Repository Corporation in

San Diego Museum of Man 279

its efforts to establish a regional curation facility inSan Diego.

Comments

1. The building is structurally solid.

2. Most of the collection storage areas do not haveadequate temperature and relative humidity controls.

3. Only some of the light fixtures have appropriateultraviolet filters.

4. Staff participate in an integrated pest-managementsystem.

5. Security measures are adequate.

6. The fire-detection is adequate; however fire-suppression is not.

7. Primary and secondary containers are notarchival-quality.

8. Locational records were frequently inaccurate;however, locating artifacts was not difficult.

9. Collection storage is overcrowded.

Recommendations



3. Install environmental controls equipped with adust filtration system to control the temperature,relative humidity, and dust levels. Monitor both therelative humidity and temperature in the collectionstorage areas.

281

50Scientific Consultants Services

Honolulu, Hawaii

Table 76.Volume of Artifacts from DoD Installations

at Scientific Consultants Services

Installation ft3

Bellows AFS 2Hickam AFB 1Kawailoa Training Area 1MCBH Kaneohe Bay 3Makua Military Reservation 1Schofield Barracks 1

Total 9

Collections Total: 9 ft3 of archaeological materials.1.1 linear feet of associated records.


Compliance Status: Archaeological materialsrequire complete rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological collections.


Linear Feet of Records: .1 linear feet (13.75 linearinches)



Assessment


Point of Contact: David Chaffee

Scientific Consultants Services (SCS) is a privatecontract archaeology firm that conductsarchaeological investigations throughout the state ofHawaii and the surrounding Pacific islands. Theirfacilities are located in downtown Honolulu. Artifactvolumes housed at the firm total 9 ft3 (Table 76).

Structural AdequacyThe privately owned building is approximately10-years-old. The foundation is concrete and thebuilding frame type is steel. The external walls of therepository are constructed of metal and the built-upasphalt roof is original to the structure. No structural

problems have been noted in the foundation or theroof. Interior walls are plasterboard and floors areconcrete with carpeting. Ceilings in the repository aresuspended acoustical tile. Windows in the repositoryhave aluminum frames and are sealed. The repositoryhas space for analysis of archaeological materialsand examination of documents. The majority of thespace is used for report preparation. It encompasses1,080 ft2.

Collection Summary


The collections storage area is a separateoffice in the repository. This office contains all boxesholding archeological materials from fieldwork.Records for the projects are also stored in this area,but some still reside with individual project managers.No structural problems have been noted in thearchives by any staff members. There are no windowsin the collections storage area and it is 60 ft2.

EnvironmentCentral air conditioning provides for temperaturestabilization, and all air conditioning vents havedust filters. The repository is cleaned daily by aprofessional janitorial service. All artificial lightingin the repository is generated either by incandescentdesk lamp or unfiltered fluorescent lights. Repositoryutilities are original and have received no major repairs.

The collections area is dominated largely bystorage space for artifacts and records, however,some of the space is used for report preparation andother tasks. There are no windows in this area. Thesame janitorial service that cleans the repository alsocleans in the collections area. Utilities in thecollections area are the same as those in therepository. They are original to the structure andhave not been modified to date.

Pest ManagementThe repository, including the collections storage area,is not monitored or sprayed for pests. There has beenno past incidents of infestation.

SecurityThe repository has key locks on solid woodexterior and interior doors. In addition, thebuilding is patrolled on a daily basis by anindependent security service.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe repository uses a fire alarm that is wired to thefire department as well as a sprinkler/suppressionsystem. Manual fire alarms and smoke detectors arelocated throughout the building. All interior doors arefire rated at 20 minutes and one fire extinguisher islocated in the collections area.


DoD collections total 9 ft3 of artifacts from sixinstallations (Table 77). The materials are stored onnonmovable, metal shelving units measuring 5.0 x 1.5x 5.0 feet (l x w x h). The shelving units are notlabeled and are not secured (Figure 93).

Primary Containers

All materials are stored in acidic cardboard boxeseach measuring 1 ft3. The boxes use adhesive labelswritten in marker with information regardingprovenience and project. The boxes have telescopinglids for security. They are not overpacked and are inrelatively good condition.


Secondary containers are a combination of plastic,zip-lock bags (85%) and paper bags (15%). All arelabeled directly in marker and provide informationregarding provenience, project, site name, sitenumber, date, and box/bag number. Bags showminimal signs of punctures and tears. All are nestedwithin one another.

Table 77.Summary of Material Classes in the DoD Collections

at Scientific Consultants Services

%

Material Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total

PrehistoricLithics 67 –– — –– 7 50 14Soil — 80 70 20 83 –– 2914 C 17 — 30 –– –– 50 31

Historical-PeriodGlass — 20 — 80 7 –– 23Faunal remains 16 –– — –– –– –– 2Shell — –– –– –– 3 –– 1

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.(1) Bellows AFS; (2) Hickam AFB; (3) Kawailoa Training Area;(4) Makua Military Reservation; (5) MCBH Kaneohe Bay; (6)Schofield Barracks.

Scientific Consultants Services 283

Laboratory Processing andLabelingNone of the collections have been processed. Allarchaeological materials are sorted by provenience.

Human Skeletal RemainsSCS holds no human skeletal remains.

Records StorageDoD records encompass approximately 1.1 linear feet(13.75 linear inches) from eight distinct collections(Table 78). All DoD records reside in standard filecabinets located in the collections storage area andwithin project leader offices. Individual records arestored in manila folders that use adhesive labels with

typewritten information. The folders are color codedaccording to document type (e.g., different colorsfor proposal, field notes, reports).

Paper Records

Paper records consist of administrative records,background information, field notes, survey,excavation, and analysis records from eightinstallations. The materials are in good condition butdo have some contaminants, such as paper clips andstaples, throughout.

Report Records

Approximately four linear inches of report recordsare housed at SCS from Hickam AFB,MCBH Kaneohe Bay, Kawailoa Training Area,and Makua Military Reservation.


Photographic records from Hickam AFB and MakuaMilitary Reservation equal approximately 0.5 linearinches and consist of color prints, black-and-whiteprints, and negatives.


A small amount of maps and drawings, under onelinear inch, are housed with other documentation fromMCBH Kaneohe Bay and Kawailoa Training Area.


Table 78.Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation by Installation at the

Scientific Consultants Services



Bellows AFS 2.00 –– –– –– 2.00Camp Smith 0.75 –– –– –– 0.75Dillingham Military Reservation 0.75 –– –– –– 0.75Hickam AFB 1.00 2.5 0.25 –– 3.75Kawailoa Training Area 2.25 0.5 –– 0.50 3.25MCBH Kaneohe Bay 1.50 0.5 –– 0.25 2.25Makua Military Reservation 0.25 0.5 0.25 –– 1.00

Total 8.50 4.0 0.50 0.75 13.75


Figure 93. Department of Defense collections arehoused on steel and wood shelves in the offices of

Scientific Consultants Services.


Curation Personnel

Mr. David Chaffee maintains collections held by thefirm.

Curation Financing

Curation receives no funding. Costs associated withcuration are taken from the firm’s overhead budget.


Access to the records and archaeological materials iscontrolled. The staff requires a telephone call or aletter of explanation regarding the specific collectionsdesired and the needs of the particular researcher.

Future Plans

SCS has no future plans regarding curation orcollections storage.

Comments

1. Environmental conditions are controlled, but notmonitored for fluctuating temperature and humiditylevels.


3. There is no intrusion alarm present in the building.

4. Fire-detection and sprinkler systems for fire-suppression are present.


6. Primary containers for records are generallyadequate, but the secondary containers consist mainlyof manila folders.

Recommendations


2. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into 4- or 6-mil, archival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reduce thevolume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, so thatcontainers are not over packed. Insert acid-free paperlabels into each bag. Do not use contaminants tosecure the containers.

3. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. All recordsshould be processed and arranged according tomodern archival practices and standards. Documentsshould be placed in acid-free folders and lightlypacked into fire-resistant file cabinets. All recordsshould be free of contaminants, including metalfasteners and rubber bands. Provide a finding aid tothe record holdings.

285

51Statistical Research, Inc.

Tucson, Arizona






Compliance Status: All associateddocumentation requires partial rehabilitation tocomply with existing federal guidelines and standardsfor archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities aregenerally included as a line item in the budget foreach contracted project.

Assessment


Points of Contact: Gina Logan, Su Benaron, andDarell Clark

Approximately 7.2 linear feet of associateddocumentation and 27.2 ft3 of artifacts fromFort Huachuca, Navajo Army Depot, Yuma ProvingGround, Dugway Proving Ground, and Hill AFB arelocated in the laboratory, library, and office files ofStatistical Research, Inc. (SRI). SRI was formed in1983 as a private corporation to conduct high-qualityarchaeological and historical research that balancesthe need for development with the desire to preservethe past. They have conducted considerable work forthe military throughout the west. Because SRI is nota long-term curation facility, artifacts and associatedrecords for specific projects are temporarily stored at

company facilities until project completion, when thecollections are transferred to a permanent repository.Artifacts and associated records are prepared forcuration according to the standards of the permanentrepositories at which they will be stored. For theamounts of materials housed at SRI, refer to Table 79.

Collection Summary

Table 79.Volume of Artifact and Record Collections

at Statistical Research by Installation

Cubic Feet Linear InchesInstallation of Artifacts of Records

Dugway Proving Ground, UT –– 2.25Fort Huachuca, AZ* 26.2 78.88Hill AFB, UT –– 1.50Navajo Army Depot, AZ 1.0 3.13Yuma Proving Ground, AZ –– 0.75

Total 27.2 86.51(7.2 linear feet)

*The totals for Fort Huachuca include artifacts and associatedrecords for a project that is still in progress.


Structural AdequacySRI leases space in a building constructed in 1973,which housed a home health care provider companyprior to renovation for use by SRI (Figure 94). Thestructure has a concrete foundation and concreteblock exterior walls. The roof, which was completelyrenovated in 1996, has shingles in the front and built-up asphalt in the rear of the building. There are noreported cracks or leaks, and the building appears tobe structurally solid. Activity areas present in this12,000 ft2 facility include offices, report productionareas, a laboratory with collections storage space,materials/supplies storage space, a reception areawith a display case, and a dark room. The one-storyfacility has multiple windows of varying dimensions;no windows are in the collections storage area, butthere are skylights present. The aluminum-framedwindows in the rest of the building are sealed, havepartial shades, and have never been replaced. Thewindows appear to be airtight. Exterior doors aremetal-framed with glass panes. Maintenance of thebuilding is the responsibility of SRI.

The laboratory and collections storage area islocated in the back of the building. It has a concretefloor, concrete block walls, and a ceiling constructedof an aluminized vapor barrier over trusses. The two1.5 x 4.0 foot (w x h) skylights are in wood frames,do not have shades, and have not had any problemswith leaking water. An overhead rolling loading baydoor leads to the exterior of the building from thecollections storage area; two wood panel doors leadto rest of the SRI offices.

EnvironmentEvaporative cooling units and forced-air heat areused to control temperature levels in the building,which are maintained at 75–80° F in the summer and70° F in the winter. Humidity levels are neithermonitored or controlled; however, the dry climate ofthe area and the use of the cooling units helps tostabilize the humidity levels. There are no dust filterspresent on the environmental controls, but thelaboratory staff cleans the areas daily. Due to theclimate, a significant amount of dust accumulatesquickly, but the laboratory staff clean the areas daily.There is no asbestos is this facility. Nonfilteredfluorescent light fixtures and natural light from theskylights illuminate the offices.

Pest ManagementAn integrated pest management program involvingregular monitoring and control measures is present inthis facility. A professional pest managementcompany is employed to check and spray the buildingquarterly. There were no reported infestations, andthe assessment team noted no evidence of any pestinfestations.

SecurityThe building is equipped with an intrusion alarmsystem and motion detectors that are wired directly toa security company. These measures are located onall exterior doors and windows, with the motiondetectors placed throughout the interior of the facility.All the doors are equipped with key locks. Accordingto SRI staff, there has been no evidence ofunauthorized entrance, and there has never been anyreported instance. NAGPRA materials are stored in alocked, fire-safe room.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection measures present include smokedetectors and fire alarms that are wired directly tothe local fire department. Fire-suppression measuresin the facility consist of fire extinguishers and asprinkler system that is installed throughout thebuilding.

Figure 94. Statistical Research has offices, alaboratory, and a warehouse.

Statistical Research, Inc. 287


Archaeological materials (27.2 ft3) recovered fromFort Huachuca and Navajo Army Depot are housedin the collections storage area of the SRI laboratory.Percentages of material classes are provided inTable 80. Boxed collections are stored on adjustablemetal shelving units (Figure 95) that measure 4 x 8 x8 feet (l x w x h). There are four units with sevenpressed wood shelves per unit. The shelves are notlabeled.

Primary Containers

Archaeological materials, not currently undergoingprocessing and analysis, are housed in acidiccardboard boxes that vary in size and volume rangingfrom 0.3 ft3 to 2.5 ft3. The boxes have a folded,glued, stapled, or taped construction (Figure 96).Some of the boxes assessed for DoD collections arevery dusty and exhibit signs of damage fromcompression. A number of the boxes have pre-printedpaper labels that are taped to the box withinformation written in pencil. The labels are legibleand consistent with data consisting of the projectname, box number, material type, site number, itemnumber, and provenience. Other boxes have labelinformation written directly on the box.


A variety of secondary containers is used to house thearchaeological materials, including acidic cardboard

boxes, archival and non-archival quality plastic bags,and paper bags. For the percentages of secondarycontainers present, refer to Table 81. The containershave inconsistent labels that are written directly onthe bag or on acid-free paper inserts with informationthat might include any of the following: site number,provenience, project name, site name, date, bag/box

Table 80.Summaryof Material Classes in the DoD Collections

at Statistical Research

Fort NavajoMaterial Class Huachuca Army Depot Total

PrehistoricLithics 23 32 26Ceramics 17 –– 17Flotation 12 –– 12Faunal remains 5 –– 514C 5 –– 5Botanical remains 4 –– 4Soil 5 –– 4Shell 3 –– 3Modified shell 2 –– 2

Historical-PeriodCeramics 3 –– 3Metal 5 18 6Glass 10 8 10Brick/Masonry 3 –– 2Asbestos –– 16 <1Battery core –– 16 <1Other* 3 10 <1

Total 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.*Other historic material classes include aluminum foil, fencepiece, quartz crystal, textiles, plastic, electric plug with wire,cardboard, rubber, and coal.

Figure 95. Archaeological collections are boxed andhoused on metal shelving units; processing and field

equipment share the space.

Figure 96. Collections generated from Fort Huachucaare stored in plastic zip-lock bags

in acidic cardboard boxes.


number, investigator, type of investigation, materialcontents, description, quantity, and comments. Thecontainers are often nested with tertiary containersconsisting of more plastic and paper bags, plasticfilm canisters.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been processed and sorted bymaterial class within each project. Approximatelyhalf of the artifacts (51%) that are large enough havebeen labeled with site number, year, or item numbersin india ink. A few artifacts also have individualpaper labels attached with string. Paper labels haveinformation written on them including the itemnumber, bag number, and project name written on it.

Human Skeletal RemainsThere are no human skeletal remains located at SRIassociated with DoD installations.

Records StorageAssociated documentation is stored in the library orlaboratory. If the project is currently in progress,documentation is located in staff offices. For abreakdown of record amounts by installation, referto Table 82.

Paper Records

The majority of the associated documentation(4.1 linear feet) is paper records, and, with theexception of the materials related to the currently-in-progress Apache Scouts project, comprises boundreports or duplicate copies of original records that areeither curated, in the possession of the client, or both.Binders and files of project records are stored onwooden shelving units in the library and containadministrative records, background reports andcorrespondence, survey field notes and journals, siteforms, collection release forms, excavation records,analysis records, and paper copies of historicphotographs. The binders are labeled on the spinewith paper inserts in plastic label holders. Papercontaminants, such as staples and paper clips, arepresent on the records. Some of the records are storedin plastic sleeves to protect them from falling out ofthe binders. Although there is no finding aid for theSRI record holdings, data compendiums containing atable of contents are sent to the client after eachproject is completed.

Report Records

Approximately 4.25 linear inches of final reports,drafts of preliminary reports, and chapter sections arelocated in the working office files of current projects.

Table 81.Summary of Secondary Containers Used to House

the DoD Collections at Statistical Research

Container %

Archival zip-lock bags 48Non-archival plastic bags tied with string 41Acidic cardboard boxes 9Paper bags 2

Total 100

Note: Percentages based on volume.

Table 82.Summary of Major Classes of Documentation by Installation at Statistical Research


Installation Paper Reports A/V Photos Maps Computer Total

Dugway Proving Ground 1.25 –– –– 0.75 0.25 –– 2.25Fort Huachuca 45.75 3.00 1.00 27.00 2.00 0.13 78.88Hill AFB 1.50 — — — — — 1.50Navajo Army Depot 1.00 1.25 –– 0.25 0.63 –– 3.13Yuma Proving Ground 0.25 –– –– 0.25 0.25 –– 0.75

Total 49.75 4.25 1.00 28.25 3.13 0.13 86.51(7.2 linear feet)


Statistical Research, Inc. 289

They are stored in the same manner as the paperrecords and either stapled together or bound withplastic spiral combs.

Audiovisual Records

Two audio cassettes are among the associated recordsfrom one of the projects conducted on Fort Huachuca.These cassettes are part of a current project and arestored in one of the offices with the rest of the projectrecords. They are labeled with the project name andhoused in plastic cassette cases.


There are 2.4 linear feet of photographic recordspresent, consisting of color prints, black-and-whiteprints, oversized prints, aerial photographs,negatives, slides, and contact sheets. Photographicrecords are stored with the paper records by project.Some of the records are housed in archival-qualityplastic sleeves in binders; however, many are still intheir commercial acidic paper developing envelopes.Most of the prints are directly labeled on the back inpencil. Slides are also kept in plastic boxes. Under theterms of each contract, photographic materials arecurated with collections; SRI, however, retains copiesof select images for company use.


A total of 3.13 linear inches of maps is present in thecollection, including U.S.G.S. topographic maps withsites plotted on them, blue-line copies, field maps,drawings, and report ready maps. These maps arefolded and stored with the rest of the project records.


One floppy disk is included in the Fort Huachucaproject records. It is labeled with an adhesive paperlabel with the project name handwritten on it.

Collections Management StandardsThis facility is not a curation facility; therefore,collections management standards are not addressedin this report.

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curation personnel at thisfacility; however, a full-time laboratory director andassistant are responsible to the storage andmanagement of the collections until they aretransferred to a permanent repository.

Curation Financing

In almost all cases, curation is financed as a project-specific line item in the project budget.


Access to the collections is granted by appointmentwith the laboratory staff.

Future Plans

There are no future plans regarding curation orcollections storage, other than to place the federalcollections in a permanent curation facility.

Comments

1. Laboratory staff are efficient and committed to thecare and temporary storage of the collections. Staffprovided the assessment team with a finding aid forevery DoD contract and subsequent collectionlocation.

2. Humidity levels are not monitored or controlled.

3. Environmental controls are not equipped with dustfilters; a significant amount of dust was present onsome of the collections.

4. Light sources do not have ultraviolet filters.

5. Collections are housed in acidic cardboard boxes.

6. All original associated records are part of apackage that is curated once the project is complete.The only original records at SRI are those for in-progress projects. A security copy of all associateddocumentation has not been produced.


Recommendations

1. In cases where curation specifications have notbeen written into the scope of work for a militaryproject, archaeological collections should betransferred to a permanent repository that meets thecuration standards outlined in 36 CFR Part 79.

2. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into 4- or 6-mil archival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reduce thevolume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, so that

containers are not over packed. Insert acid-free paperlabels into each bag. Do not use contaminants tosecure the containers.

3. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. All recordsshould be processed and arranged according tomodern archival practices and standards. Documentsshould be placed in acid-free folders and lightlypacked into fire-resistant file cabinets. All recordsshould be free of contaminants, including metalfasteners and rubber bands.

291

52SWCA, Inc.

Flagstaff, Arizona



Compliance Status: The archaeologicalmaterials require partial rehabilitation to comply withexisting federal guidelines and standards forarchaeological curation.



Compliance Status: The records collectionsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: The storage ofcollection materials is funded under the contractbetween SWCA and Camp Navajo. The curationagreement follows Arizona State Museum guidelines.

Assessment


Points of Contact: Dawn Greenwald, Mary-EllenWalsh-Anduze, Richard Anduze

The offices of SWCA are located in downtownFlagstaff and currently house approximately 2.1 ft3

of archaeological materials and 0.6 linear feet ofdocumentation associated with an ongoing project atNavajo Army Depot.

Structural AdequacyThe building housing SWCA was constructed in1927 and functioned originally as a post office(Figure 97). It is still referred to as “the old FederalBuilding.” SWCA moved into the building in

1993–1994. The facility has a total of three stories,with two above grade and one below grade. The totalarea for the facility is approximately 17,000 ft2. Thebuilding has a concrete foundation, concrete-blockand sandstone exterior walls, and a built-up asphalt

Collection Summary

Figure 97. The offices of SWCA, Inc. are located inFlagstaff in a former federal building.


roof. Both the foundation and roof are considered tobe structurally solid without cracks or leaks. The roofwas replaced in 1986 and some minor repairs weremade in 1994.

The collections are stored in two rooms onthe floor located below ground. Within the collectionsstorage areas, the interior walls are constructed ofpainted plasterboard, the floor is carpeted concrete,and there is an acoustical-tile drop ceiling. There isone interior wood panel door in each of the twostorage rooms. There are no means of entering eitherstorage room directly from outside the building.There are no windows in the storage rooms.

EnvironmentThe building is heated by a gas forced-air and gas hotwater system that is equipped with dust filters. Aheating-ventilation-air conditioning (HVAC) system ispresent and functioning within the facility. There is nohumidity monitoring or control device within thefacility due to the low humidity characteristic of theFlagstaff area. Nonfiltered, overhead fluorescentlighting is utilized throughout the facility. Buildingutilities, including plumbing, electricity, and heating,were replaced in 1986. There is no asbestos presentwithin the building structure, and there are nooverhead pipes within the collections storage areas.The facility is maintained on an as-needed basis by acuratorial staff.

Pest ManagementThere was no specific program of pest-managementand control reported for SWCA. Precautions aretaken on an as-needed basis only. There was noreported or observed problem with pest infestation ordamage to collection materials.

SecurityThe facility is equipped with a security system thatincludes an intrusion alarm that is wired into aprivate security agency, motion detectors, key locks,dead-bolt locks, and controlled access. All windowshave sensors to detect glass breakage. There was noreport or evidence of previous episodes ofunauthorized entry.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe facility is equipped with fire detection devicesthat include manual fire alarms, smoke detectors, andfire alarms that are wired directly into the local firedepartment. Fire suppression measures include fireextinguishers that are inspected annually, fire wallswithin the building, and fire doors.


The collection materials held by SWCA are stored onlarge, unsealed wood and press board shelving units(Figure 98). Table 83 summarizes the material classespresent in the Navajo Army Depot collection.

Table 83.Summary of Material Classes in the Navajo Army

Depot Collections at SWCA

Material Class %

PrehistoricCeramics 6Lithics 41Shell 1

Historical-PeriodGlass 36Metal 16

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume

Figure 98. Collections are stored in acidic cardboardboxes on wooden shelves in the archaeological

laboratory.

SWCA, Inc. 293

Primary Containers

The Navajo Army Depot collection materials arestored in two acidic cardboard boxes. The boxes areof a folded and taped construction with folded flaplids (Figure 99). The primary containers are in goodcondition, exhibiting no tears, compression, or otherdamage. A computer generated acid-free adhesivelabel is attached to each box and indicates the projectname, project number, and the time period related tothe enclosed artifacts.


Each of the two primary containers has a differenttype of secondary container enclosed within it. Onebox holds only historic period materials with eachartifact enclosed in separate paper bags that aresecured with rubber bands. These bags are stampedwith a form label and are completed in handwrittenblack ink. The second box contains only prehistoricartifacts that are enclosed in smaller acid-free boxeswith either telescoping lids or folded flap lids. Thesesecondary boxes are labeled with computer generatedadhesive labels. Secondary container labelinformation is generally consistent throughout thecollection. The prehistoric artifacts contained withinthe acid-free secondary boxes are further packaged innested paper bags secured with rubber bands and/orzip-lock plastic bag interior containers. In somecases, artifacts are further enclosed in plastic filmcanisters within the tertiary bags. Nested interiorcontainers are generally labeled with consistent

label information in the same manner as thesecondary containers.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingThe artifacts do not appear to have been cleaned andnone are individually labeled. The historic periodmaterials are each enclosed in individual secondarycontainers and the prehistoric materials are sortedinto secondary containers by material class.

Human Skeletal RemainsSWCA is not curating any human skeletal remainsrecovered from Navajo Army Depot or otherDepartment of Defense installations.

Records StoragePaper Records

At the time of this assessment, there was a total ofapproximately one inch of paper records that includesNavajo Army Depot project correspondences, siteforms, field notes, photograph logs, bag lists, andbox inventories. The records are stored in standardmetal four drawer file cabinets in acidic manilafolders. Some records are bound with staples and/ormetal clips.


There are approximately six inches of photographicrecords for the Camp Navajo project. These materialsconsist of negatives, contact prints, and photographsthat are stored in two three-ring binders. Allphotographs and negatives are archivally processed.The photographs and contact sheets are labeleddirectly in pencil and the negative sleeves are labeleddirectly in black marker. Label information for thephotographic records includes project number andfilm roll number.

Collections Management StandardsSWCA is not a permanent curation facility; therefore,collections management standards were not addressedduring the assessment.

Figure 99. Artifact packaging at SWCA, Inc., includescardboard boxes and nested acidic paper bags

secured with rubber bands.


Curation Personnel

SWCA does not employ an archaeological collectionscurator; however, Jim Potter, Laboratory Director,and one lab technician are responsible for theprocessing and temporary storage of collections whilethey are temporarily stored at SWCA.


Staff members within the firm have access tocollection materials. The St. Louis Districtresearchers were granted permission to view andaccess the collection materials following written request.

Future Plans

No future plans were indicated for buildingrenovation. Currently, SWCA is awaiting a decisionfrom Navajo Army Depot regarding the permanentdisposition of collections.

Comments


2. An integrated pest-management system is not inplace within the collections storage areas.

3. The facility has very good security measures forthe temporary storage of Navajo Army Depotcollections.

4. Storage of all associated records from NavajoArmy Depot does not meet modern archivalstandards.

5. All Navajo Army Depot collections are housed inacidic cardboard boxes; secondary containers consistof acidic paper bags, zip-lock plastic bags, andplastic film canisters.

6. Lighting in the collections storage area does nothave ultraviolet filtering sleeves in place.

7. Storage units are constructed of unsealed wood whichposes the potential of off-gassing and damaging thecollections.

Recommendations



3. Replace secondary containers with four-mil, zip-lock, polyethylene plastic bags, and label withindelible ink. Labels for secondary containers shouldbe made from spun-bonded, polyethylene paper (e.g.,Nalgene polypaper), labeled with indelible ink, andinserted into the secondary containers.


5. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a finding aid to the collection. Recordsshould be free of metal binder clips, staples, andpaper clips, or other contaminants. The photographicmaterial should be placed in archival qualityphotographic sleeves, labeled properly, and stored ina secure storage unit.

295

53Tetra Tech

San Bernadino, California





Compliance Status: The records collectionsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Tetra Tech is not along-term curation facility. Funding for curation mustbe provided by the contracting agency.

Assessment

DATE OF VISIT: February 14, 1997

POINTS OF CONTACT: Susan Bupp and BarbaraPeterson

Tetra Tech is an archaeological consulting firmlocated in San Bernardino, California. The firm hasconducted archaeological research projects on anumber of installations, including Bergston AFB,Falcon AFB, Hill AFB, Kirtland AFB, Luke AFB,Navajo Army Depot, Peterson AFB, and White SandsMissile Range (WSMR). Currently, Tetra Techhouses 1.5 linear feet of records.

Structural AdequacyThe building housing Tetra Tech was constructed asan office complex in 1982–83 with Tetra Tech

assuming occupancy of offices on the third floor in1985. The three story above ground structure has apoured concrete foundation, stucco exterior walls,and a composition roof that is original to the building.Both the foundation and exterior walls were reportedto be structurally sound, but the roof was reported tohave minor leaks. Within the conference room wherecollection materials and documentation aretemporarily being stored, the floor is carpet coveredconcrete, the walls are plasterboard, and there is anacoustical-tile drop ceiling. There are no windows inthis room. There is no asbestos present in either thecollections storage area or the facility in general.

EnvironmentEnvironmental control within the offices of TetraTech is provided by a gas forced-air heating-ventilation-and-air conditioning (HVAC) system thatis outfitted with dust filters. The system is set for atarget temperature of 70° F. Humidity within the

Collection Summary


building is neither monitored nor controlled. Officelighting is provided by nonfiltered fluorescent tubeswith additional natural window lighting in someoffices. Building support facilities include electricity,restrooms, and telephones. There are no overheadpipes within the rooms used for collections storageand there is no evidence of water damage to anycollection materials.

Pest ManagementA professional pest management company isemployed to monitor and control insects within thefacility. Inspections and precautionary measures aretaken monthly. There was no report of pest problemswithin the facility and the assessment team observedno evidence of insects or pest damage during therepository evaluation.

SecuritySecurity measures for the building in general includemotion detectors, dead-bolt locks with key pad entryon the main entrance, controlled access, and windowlocks. Additional security within the Tetra Techoffices is provided by an after hours in-house securityguard. There were no reported episodes of previousunauthorized entry and no evidence of entry wasobserved by the assessment team.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire safety within the building is provided by manualfire alarms, fire doors, fire extinguishers, and firealarms that are wired to the local fire department.

Artifact StorageTetra Tech is not housing any artifact materials fromthese DoD installations.

Human Skeletal RemainsThere are no human skeletal remains among thefederal collection materials at Tetra Tech.

Records StorageThe documentation for on-going projects is kept inthe offices of Susan Bupp and Evelyn Chandler where

it is stored in metal file cabinets. Otherdocumentation is stored in acidic cardboard boxes onthe floor of the office conference room (Figure 100).Although the storage boxes have recently beenlabeled directly in marker with box contentinformation, the materials inside are arranged with nospecific order. Project records and photographs aremixed within these boxes. For amounts and types ofdocumentation by installation, refer to Table 84.

Table 84.Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation

by Installation at Tetra Tech

Types of Documents


Bergstrom AFB 1.00 0.25 –– 0.25 1.50Falcon AFB 0.33 2.75 0.13 –– 3.21Hill AFB 0.25 –– –– –– 0.25Kirtland AFB 0.13 0.50 –– –– 0.63Luke AFB 1.00 0.38 –– –– 1.38Navajo Army Depot 2.63 0.75 1.00 1.00 5.38Peterson AFB 0.30 2.75 –– –– 3.05WSMR 1.00 0.25 –– 1.00 2.25

Total 6.64 7.63 1.13 2.25 17.65


Figure 100. A conference room is temporarily usedto house associated documentation.

Tetra Tech 297

Paper Records

Paper records consist of more than 6.6 linear inchesfrom Luke AFB, Navajo Army Depot, Peterson AFB,Falcon AFB, Kirtland AFB, WSMR, BergstromAFB, and Hill AFB. Paper documents includeadministrative records, background records, surveyrecords, excavation records, and analysis records.

Report Records

Approximately 7.6 linear inches of report recordsfrom Luke AFB, Navajo Army Depot,Falcon AFB,Kirtland AFB, WSMR, Bergstrom AFB. Reports arestored in the same manner as the paper records.


Photographic records consist of 1.1 linear inch fromNavajo Army Depot and Falcon AFB.


Approximately 2.25 linear inches of maps associatedwith Navajo Army Depot, WSMR, and BergstromAFB are located in the Tetra Tech files.

Collections Management StandardsTetra Tech is not a permanent repository; thereforecollections management standards are not addressedin this report.

Curation Personnel

The record collection is managed by the staff at TetraTech. The two principal managers are Susan Buppand Barbara Peterson.

Curation Financing

There are no specific funds allocated for the curationof records. Funding for curation must be provided bythe contracting agency.


Access to the collections is controlled by the TetraTech staff.

Future Plans

There are no major plans for upgrading curationmanagement at Tetra Tech.

Comments


2. An integrated pest-management plan is in place forthe facility and pests have not been a problem amongstored materials.

3. An HVAC system that includes dust filters on theenvironmental controls is present. Lighting in thecollection storage is not filtered for ultravioletradiation.

4. Security measures for the building in general areadequate and Tetra Tech additionally employs anafter hours in-house security guard.

5. Adequate and appropriate fire-detection systemsare in place, but the fire-suppression system isinadequate.

6. All collections are housed in acidic cardboardboxes; acidic paper bags, and nonarchival-quality,zip-lock plastic bags are included among thesecondary containers.

7. Label information on primary and secondarycontainers is not consistent.

8. Storage of all associated records from federalinstallations does not meet modern archivalstandards, nor has a security copy of associatedrecords been produced.


Recommendations


2. Replace acidic cardboard boxes with acid-freeboxes. Apply adhesive polyethylene plastic labelholders, with acid-free inserts, to the boxes. Labelsshould no longer be applied directly to the boxes.When label information or box contents changes,inserts are replaced, thus reducing the chance forconflicting and confusing information.

3. Replace secondary containers with 4-mil, zip-lock,polyethylene plastic bags, and label with indelible ink.Labels for secondary containers should be made fromspun-bonded, polyethylene paper (e.g. Nalgenepolypaper), labeled in indelible ink, and inserted intothe secondary containers. Label Artifact Collectionswith indelible ink.


299

54Texas Archaeological ResearchLaboratoryUniversity of Texas

Austin

Table 85.DoD Collections by Installation Housed at TARL


Bergstrom AFB 1.4NAS Kingsville 0.4Lonestar AAP 1.1Matagorda Island AFR 0.7Red River Army Depot 1.4U.S. Mine Warfare Center 0.3

Total 5.3






Compliance Status: Records consist ofcirculated reports that require no rehabilitation.

Status of Curation Funding: Currently, the TexasArchaeological Research Laboratory has no formallong term curation agreements with any Departmentof Defense (DoD) installations. Curation is handledon a project by project basis.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Darrell Creel

The Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory(TARL) holds collections from six DoD installationslocated throughout Texas (Table 85). Thesecollections are stored in two buildings, both ofwhich are located on the University of Texas atAustin, J. J. Pickle Research Campus. Building 5houses the TARL offices. This facility holds severalof the smaller archaeological materials from DoDinstallations. Building 33 is used solely for housingcollections. This facility houses artifacts from twoDoD installations.

Structural AdequacyRepository 1—Building 5

Building 5 is approximately 42-years-old and waspreviously used as a munitions factory formagnesium processing (Figure 101). Offices forfaculty and staff are located throughout the facility,but the majority are on the second floor. Most of thecentral portion of the structure is devoted to

Collection Summary


collection storage and laboratory space. The facilityhas undergone internal and external renovations forits current configuration.

The structure has a concrete and rubble corefoundation with brick and corrugated transit exteriorwalls. The roof is composite (transit/concrete) and isonly three years old. The shingles are asphalt. Noactive cracks in the foundation or active leaks in theroof have been noticed by staff members. Thebuilding functions as office space, collection storage,laboratory and classroom areas. The structurepossesses three floors above grade. Internalrenovations include the addition and removal of walls(plasterboard) to better facilitate current usage. Somewindows in repository have steel frames and haveeither been covered over with walls or been paintedover. According to TARL staff, some of thesewindows have shown evidence of air or waterleakage. Most windows in the repository are original.Building utility systems include: heat, running water,restroom facilities, telephones, air conditioning, andelectricity. All utility systems are original equipment.According to TARL personnel there was one incidentof water damage in the collections area and to otherparts of the building in the early 1980s. Therepository comprises approximately 30,000 ft2.

The collections area of Building 5 iscomprised of two portions. The larger portion issimilar in construction to the rest of the repositoryand occupies about half of the total square footage ofthe repository for artifact and records storage. Thesecond portion is a secured metal vault that occupiesapproximately 10% of the total square footage of the

repository (DoD collections are stored in the vaultportion). Space for long-term curation is available inboth portions of the collections area, however, spacefor artifact washing and processing laboratories,study areas, classrooms, record storage and studyareas, and photographic and cartographic storage areonly present in the non-vault portion of the collectionsarea. Some windows in the non-vault portion of thecollections area, like those in the repository proper,have been covered over with plasterboard or havebeen painted over. The vault portion of the collectionsarea has no windows.

Repository 2—Building 33

The TARL portion of Building 33 (approximately 1/8of the building) on the J. J. Pickle Research Campusis entirely devoted to artifact and equipment storage(Figure 102). The building has a concrete foundationand corrugated metal exterior walls.

The collections area of Building 33 isidentical to the rest of the building in terms ofstructural adequacy. It measures 4,000 ft2 and iscompletely devoted to long-term curation of allarchaeological collections from throughout Texas.

EnvironmentRepository 1—Building 5

Building 5 has air conditioning and heat controls.Temperature is not monitored, but is set to staffpreferences. Dust filters are present on the furnaceducts and the building is regularly (daily)maintained by university janitorial services.

Figure 101. Building 5 (Repository 1) is located onthe campus of the University of Texas at Austin; it

formerly served as a munitions factory.

Figure 102. Building 33 (Repository 2) on theJ. J. Pickle Research Campus is a corrugated metalbuilding devoted to artifact and equipment storage.

Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas 301

The non-vault portion of the collections areain Building 5 is identical to the rest of the repositoryin terms of temperature, humidity, and janitorialservice. The vault portion is a completely controlledenvironment and is cleaned by staff members.Temperature and humidity are held constant and aremonitored on a regular basis.


Building 33 has no windows, is equipped withheaters, but no air conditioning. The structure is wellinsulated and is comfortable in the summer. Humidityin the structure is not monitored or controlled.Lighting is incandescent and natural sunlight with noultraviolet filters on any light units.

Pest ManagementRepository 1—Building 5

Building 5 pest management is handled by universityservices and occurs on an as-needed basis. The onlyinfestation problem has been the presence of fire antsand mice in some parts of the building. Additionalinfestations such as spiders, beetles, roaches,silverfish, and termites have been noted by staff.

Both the vault and non-vault portions of thecollections area are similarly managed for pests.


Building 33 pest management is handled by universityservices and also occurs on an as-needed basis only.

SecurityRepository 1—Building 5

Building 5 possesses key locks on all interior doors,dead-bolt locks for almost all exterior doors and basiclocks on all windows. Most windows are coveredwith walls or painted and covered over.

The non-vault portion of the collections areais similar to the rest of the repository regardingsecurity. The vault portion of the collections area,however, is wired into the university policedepartment. Controlled access and key locks on allcabinets in the vault add to other security measures inplace. According to TARL staff, there have been noincidents of unauthorized access in either portion ofthe collections area.


Building 33 security measures consist of electroniclocks on the main loading doors and campus policepatrols. Collections are stored on open shelving unitsand exhibit no additional means of security.

Fire Detection and SuppressionRepository 1—Building 5

Smoke detectors, heat sensors, manual fire alarms,and fire extinguishers are present throughout Building 5.The fire extinguishers were last inspected in April of1996. According to staff, no parts of the structure areconsidered fireproof.

The vault portion of the collections area isalso protected by a CO

2 fire retardant system. The

non-vault portion of the collections area is similar tothe rest of the repository.


Building 33 possesses fire extinguishers locatedthroughout the building. The collections area hasseveral fire extinguishers placed throughout itsportion of the building.



Archaeological materials include 3.8 ft3 of materialfrom six DoD installations (Tables 86 and 87).Collections are located in both repositories at TARL.Archaeological materials are stored in the vaultportion of the collections area located in Building 5.These materials are locked inside movable, metalstorage cabinets that measure approximately 30.0 x58.5 x 69.0 inches (l x w x h). Each cabinet is furtherdivided into metal drawers that hold the individualcollections. The drawers measure 30 x 25 x 1.5inches (l x w x h).


Approximately 1.5 ft3 is curated in Building 33 andstored on open metal shelving units that measure 1.5x 3.0 x 16.0 feet (l x w x h).


Primary/Secondary Containers


Inside each cabinet drawer the collections are storedin archival plastic, zip-lock bags (2- and 4-milthickness) that are directly labeled in marker (acid-free paper inserts are placed inside each bag), and insmall acid-free boxes that are likewise labeled. Onoccasion the bags are nested with one another or areplaced inside the small boxes.


Collections in Building 33 are stored in 11-x-17-inchacidic cardboard boxes that are directly labeled inmarker. Within each box, material is stored inarchival-plastic, zip-lock bags (4-mil) that aresimilarly labeled and also contain acid-free paper inserts.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingCollections from all DoD installations are cleanedand directly labeled in ink with at least a site numberand a lot number.

Human Skeletal RemainsTARL does not hold any skeletal remains from DoDproperty.

Records StorageThe only documentation associated with thesecollections are (circulated) cultural resource reports(5 linear feet, approximately 10 linear inches perinstallation). They are stored in metal storagecabinets or on wooden shelves.

Table 87.Summary of Material Classes from DoD Installations

in TARL Building 33

%

Bergstrom Red River/Material Class AFB Lonestar AAP

PrehistoricLithics 93 34Faunal remains 3 ––Shell 3 ––14C 1 ––

Historical-PeriodCeramic –– 25Glass –– 25Metal –– 11Brick –– 5

Total 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes based on volume.

Table 86.Summary of Material Classes from DoD Installations in TARL Building 5

%

NAS U.S. Mine Bergstrom Red River Lonestar Matagorda IslandMaterial Class Kingsville Warfare Center AFB AAP AAP Air Force Range

PrehistoricCeramic –– –– –– 2 57 62Lithics 77 –– 40 64 33 4Faunal remains –– –– –– 1 –– 10

Historical-PeriodCeramic 23 3 15 5 2 4Glass –– 91 30 14 4 16Metal –– 6 15 13 4 4Brick –– –– –– 1 –– ––

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes based on volume

Texas Archaeological Research Laboratory, University of Texas 303



Archaeological materials are accessioned upon receipt.


The location of artifacts within the repository isidentified in the accession file.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross indexed by accession number,site number, lot number, and project number inthe database.




TARL does maintain site file records.


A computer database—used for collections locationonly—is used to manage all collections.


There are written standards required for submittingcollections that addresses packaging, processing, andlabeling practices.

Curation Policy

There are standards for curation.


There is a written policy addressing the guidelinesand standards for the curation of documentation.


There are written guidelines for field-curation thataddress field conservation and recommendations formanuals to be used.

Loan Procedures

There are written loan procedures, and standardloan forms.


There is no deaccessioning policy.

Inventory Policy



Collections have been inventoried. New collectionsare inventoried upon receipt.

Curation Personnel

Dr. Creel is the full-time curator of collections forthe TARL. Carolyn Spock is the full-time curator ofrecords. Other staff members consist of part-timeassistants.

Curation Financing

Curation funding is obtained from grants,university overhead budgets, or are included in agiven project’s written contract with the sponsoringagency.


Access to the collections is limited to TARL culturalresource staff and researchers by permission. Awritten letter of intent is necessary, and access to thecollections is supervised.

Comments

1. Environmental controls are in place in variousportions of Building 5.

2. Building 5 (vault collections area) intrusiondetection and deterrent measures meet the guidelinesestablished in 36 CFR Part 79.

3. DoD collections housed in Building 33 are storedin acidic cardboard boxes; secondary containers arearchival-plastic, zip-lock bags.


4. The professional staff at TARL is dedicated to thesafeguarding and care of the materials curated at theirfacility.

Recommendations


305

55TRC-Mariah Associates






Linear Feet of Records: 6.7 linear feet ( 80.3 linearinches)

Compliance Status: All associated recordsrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal standards and guidelines for archivalpreservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded through the contracts TRC-Mariah Associateshas with their clients.

Assessment

Date of Visit: October 24-25, 1996

Point of Contact: Dorothy Larson

Approximately 49.7 ft3 of archaeological materialsand 6.7 linear feet of associated documentation fromKirtland AFB, New Mexico, are housed at thecontracting office of TRC-Mariah Associates inAlbuquerque, New Mexico. The collectionsassessed from Kirtland AFB will be turned overto the Maxwell Museum of Anthropology forpermanent curation in early 1997 after analysisis complete.

The collections consist of both historic andprehistoric elements (see Table 88). Associateddocumentation consists of paper records, reports,photographic records, and drawings.

Collection Summary


Kirtland AFB Collections at TRC-Mariah Associates

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 46Ceramics 19Faunal remains 4Botanical remains 2Flotation 4Soil 514C 1

Historical-PeriodCeramics 1Glass 5Metal 12Other

a1

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.aOther historical-period materials present include worked shell,

faunal, and masonry.


Structural AdequacyTRC-Mariah Associates, an archaeologicalcontracting firm, are tenants of an industrial parkcomplex located on the northeast side of Albuquerque(Figure 103). The entire 5,185 ft2 office building isoccupied by TRC-Mariah. The single story structurewas constructed in the 1980s with a cementfoundation and exterior walls of stucco over a wood

frame. The building has a flat, composite gravel roof,with the exception of a porch area on the front of thebuilding, which has a tile roof. Utility systems areoriginal to the building. A reception area and officesoccupy the front of the building. Artifact washing,processing, and analysis are conducted in a largeroom in the center of the building. This area haspartitioned work spaces, counters with overheadcabinets, a sink, movable drying racks, a microscope,and computer terminals. A storage room housesshelved collections along with equipment and somerecords. This room is accessible through a door fromthe processing area, a door from the office area, ametal exterior door, and a metal overhead loadingdoor. Interior doors are wood panel. The front door tothe building is glass with a metal frame. Interior wallsare painted plasterboard. Suspended acoustical-tileceilings with unfiltered fluorescent lights are presentthroughout the building. The floor in the storage areais cement; in the processing area the floor is tiled, andthe office areas are carpeted.

EnvironmentThe building is cooled by a refrigerated airconditioning unit that reportedly leaks, most likelyfrom condensation. The staff was unsure of themethod of heating in the building. The temperature iscontrolled, but the humidity is not. The building isregularly maintained by a private service contractedby the landlord of the property. The storage area ismaintained by the staff on an as-needed basis.

Pest ManagementPest-management is also the responsibility of thelandlord of the building, and the staff of TRC-Mariahwas unsure about what precautions are used, if any.They have never seen any signs of infestation.

SecurityAccess to the building is controlled by staff. Keylocked doors are dead-bolted and windows aresecured with sliding latches. All windows areconsidered accessible from the outside. The buildinghas motion detectors and intrusion alarms wired tothe police. Police also regularly patrol the area. Theback of the building, where vehicles are parked, isenclosed with a chain link fence that has a securedgate. There has been a past episode of theft, wherecomputer equipment was stolen.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection consists of smoke alarms and heatsensors. Fire extinguishers are present and areinspected annually. The city fire marshal also makesrandom inspections of fire extinguishers.

Artifact StorageCollections associated with projects conducted byTRC-Mariah staff at Kirtland AFB are beingtemporarily stored at the TRC-Mariah offices. For abreakdown of material classes present in all of thecollections, refer to Table 88.

Storage Units

The storage room has two types of shelving units.The processed collections are on units with wood

Figure 103. The offices of TRC-Mariah Associates arelocated in an industrial park on the northeast

side of Albuquerque.

TRC-Mariah Associates 307

shelves on a metal frame (Figure 104). Each unitmeasures approximately 2 x 7 x 7 feet (l x w x h)with four shelves spaced approximately three feetapart. A unit constructed of unsealed two by foursand plywood hold collections being processed, aswell as, equipment and supplies. This unit measures1.5 x 6.5 x 6.0 feet (l x w x h). Boxed collections inthe processing room are stored on the counter and afolding table.

Primary Containers

Ten percent of the collections have no primarycontainer and are located loose on the shelves. Twopercent of the collections have plastic zip-lock bagsas their primary containers. Collections are beingprocessed according to the Maxwell Museum’sstandards of acceptance. Archival boxes measuring18 x 12 x 5 inches are being used to pack collectionsthat will be permanently curated at the museum;forty-six percent of the collections have beentransferred to these boxes. The boxes close withfolded flaps that need to be secured with tape. Boxesare temporarily labeled with lined yellow paper tagstaped to each box. Information on these temporarylabels include box number, project number, and sitenumbers. Some of the labels note that the box isoverpacked and needs to be divided into two boxes.The remainder of the collections (42%) are housed ina variety of acidic boxes that range in size andcondition. These boxes are labeled directly in markeror with “post-it” notes, which are at risk of becoming

separated from the box. Several boxed collectionsthat TRC-Mariah “inherited” from the Center forAnthropological Studies have printed labels.


The majority of the Artifact Collections (86%) are inarchival zip-lock plastic bags (Table 89). Paper bagsconstitute only 2% of the secondary containers, and12% of the archaeological materials are loose in theboxes. The collections that have been processed to theMaxwell Museum’s standards have 4-mil plastic, zip-lock bags as secondary containers. The bags arelabeled directly in marker and have computergenerated paper labels enclosed in the bags. Some ofthe plastic bags are enclosed in other plastic bags,and aluminum foil is also used to hold material withinsome of the bags. One large reconstructed pot isnested in Styrofoam “peanuts.” This pot istemporarily being held in a acidic cardboard box.The pot extends above the walls of the box.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned and sorted bymaterial class. None of the artifacts are labeleddirectly, but the artifacts that have been processedhave identifying labels enclosed in their bags. Severalof the loose objects, including large ground stones,have acidic paper labels attached with strings.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains are associated with thecollections housed in the TRC-Mariah offices inAlbuquerque.

Table 89.Summary of Secondary Containers in DoD

Collections at TRC-Mariah Associates


Plastic zip-lock bags 86Loose artifacts 12Paper bags 2

Total 100


Figure 104. Large groundstone and boxedcollections are stored on metal and pressedwood shelving units in the storage room of

TRC-Mariah Associates.


Records StorageApproximately 6.7 linear feet of associateddocumentation were assessed from work conducted atKirtland AFB. The records are currently undergoingprocessing and organization to comply with therequirements of the Maxwell Museum. At the time ofthe visit, all the records were located on a counter anda folding table in the processing room. The recordswere being held in various types of acidic cardboardboxes, or were sorted into piles.

Paper Records

Paper records constitute 24.25 linear inches of theDoD documentation collection. Documents includeacid-free copies of site forms sorted by project report,administrative papers, correspondence, Laboratory ofAnthropology site record forms that are beingupdated and corrected, project accession records,Maxwell Museum summary forms for Kirtland AFBcollections, a master bibliography for Kirtland AFB,field specimen lists, artifact inventories, excavationforms, photograph logs, and a hardbound fieldnotebook with ‘KAFB’ written on the cover inmarker. A deteriorating historic record is stored in aplastic sleeve with taped edges. Documentcontaminants include paper clips, binder clips, andstaples. Papers are contained in acidic manila folders,expandable file folders, and three-ring binders.

Report Records

Included in the 30 linear inches of report recordsassessed are two acid-free, unbound copies of eachreport for Kirtland AFB. These copies will besubmitted to the Maxwell Museum. The original,bound copies of these reports are housed on an openwooden shelf in Dorothy Larson’s office. Theoriginals were not assessed, and therefore, are notincluded in the reported count of documentation.


More than two linear feet (25 inches) of photographicrecords associated with Kirtland AFB were assessed.A three-ring binder contains plastic sleeves of colorprints and slides. The binder has a post-it note tapedto the spine with project and roll numbers. Prints andslides are labeled directly in ink and pencil. Acid-freephotograph logs separate each roll of film. The

negatives remain in their original plastic sleeve in anacidic envelope which is labeled with the project androll number. Black-and-white photographs pasted topages of acid-free paper are in a file of Kirtland AFBsurveys. Labels on the back of the photographs arelegible through the paper, and captions have also beenprinted on the page below each picture. OtherKirtland AFB material includes black and whitecontact sheets attached to an acidic envelope with apaper clip. Small acidic cardboard and plastic boxescontain black-and-white prints, color prints, colorslides, and negatives.


Two files contain annotated site maps, which arelabeled directly in pencil and have site informationattached on numerous post-it notes. Maps account forone linear inch of the total documentation.


Curation Personnel

TRC-Mariah is a private archaeological contractingfirm and does not have a full-time curatorial staff.Field work is conducted by archaeologists. DorothyLarson is the laboratory director and Toni Goar is thelaboratory assistant. They oversee the collections careonce they enter the laboratory for analysis, and areresponsible for processing and packing collections fortransfer to a permanent curation facility.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are financed through eachproject’s contract, or are included as overhead inthe budget.


Staff members have access to the collections. There isno written policy regarding access to the collection byresearchers, but appointments can be made with thestaff for access.

TRC-Mariah Associates 309

Future Plans

Plans for the collections from Kirtland AFB that arepresently housed at TRC-Mariah include theirtransfer to the Maxwell Museum in early 1997.Analyses on these collections must first be completed,and collection must be processed to the museum’sstandards of acceptance.

At the time of the assessment, TRC-Mariahwas planning to move their office to a new location.The future office space is located in the sameindustrial park, not far from the present location. It is6,400-ft3, of which 2,400-ft3 is warehouse space.

Comments

1. The building is considered to be to be structurallysound.

2. Temperature levels are monitored and controlled,but humidity is neither monitored nor controlled.

3. The air conditioning unit leaks, most likely fromcondensation.


5. Building security meets the minimum federalstandards for safeguarding of archaeologicalcollections.

6. Kirtland AFB collections are being processed tomeet the Maxwell Museum’s standards, where theywill be sent for permanent curation.

7. TRC-Mariah was planning on moving its offices tonew location shortly after this assessment wasconducted. The new location would likewise be in anindustrial park on the northeast side of Albuquerque.

Recommendations


2. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into 4- or 6-mil, archival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reduce thevolume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, so thatcontainers are not over packed. Insert acid-free paperlabels into each bag. Do not use contaminants tosecure the containers. Chipped stone artifacts shouldbe labeled directly in indelible ink.

3. The reconstructed pot should be housed in anappropriate sized acid-free box, with a lid. TheStyrofoam packing materials should be removed, andreplaced with an inert mount that will support the pot,but not abrade.

4. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. All recordsshould be processed and arranged according toarchival practices and standards. Documents shouldbe placed in acid-free folders and lightly packed intofire-resistant file cabinets. All records should be freeof contaminants, including metal fasteners and rubberbands. Provide a finding aid to the record holdings.

5. Maps should be stored flat, if possible. Informationwritten on post-it notes should be transferred directlyto the maps, before they become separated.

311

56University of Alaska Museum

Fairbanks, Alaska

Collections Total: 36.8 ft3 of artifact and humanskeletal remains; 4.6 linear feet of associated records.




Compliance Status: Human skeletal remainsrecovered from NAS Adak and Eareckson AFS willrequire partial rehabilitation to comply with existingfederal guidelines and standards for curation. TheUniversity of Alaska Museum has inventoried thehuman skeletal remains in compliance with NativeAmerican Graves Protection and Repatriation Act(NAGPRA).



Status of Curation Funding: The University ofAlaska Museum funds curation activities in a varietyof means. $250 a year of the overhead budget is usedfor curation, as well as cooperative agreements set upwith agencies, such as the National Park Service.Museum staff salaries are paid from state funding.Numerous grants provide support, but the museummust match some grants at 50% of the overhead.Agencies often provide curation supplies (e.g., Fishand Wildlife Service provided the museum with boxes).

Assessment

DATE OF VISIT: May 20-23, 1997

POINT OF CONTACT: Craig Gerlach

The University of Alaska Museum (UAM) currentlycurates approximately 36.8 ft3 of Artifact Collectionsand 55.5 linear inches of associated documentationrecovered from Fort Greely , Fort Wainwright,Harding Lake Recreation, Kotzebue MilitaryReservation, Fort Richardson, NAS Adak, and

Eareckson Air Force Station (Shemya Island). For theamounts of collections by installation, refer to Table 90.

Collection Summary

Table 90.Volume of Collections by Installationat the University of Alaska Museum

Installation ft3

NAS Adak 1.0Eareckson AFS 6.9Fort Greely 19.5Fort Wainwright 3.9Harding Lake Recreation 1.3Kotzebue Military Reservation 4.2

Total 36.8


Structural AdequacyThe Otto Geist Building, measuring approximately40,000 ft2, was originally constructed in 1979 for useas a museum (Figure 105). The museum hascollection storage facilities, classrooms, office space,artifact holding, washing, and processing areas,temporary artifact-storage areas, materials/suppliesstorage areas, exhibit areas, artifact study rooms,photographic storage rooms, records storage rooms,laboratories, a receiving/loading dock, a walk-inrefrigeration unit, and a security monitoring space.Many of these rooms are multi-purpose.

The repository has a concrete foundationwith steel exterior walls and concrete withplasterboard interior walls. The roof is made ofconcrete and steel and is original to the museum. Thebuilding has two floors above grade and one belowgrade. It is structurally solid, with no major cracks.There have been some minor leaks in both theoverhead pipes and in the concrete. The pipes wererepaired, but the concrete cannot be mended. Therehave been external renovations to the building. Thereare multiple exterior steel-framed windows located onthe east and west sides of the building. Windows arelocated in the lobby and the administrative offices,but not in the collection storage or exhibit areas. Allof the windows have venetian blinds. The windowsappear to be airtight. There are numerous doorsthroughout the museum. The entrance/exit doors tothe museum are glass. The interior doors are hollowmetal fire doors and frames. Utilities in the repositoryinclude running water, heat, restrooms, telephone

lines, air conditioning, humidity control, andelectricity. The plumbing and electricity are originalto the museum, however, the HVAC system wasrebuilt in 1993.

The archaeological materials storage area hasa concrete floor with tile between collection aisles.The interior walls are poured concrete covered withsheet rock and the ceiling is concrete. There are nowindows in the collections storage area. In addition topermanent artifact storage, the room serves astemporary artifact storage and records storage. Itcontains collections from archaeology, earth sciences,ethnology, fine arts, history, botany, ornithology,mammology, and aquatics. The collections storagearea totals approximately 7,610-ft2 of which 2,394-ft2

is used as permanent archaeological collectionsstorage and 726 ft2 is used as temporaryarchaeological materials storage. The archaeologicalmaterials storage area is filled to its capacity with40% of the collections being archaeological. Theboxes in the storage area are overstacked and the areais cluttered with artifact and record boxes andcuration supplies. Utilities in the collections storagearea include heat, restrooms, air conditioning,humidity control, and electricity. There are functionaloverhead pipes above the artifact and records. An airgauge in the overhead pipes cracked from the airpressure causing the pipes to leak water. The leakflooded eight drawers of collections, none of whichwere federal collections.

EnvironmentThe museum has an air conditioning system and acoal forced-air heat system that is operated by theuniversity power plant. Both of the temperaturecontrols are equipped with dust filters that arechanged every three months. Humidity is monitoredby a hygrothermograph and thermohygrometers.The hygrothermograph records the relative humiditylevels for the month. Thermohygrometers measurethe relative humidity and are used on a weekly basis.The repository is maintained on a daily basis by theuniversity physical plants janitorial staff. Themaintenance staff has a monitoring program thatinvolves regular testing of mechanical systems, suchas lighting and air handler systems.

The archaeological materials storage area hasa zoned forced-air heating system, ventilation, and air

Figure 105. Exterior view of the University of AlaskaMuseum in Fairbanks.

University of Alaska Museum 313

conditioning that was installed in 1993 or 1994. Thetargeted temperature in the collections storage area is70°±3° F with a 45±10% relative humidity. Humidityis monitored by hygrothermographs and hygrometers,as well as temperature and relative humidity indicatorcards. The environmental controls have dust filters.UAM also has flood detectors on the floor underneaththe sliding-track compact storage unit. If waterreaches more than 1/4-inch, an alarm will sound.

There is both nonfiltered and filteredfluorescent lighting in the collections storage area.UV filters are strategically placed on lights in thecollections storage area, in order to provide the bestprotection. The staff feel that because most of thearchaeological collections in the sliding-trackcompact storage unit are covered; lights above theunits do not need filters. These lights shut off whenthe mobile storage unit is not in use; there is a micro-switch located in the floor. The collections storagearea is maintained by the curatorial staff and thejanitorial staff. The floors are swept daily andmopped twice a week.

Pest ManagementPrecautions are taken against insects and rodents byfreezing all incoming collections to -55° F over a 48-hour period. The collections are then brought back toroom temperature over a 48-hour period andinspected for infestation before being integrated intothe collections facility. There is no program of controlfor pest infestation because monitoring in thecollections storage area has shown no evidence ofinsects or rodents.

SecurityA security measure for the building consists of anintrusion alarm that is wired into campus security andthe state troopers. Museum personnel control accessthroughout the building. After hours, universitysecurity and state troopers patrol the area. Motiondetectors are located in the collections storage andexhibit areas, as well as the front and back doors andwindows. There are key locks on all interior andexterior doors, and many are kept locked at all times.The windows are permanently sealed. The museumalso has a special collections vault. Physical plantpersonnel conducting inspections or repairs mustwear identification badges.

The collections storage area has an intrusionalarm, key locks on all doors, controlled access, andno windows. Only certain authorized personnel havekeys to certain areas. The walk-in vault, used to storetype collections/special artifacts, is accessible by onlytwo museum personnel. The collections storage areaand the collection laboratories are protected by a24-hour security and hazard alarm system thatcontrols access to the research areas. Visitors to theresearch area are announced from the reception deskand accompanied in the research area by authorizedpersonnel. Visitors must wear badges and be signed inwith the name of a sponsoring staff person.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe museum is equipped with fire detection systemsthat include heat sensors, smoke detectors, andmanual fire alarms that are wired into the firedepartment, as well as in-house. Fire-suppression ismanaged by a dry-pipe sprinkler system that isactivated by heat and smoke. Additionally, there arefire doors, dry-chemical fire extinguishers, and firewalls present. The repository is also equipped with ahalon suppression system in the fine arts storage area,but this system is disconnected.

Fire-detection in the collections storage areaconsist of manual fire alarms wired into the firedepartment and smoke detectors. Fire-suppressionincludes a wet pipe sprinkler system, fire doors, non-flammable floors, fire extinguishers, and fire walls.There are five fire extinguishers, one in eachlaboratory near the door. All of the doors and framesin the collections storage area are fire doors.


Archaeological materials for Kotzebue MilitaryReservation, Harding Lake Recreation, Fort Greely,Fort Wainwright, NAS Adak, and Eareckson AFS arestored in the archaeology storage area. Percentages ofmaterial classes are outlined in Table 91.Archaeological materials equaling 28.9 ft3 are storedin an electric sliding-track compact storage unit,which is key operated (Figure 106). This storage unitdates to the construction of the museum and was oneof the first motorized space savers ever installed. Thearchaeology collections are in the first five rows of


the overall unit. Each row measures 8 x 3 feet (h xw) and is divided into two ‘ranges’ (sides), (each1.5 feet deep). Each range measures 1.5 x 44.0 x8.0 feet (l x w x h). The archaeology collections arein Ranges 1–9. There are 14 columns of drawers and

one column of shelves for large loose items (e.g.,metates) in each range. The storage units areconstructed of metal with plastic and particle boarddrawers. The number of drawers per column variesfrom 17–19 because there are different size drawers.Two metal clip handles on each drawer are used toslide them off the column. The storage shelves (onecolumn per range) are lined with Ethafoam®. Eachrange is labeled with acidic paper insert tags in metalholders with the range number, “ArchaeologyStorage,” accession numbers, and years. There is alsoa clear adhesive backed tag above the metal holderwith the range number. It is important to note that thesliding-track compact storage unit does not move(slide) smoothly. The moving rows of drawers stop byhitting one another on rubber shock absorbers, whichcould displace or damage fragile archaeologicalmaterials stored inside, such as ivory or baleen.

Bulk samples, heavy objects, anduncataloged collections are stored on stationaryshelving units (columns) tightly positioned around theperimeter of the storage area. Human skeletal remainsfrom NAS Adak and Eareckson AFS are stored onthese shelving units. These shelves containapproximately 7.9 ft3 of the archaeologicalcollections. The height of the columns vary, and themaximum number of shelves per column is 10. Thereare a total of 35 columns. The measurement of each

Figure 106. View of the archaeology collectionsstorage area showing both the stationary shelvingunits and the front panels for the five rows or nine

ranges of electric sliding-track compact storage unit.

Table 91.Summary of Material Classes in the Military Archaeological Collections

at the University of Alaska Museum

NAS Eareckson Fort Fort Harding Lake Kotzebue MilitaryMaterial Class Adak AFS Greely Wainwright Recreation Reservation Total

PrehistoricLithics — — 79 69 100 7 52Ceramics — –– –– –– –– 31 3Faunal remains 5 5 5 17 — — 5Botanical remains –– –– 1 –– –– –– 1Soil –– –– 10 2 –– –– 614C –– –– 4 4 –– –– 2Worked bone — –– –– –– –– 62 7Human skeletal remains 95 95 –– –– — — 19Wood –– –– –– 1 –– –– 1

Historical-PeriodBrick/Masonry –– –– –– 2 –– –– 1Metal –– –– –– 3 –– –– 1Glass –– –– 1 1 –– –– 1Egg shell/wood –– –– –– 1 –– –– 1

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100



shelving unit (column) is approximately 4.0 x 10.1 x4.3 feet (l x w x h). Each column is labeled with acolumn number on an adhesive-backed clear tag. Themetal shelves measure 2.0 x 4.0 x 1.1 feet (l x w x h)and are individually labeled with computer generatedclear adhesive-backed tags. The tags are labeled witha museum location identification (e.g., SU 1 C8 S3B1-3; meaning, shelf unit 1, column 8, shelf 3,boxes 1–3).

Primary Containers

Primary containers for the sliding-track compactstorage unit are drawers constructed from a plasticshell glued to particle board frames. Particle board isalso used within some of the drawers as dividers.Each drawer has metal clip handles to remove themfrom the column. The drawers vary in size; however,the majority of the drawers with DoD collectionsmeasure 1.3 ft3. A few drawers are 2.9 ft3. Many ofthe drawers are lined with Ethafoam. The drawers arelabeled with clear adhesive backed tags over vinylnumbers or masking tape labeled in marker with theaccession numbers.

Primary containers stored on the stationaryshelving units (columns) consist of both acidiccardboard boxes and archival boxes that are folded,taped, or glued with telescoping lids. The boxesinclude one archival box measuring 1.0 ft3, one acidiccardboard box measuring 1.7 ft3, and two acidiccardboard boxes and two archival boxes eachmeasuring 1.3 ft3. Most of the boxes are labeled withadhesive labels in marker with accession number,project/location, sites, catalog numbers, and contents.Some of the boxes are also labeled directly in markerwith the same information.


Secondary containers for the military archaeologicalcollections vary in types and sizes, including manilaenvelopes, plastic bags, paper bags, acidic cardboardboxes, plastic film canisters, and foam (Table 92).

Small manila envelopes are secured withtape, metal clips, rubber bands, or envelope glue andare either labeled directly or with adhesive backedtags, in marker, pencil, or pen. The labels consist ofsome combination of the Alaska Heritage ResourcesSurvey (AHRS) number, provenience, site name,date, catalog number, investigator, accession number,quad designation, notes on location, UTMcoordinates, datum, and description. Some envelopesare grouped together with acidic paper tags attachedwith a rubber band. Paper tags are labeled directly inpen or pencil with the level dimensions, coordinates,and accession number. However, not all of the manilaenvelopes are labeled. Some show evidence of tearsand punctures.

There are also 2- and 4-mil, nonarchivalplastic bags secured by zip-locks, tape, or rubberbands (some have no security). If there are labels onthe bags, they are direct in marker, pen, or pencil withsome combination of site name, catalog number,accession number, investigator, date, contents,location, description, and coordinates. Some bags arelabeled with adhesive backed tags in maker, pencil, orpen with AHRS number, provenience, date, catalognumber, investigator, accession number, coordinates,depth, and description. Some do not have an exteriortag but have an interior tag with the AHRS number,site name, investigating organization, investigators,and date labeled in pen. Plastic bags show evidence oftears, punctures, and stretching.

Table 92.Summary of Secondary Containers in the DoD Collections at University of Alaska Museum

KotzebueNAS Eareckson Fort Fort Harding Lake Military

Secondary Container Adak AFS Greely Wainwright Recreation Reservation Total

Plastic bags 20 100 6 58 67 — 31Small manila envelopes — — 44 7 33 50 29Small acidic boxes with and without lids — –– 23 33 –– 50 24Paper bags –– –– 23 2 –– –– 12Foam –– –– 1 –– –– –– 1Plastic film canisters –– –– 2 –– –– –– 1Loose 80 –– 1 –– — –– 2

Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of secondary containers are based on volume


Other secondary containers include paperbags that are secured with tape or rubber bands andshow evidence of tears, punctures, and deterioration.Numerous paper bags do not have any security. Thepaper bags are labeled directly or with adhesivebacked tags with information written in marker, pen,or pencil. Some of the bags are stamped with theAHRS number. Paper bags are labeled with somecombination of AHRS number, site name,provenience, date, investigators, accession number,catalog number, quad designation, notes on location,UTM coordinates, unit, level, bag number, feature,type of collection, test pit number, procedures done,and description.

Small acidic boxes with and withouttelescoping lids, if labeled, are labeled directly inmarker, pen, or pencil with some combination ofAHRS number, site name, date, catalog number, box/bag number, accession number, description, andinvestigators. A few of the boxes with telescoping lidsare labeled with adhesive backed tags in pen with thesite name, date, investigating organization, AHRSnumber, and bag number.

Thick plastic bags (some with zip-locksecurity) are secondary containers for human skeletalremains. The bags are labeled directly and/or withadhesive backed tags in marker with the catalognumber, provenience, accession number, location,bag number, and description. Some of the humanbone is loose within the boxes and wrapped in acid-free tissue.

Tertiary containers include manila envelopessecured with envelope glue, acid-free tissue, opennon-archival plastic bags secured with twist ties orzip-locks, plastic film canisters, medicine vials,ethafoam, clear envelopes, air mail envelopes,aluminum foil, and paper bags. If the tertiarycontainer is labeled, it is direct in marker, pen, orpencil with a combination of AHRS number,accession numbers, project location, date, material,investigator(s), contents, coordinates, type of soil,depth, sketches, dimensions, test letter, and depth.Some containers are stamped with the AHRS number.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingMost (93%) of the artifacts have been cleaned andsorted by material class, site, catalog number,

provenience, human skeletal individual, or humanskeletal element. The majority (85%) of the artifactshave been directly labeled in India ink or pen withthe accession number, AHRS number, and/orcatalog number.

Human Skeletal RemainsUAM currently curates 7.9 ft3 (minimum number ofindividuals = 13) of human skeletal remains fromNAS Adak and Eareckson AFS. The human skeletalremains are on the whole fragmented and range frompoor to good preservation and condition. All of thehuman skeletal remains have been sorted by humanskeletal individual or element. All of the humanskeletal remains have been labeled directly in pen orindia ink with the accession number.

Records StorageRecord collections at UAM are stored in thearchaeology laboratory and in the artifact collectionstorage area. UAM curates records associated witharchaeological research performed on multiple Alaskainstallations (Table 93). Accession records in thearchaeology laboratory are stored in seven, five-drawer metal file cabinets that measure 4 x 1.5 x 5.0feet (l x w x h) and are arranged in numerical order.The drawers are labeled with a paper tag in a metalholder with the accession number range. Thesecondary containers for the accession record files arehanging files with manila folders. The hanging filesare labeled with paper tags in the plastic holder andthe manila envelopes are labeled with adhesivebacked tags. The labels are all typewritten with the

Table 93.Summary of DoD Documentation by Installation at

the University of Alaska Museum



Eareckson AFS 11.25 –– –– –– 11.25Fort Richardson 0.25 –– 1.00 7.50 8.75Fort Greely 1.75 –– 1.50 3.50 6.75Fort Wainwright 2.00 12.00 12.50 1.00 27.50Harding Lake R –– 0.50 –– –– 0.50Kotzebue MR 0.25 –– 0.25 0.25 0.75

Total 15.50 12.50 15.25 12.25 55.50



accession number and AHRS number. If thecollection has only a small amount of documentationassociated with it, the records are placed in theaccession file.

The archaeology laboratory also has twoparticle board shelving units that have three shelvesper unit. This shelving unit contains binders withphotographs and negatives, reports arranged inalphabetical order by project name, and oversizeddocumentation. These records are bound, stored invinyl binders, or stored in acidic cardboard documentholders. The document holders are folded with nosecurity. Most of the primary containers are labeledeither directly or with adhesive backed tags withcontent and year information. Secondary containersinclude manila envelopes, manila folders, acidicenvelopes, acidic boxes, photograph processingcontainers, and archival sleeves. Some of thedocumentation is stored loose. Secondary containersare labeled directly in marker, pen, or pencil withvarious information. The documentation showsevidence of damage such as dust and dirt,yellowing, tears, and use of contaminants like paperclips and staples.

The remainder of the associateddocumentation is stored in boxes on the openstationary metal shelving units (columns) located inthe archaeological materials storage area that isdescribed in the artifacts storage section of thischapter. The primary containers on the shelving units(columns) are archival boxes that are folded withtelescoping lids. The boxes measure 1.3 ft3 and are ingood condition. The boxes are labeled directly inpencil with the location and project. These documentsare currently being organized and inventoried. UAMrequests all associated documentation be includedwith collections when donated, but the documentshave not always been submitted by primaryinvestigator, or by the federal agencies directing thearchaeological work.

The associated documentation has accessiondata available; however, the records are notarchivally processed, there are no finding aidsavailable, and a security copy has not been made.Some of the records are arranged by accessionnumber or alphabetically by project name. Thedocumentation ranges from good to fair condition.

Paper Records

UAM is curating 15.5 linear inches of administrativerecords, survey records, analysis records, andexcavation records from Fort Richardson, KotzebueMilitary Reservation, Fort Greely, Fort Wainwright,and Eareckson AFS. Paper records are located in thearchaeology laboratory and the artifact storage area.A small amount of paper records was also located inthe artifact drawers of the sliding-track compactstorage unit with the artifacts. These records usuallyconsisted of a page or two of notes associated with anartifact or a collection from a specific project.

Report Records

Harding Lake Recreation and Fort Wainwright have12.5 linear inches of report records stored at UAM inboth the archaeology laboratory and the ArtifactStorage area.


UAM is curating 15.25 linear inches of photographicrecords from Fort Richardson, Kotzebue MilitaryReservation, Fort Greely, and Fort Wainwright.Photographic records include black-and-white prints,color prints, negatives, slides, contact sheets, andblack-and-white aerials. Some of the photographicrecords are labeled in pen and marker with variousinformation. Photographic records are located in thearchaeology laboratory and the archaeologicalmaterials storage area.


Approximately 12.25 linear inches of map anddrawing records are stored at UAM for FortRichardson, Kotzebue Military Reservation, FortGreely, and Fort Wainwright. The Maps andOversized Documents are stored in both thearchaeology laboratory and the artifact storage area.



Both archaeological materials and documentation areaccessioned and inventoried upon receipt.



The location of the collection within the repository isidentified in the accession file to the drawer and onthe database.

Cross-Indexed Files

The files are in the process of being cross indexed.


A published guide to the collections has not beenwritten; however, there is collection information onthe museum’s Internet web page.


A formal system of site-record administration is notyet in place; however, the museum works with theState Historic Preservation Office to maintaincomplete updated files. The museum uses the AHRStrigraph index. This index includes a three-letterquadrangle map name abbreviation. The AHRSnumber has a trigraph index abbreviation and a sitenumber (e.g., FAI-023).


The repository uses automated data processingtechniques to manage its collections. Records arebacked-up weekly on tapes. The tapes are stored ina safe deposit box in a separate building.Collections management information anddocumentation is organized on a computerizedrelational database, consisting of a server in thearchaeology collections laboratory and data accessterminals in the archaeology and ethnologylaboratories, in the archaeology and ethnologycurator’s offices, in the graduate student lab, and inthe special projects manager’s office. Access to thedatabase is by password, assigned by the archaeologycollections manager.


The repository does have a written minimumstandards for the acceptance of archaeologicalcollections in the “Collections Management Policy,University of Alaska Museum.” The policies require

collections to support the mission of the museum.The acquisition of objects must be through purchase,contract, gift, bequest, exchange, field collecting, orother appropriate means. Objects collected on state orfederal lands must conform to agreements or toapplicable regulation of the state or federal agencies.Only the appropriate curator can grant approval toaccept and accession an object into the collections.For more specific guidelines see the policy listedabove.

Curation Policy

Each division curator has their own comprehensiveplan for curation that includes receipt of materials,processing of materials, use of materials, and futurepreservation. The repository has written guidelinesand standards for the curation of artifacts in the“Collections Management Policy, University ofAlaska Museum.”


The repository is in the process of writing guidelinesand standards for the curation of associateddocumentation that will include paper records,photographic materials, maps, tapes, and futurepreservation.


The repository has written field guidelines forresearchers depositing collections.

Loan Procedures

The museum sends or receives loans for the purposeof research, education, or exhibition. The museumlends objects to qualified institutions for scholarlyresearch and exhibition, subject to policies andpractices within each collection. For more specificincoming and outgoing loan procedures see“Collections Management Policy, University ofAlaska Museum.”


Deaccessioning of an item can only be authorized bythe appropriate division curator. The curator must fillout a Museum Deaccession Form that must beapproved by the director of the museum. Onceapproved, the entry must be made in the permanent


records and a copy of the deaccession form and anyother pertinent documentation must be put into thepermanent file. For more specific deaccessioningpolices refer to “Collections Management Policy,University of Alaska Museum.”

Inventory Policy

The repository does have a written inventory policyfor the archaeological collections. Staff at themuseum will perform spot checks when needed.

Curation Personnel

The archaeology collections are managed full-timeby the curator of archaeology, the archaeologycollections manager, and part-time by the curatorialassistant. However, due to funding restraints, not allthree positions are filled during the summer months.Additional student employees are hired as fundingbecomes available. At present, there are fiveemployees, apart from the collections manager,and more than 20 volunteers working in thearchaeology laboratory.

Curation Financing

The University of Alaska Museum funds curationactivities with $250 a year of the overhead budget, aswell as cooperative agreements set up with agencies,such as the National Park Service. Museum staffsalaries are paid with state funding. Numerousmatching grants provide support. Agencies oftenprovide curation supplies (e.g., Fish and WildlifeService provided the museum with boxes). Thedirector provides additional funds to support variousprojects on an as-needed basis. Overall, the curatordoes not feel the funding for curation is adequate.


Access to collections is controlled by the curatorialstaff. The curator, collections manager, specialprojects manager, and data specialist all have accessto the archaeological collections. Researchers canaccess collections easily if the owner is state orfederal. Access to collections subject to NAGPRArequire special permission. The collections areaccessible for scholarly and educational purposes andthe museum will try to comply with all seriousrequests, as long as all procedures necessary to

safeguard the objects are met. Restrictions may beimposed by exhibition requirements, availability ofstudy space and facilities, availability of appropriatecuratorial staff, and approval of the appropriatecurator. Collections, data, and images may be used byfor-profit organization or by agencies only whencontractual arrangements are made between them andthe museum specifying use, user fees, andacknowledgment of museum’s ownership of theresources used. Curators are responsible for visitorsworking in the collections storage area. For morespecific guidelines see “Collections ManagementPolicy, University of Alaska Museum.”

Future Plans

Future plans include an expansion, which will entailan extension on the facility providing new space. Therepository would also like to move the overhead pipesor the archaeological materials to prevent any furtherdamage or threat of damage. The curator would alsolike to establish a conservation plan.

Comments

1. UAM has air conditioning and coal forced-airheating systems that are equipped with dust filters.Humidity is monitored by hygrothermographs andthermohygrometers. Temperature ranges in thecollections storage area are maintained at 70°±3°Fahrenheit with a 45±10% relative humidity.

2. There is an integrated pest management systemthat includes both monitoring and control. Noevidence of pest infestation has been found. All newcollections are frozen before being integrated into thecollections.

3. There are overhead pipes throughout thecollections storage area. There have been leaks in thepipes and damage to nonfederal collections. Themuseum is aware of the problem and the staff haveplans to rectify the situation.

4. UAM has a security system that meets guidelinesoutlined in 36 CFR Part 79.

5. The repository has a fire detection and suppressionsystem that meets the guidelines in 36 CFR Part 79.


6. The sliding-track compact storage unit in thearchaeological materials storage area does not movesmoothly along the track and the rows of drawers hitone another when the unit is stopped.

7. Primary containers for the archaeological materialsconsist of metal and particle board drawers andacidic and archival cardboard boxes. Secondarycontainers for the artifacts consist of a wide range ofcontainers including plastic bags, manila envelopes,acidic boxes, paper bags, foam, film canisters, andloose artifacts.

8. Documentation stored in the archaeologylaboratory is in metal filing cabinets and on particleboard shelving units. These records are stored inhanging files, manila folders, manila envelopes, vinylbinders, document holders, and bound. The associateddocumentation in the archaeological materials storagearea is stored on metal shelving units (columns) inarchival boxes.

9. All registration procedures, written policies, andprocedures are in place for the long term curation ofcollections as outlined in 36 CFR Part 79.

Recommendations

1. Repair the sliding-track compact storage unit sothat it moves smoothly and/or put rubber buffersbetween the rows of drawers to prevent the rows fromslamming into one another.

2. Rebox those collections that are in acidiccardboard boxes. Rebag all archaeological materialsinto 4- or 6-mil archival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reduce the volume of artifacts in some ofthe drawers and bags, so that containers are not overpacked.

3. Produce security copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a finding aid to the collection. Recordsshould be free of metal staples and paper clips, orother contaminants.

321

57University of Colorado

Colorado Springs







Status of Curation Funding: Funding for curationactivities is acquired as part of the budget inarchaeological research contracts. These funds coverthe cost of immediate processing but not long-termcuration.

AssessmentDate of Visit: November 19, 1996

Points of Contact: Thomas Wynn and WilliamArbogast

The University of Colorado at Colorado Springs(UCCS) currently curates 5.6 ft3 of artifacts and6.0 linear feet of associated documentation from theUnited States Air Force Academy (USAF Academy).In addition, 0.1 linear feet of documentationassociated with an archaeological survey of theCheyenne Mountain Air Force Base are currently inthe care of the UCCS.

Structural AdequacyThe Anthropology Department is located in DwireHall (Figure 107) on the UCCS campus. Dwire Hall

is a large university classroom building that wasoriginally constructed in 1971–72. Facilities includeclassrooms, laboratories, offices, a computer center,and a library spread throughout a structure three

Collection Summary

Figure 107. Exterior view of Dwire Hall, the locationof the archaeology department at the University of

Colorado, Colorado Springs.


floors above grade. The foundation is concrete, andthe exterior is composed of prefabricated concrete.The roof is built-up asphalt and has been replaced atsome point since the building was constructed. Somecracks in the foundation and ceilings were reported bythe UCCS staff. Dwire Hall is located on the side of alarge hill, the Austin Bluffs in Colorado Springs, andthe foundation is slipping gradually down slope.Approximately five years ago, cracks in the roof hadto be repaired.

The 600-ft2 collections storage area is usedprimarily as laboratory and classroom space.Archaeological collections are stored on two shelvesof cabinets in the rear of the room. The floor consistsof linoleum, and walls are plasterboard and pouredconcrete. The ceiling is reinforced concrete. There areno exterior windows in the collections storage area,and two solid-wood doors open to an interior hallwayof Dwire Hall. One of the doors contains a smallglass window in the upper half. The collectionsstorage area has overhead water pipes that arefunctional; however, they are not directly over thearchaeological collections.

EnvironmentDwire Hall is equipped with air conditioning andheating. The air systems are equipped with dustfilters. Humidity is neither monitored nor controlled.The building is maintained as needed, and is cleanednightly by university staff. Lighting in the collectionsstorage area consists of nonfiltered fluorescent tubes.

Pest ManagementThere is no program for the monitoring or control ofpests. The assessment team did not observe any signsof pest infestations.

SecurityDwire Hall is secured by key locks on exterior doors,and there is a 24-hour patrol of the campus area byuniversity police. Normally, the building is open24-hours per day because of computer laboratories,and the laboratories generally are occupied to somecapacity during that time. The collections storagearea is secured by key locks on the doors to thehallway, and the wood cabinets that contain theartifacts and records have key locks.

Fire Detection and SuppressionDwire Hall is equipped with manual fire alarms andsmoke detectors. Fire alarms are wired to the localfire department. Fire-suppression consists of fireextinguishers and a sprinkler system. Fire-suppression in the collections storage area consistsof fire extinguishers. The sprinkler system does notextend into the collections storage area.


Storage units for artifacts and documentationconsist of three particle board wood cabinets withlocking doors (Figure 108). The cabinets, whichare equipped with four interior shelves, measure48 x 34 x 72 inches (l x w x h). Militaryarchaeological collections are housed on the bottomtwo shelves of one cabinet. Table 94 outlines thetypes of materials present in the USAF Academyarchaeological materials.

Figure 108. Wooden shelving storage unit forartifact and record collections from the

U.S. Air Force Academy.

University of Colorado 323

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist entirely of acidiccardboard boxes with telescoping lids. Some boxesare labeled with a yellow self-adhesive paper thatcontains the project, year, inclusive site numbers,and box number recorded in pen. Within each boxare artifact inventory sheets on acid-free paper.Archaeological materials stored in two of the primarycontainers are in the processing stage.


Secondary containers for artifacts consist primarilyof plastic zip-lock bags (Table 95). In addition, nearlyone-half of the artifacts are stored loose within boxes.Secondary containers are generally labeled directly,and they generally have interior acid-free paper tags.Direct labels consist of site number, contents, and


USAF Academy Collections at the University ofColorado, Colorado Springs

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 42Faunal remains 9Worked bone/shell 2Wood 1

Historical-PeriodCeramic 1Glass 22Metal 14Wood 7Buttons 2

Total 100



USAF Academy Collections at the University ofColorado, Colorado Springs


Loose artifacts 48Plastic zip-lock bags 31Paper bags 14Small cardboard boxes 7

Total 100


field number recorded in marker. Acid-free paper tagsare preprinted forms with information that consists ofsite number, county, project, provenience, andcontents recorded in pen.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned. Forty-eightpercent of the artifacts have been labeled, andprocessing is ongoing. All of the artifacts have beensorted by material class.

Human Skeletal RemainsUCCS is not curating any human skeletal remainsrecovered from active military installations.

Records StorageStorage units for paper records are the particle boardwood cabinets where artifacts are stored.Documentation is stored alongside the artifacts onthe bottom two shelves of one cabinet. Table 96outlines the types and amounts of documentationcurated. A small amount of associated documentationis stored in a standard letter-size, four-drawer, metalfile cabinet.

Paper Records

Paper records encompass 27.25 linear inches(2.3 linear feet), and include field forms, site forms,field notes and drawings, artifact inventory forms,and photographic logs. Primary containers for paperrecords consist of acidic cardboard boxes. One boxhas a yellow, self-adhesive paper label that has thecontents and date recorded in pen. The other boxes ofrecords are unlabeled. Secondary containers for paperrecords consist of manila folders, mailing envelopes,and bound field notebooks. Manila folders andmailing envelopes are generally labeled directly in penor pencil with information varying from strictlycontents to contents and the addition of provenience,date, and project. The field notebook is unlabeled.

Report Records

Reports (two inches) are generally bound andincluded in the same primary containers as the paper


records. Only one report is unbound, and it isenclosed in a manila envelope. The envelope islabeled directly in pencil with the contents.


Photographic records encompass nearly 18 linearinches (1.5 linear feet), and consist of color prints,black-and-white prints, negatives, and slides. None ofthe photographs are labeled. Some negatives havebeen placed in polyethylene archival-quality sleeves.However, most prints, negatives, and sleeves arestored in small Kodak Processing Services paper andplastic boxes and in film processing paper envelopes.


Oversized maps encompass 20.25 linear inches(1.7 linear feet) and are stored rolled and loose in thewood cabinets behind the artifact and records primarycontainers. Maps are unlabeled.

Computer Records

Approximately six linear inches of 3.5- and5.25-inch computer disks are stored in the metalfile cabinet with paper records. The discs containsite forms and draft reports. They are labeled withthe project information.



Archeological materials are or will be accessionedand assigned a number that consists of the state sitenumber. Accession files will include information onthe disposition, location, description, date, weight (if

applicable), and existence of photographs (ifapplicable). Documentation is not accessioned.


The location of the collections within the repository isidentified in the accession files.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are not cross indexed.




The Smithsonian Institution’s trinomial site-numbering system is used. In addition, an annual sitenumber and a temporary site number are assigned toeach site.


Currently, there are no computerized databasemanagement systems in use.


The University of Colorado at Colorado Springs onlyaccepts collections that are produced by UCCSresearch projects.

Curation Policy

UCCS follows the University of Colorado Museum’sguidelines for the curation of archaeologicalmaterials.

Table 96.Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation by Installation at the

University of Colorado, Colorado Springs


Installation Paper Reports Photos Maps Microformat Total

USAF Academy 26.25 1.75 17.50 20.00 6.00 71.50Cheyenne Mtn AFB 1.00 0.25 0.25 0.25 –– 1.75

Total 27.25 2.00 17.75 20.25 6.00 73.25(6.1 lin ft)


University of Colorado 325


UCCS follows the University of ColoradoMuseum’s guidelines for the curation ofarchaeological documentation.


There are no field-curation guidelines for researchersdepositing collections.

Loan Procedures

There is no written loan procedure policy.


There is no written deaccessioning policy.

Inventory Policy



Collections are currently being inventoried.

Curation Personnel

There are no permanent curation staff. Curation isthe responsibility of the teaching staff at UCCS.Dr. Thomas Wynn is the archaeology professor andprimary investigator for most projects, and WilliamArbogast generally serves as part-time instructorand supervisor for research projects. Studentsperform and supervise artifact and recordsprocessing activities.

Curation Financing

Curation costs are covered in the contracts with theagency requesting the archaeological research. Thesecosts cover the immediate processing activities butnot long-term curation.


Access to the collections is through Dr. Wynn, Mr.Arbogast, or the current Anthropology Departmentchair, Dr. Forest Tier.

Future Plans

There are no definite plans. Dr. Wynn hopes toacquire another room in Dwire Hall dedicatedspecifically for curation purposes.

Comments

1. Heating and air conditioning systems are presentfor the facility, but there are no humidity controls ormonitoring devices.

2. The UCCS facility has no integrated pest-management system.

3. Dwire Hall is secured with key locks on exteriordoors, but it is generally open 24-hours per daybecause of a university computer laboratory. Thecollections storage area is secured with key locks.There is no electronic security system.

4. Fire detection consists of smoke detectors andmanual fire alarms, and fire suppression consists of asprinkler system and fire extinguishers.

5. Primary containers for artifacts are acidiccardboard boxes. Secondary containers for artifactsconsist of archival-quality, plastic zip-lock bags andacidic paper bags, although the majority of theartifacts are loose.

6. Records are stored in acidic manila folders, acidicmailing envelopes, and plastic binders. Primarycontainers consist of acidic cardboard boxes.

Recommendations

1. Monitor humidity in the collections storage areawith analog or electronic humidity monitoringdevices. If possible, install a humidity control device.

2. Begin an integrated pest-management system.Protection should include consistent monitoring andcontrol.


3. Secure the collections storage area with key lockswhen not in use.

4. Obtain appropriate storage units that willaccommodate standard-size, acid-free cardboardboxes. For example, baked-enamel metal units areacceptable for archaeological materials. In addition,provide a bottom shelf so that primary containers arenot stored on the floor.

5. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into 4- or 6-mil archival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reduce the

volume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, so thatcontainers are not over packed. Insert acid-free paperlabels into each bag. Do not use contaminants tosecure the containers.

6. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper, and store in separate, securelocations. Place documentation in acid-free folders,and lightly pack into fire-resistant metal file cabinets.Arrange documentation in a logical order, andprovide a finding aid to the collection. Records shouldbe free of metal staples, paper clips, or othercontaminants.

327

58University of Colorado MuseumAnthropology Division, CRM RepositoryProgram

Boulder

Collections Total: 1.1 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials; 0.5 linear inches of associated records.




Linear Feet of Records: <1 linear foot (0.5 linearinches)


Status of Curation Funding: The University ofColorado Museum charges a one-time fee at the timeof deposit based on the volume of the collection. TheUniversity of Colorado Museum, funded by theUniversity, supports the CRM Repository Program byfunding 0.33 fiscal year FTE graduate assistant salaryto serve as manager of the CRM Repository Programon a daily basis, plus portions of the Curator’s andAssistant Curator’s FTE for administration, inaddition to space and supplies.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Rebecca Hutchins

The University of Colorado Museum (UCM)currently curates approximately 1.1 ft3 ofarchaeological materials recovered fromFitzsimons Army Medical Center, Peterson AFB,Rocky Mountain Arsenal, and the USAF Academy.The 1.1 ft3 total of archeological materials is dividedapproximately equally among the installations. Therepository also has 0.5 linear inches of associateddocumentation from the USAF Academy.

Structural AdequacyThe Henderson building, measuring approximately22,000 ft2, was originally constructed in 1935 for useas both a museum and as classroom space (Figure 109).Today, it is totally a museum facility, including fourexhibition galleries, museum administrative offices,museum public education offices, and the curatorialdivisions of Entomology and most of the Division ofAnthropology. The museum is broken into5–6 departments, which have different curators andadministrative guidelines, and these additionalcuratorial divisions are housed in two additionalmuseum buildings on campus, which include onefurther portion of the Anthropology Division as well.This summary focuses on the Anthropology Sectionof the Museum. Within the Anthropology Section, the

Collection Summary


military collections were curated under the guidelinesand standards for the Cultural Resource Management(CRM) Repository Program. The AnthropologySection encompasses 11 rooms in the Hendersonbuilding, which are all multi-purpose.

The Henderson building has a concrete andstone foundation with a mixed concrete block, brick,and stone exterior wall configuration. The roof ismade of clay tile on top of reinforced concrete. Thebuilding has three floors above grade and one belowgrade and is structurally solid, with no major cracksor leaks. There have been internal renovations. Thereare multiple exterior aluminum framed windows.Some of the windows are covered in black cloth, aswell as blinds.

The CRM collections storage area resides ina separate room in the Henderson building. Thisseparate CRM repository includes 99% of the totalCRM holdings numbering approximately 800,000objects plus associated documentation. One percentof the CRM repository collections are stored in theHunter Annex building. The CRM collections storagearea encompasses approximately 500 ft2, and is alsoutilized as an artifact and records study area forCRM repository users. The interior walls and ceilingconsist of plaster and the floors are concrete coveredwith tile. There are no windows located within thecollections storage area. A set of double woodenpanel doors leading to an exhibit area is present. Thecollections storage area is filled to approximately90% of capacity with CRM archaeological collections.

EnvironmentThe building has a heating system and dust filters,but no air conditioning. The heating system, gasforced-air with centralized 24-hour filtered air, wasinstalled in 1985 and upgraded in 1996. Humidity isnot regulated but is monitored sporadicallythroughout the Museum. A hygrothermograph isrotated between the various collection storage areasand exhibit areas to monitor for humidity. Thismonitoring is performed in anticipation of improvingtheir environmental system. At present, the museumstaff has no control over the Henderson system, as itis centrally controlled by the University FacilitiesManagement Department.

There is a periodic cleaning service providedby the University. The Henderson building has abuilding proctor who is in charge of managingrepairs on an as-needed basis. The Hendersonbuilding proctor submits a request to the University,which then manages the repair and covers the cost.The collection storage areas are maintained by thecuratorial staff. The Anthropology Divisioncollection areas have fluorescent lighting withultraviolet sleeves, as well as other types of lightingsystems. Lighting within the CRM collections storagearea consists of incandescent bulbs. Asbestos ispresent throughout the building, both underneath thetiled floors and wrapped around the pipes. However,these areas are monitored frequently and maintainedregularly. Hazardous chemicals, such as acetone, areused in a laboratory area. Ventilation of thesechemicals is directed to the exterior of the buildingthrough the use of a fume hood in the Exhibits Division.

Pest ManagementA monitoring and control program is in place withinthe repository to protect against insect and rodentinfestation. Precautionary measures are part of themaintenance staff’s responsibility and are performedon an as-needed basis. All artifacts that are integratedinto the museum collections are kept separate, inorder to examine, rebag, and freeze or vacuum, ifnecessary. The CRM collections are isolated from allother collections in the museum and are not treatedthe same with respect to pest management. Pestmanagement precautions are usually not taken againstthe CRM collections, unless they are perishables. The

Figure 109. Exterior view of the Henderson Buildingused for the University of Colorado Museum.

University of Colorado Museum 329

assessment team observed no signs of pest infestationwithin the CRM collections storage area.

SecuritySecurity measures for the building consist of anintrusion alarm that is wired into the policedepartment. There are key locks on all exterior doors,storage areas, processing areas (due to the temporarystorage of archaeological materials), and cabinetswithin the collection storage areas. Some of theexterior and interior doors also have dead-bolt locks.Access into the museum is controlled and monitoredby a security guard at the main entrance, who is onduty during working hours. At the security desk thereis a phone equipped with a hot switch to the police.There are also cameras, monitored from the securitydesk, located in certain areas throughout the museum,such as exhibit areas and some hallways. Motiondetectors are located within the exhibit areas. All ofthe windows are equipped with standard windowlocks, and the first floor windows have been sealed.Twenty-five years ago a theft occured in a Hendersonbuilding exhibition gallery of some jewelry from theUCM Anthropology Division collections;subsequently security systems were upgraded in theHenderson building and trained security personnelwere employed. However, none of the CRMcollections have ever been stolen. The CRMcollection storage area has a key lock with a bolt inaddition to controlled access.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe UCM is equipped with manual fire alarms thatare wired into the fire department, as well as smokedetectors. Fire suppression consists of fireextinguishers. The manual fire alarms are located oneach floor. There are also fire extinguishersthroughout the building with the exception of theCRM collections storage area. The CRM collectionsstorage area is also not equipped with the delayedsprinkler system.


Archaeological materials for Fitzsimons ArmyMedical Center, Peterson AFB, Rocky Mountain

Arsenal, and the USAF Academy are stored in theCRM collections storage area, designated CRMRepository, Henderson Room 1B. Percentages ofmaterial classes are outlined in Table 97. Thesecollections are contained in immovable metal storageunits that consist of 18 rows of six drawers each(Figure 110). There are 11 of these metal storageunits, consisting of 108 drawers per unit. The DoDcollections are scattered throughout five units.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist entirely of metal slidingdrawers that are riveted, stamped, and bolted. Thedrawers measure 17.0 x 5.5 x 4.0 inches (l x w x h).Primary containers have an acidic paper tag placed ina metal holder with the county and site number(s)labeled in pen. The containers are tightly packed.


Secondary containers for the military archaeologicalcollections consist almost entirely of nonarchival2-mil plastic zip-lock bags (Figure 110). Smallmanila envelopes with folded flaps are also present inthe collection (Table 98). Secondary containers havea preprinted acidic insert paper tag. The site number,provenience, catalog number, investigator, contents,and artifact number are labeled in pen. The secondarycontainers are not nested.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned and sorted bymaterial class. Approximately 70% of the artifacts


Archaeological Collectionsat the University of Colorado Museum

Fitzsimmons Peterson Rocky Mtn USAFMaterial Class AMC AFB Arsenal Academy Total

PrehistoricLithics 50 60 100 80 74Fossilized bone –– 40 –– 20 16

Historical-PeriodMilitary button 50 –– –– –– 10

Total 100



have been directly labeled in india ink with a catalognumber.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe UCM is not curating human skeletal remainsrecovered from any archaeological projects conductedon any DoD installations.

Records StorageThe UCM currently curates approximately 0.5 linearinches of documentation associated witharchaeological work performed on the USAFAcademy. Documentation is stored on open metalshelves in the CRM collections storage area,Henderson Room 1B, that measure 3 x 6.5 x 1 feet.

Paper records consist of administrative andsurvey records from the USAF Academy. These

records are bound and labeled in marker with the sitenumbers and contractor. There is no processinginformation, except that they are arranged by project.The records are in good condition with the exceptionof the use of contaminants such as a metal folder binder.



All materials are accessioned upon receipt. Thematerials are given a number that consists of the year,the sequential number in which they were receivedwithin that year, the number of boxes, and anaccession number within the Anthropology Divisionof the Museum.


The location of the CRM collection is not identifiedwithin the museum accession file because allcollections are located in one room. Within the roommaterials are arranged by site numbers and can belocated in the site card file. Accession files are usedfor some information.

Cross-Indexed Files

Documentation files of contractor produced recordsare cross indexed with the site card file. Thesedocumentation files are organized by standardizedsite number, stored in the metal bookcases. The UCMhas intentions of setting up a database that willcompile all of the CRM information.

Figure 110. Artifact collections for multiple militaryinstallations are stored in metal drawer storage units.

Figure 111. The primary and secondary containersfor the artifact collections from multiple

military collections.

Table 98.Summary of Secondary Containers in the DoD

Artifacts Housed at University of Colorado Museum

Secondary Fitzsimmons Peterson Rocky Mtn USAF %Container AMC AFB Arsenal Academy Total

Plastic zip-lock bags 100 100 –– 100 80 (non-archival 2-mil)Small manila envelopes –– –– 100 –– 20

Total 100




There is not a published guide to the collections;however, there is an in-house guide.




Paradox 3.5 was the automated data processingsystem that the Anthropology Section was using,but there are plans to upgrade to Microsoft Access.Records are backed up on disks and the informationis updated approximately every six months. Back-uprecords are not stored at an off-site location. TheMuseum computer system is not hooked up to anetwork. The curation staff within the AnthropologySection are the only personnel who have access tothe computers.


The University of Colorado CRM RepositoryProgram sends a CRM Curation Agreement Packetto the contracting firms for specific curationrequirements to standardize the collections. Themuseum has legal agreements with contracting firmsthat can be terminated, if necessary. Materials thatare incomplete or inadequately processed anddocumented may be refused by the University ofColorado Museum or charged an additional fee. Theonly collections accepted are from those agencieswith permits to do so.

Curation Policy

The CRM Repository Program has developed a CRMCuration Agreement Packet that was developed tostandardize the processing of collections that arecurated at the Museum. The packet includes a copyof the curation agreement, curation requirements forCRM collections (labeling and packaging of artifactand documentation collections and delivery ofcollections), access procedures, curation fees, andguides for proper curation techniques for the UCM.


There are specific records management policies andprocedures outlined in the aforementioned CRMCuration Agreement Packet. The policy for recordsmanagement is detailed on pages 2, 3, and 4 of “TheCuration Requirements for CRM Collections.”


There are specific field-curation guidelines that areoutlined in the CRM Curation Agreement Packet.

Loan Procedures

A written request is required for all artifact collectionloans. Based on written policies it is at the curator’sdiscretion to accept or decline a loan request. Recordcollections are not loaned to the public.


There is a deaccessioning policy. Collections havebeen deaccessioned, but this is not a commonpractice. The records of all archaeological materialsor parts of archaeological materials that have beendestroyed through analysis are incorporated into thedeaccession file and also placed with thecontractor files.

Inventory Policy

The CRM collections are not part of the inventoryreconciliation because the UCM feels that thesecollections are only entrusted to their facility.These collections are catalogued and inventoriedonly as needed.


There has never been a formal inventory, but the lastinventory was probably in the early 1990s when thecomputerized database was first set up.

Curation Personnel

The Anthropology Division of UCM has a full-time(12 month fiscal year) curator, a full-time (9-monthacademic year) assistant curator and a temporarypart-time graduate student assistant (0.33 fiscal yearFTE). Daily managment of the CRM Repository isone of the responsibilities of the graduate assistant


(occupying 55% of their time). The curator andassistant curator contribute to the administration ofthe CRM program.

Curation Financing

Curation is not financed, but the museum issubsidized by the university. For CRM contractedcollections, the UCM-Anthropology Division chargesa one-time fee based on the volume of the collections.Artifacts and documentation from each project arebilled individually by the increment of one quarter ofa banker’s box. Contractors are billed for the actualamount of materials, not by the number of boxes.


An appointment and a written request addressed tothe curator is necessary to gain access to the CRMcollections, preferably two weeks in advance.Appointments are set up with the curation staff of theAnthropology Section (graduate assistant, assistantcurator, or curator). The staff does not accommodatedrop-in visitors for collection access. Access to theCRM collections is generally not granted during thesummer term (May 15–August 15) when theAnthropology Division is unstaffed. Researchers,specifically students, are required to specify whatstaff member or professor they are working with andtheir work parameters.

Future Plans

To meet curatorial standards the budget will need tobe doubled, especially as the collections increase.There are no definite plans for a curation upgrade,but the Museum is working with the state of Coloradoto either acquire additional off-site space (storage) orto discontinue acceptance of new accessions to theCRM Repository. Ideally they would like to havemore on-site space. Although the CRM RepositoryProgram does not have a computer specifically for itsexclusive use, an upgrade in May 1996 of thecomputer in the Anthropology Division allows forshared use.

Comments

1. The Henderson building of UCM has a heatingsystem but does not have central air conditioning.Humidity levels are being monitored sporadicallythroughout the building with a hygrothermograph.The CRM Repository collection storage room hasincandescent lighting.

2. There is an integrated pest-management systemthat includes both monitoring and control, on an as-needed basis. Insect and rodent precautionarymeasures are primarily the responsibility of themaintenance staff.

3. Henderson building has a security system thatincludes an intrusion alarm wired to the police, keylocks on both exterior and interior doors, dead-boltlocks on some of the interior and exterior doors,motion detectors in the exhibit areas, sealed or lockedwindows, controlled access, and a security guard atthe front entrance that monitors the security cameras.

4. The Henderson building has a fire-detection systemthat consists of a fire alarm wired into the firedepartment and smoke detectors. The fire-suppressionsystem in the building consists of multiple fireextinguishers. However, the CRM collections storagearea have no fire-detection or -suppression systems inplace at this time.

5. Primary containers for the DoD collections aremetal file drawers. Secondary containers for thearchaeological materials are nonarchival 2-mil,zip-lock bags and small manila envelopes.

6. Documentation is stored on open metal shelves in abinder. Metal contaminants are present on the paperrecords.


Recommendations

1. Install an air conditioning system in the repository.If present monitoring shows the need for humiditycontrol, it can be maintained through the use ofcommercial dehumidifiers or humidifiers.

2. A more consistent pest monitoring system for therepository—using sticky traps for insects ormechanical traps or baiting for rodents—would bebeneficial.

3. Install at least one fire extinguisher in the CRMcollections storage area.

4. Rebag all archaeological materials into 4- or 6-milarchival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reducethe volume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, sothat containers are not over packed.


335

59University of Denver Museum

Denver, Colorado


at the University of Denver Museum

Installation Volume of Artifacts (ft3)

Falcon AFB 2.1USAF Academy 0.1

Total 2.2







Status of Curation Funding: Curation funding isprovided by the university and annual storage feescharged to depositing institutions and agencies.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Terry Reynolds

The University of Denver Museum (DUMA)currently curates approximately 2.2 ft3 of artifactsrecovered from two military installations (Table 99)and 4.25 linear inches of associated documentation.Archaeological materials and documentation arestored in Pioneer Hall, where the anthropology officesare located. Museum exhibits are located in aseparate building, Mary Reed Hall. The assessmentteam was permitted to examine the artifact andrecords collections in the anthropology laboratory inPioneer Hall. However, the assessment team was notallowed to enter and observe the collections storageareas, nor was the team allowed to take anyphotographs, including of the exterior of the facilities.

Structural AdequacyPioneer Hall was constructed in 1945 as a dorm andoffice building, and was later renovated to house onlyoffices and classrooms. The building is approximately42,720 ft2, of which the Museum occupies 8,600 ft2.Activity areas include artifact and records storageand study rooms, photographic storage, and offices.The foundation is concrete with asphaltwaterproofing, and exterior walls are brick. The roofis a wood frame covered with bituminous bur andgravel. In a June 1996 assessment, an architect

Collection Summary


judged the structure as solid, with no major cracks orleaks. Currently, the Museum operates offices,laboratories, and collections storage areas in PioneerHall. There are three floors above grade and one floorbelow. A major renovation has not yet occurred, butis scheduled within the next three to four years. Thebuilding has multiple windows, each with steelframes. In the collections storage areas, windows areeither blocked or shaded.

The following information (and in subsequentsections of this report) regarding collections storageareas has been extrapolated from visual observationsin the laboratory, where the assessment team viewedthe artifact and records collections. Collectionsstorage areas encompass approximately 4,200 ft2, inthree separate rooms. Floors are concrete, withconcrete masonry walls. The ceilings are composed ofpoured concrete. There are multiple steel-framewindows, all of which are equipped with shades.Interior doors are wood panel. Collections storagecapacity is estimated at 100%, with the Museumscheduled to accept one large collection in theimmediate future.

EnvironmentPioneer Hall is equipped with steam heat, and someindividual rooms are air conditioned. There are nodust-filtered air movement systems. The buildingstays seasonally constant at between 8–12% relativehumidity, confirmed by staff of the Rocky MountainConservation Center. Currently there is no fundingfor the installation of humidity monitoring devices.Cleaning is performed daily by university staff,except in collections storage areas where weeklycleaning is the responsibility of the curatorial staff.Maintenance is on-call. Lighting consists ofultraviolet filtered fluorescent tubes. Ultravioletfilters were recently checked for leakage, which wasdetermined to be not appreciable.

Pest ManagementFor the past five years, the Museum has operated anintegrated pest-management system. Insects aremonitored with strategically placed sticky traps.Control is then exercised as the situations dictate.Food is restricted in collections storage areas andthe laboratory.

SecurityExterior doors for Pioneer Hall are equipped with keylocks. Campus police regularly patrol the exterior andinterior of the building. Most interior rooms areequipped with dead-bolt locks and security hinges onthe doors. Access to collections storage areas is alsotightly controlled by curation staff (three peopletotal), who monitor use of the door keys. Access tothe room containing NAGPRA materials is veryrestricted.

Fire Detection and SuppressionPioneer Hall is equipped with fire doors, heat sensorswired to the local fire department, and multiple fireextinguishers.


The assessment team was not permitted to observethe storage units within the collections storage areas.Primary containers for artifacts were brought to thelaboratory room for assessment. Percentages ofmaterial classes are outlined in Table 100.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist of acidic cardboard boxes.Labels consist of adhesive-backed acidic paper, withinformation typed, written in marker, or computer-generated. The Arizona state site recording system isused, and these numbers are recorded on all primarycontainer labels (e.g., CO S:5:8). Other informationvaries, consisting of Smithsonian trinomial sitenumbers, site area and/or feature numbers, containercontents, and container number.


Secondary containers consist almost entirely of 2-mil,plastic zip-lock bags. Most secondary containers haveinterior acid-free paper tags, which are labeled in pen.Information generally consists of an Arizona sitesystem number, date, catalog number, bag number,and number of objects.

University of Denver Museum 337

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned, but none of theartifacts have been labeled. All have been sorted bymaterial class.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe University of Denver Museum is not curatingany human skeletal remains recovered fromarchaeological projects on military installations.

Records StorageStorage units for archaeological documentation werenot observed by the assessment team. DUMA curatesrecords associated with work performed at FalconAFB (Table 101); records from work conducted atthe USAF Academy were also observed at theMuseum. These records were stored with LucyBambrey, a former archaeologist with the ITCorporation in Englewood, Colorado. Ms. Bambreyis loosely affiliated with the University of Denver.The USAF Academy records remain in Ms. Bambrey’spersonal care.

Paper Records

Paper records (1.25 linear inches) consist ofadministrative, background, survey, and analysisdocuments, which are stored in acid-free folders. Thecontainers are in excellent condition. Labels arelocated on adhesive-backed paper. Information is

recorded in marker and consists of the Arizona sitesystem number and the Smithsonian trinomial sitenumber. Most records have been transferred to acid-free paper.

The USAF Academy archaeologicaldocumentation is housed in an expandable manila filefolder, which is in excellent condition. The folder islabeled directly in pen with the subject property andthe IT project number. Draft reports, a final report,folded maps, and drawings are also kept in theexpandable manila folder. Photographs are still withthe IT Corporation, which does not now have anarchaeologist on staff.

Report Records

Reports total 0.5 linear inches, and are stored withthe paper records.


A total of two linear inches of photographic records isstored with the paper records. Photographs consist ofslides, color prints, black-and-white prints, negatives,and contact sheets. Slides are labeled directly in penor pencil with the site number and subject, and arestored in archival-quality plastic sleeves. Prints arelabeled directly in indelible ink with project name andyear. Prints are stored in plastic zip-lock bags, and inarchival sleeves. Negatives and contact sheets arehoused in archival sleeves, with acid-free paper insertlabels with project name and year recorded in pen.


Maps total 0.5 linear inches and are mostly storedfolded with the paper records. One large field map isfiled in a map flat case.


Archaeological Collections at the University ofDenver Museum

%

Falcon USAFMaterial Class AFB Academy Total

PrehistoricLithics 1 100 50Botanical remains 9 — 5

Historical-PeriodMetal 90 — 45

Total 100 100 100


Table 101.Summary of Associated Documentationat the

University of Denver Museum



Falcon AFB 0.25 0.5 0.5 –– 1.25USAF Academy 1.00 –– 1.5 0.5 3.00

Total 1.25 0.5 2.0 0.5 4.25





All archaeological materials and documentation areaccessioned upon receipt. The accession numberconsists of site number, collection number, andyear/event. An extra number is affixed toeducational collections.


The location of each collection within the repositoryis identified in the computer system used by DUMA.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are cross referenced by the accession number,Smithsonian Institution’s trinomial site number,Arizona site system number, and contractor number.


There is no published guide to collections, but there isan institutional guide.


The primary method of administration is the Arizonasite system, cross-referenced with the SmithsonianInstitution’s trinomial system.


The Museum utilizes a nonrelational programdeveloped over 25 years ago and operated on amainframe computer. The program functions like aflat file database and is searchable. The universityperforms regular backups of data on tape.


Minimum standards for acceptance are outlined in theDUMA “Collections Management Handbook.”Probably the most important condition of acceptancefor artifacts is that their title will be given to DUMAwithout any restrictions.

Curation Policy

Curation policies are outlined in the DUMA“Collections Management Handbook.” Policiesoutlined include acquisitions, deaccessioning, loans,security and access, records and supplementarydocuments curation, curation procedures, and forms.


Records and supplementary documents curation isoutlined in the DUMA “Collections ManagementHandbook.”


Minimal field curation guidelines are set forth in theDUMA “Collections Management Handbook.”

Loan Procedures

Loan procedures are explicitly outlined in theDUMA “Collections Management Handbook.”Borrowers must be a scientific, cultural oreducational institution, a member of the Universityof Denver faculty, or a DUMA Studies graduatestudent.


The conditions and terms of deaccessioning areoutlined in the DUMA “Collections ManagementHandbook.”

Inventory Policy

Inventories are conducted if funds are provided by theinterested institution or agency. Otherwise, DUMAconducts periodic inventories as internal policy or byagreement.


Collections are continuously inventoried.

Curation Personnel

Four museum personnel have direct responsibilityfor the collections. These include the Director,Dr. Dean Saitta; the Curator of Archaeology,Dr. Sarah Nelson; the curator of Ethnography,Dr. Richard Clemmer-Smith, and the collectionsmanager, Jan Bernstein.

University of Denver Museum 339

Curation Financing

There is no direct curation funding from theinstitution. Curation staff salaries are provided by theuniversity, and curation facilities, supplies, andequipment are financed out of an annual storage feecharged to depositing institutions and agencies.


Only members of the museum staff have access to thecollections. Outside researchers must contact thecollections manager for access.

Future Plans

Approximately by the year 2000, DUMA will beacquiring part of Sturm Hall, currently occupied bythe School of Business Administration, forcollections, laboratory, and office space. Sturm Hallwill be partially renovated to provide betterenvironmental controls. Storage equipment, includingshelves and cabinets, will be acquired.

Comments

1. Heating is present for the facility, but there is noair conditioning nor humidity controls and monitoringdevices. Fluorescent lights have ultraviolet filtersinstalled.

2. DUMA operates an integrated pest managementsystem. Pest monitoring is conducted on a regularbasis.

3. Pioneer Hall is secured with key locks on exteriordoors. The collections storage areas are secured withkey locks. There is no intrusion alarm for interior orexterior doors or windows.

4. Fire detection consists primarily of heat sensorswired to the local fire department and fireextinguishers. No sprinkler system is present forfire suppression.

5. Primary containers for artifacts are acidiccardboard boxes or wood and metal constructiondrawers. Secondary containers for artifacts consistalmost entirely of archival-quality, plastic zip-locks.

6. Records are stored in acid-free folders. Records forthe USAF Academy are not maintained by themuseum.

Recommendations

1. If possible, monitor humidity in the collectionsstorage areas with an electronic data logger humiditymonitoring device or an analog hygrothermograph.Control humidity levels through the use of acommercial dehumidifier or a humidifier.

2. Rebox all archaeological materials into foldedacid-free cardboard boxes with telescoping lids.

3. Retrieve project documentation for all collections,including USAF Academy.

4. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper, and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistantmetal file cabinets. Arrange documentation in alogical order, and provide a finding aid to thecollection. Records should be free of metal staplesand paper clips, or other contaminants.

341

60University of Hawaii

Hilo

Collections Total: 15 ft3 of archaeological materials;no associated records.





Status of Curation Funding: The curation of thePohakuloa Training Area archaeological collections isnot specifically funded. The cost of storing thesearchaeological materials comes from the Departmentof Anthropology, University of Hawaii, Hilo budget.

Assessment


Points of Contact: Barbara Lass and CraigSeverance

Archaeological materials recovered from the BobcatTrail Cave site on Pohakuloa Training Area arecurrently housed in a room devoted to collectionsstorage in the Anthropology Department on theUniversity of Hawaii, Hilo (UHH) campus.

Structural AdequacyThe anthropology department and collections storageroom is located in the Edith Kanakaole Hall (EKH),Building 333 on the UHH campus (Figure 111). EKHwas constructed in 1982 as a university classroomand office building. It has a concrete foundation withpainted concrete block exterior walls. The corrugated

metal roof has a concrete sub-roof that has beenrepaired as needed when leaks occur. The building isstructurally solid with no visible cracks in the wallsor foundation. There are two floors above grade; thecollections storage room is located on the secondfloor. Building 333 has multiple windows in

Figure 111. Department of Defense collections arehoused in Building 333 on the campus of the

University of Hawaii at Hilo.

Collection Summary


aluminum frames that have never had to be replacedand appear to be airtight.

The collections storage room encompassesapproximately 1,140 ft2. It has concrete floorscovered with linoleum tiles and painted plasterboardinterior walls. The concrete ceiling has also beenpainted. The four windows present in this room arealmost completely blocked by the large storage unitsthat line the walls.

EnvironmentThe building is equipped with an electric-chilled airconditioning system that has thermostat temperaturecontrols set for staff comfort. The system ismaintained by an outside, independent contractor.There are no dust filters on the environmentalcontrols. The humidity within the building is neithermonitored nor regulated. There is no asbestos presentwithin the building structure and no overhead pipeswithin the collections storage area. Windowsthroughout the collections storage room are shadedwith curtains and covered with a ultraviolet filteringfilm. The facility is regularly maintained byUniversity Auxiliary Services personnel.

Pest ManagementA pest management and control service is provided bythe university and includes periodic buildinginspection and fumigation spraying as needed. In thepast, there have been infestation of cockroaches,silverfish, cane bugs, and possibly termites within thebuilding.

SecurityBuilding security measures include key locks,controlled access into the collections storage room,and campus security who patrol the groundsroutinely. No episodes of unauthorized entry into theEKH building were reported. All doors are lockedafter school hours, and the door to the collectionsstorage room is always locked.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire protection measures within the building includemanual fire alarms, smoke detectors, and fireextinguishers that are inspected on a regular basis.


Enameled metal immovable cabinets with lockedsliding doors measure 2.25 x 6.0 x 7.25 feet (l x wx h). The storage unit that contains the PTAcollections has ten adjustable shelves. For thepercentages of material classes present in the PTAcollections, refer to Table 102.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist of acidic cardboard boxesand an acidic brown paper bag with volumes rangingfrom 0.5 ft3 to 4.5 ft3 (Figure 112). Most of the boxeshave a volume of 1.2 ft3. The boxes are of a glued,folded, and taped construction with either folding flaplids, some of which have been taped shut, ortelescoping lid security. Labels are either paperinserts in adhesive plastic holders or are writtendirectly on the surface of the container. Labelinformation is consistent and legible and includes theproject number and box number. Some labels includethe material contents.


Paper bags are used as secondary containers for two-thirds (66%) of this collection. Twenty-two percent ofthe artifacts are housed in plastic bags, both open andzip-locks, and 7% of the artifacts have no secondarycontainers. Other secondary containers used for the


Pohakuloa Training Area Collections at theUniversity of Hawaii, Hilo

Material Classes %

PrehistoricLithics 6Botanical remains 91Volcanic glass 2Other

a<1

Historical-PeriodOther

b<1

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes based on volume.aOther prehistoric materials in the collection include shell and

faunal material.bOther historic materials in the collection include leather and

textile material.

University of Hawaii 343

remaining 5% of the collection are acidic paperenvelopes and small acidic cardboard boxes. Nestedwithin the secondary containers are additionaltertiary containers, which include foil, smaller plasticzip-lock bags, paper bags, glass vials with rubberplugs, and Styrofoam peanuts. Labels have beenwritten directly on the front of the secondarycontainers in pen, pencil, and marker. Labelinformation is not on every container, nor is itconsistent. Information generally includes the sitenumber, provenience, date, investigator, and contents.Paper bags are unlabeled. A box inventory isenclosed in each secondary container.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingMost of the collections have been sorted by materialclass (82%); however, only 20% are cleaned and 10%are labeled. Archaeological materials that are labeledhave the site number and accession number applieddirectly to the surface in pen or ink and sealed with aclear top coat.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains from Pohakuloa TrainingArea or any other DoD installation are currentlybeing housed at the EKH storage facility at UHH.

Records StorageThere are no associated documents housed at thisfacility. These collections are part of the largercollections currently being held by the contractingfirm of Paul H. Rosendahl, Inc. (PHRI) where all ofthe records are maintained in their archives.



The Pohakuloa Training Area collection housed atUHH are accessioned through the PHRI system, andnot through the university. Accessioning has not beena consistent practice here and UHH is currently in theprocess of accessioning and cataloging all of theirholdings, which will not include the PohakuloaTraining Area collection.


Collection location information will be availablethrough their accession records when they havefinished that project.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are not cross indexed at this time.


A published guide has not been produced.


UHH uses the State of Hawaii’s site numberingsystem, which is based on an island designation anddistrict number. Sites are numbered sequentiallywithin their districts that are generally based on theold ahupua’a sections (the cheifdom land division ofeach island that generally extends from the center ofthe island to the sea).


Collection information is entered onto computerizeddatabases. A backup copy has not been made to date.

Figure 112. Collections from Pohakuloa TrainingArea are stored in a variety of acidic cardboard boxes

and paper bags in a metal storage unit.



UHH only houses collections that have beengenerated through projects performed by their staff.The Pohakuloa Training Area collection is housedhere because Dr. Paul Rosendahl was affiliated withthe university for many years and has othercollections from non-DoD projects located here.

Curation Policy

A written curation policy is not in place at this time.


A written records-management policy is not in placeat this time.


Written field-curation guidelines are not in place atthis time.

Loan Procedures

UHH has not loaned material out to other institutionsor individuals and does not have written guidelines orforms for this procedure.


UHH has not deaccessioned any material to date anddoes not have a written policy covering this procedure.

Inventory Policy

UHH does not have a written inventory policy.


Staff are currently inventorying and accessioningtheir entire collections holdings.

Curation Personnel

There are no personnel specifically assigned to thecuration of archaeological materials. The staffarchaeologist is responsible for collectionsmaintenance.

Curation Financing

The curation of the Pohakuloa Training Areaarchaeological collections is not specifically funded.The cost of storing these archaeological materialscomes from the Department of Anthropology,University of Hawaii, Hilo budget.


Access to the collections is controlled by Dr. BarbaraLass, staff archaeologist, and by Dr. CraigSeverance, Chairman of the AnthropologyDepartment. There are four people in theAnthropology Department who have access to thecollections. An appointment must be made in advancefor access to their holdings. The assessment teamcoordinated this visit through staff from PHRI.

Future Plans

Future plans for collections management at UHHinclude completing their cataloging and inventoryproject for all of the collections; improving thephysical conditions where the collections are stored;and deaccessioning the historical and miscellaneousmaterial currently being housed with thearchaeological collections.

Comments


2. An integrated pest management system has notbeen initiated within the collections storage area.

3. All Pohakuloa Training Area collections arehoused in acidic cardboard boxes; secondarycontainers consist of a variety of materials includingacidic paper bags, cardboard boxes, envelopes, andzip-lock plastic bags.

4. Lighting in the collections storage area does nothave ultraviolet filtering sleeves in place.

University of Hawaii 345

Recommendations

1. Implement an integrated pest-management systemin the facility, which includes both regular monitoringand control measures when needed.

2. Place ultraviolet filters on fluorescent lights incollection storage and documents storage areas.


4. Replace secondary containers with 4-mil, zip-lock,polyethylene plastic bags, and label with indelible ink.Labels for secondary containers should be made fromspun-bonded, polyethylene paper (e.g., Nalgenepolypaper), labeled with indelible ink, and insertedinto the secondary containers.


347

61Museum of AnthropologyUniversity of Kansas

Lawrence





Linear Feet of Records: 0.9 linear feet ( 11.25 linearinches)


Status of Curation Funding: Curation is financed bya per box curation fee.

Assessment

Date of Visit: August 14-19, 1996

Point of Contact: Mary Adair

The museum is located on the university campus inSpooner Hall, which was built as the University’sfirst library in 1894 (Figure 113). Currently, SpoonerHall houses exhibit space for the Museum ofAnthropology, a gift shop, the collections storageareas, offices, an archaeology laboratory, andclassrooms. There are approximately 50 ft3 of FortLeavenworth collection materials and approximately0.9 linear feet of project documentation from FortLeavenworth and Sunflower AAP being curated atthe museum. For a summarization of the collection bymaterial classes, see Table 103.

Figure 113. Exterior of the Museum ofAnthropology Building.

Collection Summary

Structural AdequacyThe repository is a four-story structure, built into theside of a hill, with two floors above ground and twofloors that are partially below ground. The buildinghas a stone foundation, sandstone exterior walls, and


a clay tile roof. The roof was partially replacedduring the mid-1980s. The foundation, the exteriorwalls, and the roof are each considered to bestructurally sound and without cracks or leaks. Manyof the building’s original wooden window frameshave been replaced with steel frames, but there issome evidence of water leakage around those not yetreplaced. All windows in the facility are thermalpaned but only the windows in the exhibit galleryhave ultraviolet filters.

The museum collections are stored in thearchaeology laboratory that is located on the firstsubgrade level of the repository. The laboratory/collections storage room is entered through a plywoodsheet door after descending one of the dual staircasesjust inside Spooner Hall’s main entrance. The floor inthis room is cement covered with tile, the walls arepainted dry wall, and the ceiling is suspendedacoustical tile. There are four wood-and-steel-framedwindows on the north wall of the collections storageroom. Three of these windows are shaded. None arefiltered against ultraviolet radiation. The windowsappear to be airtight.

All project documentation is housed inDr. Mary Adair’s office, which also serves as thearchives area. This office/archives area is enteredthrough an interior doorway on the east wall of thecollections storage room. The floor in the archivesarea is cement covered with linoleum tile, the wallsare painted plasterboard, and the ceiling is unfinished

cement. There are four unshaded windows on thenorth wall and three on the east wall. None arefiltered against ultraviolet radiation. All windowframes are constructed of wood and steel and appearto be airtight.

EnvironmentA heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system(HVAC) monitors and maintains the facilitytemperature and relative humidity. University staffin charge of operations check and set the relativehumidity level approximately every six months.There are dust filters on the environmental controls.Lighting in both the collections storage and documentarchives rooms is provided by a combination ofunfiltered fluorescent overhead tubes, desk lamps,and unfiltered natural lighting from the unshadedwindows. There is no asbestos present within thebuilding structure and there are no overhead pipeswithin the collections storage area.

Pest ManagementNo program of pest management currently existsand no specific precautions are taken to monitor orprotect collection materials from insect and rodentdamage. During previous instances of insectinfestation, the affected artifacts have been removedfrom the collection storage area for treatment.Dr. Adair indicated that roaches are a continuingproblem, but that there is no current evidence of otherinsect pests or rodents. She also stated that themuseum staff is currently researching methods fornon-invasive pest management.

SecurityInterior and exterior repository doors are equippedwith both dead-bolt locks and key locks, and accessinto the collection storage areas is controlled bymuseum staff. None of the windows can be opened,and additional security is provided by metal barscovering the exterior of all ground accessiblewindows. According to Dr. Adair, the museum is inthe process of acquiring a motion detection securitysystem; installation bids have already been takenfrom contractors. No unauthorized entry to thecollections storage area has been reported.


Fort Leavenworth Archaeological Collections at theMuseum of Anthropology

Material Class %

PrehistoricCeramic 7Lithics 51Faunal remains 7Shell <1Flotation 26Soil 214C <1Botanical remains <1Other 6

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume.Other prehistoric material includes light fraction samples, daub,copper, and burned clay.

Museum of Anthropology 349

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire detection devices include manual fire alarms,heat sensors, smoke detectors, and fire alarms wiredinto the fire department. Fire suppression devicesconsists of a sprinkler system, a fire door, fire walls,and fire extinguishers.


Primary containers are housed on fixed, open, metalshelving units. Individual shelving units measureapproximately 24 x 35 x 85 inches (l x w x h) andeach unit contains a total of six shelves withapproximately 15 vertical inches between shelves(Figure 114). There is an aisle distance ofapproximately 54 inches between the rows ofshelving units. A total of eight shelves on shelvingunits number 109 and number 110 was utilized tohouse DoD collections from Fort Leavenworth,Kansas. One of these shelves was noted as beingbowed under the excessive weight of the heavilypacked collection boxes. For a breakdown ofmaterial classes see Table 103.

Primary Containers

Primary containers for the artifacts are foldedconstruction acidic cardboard boxes with telescopinglids. The primary container boxes measureapproximately 24.0 x 17.5 x 3.5 inches (l x w x h), or0.85 ft3 each. Primary containers are labeled withtyped adhesive labels that record site and box contentinformation.


Secondary containers are 1- and 2-mil nonarchival-quality plastic bags with a zip-lock closure(Figure 115). Frequently, there are additionalcontainers nested within the secondary containers.Secondary containers are not labeled externally, butcontain acidic paper insert tags with informationabout the site and container contents written in pencil.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingApproximately 50% of the collection materials werecleaned prior to packaging and storage. Bulk stoneitems such as limestone, sandstone, and quartzitewere generally packaged without cleaning. Onlylarger items in the collection have direct labeling inindelible ink. Small items are not individually labeled.Over 90% of the collection materials were sorted bymaterial type.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe are no human skeletal remains at the museum.

Records StoragePaper Records

Paper records are stored on open shelves andarranged by project or site, and by type ofdocumentation. Acid-free copies of records arestored with the originals. There are approximately3.75 linear inches of paper record project

Figure 114. Artifacts are processed in thestorage room.

Figure 115. Artifacts are labeled directly in ink andhoused in a plastic zip-lock bag; a label is also

inserted in the bag with the artifacts.


documentation for Fort Leavenworth, andapproximately 0.25 linear inches of paper recorddocumentation for Sunflower Army AmmunitionPlant. For a breakdown of the types of documentspresent within the collection from each installation,see Table 104.

Report Records

Reports measure 3.25 inches for Fort Leavenworthand 0.25 linear inches for Sunflower AAP.


There are approximately 3.5 linear inches ofphotographic records related to projects conducted atFort Leavenworth and no photographic records fromSunflower AAP. The photographic records have beenarchivally processed and are stored in a metal filingcabinet. Photographic records are labeled by projectand/or site.


Maps from Fort Leavenworth measure 0.25 linearinches.



Archaeological materials and documentation areaccessioned upon receipt of the materials.


Location information for the archaeologicalcollections is controlled by the Collection Managerfor Archaeology. The accession files do not contain

location information. Locational information ismaintained by the registrar.

Cross-Indexed Files

The files are cross indexed.




The Smithsonian Institution’s trinomial system isused.


Automated data processing techniques are used tomanage the collection. Disk back-ups of these recordsare made at least yearly. They are created primarilyin the fall after new collections from the summer fieldschool have arrived. The computer is attached to anetwork; however, the information is stored locallywithin the building, not on the server. These locallystored records are not part of the on-line records.At least one back-up copy is stored off-site atDr. Adair’s home. At present, access to thiscomputerized information is limited to Dr. Adairand her assistant.


Collections must have proper significance, clear title,and provenience.

Curation Policy

There is a written curation policy describing allacquisition and registration procedures as well asprocessing, storage, and material conservation.


The repository has written guidelines and standardsthat address the management and continuedpreservation of documents such as paper records,photographic materials, and maps.


None exist.

Table 104.Summary of Major Classes of Documents

at the Museum of Anthropology



Fort Leavenworth 3.75 3.25 3.50 0.25 10.75Sunflower AAP 0.25 0.25 –– –– 0.50

Total 4.00 3.50 3.50 0.25 11.25

Note: Figures are shown in linear inches.

Museum of Anthropology 351

Loan Procedures

The repository has a written loan policy.


Collection materials may be deaccessioned at thediscretion of the museum director and curators. Thedeaccessioning procedure is outlined in the Museum’sRegistration Manual.

Inventory Policy

The repository has no written inventory policy.


Collections are not regularly inventoried, but areinventoried as they are used for research purposes.

Curation Personnel

The repository has no full-time curator for thearchaeological collections.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed by a per box curation fee.


Access to the collections is controlled by the museumstaff. Interested researchers with proper credentialsmay gain access by making a pre-arrangedappointment with the director or curator.

Future Plans

The museum plans to complete a written standard forthe curation and accessioning of collection materials.There have been some preliminary discussions withfederal agencies regarding the formation ofcooperative agreements for curation. Thesediscussions are expected to continue. Dr. Adair alsoplans to continue seeking grant money to financeupgrades to the archaeological collection.

Comments


2. Temperature and humidity levels within the facilityare monitored and controlled.

3. No standard pest-management system has beenimplemented in the building.

4. Repository fire-detection and -suppression areadequate especially in the collection storage room.

5. Collections are stored in nonarchival-qualitycontainers.

6. Duplicate copies of original project documentationare currently stored in the same file as the originaldocuments.

7. Lighting in the collections storage area does nothave ultraviolet sleeves in place

Recommendations

1. Implement a professional pest-management systemfor the facility.

2. Replace acidic cardboard boxes with acid-freeboxes. Apply adhesive polyethylene plastic labelholders, with acid-free inserts, to the boxes. Labelsshould no longer be applied directly to the boxes.When label information or box contents changes,inserts are replaced, thus reducing the chance forconflicting and confusing information.


4. Place all paper records in acid-free folders labeledin indelible ink. Place all folders in acid-freecardboard boxes, and apply adhesive, polyethyleneplastic label holders, with acid-free inserts, to theboxes. Store duplicate copies of records in a separate,fire-safe, secure location.

353

62U.S. Army Engineer District


Collection SummaryCollections Total: No artifact or human skeletalremains collections; 9.5 linear feet of associatedrecords.





Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arenot specifically funded; however, the processing andaccessioning of the Fort Wingate collection to theMaxwell Museum was funded through a DeliveryOrder in a contract with the Office of ContractArchaeology and the University of New Mexico,Albuquerque.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Ron Kneebone

Approximately 9.5 linear feet of associateddocumentation from Fort Wingate Army Depot, NewMexico, are housed in the offices of the U.S. ArmyEngineer District (USAED), Albuquerque,Environmental Section. This office has been handlingall of the compliance work necessary for the closureof the Fort Wingate. St. Louis District staff havepreviously assessed records stored in the Albuquerqueoffices for Holloman AFB and Melrose Air ForceRange in 1994 under the Air Combat Commandproject (Drew 1996). Since the time of thatassessment, the Albuquerque District has moved into

a new building where they are the sole tenants. Thisreport documents the results of the repositoryevaluation performed for this new facility.

Structural AdequacyThe new building is located in the northeast section ofAlbuquerque in an industrial park and was completedin the summer of 1995 (Figure 116). This buildingencompasses approximately 58,800 ft2 of space andhas three floors all above grade, a concretefoundation, and exterior walls constructed with asteel frame faced with stucco. The roof is a single-plyroof with a ballast. The building is structurally soundand has shown no evidence of leaks or cracks in thestructure. All of the windows, which measure5-x-5-feet, have aluminum frames shaded withVenetian blinds. Windows are sealed shut and havebeen covered with film that has a mirror effect from


the outside. No significant internal or externalrenovations have occurred. The bank of exteriordoors are glass in metal frames, while all of theinterior doors are solid wood.

Associated records are located in officeswithin the Environmental Section, Room 122(Collections Storage Area 1) and in an excess storageroom, Room 107 (Collections Storage Area 2), bothof which are located on the first floor. Room 122 isdivided into work spaces and cubicles for theEnvironmental Section staff. This room has graycarpeting on the floor and interior walls comprised ofprefabricated plasterboard. The ceiling is coveredwith acoustical ceiling tiles. Room 107 is used forexcess records storage and has a bare concrete floor,an exposed concrete ceiling, and a locked steel, chain-link fence barring access to the filing cabinets andshelves of documents.

EnvironmentThis facility has a heating-ventilating-air-conditioning(HVAC) system with a gas powered hot-water heatingsystem, which monitors and controls the temperaturein the building. Humidity levels are not monitored orcontrolled; however, the region typically has lowhumidity levels. Fluorescent light bulbs are used tolight the rooms, but these do not have ultravioletfilters. As previously mentioned, a ultraviolet filteringfilm has been placed on all windows. Dust filters arelocated on the HVAC system vents, which areregularly checked by contracted maintenancepersonnel who are also responsible for the

maintenance and cleaning duties within the building.Environmental control panels are present in mostrooms to monitor the temperature throughout thebuilding. All of the utilities are original to theconstruction of the building. Water damage to thebuilding or collections has not occurred. There is noasbestos present in this building.

Pest ManagementPest management responsibilities are performed by acontracted company that has a regular monitoring andpest control schedule. Staff in the building have notnoticed any evidence of pest infestations.

SecurityAll doors have been wired with intrusion alarms thatnotify the local police department, federal securitypersonnel, and District Security personnel. Allexterior and interior doors are locked after businesshours. The door to Room 107 is kept locked at alltimes and access to the keys is controlled by a fewauthorized personnel. All visitors are required tocheck in at the receptionist’s desk and sign in.Visitors are given badges that are to be worn at alltimes and an escort by Corps personnel is mandatory.Additional security measures have been taken inRoom 107 with the locked chain-link fence barringaccess to the records storage area where theFort Wingate records are housed.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire detection systems present in the facility consistof smoke detectors. A wet-pipe sprinkler system thatis heat activated has been installed throughout thebuilding; sprinkler heads for this system are presentin both collections storage rooms.

Artifact StorageArtifact materials are not housed in this facility.

Human Skeletal RemainsNo human skeletal remains are housed in this facility.

Figure 116. The U.S. Army Engineer District,Albuquerque headquarters building was constructed

in 1995.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Albuquerque 355

Records StorageApproximately 9.5 linear feet of associateddocumentation were assessed during this visit. Allassociated documentation was generated from workconducted on Fort Wingate for environmentalcompliance surveys under the Base Realignment andClosure Act (BRAC). Records present include paperrecords, report records, maps and oversizeddocuments, photographic records, and computerrecords. Approximately two linear feet of associateddocumentation is located in Room 122, theEnvironmental Section offices, and 7.5 linear feet ofrecords in Room 107, the excess records storageroom (Figure 117).

Paper Records

Approximately 8.1 linear feet of paper records arepresent including administrative correspondence,contract records, copies of site records, projectscopes of work, meeting notes and minutes, surveydata, and color printed copies of photographs. Thoserecords stored in Collections Storage Area 1 consistof less than one linear foot of these records(10.25 inches) kept in hanging files in RonKneebone’s office. The files are labeled directly inboth pencil and ink and are kept in a roll-out lateralfile drawer. The working files are in very goodcondition but are arranged only by need and use of

the project material by Mr. Kneebone. Staples arepresent in these working files.

Paper records kept in Room 107, CollectionsStorage Area 2, encompass approximately 7.25 linearfeet and are stored in acidic cardboard boxes on metalshelves or in metal upright file cabinets. The metalshelving units have sliding glass doors, but the boxesof records are too deep to close them. The recordsthemselves are filed in acidic manila files orenvelopes that are labeled directly in pencil or ink.Records have been arranged by project and are ingood condition. Contaminants including paper clips,staples, metal binder clips, and rubber bands arepresent throughout the documents.

Report Records

Less than one linear foot (4 inches) of report recordsis present in the collection. Draft report sections,final reports, and a progress report on a Fort Wingatesurvey are located in both collections storage roomseither in the hanging files in Mr. Kneebone’s officeor in the filing cabinet in Room 107. The conditionof the reports is the same as described for the paperrecords.


Less than one linear foot (10.75 inches) ofphotographic records are present in the collection.Records consist of black-and-white prints, negatives,and slides which are kept in three-ring vinyl bindersin Room 122, Collections Storage Area 1, on an openmetal shelf. The binders are been labeled directly onthe spine with either white paint or black ink. Therecords are housed in archival-quality plasticphotograph sleeves that are labeled with the projectinformation. Photograph logs also accompany thephotographs. The slides are labeled directly on theirpaper or plastic frame in ink. A set of black-and-white prints is wrapped in an archival plasticphotograph bag and secured with a rubberband.These are inside the binder with the rest of thephotographic material. The records are arrangedchronologically and by phase of the survey. Asignificant amount of surface dirt or dust wasnoticed on the records and paper clips are present inthe binders.

Figure 117. Project records for Fort Wingate arestored within a fenced and locked area of an

excess storage room.



Approximately 1.5 linear inches of documents arelocated in Room 122, collections storage room 1, in ametal upright map storage unit (EASI FILE), whichcontains of U.S.G.S. 7.5' and 15' topographic maps,blue line maps and oversized aerial maps. Smallreport ready maps, large folded maps, and blue linemaps are stored with the paper and report records inMr. Kneebone’s office. One-half inch of folded copiesof U.S.G.S. topographic maps are stored with thepaper records in Room 107, Collections StorageArea 2. These records are in the same condition andarrangement as the paper records.

Computer Records

Currently, four 3.5-inch disks contain Fort Wingatedocumentation. These disks are located in Kneebone’soffice on his desk in Room 122. Kneebone stated thathe also had numerous files regarding Fort Wingate onhis hard drive that haven’t been backed up onto diskyet. These files will eventually be transferred to diskand become part of the record collection.


This building is not a permanent curation facility;therefore, collections management standards are notaddressed in this report.

Curation Personnel

There is no curation personnel at this facility.Mr. Kneebone and the rest of the EnvironmentalSection staff are responsible for the safety of theseassociated records.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are not specifically funded;however, the processing and accessioning of theFort Wingate collection to the Maxwell Museum wasfunded through a Delivery Order in a contract withthe Office of Contract Archaeology and theUniversity of New Mexico, Albuquerque.


Access to the Fort Wingate associated documentationis controlled by Mr. Kneebone.

Future Plans

The installation of intrusion alarms for the windowsis being considered; however, there are no plans topermanently curate collections at this facility.Fort Wingate is an installation within the Army’sMaterial Command (AMC) and is undergoingnecessary compliance measures required for itsBRAC status. All of the collections are theresponsibility of the AMC and the final dispositionof the material has yet to be determined.

Comments

1. This state-of-the-art facility is structurallysound and meets almost all of the environment,pest management, security, and fire-detection andsuppression requirements outlined in 36 CFR Part 79.

2. Humidity levels are neither monitored norcontrolled; however, the region historically has lowlevels of humidity.

3. The permanent disposition and curation of thesematerials has not been determined.

4. Associated documentation is arranged primarily byuse and is not consistently stored in archival-qualitymaterials.

Recommendations



357


Baltimore, Maryland

Collections Total: 1.9 ft3 of archaeological materials;no associated records.





Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is financed as overhead inthe state budget.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Mark Baker, Ken Baumgardt,Steve Israel, and Scott Watkins

The U.S. Army Engineer District (USAED),Baltimore oversees archaeological complianceactivities for civilian projects and militaryinstallations within its military district jurisdiction.The Corps offices are located in the federal buildingin downtown Baltimore. A storage facility for theCorps is located adjacent to Fort McHenry, south ofdowntown Baltimore. A total of 1.9 ft3 of artifactsrecovered from Walter Reed Army Medical Center ishoused at the Corps storage facility. USAED,Baltimore was visited previously as part of twoSt. Louis District projects in 1995, the Atlantic NavyDivision (Bade and Shingleton, 1999) and the Legacy1994 (Shingleton et al., 1999). Repository andcollections information was collected during both visits.

Structural AdequacyThe storage facility is used for a variety of storagepurposes, only one of which is archaeologicalcollections. It was constructed during the 1950s andencompasses approximately 5,000 ft2 of floor spacein one floor (Figure 118). The building has areas for

Collection Summary

Figure 118. Archaeological collections, includingones generated from Walter Reed Medical Center, arehoused in a storage facility constructed circa 1950.


artifacts, materials storage, and offices. Thefoundation of the building consists of concrete, andexterior walls are composed of concrete block. Theroof is tin, and is original to the building. The roofhas leaked in the past. Interior renovations haveconsisted of additions and rearrangements of plywoodpartitions for interior walls. There are four exteriorwindows on the east side of the building, all withaluminum frames, and not equipped with shades.

The floor in the collections storage area isconcrete, and walls are plywood. The collectionsstorage area has a plywood ceiling that is shorter andnot connected to the ceiling of the storage facility.There are no windows, and one wood panel dooropens to the rest of the facility.

EnvironmentThe storage facility has no environmental controls.Maintenance and cleaning are conducted as-neededby the Corps’ Logistics Department.

Pest ManagementThere is no monitoring or control of pest infestationson a regular basis. When needed, rat poison is used tocontrol rodent infestations.

SecurityThe exterior doors of the facility are locked withpadlocks and key locks.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThere is no fire detection system. Fire suppressionconsists of fire extinguishers.


Artifact primary containers were stored on the floorof the storage facility adjacent to Fort McHenry(Figure 119). Table 105 outlines the types of materialclasses present in the Walter Reed Army MedicalCenter housed at the USAED, Baltimore.

EnvironmentThe environment within the entire building iscontrolled by a heating, ventilating, and airconditioning (HVAC) system that is equipped withdust filters. The targeted temperature range is from70° to 75° F. Humidity is neither monitored norcontrolled within the facility. Interior lighting isprovided by unfiltered fluorescent tubes andunfiltered natural light entering through the windows.Overhead pipes containing water for the firesuppression system are present within the documentsstorage area. No previous failure of the system wasreported. Asbestos is not present within the facility.

Figure 119. The collections storage area ispartitioned off from the rest of the building with

plywood walls and a locking door.

Primary Containers

The primary container is an acidic cardboard boxwith a telescoping lid. The box is labeled directly inmarker. Label information consists of installation,provenience, year, and contents.


Secondary containers consist entirely of paperbags, many with interior plastic zip-lock bagsholding the artifacts. Bags are labeled directly inmarker, with information consisting of sitenumbers and provenience.

Table 105.Summary of Historic Material Classes in the

Walter Reed Army Medical Center ArchaeologicalCollections at the U.S. Army Engineer District,

Baltimore

Material Class %

Glass 20Metal 40Ceramic 18Faunal remains 20Textiles 2

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are calculated by volume.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Baltimore 359

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned, but nonehave been labeled. The artifacts are sorted byprovenience.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe Baltimore District is not curating any humanskeletal remains recovered from military installationsin the project area.

Records StorageThe Baltimore District does not have documentationassociated with archaeological projects conducted onmilitary installations in the project area.

Collections Management StandardsThis building is not a permanent curation facility;therefore, collections management standards were notevaluated for this report.

Curation Personnel

Mark Baker, Ken Baumgardt, Steven Israel, andScott Watson are all involved partially in theacquisition and curation of archaeological collections.Scott Watson has more direct responsibility for thecollections.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed through the Baltimore District,Planning Division overhead.


Access to the collections is primarily limited to thecultural resources staff. Other staff members andoutside researchers have access through request.

Future Plans

The Baltimore District is interested in acquiring thefunds and administrative support to enhance theexisting storage facility adjacent to Fort McHenry.

Comments

1. The storage facility adjacent to Fort McHenry isnot equipped with environmental controls, and theroof leaks.

2. The storage facility does not have an integratedpest-management system.

3. The storage facility is secured with only a keylock.

4. The storage facility has only fire extinguishers forfire protection. The federal building has a sprinklersystem for fire-detection and -suppression.

5. The primary container for artifacts is an acidiccardboard box. Secondary containers are paper bags.

Recommendations


2. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into four- or six-milarchival quality polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reducethe volume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, sothat containers are not over packed. Insert acid-freepaper labels into each bag. Do not use contaminantsto secure the containers.

361


Los Angeles, California

Collection SummaryCollections Total: No artifact or human skeletalremains collections; 0.1 linear feet of associatedrecords.





Status of Curation Funding: Curation is financedthrough archaeological work contracts. The budgetedfunds cover the cost of collections processing. Long-term curation is not funded.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Pam Maxwell

The offices of the U.S. Army Engineer District(USAED), Los Angeles are located in a high-riseoffice building in downtown Los Angeles, California.The facility curates no archaeological artifactmaterial, but does house approximately 1.15 linearinches of documentation, primarily administrativerecords, from archaeological projects at severalmilitary installations in the western United States.See Table 106 for a complete list of installationsrepresented by the documentation and the quantityof records related to each.

Structural AdequacyThe building housing the USAED, Los Angeles wasconstructed as an office complex in 1980. Thefacility (Figure 120) occupies a total area ofapproximately 376,212 ft2, and within that total, theLos Angeles Engineering District offices occupyapproximately 4,900 ft2.

The 23-story building is constructed withgranite curtain exterior walls on a cement foundation.

Table 106.Summary of Associated Documentation

at the U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles

Installation Volume

Fort Huachuca 0.75Luke AFB/Barry Goldwater Range 0.10Navajo Army Depot 0.05Yuma Proving Ground 0.25

Total 1.15

Note: Volume figures are measured in linear inches.


Pest ManagementPest management consists of regular monitoring andmonthly spraying by a professional pest control firm.There was no report or observed evidence of a pestinfestation problem.

SecuritySecurity measures include an intrusion alarm system,a 24-hour in-house guard provided by a privatesecurity company, dead-bolt locks on doors, andcontrolled access. There was no reported or observedevidence of unauthorized entry into the facility.

Fire Detection and SuppressionTo provide fire safety, the building is equipped withmanual fire alarms, smoke detectors, fireextinguishers, a sprinkler/suppression system, firedoors, and fire walls. No fire extinguishers werelocated in the immediate vicinity of the recordscollection. The facility is not considered to be fireproof.

Artifact StorageThe USAED, Los Angeles is not curating anyartifacts recovered from military installations.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe USAED, Los Angeles has no human skeletalremains recovered from military installations.

Records StorageThe file cabinet is a two-drawer, metal, legal-sizedfile cabinet within Ms. Maxwell’s cubicle. Files are inalphabetical order by installation. Files are placed inacidic accordion folders that are labeled with acomputer-generated, clear, adhesive label. Invoiceinformation is removed from the files when thecontractor has received all of their earnings.

Copies of the circulated technical reportsare kept in the District library within view ofMs. Maxwell’s work space. There are no duplicatesof the paper records. There are three additionalarchaeologists employed there who also have accessto the documentation.

Figure 120. The U.S. Army Engineer District,Los Angeles has offices in a large downtown

office building.

Both the foundation and walls were reported to bestructurally solid with no cracks or leaks. The roof,constructed of built-up asphalt, was approximately10 years old at the time of assessment. Other than theaddition of individual office cubicles there have beenno major renovations to the building since itsconstruction.

The archaeological project records arehoused in two metal filing cabinet drawers in theoffice cubicle of Pam Maxwell, staff archaeologist.Within this office space, the floor is carpetedconcrete, the walls are sheet rock, and the ceiling issuspended acoustical tile. There are seven floor-to-ceiling aluminum frame windows that measureapproximately 9-x-9-feet with 4 feet betweenwindows. The windows appear to be airtight. Allinterior and exterior doors connected with the recordsstorage area are of solid core wood panel construction.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Los Angeles 363

Paper Records

The paper records consist of administrative files.The records are in good condition; however, each iscontained in a metal, two-hole, tongue and slidebinder. Each file contains a copy of the purchaseorder and a scope of work. Some have staples. Theproject contractors are either Brian Mooney andAssociates or Far Western Anthropological ResearchGroup.

Collections Management StandardsThe USAED, Los Angeles is not a permanentcuration facility; therefore, collections managementstandards were not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

There are no personnel devoted to the curation ofcollections; however, there are four archaeology staffmembers, including three staff archaeologists and onesenior archaeologist.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed through archaeological workcontracts. The budgeted funds cover the cost ofcollections processing. Long-term curation is notfunded.


All archaeology staff have access to thedocumentation. Any visiting researchers are allowedaccess by appointment.

Future Plans

The district has no future plans for the curation ofcollections.

Comments


2. Environmental controls lack relative humiditymonitoring and control.

3. Lights lack any ultraviolet filtration.

4. Pest management activities are adequate.

5. Appropriate security measures have been taken.

6. Fire-detection and -suppression are sufficient.

7. Records are stored with contaminants in acidicfolders.

8. No safety copies of associated documentationexist.

Recommendations



365


Honolulu, Hawaii





Compliance Status: Records require partialrehabilitation to comply with existing federalstandards and guidelines for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arenot specifically funded. Storage and care of thedocuments is a direct result of the efforts of theEnvironmental Section staff.

Assessment

Date of Visit: March 21 and 24, 1997

Points of Contact: Kanelei Shun and FarleyWatanabe

Approximately 7.4 linear feet of associateddocumentation from Fort Shafter, Fort Kamehameha,Wheeler Army Airfield/Schofield Barracks, WaianaeArmy Recreation Center, Bellows Air Force Station,Fort DeRussy, Hickam AFB, Marine Corps BaseHawaii-Kaneohe Bay, and Pohakuloa Training Areaare located in the office files of Mr. Chuck Streck.The U.S. Army Engineer District (USAED), PacificOcean Division works with many of the islandsinstallations in contracting the cultural resourcemanagement work needed at the installations.

Structural AdequacyThe Pacific Ocean Division offices are temporarilylocated in Building T-1 on Fort Shafter (Figure 121).A new building to be used by the USAED was under

Collection Summary

Figure 121. Office of the U.S. Army Engineer District,Pacific Ocean Division are temporarily housed in

Building T-1 at Fort Shafter.


construction at the time of this assessment and wasnot evaluated; however, the temporary office spaceallotted to the Environmental Division was assessed.Building T-1 is thought to have been constructedduring the 1920s–30s. Built with a concretefoundation on raised wood pier and pilings, it has awood frame with wood siding exterior walls. Thewood roof is covered with asphalt shingles. There isa significant amount of mold and rust stains evidenton the building, a result of the tropical, humidenvironment.

Associated records are located in a officespace which occupies approximately 72 ft2 within theEnvironmental Section. This area has been dividedinto work spaces and cubicles for the EnvironmentalSection staff. Office space is cramped and clutteredwith office supplies and documentation. Industrialgrade carpeting covers a wood floor and interiorwalls are comprised of prefabricated plasterboard.The ceiling is covered with acoustical ceiling tiles.Wood-framed windows measure 2.5 x 4.4 feet (w x h)and are fitted with louvered glass panes, which areopaque. There is one window in the office area wherethe associated records are stored.

EnvironmentEnvironmental controls present in these officesconsist of ceiling fans and window air conditioningunits. Temperature and humidity levels are neithermonitored nor controlled. Dust filters are not in placeon the air conditioning units. The installation has acontracted cleaning and maintenance service for thebuildings on post. Light sources are not filtered forultraviolet radiation.

Pest ManagementPest management responsibilities are performed by acontracted company that has a regular monitoringand pest control schedule. During the assessment,however, the team encountered silverfish and aspider in the records and reports.

SecurityThe only security measures present for this facilityare key locks on all doors and the base security thatregularly patrol the post.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire detection systems located throughout the facilityconsist of smoke detectors, heat sensors, and manualfire alarms wired to the fire department. Fireextinguishers, last inspected in November 1992, arelocated in the hallways and at the exits. Emergencyexit lighting units are installed throughout the building.



Records StorageApproximately 7.4 linear feet of associateddocumentation from Fort Shafter, Fort Kamehameha,Wheeler Army Airfield/Schofield Barracks, WaianaeArmy Recreation Center, Bellows Air Force Station,Fort DeRussy, Hickam AFB, Marine Corps BaseHawaii-Kaneohe Bay, and Pohakuloa Training Areawere assessed during this visit. Records are arrangedby installation and by project in Mr. Streck’s officefiles. For the amounts of types of documents foreach installation, refer to Table 107.

Paper Records

Approximately 2 linear feet (24.5 linear inches) ofpaper records are present including administrativecorrespondence, contract records, project scopes ofwork, meeting notes and minutes, backgroundinformation, and analysis records. Documents arekept in manila files in standard enameled metal five-drawer legal file cabinets. The files, directly labeledin both pen and marker, are in fair condition. Papercontaminants are present in these working filesincluding metal paper clips and staples.

Report Records

Report records constitute the majority of thecollections (4.9 linear feet). Draft report sections,final reports, and progress reports are located in thefiles with the paper records, on metal shelves, orstacked in piles on the floor and desk. The conditionof the reports is the same as described for the paper

U.S. Army Engineer District, Honolulu 367

records and many of them have been bound withplastic spiral combs.


Approximately five inches of maps, located in theBellows Air Force Station files, are folded and filedin the same manner as the paper records. LargeU.S.G.S. topographic, hand-drawn, and report-readymaps are included.

Collections Management StandardsThis facility does not have any archaeologicalmaterials and has not been designated as a curationfacility; therefore, collections management standardsare not addressed in this report.

Curation Personnel

There is no curation personnel at this facility.Mr. Streck and the rest of the EnvironmentalSection staff are responsible for the safety of theseassociated records.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are not funded.


Access to the associated documentation is monitoredby Mr. Streck and the USAED, Pacific OceanDivision Environmental Section staff.

Future Plans

A new building is being constructed to be used byUSAED, Pacific Ocean Division. Space limitationswill hopefully be alleviated with the move into alarger office. The permanent disposition of theassociated documentation has not been determined.

Comments

1. Environmental and security measures available forBuilding T-1 are inadequate for the storage ofassociated documentation.

2. Paper records are in danger of deteriorating from apest infestation of silverfish.

3. The permanent disposition and curation of thesematerials has not been determined.

4. Associated documentation is arranged primarily byuse and is not consistently stored in archival-qualitymaterials.

5. A new building is under construction for USAED,Pacific Ocean Division.

Table 107.Summary of Major Classes of Documentation by Installation at the

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division


Installation Paper Reports Maps Total

Bellows Air Force Station 7.0 15.0 5.0 27.0Fort DeRussy 3.0 6.0 –– 9.0Fort Kamehameha 5.0 8.0 –– 13.0Fort Shafter –– 4.5 –– 4.5Hickam AFB 1.0 3.0 –– 4.0Marine Corps Base Hawaii,Kaneohe Bay 2.0 5.0 –– 7.0Pohakuloa Training Area 4.5 5.5 –– 10.0Waianae Army Recreation Center 2.0 5.0 –– 7.0Wheeler Army Airfield/Schofield Barracks –– 7.0 –– 7.0

Total 24.5 59.0 5.0 88.5(7.4 linear feet)

Note: all figures are in linear inches.


Recommendations


2. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, secure

locations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a finding aid to the collection. Recordsshould be free of metal binder clips, staples, andpaper clips, or other contaminants. The photographicmaterial should be placed in archival qualityphotographic sleeves, labeled properly, and stored ina secure storage unit.

369


Sacramento, California




Linear Inches of Records: 0.8 linear feet (9.5 linearinches)

Compliance Status: Records require completerehabilitation to comply with existing federalstandards and guidelines for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation is financed aspart of the project overhead for the District.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Patti Johnson

The U.S. Army Engineer District (USAED),Sacramento is a tenant in an office building located indowntown Sacramento. The building was originallyconstructed as office space, and is less than 10 yearsold. Associated documentation for archaeologicalwork performed on Hawthorne AAP, Nevada, islocated in this office building.

Structural AdequacyThe prefabricated, 19-story building has exteriorwalls composed of concrete and glass. The roof isprobably built-up asphalt original to the building. Thefoundation is concrete and structurally solid. Therehave been no known structural renovations. There are

multiple exterior windows, all equipped withaluminum frames and interior shades.

The records are stored in an office that has acarpeted concrete floor and plaster walls. A metalpanel door separates the office from the remainder ofthe repository. The ceiling is composed of suspendedacoustical tiles.

EnvironmentThe building environment is controlled by a heating,ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) system withforced-air heat and central air conditioning. Humidityis neither monitored nor controlled. The building isregularly maintained and cleaned.

Pest ManagementPests have never been a problem, and no pestinfestations were observed by the assessment team.No preventive precautions are taken and nomonitoring program is in place.

Collection Summary


SecuritySecurity measures are managed by a private securitycompany. A 24-hour in-house guard, an intrusionalarm, an after 6:00 p.m. restriction on all elevators,and key locks on each door compose the variousstrategies for securing the building. There was noevidence of any unauthorized entry; however, a pastepisode of theft of computer equipment had beenreported.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire detection measures in he building consist of heatsensors. The building is equipped with a sprinklersuppression system.



Records StorageThe records are stored in a letter-size, five-drawer,metal file cabinet. Each drawer has a key lock. Thedocumentation is in a single drawer and is arrangedby project area. The pertinent records for thisassessment fit in less than half of the drawer.Duplicates of the reports, contracts, andcorrespondence have been produced on nonarchivalpaper and have been placed in separate offices withinthe Contracting and Planning Divisions of theUSAED, Sacramento. Copies of reports are also kepton computer disks. An inventory of records has beencompleted and the list is on computer disk in dBaseformat. Hard copies are kept on file.

Paper Records

The paper records consist of 4.5 linear inches ofadministrative records. Each project is kept in anacidic accordion file and separated in manila folders.Manila folders are labeled either directly or with aself adhesive label. All labels are legible and themedium ranges from typewritten to marker or inkpen. The records have no finding aids nor have theybeen archivally processed.

Report Records

Report records measure 4 linear inches. Reportsare in the same condition and are stored with thepaper records.


Photographic records consist of color printsmeasuring 0.5 linear inches. Photographic recordsare stored with the paper records.


There are approximately 0.25 linear inches ofmaps and 0.25 inches of blueprints stored withthe paper records.

Collections Management StandardsThe USAED, Sacramento is not a permanent curationfacility; therefore, collections management standardswere not evaluated for this report.

Curation Personnel

The staff of two full-time archaeologists and onehistorian jointly manage the archaeology record files.

Curation Financing

Curation activities are not specifically funded. Thecost of housing these files is financed as part of theproject overhead for the District.


Access to the records is controlled by culturalresources staff. After obtaining permission, staffmembers and outside researchers may only study therecords on the premises.

Future Plans

No plans have been made for changing procedures ofmanaging the records.

Comments


2. The relative humidity is not monitored.

U.S. Army Engineer District, Sacramento 371

3. The repository has no pest management system.

4. Security measures are adequate.

5. The fire detection and suppression system meet 36CFR Part 79 standards.

Recommendations

1. Transfer archaeological records to a permanentrepository that meets the curation standards outlinedin 36 CFR Part 79.


373

67Utah Division of State History

Salt Lake City

Collections Total: 11.1 ft3 of archaeologicalmaterials; 1.0 linear foot of associated records.

Volume of Artifact Collections 11.1 ft3



Linear Feet of Records: 1 linear foot (12 linearinches)


Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded by theState of Utah and through private donations.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Janet Smoak

The Utah Division of State History (UDSH) islocated near central downtown Salt Lake City in apartially converted historic railroad station (Figure 122).The UDSH has several missions including acting asstate archaeology records’ repository, issuing andregulating permits needed to conduct archaeologicalresearch, operating public education and outreachprograms, conducting archaeological research—coordinated through the Utah Geological Society(UGS is the designated field archaeology division ofUDSH), and the long term care, storage, andmanagement of state owned historic collections.UDSH also occasionally functions as a temporaryrepository for prehistoric collections made by UGS.

State law mandates that historic collections becurated at UDSH, and that prehistoric collections arecurated with the Utah Museum of Natural History atthe University of Utah. No potentially hazardousmaterials—such as live ordnance or artifacts knownto have been exposed to debilitating chemicals—are

Collection Summary

Figure 122. Utah Division of State History exteriorview looking northwest.


accepted for curation by UDSH. Approximately11.1 ft3 of artifacts and 1 linear foot ofdocumentation (the Donner-Reed Collection) arebeing housed at UDSH for the Utah Test andTraining Range/Hill AFB, Utah.

Structural AdequacyThe repository was originally constructed by theDenver-Rio Grande Railroad Company for use as arailroad station in 1910. This building was laterpurchased by the State of Utah for its currentfunction as headquarters for the preservation of statehistory (about 1975). Present space utilization in thebuilding is as follows: the basement of the repositoryis dedicated to storage of artifacts and records,paleontological specimens, processing areas, andcurators’ offices; the first level contains severaladditional offices, a restaurant, an employee breakroom, a gift shop, and an exhibit area in the mainlobby; the second floor contains a small library, thestate archaeological record files, and most of theadministrative offices.

The Rio Grande Railroad Depot is a two-story, 480,000 ft2 wood frame structure with graniteblock and masonry exterior walls seated on brick andcement conglomerate foundation pillars. Duringutility upgrades in 1979, the original 4-foot highcrawl space under the building was dug out aroundthe foundation pillars into a full basement that waslined with cement. The repository’s plumbing wasupgraded in 1995. The single gable wood frame roof,which is original to the building, is covered withItalianate style red slate tiles. There are no cracks orleaks in either the roof or the foundation, but due tothe high water table in Salt Lake City, the foundationdoes occasionally have seepage problems duringseasonal changes. In addition to the seepage, heavyrains sometimes cause water buildups to spill into thebasement, the direct result of an old storm drain thatwas not properly rerouted during the aforementionedrenovations.

Both of the above ground levels of therepository have wood floors; in entrances and otherpublic areas these floors are covered with granite andmarble tiles. Original ceilings are lathe and plaster,but in some of the offices and other areas peripheralto the lobby (lobby ceiling is original) the ceilings arecovered with acoustical tiles. There are multiple

windows in the above ground levels, all of which areoriginal to the building, constructed with woodframes, and appear to be airtight. Second floorwindows in the exhibit area are covered with anultraviolet filtering film, but first floor banks of entrydoors have windows in them that are not filtered.Windows in all other areas are shaded. All door stylesin above ground levels are a plain, solid wood or solidwood set with glass panes. Lighting is accomplishedwith a combination of incandescent and fluorescentceiling fixtures in all above ground rooms except thelobby. The lobby, which also serves as the exhibitarea, has suspended incandescent chandeliers, andfreestanding metal frames fitted with incandescenttrack lighting immediately over the exhibit cases.

DoD archaeological materials are stored inthe basement of the repository, with the exception ofa handful of artifacts presently on display in themain exhibit area. The floors and exterior walls inthe basement are bare concrete. Ceilings areunadorned wood. All basement lighting isaccomplished with ultraviolet filtered fluorescentceiling fixtures. There are no windows in thebasement. Non-weight bearing walls are constructedof wood frames and plasterboard. There is one mainarchaeological collections storage room, which isalso used as overflow storage for records andsometimes as a processing laboratory. Water bearingpipes related to the building’s plumbing system werenoted in this room. The receiving area, accessed via alarge, tightly secured freight elevator, has multiplefunctions as well including washing, holding, andtemporary artifact isolation/storage. Current projectrecords and all photographic media are kept in JanetSmoak’s office. All doors in the collections area aremetal firedoors. The collection area is currently filledto capacity.

EnvironmentThe entire repository in equipped with a heating,ventilation, air conditioning system (HVAC). Thissystem is set to a constantly monitored temperatureof 68° F. All vents for the HVAC system are equippedwith dust filters. According to staff, humidity in theUtah desert region is a fairly constant 42%, exceptfor a few weeks a year when the onset of seasonalchanges can bring humidity up to around 55%.UDSH, therefore, does not have, nor does it require,

Utah Division of State History 375

any special humidity controls. Nonetheless, ahygrothermograph is rotated throughout therepository on a set schedule to allow thoroughmonitoring of both temperature and humidity at thefacility. The regional proliferation of salt water posesunique preservation problems for some of theartifacts housed at UDSH, including a portion of theUtah Test and Training Range/Hill AFB collection.At present, any salt water inundated objects are keptin a freezer in Ms. Smoak’s office. The repository isprofessionally cleaned on a daily basis by a privatefirm, with the exception of the collections area, whichis cleaned by the museum staff on an as-needed basis.

Pest ManagementThere is no integrated pest management policy inplace at UDSH, although repository staff constantlymonitor the entire facility for pests due to a knownproblem with roaches. Pest attracting factors on thefirst floor include an employee break room in eastwing, and a restaurant in the west wing. To controlthe roaches, all areas of the building—except for thecollections area—are professionally sprayed on amonthly basis with a chlorine-based chemical. Stickytraps are also used in the hallways outside thecollections area. No roaches have been noted insidethe collections area by staff in the past, and noinsects, living or dead, were seen by the assessmentteam. UDSH staff indicated that most other insectscommon to the region are not generally consideredharmful to historic collections and that rodents havenot been a problem since the basement was addedin 1979.

SecuritySecurity measures for the repository consist of staff-monitored access, key locks throughout the building,button-type security locks (function similar to a cardkey) in the collections area, and computer controlledmotion detectors and contact point security systems atall exterior doors and windows that are professionallymonitored by State Capitol Patrol ProtectionServices. The rarest objects curated at UDSH arehoused in locked, fireproof cement vaults. Noincidents of unauthorized access were reported byUDSH staff, and no evidence of unauthorized entrywas seen by the assessment team. Any loss of objects

from the repository in the past has been the directresult of either water damage or human error(accidental breakage). Outside access is granted onlyto valid researchers by appointment and all activitiesare closely monitored by UDSH staff.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe fire alarm system at UDSH is wired to the sameprivate protection service as the security system.Dry-pipe heat-activated sprinkler systems are in placethroughout the building, and all rooms in thebasement have fire-rated metal doors. There are alsomanual fire alarms at the main exits, and manual fireextinguishers are located throughout the building. Inaddition, all doors in the collections area are postedwith a typed list of evacuation and emergencyprocedures to be followed in the event of a fire ornatural disaster.


Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFBarchaeological materials are stored on multiple setsof open, adjoining, immovable, enameled metalshelving units (Figure 123) measuring 3.5 x 8.2 x 3.5feet (l x w x h), one free standing pedestal displaycase with a Plexiglas cover, and one standard sizedomestic upright freezer. Table 108 outlines thematerial class types present among Utah Test andTraining Range/Hill AFB collections at UDSH.

Figure 157. Overview of collections storage area.Enameled metal shelving units house some of the

Utah Test and Training/Hill AFB collections.


Primary Containers

Archaeological materials for Utah Test and TrainingRange/Hill AFB are stored in both acidic and non-acidic cardboard boxes. There are two sizes ofprimary containers in use: one acidic box 2.2 ft3 involume, and four non-acidic boxes 1.4 ft3 each involume encompassing a total volume of 7.8 ft3 inboxed materials. An additional 3.5 ft3 of salt wateraffected materials are being housed in an uprightfreezer in the curator’s office (Figure 124). Allprimary containers have telescoping lids. Labels forthe primary containers are directly applied in blackpen and/or marker, with data consisting only of anabbreviation of the project name: “Donner.”


Secondary containers for the archaeological materialsconsist of archival-quality, 4- or 6-mil thickpolyethylene zip-lock bags (95%). Miscellaneouscontainers such as small acidic paperboard boxes(1%), a plastic box (1%), and glass vials with plasticlids (1%) are also present. In addition, there are twolarge, plaster encased faunal bones (2%) packed inStyrofoam peanuts. Labels on secondary containersare directly applied in marker. Information on thecontainers includes data such as field numbers,UDSH temporary numbers, accession numbers, andcollection location numbers.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the collections for Utah Test and TrainingRange/Hill AFB have been sorted by material class orspecial storage requirements (organic-based materialsfound frozen in salt water are being stored in theaforementioned freezer). The salt water inundatedobjects will require extensive treatment by anaccredited conservation laboratory, and UDSH doesnot have funds available at this time to proceed withany treatment. Only the artifacts currently on displayin the main lobby have been cleaned and labeled.Labels consist of a field specimen number applied inindia ink on a yellow tinted base coat. The plasterencased faunal bones will require special handling toprepare them for long term storage and should also beexamined by an accredited conservator.

Human Skeletal RemainsUtah Division of State History does not curate anyhuman remains from Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFB or any other DoD installation.

Figure 124. View of the freezer interior showingprimary and secondary containers for artifacts from

Utah Test and Training/Hill AFB.

Table 108.Summary of Historic Material Classes in the

Utah Test and Training/Hill AFB ArchaeologicalCollections at the Utah Division of State History

Material Class %

Metal 27Wood 20Soil 16Wagon parts 16Faunal remains 12Shell 4Ceramic 2Glass 2Shaving brush 1

Total 100



Records StorageDocumentation for Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFB is stored in a file cabinet and on openshelving in the curator’s office. The environment inthis area is the same as for the collections area.There is a total of one linear foot of documentationhoused at UDSH for Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFB.

Paper Records

Paper records housed at UDSH for Utah Test andTraining Range/Hill AFB, totaling four linear inches,are stored in unlabeled enameled metal letter-sizefiling cabinets. Primary containers consist of acid-free hanging files. Secondary containers are acid-freefile folders and a plastic coated 3-ring binder.Arrangement of records is by project, year, andrecording media. Secondary containers are labeleddirectly in marker or pencil with the project nameand the contents. There are staples present on someof the records.

Report Records

There is one linear inch of report documentationrelevant to the Utah Test and Training Range/HillAFB collections stored in the aforementioned binderwith the project’s field notes.

Maps

One linear inch of maps relevant to the Utah Test andTraining Range/Hill AFB collections are stored in thesame binder as the project’s field notes.


Six linear inches of photographic records for UtahTest and Training Range/Hill AFB are currentlystored in an acid-free box with a telescoping lid on anopen, enameled metal shelving unit in the curator’soffice. These slides and negatives have beenorganized within the primary container into acid-freepaper holders directly labeled in pencil with the rollnumber, exposure number, site number, and year. Theprimary container label is directly applied in marker.Data on the primary label consist of a range of dates.Duplicate copies of slides and photographs are keptin a climate controlled vault at the archives owned

and operated by the Church of Jesus Christ of LatterDay Saints in Salt Lake City.



Archaeological materials are accessioned uponreceipt, using a deed of gift form. The accessionnumber is also entered into a ledger book keptspecifically for this purpose.


Each row of shelves and each shelving unit have anassigned number and each shelf within a unit isdesignated by a letter of the alphabet. Thecombination of these three sets of information is thelocation of the artifact within the repository and thisnumber is identified in both the computer databaseand the accession files.

Cross-Indexed Files

Files are not cross indexed.




The UDSH is the state repository for allarchaeological site records. These records arehoused in an office on the second floor. These filesare organized alphabetically by county and bysequential number within each county as establishedby the Smithsonian Institution’s Trinomial Site-Numbering System.


Wang List Processing software is used for catalogingcollections. A standard cataloging worksheet andRobert Chenhall’s Nomenclature is used to assist inmaintaining data entry consistency.



There is no written draft of standards that is requiredfor submitted collections that addresses packaging,processing, and labeling practices.

Curation Policy

There is a written draft of standards for curationactivities.


There is no separate written policy addressing theguidelines and standards for the curation ofdocumentation.


There are no written guidelines for field-curation thataddress field conservation or recommendations formanuals to be used.

Loan Procedures

There are written loan procedures and standard loanforms.


There is a written deaccessioning policy and astandard form for the procedure.

Inventory Policy



Collections were undergoing a complete inventory in1987 when the Curator of Collections left. Thisinventory was suspended at that time and has notresumed, although there is a written policy for theprocess that can be implemented by current staff astime allows.

Curation Personnel

There are seven curators on staff at UDSH with eachin charge of different divisions such as historicrecords and paleontology. Ms. Smoak is the full-timecurator of archaeological collections, and Ms. LindaThatcher oversees coordination between all divisions.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed as overhead in the state budgetand through private donations. Ms. Smoak would liketo see an additional two thousand dollars in thebudget to care for current collections.


Access to the collections is limited to UDSH staff andresearchers by permission. A written letter of intent isnecessary and access to the collections is supervised.

Future Plans

The UDSH is currently undergoing space stress, withall available storage areas virtually filled to capacity.UDSH personnel and other interested state and localparties are attempting to address and resolve the issueof expansion and it’s related costs.

Comments

1. The building is solidly constructed and the entrycontact point security system—constantly monitoredby the State Capitol Patrol Protection Services—along with key and button security monitored by thestaff, provide more than adequate protection for thecollections.

2. The seepage from the water table and theoverflow from the old storm drain has caused lossof collections in the past.

3. There is no integrated pest-management systemin place at this time, despite a known problem withroaches.

4. UDSH staff noted, and the assessment team agrees,that the current fire detection/suppression systemwould likely be ineffective in the lobby/exhibit areawhere the ceiling is over two stories high. In the eventof a fire in the lobby, the sensors there would notlikely set the sprinklers off until the building wasalready compromised, or, if the sensors did functionin a timely manner, the heat from the fire would in allprobability vaporize the water before it could reachthe fire source.


5. There was apparently some confusion as towhether or not the site is located on Utah Test andTraining Range/Hill AFB lands (based on site filerecords and maps, it is). As a result, most of theDonner collection has not yet been processed.

6. More than 3.5 ft3 of the Utah Test and TrainingRange/Hill AFB collections (those artifacts currentlyrefrigerated, the two plaster encased faunal bones,and a wooden table leg) need the attention of anaccredited conservator.

7. Photographs and slides are duplicated and stored aseparate and secure location.

8. Most of the archaeological collections are easilylocated and generally in good condition at the time ofthe assessment.

9. Staff appear well informed, organized, anddedicated.

Recommendations

1. Due to the level of the water table, UDSH shouldconsider implementing a policy to store all materials aminimum of 12 inches off the floor and 12 inchesfrom existing basement exterior walls. If financiallyfeasible, a sump-pump would be an effectiveemergency device to assist in controlling overflowfrom the old storm drain.

2. An integrated pest management study should beundertaken and the results used to create andimplement an integrated pest-management policy forthe entire repository. A major source of insects is therestaurant located in the north wing of the building.

3. Consult with the local fire department in regard tothe previously addressed concerns about the firesuppression system in the lobby. Given the stone floorcoverings and lack of flammable materials in thecentral lobby area, perhaps a few additional manualfire extinguishers or an operable fire hose is all that isnecessary to alleviate the perceived potential problem.

4. Complete Donner collection processing as soon aspossible, so that a list can be compiled of all objectsneeding the attention of a conservator. Due to thehistoric prominence of the Donner-Reed party’s trek,these objects should be assessed and cared for by aconservator as soon as it is financially feasible to doso. Recommend continued frozen storage in theinterim, and that UDSH contact the subject propertyin regard to the needs for a conservator and long termstorage arrangements.


6. Remove contaminants and acidic folders from theoriginal records. Produce multiple copies of alldocumentation on acid-free paper and store inseparate, secure locations. Documentation should beplaced in acid-free folders, and lightly packed intofire-resistant file cabinets. Arrange documentation ina logical order, and provide a finding aid to thecollection.

381

68Utah Geological Survey

Salt Lake City


at the Utah Geological Survey

Installation ft3

Dugway Proving Ground 11.5Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFB 9.0

Total 20.5







Status of Curation Funding: Curation is not funded.Archaeological collections are analyzed andprocessed according to standards established by theUtah Museum of Natural History or the hiringagency, and are then turned over to the Museum orthe agency.

Assessment


Points of Contact: David Madsen and MonsonShaver

The Utah Geological Survey is a division of the UtahDepartment of Natural Resources, which is located inSalt Lake City. Within the Geological Survey is theArchaeological Resources Section, which performssome archaeology under contract to various state andfederal agencies. The Survey is not a long-termcuration facility. Table 109 outlines the militaryarchaeological collections currently in the care of theSurvey, and Table 110 lists the material classespresent in those collections.

Structural AdequacyThe Department of Natural Resources building(Figure 125) was completed in 1996, and wasoccupied for only approximately four months prior tothe assessment team’s visit. Facilities consistprimarily of multiple offices and laboratories, andpublic assistance counters. The foundation isconcrete, with concrete block exterior walls. The roofis built-up asphalt. There are multiple windows anddoors, and three floors above grade. There are two

Collection Summary


collections storage areas within the archaeologysection on the third floor.

Collections Storage Area 1—The MainLab and Offices

The main lab and offices section is located on thethird floor. The area has a concrete floor covered withcarpet. Interior walls are plasterboard and the ceilingis suspended acoustical tile. There are multiple

windows to the exterior, all equipped with shades andaluminum frames. There are several interior doors,and one door to the main hallway for the third floor.In addition, a hallway leads out of this area intoanother hallway of offices and laboratories. Doors aresolid wood. Collections Storage Area 1 coversapproximately 2,500 ft2, and includes sections forartifact holding, processing, study, records study, andoffices. The area is filled to sixty percent of capacity.

Collections Storage Area 2—TheLaboratory

This collections storage area measures approximately1000 ft2 and consists entirely of lab and storagespace. The area is filled to approximately 50%capacity. The floor is concrete covered with linoleum.Interior walls are plasterboard/sheet rock, and theceiling is suspended acoustical tile. There are nowindows. Two solid wood doors lead to third floorhallways. There is one interior solid wood door thatopens to a closet. The laboratory is equipped with afume hood, although no hazardous chemicals arepresently used.

Table 110.Summary of Material Classes in the Archaeological Collections at the Utah Geological Survey

Percentage Present

Material Class Utah Test and Training Range Dugway Proving Ground Total

PrehistoricCeramic –– 4 2Chipped Stone –– 30 17Faunal Remains –– 24 14Shell –– 4 2Flotation Samples –– 6 3Soil Samples –– 12 714C 10 4 7Botanical Samples 10 –– 4Pollen Samples 10 6 4Fecal Material 60 –– 30Worked Bone –– 4 2Wood –– 3 2Mixed

a10 4

Historical-PeriodGlass –– 1 1Other

b–– 2 1

Total 100 100 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on volume. aPrehistoric mixed includes lithics, cordage, soil, fauna, 14C samples,

fecal materials, metal, and construction materials. bHistoric other includes paper, rubber, and feathers.

Figure 125. Exterior view of the Utah Department ofNatural Resources building. The building has natural

light reflectors located above the windows.

Utah Geological Survey 383

EnvironmentThe building operates heating, air conditioning, andhumidity control through a building-wideenvironmental system. The system is equipped withdust filters. Two methods of lighting are utilized inthe facility. Fluorescent lights are activated by motiondetectors in many areas. Areas closer to the exteriorare illuminated by natural light drawn in by a seriesof panels on the exterior of the building that reflectthe light onto the interior ceiling. Maintenance andcleaning are conducted regularly by a contracted firm.

Pest ManagementThe Division of Natural Resources addresses pestcontrol as needed. With the young age of the building,no problems have yet arisen, and there are no signsof pest problems in the collections storage areas.

SecurityThe building operates several levels of security. Thebuilding has an intrusion alarm that is tied to theUtah capitol security. Capitol 24-hour in-houseguards view video cameras located in the Departmentof Natural Resources. In addition, internal doors areequipped with key locks and electronic keys, whichemployees can access by qualification at differentsecurity levels. As a further precaution, archaeologystaff control access to the archaeological collections.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe building is equipped with a sprinkler detection/suppression system, and smoke detectors for firedetection. In addition, there are multiple fireextinguishers available for fire suppression.Collections Storage Area 2 is equipped with a fireextinguisher, but Collections Storage Area 1 is not.


Storage units in both collections storage areas consistof metal uprights and sliding wood drawers. Uprightsmeasure 22 x 44 x 71 inches (l x w x h) (Figure 126).Neither uprights nor drawers are consistently labeled.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist primarily of sliding wooddrawers. The drawers are constructed of plywood,some of which are chipped and have splittingbottoms. The tops of the drawers are open. DugwayProving Ground materials are housed in 16 drawers,all located in metal uprights in Collections StorageArea 1. Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFBmaterials are housed in 11 drawers, all located inCollections Storage Area 2. In addition, othermaterials recovered from the Utah Test and TrainingRange/Hill AFB are stored in one acidic cardboardbox with a telescoping lid, which is stored on top ofthe metal uprights in Collections Storage Area 2.Labels exist only for the drawers in CollectionsStorage Area 1, and for the acidic cardboard boxlocated in Collections Storage Area 2. Labels areadhesive, with information consisting of site numberand year recorded in marker.


Secondary containers consist mainly ofarchival-quality plastic zip-lock bags, but alsoinclude small acidic cardboard boxes, plastic vials,and paper bags (Table 111). Zip-locks bags and paperbags are generally directly labeled in marker with thesite number and provenience. Processed collectionsare labeled with a preprinted acidic paper tag insertupon which site number, provenience, and materialtype are recorded in marker or pen. Small acidiccardboard boxes and plastic vials are labeled withadhesive-backed paper tags, with information

Figure 126. Collections Storage Area 1 and theartifact processing area. Artifacts for Dugway

Proving Ground are located in this area.


consisting of site number and provenience recorded inmarker or pen. Some cardboard boxes and plasticvials have preprinted acidic paper tag inserts with sitenumber and provenience recorded in marker or pen.Nested containers consist mainly of plastic zip-lockbags and plastic vials. It is important to note that allmilitary collections are still being processed andanalyzed.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingApproximately 56% of the artifacts have beencleaned (many are still in some stage of processing).A small percentage (6%) of the artifacts are directlylabeled with the site number or a field site number.All have been sorted by material class. Materialclasses that are generally unlabeled (thus notincluded in this statistic) include faunal remains,soil or botanical samples, fecal materials andflotation materials.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe Utah Geological Survey is not curating anyhuman skeletal remains recovered from archaeologicalprojects conducted on military installations.

Records StorageApproximately eight linear inches of documentationassociated with military archaeological projects arestored at the Utah Geological Survey (Table 112).Storage units consist of sliding cover systemsfurniture shelves, and a four-drawer standard-sizemetal file cabinet. Storage units are kept in MonsonShaver’s office, a systems furniture cubicle which is

located in Collections Storage Area 1 near theexterior windows.

Paper Records

Paper records, approximately 3.5 linear inches,consist of field notes, field site forms,correspondence, and photograph logs. Records arehoused in plastic vinyl binders that are either labeledin pen or with a laser print tag. Label informationconsists of project, site number(s), contents, and theyear. A small amount of paper records is stored inacidic manila folders, which are labeled in markerwith the contents. The binders are stored on thesystems furniture shelves and the folders are housedin the file cabinet.

Report Records

Report records—1.25 linear inches— consist of adraft report and a technical proposal. These arestored in the same manner as the paper records.


Photographic records comprise 3.25 linear inches andconsist of color and black-and-white prints, negatives,slides, and contact sheets. Primary containers forphotographic records consist of plastic vinyl binders,labeled either with an adhesive or with a paper labelin a plastic sleeve on the exterior of the binder. Labelinformation consists of site numbers/project andcontents, either recorded in marker or computergenerated. Photographic records are stored in plasticarchival sleeves in the binders. Prints and slides aredirectly labeled, as are the contact sheets. Archivalsleeves housing negatives and slides are labeled withadhesive-backed paper tags. Information is in markeror pen, and generally consists of a photograph

Table 111.Summary of Secondary Containers in Military

Collections at the Utah Geological Survey


Plastic zip-lock bags 62Acidic cardboard boxes 29Plastic vials 5Paper bags 4

Total 100


Table 112.Summary of Major Classes of DoD Documentation

by Installation at the Utah Geological Survey



Dugway Proving Ground 1.50 0.25 1.50 3.25Utah Test and Training Range/ 2.00 1.00 1.75 4.75Hill AFB

Total 3.50 1.25 3.25 8.00


Utah Geological Survey 385

number, field number, site name or number, anddescription.

Collections Management StandardsThe Utah Geological Survey is not a permanentcuration facility; therefore, collections managementstandards were not evaluated for this report.

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curator for the archaeologicalcollections. There is, however, a laboratory manager,who ensures that collections are processed accordingto the standards outlined by the Utah Museum ofNatural History. The archaeology section employsfour full-time staff and two part-time, and staffnumbers vary seasonally.

Curation Financing

Curation is not financed. Collections are givenback to the hiring agency, or are transferred to theUtah Museum of Natural History for proper long-term curation.


Access to the collections is controlled by Surveystaff. Staff will sometimes loan collections toresearchers, particularly as parts of the collectionsneed specialized analysis conducted on them.

Future Plans

There are no future plans for upgrading the curationprogram.

Comments

1. The Department of Natural Resources buildingwas completed in 1996, and is equipped with anenvironmental system that regulates and controlstemperature and humidity.

2. There is no integrated pest-management system inoperation. However, no pest problems have beendetected since the move to the new facility.

3. Security measures consist of key locks andelectronic card access to interior doors, and an alarmsystem for the facility. Alarms and video cameras inthe building are tied to the state capitol security force.

4. Fire-detection and -suppression are addressed witha sprinkler system. In addition, the facility utilizessmoke detectors and fire extinguishers.

5. Primary containers for artifacts consist of plywooddrawers and one acidic cardboard box. Secondarycontainers consist of a variety of types, although themajority are plastic zip-lock bags.

6. Primary containers for associated documentationand photographs consist of plastic vinyl binders andmanila envelopes.

Recommendations


2. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into 4- or 6-mil,archival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reducethe volume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, sothat containers are not over packed. Insert acid-freepaper labels into each bag. Do not use contaminantsto secure the containers.

3. Produce multiple copies of all documentation ontoacid-free paper, and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a finding aid to the collection. Recordsshould be free of metal staples and paper clips, orother contaminants.

387

69Utah Museum of Natural History

Salt Lake City

Collections Total: 2.1 ft3 of human skeletal remains;0.25 linear inches of associated records.



Compliance Status: The Utah Museum ofNatural History is currently curating human skeletalremains recovered from Fort Douglas, Utah.

Linear Feet of Records: <1 linear foot (0.25 linearinches)


Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded partially through state legislature and privatedonations; however, the Museum relies heavily ongrants.

Assessment


Point of Contact: Kathy Kankainen

Utah Museum of Natural History (UMNH) isaffiliated with the University of Utah in Salt LakeCity. The repository is composed of offices,laboratories, storage areas, study rooms, utilityrooms, and exhibit areas. There are numerouscollections storage areas within the facility and theFort Douglas collection is housed at two separatelocations. The anthropology building on campuscontains the artifact holding and washing area, aswell as storage areas for some of the collections.

The UMNH curates approximately 2.1 ft3 ofhuman skeletal remains recovered from Fort Douglas.In addition, there are approximately 0.25 linearinches of documentation associated with thesehuman remains.

Structural AdequacyThe building was originally constructed as a libraryin 1935 and since then the interior of the Museum hasundergone several renovations (Figure 127). Theexterior of the building has a concrete foundation andbrick walls. The roof is made of built-up asphalt and

Collection Summary

Figure 127. View of the exterior of the Utah Museumof Natural History.


has been redone several times. The Museum hasmultiple exterior windows. All of these windows arealuminum framed with ultraviolet protective screensand show no evidence of water and/or air leaks. Thereare no doors to the exterior of the repository from anycollections storage area.

The building is three floors above grade andone below grade and is solid, with no major cracks orleaks. However, the Museum is located in anearthquake zone and the staff has taken someprecautionary measures against such an event. Therehas also been a problem with minor flooding in thebasement due to a two-step ‘trough’ constructionwhere water sometimes accumulates. There has beenno apparent damage to any of the archaeologicalcollections because of the flooding.


The collections storage area for human skeletalremains measures approximately 276 ft2. The areahas a tiled floor with plaster interior walls. Theceiling is concrete. There are three aluminum framedwindows covered with ethafoam that face therepository hallway. One solid wood interior door ispresent. It is unknown whether asbestos is present inthe collections storage area. The collections storagearea is filled to approximately 60% of capacity withhuman skeletal remains.


This area measures approximately 1120 ft2. Thecollections storage area has tiled floors and plasterinterior walls. The ceiling is concrete. There are sevenaluminum framed windows equipped with ultravioletprotective screens. All of these are exterior windowsfacing south. There is one interior solid wood doorleading out of this collections storage area, and seveninterior wood doors leading to the various offices andother storage areas. This section has offices, recordstorage, and an artifact processing area. Thecollections storage area is filled to approximately40% of capacity with archaeological collections.

EnvironmentThe building has temperature controls, which includecentral air conditioning and steam heat, as well asdust filters. Humidity is monitored weekly by a

hygrothermograph. Fluorescent lighting withoutultraviolet filters is present in the collections storageareas. The entire building is cleaned regularly by theuniversity custodians. Areas of the Museum arecleaned daily, weekly, or monthly as required.Hazardous chemicals are dissipated through a fumehood that vents directly to the exterior.

The collections storage areas have heating,ventilation, air conditioning, and dust filters forenvironmental controls. The targeted temperature forthese areas is between 68–70° F. Humidity is not amain priority because of the climate in Utah, butstaff monitors it for some collections on an as-neededbasis. The humidity in these areas is monitoredweekly by a hygrothermograph for a targetedconsistency of 25–28%. Fluorescent lighting withultraviolet filters are in use for the collections storageareas. These areas are cleaned by the Universitycustodians under staff supervision.

Pest ManagementThe UMNH has an integrated system that follows apest management workbook. The Museum monitorsmonthly for pest infestation. Precautions takenagainst insects and rodents include sticky tapes,fumigation control on an as-needed basis, inspectionof organic materials monthly and textiles biannually,fumigation or deep freeze of all new collections(especially organic material), and pest managementtraining for all new employees. If a problem isbeyond the staff’s expertise, professional assistance issought. At the time of the assessment visit, there wereno signs of infestation.

SecuritySecurity measures for the Museum consist of avariety of systems and devices. An intrusion alarmthat is wired into the police station is in place at theMuseum. There are dead-bolt locks on all exteriordoors and key locks on all of the doors. A guard is onduty Monday–Friday from 9:00 a.m. to 5:30 p.m. andon weekends. There is controlled access throughoutthe Museum. The exhibit area has motion detectors.The collections storage areas each have an intrusionalarm and key lock that is room specific. There havebeen no past episodes of unauthorized entry.

Utah Museum of Natural History 389

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection and -suppression consist of manual firealarms, a sprinkler system, heat sensors, fireextinguishers, and smoke detectors. The collectionsstorage areas maintain the same types of systems.

Artifact StorageThere are no DoD artifacts curated at this facility.

Human Skeletal RemainsThe human skeletal remains for Fort Douglas arelocated in Collections Storage Area 1. Storage unitsfor skeletal remains consist of baked enamel metaluprights and shelves. The six shelves measure6.1 x 1.0 x 2.5 feet (l x w x h). The boxes are notoverstacked or in cluttered conditions.

The primary container for this collectionconsists of a folded acid-free cardboard box with atelescoping lid. The volume of the box is 2.1 ft3. Theprimary container is labeled directly in marker withthe human skeletal set number. The acid-freecardboard primary container is in good condition andshows no sign of damage. The remains are resting onacid-free tissue.

The UMNH curates a minimum of oneindividual recovered from Fort Douglas. It is not acomplete skeleton, but is in very good condition. Theremains are labeled individually in marker with thehuman skeletal number. Some of the bones appear tobe cut, as if they had analysis done on them prior totheir curation (see Chapter 71, Volume 1, “FortDouglas, Utah” for additional information).

Records StorageThe UMNH currently curates approximately 0.25 linear inches of documentation associated withthe human skeletal remains recovered from FortDouglas. Documentation is stored in CollectionsStorage Area 2.

These records include an analysis report andthe accession records. The analysis report is stored ina standard four drawer metal filing cabinet thatmeasures 4.3 x 2.3 x 1.1 feet (l x w x h). Thesecondary container is an acid-free folder that islabeled with an adhesive backed paper tag. The tag islabeled directly in type print with the site number or

contents. The collections are fully processed. Thisinformation includes accession data, archivalprocessing, finding aids, and a preservation copy. Therecords are in good condition, except for the use ofmetal contaminants (e.g., paper clips). The accessionrecord is one page of information that is stored on anopen shelf in the reports library. There are six particleboard shelves that measure approximately 6.6 x 1.0 x3.3 feet (l x w x h). The primary container is a boundnotebook labeled with an adhesive backed paper tagin marker with the contents and volume number.There are several copies of the records, the original, aworking copy, and the information is listed in adatabase. The original is in fair condition, however,there is slight discoloration due to age.



All artifacts and documentation are accessioned assoon as possible after receipt. The accession numberconsists of the date and number of archaeologicalmaterials received that year (e.g., UMNH 89.5).The site numbers used in Utah are the SmithsonianInstitution’s Trinomial System (e.g., 42In24). Thefield specimen and catalog number are the preferredcataloging system (e.g., FS101.20). The Museumuses a three part number including the site number,FS/catalog number, and accession number to identifycollections (e.g., 42In24; fs 101.20; UMNH 89.12).


The location of the collections within the repository isidentified by the accession file. The repositorymaintains a file of documented property receipts anda copy of the initial inventory. There is a mastercatalog for the collections on a database.

Cross-Indexed Files

Presently the files are not cross indexed; however, theMuseum has plans to install a new ARGUS systemthat will cross reference the collections by sitenumber. This system will allow them to do computersearches and sorting.







The repository uses MINARK as their automateddata processing technique to manage the collections.Information is stored both on hard drive and on disk,as well as being attached to the network. One backupcopy is stored in the Anthropology building oncampus. The Museum plans to update their system byinstalling ARGUS, which will cross-reference all ofthe files and allow for searches.


The repository has written minimum standards foracceptance of archaeological collections. The UMNHaccepts collections for storage and curation fromvarious Utah State Land Management Agenciesthrough the Utah State Division of Antiquities andfrom the University of Utah Department ofAnthropology. The Museum may enter into curationagreements with federal land management agencies,at its discretion.

Curation Policy

There is a written policy entitled “GuidelinesGoverning Deposition of Archaeological Collectionsat the Utah Museum of Natural History.” Thisdocument was produced by the Utah Museum ofNatural History. The guidelines cover a variety ofcuration subjects such as, acquisition policies, fees,proper processing and storage, receipt, care, andaccessibility procedures to be followed byresearch firms.


There are specific records-management policies andprocedures outlined in the aforementioned“Guidelines Governing Deposition of ArchaeologicalCollections at the Utah Museum of Natural History.”


The repository has specific field curation guidelines.

Loan Procedures

The repository has a written loan procedure that isoutlined in the aforementioned “Guidelines GoverningDeposition of Archaeological Collections at the UtahMuseum of Natural History.”


There is a written deaccessioning policy that isoutlined in the aforementioned “Guidelines GoverningDeposition of Archaeological Collections at the UtahMuseum of Natural History.” However, collectionsare seldom deaccessioned.

Inventory Policy



The collections were inventoried in 1991 for objects,and in 1996 for human remains.

Curation Personnel

Curation personnel consist of three full timecurators: Dr. Duncan Metcalfe, the Curator ofAnthropology and Archaeology; Laurel Casjens,the Curator of Collections; and Kathy Kankainen,the Collections Manager.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed partially through state legislatureand private donations, however, the Museum reliesheavily on grants. The curator does not feel that thefinancing is adequate for their curation needs.


Access to the archaeological collections is tightlycontrolled by the three full time curatorial personnelthrough security codes and supervision. Students andresearchers have access to the collections, but this isusually under supervision and by permission only.Researchers wishing to utilize the collections orrecords stored at the UMNH are required to send adetailed request in advance to the Museum.

Utah Museum of Natural History 391

Future Plans

Kathy Kankainen does not feel that the Museumhas the adequate funding for curation needs. Thereare plans for a new building on the University ofUtah campus.

Comments

1. The Museum has dust filters in their collectionsstorage areas and steam heat and air conditioningthroughout the building. Humidity is monitoredweekly by hygrothermographs.

2. The UMNH has an integrated pest-managementsystem. The Museum follows a pest managementworkbook, which has an advanced monitoring andcontrolling system.

3. Security measures at the repository include anintrusion alarm wired to the police station, dead-boltlocks on all exterior doors, key locks on both interiorand exterior doors, and a security guard on duty fivedays a week during working hours and on weekends.The exhibit areas are secured with motion detectorsand collections storage areas are secured throughcontrolled access, as well as individual intrusionalarms and room specific key locks.

4. The repository has a fire detection system thatconsists of manual fire alarms, smoke detectors, andheat sensors and a fire suppression system thatconsists of a sprinkler system and multiple fireextinguishers.

5. The UMNH has baked enamel metal uprights andshelves that accommodate standard-size acid-freecardboard boxes.

6. Human skeletal materials are stored in acid-freecardboard boxes with telescoping lids. These remainsare wrapped in acid-free tissue within the box.

7. Documentation is stored in various locations andcould be more accessible. Use of metal contaminantson the paper records is currently practiced.

Recommendations

1. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be lightly packedinto fire-resistant file cabinets. Arrangedocumentation in a logical order, and provide afinding aid to the collection. Records should be freeof metal binder clips, staples, and paper clips, orother contaminants.

393

70Weber State University

Ogden, Utah






Compliance Status:Records require partialrehabilitation to comply with existing federalguidelines and standards for archival preservation.

Status of Curation Funding: Curation activities arefunded through several separate means. Funding forcuration is provided through the Weber StateUniversity (WSU) budget, the U.S. Forest Service,and small grants. There is no plan for a majorupgrade of the curation facility at WSU.

Assessment

Date of Visit: October 15–16, 1996

Point of Contact: Brooke Arkush

Weber State University (WSU) is located in Ogden,Utah. The repository is located in a very largebuilding (the Social Sciences Building) composed ofclassrooms, offices, and laboratories. Thearchaeology laboratory, located within the repository,houses the archaeology staff, equipment, andcollections. There are three collections storage areaswithin the archaeology laboratory.

The WSU archaeology laboratory curatesapproximately 16.9 ft3 of artifacts recovered fromUtah Test and Training Range/Hill AFB. In addition,there are approximately 1.3 linear feet of associated

documentation housed at WSU. Table 113 outlinesthe percentages of material classes present in theUtah Test and Training Range/Hill AFBarchaeological collections.

Structural AdequacyThe building was originally constructed in 1972 asthe Social Sciences Building (Figure 128). The WSUarchaeology laboratory consists of three rooms. Oneroom is devoted to office space and two large roomsserve as the processing and collections storage area,as well as equipment storage.

The building has a concrete foundation andbrick exterior walls. The roof is made of built-upasphalt. The building has three floors above gradeand one below grade. The WSU archaeologylaboratory is located in the floor below grade. The

Collection Summary


building is solid, with no major cracks or leaks. Thereare multiple exterior windows.


The collections storage area is a large vault thatmeasures approximately 64 ft2. The area has concretewalls, and the concrete floors are covered with tile.The ceiling is also concrete. There are no windowslocated within the vault and the only entrance/exit is asolid metal door. The collections storage area is filledto approximately 30% of capacity witharchaeological collections and some equipment.


The laboratory measures an estimated 800 ft2. Thisarea has tile covered concrete floors and paneledwalls. The ceiling is suspended acoustical tile. Thereare no windows located in the laboratory. One interiormetal panel door and two exterior metal paneldoors—one on each end of the laboratory—arepresent. The collections storage area has an artifactholding area, washing area, processing laboratory,temporary storage area, and artifact and recordsstudy room. The collections storage area is filled toapproximately 40% of capacity with archaeologicalcollections and equipment.


This area consist of office space that measures anestimated 1,200 ft2. It has a concrete floor coveredwith carpet and paneled walls. The ceiling issuspended acoustical tile. There are no windows inthe office, and only one metal panel door to theexterior is present. It is filled to approximately 40%of capacity with archaeological collections.

EnvironmentThe building has temperature controls, which includecentral air conditioning and heat, as well as dustfilters. This is true for all the collections storage areasexcept for the vault, which does not have dust filtersfor environmental controls. The entire environmentalsystem was redone in the summer of 1996. Humidityis not regulated or monitored in the collectionsstorage areas. The targeted temperature is 60° Fthroughout the archaeology laboratory. Unfilteredfluorescent lighting is in use throughout thecollections storage areas. The entire building iscleaned regularly by the University custodians. Forsecurity reasons, the vault is cleaned by archaeologystaff on an as-needed basis.

Pest ManagementThere is no integrated system that includes regularmonitoring or control of pest infestation. Precautionsare taken against insects and rodents on an occasionalbasis; to date however, there has not been anyincidents of infestation.Figure 128. Exterior view of the Social Sciences

building on Weber State University, which is thelocation of the archaeology laboratory.

Table 113.Summary of Material Classes in the Utah Test and

Training Range/Hill AFB Archaeological Collectionsat Weber State University

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 43Ceramic 5Faunal remains 16Shell 2Botanical remains 4Worked bone 2Other 5

Historical-PeriodGlass 8Metal 6Leather 2Wood 7

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes based on volume.Other prehistoric materials consist of feathers, cordage, andbasketry.

Weber State University 395

SecuritySecurity measures for the building consist of keylocks and regular patrols by campus police. TheWSU archaeology laboratory is secured by key locksand punch pad locks on exterior doors. The vault issecured by a solid metal door with a combination lockthat is accessible by only two personnel members.

Fire Detection and SuppressionFire-detection and -suppression consist only of asprinkler system.


Archaeological materials for Utah Test and TrainingRange/Hill AFB are stored in Collections StorageArea 1, which is the vault (Figure 129). Storage unitsfor the archaeological collections consist of plywood/particle board shelves with a veneer finish. There arefive shelves that measure 7.3 x 1.5 x 6.7 feet (l x wx h). Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFBartifacts are located on two of the five shelving units.The boxes are not overstacked or cluttered. Thestorage area also contains some equipment.

Primary Containers

Primary containers consist almost entirely of foldedand stapled acid-free cardboard boxes—doublethickness—with telescoping lids. The volumes ofthese boxes are consistently 1.3 ft3 each. There is atotal of 13 boxes, eight of which are located in thevault and five that are being processed. Two largegroundstone artifacts are stored loose on the shelves.

Primary containers are labeled directly inmarker and list the date, survey name, and boxnumber. The loose artifacts are labeled directly inmarker. The acid-free cardboard primary containersare in good condition and show no signs of damage.


Secondary containers for the Utah Test and TrainingRange/Hill AFB archaeological collections consistof archival-plastic zip-lock bags and plastic vials(Table 114). Secondary containers are labeled directlyin marker with information consisting of proveniencenumber, date, and site number or location. Thesecondary containers are in good condition.

Tertiary containers for the artifacts consist ofsmaller plastic zip-lock bags, acid-free tissue, andplastic vials. The acid-free tissue and plastic vialswere used to protect more fragile artifacts.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the artifacts have been cleaned, labeled directlywith a catalogue number, and sorted by materialclass.

Figure 129. Artifact collections for Utah Test andTraining/Hill AFB are located in the Collections

Storage Area 1, a large vault.

Table 114.Summary of Secondary Containers in theUtah Test and Training/Hill AFB Artifacts

at Weber State University


Plastic zip-lock bags 80Loose 10Plastic vials 10

Total 100



Human Skeletal RemainsWeber State University is not curating any humanskeletal remains recovered from archaeologicalprojects conducted on Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFB.

Records StorageWeber State University currently curatesapproximately 1.3 linear feet of documentationassociated with archaeological work performed onUtah Test and Training Range/Hill AFB.Documentation is stored in two locations. CollectionsStorage Area 3, the office, is the location of paperrecords (including report copies), while the maps arestored in Collections Storage Area 2, the laboratory.

Paper Records

There are approximately 11 linear inches of paperrecords in the Utah Test and Training Range/HillAFB collections. These paper records consist oforiginal survey, excavation, and background records.The records are stored in a two-drawer lateral metalfiling cabinet. The filing cabinet measures 3.0 x 1.5 x2.3 feet. Secondary containers consist of manilafolders that are labeled directly in marker with thecontents and the date, if applicable. Some of therecords are stored loose within the filing cabinet andare not labeled. These materials are copies of theInter-Mountain Antiquities Computer System siteforms. There is no processing information for any ofthe records. Utah Test and Training Range/Hill AFBretains copies of some of the documentation. Most ofthe paper records are arranged by topic or year of thesurvey. Documentation is in good condition, with theexception of some metal contaminants such aspaper clips.


Photographic records at the WSU archaeologylaboratory total 2.5 linear inches, and include colorphotographs, negatives, contact sheets, and slides.All of the photographic material, except for the slides,are stored in a metal desk drawer. These materials arestored in one manila folder that is labeled directly inmarker with contents information, subjectinstallation, photographer, and photograph type.Slides were stored on the top shelf of a plywood/

particle board shelving unit with a veneer finish. Theshelving unit measures 5.2 x 0.8 x 7.7 feet (l x w x h).Secondary containers are binders that are notexteriorly labeled. Some of the interior archivalplastic sleeves were labeled in marker with the statetopographic map name on an adhesive backed pieceof paper. Individual slides were labeled in pencil. Theinformation on the slides varied between subjectinstallation, site number, site name (if applicable),and field number and season. Overall appearance ofthe photographic records was good, but the boundmaterial on the shelf did have some surface dust.There is no apparent processing information.


Maps consist of large Geographic InformationSystems maps, master topographic maps and fieldtopographic maps, totaling 1.5 linear inches ofdocumentation. They are stored in metal map flatsthat are stacked four high. The map flats have apaper tag insert (in a tag holder) labeled in pen withpersonnel names and contents.

Collections Management StandardsWSU is not a permanent curation facility; therefore,collections management standards are not evaluated.

Curation Personnel

There is no full-time curator for the archaeologicalcollections.

Curation Financing

Curation is financed partially through the WSUbudget and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, aswell as small grants.


Access to the archaeological collections is tightlycontrolled; they are accessible only through BrookeArkush and the Chair of the Department of Sociologyand Anthropology.

Future Plans

Brooke Arkush believes that there is adequate fundingfor the curation needs of WSU. The WSUarchaeology laboratory tries to maintain a small

Weber State University 397

collection by transferring most of the materials toother facilities. The only plans for curationimprovement may be the addition of ultraviolet filtersfor the fluorescent light tubes.

Comments

1. The facility has temperature controls that includeheat, air conditioning, and dust filters; however, notall of the collections storage areas have dust filters.Humidity levels are not monitored. The collectionsstorage areas have fluorescent lighting withoutultraviolet filters.

2. There is no integrated pest management system forthe WSU archaeology laboratory. Insects and rodentsare controlled as needed.

3. The WSU archaeology laboratory is not equippedwith an alarm system, but is secured by key locks ondoors and police patrol.

4. The documentation is stored in various locationsand is not easily accessible. Metal contaminants areused on the paper records.

Recommendations


2. Produce multiple copies of all documentation onacid-free paper and store in separate, securelocations. Documentation should be placed in acid-free folders, and lightly packed into fire-resistant filecabinets. Arrange documentation in a logical order,and provide a key to the collection. Records should befree of metal staples and paper clips, or othercontaminants.

399

71Wilderness Park MuseumEl Paso Archaeological Society Laboratory

El Paso, Texas

Collections Total: 158.7 ft3 of artifact and humanskeletal remains collections; 5.1 linear feet ofassociated records.




Compliance Status: The remains of aminimum of 2, possibly 3, individuals are theresponsibility of Fort Bliss that are housed at this

repository. Fort Bliss is handling compliance issues inregard to these materials.



Status of Curation Funding: Curation ofarchaeological collections is currently funded throughEl Paso Archaeological Society (EPAS) membershipdues, sales of EPAS’s publication “The Artifact,”donations, and occasionally through cultural resourcecompliance contracts with various agencies.

Assessment

Date of Visit: April 28-may 1, 1997

Point of Contact: John (Jack) Hedrick

EPAS is a non-profit organization operated primarilyby volunteers interested in researching and preservingthe archeological resources in the El Paso area. TheWilderness Park Museum (WPM), (Figure 130),which is owned and operated by the city of El Paso,has donated space to EPAS for their headquarters andlaboratory. In exchange for space, EPAS providesassistance to WPM in the form of volunteer labor,research, exhibit development, and publication

Collection Summary

Figure 130. The El Paso Archaeological Societyhas offices and laboratory space at the

Wilderness Park Museum.


support. EPAS occasionally acted as a contractingorganization in the past and was responsible forconducting several archaeological projects onFort Bliss lands in the 1960s and 1970s. EPAS ispresently holding 158.7 ft3 of boxed artifacts,including the skeletal remains of at least twoindividuals (2.3 ft3) and two bedrock mortarscurrently incorporated into an outdoor exhibit, and5.1 linear feet of documentation for Fort Bliss, Texas.Collections storage is presently overflowing, withnearly half of the boxed materials at EPAS currentlystacked on the floor.

Structural AdequacyWPM was constructed in 1975 by the city of El Pasofor use as a museum. The collections storage wingnow occupied by EPAS was added in 1976. Thissingle level structure has a concrete foundation; allexterior and interior walls are masonry and concreteblock with stucco facade. The roof is of wood frameconstruction with a built-up tar and gravel surface.There are a few minor cracks in the foundation, butno leakage problems were reported by EPAS staff,and no evidence of past or present leakage was seenby the assessment team. The roof on the mainstructure is original, with no cracks or leaks.However, the roof on the 1976 addition has requiredseveral repairs due to wind damage. According toEPAS staff, no water damage occurred as a result ofthe roof failure, and the new repairs seem to haveresolved the problems. Some water damage to boxeswas noted, but it was highly dispersed, and does notappear to have occurred while the collections werehoused at this facility.

The WPM building covers 10,000 ft2, ofwhich EPAS occupies 1,300 ft2. Full utilities arepresent, all of which are original equipment. Thereare no windows in the building, and artificial lightingis accomplished with a mixture of fluorescent andincandescent fixtures. All doors are hollow core steel.Space within the facility is frequently utilized fordual purposes, but WPM essentially has thefollowing: gift shop, offices, employee kitchen/breakroom, general supply storage, library, exhibitpreparation/display, collections storage,documentation storage, research space, artifactprocessing, and publication printing.

EnvironmentThe entire building is equipped with forced-air gasheat and a roof-mounted evaporative cooling unitcirculated via ceiling ducts with unfiltered vents.These systems are set to staff preference, and thereare no humidity controls. Regional relative humidityis very low, around 10% most of the year, and dustlevels are very high. Artificial lighting is not filteredfor ultraviolet rays. The main building is cleaned bycontracted professionals on at least a weekly basis,and the EPAS laboratory is cleaned by theirvolunteers as needed. The collections storage area isvery overcrowded with boxes of artifacts, equipment,supplies, and a printing press.

Pest ManagementNeither WPM or EPAS have an integrated pestmanagement policy in place. Spraying for pests isconducted as needed by a professional contractor.Sticky traps are used in the EPAS laboratory tocontrol flying insects. Pests that are occasionallynoted by EPAS staff include beetles, scorpions, andspiders. Some insect parts were noted by theassessment team in and around the shelving units, butno evidence of pest infestation was noted in theprimary or secondary containers for the collections.

SecuritySecurity for the building consists of: an intrusionalarm system wired to the police; motion detectors onexterior doors and throughout the interior of thebuilding; two security guards on duty during regularhours of operation; key operated dead-bolt locks onall doors; staff controlled access to collectionsstorage; absence of windows; and padlocking of theaccess road gate after hours.

Fire Detection and SuppressionThe building’s heat activated fire alarm system,which is part of the overall security system, is wiredto the fire department. Manual alarms are alsolocated at all exits. Fire suppression consists of sevenABC fire extinguishers in the museum and one in theEPAS laboratory, all of which had currentinspections.

Wilderness Park Museum 401


Collections are stored both on the floor and on open,painted shelving units constructed of 2-x-2-inch studsand 3/8-inch plywood. These shelving units areattached directly to the walls in the space occupied byEPAS. Ten of the units measure 12 x 80 x 96 inches(l x w x h) and four of the units measure 12 x 80 x 48inches (l x w x h). There are no labels on the units.Table 115 outlines the material classes present amongFort Bliss collections housed at EPAS. Additionally,two large bedrock mortars are kept outside and havebeen incorporated into a nature trail.

Primary Containers

Primary containers for the collections consistedentirely of acidic cardboard boxes (Figure 131).These boxes were highly variable in size, rangingfrom 6 x 12 x 3 inches (l x w x h) and 0.12 ft3 involume to 19.5 by 14 by 10 inches (l x w x h) and1.55 ft3 in volume. Most of the boxes are dirty and inpoor condition, often with compression and/or waterdamage. The water damage to the boxes, however,may have occurred prior to being used forarchaeological materials, as there is no sign ofdamage to the secondary containers or the

archaeological materials housed in them. Many of theboxes are very heavy and overpacked. Security forboxes consists of telescoping lids, folded flaps, andattached, single flap tab inserts. All labels are handwritten in marker. Most labels are applied directly tothe surface of the box, but there are a few acidicpaper tags taped to the boxes as well as some non-archival adhesive labels. Data on the labels consist ofan EPAS site number, a project name, and (variably)the box contents.


Secondary containers for the archaeological materialsconsist predominately of 4-mil thick polyethylene zip-lock bags, but other container types were alsoencountered during the assessment. See Table 116 forthe percentage of secondary containers present bytype in the collections at EPAS for Fort Bliss. Labelson most of the secondary containers are applieddirectly in marker; occasionally noted were non-archival adhesive labels with information handwritten on them in pen, pencil, or marker. Data mostoften consist of an EPAS site number, project name,and provenience data. Acidic paper tag inserts arealso present in many of the secondary containers;these appear for the most part to be the original field

Figure 131. Collections from Fort Bliss have acidiccardboard boxes as primary containers and plastic

zip-lock bags as secondary containers.

Table 115.Summary of Material Classes in the Fort BlissArchaeological Collections at the Wilderness

Park Museum

Material Class %

PrehistoricLithics 40Ceramics 35Human remains 7Painted adobe plaster 4Plaster molds of adobe and beam 3Faunal remains 3Botanical remains 2Soil 2Worked shell 1

Historical-PeriodMetal 1Other 3

Total 100

Note: Percentages of material classes are based on total volume.Other materials include historic metal, minerals, flotationsamples, 14C samples, unmodified shell, worked wood, workedturquoise, and worked bone.


“bag tags.” Inserts have data such as site numbers,site names, provenience information, project names,collector names, catalog numbers, feature numbers,and dates of collection hand printed on them in pen,pencil, or marker.

Laboratory Processing andLabelingAll of the collections for Fort Bliss have beencleaned and are sorted by project, material class,and/or provenience. Diagnostic archaeologicalmaterials large enough to label (about 20 % of thetotal collection) are directly labeled with an EPASor Centennial Museum site number and/or acatalog number in black india ink on a clear orwhite base coat.

Human Skeletal RemainsEPAS at the WPM has physical possession of at leasttwo individuals (2 ft3) that are the responsibility ofFort Bliss. Remains of one adult (EPAS-4; Hot WellsSite) and one child (EPAS-10; North Gate Site), aswell as soil and artifacts associated with theseindividuals were found among the collections. A boxof ceramic sherds associated with a site known tocontain human burials (EPAS-60; Sgt. Doyle Site)was also located. In addition, one bag of bonefragments for EPAS-3 (also Hot Wells Site) wastentatively identified by St. Louis District staff ashuman. In this instance, the fragments were too

deteriorated to make a positive identification, but it isunlikely that faunal remains in this condition wouldhave been collected, as all other animal bones in thecollections at EPAS were retrieved specifically forspecies classification purposes.

All remains and associated objects are storedin the aforementioned acidic cardboard boxes. Mostof the bones and artifacts are individually bagged in2-mil plastic bags that are tied or folded closed. Theskulls have been placed loose in separate primarycontainers with Styrofoam peanuts and newspaper aspadding. Some mandible fragments are also loose inthe primary containers with the skulls. The skull ofthe adult contained a few actual roasted peanuts, andit is not clear if the nuts were being used to measurethe internal volume of the cranium.

Primary containers have note cards taped tothe boxes with data written on them in marker.Information on the labels consists of an EPAS sitenumber, provenience, contents of the box, and a boxnumber. Secondary containers are mostly unlabeled,although a few pieces of acidic paper with datawritten on them in pen or pencil were noted insidesome of the bags.

Records StorageDocumentation for Fort Bliss is stored in the sameroom as the artifacts. Storage units consist of twoenameled metal filing cabinets measuring 25 x 18 x52 inches (l x w x h) and 27 x 18 x 60 inches (l x w x h).Some additional records for EPAS-4 are stored in anunlabeled acidic cardboard box on the floor next tothe artifacts for that site. Many of the Fort Blissslides, negatives and photographs were not at EPASduring the assessment, as one of the volunteers is inthe process of renovating and cataloging them in herhome. She could not be contacted during the visit, sothese materials were not seen. However, Mr. Hedrickwas able to give the assessment team the volume ofmaterials currently possessed by the volunteer. Thereis a total of 5.1 linear feet of documentation housedby EPAS for Fort Bliss, including the unseenphotographic media mentioned above.

Paper Records

Paper records housed at EPAS total 2.45 linear feet.These records include field notes, analysis sheets, sitesketches, contracts, correspondence, site form copies,

Table 116.Summary of Secondary Containers

at Wilderness Park Museum


4-mil polyethylene zip-lock bags 70Acidic paper bags 10Loose artifacts 6Acidic cardboard boxes 4Nonarchival plastic bags 2Glass and plastic vials 1Glass jars with metal lids 1Tin foil 1Tyvek bags 1Other 4

Total 100

Other secondary containers include Band-Aid and coffee tins,plastic boxes, acidic-paper envelopes, and plastic film canisters.

Wilderness Park Museum 403

artifact catalogs/inventories, and finding aids. Therecords stored in the aforementioned box for EPAS-4are housed in secondary containers such as manilafile folders, non-archival plastic or cloth three-ringbinders, and miscellaneous acidic paper envelopes; afew pages of documentation were also stored loose inthe bottom of the box. Some of the binders havenonarchival, typed adhesive paper labels, but mosthave no labels. The site file records at EPAS arestored in metal file cabinets. These records areorganized by EPAS site number into acidic manilaenvelopes with string closures. Each of theseenvelopes is clearly labeled in black indelible markerwith the EPAS site number and sometimes a sitename. Finding aids in the form of a card file, housedin a metal box with a hinged lid, and a cloth boundledger are also present in the file cabinets.


There are 2.65 linear feet of photographic records atEPAS for Fort Bliss including slides, negatives,black-and-white prints, color prints, and contactsheets. These records are predominately stored amongthe paper records, the only exception being the mediathat are currently undergoing renovation. Many of theblack-and-white prints are loose in the manilaenvelopes that house the site files records. Secondarycontainers in use include acidic cardboard slide boxesnested in nonarchival plastic bags, and nonarchivalplastic sleeves and envelopes. Secondary containersare generally not labeled. Most photographs are notlabeled, but are identified by a sign visible in eachphotograph. This sign displays the site number, sitename, and the year the excavation or survey took place.

Collections Management StandardsAlthough the WPM accessions collections used intheir mission statement, the collections that EPAS hasin their control are not part of the museum or subjectto its policies. EPAS does not accession collections,and is not a permanent repository for any federalcollections. Therefore, collections managementstandards and written policies will not be addressedfor this facility.

Curation Personnel

There is a Laboratory Director for EPAS, JackHedrick, who is a full-time volunteer. All otheradjunct staff at EPAS are also volunteers.

Curation Financing

Curation of archaeological collections is currentlyfunded through EPAS membership dues, sales ofEPAS’s publication “The Artifact,” donations, andoccasionally through cultural resource compliancecontracts with various agencies.


Access to the collections is limited to EPAS andWPM staff and researchers by permission. A writtenletter of intent addressed to Mr. Hedrick is requiredtwo weeks in advance of an on-site visit. Nounsupervised access to the collections area is allowed.

Future Plans

EPAS is planning to upgrade all primary andsecondary containers in their collections toarchival-quality receptacles. They are also conductingan inventory to identify which collections in their careare the responsibility of other agencies so that thosematerials can be removed from EPAS’s facility.Fort Bliss collections have already been identified,and EPAS is waiting for the installation to contactthem and make arrangements to move the relevantmaterials to the Fort Bliss Environmental Center.Because the current storage space is filled beyondreasonable capacity, EPAS has temporarily suspendedall collecting by its members. Business will resumewhen existing collections have been properlydispensed and/or renovated. The Society also isseeking ways to make its collections more accessibleto local educators.

Comments

1. EPAS staff have a long and well establishedpresence in the El Paso area and are committed todoing whatever is best for the collections they havein their care.


2. There are no ultraviolet filters present on any ofthe lighting elements.

3. There is no integrated pest management plan atEPAS or WPM.

4. Temperature and relative humidity levels are notcontrolled.

5. Fire and security measures meet minimumstandards for safeguarding of federal collections.

6. All primary and some secondary containers forboth artifacts and documentation need to be replacedwith properly labeled and archivally sound products.

7. Human remains and associated objects were foundin collections for Fort Bliss.

8. Two large mortars from Fort Bliss are locatedoutside the EPAS laboratory and incorporated in theWPM nature trails.

9. Only the site file records have a security copystored off site.

10. Photographic media for Fort Bliss is currentlydispersed and in danger of deterioration.

Recommendations

1. Fort Bliss should be contacted again by EPASpersonnel and arrangements made to transport allrelevant collections to the Fort Bliss EnvironmentalCenter as soon as possible, especially given theNAGPRA Section 5 materials present in thecollections for the subject installation. Fort Bliss hasindicated that they will be conducting compliance forall Section 5 materials at their new EnvironmentalCenter on post.

2. Rebox those collections that are not in archivalboxes and rebag collections into 4- or 6-mil,archival-quality, polyethylene zip-lock bags. Reducethe volume of artifacts in each drawer and bag, sothat containers are not over packed. Insert acid-freepaper labels into each bag. Do not use contaminantsto secure the containers.

3. Make duplicate copies of all associateddocumentation onto acid-free paper. Store thesecopies in a separate and secure location. All recordsshould be processed and arranged according toarchival practices and standards. Documents shouldbe placed in acid-free folders and lightly packed intofire-resistant file cabinets. All records should be freeof contaminants, including metal fasteners and rubberbands. It is suggested that all original photographicmedia from Fort Bliss projects be rehabilitated at theEPAS facility in order to avoid loss or damage of thematerials. Provide a finding aid to the recordholdings.

421

Appendix 1Project Reports forInstallations with No Collections

AlaskaElmendorf Air Force BaseCarberry, Michael, and Donna Lane1986 Patterns of the Past: An Inventory of

Anchorage’s Historic Resources.

Denfeld, D. Colt, Jennifer Abel, and Dale Slaughter1988 Nike Missile Defenses in Alaska: 1958–

1979. Historic American Engineering Recordthe Nike System in Alaska. U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers, Alaska District, Anchorage.

Denfeld, D. Colt1994 The Cold War in Alaska: A Management

Plan for Cultural Resources, 1994–1999.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, AlaskaDistrict, Anchorage.

EBASCO Services1987 World War II in Alaska: A History and

Resources Management Plan. Vol. I.EBASCO Services, Newark, New Jersey.

Matanuska-Susitna Borough1988 Evaluation of Historic Sites in Palmer,

Alaska. Matanuska-Susitna Borough,Cultural Resource Division.

Reynolds, Georgeanne L.1984 Archeological Reconnaissance of the

Elmendorf Gasline Corridor, Elmendorf AirForce Base, Alaska. Submitted to the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, Alaska District,Anchorage.

1984 Site Report, ANC-430, ANC-431, and ANC-432. Letter report, U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Alaska District, Anchorage.

1988 Historical Overview and Inventory: WhiteAlice Communications System. U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, Alaska District,Anchorage. Submitted to U.S. Air ForceAlaskan Air Command, Elmendorf Air ForceBase, Anchorage.

USARAL PD Tok JunctionBacon, Glenn H., James A. Ketz, andCharles M. Mobley1985 Historic Preservation Plan for U.S. Army

Lands in Alaska. Vol. 1. Alaska HeritageResearch Group, Fairbanks. Submitted toU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, AlaskaDistrict, Anchorage.

1986 Historic Preservation Plan for U.S. ArmyLands in Alaska. Technical Appendix.Alaska Heritage Research Group, Fairbanks.Submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Alaska District, Anchorage.

Denfeld, D. Colt, Jennifer Abel, and Dale Slaughter1988 Nike Missile Defenses in Alaska: 1958–1979.

Historic American Engineering Record of theNike System in Alaska. U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Alaska District, Anchorage.



422 An Archaeological Curation-Needs Assessment of Military Installations in Select Western States

Dixon, E. James, Jr., and Peter M. Bowers1975 An Historic and Archaeological Resource

Assessment of the Proposed Tok Loran-CStation. E. James Dixon and Peter M. Bowers.


Resources Management Plan. Vol. I.EBASCO Services, Newark New Jersey.

Reynolds, Georgeanne1985 Historic Preservation Plan, U.S. Army

Installations and Satellites in Alaska:Phase I Inventory of Cultural Resources andOverview. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Alaska District, Anchorage.

1986 Historic Preservation Plan U.S. ArmyInstallations and Satellites in Alaska. Letterreport, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Alaska District, Anchorage.


Whittier Anchorage PipelineTerminalBacon, Glenn H., James A. Ketz, andCharles M. Mobley1985 Historic Preservation Plan for U.S. Army

Lands in Alaska. Vol. 1. Alaska HeritageResearch Group, Fairbanks. Submitted toU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, AlaskaDistrict, Anchorage.

1986 Historic Preservation Plan for U.S. ArmyLands in Alaska (Technical Appendix).Alaska Heritage Research Group, Fairbanks.Submitted to U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Alaska District, Anchorage.



Denfeld, D. Colt, Jennifer Abel, and Dale Slaughter1988 Nike Missile Defenses in Alaska: 1958–

1979. Historic American Engineering Recordof the Nike System in Alaska. U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, Alaska District,Anchorage.


Resources Management Plan. Vol. I.EBASCO Services, Newark, New Jersey.

Reynolds, Georgeanne L.1984 Trip Report of Site File Visit to Whittier

Terminal in Conjunction with the ArmyHistoric Preservation Plan. Letter report,U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, AlaskaDistrict, Anchorage.

1985 Historic Preservation Plan, U.S. ArmyInstallations and Satellites in Alaska:Phase I Inventory of Cultural Resources andOverview. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Alaska District, Anchorage.

1986 Historic Preservation Plan U.S. ArmyInstallations and Satellites in Alaska. Letterreport, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Alaska District, Anchorage.

1986 Trip Report–Whittier, Alaska. Submitted toU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, AlaskaDistrict, Anchorage.


ColoradoPueblo Army DepotHammer, Siler, George Wilson, and Company1994 Pueblo Depot Activity Reuse Development

Plan. Edaw. MacDonald and MackPartnership, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

1984 Historic Properties Report Pueblo DepotActivity, Pueblo, Colorado. Final Report.MacDonald and Mack Partnership,Minneapolis.

Appendix 1 423

Larson, Thomas, K., and Dori M. Penny1994 Results of a Class III Pedestrian Survey of

Portions of the Pueblo Depot Activity Area,Pueblo County, Colorado. Vols. I and II,Larson-Tibesar Associates, Laramie,Wyoming.

Montgomery, John1984 An Archaeological Overview and

Management Plan for the Pueblo DepotActivity, Pueblo County, Colorado. Nickensand Associates, Final Report No. 19.Montrose, Colorado.

Lamar Communication FacilityAnnexCarrillo, Richard F., and Sandra K. Winter1996 The Lamar Communications Facility Annex

(5PW76): An Historical Archaeology Study ofthe Material Remains of the Cold War, ProwersCounty, Colorado. La Junta, Colorado.

District of ColumbiaFort McNairAnonymous1994 No Title. KFS Historical Preservation Group,

Kise, Franks & Straw. Submitted to the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, Baltimore District.

HawaiiAliamanu Military ReservationHawaii State Historic Preservation Officer1974 Report of the Hawaii State Historic

Preservation Officer on the Matter of theProposed H-3 Project and Its Effect on theMoanalua Valley/ Pohaku Ka Luahine,Oahu, Hawaii.

Rosendahl, Paul H.1977 Archaeological Inventory and Evaluation

Report for U.S. Army Support Command,Hawaii (USASCH). Two parts. Departmentof Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum,Honolulu. Submitted to U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Pacific Ocean Division, Fort Shafter.

Takemoto, Anne H., and Pauline King Joerger1975 Aliamanu Military Reservation Cultural

History Study. Joerger-Takemoto HistoricalResearch. Submitted to U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Pacific Ocean Division, Fort Shafter.

Fort RugerRosendahl, Paul H.1977 Archaeological Inventory and Evaluation

Report for U.S. Army Support Command,Hawaii (USASCH). Two parts. Departmentof Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum,Honolulu. Submitted to U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Pacific Ocean Division, FortShafter, Hawaii.

Kapalama Military ReservationMcAllister, J. Gilbert1933 Archaeology of Oahu. Bernice P. Bishop

Museum Bulletin 104. Honolulu.



Kawaihae Military ReservationRosendahl, Paul H.1977 Archaeological Inventory and Evaluation


Kilauea Military ReservationRosendahl, Paul H.1977 Archaeological Inventory and Evaluation



Kunia Field Station, Oahu IslandAnonymous1987 Trip Report, Site Inspection of FY88 OMA

Package A-6 Pave Parking Lots and VariousFencing Projects, U.S. Army Kunia FieldStation, Ewa District, Oahu Island,6 November 1987. U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Pacific Ocean Division,Fort Shafter.

Maui MSSSAhlo, Hamilton M.1980 Archaeological Reconnaissance at Haleakala,

Maui. United States Air Force GroundElectro Optical Deep Space Surveillance(GEODSS). Letter report, Hawaii MarineResearch. Submitted to Corps of Engineers,Pacific Ocean Division, Fort Shafter.

Chatters, J. C.1991 Cultural Resources Inventory and

Evaluation for Science City, Conducted forExpansion of the Maui Space SurveillanceSite, Haleakala, Maui. BattelleEnvironmental Management Operations.Submitted to U.S. Department of the AirForce, Headquarters Space Systems Division,Air Force Systems Command, Los Angeles.

Mauna Kapu Communications SiteMcAllister, J. Gilbert1933 Archaeology of Oahu. Bernice P. Bishop

Museum Bulletin 104. Honolulu

Rosendahl, Paul1977 Archaeological Inventory and Evaluation

Report for U.S. Army Support Command,Hawaii (USASCH). Two parts. Departmentof Anthropology, Bernice P. Bishop Museum,Honolulu. Submitted to U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Pacific Ocean Division, FortShafter.

Tripler Army Medical CenterHurst, Gwen, and Scott Williams1994 Archaeological Surface Survey of Proposed

VA Medical Regional Office Center ProjectSites, Tripler Army Medical Center, Oahu,Hawaii. (TMK:1-1-25). OgdenEnvironmental and Energy Services,Honolulu. Submitted to U.S. Department ofVeteran Affairs, Washington, D.C.



Williams, Scott S., and Lisa Anderson1994 Research Design for Archaeological

Reconnaissance Medical Center AnimalCare Facility, Moanalua, Island of Oahu,Hawaii. Ogden Environmental and EnergyServices, Honolulu. Submitted to U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division,Fort Shafter.

Williams, Scott S., Lisa Anderson, andJames Landrum1995 Archaeological Subsurface Testing at the

Tripler Army Medical Center ProposedParking Garage Monanalua Ahupuaa,Island of Oahu, Hawaii. OgdenEnvironmental and Energy Services,Honolulu. Submitted to Architects HawaiiLimited.

1995 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey andSubsurface Testing. Tripler Army MedicalCenter Animal Care Facility, Moanalua,Island of Oahu, Hawaii. Draft report.Ogden Environmental and Energy Services,Honolulu. Submitted to U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Pacific Ocean Division,Fort Shafter.

Appendix 1 425

Waikakalaua Ammo StorageTunnelsHammatt, Hallett H., David W. Shideler, andDouglas K. Borthwick1988 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of

the Waikakalaua Ammo Storage TunnelsSite, Waikele, Ewa, Oahu. Cultural SurveysHawaii, Kailua. Submitted to U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division,Fort Shafter.



KansasKansas Army Ammunition PlantReed, Alan D.1984 An Archaeological Overview and

Management Plan for the Kansas ArmyAmmunition Plan for the Kansas ArmyAmmunition Plant, Labette County, Kansas.Nickens and Associates, Montrose, Colorado.Submitted to Woodward-Clyde Consultants,Walnut Creek, California.

McConnell Air Force BaseDeVore, Steven L.1995 Cultural Resource Reconnaissance of

McConnell Air Force Base, SedgewickCounty, Kansas. U.S. Department of theInterior, National Park Service, RockyMountain Regional Office, Denver.

LouisianaNaval Air Station New OrleansPietak, Lynn Marie1996 Background Research and Archaeological

Investigations of Naval Air Station, NewOrleans, Plaquemines Parish, LouisianaDraft. Garrow and Associates, Atlanta.

Shenkel, J. Richard1977 Cultural Resources Survey of the Scarsdale

Revetment Mississippi River BankProtection, Item MI, 75.OL, PlaqueminesParish, Louisiana. Letter Report.

OklahomaAltus Air Force BaseDevore, Steven L.1995 Cultural Resource Assessment, Altus Air

Force Base.

McAlester Army Ammunition PlantBrooks, Robert L.1983 Resource Protection Planning Process:

Management Regions. OklahomaArcheological Survey, Norman.

Brooks, Robert L., L. Christina Cojeen, andChris Cojeen1991 Addendum Report to the Archaeological

Survey Report on the Proposed Army DepotPipeline Connect (2nd Routing) for JoeDavis Oil-‘N-Gas, Crossing U.S. NavyAmmunition Plant, Located in PittsburgCounty, Oklahoma. Cojeen ArchaeologicalServices (CAS), Norman.

Bussey, Stanley D.1981 Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey:

Naval Depot #-24 Well Pad. Benham GroupCorporation, Oklahoma City.

Dieste, Tony1984 Archaeological Overview and Management

Plan for the McAlester Army AmmunitionPlant, Pittsburg County, Oklahoma.Heartfield Price and Greene, Monroe,Louisiana. Submitted to National ParkService, Washington, DC.


Heartfield Price and Greene1982 Report of Cultural Resources Associated

with Construction of the Ozark Natural GasPipeline in Eastern Oklahoma. HeartfieldPrice and Greene, Monroe, Louisiana.

Hughes, David T.1982 Cultural Resources Inventory: Andover Oil

Company Proposed Well Army Ammo #1-14,Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. OverlandArcheology.

1983 Cultural Resources Inventory: Santa Fe-Andover Oil Company Proposed Well ArmyAmmo #13-1, Pittsburg County, Oklahoma.

Largent, Jr., Floyd B.1996 Cultural Resources Investigations at

McAlester Army Ammunition Plant,Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. Draft report.Geo-Marine, Miscellaneous Report ofInvestigations Number 128. Plano, Texas.

Lees, William B.1981 An Archaeological Survey of Andover Oil’s

Proposed Army Ammo #12-1 Well Pad andAccess Road. Letter report, ArcheologicalResearch Associates, Tempe, Arizona.

Moore, Bruce M.1980 Archaeological Survey of the Army Prospect

#1 Gas Well Site & Access Road. Letterreport,. Archeological Research Associates,Tempe, Arizona.

1980 Archeological Survey of Two Proposed GasWell Sites, McAlester Army AmmunitionPlant. Letter report, Archeological ResearchAssociates, Tempe, Arizona.

1980 Archeological Survey of the Army Ammo #1Well Pad. Letter report, ArcheologicalResearch Associates, Tempe, Arizona.

Picarella, Amy1996 A Cultural Resource Inventory within a Five

Acre Area of Land at the McAlester ArmyAmmunition Plant, Pittsburg County,Oklahoma. Letter report, U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers, Tulsa District.

1996 A Cultural Resource Inventory within aThree Acre Area of Land at the McAlesterArmy Ammunition Plant, Pittsburg County,Oklahoma. Letter report, U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers, Tulsa District.

Sabo, George, III, Ann M. Eancy, Barbara A.Burnett, James P. Harcourt, Jerome C. Rose, andW. Fredrick Lime1986 Archeological Research, Synthesis, and

Overview Study of the SouthwesternDivision, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.The Archeological Synthesis of the OzarkMountains - Arkansas River Valley -Ouachita Mountains Region. ArkansasArcheological Survey, Fayetteville.

Steele, David G.1994 A Cultural Resource Inventory of a Quarter

Acre Area of Land Designed for BuildingSite at the McAlester Army AmmunitionPlant, Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. Letterreport, Department of the Army, U.S. ArmyCorps of Engineeers, Tulsa District.

1994 A Cultural Resource Inventory of a HalfAcre of Land Designated for a Building Siteat the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant,Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. Letter report,Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corpsof Engineeers, Tulsa District.

1995 A Cultural Resource Inventory Within EightParcels of Land Proposed For Building Sitesat the McAlester Army Ammunition Plant,Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. Letter report,Department of the Army, U.S. Army Corpsof Engineeers, Tulsa District.

Watkins, Joe1989 Report on the Archeological Survey of the

Proposed Geophysical Survey of Santa FeMinerals Savanna Prospect, Located on theMcAlester Army Ammunition Depot,Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. BriscoeConsulting Services.

Appendix 1 427

Winchell, Frank1995 Cultural Resource Inventory Along a 2445

Foot Sewer Line at the McAlester ArmyAmmunition Plant, Pittsburg County,Oklahoma. Letter report, U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers, Tulsa District.

1995 A Cultural Resource Inventory within aThree Acre Area at the McAlester ArmyAmmunition Plant, Pittsburg County,Oklahoma. Letter report, U.S. Army Corpsof Engineers, Tulsa District.

Winchell, Frank, and Amy Picarella1995 A Cultural Resource Inventory Along a

150 Foot Access Road to a Water MonitoringWell at the McAlester Army AmmunitionPlant, Pittsburg County, Oklahoma. Letterreport, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,Tulsa District.

Wycoff, Don G.1983 Oklahoma Archeology: A 1981 Perspective

of the State’s Archeological Resources, TheirSignificance, Their Problems and SomeProposed Solutions. Archeological ResourceSurvey Report No. 16. Oklahoma Office ofHistoric Preservation and The OklahomaArcheological Society, Oklahoma City.

Tinker Air Force BaseBrooks1993 Potential Site Golf Course near Crutcho

Creek. Letter report.

Klinger and Smith1992 Tinker Air Force Base, Historic Properties

Survey of 93 Structures and 1000 AcresLocated in Township 11 N and Range 2W,Southern Tall Grass Prairie and CrossTimbers, Region 5, Oklahoma City,Oklahoma. Submitted to Woolpert Associatesof Dayton, Ohio. Historic PreservationAssociation, Fayetteville, Arkansas.

Vance Air Force BaseDevore, Steven1993 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of

Vance Air Force Base. National ParkService, Denver.

TexasBrooks Air Force BasePeter, Duanne, Maynard B. Cliff, Joe Freeman, andKimberly L. Kane1995 Brooks Air Force Base Historic Preservation

Plan. Geo-Marine, Plano, Texas.

Smith, Harvey P.1980 An Archaeological Survey of Brooks Air

Force Base Park Site, San Antonio, Texas.Center for Archaeological Research,University of Texas, San Antonio.

Carswell Air Force BaseDeVore, Steven1990 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of

Carswell Air Force Base, Tarrant County,Texas. National Park Service, Denver.

Naval Air Station Chase FieldBriggs, Alton1992 Archaeological and Historical Survey of the

Chase Naval Air Station, Capehart HousingArea, Bee County and Goliad NavalAuxiliary Landing Field, Goliad County,Texas. Lonestar Archaeological Services,Austin, Texas.

Longhorn Army Ammunition PlantAnonymousn.d. A Cultural Resources Survey of a 400 Acre

Tract at the Longhorn Army AmmunitionPlant, Harrison County, Texas. Geo-Marine,Plano, Texas.

n.d. Cultural Resources Survey to LocateHistoric and Prehistoric Sites at LonghornArmy Ammunition Plant, Harrison County,Texas. Geo-Marine, Plano, Texas.

1984 Historic Properties Report, Longhorn ArmyAmmunition Plant, Marshall, Texas.MacDonald and Mack Partnership,Minneapolis. Submitted to the National ParkService.


Bennett, W. J.1984 Intensive Cultural Resources Survey of

Selected Locations in the Longhorn ArmyAmmunition Plant and the Louisiana ArmyAmmunition Plant. ArchaeologicalAssessment No. 42. Submitted to the U.S.Army Corps of Engineers, Fort WorthDistrict.

Cliff, Maynard B., and Floyd Kent1993 A Cultural Resources Survey of the Proposed

Treatment Area for Interim Remedial Action(IRA) at the Longhorn Army AmmunitionPlant, Harrison County, Texas. Letter reportNumber 10, Geo-Marine, Plano, Texas.Submitted to the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Fort Worth District.

Cliff, Maynard B., Duane E. Peter, Sharlene N.Allday, Stephen P. Austin, Sherrian K. Edwards,Steve N. Gaither, Dayna B. Lee, Steven M. Hunt, andCynthia Stiles-Hanson1994 Archaeological Survey of Selected Portions

of the Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant,Harrison County, Texas 1989-1992.Geo-Marine, Miscellaneous Report ofInvestigations Number 38. Plano, Texas.Submitted to the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Fort Worth District.

Cliff, Maynard B., Duane E. Peter, Steve M. Hunt,Floyd Kent, and Melissa Green1994 Archaeological Survey of 1993 Timber

Cutting Areas, Longhorn Army AmmunitionPlant, Harrison County, Texas. Geo-Marine,Miscellaneous Report of InvestigationsNumber 71. Plano, Texas. Submitted to theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort WorthDistrict.

Heartfield, L., And T. Dieste1985 An Archaeological Overview and

Management Plan for the Longhorn ArmyAmmunition Plant, Harrison County, Texas.Heartfield, Price and Green, Report No. 22,Monroe, Louisiana.

MacDonald and Mack Partnership1984 Historic Properties Report, Longhorn Army

Ammunition Plant, Marshall, Texas.MacDonald and Mack Partnership,Minneapolis.

O’Neill, Patrick L.1991 A Cultural Resource Survey of an Oil Well

Pad at the Longhorn Army AmmunitionPlant in Harrison County, Texas. Mariah andAssociates, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Roemer, Erwin, and Jay R. Newman1988 A Cultural Resources Survey of Proposed

Actions Related to Test Area Expansions,Longhorn Army Ammunition Plant, HarrisonCounty, Texas. U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, Fort Worth District.

Randolph Air Force BaseDeVore, Steven L.1991 Archeological Reconnaissance Survey of

Randolph Air Force Base, Bexar County,Texas. United States Department of theInterior, National Park Service, InteragencyArcheological Services, Denver.

1993 Cultural Resource Assessment of LaughlinAir Force Base, Val Verde County, Texas.National Park Service, Denver. Submitted toHeadquarters, Air Education and TrainingCommand, Randolph Air Force Base, Texas.

Saginaw Army Aircraft PlantDieste, Tony, and Lorraine Heartfield1984 An Archaeological Overview and

Management Plan for the Saginaw ArmyAircraft Plant, Tarrant County, Texas.Woodward-Clyde Consultants. ReportNumber 10. Walnut Creek, California.

Seguin Auxiliary AirfieldDeVore, Steven L.1993 Archaeological Reconnaissance Survey of

Seguin Auxiliary Airfield, GuadalupeCounty, Texas. National Park Service,Interagency Archaeological Services, Denver.Submitted to Randolph Air Force Base,Texas.

Appendix 1 429

UtahGreen River Launch ComplexGrady, J., S. F. Mehls, B. J. LeFree, J. L. Dawson,and D. E. Plume1984 An Archeological Overview and

Management Plan for Green River LaunchComplex, Utah. Stearns-Roger Services,Denver.

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