M U Z E U L J U D E Ţ E A N M U R E Ş

MARISIAS T U D I I Ş I M AT E R I A L E

XXXIARHEOLOGIE

Târgu Mureş2011

COntEnt

ARTICLES

Zoltán Czajlik–Sándor Berecki–László Rupnik–Sándor József SztáncsujPreliminary Report on the Aerial Archaeological Survey of Transylvania (2009–2010) ...................... 7

Sándor Berecki–Sándor József SztáncsujA Copper Age Settlement from Târgu Mureş. Aspects of Chronology and Relations of the Ariuşd Culture ........................................................................................................... 19

Cristian Ioan PopaTwo Statuettes with Mobile Heads from the Petreşti–Groapa Galbenă ................................................. 43

Paula MazăreTextile Structures and Techniques Identified in Neolithic and Copper Age Sites from Romania ..... 51

Vasile Diaconu–Bogdan Petru NiculicăUn sceptre inédit de l’Âge du Bronze découvert à Mihoveni, département de Suceava ...................... 73

Oliver DietrichZentralisierte Produktionsstrukturen? Überlegungen zur räumlichen Beziehung von bronzezeitlichen Gussformen und Fertigprodukten in Südosteuropa am Beispiel der rumänischen Tüllenbeile .............................................................................................................................. 79

Tobias MörtzSternparallaxe. Bemerkungen zu einer älterurnenfelderzeitlichen Ornamentform zwischen Banat und Harz ............................................................................................................................. 95

Daniel Vasile Sana–Ioan BejinariuAspects of Metallurgical Activity in the Early Iron Age Settlement at Şimleu Silvaniei–Observator ................................................................................................................. 113

János NémetiArchaeological Finds belonging to the Late Hallstatt and La Tène Period from Cămin/Kálmánd–Krasznapart, Satu Mare County ....................................................................... 123

Iosif Vasile Ferencz–Cristian DimaAbout an Iron Vessel from Sarmizegetusa Regia .................................................................................... 157

Maria-Corina NicolaeThe Iconography of the Antique Hero in the Balkan Area .................................................................... 161

Szilamér Péter PánczélThe Production of Prismatic Glass Bottles in Roman Apulum ............................................................. 177

Dávid Petruţ–Radu ZăgreanuThe Funerary Stelae from Porolissum. Typological, Iconographical and Epigraphic Aspects .......... 191

Radu Zăgreanu–Zsolt NyárádiNew Data about the Roman Settlement from Odorheiu Secuiesc ........................................................ 221

Imola Boda–Csaba SzabóNotes on a Dolichenian Relief at Mehadia ............................................................................................... 275

Szilárd Sándor GálTimişoara–Freidorf. Osteological Analysis of Human Remains .......................................................... 285

Keve László–András Péntek–László LenkeyThe Medieval Fort at Moreşti Based on Geophysical Surveying and Former Archaeological Excavations .................................................................................................. 293

István BotárMedieval Finds from Cotorman ................................................................................................................ 301

Zoltán SoósBronze Objects from the Excavation of the Târgu Mureş Franciscan Friary ...................................... 315

Carol KacsóDie frühe sächsische Präsenz in Baia Mare und in der Maramuresch ................................................. 339

BOOK REVIEw

Gáll Erwin, Doboka-IV. vártérség templom körüli temetője: régészeti adatok egy észak-erdélyi ispáni központ 11–13. századi fejlődéséhez (The churchyard cemetery in Dăbâca/Doboka, castle area IV: archeological data on the development of a north Transylvanian county centre in the 11.-13th centuries), Kolozsvár, Erdélyi Múzeum Egyesület, 2011 (by Zalán Győrfi) ........................................................ 347

ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................................................... 351

aBOUt an IROn VESSEL fROM SaRMIZEgEtUSa REgIa1

Iosif Vasile fEREnCZMuzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane Deva, RO

Cristian dIMaAlba Iulia, RO

The paper presents an iron vessel found in a suspicious way on the territory of the Dacian capital, Sarmizegetusa Regia, lately attained by the Museum of Deva. In Late Iron Age these types of artefacts are rare for the region; from Dacia only eight such metal vessels are known in the present, dated to the 2nd century AD.

Keywords: iron vessel, Dacians, Sarmizegetusa Regia

In the spring of 2003, Muzeul Civilizaţiei Dacice şi Romane from Deva bought from Ovidiu Georgescu, villager from Costeşti, a highly oxidized iron vessel (Fig. 1). The owner declared that the vessel was found by others it in the forest, in the place known as Grădiştea Muncelului, the same area identified as Sarmizegetusa Regia, the capital of the Dacian Kingdom. The same account let us understand that the vessel was found on the edge of a hole excavated by treasure hunters. The information is credible, particularly if we take into consideration that half of a century ago, during archaeological excavations another vessel of this type was found, com-ing from an iron hoard identified on the terrace where a big blacksmith workshop was also found (Daicoviciu Et Al. 1953, 169, fig. 20–21). Still, the place of the discovery indicated by the former owner is only probable, since his story2 rather indicates that the find was unearthed by treasure-hunters (quite probably the donator himself could have done such illegal excavations). It is also possible that the piece was incidentally found in the forest; anyway, the real conditions of discov-ery for the moment remain uncertain.

The vessel (MCDR – Deva inv. no. 46294) is truncated cone-shaped with a height of 33 cm; the strait rim is inverted; the vessel is decorated outside and close to the rim by two rows of ribs. It was made by a junction of iron strips, fastened by big round headed rivets ordered slightly decoratively on some parallel ribs. The bottom is flat and it was made by a single piece attached to the vessel with rivets, in the same technique. The vessel was broken in ancient times and it was repaired, the craftsman covering the hole with a patch, intervention visible inside the ves-sel. The piece is severely oxidized, and some sand marks are visible on it, caused probably by the

1 The artifact was earlier also acquainted in Bulletin Instrumentum, 30, December 2009, p. 28–29. With the resump-tion of the subject we intended to present the object and its context in Romania.

2 The recounting about a policeman who gave him the vessel in exchange for some hostel services is hard to believe.

MARISIA XXXI, p. 157–160

I. V. Ferencz–C. Dima158

environment where the vessel was preserved. Furthermore, the vessel was broken in our days, probably damaged by the discoverers and in the time while it was taken over by the museum. Because of the recent hole in the wall of the vessel the upper part of the vessel felt downwards, as a consequence now the vessel is tilt.3

Fig. 1. The iron vessel from Sarmizegetusa Regia (drawings by C. Filcea).

The technology of metal vessel manufacturing by junction or by strips is not an innova-tion of the Late Iron Age, since several big vessels made with the same technique but in bronze date from the Early Iron Age (Gogâltan 1991). The novelty is given by the application of the technique to iron, as the bronze works are easier to carry out. The complexity of the craft and the artistic value of these objects are emphasized by the disks with zoomorphic and vegetal repre-sentations discovered at Piatra Roşie (Daicoviciu 1954, 119–121, fig. 40; Florea–Suciu 1995, 47–61; Florea–Ferencz 2007, 47–53).

Fig. 2. Distributions of the iron vessels in Dacia.

3 It was the reason why the vessel was subject to physical and chemical analyses, which indicated that that there are enough metallic cores for restoration. The optical and microscopic examination, x-ray fluorescence spectrom-etry, and scanning electron microscopy were made at the laboratory of “Dimitrie Gusti” Village Museum from Bucharest by Dr. Vivian Dragomir. Because of the inaccessible financial involvements of these types of restora-tions the artifact is in great danger of self-destruction.

About an iron vessel from Sarmizegetusa Regia 159

Iron vessels requiring high technological knowledge and skills are not common for the Dacian culture, only a few such recipients being registered until the present days, discovered in eight sites (Fig. 2). Unfortunately in most of the cases the fragmentary conservation of these ves-sels does not make possible a graphic reconstruction of their shapes (Glodariu–Iaroslavschi 1979, 120). Exception would be a vessel discovered in 1952 on the VIIIth terrace from Grădiştea Muncelului (Daicoviciu Et Al. 1953, fig. 20–21), which seems to have the same shape as the one presented here (Fig. 3).

The shapes and the dimensions of these vessels, as well as the lack of information about their contexts of discover-ies do not make possible the definition of their utility. The observations of C. Daicoviciu about the presence of the vessel discovered in 1952 together with other iron objects – probably an iron hoard –, connected to a blacksmith’s workshop could be an evidence for the use of these vessels in some processes of metal crafts, or that it was a final product of the workshop with unknown destination and utility.

Taking into consideration the analogies as well as the presumed place of discovery, the iron vessel from the collec-tion of the museum from Deva can be dated starting with the beginning of the 2nd century AD.

APPENDIx List of the Iron vessel discovered in Dacia

1. Costeşti–Cetăţuie, Hunedoara county (Glodariu–Iaroslavschi 1979, 120, fig. 4/5).2. Craiva–Piatra Craivii, Alba county (Berciu 1966, 52).3. Grădiştea de Munte–Grădiştea Muncelului, Hunedoara county, it was found in the iron workshop in -

ves tigated on the VIIIth terrace (Daicoviciu Et Al. 1953, 169, fig. 20–21, Glodariu–Iaroslavschi 1979, 120).

4. Grădiştea de Munte–Grădiştea Muncelului, Hunedoara county (Glodariu–Iaroslavschi 1979, 120).5. Grădiştea de Munte–Feţele Albe, Hunedoara county (Glodariu–Iaroslavschi 1979, 120).6. Luncani–Piatra Roşie, Hunedoara county (Daicoviciu Et Al. 1950, 146; Daicoviciu 1954, 66;

Glodariu–Iaroslavschi 1979, 120).7. Popeşti, Argeş county (Glodariu–Iaroslavschi 1979, 120).8. Sibiu–Guşteriţa, Sibiu county (Horedt 1965).

REFERENCES

Berciu 1966 Berciu, I., Cetatea dacică de la Piatra Craivii, IN: Macrea, M.–Floca, O.–Lupu, N.–Berciu, I., Cetăţi dacice din sudul Transilvaniei, Bucureşti.

Daicoviciu 1954 Daicoviciu, C., Cetatea dacică de la Piatra Roşie, Bucureşti.Daicoviciu Et Al. 1950 Daicoviciu, C.–Floca, O.–Ferenczi, I.–Duka, P.–Chirilă, E.–Manoliu,

V.–Pop, I.–Rednic, M.–Rusu, M.–Teodoru, H., Studiul traiului dacilor în Munţii Orăştiei. Rezultatul cercetărilor ştiinţifice făcute de colectivul din Cluj, SCIV, I, 1, 137–148.

Daicoviciu Et Al. 1953 Daicoviciu, C.–Ferenczi, I.–Bodor, A.–Gostar, N.–Radu, D.–Dediu, M.–Duka, P., Şantierul Grădiştea Muncelului, SCIV, IV, 1–2, 153–209.

Fig.3. Iron vessel from Grădiştea Muncelului

(after Daicoviciu Et Al. 1953).

I. V. Ferencz–C. Dima160

Florea–Suciu 1995 Florea, G.–Suciu, L., Observaţii cu privire la scutul de la Piatra Roşie, EphemNap, V, 47–61.

Florea–Ferencz 2007 Florea, G.–Ferencz, I. V., Un nouveau „Buclier” de la fine de Deuxièmme Âge du Fer découvert á Piatra Roşie, ActaMN, 41–42/I, 2004–2005 (2007), 47–53.

Glodariu–Iaroslavschi 1979

Glodariu, I.–Iaroslavschi, E., Civilizaţia fierului la daci, Cluj-Napoca.

Gogâltan 1991 Gogâltan, Fl., Unele probleme privind vasele de bronz hallstattiene din Transilvania, EphemNap, I, 11–19.

Horedt 1965 Horedt, K., Un depozit dacic cu vase de metal de la Guşteriţa-Sibiu, StCom Sibiu, 12, 35–45.

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. 1. The iron vessel from Sarmizegetusa Regia (drawings by C. Filcea).Fig. 2. Distributions of the Iron vessels in Dacia.Fig. 3. Iron vessel from Grădiştea Muncelului (after Daicoviciu Et Al. 1953).

aBBREVIatIOnS

ABSz Acta Biologica SzegediensisActa Acta (Siculica), Muzeul Naţional Secuiesc, Sfântu GheorgheActaArch Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, BudapestActaArch Carpatica Acta Archaeologica Carpathica, Academia Scientiarum Polona Collegium

Cracoviense, KrakówActaArch København Acta Archeologica, KøbenhavnActaMN Acta Musei Napocensis, Cluj-NapocaActaMP Acta Musei Porolissensis, ZalăuAetas Aetas, Történettudományi folyóiratAJA American Journal of ArchaeologyAJPhA American Journal of Physical AnthropologyAlba Regia Alba Regia, Annales Musei Stephani Regis, SzékesfehérvárAluta Aluta, Revista Muzeului Naţional Secuiesc, Sfântu GheorgheAMIT Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran und Turan, BerlinAnalele Banatului Analele Banatului, Muzeul Banatului, TimişoaraAnatolian Studies Anatolian Studies, Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at AnkaraAnnales MNH Annales Musei Historiae Naturalis Hungariae, BudapestAnnalesUA, SH Annales Universitatis Apulensis, Series Historica, Alba IuliaAngustia Angustia, Muzeul Carpaţilor Răsăriteni, Sfântu GheorgheAnthrAnz Anthropologischer Anzeiger, Journal of Biological and Clinical

AnthropologyAnthrKözl Anthropológiai Közlemények, A Magyar Biológiai Társaság Embertani

Szakosztályának folyóirata, BudapestAntiquity Antiquity, LondonAO Arhivele Olteniei, CraiovaApulum Apulum, Acta Musei Apulensis, Alba IuliaArchAustr Archaeologia Austriaca, WienArchBulg Archaeologia Bulgarica, SofiaArchÉrt Archaeologiai Értesítő, BudapestArchHung Archaeologia Hungarica, BudapestArchKorr Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt, Römisch-Germanischen

Zentralmuseum in MainzArgesis Argesis, Studii şi Comunicări, PiteştiArhMold Arheologia Moldovei, IaşiAsmosia Association for the Study of Marble and Other Stones In AntiquityATN Archaeological Textile NewsletterAVSL Archiv des Vereins für siebenbürgische LandeskundeBA Biblioteca de Arheologie, BucureştiBAI Bibliotheca Archaeologica Iassiensis, IaşiBAM Bibliotheca Archaeologica Moldaviae, IaşiBanatica Banatica, Muzeul de istorie al judeţului Caraş-Severin, ReşiţaBAR British Archaeological Reports, International Series, Oxford

Abbreviations352

BAU Beihefte Atlas der UrgeschichteBCMI Buletinul Comisiunii Monumentelor IstoriceBCRC Buletinul Centrului de Restaurare-Conservare a Patrimoniului Cultural

Naţional, IaşiBCŞS Buletinul Cercurilor Ştiinţifice Studenţeşti, Alba IuliaBdA Bolletino di ArcheologiaBeiträge MK Beiträge zu ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Archäologie des Mittelmeer-

Kulturraumes, BonnBeiträge UFMV Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mecklenburg-VorpommernsBerRGK Bericht der Römisch-Germanischen KommissionBHAB Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica BanaticaBHAUT Bibliotheca Historica et Archaeologica Universitatis TimisiensisBM Bibliotheca Marmatia, Baia MareBMA Biblioteca Mvsei Apvlensis, Alba IuliaBMAnt Bibliotheca Memoriae Antiquitatis, Muzeul de istorie Piatra NeamţBMBistriţa Biblioteca Muzeului BistriţaBMM Bibliotheca Mvsei Marisiensis, Seria Archaeologica, Târgu Mureş, Cluj

NapocaBMN Bibliotheca Mvsei Napocensis, Cluj-NapocaBMP Bibliotheca Mvsei Porolissensis, ZalăuBMTA Buletinul Muzeului Teohari Antonescu, GiurgiuBPH Bibliotheca Praehistorica Hispana, MadridBpRég Budapest Régiségei, BudapestB – PS Baltic-Pontic StudiesBremer ArchBl Bremer Archäologische Blätter, Focke-Museum, Bremer LandesmuseumBritannia Britannia, A journal of Romano-British and Kindred StudiesBT Bibliotheca Thracologica, BucureştiCA Cercetări ArheologiceCarpica Carpica, Muzeul Judeţean de Istorie şi Artă „Iulian Antonescu“, BacăuCCA Cronica Cercetărilor Arheologice din RomâniaCI Cercetări IstoriceComArchHung Communicationes Archaeologicae Hungariae, BudapestCorviniana Corviniana, Acta Musei Corviniensis, HunedoaraCrisia Crisia, Muzeul Ţării Crişurilor, OradeaCRPC Conservarea şi Restaurarea Patrimoniului Cultural, IaşiCurrA Current AnthropologyCsSzMÉ Csíki Székely Múzeum Évkönyve, CsíkszeredaDacia Dacia, Recherches et décuvertes archéologiques en Roumanie, I–XII

(1924–1948), Bucureşti; Nouvelle série (N. S.), Dacia. Revue d’archéologie et d’histoire anciene, Bucureşti

DDMÉ A Debreceni Déri Múzeum ÉvkönyveDolgKolozsvár (Ú. S.) Dolgozatok az Erdélyi Nemzeti Múzeum Érem- és Régiségtárából, (új

sorozat, 2006–), KolozsvárEirene Eirene, Studia Graeca et Latina, PragueEM Erdélyi Múzeum, KolozsvárEphemDacoromana Ephemeris DacoromanaEphemNap Ephemeris Napocensis, Cluj–NapocaEpigAnat Epigraphica Anatolica, KölnEPRO Etudes préliminaires aux religions orientales dans l’Empire romainETF Erdélyi Tudományos Füzetek, KolozsvárFBSMB Forschungen und Berichte der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin

Abbreviations 353

FMSt Frühmittelalterliche Studien, MünsterFolAnthr Folia Anthropologica, SzombathelyFolArch Folia Archeologica, a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Évkönyve, BudapestFÖ Fundberichte aus Österreich, WienGodišnjak Sarajevo Godišnjak Centra za Balkanoloska Ispitivanja Akademije Nauka i

Umjetnosti, Bosne i Hercegovine, SarajevoGermania Germania, Frankfurt am MainHesperia Hesperia, the American School of Classical Studies at AthensIPH Inventaria Praehistorica Hungariae, BudapestJahrbuch RGZM Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums MainzJahrDAI Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, BerlinJahrMV Jahresschrift für Mitteldeutsche Vorgeschichte, Deutscher Verlag der

Wissenschaften for the Landesmuseum für Vorgeschichte (Halle), BerlinJahrOM Jahrbuch des Oberösterreichischen MusealvereinesJAMÉ A Nyíregyházi Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve, NyíregyházaJAMT Journal of Archaeological Method and TheoryJBAA Journal of the British Archaeological AssociationJfA Jahrbuch für AltertumskundeJFS Journal of Forensic SciencesJHE Journal of Human EvolutionJRS Journal of Roman StudiesMAkadÉrt Magyar Akadémiai ÉrtesítőMarisia Marisia (V–), Studii şi Materiale, Târgu MureşMCA Materiale şi Cercetări Arheologice, BucureştiMCIV Materiale şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche a României, BucureştiMIMK Molnár István Múzeum Kiadványai, Cristuru SecuiescMittAGW Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft WienMittBGAEU Mitteilungen der Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und

UrgeschichteMittCCEB Mittheilungen der Central-Commission zur Erhaltung der BaudenkmaleMΩMOΣ MΩMOΣ, Őskoros Kutatók Összejövetelének konferenciaköteteMonographien RGZM Monographien Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum MainzMTAÉ Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ÉvkönyveOffa Offa, Berichte und Mitteilungen zur Urgeschichte, Frühgeschichte und

MittelalterarchäologieOpArch Opuscula Archaeologica, Arheološki zavod, Filozofski fakultet u ZagrebuŐsrégészeti levelek Ősrégészeti levelek / Prehistoric newsletter, BudapestPA Patrimonium Apulense, Alba IuliaPamArch Památky Archeologické, PrahaPAS Prähistorische Archäologie in Südosteuropa, Berlin, Kiel, MünchenPB Patrimonium Banaticum, TimişoaraPBF Prähistorische Bronzefunde, München, StuttgartPeuce Peuce, Studii şi cercetări de istorie şi arheologie, Institutul de Cercetari Eco-

Muzeale Tulcea, Institutul de Istorie si Arheologie, TulceaPontica Pontica, Anuarul Muzeului de Istorie Naţională şi Arheologie ConstanţaPPS Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, LondonPZ Praehistorische Zeitschrift, BerlinPulpudeva Pulpudeva, Semaines philippopoitaienes de l’histoire et de la culture tracesRdA Rivista di ArcheologiaRégFüz Régészeti Füzetek, BudapestRevArh Revista Arhivelor, Bucureşti

Abbreviations354

RevBis Revista Bistriţei, Complexul Judeţean Muzeal Bistriţa-NăsăudRGF Römisch-Germanische Forschungen, Mainz, BerlinRHistRel Revue de l’historie des religionsRRTP Revista română de textile-pielărie, IaşiRSP Rivista di scienze preistoriche, Istituto Italiano di Preistoria e ProtostoriaSargetia Sargeţia, Buletinul Muzeului judeţului Hunedoara, Acta Musei Devensis,

DevaSCICP Studii şi comunicări de istorie a civilizaţiei populare din România, Muzeul

Brukenthal, SibiuSCIV(A) Studii şi Cercetări de Istorie Veche (şi Arheologie 1974–), BucureştiSIMA Studies in Mediterranean ArchaeologySlovArch Slovenská Archeológia, BratislavaSpecNova Specimina Nova Dissertationum ex Institutom Historico Universitatis

Quinqueecclesiensis de Jano Pannonio nominatae, PécsStComCaransebeş Studii şi Comunicări de Istorie Veche CaransebeşStCom Satu Mare Studii şi Comunicări Satu MareStCom Sf. Gheorghe Studii şi Comunicări Sfântu GheorgheStCom Sibiu Studii şi Comunicări, Muzeul Brukenthal, SibiuStudiaD Studia Danubiana, Series SymposiaStudia Troica Studia Troica, Universität TübingenStudiaUBB Studia Universitatis Babeş–Bolyai, series Historia, Cluj-NapocaStudie AUCAB Studie Archeologického Ústavu Československé Akademie vĕd v Brnĕ, PrahaŠtudijné zvesti Študijné zvesti, Archeologického Ústavu Slovenskej Akadémie Vied, NitraSuceava Suceava, Anuarul Complexului Muzeal BucovinaSwiatowit Swiatowit, Rocznik katedry archeologii pierwotnej i wczesnosredniowiecznej

Universytetu WarszawskiegoSzázadok Századok, A Magyar Történelmi Társulat folyóírataTerra Sebus Terra Sebvs, Acta Mvsei Sabesiensis, SebeşThraco-Dacica Thraco-Dacica, Institutul de Tracologie, BucureştiTisicum Tisicum, A Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok Megyei Múzeumok Évkönyve, SzolnokTrudyErmit Trudy Gosudarstvennogo ĖrmitažaUPA Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie, BonnVAH Varia Archaeologica Hungarica, BudapestVIA KÖK VIA, Kulturális és Örökségvédelmi Kismonográfiák – Monographia Minor in

Cultural Heritage, BudapestVF Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen, BerlinZargidava Zargidava, Revistă de istorie, BacăuZE Zeitschrift für EthnologieZSL Zeitschrift für Siebenbürgische Landeskunde