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A Stylistic Analysis of New York Iroquois Pottery

Author(s) / Editor(s): William EngelbrechtPublished: . University of Michigan, Anthropology. 1971Document Type: thesisStable URL: https://core.tdar.org/document/374240/a-stylistic-analysis-of-new-york-iroquois-potteryDOI: doi:10.6067/XCV8J38QQR

Downloaded: by William Engelbrecht on 12/4/18 7:01 AM

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AESfnag!

SSTLI$TIC IilILYSIs OF INOqI'OIS POITERY

by

1{111trn Erntt &rgrlbrcebt

0bsfumea: Robort llhallon Jn.

lho approxlnate d,eto of tbc fonadtn6 of tbc lcague oftbc boquola ir a nett* of dlapute. If, tho rpproxlnatrd,ete of ths fennatloa of the Lceguc ucre hornn, antbnopol-

oglrta reuld br ln e bettor porltloa to esleel tbc factena

lepontant ln ltl foruetlon. tbls atudy sought to shed xtgbton thls queatton tbnoui! a styllatlc analyals of, Inoguolcpottery.

fbe Leagus Ees oomposed of the Seneea, Cayuga, Onondage,

0ncidal and liohark tnlbee. Strtoenth asd early rcvontcoatb

oentuny pottery rer c.f,lmlncd fuen tbosr tnlbal sFclr; aa rel!.eg fnon tho illagane Fontlor, adJeocnt to the aroa of thc

blgtonlo developncat of the tcague. Pottery fron the slagaraEpentior acnvcd es a oontnsl ln tbe Lavestlgatlsn of posslble

ceran&d reflcotlong of tho League. Cenanlo attrlbute aggoele-

tisa wlthla rLtese ocramlc bonogcaol.ty nl.tbln sltea, nnd,

ocranl.c clslltrity betreca cltcr rruc ooasldernod.

|ilrc rcsul.ts of thc end.yall ladloatcd tbet tbc Lcague oftbc lroquol,o ras aet nsflootod l,a oenanlo pettenntng. Elrton-leal rescnreh lcd to the eonelusl.sn tbat tbe tcaguo of tbe

rnoquoto dld not beeone an effcotl.vc unlt uatll tbc last har.f

of tbe gevontcenth ecatooy, rblEb wes after tho perlod of tlnccovered by thc oenanl,o anelyslo. Fornatlon of en effootlve

Lcegue at thls tlac suggestr that rrequoic involvenent nltbEuropean oulture played an lupo:ltant r:,ole ln tbo fernatlon oftbo LoegUe.

'llbe oeramie aneLysts dld rsveal tbat tbc cnd of the

slxteenth eentury tras a tlnc of lnencaslag oonenle rlnllarltybctween ercaE. rt ras funtbcn aotcd that ecnamlo pettcrnlngillffcnod fuon area to rnea. |tlre hpllo*tLon of thcsc flndlngslc digcusscd,.

A STrI,I8IIC ATAI,YSIS OF TIEW IONK rnoquors PSfEERY

by

lfllllan Ernst hgelbneoht

dlssontatlon subnl.tted la pertlal fulfllluentof tbc requlnenentg for thc dcgnee of

Dootsr of Phllosqpby(enthropology )

f,n fhe UnlvencltY of Mlehlgan1971

Docteral Copnlttec:

Aagoelatc Profeasor Bobert WhaLLon Jr.1 GhelnpaaPnofesson Jamcs B. OnlfflnAggoolate Pnofeseor John O. Ped1eyAeslctent Pnefoeson Heany T. t&lgbt

PNEFACE

lllrc t{ensor-6ben Fouadatlon for Anthnopelegioal RcseeJPob

provldcd fLneaoleL easlgtrnoo fon thlr atudy t*btoh I gpate-

fully aeknowlodgc.

I riab to thsnk ny dootonaL eomlttoe at tho Ilnlvorstty

of illohlgen: Bobcnt llhellon Jn.; olral'nnen1 Jancs 8. Oriffln,

Henny hrlght, and Jobn Pedley. I am csPcelally gratcful to

Bobcrt UheLlon Jn. fon hls neny valusble srltlclrna nbiEb

bclpcd to eberPcn nY tbinklng.

Ebo Antbnopology Deprntnent of tha Statc Unlvcrsity of,

Ser YerL et Buff,alo greatl,y feellltetod ny rcsoaJgob by

provtdlng mc ultb e plaee to ronk and glvlng n. tbc titla of

Beseuob Asaoelatc whlob cnablod Eo to uae thc llalversity

faollltlos ineludtng thc llbnany and' oouputlng eentcr. I

pgtloulerly rlah to thanlr hofcssor lrlenLen Hhttc fon hcr

oontLnula6 ald end latsrcst. I found our ooBvorsatlons on

Iroquol.a arohaeol,ogy to bc a great ctlnulus. lfbankg a1le

alro duc Keltb otterbcl.n, $anunas Hlllcauckaar €lordsn Sohnell,

Hope lcsaca, garl Sidten, and trhll tlddeL of tbat lnsttGutton.

Iprlng tbc eourso of gatbcntng data I cenc late oogtegt

rlth a gneat nany pcoplo rbo hetpod ne. Ins}uded !n thls

o.tagery ar.e those wbo generollsly alloued mo to roeord thelr

oolleetlons and rboge nano eppearE tn Appendtx II. SpeeiaL

thanks go to !fr. and Mns. OhanLca lslray of Hclt Rucb, XJ. and

Mr. ard $rg. l[treodorE Utrltaey of Sew Ber].lnr gJ. Both

flmlllcc ilad,optodtt nG durlag ny cxt.adod etayt ln theln hones.

1t

tbetr horpltellty weo gneetly approotatcd. Ia addltloae

Cherles l{rey provlded nc rlth e gneat dral of apeol,fle lafer"-

natlon on $cacea gltcg end thcodenc Uhltaey dtd thc samc fon

Onclda sitca.Sranks aLso go to l{r. &Bd }[rr. Artbur J. SecLye of Horth

tfoloott, il.Y. fon Lodglng a roany tnavcLler on a oold nlntena

evenLng end to Dr. Klngston ternen of OlovensvilLc, f .Y.

fsr hla hclp end 6caer.ool.ty.

lflthout tbc bclp end kaorlcdgc of r nunben ef pcople,

thlg etudy oould ncvcn bsen oonplctcd. Aneng gouc oftbesc peoplc ure: DoaeLd lrealg, John 9went, the Late Fathcr

fhonas Gnessnena, 0ondon DoAngelo, Pctcn Prett, Donald

Oaaenon, Ttmlas Dodcon, end tho gteffe at both tbe Rochcg-

ter l{usoun and $olcnee Contcr and tho Stato Huseum lnAlbany.

Flnally X rlab te thank ny nother and father fer thcbpatlcnoe rnd enesunagcnent.

111

TAALE OF OOHEffiTg

Pa6e

LISE CIF SABITS ................o........o............. v

LIgf 0F IITLIISERAIIOSS ...... .. . . .. . . . . . | . r o. . | . . . . ... r Yl

tISf OF AFPEffiDICE$ . .... r............................. Vll

ChaptorI. fgE PROBLEF{ ......t......f ................... 1

II. SPASII& DISIRIBIITIOS A}ID ETENIC TDffiTITY .... 8

III. ffig lEFtPOnAt DIHEHSIOIT . ... ... . . ........ ... . . 17

IV. PROCEDIIRE .... r. o.. o..............r......... o 29

Y. AftnIBUTE AfISOCIIEIOF ... ,.. o .. . f . . .......... 3l+

YI. nOHOOEilEXfY t.. t................. r........... h:

VII . SIIB g$lILArutY t................rt........... l*Z

WII. IPEE LEAGIIE BEEXAUXUED ...............i....... 60

IX. SO!{E ADDrfrOilAr., oBsBnvArlors oil !ffiAIIILYSIS ......f .r......t...o............... . 72

X. SPECITLATIONS ...o............................ 76

nEItERffi0ES CITED . . . . . . . . .. .. ... . o . . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . 1 62

1v

tIS! 0f'fABLBg

UEAS ASgOCrAEr0u rcR tRIBAt lREAlt ...... o... r.UEAS EoI{oCgilEI8r FoR fnXBAL ARETS .....r'.."'SIMIIINIfY BEIWBU{ ARSASI SBNOUOE TI!ffi FON

AVffiACE A$IRIBIAS COEFruCIE[fg ..... ...." .. "SUfiLTAIIT BEETEEI ANEAS TEnCIgC8 EII{E FOR

COITITA8 DESIOU OOEFEI0IEUE$ ........'o """"'gn rtaBIEr BArnEEt{ IREAS rsnsuog 8r!lB FonEYPE COEFHICIEHES ....o... o........ f. t t ' o'o" 'AVERAOF SOEFFICIETIS OF gII.{ILABITY UITEIN1IRIBAL AREAII ..... I...o.. I.......... ' ' tt'o' '' '

Pago

fable

1.

2,

3.

b.

5,

6.

39

t+5

5a

51

52

53

v

P[gura

l.

I,Igt oF lLr,usrsr!fltoHs

Fa6r

Outllne nap of ilor Tork Statc ahorlng losetlsnaof altcc anrlyacd . r....... . o.... . r.. . ..... . .... 1 0

ECOOfdlng thCOt ....... o o. f ..... r... o..... tr. r... 30

Derlvatloa ef Onondage, Ouclda, and !{ohrwk .. o. . 5l+

2.

3.

vl

LISE OF IPPETDIESS

Pegc

I. 8gE SIS&I .....o.....o............e ......o. 92

II. |[gE gAUPtE o. ..... ..... . ....... . .. . ..... ... 1 08

III. ItrFONMJulIOil BgCIOBDED ITCLUDITc CM${ICA!8nItsEEBg !o . | . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I 1 6

IV. BEO8OUPED Af1IBIBIIIS LISE ...... . . . ..... .. . . | 26

V. A|!8BItsItfE AIISOCIdIIO$ .............e.....o. 130

TI . gOlt0OE[EIff ....f ..........t..i.,t......... .. 1$VII. S$fILARItf ................................ 1l$O

vl1

T}iAFTER I

TI{E FRCBLII'I

Fosrgiiss, gqi!.?,!see€-gj*i!*l:gss: q

The::e is g*oC Coc;r.l,isnf;sli']' er"'ii."*nee that the Lea.Srie of

the l:"oc1urois, conpas*tj of the Senee a, Ca1"';ga, OncRrlaga, Onei-c:e"u

and l4oha.r^.,h t:'ii:,es, was in existence in the l-atter par{: of the

17tY^ cent';r.y, 'Ihe appro:ri ua.1:e dat* of tiie fc'-inciing of the

Lea-gr:e !s, hotr"te."'er, a matter of Ci-spirte. This is a question

of rnore tlian antiqu.arian interest, for' it is direetl-1' rel-ateO

to questi-ons af eul.tural process, During 'i;he i 6th and i ?th

centuries, Ea-stern North A'rlerie a was discovered and. then

sclonizect b-v EuroS,.eans " European di-scove:'y, trade, and f i na13 ;settlerrrent greatly af fected tho abor"iginal popul-ation " Wa.s

the Eii:'olean "ii'esence inpo:rtant in the forrna"ti,on cf the

Iroq'.i,ris Ccnfede:"ac;,'oi? shouli hie ioclq to the atror'5-83-na1 sit:

uation for the League forrr:ation? It the a.pprox j n-ra1;e date of

the f,ounding of the Leagle bJsls* knoi".inr w€ roroirld be in a better-

position to assess the fa.e tcrs causir:g slie h a change.

in 18$t Leu'is ilenr';.' iio::gan wrote r:f the Lea"gue:

In rela.t j on to th* perio,S- of j-ts or3 gin,there are scii:e circiu:stenoes oortnecteC withth*ir F.ti.* irorluroisJ first intercoilrse withEi:.ropeans, tending to shovi that ii hact sl.:.b*sisted, abor-lt a eentiir;r at the era of Duteirdiscovery; on the other he.nd, thei-r principal-uraditicns indieate a -Jericri far' ffore reniDlie(1851 :?-8 ).

lulorgan therefor.e sabi ihe Leag:-le a$ *. pr*hiptoric pnencirienon.

jviany laier wi'iters acceptod thls as a fact' Paul Wa]lace

sta.rts a short trook on the Troquois Leagr-ie as foJ-l-oi^rs:

2

This is the story of the founC.ing at Oncn*d"aga (Syr.acr;s€: N .Y, ) some time about themiccli-e of the 15th centilry of the UnitedNations cf the lroq';ois . , . (1 9L6 :3 ) .

Snyderman d-ismisses out of hand any nai:j-on that the Leagr"le

was forrned other than in pr-ehistcrie tir*es.

Lippert states that Confederacies inNorth America were the result of i+hitepres sure , fhis theory needs no eorcr:entsince it ela.shes with the genenallyaccepted chronology which places theLeaglie, in timer trFior to white contact{1 9l+B 226} .

Genera.ll;r those who vieu' the Leagu.e as prehistoric do

so on the basis cf onal tradition. The five tribes aecept

the Deganar,qj=dah nessage of peace and stop internecine lvarfare.

RecentLy, Peter Pratt suggested that ther"e might be archaeol-

ogical evidence for the early for.rr:ation of the Leag'-:e" 0n

the basis of cerali:ic evidence fro'rii the Oneida area Pratt

suggests:

Since this pericd reflects the beginningsof r.ridespread trade and intert:riba1 contaetas clearly testified by the ceramic evideneenit suggests that the fonmulation of theLeague of the lroquois toolt plaee duringlate prehistoric tirnes {1966:?31 } .

However, if tr:aoe and intertribal contact are what is r"eftrested

ceramicall-y, this does not necessi-tate the existence of a

League ai this tirne "

Probabl;r the nost cornrnon vier,'r is that the L*a-gr-re ldas

formed d"uring the l-ast half of the 16th centu.ry, Ssrne ofthese views are based- on an or.al tradition that tto o,the League

bras forinded a length of a manf s life before the Europeans

came to trade in the co*ntryt' (Tooker 196Ly:3-l|), Honever

3

thj.s trad,ition was ysgeyql.ed. quite late and its reli-ah!1 i-t1l

may be que$tioned" ldobl-e gi'r;es the following rsascn fo:r his

rJier"r that the League was forned around- 15?0'

Ti:r+ Leaglle cor-il-d not ha.rre been f,or"med untj-l-theOnonriaga-Oneidarni-g::ated-frornnortl:ofthe St" Lawrence Ri'rer" to the Finger La!:'esregi-on of present Neri Yo:"lr State" ThisloCal inorienient oceurred soruetirne after Car'-tierts second visit to Hochelaga in 15)t2,ancl prior" to Che"n:pl-aint s^1 qql explorationsup ti:e Otta-u'a Riv-er {196S:68 } "

Noble el.iaentl)r assu$es that the inhabitants of I{ochelaga

were Qnondaga-0nei da. I{or+ever archaeological e'ridence does

not suppcrt an Onondaga*cneica migration frorn north of the

st, Lawpence River {Tr:ck 1969ai a.nd the eihrric identit-v of

the inhabitants of Hochetr-aga is a ir:atter of ctebate {Trigger

1?6?b). Toolrer has su6gested that the League irias fct':ried

during this pe::ioC as an indir ect response to the European

traci e.

The lnrlia"ns along the Atlantic eoast whowere tradi-ng 'rith Huropaans in the 16thcentr,lrli may have fov'rned a lrind of allj ancewith tLen anc1 eaused the more interiortri-bes, the lrc'qr:ois, to eonf ed-e:'ate togain superiorrty and thus take part inftrj s trbae 1t c.r6[:l*] .

Thj-s is an interesting idea, b'-it concrete suppont for it is

1acki.ng.

Fenton snggesteC a date at 157C for the founding of the

Leagr-re in an ear.Ly p'-rbJ-ication {191-10:199} but laten grew more

cautious When he suggesterl that the Leaglis was formed- around

r'1600 plu.s or rninus J0 year"s " {1961 *71 ) " Tooker states:

It is certain, hct;e'.rer, that the lroquoisLeague was establlshed b;r the earl;r part

Il

of tho 1?tn ecntunY 8,s ilel the EuroaLrague (19?0192).

If thla res the caacr thcn thc League of thc boguolr wes

forncd bcfore eontaot on e ncgular beslg was egtebllghcd bc-

tre on Eunopcaae and the ltroquolo.

llot evenyone gubgonlbeg ts thls view, howcvcr. Hunt

(191+0) fett tbat though the League nlght havc had lta orlgl.n

in renotc tlmea, lt dld not beeonc e polltlsal. eatlty uatll

the latter part of tho l?th oenturY.

It ooqld not, hotreverr have bccn reEpon-slble for tba gneet tuceoss€s sf tbcfroquola bofore 1660, fon la praotlealappltoatlen lt dld nst tbrn exlct (HuatI tho 168 ).

Sorv!.oe eohocs Euat nbea hc auggosta that thc ldeg of the

Lcaguc n16ht bo abo:rtglnal but:

...thc latsr full-ceaLc end loag tornaeoeptanoc of Lt and thc devclopnent oflta rethcr cLaboretl neehlnery wcrPeolcenly ooattngcnt upoa Duteb aad latenShgLlrh lqflucnoe and to thc atratoglopoaltlon of the Xnoguoll ln thc now klnd.cof wers (1 968:161 ).

DlFeugglon

llhono ia no solld cvldsnce fon the formatlon of the

League of ths Inoguola dunlag thc 16tb eentuny or: eerlior.Anound tho latten pant of tbe 16th ecntury the &rropoen

pnoronoc along thc Atlentlo hed en lndlneot cffoet on the

Iroquol.a. Stropsan tmde netcrlele arc found oa l!'oguoig

sl.tos ef the porlod end. ne dsubt fur beerlng rntnalg wcne

l.nereactagly btmted fer the fur tnade. Ho dottbt too, tbat

Surop.an dlseagcs had forrnd tbetr way to tbe Inoquoi.l by tblr

5

tlne. UBE thls lndlnect oontect e gqfflclent stlnulus fonthe effeetl.ve establLahnent ef the l,eaguo of thc lroquela or

ehould we look ts the penlod sf dl,rect eontaet of the lroquoie

ultb Eunopcano ea Sorvloo suggestr?

It rould tcem tbat Eunt,tc datc fon en effeetive onganlza-

tlsn of tbc Leaguc romctlme after 166O Ia toe Lete. llhe

Hunsn and Seqtral, who werc suppoeed to bave bcen confedcn-

eolcs slmLlerl to thc Inoquolr eonfcdenaoyr nerc defeated by

thc Inoquolr la the 16l1Oto end 1650ts. It rccnt unllkely that

tbe InoquoLs rsuLd have dcfcated tbcse eonfcdcraEleg rlthoutferming a confcderacy thenaeLves.

A pnellnLnary evaluatlon of thc evld.enco auggosta that

the League of the Inoquole was forned before 16h0, probably

enound 1600. A faln aneunt of tnade patonl.al le pncecnt on

Iroquols sl,tes of 1600 and nG eey aasumG that ho{uolr aoolety

wal undengolng naJon ebaagea. Yetr u8 bevc ns hlstorlc nccond

for tho Iroquolc of thls period.

&:nougb an enalygie sf Inoguele pottenyl I propoae to

dcnonstratc tbat tbe Leeguc of tbe Inoquola rae ferllcd at

tb!.r tlnc. Alr aesunptLon tbat wlll bo uade ln tbte etudy la

that romoll w.lrc thc pottcrr ereag tbo lroguota. lfherc 1g no

blctorLo doouncntetLon that I tsnor of for fcnrle manufaetur€

of pottcny ansng tho lroguols, bnt $agard notcd that n@ucn

rrtnc thc pottcrr arcng tbe culturally clnllar Hunon end,

thls pattera wes appanently a typleal orror

I{lth the foruatien of a eonfedoracy fron flve prevlourly

autonoaoue and probabLy hostllo trlbeg, ono wsuld cxpcct thet

ronen nould tnaveL Eore fncely betroen trtbal araas than before

5

thc fernetlsn of the L,caguc. Thlg novonoat nlght be rclated.

to trade end subslstenee, nanriagc, er

Unlfied aetl.on on tbe pert of the Rlve

neetingr, aad !{ongen notod, that lf alr

froatcd tho eounolL:

paa-trlbal ncetlnga.

Setloae seuld rcqul.ne

lnportant rubJeot eoa-

$eebens, ohtefr, and renrlera, ronea and,ovetl oblldrcn d.cccnted. thel.r buntlnggrounds and $@odland aeoluslona, andtelrlng the tralI, lltcnally floetsod totbe plece of ostmell (1851 :11O).

Ebts lnorcased. eomnunl.eatLon duc to tbc fsrnatLon of the

Lcaguc esuld, bo rcfLeoted ln tho ecnamlc atylee of tbc Flve

latlon &p6ao Speeifleally, oao woul.d expcot tbc pottery bc-

tneen gltec la diffcront areas to lnorease ia ainll,erlty.l1ro, wtth the latroduotion of ncw ecneslo dcalgaa ead. netbod.g

of pottery naaufaeturo lnte an aree beeause of tblo lnereaged

coroualeatlon, one rlou1d oxpcot a dcercaao Ln eenemlo bsno-

geneity wlthln aitcs. Elnally, nltb thc fornatlea of the

Loague, loeal petnillnsego! rould bavo l.aorcesed fuuotl,eaa

and lrpertauso reletlag to thc funettsnlag of thc l,caguc.

l$rc arrumptLon 1r tbet thls ineneeqed oerpenetenrca nLLl be

rofLcotect by Lnereased. eseocletLea of eoranlc attrlbutegritbln aLteg.

Fottory fron st tes ln the E[vo tration lroquolo erce wlllbe analyzed, er uelI aa pottcry firon aitcg ln the tlagaraFnontlcre trr aroe adJacent te thc arca of thc hlaterle develop-

nent of thc tcaguc. $lteg ln thc Hlagana Ersntlcr have bcen

ldenttfl.ed ae &le by Dr, !{arlan l{hltc and thcy w111 lervG

as e ooatnol. It la belleved. that tho &le alco fonmod a

7

confederacy, and if this is so one might expect the patter"n

of ceramic attribute association and ceramic homogeneity for

Erle sites to change through time in a manner sinrilar to that

of Five Nation lroqu"ois ceramics. However coefficients of

similarity betrreen Hrie sites and sites of the Five Nation

Iroquois tribes should lrot increase, whereas eoefficients of

similarity between sites of different tribes within the Five

Nation Troquois area should increase " If Niagara Ft"ontier

sites d"o not show a diffenent pattern of similarity, some-

thing other" tl:an the Leagr.:e of the lroquois is being refleeted

ceramicallY.

OSAP':TEN IISPASIIL DISTNIBSTIOS A$D gffiTIg IDEXTIEY

tlI of tbr rltes anelyzed lu tblr atudy ll.c rltbln lten

Xork Stete. Ereept for the Cllfton Sprlnga aitc, thc sltes

analyzcd anc geographterlly eluatoned. AlL af tbese gltc

elurtons are ln alrcaa sbleb a.no hlctorloaLly aesool.eted ultb

kaonn Iroquole trlbes exoept for thc clugten la tbe t{lrgara

Srontlcr. El,gtarlc evldenee suggcato that tbeee Letten gitos

roprosent a brancb of tbe &le (Hhlte 19?O).

l[evlag fron weet te east are3 &le gltes soutb of Euffalot

Scaeea glteg south of Roehectcr, Cayuga altea ereund, Cayuga

Lake, Onoadage citos soutb of Syraeuler Onolda altes gouth of

Oneida, [,Y.r snd Mohawk gltra betrcea St.Johnsvllls end

lnetcrdan. Pfgune 1 t s e BaP of tbe sltoa oborlng tbclr loe-

atlon. |lhe anrnbors oa the nap oorrcsp@nd to the f,ollorlag

rl. tce.

SLesarn Fnontler (ele )

1. Buffuu

2. O,oodyea:l

3. Slunona

4. 0reen Leke

Seacca

5. Berobcr

6. RlEbnond Hllla7. Adens

8. Glncnon

I

9

9. Duteh Hol1ow

10. Factory Hollow

11. Cor"nish

12. Warren

13. Power.house

Cayugq

1l+. Glifton Springs

15. Genoa For"t

Onondaga

1 6. Cemebery

17, Barnes

1 B. ?empe:.anee House

19" Atwell Fort

2A. Chase

0neida

21 .

22.

23.

2+.

25.

Mohawk

Buyea

Diable

Bach

Wayland-Srnith

Thurston

26. Srnith

27. Wagners Holloror

28. Cromwell

29 ' Barker'

30. Martin

1S

ru

Ex s*-

J

f\^c( ttr

". 1."-3 c s-.*a

s-,_-

h11

r'{3odl

w+lrd .d+3 c)rljbi

it>Ai r-tF.r cS.o r:>l aJ

0l orZ .{r

.r'1Q-.r s)o

C4ArOEm

9iooSi .r'l.ri +:r{ CrJ+) c)t50Or{

o.r,l&

.+:glO

o

Ff

a

trOtA

F,jd/rlF]

11

llhe av€nego dletenqe betscen tnE oontcmporanoous vlllageeLn e alte appaalpg to be around 6 pl,Iee. uhen a vtllegc icnoved, tt appoarr te be reegtabllshod tro er tbnec nllcg fronthe fenncr locatlon.

lfhc appnoxLnate dlctanee betnecn theco clustEng of s!.tea

tc ea follswrIErlc - $caeoa

$eneea - Cayuga

eayugr - Onondaga

18 nltoa

56 'l

l+o rf

0nondaga - Onelda 16 It

0neld,a - ![ehauk 5A tt

0n thc eyorago thcn, clustens of sltos anc anound. h5 ntlcEfron cach other, thc exoeptlon belng thc olose dirtanec bs-twecn the Onondaga and onelda. lrho wldc cpaelng betseea

oluatcns may have been dl,etatcd by the requlnlmentc of ganc

(ogpoelally dceir). centalnry anple a6nlouLturaL Land was

avallabls.

Flost clteg ane Ln rolliag or stlghtly bll}y countny butncar fret Lend (Lake &1o and, Ontanio plrlng, Flohawk Rtverbotton lend). [tlc dlctrlbutl.on eou].d bo due to: 1] e dcclrcto bc near bstb good farralng r.and and dcfcnslble tenala,and/on 2 ) tho edvantege of, bclng ablc to neadl.Ly expl.olt two

cnvlnonnsntel z@BeBr

The llennoe arc boLleved to havo llved comerberc bctreeatbc srle end thc seneea. ltte Jceult RcLatlong stete that in1638 thc ueanoo $ero fonced. out of the arca by tbeln enonl.es

12

and thai: the; fio';e11, to Lr,'":::r::i-a. 3:'. i{arian i^,lni:-te has e-.<carlated

sites in 0r,1eane an^ri Genesse Coun*i*s which are probably J-ate

p::ehisio-:1p irlenr:c*. Tnou.gt: tra.*es lf t:'ad,e ::i:a.tei.ial he..,.ie ir*ert

tlepor"tei. fron one of tirese sitr=s r ee site that r*or-ilC p*rtain

tc the 157C.151i) i:er.iad has been found.

In crde:: to coiap--l-ete the pici;ure of late prehi-sior"ic anc

eariy histc:.ic cccupaii,,:n in lile-* T<l::x- I sne:l-rr r-nenticn iha"t

archaeol,:gi.ca-l evilence si..ggests clr:ster-o of iate pr.chisto:"1c

si l,es prl leneni: to the are& sNLldi-e d forir;hicli t'i:iere is no

hi str:::re evidenc,*. fhere h;irs a prei:-'i-s jii:ri-c poi;i.i-i ation in

nor-thei.n i$ew Yc:k ai;i;r"l:r:1;':lateI-;: ,b',a i'-'i -l-es nc:th of the Onon':aqa

and 0neiC.a- at:eas. ?het'* .!1ra.s al-sc a p::e::1 storio popu-!_ation i-n

so'i:l,l:r'reste:.n Neir Ycrlr abo,.:t 55 niles scu.thi-,r*s'b cf the rt:i*

sites i-n i:1:e lTj sga.:.a I':',rntr-or:. {Gr,:i:ne 1?58n ). It i s not :inci*n

what beca.le cf tbe,.e ;,rpi.i-Laticns fo:: tney ciC not pe:"sist i-ntr

the histo::ic peri na. Aiso, ihere is soine Si:squehanno*k ;:o'b-

te:';l in a-sscciaiion .*ith e a:"1;' ELr:r-.oi-)ean tr"aCe r*ater. j-al- frol:

burials on the Engiebert site neai" N5-*h,:1s, llew Yo:"li:. T:rj-s

site is apirrcxi-rnaiei;i !0 rni,l-es s,euth of the Ca.yuga ares.. ?l::e

extent and tine ;lepth cf this '::cupal,ion is unllncr.^".no

It '"*ouJ-l aa*pear thet the si te c.l-r.isters do not *ave gr.eat

Lj-ine de;;ti:. As one ilioves furthe:ir back in tj":no frolri the late

lrenisto:ic, ther-e j-s less cl-i:ste:.i ng of sites and a incre eTen

dis-tyii:,;ti-on lf popul-ai, j-an oa/€11 the land. Ritchie says:

Trlbal- difjierentiation corrosprnding tolri sto::icatr-l-y rlecognized eniit j es see:tg1a:"'2*?";i to ha:;e been L Tery late p:,.ehis-to:.ic che n*::r:enon i,n o';i" area {19,65:2??*3ri0 i,

13

Tuck has suggested" that through time there is a trend of

fusion of population!

n,.the branching model often pnoposed toaecount fon tribal dlvisions seems betterabandoned (at least in the ease of, the0nondaga ) in favor of a model- of villageconsolidation or fusion (1 969b r52).

More infor"mation is neededo howevenr oil the location of late

pnehistonlc lroquois sites.

Because of the definite clustening of village sites

d.uring the period with which I am concerned, thene is little

problem in labeling a site as $eneea, Oneida, ete. There are

three sites, however, for which the question of ethnic identity

arises: Belcher, Richmond Mil1s, and Clifton Spnings. The

problem is whether to ccnsider these Seneca or Cayuga sj-tes.

The Belcher and Richrnond Mills sites will be considered

together because they are spatially elose and have a high

Brainerd" Robinson coefficient of similarity, both for attributes

and types. No European materials have ever been found on them.

The evidence for considering Richmond Mills and Belcher to be

Cayuga is stylistic. On this basis MacNeish eonsidered them

to be Cayuga sites and he included then in his seriatj-on of

sites in the Cayuga area. Unfortunately, Cayuga anchaeology

is in a confused state and collections of materlal are seanty

or non-existent. The only site in the ar€a historically

ascribed to the Cayuga fnom which I was able to secure material

is the Genoa Fort site dating around 1 600. There are certain

nesemblances between Richmond MilLs, Belcher, and Genoa Fort

potteny. All three sites have some vessetrs with extremely

14

high collars (which is atypical for later Seneca sites ).

Bnainerd Robinson coefficients were examined in onder to

deterrnine what sites Belcher and Richmond Mi]Is l^Iere most

sirnilar to. The followJ-ng sites were considered.

1. Richrnond Mills and Belcher vs. Genoa Fort (Cayuga e. 1600)

2. rr rr tr tt vs. Factony Hollow, Dutch Hollow,

and Cornish, Seneca sites c. 1 600

3. Richmond Mills and Beleher vs, Adants and Cameron (seneca

sites c. 1550-1580.

The results indicated that while Belcher and Richmond Mil1s

are similar to Genoa Fort, these sites also share high coef-

ficients of sirnilarity with ear"ly and late Seneca sites as

we1I, so that on the basis of ceramic similarities the results

are ambiguous.

The evidenee for considering Richnond Mills and Belcher

to be Seneea is prirnarily geographical. They are situated

immediately south of known Seneca sites and may be cansidered

part of the cluster of sites in the Seneca area. Fur"thermoret

the pattern of Seneca village novement befo:re 1550 is not

known. Belchor and Richmond Mills are not far from early

Seneca sites and could easily be part of this earlier village

movement, wheneas they are $$ miles away (as the erow flies)

from Genoa Fort" Therefore on the basis of geographicaL

evidence I shall consider Belcher and Richmond Mills to be

late prehistoric Seneca sites.

The Clifton Springs site is a.pproximately 2[ miles fron

the Seneca area and 35 miles from Genoa Fort in the Cayuga

15

area. The size of the site t2 acres), the fact that it was

palisaded, and. that rich middons have been reported suggest

that it was a smal] village rather than a temporary camp of

either seneca or oayuga. styl1stiea11y the pottery is l-ike

Iroquois pottery from the lai:e pnehistcrlcr/eariy historic

period.. No itens of European fl]anufacture have tleen r"eported'

from the Clifton SPrings site 'I{arrison Fo}1ett, a J-ong time student of Cayuga archae-

o1ogy, consicered the Clifton $p:"ings site and- other prehist-

oric sites scatterecl about the gene:ral area to be Cayuga"

During late prehistoric times sites in the Cayuga vieinity

may not have been as geographically clustered as they 1l{ere

in later times " For sorne attribute cl-asses ' coef f icients of

similarity between cliftorr springs and the early seneca sites

ofAd"amsandcamer"Onarehigherthanthecoefficientsbettleen

Clifton Spri.ngs and Genoa Fo:rt. Thi s could be due to the f aet

that clifton springs is eloser in tinie ta these seneca sites.

It may also be that the olif'ton springs popu3-ation le"ten moved

to the Seneca ares, joining the population represented- by

either Belclrer and Riehmond. I1ills to fonrn the evidently greaten

popula.tion of later seneca sites. However, in this study 1

shall considen the clifton springs site to be cayuga. Any

incLication of a ternpoz'a} trend in homogeneity betue en Clifton

springs and- Genoa Fort will be consider"ed with their geographic

separation j-n mind..

In considering sirnj-larity betvieen different areas, it is

16

hoped that the east-west sepanation of Clifton Springsr fln

early site, fnom Genoa Fort, a Later site, will not introduce

factors of geographie stylistic variation into the study oftemporal change. Fortunately, the Cayuga area j"s eentrallylocated between the other areas studied. while Cliftsn springs

is closer to sites in the Niagara F1.ontier and Seneea area,

Genoa Font is closer to sites in the Onondaga and Oneida area.

In a study of temporal change between areas, the fact that tlre

cayuga area is in the middle of the east-west distribution oftribes may in part be seen as cancelling out variation result-ing frorn the east-west separation of clifton sp::ings and Genoa

Fort" No sites contemporary with clifton springs are analyzed

fnom the Mohawk area.

CIIAP?EN IIIrffi TEMPORAL DIMEI{SIO$

Ia thlr ccotion I ahaLL dlgeurs thc tcnponal pleeoncnt

of the sLtog uscd !n tblg anr}yala. A aunbon of n.t.arohons

havc uonkod oa thla pnoblcn and tbofu efforts havc eoncldcr-

ably €ased the bunden of tbla atudy. lilaorelsbt a 1952

serlatl.on of fu:oquols potteny provlded e SeBeraI franenork

rrhleb ncsEanshens ln loeaJ. arcet bavo reflaad. llhcge loeal

gtudlos havc used a nunber of ladepeadcnt }lnec of cvldcnoc

to eglve at thc nc}atlvo orderlag of gttos. lfbe recults ef

thegc 1oeel studlcs form tha backbens of Ghe ohnonology to bo

E!6d.

Befone dlrcucgtng the cltcgr senc assumPtleae pocullar

to drtlng Iroquolg rltcg abould bo aade erpllolt. lbe fbst

assumptlon lt that evo!.y etgbt to tweaty Jroar! tbo rnoquslr

rbrndonrd tbein vlllage and Povcd to e ncr vlllrgc tns or

tbnec nllca aray. lfhs Jocults obcerved thls pattern la Suronla

and neeond,ed, tbat lt rec duE to sol.I erbauatlos ead Eesrgity

of fLrowood !n tbe vlelntty of tbo v!'}lage (Tesker 1960:10)'

Abbi Belnont, nho ecoompealed Denonvllle tbnough Soguole ln

1687 neted ths sano pattcrn aad, he suggelted that the lergcr

vllla6ea noved norc fnequcntly. Ia the uatton of v111a8G slze

!t rsuld scen that thc lroquoll Bere faced rlth coaflletlng

altcrnatlves. 0n the one band,, the Lergcf tbe vlllegc, tbc

gafcn tbc v111e8€rs $ore fnom attaoE. 0n thc otbcr bandt

tbe langer tha v11Lage, tho gneetcn rrs thc nccd fon

17

.rA

f ipcr,':nri and nearl-r;; ag:'i c:1 t a_ra.1. l_and, ihe r=sby f cre:r:.g the

larger i''ll-l age to riovi r;or'€ frequ:nt)-y.

I ;ricntian this -hecause differerrti al i-ength cl occu"pat:i-on

of settl-*:r:ents cou-1-C ariC & di,r:ensicn of rrar"iatlon to the

""pli.'giS Cf 6.p-o''in qt.:-lo- Ctle r^iOt:iCl e)'itcct, (pt,1 ntl;'ll"(/<-Iv\,\, v \ (i3

f aetors eq';a1 i that tl:e l-onger t'he oceriiiation, tLrr: greete rthc as1'n,lj.c varla'niil t; and tL':. g:.eater tne s j r,rilar'5 t;. ro

sites of differeni: tlrne 1;ericds. In this stud-y, hciorever, Isha"ll- treat al-'l sites as if the;r were oecr;pied for. a.pp:'o;ri -.

lln,tel;: tre sare j-engtl cf r:.i-,:.e.

"A.rchaeo1oqi-cal i^rork in N*r+ Ycrk has defionstrated tnat

village rco"rei:;ent tcnes tc I:e tr,tc or tl:ree nj-J es ilr,hlte 197C:

1lf ). lIe ruaji i.ria.gin.r that this close p:'o,xi:1t.' nac: thc :jo',re

easj-e::, especially in terrrrs of pro?:able aCvanee preparations

such as clea-r'ing lanc1 anci" b*ilding a palisaie. Tne::e ai'e sit-

uations, such as a 1inea1 oisty.ii-.':tj,cn of sitesr wlien this kno'.,on

patter"n r:f vi-Li ege rr:lcr"?eriientt cfin be takern into conginer"a.tion es

an aol'-rnct in inle:'z'ing thr'' c?:::oncl-ngi ca-1- orrler"!ng o j" sirtes "

Anathq:' a.sr:u.i::;:tion is thai che,. ilate of 1!$CA "D. rnelr ho

taken e.i: the tiiae whec Eurrpean t::acie ne"ter"j-als f j rst ap;reaz"

in l,ler* York lr.:tluois sit*s {Wray anrl. Sci:cf f 1 95] ), rdhit* 1 :161 ,

?ratt 1c,r61 ). Ti:is assumptian sserns reasc,nable. Johri Cabol:

reached Gape Breton Islend in 149? ar:d :"epcrted great shoa-"1-s

of codfish. Thj'-s sor,nlce ws"s tappei ver:lr eari;i by lluropean

f isher.::en, B;l 1505 Pnr"t;gtrese harbor.s b*gan to irnpcse a tax

on codfish b*cause of fhe grea-t quantit;; being brought b,ack

f:ron the Graricl Beaiis of ltlerofc,lrncland {Steuar.d 19?L::2 } . No

19

doubt thcgc ea:rLy flgheruon ncnt achone rnd bertened wttb

thc natlvesr for rhon 0entlcr arrlvcd et the Sulf of 8t.Larrcaoo la 15311 hc reg groetcd by natlvec ceger to trade

func. Frey and Sehoff euggeet of tho Inoquola:

E'he atyle of naarlng ca:nlnger often on3.yono oar belag d,eeenatedr nXght atcp firoatbe sanc otyLc populan enong the Baaguotrboge boats were eanly aLoag tbe Atlanttegeaboard (1953:5o).

It ls gcaenaLLy assumcd tbet the flrgt European trade

naterLalg Go ncaeh tbe area und,or etudy wero tradcd lnland

fron Gbe eoagt sbone natlvee rould bave gotton then from

these eanly explortng and flohing boats. A llke1y route of

trade would heve been derrtr the St. Lawrenco. Xrhe route then

nay have bcen a northcrn one to the Euron @r freutral and,

theaoe to llew Yonk fnou the wegtr oll trade netcnlel eou1d,

havc cntcred, the Inoguols arc& firom tbc nortbcart. llhis

early natorLal probably follorccl both noutes. Therefono

tnade natertaL osuld havc ncaohcd both tbe eaatern aad, rest-ora eroag of thlg otudy at ebout the ceme tlmc, thougb eno

nlgbt crpcot lega trede natsrtel ln tbe reatcnn 8ro8o I'bo

Hudson Blvcn, llke tbc 8t. tawrenoo Blverr EeY hava bcen en

early route fsr tnadc materlaL. 'lhere w€rc explonere et thc

noutb of tbe Hudeon bcfore EudgontE Y@yago ln 1609 gucb as!

...Terrnazenor an Itallan navlgaton, cupleyedby Klag FnaneLg I sf Sranecr rbs ln lprll152\ entered ncs York Bay. Oonez, e Spanlebnrvlgeton, eleo not!.eed and mad.e reoord ofthe Eudsoa River La 1525 (Steuent 197A117).

Jeen Allcfoaeee, rbo vl.sLted. tbe noutb of thc Eudson La 15W

nrote thrt Ersnebaea bad bartcred ultb Indlans far up thet

20

river (Stewart 1970:1 7 ).In chnonologically ondering koquois sites, i-nvestiga-

tors have given great weight to relative amounts of trade

material pnesent. It is assumed. that contemporaneous

villages in a given area should have the same amount and.

kinds of Eunopean trade materi-als. Laten sites in the area

should have more tnade material. This fonmula should not be

applied blindIy, howeven, fon all collections ane not equiv-

alent. A collecton searcbing fon projectile points is liableto ignore scrap metal or ni-ss smal1 tnade beads, wheneas

careful scneening and excavatj-on would reoover these. Furthen-

more, burials probably contain more trade material than

middens on any slte. fhus, thene may be relatively mone

tnade matenial from the bunials of a.sd.te than from the nefuse

of a slightly laten site in the same area.

In the following dlscussion the chronological plaoenent

of the sltes analyzed will be discussed. For purposes ofanalysis, all sites will be placed in one of foun time

periods:

t1 = pne 1550

iz = 1550 15go

t3=1590-1615+ = 1615 - 161+0I/h -

Sites dosignated t1 have no Eunopean trade materlals and rnay

be consid.ered pne-contact. The tZ sites show some evidence

of European matenials. The t3 sites have a significant amount

of European material on them, somotimes up to a quar"ten of the

21

total mater"iar necovered from a site. sites designated tLhave a great deal of Eunopean material includ"ing somo which

is attributable to the early 17trr centuny. After about 1650

aboriginal pottery is almost totally neplaced" by coppen

kettles.Ni$ana Fbgrytlel

Dr. Marian ldhlte of the state university of New york at

Buffalo ls currently the pnincipal anchaeological investigatonin the Niagana Frontien. Some arahaeological collections aro

in pnivate hands and r was unable to obtaj-n a sampre fr-om a

tr. site in this area bocause of the uncooperativeness of oneltof these collectons.

D?' white feels that in late prehistoric and eanly his-tonic times there were two villages which were occupi-ed

simultanoousry in the Niagara Fbontien. These two vilragesane neflected ar"chaeologieally by two parallel series of sltesnunning i-n a nonth - south direstion. The most necent sitesare located to the south, the older sites to the no:rth. phere

is not sufficient evidenee at present to state whethen or not

these two eontemporaneous villages changedl.thein loeation atthe same time. The ooodyear and si-mmons sites forn par.t ofan eastern series of sites while Buffum and Green Lake for"m

part of a western series.

Buffum, Goodyear, and Gr"een Lake wene ordened f::om earlyto late re$pectively along with a number of other sites (White

1 961 ). TLlis ondening was d.one on the basis of seriation ofselected attributes and attnibutd conbinations fon vessels,pipes, and pnojeetile points. similarity of these sites to

22

sites in the Seneea sequence whj-ch was alneady worked out

was considered, as was the amount of trado matenial on the

Niagara Fronti-er sites.The Goodyear site was probably oceupiedsometime duning the interval 1550-1600A.D" and. the Green Lake site during 1575'1625 A.D. (Wfrite 1961 t123).

The Simmons site was, not included in this 1961 analysis but

is felt by White to be the site occupi-ed aften Goodyear

t1967 b;S5 ).0n this basis I shall considen Green Lake to be a t3

site and Goodyea.r to be u tZ site. Since Slmmons fof lows

Goodyear, it will be eonsj.dered a t3 site. No European

trade materials have ever been found on the Buffum Stneet

Site or on the Eaton Site (not used in .this analysis ) which

supposedly follows Buffum. 0n this baslsr Buffum will be

desienated. tn .I

+"h

t5

t2

t1

To summarize:

aaaaoaaata

Green Lake

aataarataa

Buffum St.

taoaaaaala

Sirnmons

Goodyear

Seneca

The locatj-on of a gneat number of Seneca sites is known

and the temponal nelatj"onships of many of these sites has

been established on the basis of tnade material. Charles

Wray, personnel from the Roclresten Museum and Scj-ence Center"

and others have been actively engaged in Seneca anchaeology

so that at the pnesent time more is knorsn about the archaeol-

- r- :--*il-r-l

23

ogy of the seneca than about any other gnoup studied in thisanalysis.

rn the seneea area there are a series of sites whlch

wnay feels represent two contemponaneous villages which

shifted. thein locatlon every 10 - ao years (though not nec-essarily at the same tirne). Consid.ering only the sites thatr am using, one series of vi]Iage movoments consists of Adams,

camenon, Dutch Hollow, and powerhouse. Factory Horlow and

wanr"en ane part of the seeond senies of movements. Around

1590, a smal] site appears near each lar"ge site. The arch-aeological evidenee indieates that this pattern eontinuesthrough time, and in 1 6TZ wentworth Gneenhalgh observed thissame four virrage pattern as did Denonvi]le in 1 5Bz who

observed:

...the two largen being distant lf leagues/ften rniles/ and the otfiers, Z /tive mftes/from tho larger villages (Stewant 19TOr5g).

One of these smaller villages is nepfesented by the cornisilsiteo believed to be contemporaneous with Factony Hollow and

Dutch Hollow. connish is two miles from Factony Hollow.Excavations by the Rochester Museum ind.icate that this is a

village with a palisade, middens, and so fan one }onghouse

has been uncovered (Hayes 1965, 1966, 196Ta, n.d., ) "0n the basis of seriation of a nurnber of artifaet

classos and tnaits including many different kinds of European

trade materiale wnay and sehsff (1953) present the folrowingdate s :

Powerhouse 1 630*1 65CI

2\

1615-1630

Dutoh trollow 159A-1615

Faotony Eollor 1590-1615

7190-1615

1575-159o

ldans 1r5a4575

Btlohcr ead Btebnsnd illlls, altcc rboac ltrolualon ln thc

gcneoa scquane. has bccn dl.aeuascd, hevc ao trade netcrlal.

Ehcy s111 bc ooalld.crod prc 1550 A.D. lfe otrmanLsrl

Tanren

Cora!ch

Cancnoa

Porcnbouacttlt3 Dutob Eollov

Warron

Faete:ry Eollor snd Csralrb

CanenonAdsns

tselober and 8lebrend Utlls

9eYuea

Cayuga ancbaeolog:t proseats an lnconplete picture.

Sboug[ tbr losatlon of a numben of eanly htstorlo Ceyuga

elter ars knownl oolleatloas firon tbqce sltec have becn loat.It la fer th!.g r6as@rr tbat I nar able to nceEncl pottony firon

enly tro sltce: eltfton Spninga end Oeaoa Font. Ilafortunatcly

tbe asalgnneat of a Cayuga labol to tbo ellfton $pnlnga glto

la qucatlonrble rnd thcne aro queetlone rogardlng tbe rolleb-lltty of tbc Oeaoe Fort aanplc. |['heee llultetlons of tho

Cayuge dsta nhculd be kept la nlnd vben csngldcnlng tbe

rrgults ef thc enalysl.a.

Hannlssn Follstt (195hb) dated thc Cltfton Sprlaga alta

at 1555 and Oonoe Fort at 1600. ilo Europcan trade naterlal

t2

tt

25

has beon found on Cllf,ton $pnlngo and lt ulll be eonsldered

a tl glto. Uhen oocfflelcntg of clnllanlty aro oonsldened

(ualng ettnlbutes) Genoa tbrt appcass noct alnllen to tbc

Scnose alte of Duteb Eollorr . t3 alto. l[odereto anotmts of

tnrdc uctcrlAl havc bron fowrd oa Glenoa Fort and tt r11I bo

consldcred a t. alte.)

Onsadasa

Eoocatly Jrnaa fuok croevatcd and deaorLbod r aqnbcn of

Qnondega sltog Ln ocnacatten wlth hlc dootoral nescareh at

Syracucc llnlvcrclty (1969e). t&lLc tbtc has gncatly olariftodtbe arobaeologl,eal plcturc La tbe Onondaga arcsr orpcelally

f,or tbe llltb and l5tb oentunlcsr rcrc wonk nccdc to bc d,one

on eerly blatorlc 0nonda6e sltcg. CoLlcctlons fron those

sltee ero Boagre end fnagUcntsd, rad I nas unable to obtd.n

en ed,equats ranpb fron anlr Poaslbl'e t4 Onendage sito.Steak frek thrt tbcnc u6ttc tro oentcnporan.oua vlltegcg

ia tbc Onondage etoa durlng latc pnoblrtortc and lerly blater-

le tlnoa, a pattcrn slnllar ts thc Hlagare hsatl'er. Rcpre-

rentlng the perlodLe notoncut of one of tbeac v!.llagca aro

tbe Bernee, llcnpcranoc Houcer and Cbaso gltog. Cemcteny and

Attrcll Fert rtre gltcs rcprosentlag pcrtodlc uoYaarntr of tbc

otbor vll,lagc.

to tradc natrnlal bar bccn found on Ccnctcry. lfhenc arc

tr.aeoa of tradc matenl.sL on Earaesr allgptly nere oa |[cnpor-

anoc Eousc aad AtrcLt Fol't. Cbaae her a falrl anount of tnedc

natcrlal, fusk auggeata tbc fellowtng detcs baaed on obangco

26

in ceramic styles and on the amount

Cemetery c .1$QO A.D., Barnes c .1$lo

and, Atwell Font shortly befor:o 1600

af ter 1 600 A.D . To surnmari ze :

of trade matenlals found:

A.D., Temperance House

A.D., and Chase shortly

a?alaoaeal

Atwell Font

faaaaataaa

Cemetery

t4

t3

tfaataalaa

ChaseTempenance

Bannes

aaaaatatta

tz

tt

Oneida

Peten Pnattts doctonal dissentation was based on descnip-

tion and soriatlon of 0neida sites. His work, plus that of

a number of d.odicated. amateuns, i-ncluding Theodone Whitney,

facilltated my analysls of Oneida sites.

Thene appears to have been but one village ln the Oneida

anea at any one time. The 0neida sites used. in this analysj.s

which represent the periodic movement of this vlllage are !

Buyea, Bachr Diab1e, Wayland-Srnith (also known as Cameron)

and Thunston. Dr. ?natt, upon considenation of trade mater-

ial and an estimatlon of the life spans of the villages

based on the amount of refuse, arnived at the following dates

for the sites (1961 ): Bach 15h0-1555, Diable 1555-1570,

Wayland Smith 15lO-t595, and Thurston 1625-1637. Pratt feels

that tho Buyea site dates around. 1500 A.D.

Theodore Whitney would date some of the above sites

later in time. Fon example, he feeLs that Buyea ls closer

b 155a A.D. than to 1500 A.D. In eithen case, Buyea wl}l be

considened to be a t1 site in this study, for no tnade

27

rnaterials bave been found on it, Whitney would plaee the

Bach site anound 1580, whickr seems to me congruent witLr the

trade materials found on the site. WLritney would place

Wayland Snithr anound 1600 A.D. Tkris wsuld make it. ta site

and the tnade matenial ls congruent with that found on othen

tr sites in this study. In diseussing the relation of Baeh)to Diable, Whitney says:

Diable has pnoduced more native sLrell beads,a temponally declining charaeteristic. Aclose appraisal of metal trade goods leavesno clear indieation of which was eanlier. Infact, thene is some suppont for a suggestionthat they may have had simultaneous occupation(1967 :B ).

The similanity of Bach and Diable suggests they sktould belong

to the.same time peniod, With their small amount of trade

material t.) seems appnopriate. To summarize:I

t4 TLrurston

t3 Wayland SmitLt

t2 Bach and. Diab1e

t1 Buyea

Mohawk

Though a fair" number of Mohalrk sites alae known, and a

fain amount of Mohawk matenial exists, a elear picture of the

relationship of Mohawk sites to each other between 1 !00 and

1 6[0 has not yet emerged, though progress is being made by the

State Museum in Albany, and investigatons such as Donald

Lenig, Jobrn $want, and Kingston Lannen.

In the western Mohawk are& Smith and Wagners Hollow

28

probably represent successive movements of the sane vil1age.rn the oaster.n Mohar*k area, the relationsLrip of cromwell,Barken, and Martin is less sure. The following assignment

of sites to temporal periods should be negarded as tentativeand subject to revisi-on when more information becomes avail-able.

tl. .....!.... MantinII

t? Wagners Hollow Cnomwell and Barker)tZ Smith .... r.....t1 . a a . . c . . . . . . a . a . . . . .

Though no t1 Mohawk sites r4rere analyzed, whalron (1968)

analyzed material from the Gar"oga site. rf Ganoga had. been

used in this studyn it would have been consldered. * t1 sj"te.

CHAPTIIR IV

PROCEDUNE

A tota] of 8r596 rim sherds representing 5 r29Q vessels

were ana15r2s6 fr"om the thirty sites used in this study. Both

ceramic attributes and traditional Iroquois pottery types

were recorded.

A number of investigators have used or advocateci the use

of ceramic attr"ibutes inclu"ding Rouse 1960, White 1961 , Deetz

1965, J"V. Wright 1967, and Whallon 1958. The major focus of

this study is on ceramic attributes rathen than cenami-c types.

The use of attributes allows a mor.e accurate representation

of, the particular vessel being reeonded than the use of types.

Furthermore, the use of attributes has greater potential forrecording pattenns of variation.

The developnent of the attribute list r^rhieh appears inAppendix IIl took plaee over a period of months. The record-

ing sheet used (see Figure 2J was designed to fit the partic-ular stnucture of the data and was found to be superi-or to the

standardized Fortran forms often used in this type of study.

One is less likely to recorcl informa"tion in the wrong column

and it is easy to key punoh fnon lt. there ig a shest fonevery vessel recorded. Any information about the vessel which

is not to be computeri-zed may be put on the bottom or back ofthe form.

I necorded the traditional pottery typ* because I was

cur"ious to see if similar patterns would be observed using

both types and attributes. A1so, it was my impnession that

2g

3o

*r,-) l\l\ r..ff\I

\rcl-l*

,\'-\t tqlsslu

tiluiU\ht;*n"QLJ \

nHil8\1QI IR.\\u l_.r*-rl-je'"llN

-\ilI[uH:Iir:*\ l-Jr

$.H;

,.Q.-st I

r- sLJ \97

\:ir*-

"il_l \

tllsLit

L[*l vilv

t l,[-l *S l-1"t: L-J $X.Q

-'-l*ii is[.*

t[i+LJn

\t-t n

il**

\5

'N

r)s!-]oU

N\j\

rlJa

It*c[

CJrY

FfT

\rr\ott

$r,rt InL-lL-J

nF+rt Irrl I

t-**tLJITl{l I

r*-1L_J

rit !-L_lLJ

Nqtr--]

$uo

hr--I".o*l f +\;t**t-\t lx

\{'){

$ *l*l x. R[l

$.,'*',I ti -lr'ruiLJ uUl$\,,i $f*l,r;*tH""!oLJ'l\')qI

\si.*t*;SLJh

Nh,----. tu-Lrq

a.\io\

lt;$Fhiilo

$$n-sl I

*i-j-,ff;L_J

\\(.')

ct'

-\i--l*tLJ

*$fJ-

fu-

t r--r^l--lrL-j

rti*r,? l--lQ.,Sl'".-{?! I

tn\ntl^I

is

Recondlng SheetFigune 2.

31

certain societies pnoduced pottery that lent itself to ceramic

typology while others did not, I wondered if potter"y fnom the

difforent t::ibes studied would be equally anenabLe to a typol-

ogical appr"oaeh.

A list of 66 types was used in recording pottery types.

This list was a synthesis of the work of a number of investi-

gators, i'.lacNeishts 195? study of lroquo!-s pottery and his

definition of lroquois pottery types forrned the backbone of

this list. Lenig, in 19650 nefined MaeNeishts earlier work

on Mohar"rk pottery types and these ehanges were incorporated

in the present study, Pen<lergast, working in the St. Lar"rence

area, has defined a number of types and "groupstt and sorne of

his categories biere incorporated intc the list. Finally'

Pratt has critically neviewed MacNeish I s types pointing out

that in some cases very minimal or confusing differences

exist betureen types (Pratt 196011966). Often, the range of

variation of types in two geographieal areas ovenlaps. In a

number of cases, Pratt?s criticisms were inconporated by com-

bining two of MacNeishrs bypes to fonm a single type. For

example, Wagoner Incised, a Mohawk type, and Syracuse Incisedt

an Onondaga type, were considened to be a single type, Wagoner-

Syracuse Incised. This procedure facilitated comparisons of

sites in different areas on the basis of types. If a vessel

did not seem to fall within the range of variation of any of

the types, I did not type it. In every site there were a numb-

er of vessels whieh f blas unable to type. No area was charac-

tenized by a high pr"opontion of untypable pottery, however.

32

Iroquois pottery can be lumpeC into cclLared and non*

collared forms n Non*eollared rim sherds had to be at leasttwo centirneters high to be used in the analysis. collaredforms had to have the corcplete collar present to be analyzed.

Analyzing onl"y eomplete eoll-ared sherds greatly redueed the

available sample from each site, but afford,ed uniformity forpurposes r:f cornparison" co1lar"ed forms greatly outnunber non-

collared forms on a1l- sites "

Rirn sher"ds within a single co]]ection were always cheeked

to see if two or more separate ri-m shends might have cone fnom

the same vessel" subjective judgernent was used in assigning

sherds to the s&me vessel if they did not fit together. when-

ever posslbleo separate corleetisns fr"om the sa.m.s site were

brou.ght together. and- cross ehecked for she:-ds f,rom the sa&&

vessel" r found it quite rar€ tha.t sherds f,ncm d.ifferentcollections belonged to the same vessel" Norrnarly diffenentcollectians corne fron: different areas of a site.

The onigina-l reeording of cerarnic attributes was partic-ularistic and often minor stylistic vaniations were differen-tia,ted" The rationale behind this was troofold: 1 ) to minimize

the distortion inherent in reeording ceramie attributes as

standard"ized abstraetions, and 2) to prcvicie data for a Jaterstudy of intra-site stylistic variation which night requine

fine stylistic distinctions.Befor"e the analysis was begun, the ceramic attribuues

r^iere lumped into larger eategorles. coded attributes were

grouped together on the basis of fonrnal similarity. For

33

exampLe, several types of intersecting lines were lumped into

a single category. This regrouping appears in Appendix IV.

A computer prograrn was written which read ca.rds with the orig*

inal cod-ing and then punched new cards to coruespond to the

nei* lumping of attributee. An exeeption to this procedure was

used with the attribute class of eollar design which was

recoded manually.

CHTPTER V

ASSNIBI''ITE ASSOCIATIOH

Hltb tbo fornatlon of tbc Ltague of thc Inoquola oao

sould orpcet an lnoncaec ln aaeoclctlos bctycsn oonanle

attrlbutcg rlthln altes. !{hallsn (1968) aoted lnoreaclag

ettrlbutc acgoeiat!.on fron tbo Ouacos to thc boqqola pcntod

and auggestcd thet thlc waa largely rclatcd te tbc laorcarlagslze aad, lategnatton of looel regLdcntlel groupE.

Eho apparcntly rapld lnoncage ln thc lapor-tanoc end lntcranl latcgnatlon of tboscgrpoups, betucen tbe Oak Btll phasr end thcIroquols phaoea !o.na thc rogult ef eobangc ls lnternal organl,getlon ubloh lspoaalbly roleted to tbc d,cvclopncnt of aloeel govcrnl,ng counell ooupoood. ef mcnrltb pcrnrncnt tltlcd poeltlena pcrteLn-1og to tbe varloua nqtnillaoagcs ef thcvllhgc (flhellcn 1968 z2\21.

r wou}d c:pcet natrlLla.aEos te beeone cycn norc lnpertantrtth thc foraatlon of tbc Loeguc.

!{atrlllacegoa aro aoon eg fonnlag tbc baslo ltruetuno oftbc tea6uc oThc Lcaguc wac tbc longpouao rnit lar"gcu (Fcnton

196522581. lfhLg vlew gccs tbe largcr atnuotunol tho Lceguc,

ac bclng bullt up fnon cnellcr ualtse natrlllaeagcs. fionevcr

ono nay aho vlcr natniLlatagc strrrctunc aa ncfloetlng Lca6uc

strusturc. $abltase apoaklng of tnlbeg la g.cnenrr suggcatcn...tbat thc ruponatnucture lnpoeec ltsclf, sonatlmca qultoarbltranlly on the ehaneEtcr ef tbc fenlly and tha tpnlnrsyr

rslatlonablpo'r(196831+8). sltb tbe fornatl,on of a Leaguc,

eno sould expcot looal netrill.nragos rltb prcaumcd natrllooalnosldoace ts booonc l.ncneaalngLy unlfled beeauae of Lnoneacrd

3ll

35

duties and also because of pressures exerted upon local sociaL

organization to be congruent with the la::ger political organ-

i zation.

It has been sllggested that in a matnilocal situation

mothers or female kinswottten teach pottery manufacture to young

girls of the matrilocal group'. These girls would then manu-

factune pottery similar to their older kinsuiomen" This type

of situation would be refleeted eeramically by hrigh attribute

association. With the increased functions and importanee of

the matrilineage with the formation of the Leaguer I expeet

attribilte association to !ncrease.

Deot z(1965 ) sought to measlirss attribute association by

bar graphs showing the pe::cenl,age of co-occurrence of specific

attr.lbr.rtes. As Whallon (1968 ) has noted, chi square is a

more appropriate technique for measuring association. In this

study, the chi square test is used to test for attpibute

assoei-ation within different sites. Nlne attribute classes

are considered for each site.

1 . rim shape

2. co]lar design

? lin <rlrsno). r*I.

[. lip sr,trface treatrneni

5. lip exterior treatment

6. 1ip interlor treatment

7. relationship of the rim to the neck

B. col]ar base treatment

g. 'oresence or absence of catellations

36

The aim of this analysis is to cenive a total measure

of association of attributes for a site which ean be compared

with the other sites. using an existing eornputer pr.ogram toperform the chl square tests, the nine attribute classes were

tested against each other for eaeh site. Three tables were

rernoved because it was felt that they were not independent(1 vs. 3r'l ./s. ?, and" T vs. B). The nesults of this inj-tiaiattempt couLd not be considered stabisticaily valicl. rn most

cases the expeeted cell frequencies were too srnaI}, even

following chochranrs relaxed rule thrit up to one fifth of theexpeeted cells rna;r have a frequency of less than five (though

they must be greater than one ).fn orden Lo proceed with the analysisr ahy site witli a

sample of under 1$c vessels was eliminaied. IJsing sample

sizes larger than 150, no corr'elatlon ',rras observed betr^reen

sarnp3-e size and final rneasures of association. within each

attribute class for each siter atbributes were r.ecoded

aceording to frequency. For exampfe, if a particuLar colrardesign such as number J were the inost freqr;ent ccllar" d.esign

on a siteo it woula be record.ed as 1, the seeond naost frequentcol-Iar design as 2, etc. lJhat was desired r,ias a rneasure ofassociation betueen attr.ibute classes sueh as Iip surfeeetnea'Lment and collar. oesign, rati:er" than association between

particulan attributes sueh as notches on the lip and obJ^ique

lines on the co}lar.By a process of trial

consistent with Chochr.an t s

and er,ror, maximum size tables

relaxed rule were constructed for

37

.eoh clte. Upon eonpanl.son of theso teblce fen dlffereat

rlt.s, lt eppeared tbet ecrtaLa tabLes ofton lhottcd hlgh

essooletlea ef attnlbutc olessos shlle othena rarcly sboncd,

eay els@eletloa. If mone than half sf the sLtoc sborod t18-

ulflornt estooiatl.on bctrecn t$@ ettrlbute olaalec, tbct ehl

squarc trble sas lnc1udcd, 1a the eonputatlon of moen RoIrnaI

dcvletea. tbs euuEletLvc ehl squaro vaLue of thesc tabLeg

ras thon rcforned to a funetlon of ebl tquare {2=Z T2"-1

whleb expreEscs eEsoeletlsn ln tcnns of gtenderd devlatlons

fron an expcoted mcan veluo. It war ortglnalLy hoped tbat

tboce unlt nonmeL dcvlates ceuld bo ev*aged eooendlng to

four pcrlods, but becauso of the nunbcr of gt tcs shich lterG

onltted fnon thc analyale, oalg tro tlnc penlodl wer€ ocntld-

Cf6d.Heaa SonnsL

Dcvlatee

= 16.9

E! 22.6

Sbls ladLeatcg a deoroage ln attnibutc aaaoeietlon through

tlnc (scr Appendlx V for slto velucs).

Bro by twe eh!, lquano tablae wtro alse gcnoratcd fon

oach slte ualng the tro negt fneguoat ettrl.butea ln a elass

and thr rorult! of tbcac tablcs Bor. eoacldcrcd la e nennor

clnllar to thet above. Shc ncesuret of aareclatlea fcr eaeh

sltc rorc then avoraged aeeerdtng to pcrlod end the rclsnltt

rcrG as foLloss:!{ean Hornal

Dovlate

10.8

12.2

t, and t4tt and tt

t3 aad t4

t1 and t2

38

flrls lndleatcs e dconcaae Ln ettrlbute assooiatlon thnough

tlnc (ace Appeadlx Y fon slto valueg).

In come oases b@th nulti-dlmensloacd end, twe by trotabLoe bad veny lengo shl squarc veluca. lfhue, fon eerteLn

gltcs a gr"cat deel of relght rac eotually bcing glven to oao

on tro tablcg. As r oheok on tbo tnond already notcd, the

totrl nunbsr of ehl squeree tabXes wblch rGr6 otgnlflernt at

ttrc 10f levcl both for pultl-dineagLened, and two by tro obl

square tablsg fon a slto rorc sunned,. If the nunbcr of slg-nlfleant nultl-dlmcnsloaed, ebl sguancs fon sl,teg lc evenaged

by perled the results are3

Avene6e aunber sfalgnlflcaat tablec

to and, tr. E 13.6t+t1 aad t2 a 15.3

If tbe ntrmber of slgnlfloant tue by two ebl sguare tebbs lceenrldonod tbe ncculte arc 3

t3 end t4

tl and t2 = 9.8

&roo nesuLts agrec wlth thc lnttlally obrcrvcd trend sf, a

d,ccrcage ln ettrlbute eesoEktlon thnough tlnc (see Appendlx V

for gite valueg).

At the beglnnlng of thls anaS.yels I expeetcd attrlbuteatsoolatleu to !.nenease as a refloetlon of the fonmatlon oftbc teaguc. the faot that egeoeiatloa dld not lncroe{re suggecte

olther tbat thc tcaguo was aot formed durlng the perted of tlne

Avcnago nqmber oftro by tre teblcc

a 9.3

3e

studied, or that if it were formed, during this period of

time, some form of patterned behavior is reflected more

strongly than the forrnation sf the League.

An additional observation is of interest. During the

course of analysis a geognaphic trend in ceramic attribute

association was noted. There is greate:: association of cer-

amic att::ibute elasses on Oneida and Mohawk si-tes than on

Niagara Frontier and Seneca sites (see Table 1 ).

TABLE ,I

I{EAN ASSOCIATION FOR TRIBAL AREAS

Niag. Seneea Oneida lvlohawk

t,

oR 9.6 27.1 30.1

o.z 9,2 t).o l, .v

7.Q R? 23.5 21 .B

l, 1^)+.'J 16.0 13"3

'l = mean norrnal deviate for mul-ti-dimen-sioned chi square table " 2 = mean normaldeviate for tr^ro by two chi square table.3 = the average nutnben of muLti-dimension-ed chi soruare tables. 4 = the averagenumber of two by two chi square tables.

Di scus sion

Before attempting to explain the observed tnends 1n

associati-on, a word of eaution is in order. Because of the

need for a lange sample size in the analysis of association,

only thir"teen sites could be used - fou:" in the ear'lier. penlod

L

4o

and nine in the l.a.ter period" It may be argrred that the

data is too scant and too scattered to give an accur"ate pic-ture of the spatial and temporal trends in ceranrie attributeassociatj-on. Theref,ore the following discussion is to be

regarded as tentative.

If we assurne that a change 1n attribute as,sociation

through time or space reflects a change in the local resi-den-

tial unit, then a d,ecrease in attri-br-rte assocj"ation through

tirne and from east to west suggests a decrease in the size

and,/or importance of the local residenti.a] group. If we

assune that the r"esidents of an lroquois longhouse for.rned

such a local residentj-al uni-t, then one would exirect changes

in longhouse size to parallel changes noted for a'btribute

association, Though data on lroquois longho'ase size is sltr-prisingiy inco.npl-ete, the existing data fits our expectations.

In the Mohawk area, the Garoga site (c"151f0) and the

Sinith site (tp) both harl longhouses 225 feet long. In contrast

with these sites is the historic Caughnawaga site {c.1560).The entire village area was excavated and twelve longhouses

were founrl. Most sf these were 8C or 90 feet long, r^rhile the

two longest were slightly over 100 feet 1ong. Thus, archae-

ological evid-ence suggests a decrease in the length of Mohawk

longhouses through tirne.

In the Oneida area, a 12A foot longhouse has been r"ecorded

fou" the Buyea site (tt ). A 3V foot longhrouse was reoorded forthe Bach site (te). This suggests a decnease in longhouse

si-ze through time, thcugir more 0neida structures need. to be

lrt

excavated to eubstantiate tiris,In t,le 0nr:ndaga al:es., the prehistorie site of lior"rlett

Hilf has a 33i+ foot long structure while the prehistor"ic

Burke site has one structure over 200 feet long and another

structur"e over 125 fee'i; 1ong. James Tuck clates these sitesfrom the 1l+th and 1$th centuries respectiveiy (196ga). There-

fore they p:cecede the period of tirne covere<l by this study,The 331+ foot structur,e at Hor,iiett Hill- is arso longer ths.n

any kno'orn strueture froin the period of time cover"ed. by thiss tudy .

Three Troquois longhouses have been recorcled from the

seneca area. Richmond Mil1s (t., ) has a longhouse l+5 feetlong. Cor"nj-sh {t3) has a longhouse 65 feet long whileFactory Hollow {a}so *:) has a longhouse 56 feat long.

The greater portion of four longhouses have been excavate4

at the sinimons site (t.) on the Niagara Frontier" They appear

to have been between l+i-gO feet long"

rf we colnpare the lengtli of the longho,ises foun,L in the

seneca and Niagara Frontier areas to the rength of the

structunes founc in the Mohawk aroa to the east, it appears

that the Mohawk built longer ronghouses. This parallels the

finding of greater attribute association withj-n l{ohawk sitesthan within Seneca on Niagara Fr.ontier sites.

rt was noted that archaeologieal evidenee suggests a d,e-

crease in the length of Mohawk longhouses through time. Thei"e

is historic evidence which suggests that by 1bT7 the most

comrnon rnoquois dwelling was a small one, raiher than the

Ltz

enobacologleally hnorn longlouse of an canller pcnlod.

lfcntrertb Grconbalgh vlgltcd thc Hobarh, Onclda, Ouondaga,

$ayuga, aad gcneoa in 1677, notlng both tbo nunbon of uerrlons

and tho nunbcr of cablaa tn eaob sr'Ear fbls provtdca us rlth

a ratlo of tbc anrmber of uanrlors pGr eabln. O,encrallyr thcrc

ane tro on tbree wanrlors per atnuetune tn eaob tribal l1'clr

0a1y ln oae Scaeea vlllagc dld Qnccnhalgh notc nlrat war

probebly tho tredltlonel longbouac. OmcnbelSb geld tbat

thla vllXagol

...oorrtilDa about l2O boucoe bclng yolol'gcet of ell yo beulrt rGo llwr V:ordlnary bolng about 5O or 6O fott long,slth I 3 or I l+ flrca la one h@u8o . . r(1677

'

.

gnc nlgbt apeeulate that cpl,dcnlea stlutrlatcd the lncreag-

lng frcquency of rnallor drelllnga, rhctbsr tbrougb tbe deatb

of nenbere of tbc longhousc Er hrEugb the desl3c of pooplc

nst to rhano a longbouae rlth a dlecrgcd pcnaon. Yan dcn

Eogaert notEg tbct ln tbc ltoharL ltlea ln 163ll:

'l[bc prlnolpet eblcfr ldrloebtcn, llved lna sslll bouge a qual'ten sf e slle dlgtsntfron tbts vlllagc boeaucr uesy ncnbcrl beddtcd fren an apldcsle of cnallpox t€lnesgnaanI 969 sll6 ) .

It 1r aot Inosa hor meay othen IndLeac ncr. llvlng outsida

ectabllrbcd Inoguols vLlLegla at Gbla tlno.

CiiAPTNR VI

HOi'{OGENEITY

It is expecte,S" that homogeneity of pottery within sites

will increase and then decnease during the period of time

under study. Whallon (1968) noted a trend of increasing

stylistie homogeneity through time and it is felt that this

reflecbs decreasing comlnunication bet',reen villages. The

formation of the League shollld" har.re resulted in iner"eased"

communication which should" be reflected in decreasing homo-

geneity (increased variability) of eeramics wlthin sites.

The f,ormuJa used to ealculate honogeneity was the same

one used by Whal}on (1 958 ) which was a modification of one

derived by the geographer wright t1?37)" It t*ill be fo'.rnd

in Appenrlix VL It ean bo explained by reference to a

cumulative graptro where the indivldulal attributes in a class

are arranged along the bottorn axis in decreasing frequency.

Percentage forms the vertical- axis. The area under any g1'aph

ean be calculated, antl the coefficient of homogeneity ie

essentj-ally a ratio of the area under any given cumulative

graph to tkre area und.er a graph of maximum variability.

As was mentioned earlier., the original attributes

recorded" were regl?ouiled befone being used in the ceramic

analysis, Due to this regroupi-ng or lurnpingo a number" of

attribute elasses had only two or three values. These were

not used in the analysis of hoinogeneity. The attribute elass

of collar app)-ic1i:.d ws.s n,:t useC as most appliqud collans l^Iere

spati-ally restrieted. to the $enee a s-rea. The five attnibute

h3

l+ll

classes l,rhich were used. in this analysis were: colJar shape,

col1ar*neck relationship, eol)-ar design, lip surface treatment,

and. coll.ar base treatment.

An average atbribute coeffici-ent was calculated for each

site using these attribute classes. These coefficients rrrere

plotted on graphs, one graph per tribal area, the verticalaxis representing the coefficient and the horizontal axis the

time peniod. If threne were rnore than one site of a particulaptime period in an area, an average was plotted from that time

period in that area. CoJ-Iar design homogenei-ty was also

plotted" Finally, a coeffieient of homogeneity for potterytypes was eomputed and plotted on a graph. See Appendix VI

for the honiogeneity graphs.

The expectation was that homcgeneity would increase and

then decrease, The results of the analysis dj.d not support

this. GeneralJ"y, different areas exhibitei different trends.

rf all five tribes joined together d.uring this time to form a

League, it is not ref lected ceramica13.y.

Additional 0bservations

1 . There is a close correspondence between tr"end-s for horno-

geneity of types and homogeneity of collar designs. Thj-s isnot surprising as coLlar design is often gi-ven hierarchicalimportanco in the definition of iroquol-s pottery types.

2. In a diseussion of Seneca sites frorn 163a to 165C, Wr.ay

and Schoff state:

Pottery was definitel)t on the way out, butwhen present was monotonousJ-y styled. , BAf"

t+5

having the notched or fninged rirn decor*arion t1953 $T ) .

A considenation of the graphs of collar design homogeneity

and type homogeneity ind.icate a clear trend of i_ncneasing

hornogeneity through tirne in the seneca area. The trend foraverage attribute homogeneity in the seneca area is more

ambiguous though periods ,3 and tU ar"e slightly more homogen-

eous than per"iods tt and t z. These r"e sults suggest decreasinginteraction of the Seneca. area r^rith other arees through tin:e.3. An average coefficient of homogeneity was ealculated foreach area by averaging the coefficients cf homogeneity from

each site in an area. When both average attribu.te coeffieientsand collar design coefficients are consii.eredr the NiagaraFrclntier area appears to be the ceramieall;r most homogeneous

area. rf attr'lbute homogeneity alone is eonsideredo there isa tendency for homogeneity to decrease as one nloves from west

to eastr though the Mohawk a.rea is an exception to this. The

Oneida area. is consistently the least homogeneous area ceram-

ically "

rABLE 2

i"{EAN HOMOGENEITY FOR TRIBAL AREAS

Niag. Seneca Cayuga Ononcj.. Oneida Mohawk

'7 "7.i t .72 Ao .62 ') ').l)

.91+ AA . Blt QarU I .7Q n1.[)

.92 .Y( .90 , :-9!

Avg.

Co11ar

TYpe

I{.

inIn both the Onondaga

homogeneity of collar

and Oneida areas

design fnom t, tot-

is a decrease

It is possible

there

+

116

thet thlc rrflectc the abaorptlon of aegnents of tbe p@pula-

tlon fnon Jcffcrgou Countyl l{cw Ysnk. llheno ls ao blotonle

rrcord of Indtan populatlonc Ln Jqffcrgon Oountyr tcw Yorkl

but thcre etlo niBy latc prcblaGorle arehacslogloaL al.teg.

t'he fatc of thc lnhebltanta of thoec gitea 1g unknena, 'l[e

subatantlatc tbe abeorptlon of lonc of tbe Jeffonaon Couaty

popuLatlon by thc 0nonda6a and Onclda, tbe last gltc ef the

Jeffcrsoa County Iroquolo should bc located end tbe pottery

fron lt oenpcrcd wlth Onondaga end Onclda t2 and t3 altcc.

CHAPTER VII

SITE SIMILARITY

One wo,rld expect that l.lith the formation of the Leaguen

sites wlthin the Five Nation lrocluois area will show an in-

creased similarity in ternis of ceramj-c attrlbutes. This is

based on the assumption that increased similarity between

sites reflects increased cornmunication and movement of women

between villages, a situation which would be encouraged by

the formation of the League. Sj-tes in the Niagar"a Frontier,

outsid.e the area of the League at the time, should not show

an inereased similarity through time with sites roithin the

area of the league.

The Brainerd-Robinson coeffieient was used

similarity betr^reen pairs of sites (RCIbinson 1951

to

).

measure

Ten

attribute cl-asses were considered for each site. The percent-

age of different attributes within an attribute class was

calculated and a computer program was then wnitten to ccrnpute

coeffieients of similarity for pairs of sites for each attrib-

ute class. Ten different eoefficients of similarity for a

pair of sites were generated. These were then averaged to

arrive at an average attribute coefficient of simil-arity for

eaeh pair of sites. Coefficients of similarity based on

pottery types were also generated. ]n Appendix VIII there

are thnee 30 x l0 matrices containing coefficients of similar-

ity: one for average attribute coeffici-entsr one for collar

design coefficients (which was also used in computing the

average attnibute coefficient ) and one for pottery types.

w

ITB

These three matrices form the basis for the folloiuing analysis.

Coefficients of similariby between sites of the same time

periocl but of different tribal areas were then exarnined. Ifthere were more than one coefficient between two areas fo:r one

tirne period, the eoefficients were ar,'eraged. For examplen the

Niagara F:"ontier has analyzed sites in periods 1 e ?o and 3

whil-e the i{ohawk area has sites in periods 2, 3, and [. The

Mohawk and Niagara Frontier areas were cornpared for similarityonly for periods 2 and 3. For period 2, the Niagara Fbontier

and the Mohawk area each haC one site so thene was only one

coefficient of sinilarity for t" between the Niagara Fbontier

and the Mohav,ik areas. For t3 tf,u Niagara Fbontier had two

sites while the Mohaurk area had three sites. There were thus

six coeffieients of similarity between these two areas for t..These were aver.aged. and this average was eompared with the

r

coefficient of similarity for t,2.

The results of, the analysis did not confirm m;' expeeta-

tion. I expected sirni-larity to incnease between tribal areas,

reflecting the formation of the League. The exception to thiswas to have been the Niagara Fbontier, outside the League area,

which should not have shown an incnease in simi.l-ar"lty to sitesin the area in which the League was formed. The analysis in-dicated that there was a general trend of increasi-ng similaritybetween tribal areas through time, including the Niagara Fron-

tier, However, this finding does agree r,.sith Rj-tchj-ets

suggestion that there was r!...8,n acceleration of intercommuni-

cation anxong tribal unitsrr during the Late lroquois Period

4s

{1965 2316) .

0bservati-ons on Pribal Aree"s

Appendix VII contains graphs representing changes insimilarity between areas through time, A method was devised_

of nreasu.ring these changes numerieally as wel-1. Moving fnom

t1 to tU the difference in similarity between two areas issurnrned. Tf there is a deerease thr.ough time, negative numbe::s

nesult, if there is an increase, posi-tive nurnbers nesult.After all possible pairs of are&B are con:paredr &il average

for each area is then calculated" For exam.o_l-e, the Niagara

Frontier was con:p-a.red with the Seneca, Cayuga, 0nondaga,

0neida, and Mohai^rk areas and the five F,ieasuy'es of similari.tythrough time which ::esulted from this were averaged. The

seneca showed the Least inerease in simiLarity with other.

areas. This was consistent for average attribute coefficientsof sinilarityu f,or collar decoration similarity, and for type

similarity" The Cayuga and Onondaga a-reas tend.ed" to show the

greatest inerease in similarlty with other areas (see Ta.bles

3-5).

Coefficients of similarity are almost always higher be-.

tween sites within the same an€a than between sites in differ-ent areas. This indieates a good" deal of eommuni"cation between

villages in the same tribe. we may assume that there were

ritual, social, and even economj.c tj-es between vi)-J-ages of the

same tribe' 0n the average, coeffieients of similarity are

highest among sites on the Niagara Frontier and next highest

among later Seneca sites {see fable 6).

fr\c$ ko F*c.\j cil l.,p <:f1- l-f +

@

r (}'0, f\, lc'" ":s:- -S. ry Frr q:++t+l++

+1r\ r* cl' cr\' lcti \os:OUc{ff;-f + l+ l+ +

siaIa$, n !lv \ vtrf, cut++

F* c\nt -!?f+

c{+

C{a

l-J.lH+

LN

{U

O'|

5a

+s':--t-

:

\O-F

\di

3s"c

cd

r(

d

F:

E-{

H

heq

ft*

E-i

Irl

.{i-f

r-

5tHFrts-

H

"{

E-rrut

>1

H

FfHHv)

r{

r -r*:\r Q\

+TT+

\o,.lor oM\fl++

a

b0

Hc$ c)L.-lcd +) U\ru \O \0 j.Oi g r s:- C\j .:- rtrio l++f +.r1 S{z Fa,

51

-+ryf

+

+

v'5

-s c,{'f

\o lf.\ I,orr l?

-+ -J. tn44 U\rncu ;f-t-t+

-F. ^w <vC' CUT

ItT

toldl+

Hu.

-(){dH 't3r- .nirr o)F,l giVU()&rhHk-!t-\ tri

a0EA LV

H

vv!VU

C\I

o.-+

+

m-+v Ll\r _1'

+

\0 0"C{

tt

f Lt\{) .Pf+

m.1-|.l

O 1fr0\ Or rQ CU *:-l+l+

cl1

Lr\ ";k\+l#!lfl++

,t:*>:c.rd

F4 h0*J

fA$>rCJ ra

H

F

valo \o

lcf\tf -F

(S

AJ \0fi$1

U)

Hcd C)& ."{d 4) \O (t'\ r \O-t-f\At fr .^rcp CU'cdO l++ t+.-l F{ztu

-+e

llt- ]r\l(\ cu

'T+t

hI,

s)4hl

ztd

HfY-l

Tq

F-lH

Ff,HHa

52

-|-

Ic\l

+

Fcs(x

JN lo.r! lT

coa

€ --f eq cu lo' rn(Y\ .p Ln lcUr t | | lt t

f

d

'u

c

cS

d

H?,H()Hr

\OI

ltr c\i

lT+

r'lAiHEal

trH

ll-\ H

'!n

"alo'i olN (^f\lq-++

cdh0-{P! Crlcd()+

6()atrcl 1-

c\J

t'.--

+

a.htl .

al-t+HIt

a-+?l -Y1-f

-r

r"-

+

tr_ cr1€t r.n cu++ ! I

,a\ cr\ -1".

-+ tnlF' -r' r

m ^r,,* ^,*w rvw vwr

+++ +

r-l

MFHfi

H

H

aEH

FETHg

FfHt;{

H

ls

F{cg()Fi ".1

."{ S{zh

53

TABLE 6

AVERAC'A COEFFICIENTS OF SIMILAR]TY WITHIN TRIBALAREAS

Niag. Seneca CaYuga Onond. Oneida Mohawk

182 150(177 )

|ilb:'-t/ 157 't r'Qt2a too

163 134(145 )

115 Qn I t,J 123

146 I e6(156)

i allOtc+i

ar ,l 131

1 = average attrlkrute eoefficients. 2 = collar designeoeffie ients" 3 = type coeffici"ents' Nunbers inparenthese-q are coefficlents of similarity based. onlyon t. and tr, Seneca sites.

lr+

0neidq Or:L&!ttg

The Onondaga a.nd. Oneioa areas show deereasing similarity

through tirne. No other" ao jacent areas show suof) a ccnsistent

decrease in similarit;f which is ccntrar;r to bhe general tnend

of insreasing sinril-arity through tirne. This ohrservation brings

L1p the whole question of the relaticnship of the $nondaga,

Qneida, and l4ohawk. In the 1$!Ots it was believed tl:at there

had been a rnigration of people from northern New York' This

migration was seen as forrning the basis for the later derrelop-

ment of the Onondaga, Oneida, and in part the Mohawk. MacNeish

felt that the Onond,aga T^rere derived- from northern New York and

sugge sted :

,.,the Oneida and Onondaga separated at avery late date, and fron the present meegred"ai:a even at histori"c tirnes the two were

5I+

almost identical {1952:66) 'Rltchie also subscribed to the nigration view in 1952 but

suggested. that the clneida had a closer relationship to the

liohawk than to the Onondaga.

Tlredifferentiationcfi'{ohawkandOneidap:"cbablyaccurre.J}atointheChancepe:"iod.othe }atter concentrating in the l{adisanC':untyregionrwheretheyweresoontobe-come ireig,6ors of the southwar.d-n:oving Onon-daga. (1952:28 ) .

RecentJ-y,Tuckhasd-enonst:'atetlthatthereisal.ong

sequence of sites in the historic Onondaga alaea and that

migration frorn northern New Yonk is not need"ed to explain the

d"eve3-opment of the onontlaga. The sa'$ie is true for Mohat'rk'

However no Qwascoid proto-Qneida sites have 'oeen founrl in the

oneida ar€a. The ea:'liest Late woorlland sites in the oneica

area date to arounc the rniddle of the 15bh centutry. Obviousl-y

then, the eariiest $neida population must have co'r4e frorn some

other area or areas.

Leni.g (1965:?B) has diagr"an:ined what he feel"s to be the

dorivation of lrcquois tribal units ' A part of that diagrarn

follows:

Derivationlqohat"Ji(.

0neidaOnondaga lvloha'ork

i"rqufe j. of OnonC&8a, 0nelda, and

55

&la dlagnan lapllea that the Onclda braachcd eff firon thc

Mohawl. Petsr Pratt also sccs the Onclda ee hevlng bnrnebed

off fron tbe l{ohrrk. Pratt f,ecls thet tbo trlohols Pead rltcla tho carllcgt rltc ln tbo 0nolde lr.e. 8c aays of thlaeltc l

llbe dctell,cd nccenblanec ef tbc gltc r sereheeologleel drta to ltloheyk auppontrtbc bypothcric of lato scperatton of!{ohark fren Onclde (n.d.).

Eerevor, thc frot that the Oncndaga and Oarlda sbew

dcoroerlag rinllarlty thrcuglr tlnc ruggcatt tbet tbe firatslto Ia tbc 0nclda arcr re! ocouplcd by r gronp rf pcoplo

rbo hed oenG fncn thc Onondrge lrclo |!hc dcorceclag rlnl,larltyof pottcny through tlnc bctrccn Ghc Oncldr ead thc Onondrge

trcat rould thoa neflcst thc dovclopncnt of dlffercat toehnlquta

of pottory nanufaotune and daelga. lko, tbcre ia a narked

lnorcasc ln slnllarlty of ooller dcclgn tbrough tlnc brtrccnthc lIobauk and thc 0aolda. rf tho Onclda had spllt off frontho ltoharkr onc would not cxpcot to flnd tbtc lnercaccd glnllen-

lty threugh tlnc. Ftrthornore, thorc 1r a gncatcr nagnltudc

of rlullarlty botwoeu 0ncndage-Omlde fen rvcngc ettnlbutcoecfflohatr snd for type eecfflolcnte tban betrtn Onelde

end l,Iohewk. Slr agaln cupgorta tbr ldrr ef aa Oneadege-

Onrlde rpllt.Oao rould eleo oxpcot that gaoldr sltla nould bc oleaolt

tc tbo trlbal trca fron whloh the 0aelda populetlen nac ultl-uetely dcrivrd. ls rec nontlonod, cerllcn, rcat oonnonly trlbelu.er rlr. arouad 50 nllor epert. lhc Oaoldr arcl la only

uotrnd lt ntha fren tbe Onondagr trGlo thta !,a a etrtklng

56

deviation frorn the normally obser.veil pattern and suggests a

cLcse relationship between 0nondaga and Oneida populations.

Theodore Whitney, who has suggested an Onondaga-Oneida splitadds a further rsf ineraeRt to this arguernent.

Tlre location patter"n of Oneida sitessuppor.ts the idea that they are a splitfrom Onondaga. The earLiest sites areon the western edge of Oneida territory,adjae ent to thc easter"n fringes ofOnondaga (1 970:1 ).

All of bhe evidence that I can see points to an Oneida

split from the Oncndaga. Why have so irany researchers thought

the Oneida split off from the lulohawk? Perhaps one reason isthat Onondaga pottery collections are srna]ler" and mone frag-mented than either Mohawk or,Oneida coli!-ections so that it ismuch more dif,ficult to get a good idea of the range of varia-tion present in Onondaga ceramics. Al-so, late Mohawk anrl

Oneida pottery is highty similar and there is a probable

tendeney to project this baekward in time.

0n-gida- JopqiqtiogThe following oral tradition was recorded sonetir:'re befor.e

151+h.

.. nOnonjoter Bn Oneida viltrage whose lnhab-itants were angered to the highest degr"eeagainst the Hurnn because the latter, in abattle, wiped out all the men of that village,whlch compellod it to appeal to the Mohawksfor men to marry the girls and wornen whowere left without husbands r so as to preventthe Oneidas from becoming extj"nct. That iswhy the lulohavrks ealled the 0neidas theirchild ( Gr"as smann 1969:1 05 i .

we assune that this toolc pJ-ace either durlng tin:e t, on

we rnay ask if the above situation would be neflected

If+.u l.,t-|.

57

ceramica]ly in any r'nloy. 0n3-y in the Seneca, onei-d'a' and

Ii{ohawk areae are there sites that have been analyzed for both

pe::iods" senecu t3 and t4 sites are large and eeramically

hornogeneous, which suggests a stable femalo populatj-on' Thls

is not a situation in wlrlch one would expect Qneida wornen to

tnove to the Seneea area. Qne certainJ-y would not expect Seneca

women to move to the 0neida area where there were already more

women than Fl€Ilr Hence, we would expeet a decrease in similan-

ity between Seneca and Oneida sonietitne dr'lring either *3 cr t4'

This is exactly what rie find" There is a gener"a)- trend of,

decreasing similarity between Seneea. and 0neida for *3 and *['

The above tnadition describes a mo'rernent of males fnom

the Mohawk to the Oneida. It seems logiea-I to suggest that

there may also have been a reverse trend of feniales mo"ring from

the 0neida to the Mohawk area, also as a response to the dis-

equilibriun': of the sex ratio in the Oneida tr1be. We would

then expect an increasing sinilarity between the Qneida and

Mol:aruk during this period, r,rhieh is just what is observed

for ceramic attributes. In this regard I have exarnined 38

shercls representing 'l 9 vessels in the possession of 1{r' Donald

Lenig froin the Mohawk Falling site. This site is believec to

be contemporary wittr the 0neid,a Thurston site (the l'{ohawk

Martin site rnay be sonrewhat earlier). No other sherds from

the Failing site are available, and T felt that the sample

was too small to be used !n this analysis" Subjectivelyt

however, 1 was struck by the great similarity of co]lar designs

between the two sites, This would reinforce and. ccntinue the

58

observed trend of increasing sirnilarity of eere.,nic attr"ibutes

between Mohawk and" Oneida si.tes.

C o ejry i c :i e n tg _gl_ S i n: i I a r i t y_ a n 4_th*Uro 1 o g i qal 9A1gr_i n c

Aitempts to use the Brainerd-Robinson coefficients gen-

erated. in this analysis to infer" chronologicaS- ordering gives

an ordering of sites which is only r.ough}y similar to the

chronologieal ordering used in this stud,y (which is based

primarily on t::ade material)" Dunnell (1?70) has suggested

that al-l sources of variation that are not temporal must be

removed before a seriation can be j-nferred to be a chronology.

One source of variation betuieen lroquois sites in a tribal

area that has never really been systematieally anatr-;tzed is the

amo'"int of stylistic continuity bej:ween sites representing

successive oecupation by the same village. This type of var-

iation would tend to make conternporaneous sites less sinilar

to each other and more similar to sites oecupied before or

after that panticular site. It is not the plrrpose of thispaper tc analyze this type of variation " Tri al orderings of

Seneca coeffieients suggest that this type of variation is

important in ond.ering Seneca sites, for ordening of sites by

coefficients of sirnilarit-v differs from the expected- ehronol-

ogicatr- ordering. This vaniation wouLd appear partly due to

stylistic eontinuities between sites representing the same

village inoverqent .

In this regard it should be noted that ordering of coef-

ficients of sirailarity between Oneida sites corresponds well

with the ordering used in this study, thr:ugh there is some

5g

ambigr.iity regarding the relative ondering of Bach and Diable'

Though Whitney has suggested" the possibility that Bach and

Diatole were contemporaneous, it is generally assumed. that there

rvas only one Qneida village through time. Thus r for the

gneida, stylistic continuity between villages can be controlled

for and the ehnonology j,nferred froro the coefficients of sim-

ilarity is probably correct. Of course, stylistic eontinulties

between villages can be controlleC for in other areas if only

sites rcpresenting the $aine vlllage movement are ordered.

Type SlrnilaritXCoefficients of sirrrilar.ity for types do not exhibit the

same unifo::m increase in similarity between al.eas that attrib-

utes do. This is perhaps expectable because types ha''re been

d"efined to categorize pottery in particular areas. Relatively

similar pots in d'lfferent areas may be given different type

names. For lroquois pottery, I feel that ceramj-c attr"ibutes

give a nore reLiable picture af ceranic similarites between

different tribal areas than do types "

CHAPTER VII]THE LHAGIIE REEXAI'IINED

The ceraalc analysis did not indicate that the League

was formed during the early lVth century. The analysis ofsimilarity indicated that sites in the Niagara Frontier, show

an increasing similarity thr"ough tirne with sites in other

tribal areas, a pattern whieh one would not expect if the

Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk had formed a

League, The analysis of honogeneity revealed that arnong

Inoquois tribes, hoinogeneity does not increase and then

decrease as pr.edicted, Finally tLre results of the analysis ofattribute association were negative. Therefor,e the analysis

suggests that the League rdas formed either before the 1 6th

century or after the early 1 7th century.

If the League had been formed before the 1 6th century,

then early historic records should document its existence. Ifthe League trere not formed until the second half of the 1 ]thcentury, then tne historic records should doeument the forma-

tion of the League, fherefore I decided that a more detailedexamination of the historic record was in order. Fortunately

during the course of this str-rdy the late Father Thoinas Grass-

nann publisiied a compendiuro of historic documents pertaining

to the Mohawk Indians and thie facilitated research on the

early histonle period"

Early historic information regarding the lroquois cosles

from either Dutch or F?ench sources. A Dutch trading post was

esta.blished in 161[ near present day Albany, just to the east

60

61

of }tohawk territo?y. Early Du1:ch records mention only tl:e

easbernmost of the Iroquois tribes, the liiohawl; and" the Oneida,

The major French source of, historic infortnation is the Je_illi!

Relati-o-nA {hereaften abb:'eviatecl as {&} . Though the Jesuits

established missions in the first half of the 1 7th eentury

among the Huron, it was not until- the second half of the 1 ]thcentur;v that they established missions anong the lroquoi-s"

Befone about 1630, the I\'eneh did not distinguish beti^reen the

diff erent lrecluois tribes, ref,erring to groujls sirnply as

Iroquois "

In 1 639, the Jesuits state that the Huron were a league

of four nations UR1 6:227*229 in Taolcer 1970t91 ). There is

no ccmparable statement regarding the Iroquois. l,iost people

assume that what was true for the Hu:.on must be true for tire

Iroquois, TLrere is an ir*portant differene e, howeven, between

the geograpkric distribution of Huron anC lro<1uois popuj-aticns,

All four Huron nat-i ons were f ounrl in a circumscribed area,

r^rhereas the Iroquois tribes were str"ung out along an east*

west axis. Each of the lroquois tr"ibes had slightly differ'-

ent threats posed. to it because of its different geographical

posltion. 0n the other hand, the Hurons, eoncentrated in a

rnuch smaller area, uere sub je et to the saine enefc)' pressures.

Triggen suggests that in the Northeast: "By historictiines war was no longen waged by viJ-lage against viilege but

by confede::acy against eonfederacy" tt967:t5B)" f found that

this staternent is not true for. the Iroquoj-s of the early his-toric period. The picture which emes"ges frorn a rea-ding of

62

the early historic sources 1s one of autonomy of action on

the part of tire Seneca, Cayuga, 0nondaga, 0neiclao and lolohawk.

In the following discussicn I shal] attempt to ili-u"strate the

early autonomy of action on the part of the rroquois tribesas wel-l as the gradua.l deveS-oprnent cf eooperatian between

thern,

Records fronr Fort Orange in 1626 inrlicate that the

l"lohawks and. l{ahleans vlere at war with one ancther (Grassrilann

1959r37). There is no indieaticn that a.ny otl:er lr'oquoian

groul-r beside the }troi:awk r".rere invclved in tho confJ-ict.

Tl:e Jesuit Relations record that the Seneca and llurcin

were at war in 16llg (Grassnjann 1g69:.50). The Relatianwritten by Le ulercier in 1636 records that the Huron eaptured"

a fishing party of lroquois. One of the men captured was

a. Seneca!t..,trvho had married and lived among the Onond.agas so

as to be free to lrar against the Hurons, because as a seneca

he had not acceptea the treaty of peace nad.e afew years past

beti^reen the $eneca nation and the Hurons" (Grassmann lg69tbLL).

This suggests that in terrns of making peace ancl war, the tribesfollowed individual courses of acticn, the seneca entering j-nto

a peace treaty which did not ccneern the Onondaga.

In the 16140ts and 1619, s the l"lohawks freqr-rently raided

French settlernents and disrupted I{uron trade and travel be-

tween l{u.r,onia. and these settler,lents, For examp}e, in 161+a

the Mohawks raided a traveling party of Hur"ons and French and

captured Father Jogues who was tahen back as a prisoner to a

Mohainik vil}age. The sa$le year the Mohar^rks attacked the F?.ench

63

while they wer€ builcing Fort Richeljeu.. To a lesser extent

tlre Ononclagas and Oneidas also seenl to have ::aided settle-

ments and traveLing parties in the St. Lawrence area. There

does r:o'!: s.ppear to have been cooperation between these tribes

in carrying cut these raid.s. Also, the French dicl not hc'ld

one tribe resFonsible for the aetions cf another. FCt" exa.mplet

in 155h the Qneidas eaptured. a. F"reneh stirgeon. Shortly there*

after pea-cef,ul Qnond.egas ar:'ived at l.{ontreal and- tt...the F:-ench

assured- thern that it was not their eustora to eharge the

innocent with the erj-me of the guiltyt' (Grassmann 1969:1[9).

In 16[1 the Mohaw]rs atternptea to arrange an alliance with

the Fl'ench wh lle excluding the Hur:ons and Algonqliins, already

alLies of the French. The Frenel: did not accept the offeso

but this episode is of interest hecause during the cor,l3"se of

the negotiatlans, the Mohar"rks:

,..pf€sented solne beaver skj-ns as assurl*ance that on returning to the villagesthey i^rculd ca]l & general rneeting of themost distinguiskre persons of atrl. theTrc'r4uci-s nations in order to publist:everyv;here the generosity anrl ]iberalityof the F?ench ( Gras sinann 1969:76 ) "

This suggests friendly relaticns between lroqr-rois tribes

even if there were no fonnnal agreen:ents tc cooperate for

specifie purposes,

In 16h5 the l4ohawks rnade a ten:pc:'ary peace with the

Fbench and thelr Indian allies. A Huron spoke to a Mohawk

as foll.ows:

Tt is done- we are brothers. The con*4s uvr.\/t E.\

clusion has been reached; nohi we areaIl" re latives - Iroquois, I{uron, Algon*

6lr

quin and trrench; we are noiAl one andthe seme pecple {JR 27:289-291 inGras snann 1 969:1 0[J.

At this time, the fcu:: other lroquois tribes were opposed to

the F?ench, Later that same year, the lvlr:hai.'ik side with tho

other lroquois tribes against the French. This episode

denion.ctrates: 1 )tiie autonomSr of action on the par"t of the

Mohawk, 2) the transitory nature of alliances during this

period, and 3 ) a certain amount of unity of the lroquois in

opposing the tr?ench.

There is Fbeneh docunrentation for a praposed $eneeat

Cayuga, and Ononclaga expedition against the Huron in 16J+7.

Bands of Seneca ancl Cayuga were tr: he joi-nei. by bands of Onon-

daga against the lluron, but ali- three groups decid.ed on peace

instead. Thi-s suggests a certain arriount of unj-fied action.

The Oneida and llohai^ik apparentiy were not involved in this

expedition, Bcith tribes opposed pea.ce with the Hurons and

harassed therr: during the winter of 161+1. The iesuits specu*

lated on the reascns why the Onondagas shoul-<l have made peace

with the Hurons. One of their speculations is as follows:

Their fear (the Ononclagat s ) that theMohawlc lroquois, who becsme lnsolent intheir victories, and who make themselvesunbearable even to their" allies, maybecome tso much so and., in time r maYt;rrannize over thern if the HuronsrF€-li-er,"ed froni a portion of thei:: wars, donot unite all their forces against then:(rB :: in Grassinann 1969:12$).

This suggests both that the Mchat'ik and Onondaga were allles

at this time and that thj"s all-j"ance was potentially unstable.

In 1652 the Senecas were at war with the Neutral, while

65

thc MehewIr $crc figbtlng tho Frenoh. Yet, ln 165a tnc wrltcn

of thc Josult Bclatlong etatos:

lfc anc tnforncd thet tbe hoguolr Lnteadto nelly all tbcln foroos, la order teeono end, dcgtroJr us ncrt wlatcr. $uch lsthc rcpont nedc-by fugitlvcg...(S 38:61-63ln Oraacnann 1 96911 36).

tlc rcason for tblc rudden tutty lr glvcn Ln tbe lano Bc1atlon.

&c !{ohauks and Scneca! pr@Blecd to ald caob ethcr ln thc

dcatruotlon of thcb ncopcetlvc eaonles. t'hia nay bc taken

ar rn axanplc of the growlng ocoperatlon aneng tbe hoquols

trlbor.In 1653 threc of tbe flvc hoquolc trlbcg nedc pceoc ulth

tbc hcnob. Pl.net tho Onendagaa ccnt an enbacsy to nakc pQloe.

Letcr the Oneldaa dld tbc 6ano, ln thc pr@c6sa rcpontlng tbat

tho leharkr rGrc plennlng rn attesk @n tn€ freaob (4n lf0:?l lnGrrssnann 1969:1h0). llbc &oaoh found tbts to bc truc. teten

that yerrr bouevor, tbc trfohrwkg a].re Jelncd the Onondegee and.

thc 0nold,as Ln nalrlag psaes rltb tbc hench. lfbr l{ohewk poaoe

offer uas lnslnoeri, heweycr, aad pcaacful neletl,ona bctwecn

llobewts end &eash lrene rcLatlvcly sbort llved.In 161[, Frenoh ncoords laforn ua that tbo $csGcna lro-

que!.a ucro bclng tbrcetencd by the Enlc (tbe Stc populatlon

ln tbe l{lagrna Er"ontlcn had ocascd to erlct by thls tlne ).rlhcy dcolsnod, ln a rord, that e1I four aatlonl ef tho upp.r

Iroquolr rror. ca flrci tbat thcy rf,.re leegulng togetberr and

arnlag to r.epulso tbe onfil r.rr (ggtlt la Onrss&enn 19691151 ).ft 1g algs ln 1551+ that we have ncconded thl followlng atetc-

ncnt by CanaqueEls, a l{obank (though hlo fetbcr nag Dutob).

66

n'|ilc, tbc ftve Inoguols l{atlons, oonpsso but onc cablnl yc

nalntel.n but one ftrti end rc heve, fnen tlnc lmcrcrlal,drelt uadsn onr and tbc seme rooftr (.rn l1t ln 0rsscnetur 1969:

151+). fbls ctetoncnt ls sftcn takcn ae the fkst neferonec

to tbo Inoquo!.a ac e unlflcd catlty. Eorcycr, tbc prebablc

notlve beblnd tblr ctrtensnt ahould bc cxanlned. Bcoeuse ofthc egtebltshed p6aoe bett*cca thc henoh end tbc Onondagae,

the Frcaoh rrcnc acndlag Frtbcr: 81ren Le Moyac te gnondaga.

Cenaqucclc rs a lteherk probablt fcercd too olorc Eoopcratton

betrsca thr Epeaoh end tha Oqondaga. Ibls nould, upcct tbe

bal.euoc of porcr. and rsuld aloe feelLltatc tradc bctsccn thc

Srcnob end tbc Oaond,ege, and thc l.Iobrwk rsuLd Loco thebpooltlon er plddbn.a la tbc uppor ltrqquolc tnedu rlth tho

&rtcb. lt'hcnrfonr 0anagucosc reuLd, rant thc Fnoncb to dcal

sttb thc $ohark end not the Oaondaga. Be strtce:l{111 you not ontor tbc eabln by thc doon,uhlob la et tbo ground floor of thc houaq?It 1g wttb us Moharka tbat yeu ahould begln;wbcneag y@ur by bogtnnlag wl.th tbc Onon--degaa try to cnten by thc roof and throughtho chlnney (JR hl Ln Oragrnrnn 1969s151+).

Ia eonnlotloa wlth Canaguootctg lnrgery sf r oebln Inlglt ncntl.oa tbo fellorlng Eurlsus atatrncnt ef en 0ncLdr

to a Eunon ln 1656.

lfheu kaore rt, thou. Euron, tbrt fonucrly raoonpnlacd bst ona osbla and oac oountry. fhor not by shat aooldont ne bcornc !opr,F-etod. It la tlnc te rrtlr t6 agala (Jn l€ faOnaclnaaa 1969t177l.

Ihr 9nrlde apcrkcr rls trytng to pcnouedc solcc Eunonr to scttbln Oacldr tcnrlt@pir As thtro 1r ae rvldrnoc to ruggcat tbatthc Onclde cvcn hed e erogc nclrtlonablp to the Euron, rroqusts

67

use of the phrase ttone cabintt m*y have been loose, depending

upon the point an orator was attempting to make at the monlent.

Though the ivlohawks had sent a foree against the Eries,

whc r"rere a threat to the upper Ircquois, relations between

the i.fohar,,ik and- the u"pper lroquoi.s, especially the Seneca,

appear to have been unstable. In 1657 the Mohawk asked the

Dutch to: rr..,protect their wives anC children here f at

Fort Orange) in ease they should be involvec. in wa:" with the

Sinnekas fsenecasJ" (Cotlrt.*sinutes_of Fg{t Oraqge an9 Berrer-

wyck in Grassmann 1969:1 B0-1 81 ),In 16$8 Moha"i,rk ambassadors aruived at Q,uebec to arr.ange

for the release of Inoquois prisoners and to nake peace i,'rith

the Algonquins and Hurons again. A Mohawk orator stated:

We are J allied nations - the Seneca, theCayuga, the Onond-aga, the Frenchmen ofGannentaa, the 0neida, the Mohawk, theMahingan (Mahican) .and !h* dutchrnan (JBi+h in &r as smann 1 969 :1 96 ) "

Though the speaker rnentlons eight insteacl of seven groups, he

does not distinguish what coi,:]d be considered the League cf

the Iroquois.

The peaee appears to have been ternporary, fcrot 1659-60 in0"icates that the Onondagas and Mohawks

ing the Fbench. fhe following significant entry isthe sarne Relation.

the Relation

were fight-

found in

l{e are told that next year f1661) will bemore dangerous for us than tl:ose pneceding,because the entire cabi-n - so they desig-nate the five lroquois Nations - is to .{b*bra leaguer and devise a grand plan of waragainst us (J& 46 :121 -12] Ln G:rassrnann 1969 z

2TB ). '-

68

t{c nay eraurno that by 166O e pattorn of ualflod eetlon

nes beconlag crtabllchod ensag thc ELve hoquolc tnlbcs,coprclally la oppssltlon ts tbe Pr.enob asd Indieso eLllcd tsthc Fcnob. For tho pcrlod folloylng 1660, Buat bag sug-

geatc{ I

o o ounsElntty of aetl.on fllrgt begine torlrpoar la tbc freutral rad, Br:l.c rarg of1660-65, tbat Lt sas ctinulrtod by thegreat Suaqucbanna uar ef 166O-75t endtbet by |690 tho Lceguc rag cotlng rra polltleal cntity ln eemcroc, pcaoc,end ran (1 gll0:58 ) .

lflougb cxanplco of an lndepcndeat oeunsc of estlsn on tbc part

of onc or anotber trlbc oan be found, eftcr 166A, ineneeElugly

tbc five Inoguoir trlbcs uor6 eontnltl.ng oaob othcn rad rotinga! a trnlt. It epp6aJr!, theneforc, tbct tbr League of tbc

koquoLc beormo an effootlve unlt durlag tbc pcrlod of dtrosteonteot rtth Europaanc

hon thc blstorlo seunocs oao nur lafrn that a ktnd pf

BoB-sglllrccrl,oa Baot wag obaerved by tho hoquola trlbcs ln thc

16{0tr end l 6$Ots, but ono would, not rxpcet tblr to bc ncfLeot-

cd ocrrnloally. 'llo loc a nrflsetlen of the Loaguc Ln senemic

rtylcc, fnogacnt trevcl bctwcea trlbos gas- eeunellg reuld bc

cxpcotcd - a pettora llkc that wbloh Horgaa dcrenlbod. Ehlc

la a pattern rfttob appears to enengo ln tbo scoond balf oftbc 1?th oonturir

Spcoulatlon

l&o oenan!.o analyola lndl.oetcd tbat thcre $as e trcnd

tbrough tlac of Lnereaslng glnilrlrlly bctween trlbal ercag.

In oheptcn 1O the typoa of pattcnacd brbavlon wblab thls trcnd

69

migbt neflcot rna dlgcuassd.. Tlrte trend nay rcfloot Eevo-

nent of gonc Honon outsldo of the trlbc upon marnlrgc or rto

lnercaalng aaptune of wemon by ncn from etbcr Gribec. Slaeo

lt appoaro that tbc tcegus of the Inoquola dld not bcooue an

effcottvo ualt untll somatiue aftcr 1600, rc Hey eEk lf, thlcmovcnoat of ronen (voltrntary o!' otbenrige ) woutd havs hrd

any slgnlfLoanee for the Latar devolopncnt of the Loague. Ibellevc tbat lt dld bave elgnlflernoor

It heg bcea polnted out by Morgan, Featoa, and ethcng

that sne of tbe uaJon cohosl.ve feoters rltbln the teague oftbe Inoguols lay ln tbe faot that tribsg la dlffereat aneag

abaned the genc matrlllnoal elang. Mongen, who rcfenred tothe olan6 es trlbes wrote:

Xbc Hohewk of thc WoIf tnl.be necognLzed theSeneea of tbe lfoLf trlbe aa hlg brothen, and,they lrere bound. to each sthen by tlos of eon-aenguinLty. Ia llke nenncn thc Onol.da of theTurtle @r renc ether tnlbe neoeLved the Gryugaen Onoadega ef the arns tnlbe as a brothen,and sltb a firaternal wolo@D€o &la nclatlon-oblp rrag not ideal, but-res-foundod upon eetueleensalagulnity (Uorgan 1851 :81 1.

lrfongan rag rortslng ln tbe 184Otg end, l8lOts and pnoJeetlng

bchrvier and tnedltloas thon ourrcnt (though so&o of ttposslbly ldeallzed) brekwend la tlucr Bo tbat we do aot knor

the anttqulty of tbo above phenonenon. One oeq angu6 tbatslnce the pnessnco ef the gane olaae ln dlfferent areas rat a

naJon esheslve fonec wl,tbta the tee6u,o, tblc situatloa auat

havs exlgted vcry eerly la tbe dcvolopment of tbe teegue - @r

lf tt dld ast exist the fletloa tbat pcople

belonged to tbe sarae olan would bave hEd to

dlffarent aneas

ttnvented n,

ofbe

70

This 'rinvention" i^roul'd have been facilitated if it had scrne

basis in reality.

If atroriginal matri-clans I,{€Fs strj-ct1y matr"llocal- anC

woilien d"iC not nove betr'*een tribes, ho'"v could the sarne natri-

clans 'oe found in different tribes? In this :'egard, 0tterbein

suggested (personal comrnunicailon ) that there were a li::nited

nurnber of suitable anirnal-s to choose frorilr sc one would get

tne same names repeated in different areas. Inoeed, it has

been pointed out by iviorgan that the clan names: Wolf,, Bear,

Beave:', Turttr-e, Deer, Sfiipeo He:'on, and" i{awk are widespnead

in Eastorn Norih lilnerica. Furtherrlore, it is long standing

anthropological wisdom that the s&jfle clan names appearing in

diffe:'ent areas shouid not be taken as inclicative of actual-

relationship of people.

However, the tr"enri of inc:'easing similarity between tribal

areas through time can be cibed as a line of eviclence arguing

for actual novement of women. Women no'.ring to a different

tribe and rearing children thero wor:l!-d esta-bli-sh their matri--

clan in that tnibe. It is interestlng to note that one of

the most drarnatic increases in simj-larity between tribes

through tlme {especial}y for co}lar design) oceurs between the

Oneida and the l"iohawk. E. Tooiter states:

Tire similarity of l{ohewk ano Oneida c}anoi:ganization seens to confir"m the sugges-tion that the reiationship between the twowas closer than that between other tribesof the lroquois League, and thatr BS Fenton(19i+0d:218) su.ggests, the two tribes wereprobably one peopl-e before they settled intheir presen'b loeations . (1 ?5ll:1 B )

The evid"ence presentecl in chapter B makes it unlikely that the

71

Mobawk ead oncid,a ever lrotr'e one people. tbe faet that elan

siullarlty ts s@ great doos ouggcst that women moved bctwcea

trlbcs. Ponhaps som€ oneida uomcn uqovsd te the Mohnwk arsa

after tho Hu!.ens slew tbc Onclda wernlorg.

The cenanlo evld6ne6 ouggests that thc naJonlty offroquoLe Honcn atayod wlthln tbc!.n natl,ve trlbal arcas

(trtghon eosfflolcnts of elnllerlty between sitos In tnlbaL

ercas, ncesuros of attrlbutc essoclatlen). Howcven, therc1g aLco evld.eaoe fer the movoncnt of sonc foseres betneen

tribcg dunlng the pcnled studted, aad thenc 1g furtherevldenee to suggeet that thc Leaguc dld nst beconc effcotlvcuntll anound 1660 on Iater. Tbls eanly movonent of a€sc

rroquols $oucn wltb dlfferent netrl-elan afftllatLon lnad-vertentry oould bave acted es a klnd of proeondltloalng forthe later suceesgfuL dcvelopnreat of tbe Lcaguo of the

rnoquola. clens $sro an lnportant unlt ln tho etnucturLng

of the Lcague. A prchlatonlc noveneut of womon wttb the

eonconltant eatabllsbuent of thellr matr-clanr ln dlffenenttntbel areas ssul"d have faallltated tbo Latcn fonmal rtrue-turlng of tbe teaguc.

SBSFTBR IX

SOME ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANALYSIS

E e] ssigge h! e -qg 4.p ssLl a !.qs. n sl4-H-q$s€gge"* gy

I eheeked f,or. cernelations betr^reen eoefficlents of homo*

geneity and the rneasures of &ssociation from eaeh site. Thnee

eoefficients of homogeneity were eonsidered": 1 ) average

attribute homogeneityo ?) eollar design hornogeneity, and 3)

type hornogeneity (see Appendix VI). Four measures of assoo*

iation were considered" Two of these were the unit normal

deviates derived from multi-dimensioned and two by two chi

square tables. The other measures were the aetua] number of

significant multi-dintensioned and" two by two ehi square tables

for each site (see Appendix V),

Using an exj-sting eornputer program for e aleulating

Pearsons r, eaeh categor;r of hornogeneity i^ras tested against

each category of association (eee Table 6). There was no

conrelation between type hrornogeneity and any of the measures

of assoeiation, though it ie interesting to note that the

results were in a positive dinection, wheneas the eight other

reeults were in a negative dinectlon. fhis is expeetable

urhen one considers that many types are defined on the basis

of association of eertain attnibutes" Collar homogeneity and

association tended to be signifieantly inversely conrelatedt

the strongest coruel-ations were those invoS-ving the number of

significant ehi squane tables, nather than the unit nor"mal

deviate s .

72

CORBELAIIIOf

AEgoo.

t

73

TTBI,E 6

BETHESN AS OCIABIOT

Eomogcnolty

t[D EO]rO6Elfg8r

attr.aY$o

6ollardcalgn typo

-.11il.8.

-.59.o5

+.32S.S.

-.1s5S.S.

-.95.01

+.03[.$1.

-.08f .S.

-'hl[.S.

+.211[.S.

'.51.10

-.80 : +.oa.01 | il.g.

60r!31.cign!f.

2

3

l$

lssoo.l = unlt Bomal dovieto fron nuLtlple sLzcohl rquaro tablcc, Asaoc. 2 = aunbcr of rlgnlfleantnultlple alzc obl. tqurrc teblca, Ascoc.3 = unl.tnoruel drvl,ate fnon two by tro ebl sguue tablcs,Aaroo.b = nnnbon of algnlfloent tro by tno ebl squattctrblca. il.S. F Bot a Elgalfloeat oorrrcletlon.

IroglerLly, h@nogcnelty end ersoelrtlea of ettrlbutsg erc

roptrate oonocptr. If rc refcn to frble 2, lt epptenl that

[legera Frontl* aad Scneca 6tt.t havc bigh oorfflolaats of

bouogrnelty f,or ooller dcaigar whlle Mohank and Onolda gltos

brvo lowor osaffloLlatt. tJhca uc eremlnc assoolatlon thc

tread, Ls rsve!'gcd (gce .|[eblc ,| ). lrioherk and Onclde cltee

heve hlgh m.esurcs ef atsooletlsa vbll,c Slegtre frentlcr rad

Soacor rLtee havo loron Eoasurot of essoeletlsa.

Hbel,loa (1968)' la bls enelyata of orllemlo hornogrnelty

74

end attribute association for Faetory Hollow, a seneca siteused in this anaS-ysis, and Garoga: &n earlier Mohawk site not

used in this analysiso found pa::a}}e} results using a dj_ffer*

ent cenamic attribute }ist" Garoga was charaetenized by

higher assoeiation than Faetony Ho]low wLrile Faetory Hollow

tended to be more homogeneous than Sanoga.

In this study, it has been assumed that ceramic homo*

geneity refJects communication between villages (espeeially

betueen different tribal areas ). rt may be that homogeneity

refLeets pattenning within a village as welln A Mohawk or

Oneida residence group may have been: 1 ) consistent in theircombination of attnibutes (thus high attnibute association)

and 2) differentiated their product from that of other res-idence groups within the village (thus Jower collar design

homogeneity for a site ). It may be that Oneida and. Mshawk

residenee grCIups are more elearly refleeted in ceramic

patterning than residenee groups in the Seneea and Niagara

F?ontier area"

Sl_!e Siz,e and--Cergry*: Patlerqiq&

Dutch Hollow, Factony Hollow, and Connish &re $eneea

sites r^ihich are berieved to be eontempor.aneous (t"). Dutch

Hollow, the langest, is estimated to be betweu., f6-f5 acres

in size while Faetory Hollow ls somewhat smaller, being be-

tweeR B*10 acres in slze. Cornish is anound two acres insize. Dutch HoLlow is ln the western Seneca area while

Factony Hollow is in the eastern area. Cornish is two miles

south of Factory Ho}}ow, Duteh Hollow, the furthest west, is

75

centlstently moro sLnLLar to gitos in aneas eeat of tbo Senoca

ar)ea tban Faetory Eoll,or, and Faotony Eollow l.s aonslsteatly

nore sinlLar to oaetcnn al.tea than Conatah. fhig pattena 1o

explalaeble nalthsn tn tcrmr of epatlal en tcuponal varlrtlonnor 1a tennE of otyllttlo oontlaultios bctreea gltos roBre-

ccntlng the Ba,no vl.lLege rEovement. Rathen, lt rould. scen te

rofleet dlfferentlal glte glze.

Coeffiolonts of lronogenel.ty ncfleot e panalleL trond, forDutch ffollow potteny Ls legs honogcneous than Faotory Eollorpotteny, and Faetony Eollow pottery ls lees homogensous than

Connlsh potteny. In other wonds, the lerge:r the s!.te, the

nore varlablo tbe pottetPy.

In tho next ehapterr dlfferent tntenpr.etatloas of ceranlo

pattennlng will bo dlsauased,. Ia thlo oonneotlon, tt shoul.d

be polnted out tbat thcre doos not appear to be a unLfonm

increego ln ette slze thnoug! time fon the sltes analyzod lntblg study, so tbat the tnend of lnercacl.ng slnllarlty bstrcen

tnlbaL areaa Ls aet almply a rcflcotloa of Lnonceaing giteglze.

CI{APTER X

sPgcuLAfIOlig

*Iarnes Tuck recently said of the rroquois: "Ar1 fivetribes must have been subjected to much the same environ*mental and soclaJ- pressures " {1971 :35}. rn a very gener"al

sense this is true. Hoi{ever, the geographic separation ofthe rroquois tri-bes caused these pressures to be exerteddifferently, and the ceramic anal-lrsj-s indicates that therroquois tribes did nst respond unifornly to tllese pres$ures

for change" rn thi-s section r hope to tie together se:'tainof the ce::arnic trends noted in ti:e pi,eceding analysis and torelate ti:ese trends to three majo:" factors affecting rrorluoissociet;r: ruarfare, trade, and diseaser

Perhaps the rnost significant cer.amj-c trend noted is thatof the increasing siniilarity between different areas thnough

time. TLro assurnptions will be itade regarding this increase inei mi I nr.i'hr;* vJ .

'l . rt indicates an increase in flle rate of diffusion ofceramic attributes and cerauic attribute combinations ratherthan simultaneous indepenrlent in:rention.2. Assurning r{onen were the potters, this trend. reflects a

tempor"al change ln an aspectn or aspects, of female behavior.The probable effeet of warfareo tr"ade, and disease on the

movement of rroquois woinen will be examined to see if any on

all of these faeto:'s could have causec an increase in ce:,amic

sirnilarity between areas through time"

75

77

A)-ong with this general increase in similarity between

areas, ther.e are tribal- differences in observerL c*ramicpatierns which suggest differenees in the fnequency or even

kind of the patterned behavlor which is reflected", The Seneca

area shows the least incnease in sinrilarit;i with other areas,an,l for the seneea, eol}ar. design shcrrrs a definite trendthrough tine of inereasing hornogeneity. rn the Niagara

Frontierr.sites are characte::ired. by the greatest eer"an:ic

homogeneity. Alscr ou the averageo coefficients of similarityare highest alnong sites on the Niagara Frontie:' and gene:"allynext highest a.:nong later Seneca sites. bJhen ceramic attributesare considered, there tends to be a cecr-ease in simila:,itybetween the Niagara trb,ontier" an.-l the seneca area. on theother hand, there is a great inerease between the Oneida and

the Moha',uk areas. wanfaren tr.ade, and disease will h,e exaa-

ined to see if the probabl* effect clf any of these faetorsmight have a geographical dirnension whieh parallels the ,se

ceramic patterns.

Warfare

The early historie reeords suggest that the 16[0rs and

1650 I s were a period of intense cornpetition airlong tr.ibes .

Hunt (191+0).nas relate,l this to the dwi_nrj.J-1-ng s,_rpply of beaverin the rroquois area i*hich drove the rroquois to make war on

neighbo:"ing tri-bes to seeu:'e fu:"-s for" trade ,_rpon which theyhad become dependent. The early histori-e records aLso

suggest a great civersity of populati.cn among the rroquois as

a consequence of rroquois victories over neighho::ing groups;

78

...if any should compute the number ofpure-bl-ooded i:'oquois, he would havedifficulty in finding rnor?e tl:an 1200 sfthem in all the five nations, sinee theseare, for the rnost part, only the aggrega-tion of di-fferent tribes whon they haveconguered. " ".including the lluron, Neutral,Cat, Tobacco, Fire, and others (js t+g :2ATin Pratt 1966).

A simiLar entry oceu.rs in the #+ur.LSg}-atip& af 1656^1657:

ttOnondaga counts sei/en different nations who have eome to

settle in it, and there are as many as eleven in the Senecarr

(,rn- l+::ae5 in Grassmann 1969:183).

This high number of diffe:'ent nations living arnong the

Seneca is not congruent with the high hoinogeneity observed

within Seneca sites and suggests tha,t the diversity of pop-

ulation obse:.veil for the lroquois in the 16$0ts was a result

of conquests in the 16itr0rs and 16$0ts and cannot aeco';nt for

the ceramic trends noted in this study. This is reinfo:'eed

by a subjeetive eonside:.ation of the pottery analyzed. Though

I have noted :ressels tirat seemed i{uron in type in Niagara

Frontier sites, or vessels that seerned typically Susquehannock

in some Seneca sites.r or vessels tha'fu resembled pottery from

the St. Laurrence area i-n Cnondaga and Oneida si-tes, I do not

believe that pottery styles typical of arieas outside the area

of study caused an inc:'ease in eeramie sirnilarity between the

areas studied,

I{a:.ian White has noted tha'h villages moveri with regularity

in the Niagara Frontier until around the 1630ts when the

pattern of vi3-1age morreinent was dlsrupted (personal communica-

tion). War.fare is the most likely explanation for this

79

dlcruptlon. lrtro Jecult Relatlona rccond that la 1638 tho

tlcnree aro foneed. to leeve tholr torrltony aomorberc botreen

the &tc and the seneoa beeeugo of pnerour"e fnom tbetrcacuies. In sunr e coagldoratton of the pattern ef settlenentnovencatc aad. eeramie etylea suggeetr that ono oaanet preJoot

the petternr of warfaro and laoorponatLen of lergr nunbora

of erptlveg obscnved ln the 16l10te and 16$gts beek La tfunc

to the 16th ooatany.

fhough tbe pettern of rarfane end adoptLsn tbat exlatod.

l.a the'l6l1ota and lote eannot aooount for the eeranlo trcndcaotcd ln thls etudy, eerlLcr renfare pnobably dld affoot een-

anlo ctylea. svl.denoe of nanfane tn tbe forn of pall.sadeg

anound vlrlagce arld tbe loeatlon sf those vlLlages wlth ref-€reaoe to dcfenclble tcrraln oeou?r tbroughout thc ponlod oftlnc eevcncd by thlo rtudy. rn dlecurctag wrfarc before161g0, re sbeuld dletlnguigh betweon aborrglaal ranfme,preotleod duntag t1 of tblr ttud,y, aad the warfarc praotlccd,

betrcen eppnoxlnately 155o-16h0, eenpnlring pcrlod.s ba, t3,and t4.

lrlggcr has eharaoterlzcd eboniglnel sarfenc La tbe Xonth-caat as tt...olo8e1y eonneotcd wlth blood rcvcngc, I rlerlflolalouJ.t, and a ayeten of lndlvldual pnoat!6o', (1962:11+l ). Rethen

than a acnlcs of eneouatcna batueen uasted, forces fron dlffcn-ent tnlbee, warfane wac pnobably moro oD the ordcn of repeated,

raldr and akinulshee on ttrc part of sna1l war pertlcs. Oen-

trlnly eonpotltion fon farntng land could not hevc bcen rfacton ln thlt oarLl,rr wanfere for ther6 rcro vast gtretcbcs

8o

of unoceupied territory that would have been suited for

farming.

Hickerson {1965) noted that warfare hetroreen the Chi-ppewa

and the Sioux created a buffer zone between tribal- ter.ritonies

which hunters entered only at great risk. This disputed

territory provided a refuge for deer hunted by both the

Chippewa- and the Sioux. I{ostilities of this nature were

adaptive in that they served to maintain the deer population.

There is both arehaeological and ethnohistoric evidence to

indicate that deer were important to the lroquois diet, and

it is quite possible that aboriginal hostilities between the

Iroquois tribes had much the sanle effect as that between the

Ci:ippewa and Sioux.

What effect would this aboriginal pattern of warfare

have had on the distribution of ceramic style? We may assume

that it would have encouraged regional autonomy of eenarnic

style, for it would have precluded the free ncovement of women

between areas. Whallon {1 968 ) noted a trend of inereasing

homogeneity of ceramic style frorn the Owaseo to the Inoquois

period and this ceramic pattern is paralleled by archaeological

evidence of inereasing warfare. As was inentioned in chapter 2,

Iroquois period sites fall- into definite spatial clu"ste:rs.

This seems less truo fo:' earlier period sites, though more

data on settlenent is needed" It rnay be that insreasing homo-

geneity of ceramic style fnom the 0wasco to the Iroquois period

may parallel increasi-ng definition of buffer zones betroeen areas.

Unde:' ccnditions of aboriginal warfare, there is one

81

mechanism rlhich would operate to incr"ease cerarnic sirnj l q."i t':

between areas - capture of rvotnen. Vayda has suggested:

Autonomous loe al groups aFQ small enoLlghin mr:ch of the primitive r,iorld to be sub-ject to a considerable flucbuation insize, sex ratir:, an* age distriblttion asa result of ehance vari-ations in natalityanrl rnortality, The taking of uar eaptivesis one pcssible rneans of counteractingthe im?:alanoes :"esulting frotn such chance','ariaticns. " " {1 966 :86-B? ) .

If women were captured and taken to another tribal- ai'ea uihere

they continued tr: laanufae bure potter;r in the sane rilanner as

they had before, this would have promoted *erarnic sir*ilarity

between areas, Taken as a wl:ol-e, how*ver, the evidenee sug-

gests that alnong the ab.lriginal. Iroeluois, blarfare probably

served to hind.er, rather than eneourage the distr"ibu.tion 'cf

particular cerainic styles,

I'{ith tire Ermopean discove:'y and subsequent co}onizaticn

of North Arnerica carne European diseases. It was nentioned tnat

abr:riginal rai.ding nrignt be a response tc, local irubalanees i-n

population equilibrium. l.iith 1*rropean introd'.:ca,1 elridemics,

probably around tZ in this strrdy, a patte::n of raiding as a

response to po;oulation inbaJances ma;" have beccrne irnportant.

As far as I know, there is no histcric recor,l of tne Seneca,

Cayu.ga, Onondaga, Oneida, o:' l'lohawk a*t:-tall;r fighting each

other, but there are fer"r records pertaining tc the lroquois

prion to 16,1+C" The Deganawidah epic implies that there was

a period of internecj-ne wa:'fa:'e anong the iroquois before the

formation of the League. If the League were not realJ-y an

effective unit until after 166A, there ma;r well ha',re been

hostil-e enc,runters between the lrocluois tribes during the

82

period of tir,ie studied. It may be that l",ioinen were incraas-

ingly captured by adjacent lroqr-iois groups and this !*o what

is neflected by the inc:.ease in sinrilar,ity betr"reen areasr

rt shoi:ld. be noted that even lf inereasi-ng warfare, and

not increased cocpe:"4-tic'n is rnrhat in reflected- cer.amically,

there is still no cerariic evicence fc:. the fonraation of the

Les-gue. Only if one assumes that incr"ea.se d simila::!ty be*

tween the Niaga:"a Frontier and other areas reflects increasedrrar"f are, and inereasec simj-larity betr"reen the Fj-r,.s Iroquoistribes refl"ects i-ncreaEed coopera-tion ancl communication couId.

one argue for ceramie refl.eetion of the League. This is more

tha.n I am curuentJ-y willing to assuiils. It woul"o seem thetwhatever is reflected. by the trend of increasing similarity,it is common to al-l areas studj-ed, though oceur:ring with dif-ferent frequency in the Cifferent areas.

It will- be rerilemhered that the Seneca a-nd Niagara FY,cntier

areas exhibited different cerari:ic pa"tte::ning than the other

areas, If the capture of r..'omen is reflee ted cerarnicall;;, the

eeranrj-e patterning for these ares-s i.^ro,j1d irnpllr that captured

ttomen blere less frequently brou.ght back tc the Seneca area

(especia.lly du.ring t3 and *1,) and the Ni-agara Ft"ontier area

(tt , tZ, t: ) tl:an to the o ther areas studied. Tf we take

this argunent a step further', this a'ouf d sugg;est that Niagara

Ft"ontier and Seneca populations were less involved i-n ho-etil-e

relationships r^rith other tr.ibes. This specuJ-atiorr is strength-ened by an independent lj-ne of archaeolcgicaJ- evidence " The

only sites ir: this study that were not l-o*ated" with referenee

83

to defensible te::r"a.i-n i,ler"e l-ate Seneca sites and certain

Niagara Frontier siteg. The l-ate Seneca sites are the 'l qpoaqt

sites eonsidered in this stlrd3, and it ntay be that these

Seneca neither feared- attack noi- often captureC worilen from

other. tribes becau.se of their la.rge size. Within a large

village, sex ratios are less likel;r to be subject to flurctua*

tion than in a small- vill-age, and raic.ing for women may hp.ve

been less frequent.

Frorn this Ciscusslon it r"rou.ld appear possible that r*hat

is reflocted by the cerantie analysis is increasing capture of

r"romen through tine. Before this possibility is acceptecln

there are other factors whi-cli should also be consid.ered,

Trade

From approxinate-l-y 155C onward European material is pres-

ent on lroquois sites. By 161+0, European items are so predori-

inant that there i.s little abor"iginal n:ateria] cul-ture left and

it is for tl:is reason that the cerarnie analysis is not extended

beyond 16ll-0. It is du.ring this sanie pe:'iod of time that there

is an increase in eeramic simila.rity between tribal- areas.

This suggests that t}:ere may be a relationship between trade

and cerarrric patterning.

No doubt it rrr&s lroquoie

Eunopean trade goorls founcl on

to Duteh traders o:" anbushing

frorn French settlernents. It

that wonen engaged in shorter

tr j-be s . Van den Bogaert , in

men whc obtained inost of the

Jroquoi"s sites by journeying

Iluron traCing par&*,e* returning

is entirely possible, however,

tracling ventures between adjacent

a I'lohar";k village in 163[ notes :

8lr

WhileatthiseastlerthreeOneidav;ornenarriveA with aried and fresh salnon to sel]I'or one florirr or two trands of l^'Yampllm each 'Al-so, these wonien sold tt*

Sq9{ quantity ofg"**,1 iou*"*o " (Gras$mann 1969:l+7 )'

After visiting another tribe for purposes of trade' women

eould take back to thelr own tribe new ldeas of potter;r manu-

facture a.nc1 design: hence increasing cei'antic sirailar"ity be-

tween areas.

It r,{as noted that the Niagar,a F?ontier and Seneca areas

exhibited ceramic patternlng different from the other areas '

ITiagara Frontien sites and l-ate seneca sites were characterized

by high hornogeneity and sites within these areas had hlgh

coeffi_cients of sirnilarity" There is also a tenriency for

similarity between these two areas to decrease throu"gh time '

If one wer.e to interpret ceranic patter"ning as refl-ecting

female trac.e aetivity between areasr wonen in those areas

r^rould. appear {rot- to have engaged in much trade ' 0n the other

hand, the increase in similarlty between Mohawk and" Oneic'a

would. suggest that there was a great oeal of contact as a

result of trade.

This v;culo appear to be likely if i,.re consirler the sources

of European trade rnaterial: the Fl"ench in canaca and the Dutch

at Albany, The Duteh established a tradlng posto Fort Nassau'

near present ,iay Al-bany in 1611+. This was just east of the

Mohawk territo::y, The Dutch and- Ir{"ohawks }:ad probably traced

even before this d.ate, holusver. The seneca wore quite remote

from this source cf trace ,5s1sria1, and t?:e Erie in the Nie'gara

Frontier etere even lac)re so (apfrcximatel-y 250 rniles)' The

85

alternative souree of trade materi-a.l- fon the Seneca and

Niagara Frontie r populatiofls r,rl&s the Fr.ench " Thourgh the East*

ern Iroquois r{e:2e closer to the French settlemer:ts at Thnee

Rivers, l"lontreal, and Q,uebec, the Niagara Frontier Erie were

closer to the }lurcns who carried on ari active trade with the

Fbench. The l{urons traded with the }teutral to the scuth, ancl

the Eri-e in the Niagara Fircntier could harre obtained trade

mate:'ial frorr: the Neutral (White 1961 :23).

Whether the irltitr:ate sollrlce of trade na,terial was Dutch

ar Freneh, the $eneca and Nia"gara trY.ontier areas wore fur"thest

rer,roved frorn the sources of Eurc,pean tr.ade materj.al- while the

0neida and Mohawk were the cJ-osest. In the quotation from

Van clen Bogaert, Oneida women (to the west of the ,",iohar^rk area)

bring native products. to t:"ade for money or wamplln. Oneida

rnen cculd then have tnaded these iter,:s to the Dutch. Hornr

wi115.ng would these sallre Oneida wonen have been ta trade money

or wampurn to 0nonclaga women for nati-:re pnoriucts ? Perhaps they

would do so if there were a profit to be made, but wouild thisprocess continue? Wou.l.d Onondaga" woriien trade mclney to Cayuga

women who trould trade it to Seneca rvsomen who would trad-e it to

Nia.gara F?ontier women? Possibly some money or trade goods

reached the Seneca and Nie.gara Frontier area in ti:j-s fashion,

but most European material in these areas was prcbably seeured

by long d.istance travel on the part of males. It would seenl

lilce3-y that Niagara Fl.ontien and" Seneea women did less trad,ing.

Hence, it is entirely possible that what is reflected ceramie*

ally is fer,'rale tradS-ng activity.

86

At tblr pelntl onr Elgbt lp.oulaGo oE thc peaclbLo

rcLetlonghlp bctween ran esd tradc. lfaelt tgnccn.nts based,

on tnrd,e pnobably dovolepcd bctmon Inoquote tntbcs. Ar Incrultl hostllltieg bctssca trlbce rould. bavc dooneaccd. EtlaerSuct agelnat latorprotlng the eoranlo trondl al tbe oaptunof wonon. l{ltb d,corcaged begtllttlos betnson tnlbrs besrd oa

trader tbe buffer aone or no nente land bctroen trlboa sourd

brvc becn safc to eatcn. conrequentS.y, dcer would. havc bcen

nore heavlly trunted then before. Bcaver would dco havc bcen

lnereaslngly hunted bceauoc of tbo fup tnrde. slth iacroeg-lng rearclty of bcevcr end d,ecr, thc lroquola ury brvo eaeroech-

od on thc buntlqg ternltorLes of othon groupg: &lea, Ucnrcea,

eto. Tbls probebly hd to tbo latcr (t6lrgtc and 5orc) rerfsreo

tbat Eunt drrorLbea t! I resp@rrrc to thc fur trade.It ses around, l6lf0 that guns gonorally beoanr evatkblc

te the Inoquck end lt tc alre ebout thtg tlue tbat tbc prp-

ulatlon ln tbo f,legara &ontl.en dl.oappcnra. It nay roll be

that tbc dlcGenoo of tbt Erle frcn rotueca cf guae Blr ineJor feoton La tbtr populetlontr f,rilure to nelntala lttrlfla tbc llhgerr hontlcn.

Dlseage end DGnogrcpby

Debynr (1966) has gtresscd tbt groat depopulrtlon of [erthlnonlsan ebonlglnel populatLona tbrougb eonteot ulth Europoan

dlceaaes fon sblob they bed, ns nesiatrncs. Dlaeagcg rorc pr@b-

ebly tressulttod te Indlan trlbee long bcforo Ghc vletlmc evcn

lew e European. It ls oonccivablc thrt epidenlos w€trG a factorla thc dlrappeananoo of thc latc prcblatorlo populrtloac la

87

southwestern New York and in northern New York" It seems

highl;v tr-ikely that epidemics affected- population wlthin

Ir.oquois tri-bes, espeeially during periods t Z, t3, and *[.

As was mentioned earlier, the trend of decreasing ceramj-c

attribute association through time and the apparent decrease

in the 1-ength of longhouses ttlr"ough time rna.y reflect the effect

of epiden:ics on lroquci.s society.

There is archaeological evidence of an epidemic at the

Adans site, a tZ -\eneca site. L{ultipJ-e buri.als comprise 3A%

of the total burials found, some of these multiple burials

conbaining up to six lndividuals ln one grave. Thj-s is an

unusual patter.n for Seneca burj-als. 0n later Senece. sites

individuals are usu"ally buried singS-y. It 1s also at the

Adams site that traces of Europea,n trade goods first appear

in the area. It seems logieal to sugigest that along with

Eurcpean trade goods came Eunopean diseases.

For the period covered by the ceramic analysis lt is

irnpossible to gain an aecurate pieture of shifts in tribal

demography which could neflect the effeets of epidemics. The

site si-ze of most lroquois sites is only imperfectl;r known.

Ther"e are p::cbably some lrocluois vil) age site$ yet to be Cis-

covered, and the tenporal relationships of those sites that

are knorrn are not alwalrs clear., Tenta"tively, it looks as if

Seneca. population increaseC" from t1 to bZ, for Seneca f Z sites

are rnuch larger than Seneca t1 sites. In the Mohar^rk area it

l-ooks as if ther"e may have been a decline in population from

tZ to t3. Garcga and $tnith, t1 and tZ sites in the weste::n

88

ltohawk ar.a are largen than llagnens Sollor, * t3 glte eLco ln

tho scstern Mobawk area. 'lfhene ia elgo htstonls ovldcnoo fon

Mobawk populatloa deoLtne. Ten d,oa Bogaert vlalted tbc Mobark

la l63tf (Tan den Bogaertrs aceount appeena in Orassnann 1959)

and, he obgerved noro towncr noso houccgr ggd loagcr bouscd'

than dld l{entworth Oneenbalgb ln '1577.

elearly nore arcbaeologloal ronk needr to be dono to sbed

llght on desmographle cbangcr wlthla Inoquols tnlbes. I cucpoot

that tho perlod of tlne uader study uas ehanaotenlzcd by shifts

la populatloa slze and, cbanges in the sex ratlo of a trlbe a8

e noeult of botb cpldcnlec aad, warfefor lbough tbls dscs not

neoasgltate noveueat of people botuoen tnlbes, guoh novemcnt

soons llkely to oeour undcr theso oondltlons.

Ihlc suppoaltlon !s strongthsnod rhon ue ooasid'en the

SEnooa and Slagera F?ontlor areeE. SLagana fuontlen sltcs

aad later Scneea siGes are larger suggeEtlng tbat these ereas

nlght hevs bren lera subJeet to drestlo ebanges ln tbe sox

retlo, tnd thsrefone proportLonatcly fcncr wonon nlght have

catcrad the dJPe&r thlc bebavisn sould panallcl the cEramlo

pattenns obeenvod fon Slagara Fr@ntl'er and Setleca sltcs.

Furthernone, when GneonhaLglr tnavelLed tbrough Iroquola ln

1677 the only structunea whleh he nsted thet epPcar to beve

bccn tradltlonal Loagboures sore ln the Seneca 83e&r fhla

agaln suggeotc thet the Seneee populatLon w&s m@ro stablc

than thet of tbe Eaetcna Inoquola trlbes.

lle bavo afuerdy colrsLdered the oeptune of roncn as e

89

norpoasc to pepnletlon dlrequlltbrlun bnought absut by cpi-dcnloa. lfbsra are twe ethon neahanlems rhleh nay aLso brvcopcratcd ts nogtore populatloa equlllbniun anoag tho rroquol.strlbcs: 1 ) flextblltty of sLb or elan effllLetlon, anct z)flexlbls nesl.dence nuleg. OonsernLng flcxlbillty of elbafflllatlon La Hunonla:

A typteal vlllagc lraa nadc up of sovcnalgl.be who unitod fon the dunailon of tfiJ-vlllage.- .But wbcn_tbe vlLlagc waa novcd,,glbc ptght break off or villlgos unft io'forg tl19?o oncs (Jn I i OS hlnlggcn1 963e ,J55).

trrlr praotLoe ney havo been truc of thc rroquola ec ucll. rfBor lt prebabry trould bave funotloned. ,to nrdlgtnlbutc popula_tlon not only rlthln tnl.ber, but poaalbly botseen tnlbes a,wcll..

rn popular antbnopologl.cal thtnktng thc rneguela eroasEunncd te bavc bcen natrlloerl. ra thls study r an doflalagnatnlLoeellty tei noan thet the fcnaleg ronein ln the sFEo

vlllegc upon uanrLagc. rn a stniat matrlloeal eltuatl.oa,nouen would, not aarny outslde tboln vlrLago. rt hae efteabcsa polntcd out, boneven, tbat reolctler narely 1f everEonslstentl.y felLow a alngLe poot-aarltal rogldence pattenn.A frexlble post-nanltal res!.denee pattcnn rould have bcenad'aptlvc ln thet lt could havo openated to cstebllsb eomparablescx natlss wlthln dlffonent trlbos.

Cara Rlohande studied bletonlc doewaenta for etateacntcon houccbord couporl.tion for tho suron rnd rroquols betwean1600 and 1550 anct sho eemc to thc soaelusLen thatr

90

illii'i'ffi:'fffil*?: :: g:i":"i3t"113".,ahould bo nevicod, at least to thc ertcntef nstlng that types of rcrldon€c othenthag natrLloeaL heve been reportad (196T t5546',t.

Mort of RlEhqrdts cxanpS.cs ane frsn Hunonla fon thsre is uueh

Less d,oeumentatl.on for the rnoquolr et thia polnt. floweyorl

r€ may assuHc that matrLloeallty waE not aLways strlotlypraotJ.oed by the rnoquole dunlng thc perlod oovened by the

cenanLo anaLysls. In fact, the decnease in attnlbute asgocl.a-

tlon tbnough tlne could be Lntcrproted as refleetlng a

decneege la the fnoquency of natnllocal nosldenee.

rn obaptor I thc slmllerlty bctuocn oneld,a end Mohark intenns of elans was noted, and thls was nolated to the tnend

of lnerEasLag slnlLanlty tbnough tlnc between thcss srcas,rbieh ouggeatcd nsvenent on tbe pant of elthcn oneLda orMohark wo&@tre rf onelde Eon rlere slala durlng c!.then t, on

tr, as tbe tredltlon disoussed ln obepten I cuggcsts, thls+oould bave been a eauso of the novenent of aome oaeLda H@ECn

to the Mobawk anea.

Goncluslon

untll about 16ho, hLctonic records pontalnlng to the

rnoquola are virtually abseat. r'non anohaeoLogleaL evldenoe

we know that aboriglneL matenlal curturo wer largely nepraced

by Europeqn natenlel culturo durrng tbc latter pert ef the

l6th oentuny and tbe flngt harf of tho l?tn eentuny. profsund.

changee ln tbe Inoquoic adaptatlea to thelr naturel and aoela!.

envlnorlnont nuEt bave becn taklag pLeoe durlng thts penlod oftine, yct re have ao hlltorlo reeord of tbtg. rn tbtE d.iceus-

91

clon I bave attenpted to dlseugs pessl.ble eerasis rcfleotLons

of naJor faotorc whl.ch were pnobably affectlng fuoquola

eoelety et thLc tLme: wanfare, trads, dlsease. To an ertsntall thnee faetong ano nelated, end 1n thla dlceussl,on warfa:rE

was diaeusosd, as a posslblc rpcspolrs€ to Eunopaan lntrod,uaed

opld.cnioe.

Iny onc of thsgs faotsns sould aeoount for tbc eerauio

tnenda uhleb uere noted,. Ehus, the oeranl.e tnendg couLd

rcfleet @ac or &@ro klndg of pattonuod bcbavien. It eould be,

for exanple, tbat !{ohask and, 0nel,d.e eeranle pattcnnlng ncflsotraovencnt of usncn eruscd, by LnbatanooE ln the scx natlos ofone or bsth of tbcro tnlbes due to rerfare and./or dj.scsae. On

the othor hand, $eneoa end Slegana Enoatlen pattcnaLag Bay

rcfLcst laok of fenale lntortnl.bal tnade.

At pneoent the Eenanlc cvld,eace ladLcates that tho proeosa

of ebange nas not unlforn for all the tnibes studled. [tre

Seneca ancl the bte ln tbe l{lagara hontler eppear to have

beon sometrhat less affeeted fon e tlnc by foroee ehenglng

Iroguote aoelety. Yet, ln the ceso of thc l{l.agana Fboatlerpopulatlon, thclr lcolatlon pnobably proved, fatal., for thcllrnenoteness from centens of Eunopcen tnadc aad thcir eonseguent

lnablLity to seouro an adcquato supply of guns probebly llcsbehtad thcln fallurc to nalntaLn thcsnrolves wLthla thcfur

tcnrltony. Tbs $encee, Cayuga, Onond.aga, Oaeld.a, aad Mohawk

cuoecrsfully naLntelaad thenselves lu thclr ternltery untlltbc Amcrloen Rcvolutl.on, though these sosioticc ehangcd,

grcetly ln tbc prossrr. ,llhc ocraule analyal.o ln part refLcotg

an carly otege ln that proecrE of elrange.

Appendix ITHE SITES

The sites used i-n thie study have been subJect to widely

different excavation historiee, some have been canefulryexcavated and lnformation exists on curtunal features and. on

the genenal pnovenience of the potteny studied. Fon many

othens, however, excavation was unsysternatic and^ carnied out

by a number of individuals, in a few cases over a centuny

ago. For these sites, little information exists on internalpnovenience of material or its association with culturalfeatures.

In the following discussion of the sites, I d.id notattempt to compile all the information that is known about a

site on to nelate its panticular histony of excavation.

Rather, I have confined myself to factors which may be

pertinent to this study and whieh ane known for near"ry all ofthe sites.

Aften the site namer 03" narnes, r have put the officialNow Yonk State site designation, such as Buf J-[i for the

Buffum site. The l"ocation of the sites is on file using thisdesignation either in the state Museum in Albany or in the

Rochester" Museum and Science Center.

It would seem to rne that defensibility involves two

factors, tennain and fo::tifieation. I have attempted todistinguisLr f,our categories of terr"ain: highly defensible,defensibler moder"ately defensible, and not defensible. This

92

93

is only an appnoxi-mation, for topography varj-es and no two

sites are exaetly the same. When palisades have been observed

I have noted" them, Whenever a site has been extensively

exeavated, pal5-sades have been revealod and it ie my guess

that all the sites used in this study were palisaded.

fn almost all eases the site size given must be seganded

as a rough approximation arnived at frorn consideration of

topography and d.istribution of matenial on the surfaee.

These estimates come from a number of soureeso pubtrished and

verbal. In sorne cases it is unclear whether these estimates

inelude adjacent eemeteriesu if indeed there are adjacent

cemeteries.

I have noted the number of whole vessels analyzed from

a site. In the absence of reeords, the presenee of a whole

vessel suggests that it came from a burial, for it was sften

the lroquois custom to inel-ude whole pots in the gravo. Most

of the pottery from bur"ials used in this analysis comes fnom

the $enesa arsa. I did not consider it feasible in this

analysis to consider pottery f:.on buriaLs separ"ately from

pottery from the village surface and middens.

Final1y, when I say colleetions were cross eheeked I

mean that the rim sherds fronr different colleetions from a

site were brought together and compared to see if sherds

representing the same vessel were present in the different

collections (See Appendix II for a list of the individual

collectirons from a site ). A vessel- rnigi:t be represented by

one Or twenty rim sherds, and the vesselp flot sberd, was the

9ls

unit analyued,

Nijutalg {LoJLtieL

Buffum (also lndian Cemeteny, Indian Clrurch Road Site ) Buf 3-h

Location: Erie County, southern part of the city of Buffalo

Defensibility; Not defensible tenrain. Squier and Sehool-

craft both noted an embankment surrounding the site.Size : 3,2 acres

Trade Goods: None. MacNeish consider"ed intrusive historic

Senec& graves to be part sf the site. He therefore

mistakenly considered Buffun to be historic.Sanple1. 133 vesselsr IIO whole vessels. Collections were

cross checked (exeept fsr the material from the Museum

of Anthropology, Univensity of Michigan)

Peniod: t,'

Referonces: White 1961 , Houghton 1 909, Squier 1851 ,

Schoolcraf t 1 Bl+7.

Good.year (also Mullen) Oep 1-ll

Location: Erie 0ounty, Elma Townshlp

Defensibllity I Defensible terrain

Sj"ze | 5.7 acres

Tr:ade Good.s: A cir"culan oval pendant of European bnass was

found. i"n one of the thnee graves excavated. Brass bangles

scraps of kettles, iron axes, and some trade beads were

found on the surface.

Samplez 558 vessels. No whsle vossels.

Peniod: t e

References: White 1961, Panker 19220 Houghton 1909.

e5

Gneen Lake (also Orchard pank site, yates Farm) aur t -4Location I Er"ie County, Orchard pank Township

Defensibility: Not defensible ternain. No report of an

ear"th ring,size: Tentatively 3-5 acres. rt is not knor,m how much of

the site was destroyed by the antificial formation ofGneen Lake.

Trade Goods: A few European artifacts have been found. ingraves. The genenal digging on the site has pnodueed"

trade good.s but not in la::ge quantities.sampJ-et 617 vessels. Ns whole vessels. The two eollections

were not cross eheeked as it is known that they oame fnom

different areas of the site.Peniod: t )Refenenees: White 1961, Dr, William Ritehiers unpublished

excavation neeords fnom 1929 in the Roehester Museum and

Science Centen.

Simmons Dep 3-4

Loeation: Erie County, Elma Township

Defensibility: HighLy dfensibLe tonnai-n. palisade

Size: B.B aeres

Trade Goods: An irsn axe, copper kettle fragments

cellaneous metaf.

$ample | +17 vessels insluding one nearly complete

Colleotions were eross checked.

Peniod: t )Refenences : White 1g67b.

present

and mis-

vesgel.

96

Seneca

Riehmond Mil1s (also Reed Font) Hne g-4

Locationl Ontanio County, Richmond Township

Defensibility: Highly defensible ternainSize I 5 acres

Tr"ade Goods: None

Samplet 191 vessels ineluding ono whole vessel.tions were not cnoss checked..

Peniod: t.,

References: Hayes 196Tb, Hamel} 1966, Wnay and. Schoff 1953,

Par"ken 1 91 Bb , 19ZZ ,

Belchen Hne B-4

Location: Ontarlo County, Richmond. Township

Defensibilityl Defensible ternainSize: 3-l+ acres

Tnade Goods: None

Samplel 100 vessels, No whole vessels. Collections not crosschecked.

Period: t.,

References: Hougkrton 1922, parken 1gZZ,

Adams Hne 3O-3

Location: trivingston County, Livonia Township

Defensibility : Modenately defenslble terrain. palisad.e.

Size t 1Q-12 acres

Trade Goods: A feror bnass beads, one j-non axe, and a veryfew glass beads.

sample: 70 vessels including l+3 whole vessels" pots i.n

Col lee -

97

the ileye Fouildation were whoLe: so cross ehecking of

that col-lecbion was not necessary " These pots were

acquired frotn the late Harry Schoff ' Cei'tain of ihese

w€re caialogued as General Adarns, others as Adattts. Gen-

eral Adarns was the mid i 9th century designation for the

T:'an: site, a site temporally and spatial-ly slose to the

Adams site. According to Chanles Wr-ay who freqrrently

worked" r,vith Schoffo one mey assume that the pottery in

the lleye Foundation labelled General Adams and dug by

Sehoff is frotn the Adains site.

PerioC; t^e

References: liJray and Schoff 1953, rrJray 195A, n.d..

C arneron Hne t'1 " I

Location: Lirringston Ccunty, Lii::a To't^rnship

Defensibility: l"'tode:'ately Cefensible terraj-n. Paiisado

Siz,e : 22.9 acres (e.stimate includ"es acljacent eeaeteries )

fraCe Goods r Two iron axes in 1 00 graves. Rol"led sheet

brass beadso bangles, and pendants. An incr-ease in the

arnount of trade material frr:m the Aclants site

Sarnple: 61 vessels including 20 whcle vessels,

froin both burial-s and village. Collestionsnh a n lro,4

Pei'iod: 'u2

References: Wray 1955, Wra-rt and Sehoff 1953, Cametron, Wray,

and Schoff n"d.

Po t tery

not eroas

98

Dutch Hollow (also Cleany) Hne 1-l+

Loeatlon: Livingston County, Avon Townskrip

Defensibility: Not defensible tenrainSize: 1O-15 acres

Trade Goode: Many polyehrome glass bead.s, eopper and bnass

points, brase awls, eopper beade, iron axes, etc"

"Nati-ve material accounted fo:, lS% of the cultunal goods

owned by the seneea duning this perlodfr (Ill::ay and sehoff1953).

sample : 21$ vessers including 1 1 0 whole vessels. Matenial

fnom both burials and village. collections not cross

checked..

Peniod: t^'5Ref,erences: Ritchie 1954, Kidd ln Ritshie i95\, wnay and

Schoff 1953, Parker 1919, 19?2"

Facto:ry Hol]ow (also Shattock, Font Hi]l) Hne T-z

Location: Ontario County, West Bloomfield Township

Defensibility : Defensible terrainSize: B-'t 0 aer.es

Tnade Goods: Similar to Dutch Hollow

Sample: 379 vessels ineluding l+5 whole vessels.

not cross ehecked. Matenial both from bunialsPeriod: t,Refenenees: Schoff 1958, Guthe 1958a, 19570 Wnay

1953, Panker" 1922

Collec tions

and village.

and Sehoff

99

Connish (a1so Vita Taft) ttne g-2.

LocatLon: 0ntari.o county, west Broomfield rownshipDefensibility: Moderately defensible ter"raj.n. pali"sade.

Slze : 2.1 acres

Trade Goods: Similar to Dutch Hollow

sample r 158 vessels ineluding J whole vessels. Most of thematenial is fnom excavation within the vilrage. collec_tlons were nst cross checked..

Period: t3

Refenences: Hayes 1965, 1966, 1967a, n.d. Anticles inHayesIs unpubrished manuscnipt by Guilday and rannenand Wray.

War.ren Hne 10-2

Locatlon: Ontanio county, west Bloomfield. Township

Defensibility: The village is not on defensible tennaincontrary to pa::ken 1922. 0n1y the cemeteny is on a

hill.Size: 1Q-12 acres

Trade Goods: Many bnass kettles and poryehrome grass bead.s.trNative matenia] now nepresented. only a little betterthan half of seneca matenial cultunerr (wnay and schoff1953).

Sample: B0 vessels including l+6 rtrhole vessels " A ma jonityof the material comes from bunials. colrections were

not cnoss checked.

Peniod: t,4

References: Wnay and Sehott 1953, parken 1gZZ,

100

Powenhouse Hne 2-a

Locationl Livingston County, Lima Tor^rnshlp

Defensibility: Not defensible tenraln. palisade

Size: 1Q-12 acres

Trad.e Goods: Much European material including ponningers,

pipes and spoons of pewten, also chinaware (petft ) and

glassware. trsilven plated bnass spoons have been found

beaning Errglish hallmanks of the eanly 1600rs (}fray and.

Scho tt 1953)

sample: 61 vessels including 26 whor-e vessels. potteny fnom

both buni-als and vill&ge. corrections not cross cheeked.

Peniod: th

References: Wnay and Schotf 1953, parker" 19Zz

9avu&g

Clifton Sprlngs (also Sanitarj"um Site) ffp 19-1

Location: ontanio county, Manchester/phelps Tor^rnships

Defensibility: Defensible tennain. palisad.e.

Size: 2 acres

frade Goods: None

Sample: 3lf vessels, No whole vessels.

fr-om midden.

Peniod: t1

References: Follett 1953, 1g5l+e, 195\b,

All pottery apparently

Genoa Font (also Hogsback, Traver, Stennen)

Location: Cayuga Countyo Oenoa Townshlp

Defensibillty: Highly defensible ternalnSize: 1 or 2 acres

Panker 1922

Gna 2-2

101

trede Ooodg: Europcan and aatlvo bcads rcported

$anple z 92 vollcls. Se wholo vcscelr. Gelloetlons aot

eross obeelred.. ltaeileleh lcft a aoto nltb tbc sbcrds lntbe t{uacun ef tnthropoltgy' tral.vcnslty of l{Loblgen that

rcrc forncrly ln the pocaoaslon of E. BlSford ef Serl-

vllLc, lf .Y., gucetlonln6 theln rc1lablllGi. !b. Blgfond

dug on r aqnben of lroquola slteg aad thone lc tbc poa-

alblltty tbet thc provcalcnee ef ronc rhcrdl mey brvc

broonc oonfused.

Perl.od; t JBefcreneect Dobbr 195hb' Prkor 1922

Onondage

Crncteny (also t{aterworksl Centuny) Cza 2-1

Ipeatlou: Onsndagt Couatyr Ponpey ltownabip

Dcfcarlblllty: Defcnalblo tarralnSlze: 2 ecncg

trede Goods: Bono

9enplo | 55 vcagols. f,o wbolo vcggeLs. Collcctlonc not ererc

ohceLod

Perlod: t1

Roforonces: lfuok 19694r t 969b

Bannor (dar Oran Slte, Oren-Barnoar Gazcnovler Lineatene

Creck Sltc, and lndrcna $lte) gge 15-1

Iooetbal gncndage 0ouaty, Ponpcy 'l8onnrblp

DcfcnslblLlty: Dcfcaslblo tcrreia. F'llnly pellaadc

$lsc: 6-8 eorcs

142

Tnade Qoods: A small scnap ofa heanth, Two trado beads

Sample: 63 vessels. No whole

cross checked.

non-nabive copperr found. near

found on sutrface.

vessels. Colleetions not

Per.iod: t,References: Iuck 1969a, 1969b, Gibson 1968, Ricklis 1966.

Atwell Font Cza 1 -1

Location: Madison county, cazenovia Township

Defensibility: Highly defensible ternaln. palisadeSize t 3J+1 acnes

Trade Goods: pnesent but scarce.

noted.Copper bead and pend.ant

Sample: BB vessels.

cross checked.

No whole vessels. Colleetions not

Peniod I t3

Refer"enees: Tuck 1959a ,1969b, Ricklis 1953a ,lg63b11966,Parken 1922.

Tempenance House Fort (aLso Indian Fort) Cza [_tLocatlon: on the county lino between Onondaga and Madison

counties and between pompey and cazenovia Townshi.ns

Defensibility: Highry defensibre terrain. palisadeSlze : l+\ acres

fi:ade Goods: suggestion of tnade goods 1n slte neeonds.sample: 3h vessels. No whore vessele. correetions not

cross checked' small sample may aceount fon some of theanomalous coefficients of similanity.

103

Period: t,

References; Tuck 1969ar1959b, Ricklis 196511966, Panken 1922

Chase Cza B-3 (Rochester neeonds) Cza 5*3 (Albany records)

Locationl Onondaga County, Pompey TownslTip

Defensibility: Highly defensible tennain. Palisade.

Size: Material scattered over I aer"es but concentrated on

2 acres

Trade Goods: tt...trade goods constitute 12fi of aJJ- nof,r-

pottery antifacts found" (Ricklis 1966)

Sample: [B vessels. No whole vessels.

Peniod: t,

References: Tuck 1969a,1959b, Ricklis 1966, Parken 1922

Oneida

Buyea (a1so Buyen) Ona 13*3

Location: Madison Countyo Li-neoln Tor^mshlp

Defensibility: Defensible tenrain

$ize: 3-lf acres

Trade Goods: None

Sample z 177 vessels. No whole vessels. Collections were

cross checked exeept for material fnom Colgate.

Period: t,,

References: Whitney 1969J97A, Pratt 1965

Bach (also Davis, Conklin) Msv B-1

Loeation: Madison Dounty, Smithfield Township

Defensibility: Defensible terrain. Pailisade (in some places

double ).

Size: 2.8

T:rade Goods: Some inon tools and copper scraps along with

tr^lo glass beads,

Sarnple : 100 vesSelS. No whole vessels. Oollections hterae

eross cheeked.

Peniod: t,

References: Whitney 1967, Pratt 1961a11966

Dlable (also Stil]man) Msv 2-2

Location I Madison CountY

Defensibility : DefensibLe tenrain

Size: 2 aeres

| 0lr

Trade Goods I About the same as Besh

Sample: 85 vessels. No whole vessels"

not cross cheeked.

Period: t e

References: Pratt 1966

Collections were

Wayland Smith (Cameron is the more common name but to avoid

confusion with the Camenon site in the Seneca areat

Wayland Smith r^.rill be used) OnO B-L,L

Location: Oneida County

Defensibility: Very defensible terrain. Traces of a double

palisade

Size i 2.3 acres

Tnade Goods: Many glass trade beads and metal artifacts.

Sample: 390 Vesselsn No r^rhole vesseLs. Only the collec-

tions of Whitneyr Oibson, Chesbro, and Taylor were cross

105

cheeked

Period; t3

References: Bennett and Bigford 1 968, Cottrell 1 968, Pratt

1961 a11966

Thurston (probably the Onneyuttehage visited by Van den

Bogaent in 1631+) Msv 1-e

Locationl Madison County, Stockbnidge Township

Defensibility: Highly defensible terrain. Two rows ofpalisades.

Size | 5-7 acres

Tnade Goods: Many trade

and a snuff box coven

1634.

Sample: 61 vessels ineluding

fr.om bunials and vlllage.

goods lncluding inon axes, knives,

from a g,rave bearing the date of

1 3 whole vessels. Pottery

Colleetions wene not cross

checked.

Periodt t[

Refenences: Pratt 196611j61a, Whitney 1954

Mohawh

Smith (also Pajerie) Las 11-3

Location: Fulton County, Ephratah Township

Defenslbilityl Defensible terrain. Palisade.

Size t 6-7 aenos

Tnade Goods i very littleSample: l+l+5 vessels. No uhoLe vessels. John Swantts

rnaterlal c&me from hillside middens while the New York

106

$trtr ltluscum oellootl@n oane from edJaecnt vlllego ltrclr

ltthe collectlons n€rc cr@84 cheokod

Pcrisd. tz

Rofcronees: l{ew Yorlr Stetc }lulcun cxoavattoa ncoondg

Barkcr Ftsa $1-1

Icoatlon: ltontgonory Coantyr Mohawk Townahlp

DcfensLblllty 3 Dafeaelblc terrgln

Slae: e llttLe ssallen tban Smltb

fradc G,oods: It 1o ncported that thore ls a llttle morc tban

firsn $nLth.

Senple t 156 veerole. ilo wbolc vosacls. l{aterlal weg gathc

erod by ermorg of thc slte and donnted to thc lilohark-

0ru6hnawagt !{uaeun. It ta sal,d to eenc fron a alngle

d,unp.

Ferlodt t3

ReferoaEea: Hono

CronrelL Fda 12-1

Iosatloa: MontgonerJr Countyr OXen lonnshlp

Defcnalblltty: Modcnatoly defonrlblo

Slzo! approxlnatclY 3 eorss

Erade Goedg I 'lfhcre 1g trad,c netertal prescnt

Sanplo: 8? vcascLa. Xo nbole vcsaels. Sntlne eanplc eane

fnon blLlslde mld,dcn.

Pcrlod: t tRcfenenoes : Sxoevatlon noteg La Mehrwk-Ceughnauega Huaeqm

r0?

Wagnens Hollow Cni +-2

Location: Montgomery County' Palatine Township

Defensibility : Defensible tenraj-n

Mantin Fda B-1

Location: Montgomery County, Mohawk Township

Defensibility : Defensible terrain

Size: approxinately 2 acnes

Trade Material: appt3oxirnately same amount as on Wagners

I1ollow, though some beads are considered to be diagnostic

of a later peniod,

Size: approximately 2 acres

frade Goods: a fain amount

Sarnple; 174 vessels including

tions not cross ehecked.

Pe::iod: t.)Referencee : Parker 1922

one whole vessel. Co}lec-

ColIec;Samplez 161 vesseLs including one whole vessel.

tlons were cross checked.

Period: t,+

References: None

Appendix IITHE SAMPLE

Niasaqg &on.tienBuffum

Anthno. Dept., SUNY/Buffalo

Buffalo Museum of Science

Museurn of Anthnopology, Univ. of Michigan

Goodyear

Anthno, Dept., SUNy/Buffalo

Green Lake

Gordon Schmall", Buffalo, N.y.Rochesten Museum and Science Centen

Ve s sels

103

15

15

133

Simnons

Anthro, Dept.,

Buffalo Museum

SUNY/Buffalo

of Seience

558

3k1

276

617

333

t:

l+17

Seneca

Richmond MillsNew York State Museum, Albany, N.y,Rochester Museum and Science Centen

Newton Fanwell, Geneva, N,y.

Joseph Quinlan, Dansville, N.y.Museum of Anthropologyo Univ. of Michigan

Bo

>+

Jl

22

3

108

109

Richrnond Mills ( Cont. )

Donald Carneron, Limal N.y.

BeIeher"

Rochesten Museum and Seience Center

Charles Wnay, West Rushe N.y.

Adams

Chanles Wray, West Rushe Noy.

Heye Foundation, New york, N.y.

Cameron

Chanles Wray, West Rushe N.y.Donald Camenon, Limae N.y.Rochester Museum and Seience Center

Heye Foundation, New yonkn N.yn

Dutckr Hollow

Rochesten Museum ano Scienee Center

Robent Hi11, Rochester, N.y"Charles Wrayn West Rush, N.y.New Yonk State Museum, Albany, N.y.Heye Foundation, New yorks N.y.

Factony Hollow

Chanles Wr"ay, West Rush, N.y.Rochesten Museum and^ Science Center

Ve ssels4I

101

79

A100

l+7

2?,

-70

107

70

30

7

6

215

2\r

71

36

1l+

6

J61

110

Factony Hollow (Cont, )

Donald Cameron, Limae N.y,

New Yonk State Museum, Albany, N.y.Heye Foundation, New yonke N.y.

St. Bernards Seminany, Rochesten, N.y.Newton Fanwell, Geneva, N.y.Claine Bill, Canandaigua, N.y.

Cornish

Rochester Museum and Sci-ence Center

Chanles Wray, West Rushp N.y.

C1air"e Bill, Canandaigua, N.y,

Warren

Joseph Quinlan, Dansville, N.y.Robent Hi}l, Rochesten, N.y.

Charles Wnay, West Rushe N.y.Donald Cameron, Lima, N,yn

Rochesten Museum and Science Centen

Heye Found.ation, New york, N.y.Newton Farwe1l, Genevae N.y.Claine 8i11, Canandaigual N.y.

Amenj-can Museum of Natunal Histony, New

Vessels

2tf

2A

10

3

(.

I

;

Yonk,

110

4t1

158

27

15

1k

I

5

t2

3

3

N.Y. LBO

111

Powerhouse

Chanles Wray, West Rush, N"Y.

Rochester Museum and Scienee Centen

Heye Foundation, New Yorkr I{'Y.

9avugg

Clifton Springs

Arthur Seelyer North Wolcottr N.Y.

Genoa Font

Museum of Anthnopology, Univ. of Michigan

Harold Secon, Savannahl N.Y.

Rochester Museum and Scienee Center

Heye Foundation, New Yorkl N.Y.

9gondqFa

Cemeteny

Anton Sohrweide, Syracuser N.Y.

Dept. of Anthno. Synaeuse Univ.

Owasco Indian Museum, Aubunn, N.Y.

Vessels

IB

12

I

;

3l+

77

6

l+

j.Y1

Bannes

Stanford Gibson,

Anton Soh:rweide,

Norwhich, N .Y.

Syracuse e N .Y.

27

22

6

55

62

1

oJ

1'12

Atsoll Fort

Rebcrt Rtokllg1 lllddlcscr, il.Y.Stenford Olbaon, Ssnrl.eh, f,.Y.

ilon Ionk Steto ilurcunl Albenyl [.Y.Roehcgtcr Muceun and Solcnoe Ccnton

Xadha Mureun, Cooperetern, X.Y.

Antbar Scclyc, ilorth tlolcottl f,.Y.Antoa Sobrurldo, Synecuaep S,I.Dcpertncnt of Anthne.l Syraeuso UnlvrraltyColgeto lhlv*alty, ffanlltonl S.!.Mucoun ef Antbropolog5r, &1v. @f Hlohlgen

|fcnpenanoo Eescc

Bebcnt RieLIlr, Mlddloror, fl.Y.Golgrtr Ualvcrtlty, Eulltonl t.I.Fed Gbcsobre l Sbcnbunac, [ .X.

Chero

Bobort BleLLle, lllddlesex, [.Y.

OEo.l.da

Euyet

Staaford Ol,bsonr ilorrleh, tf.Y.i Bloherd EorbroE,

Herrlohl [.X.i Jsc Qnzlborakl, South Fcw Berlla,H.Y.j Edserd Olbaon, Xennlch, X.y.l and Frnol!Btnonc, Errt $ynrouace H.I.

Yoaaek

32

29

flr3

2

2

2

2

1

I

88

26

6

2

3ll

ll8

169

113

Buyea (Cont. )

Colgate Universityo Harnilton, N.y.

Baeh

Theodone Whitneyr New Benline N.y.

Merui1l Conk1in, New Berlinl N.y.

Fred Chesebno, Sherburne, N.y.

Lawrence Taylonr New Berli-n, N.y.

uaaoJ-e

Colgate Univensity, Hamiltsn, N.y.

Peter" Pratt, 0swego e N .Y.

Museurn of Anthropology, Univ. of Miehigan

Theodor"e Whitneyr New Berlin, N.y.

Ves sels

B

177

66

3o

2

z

;

39

3l+

11

I

a1h

?3?

6l+

ld+

4:l+

-J394

Wayland Smj.th

Theodone Whitneyr New Berlinl N.y.

Stanford Gibson, Norwiche N.y.

Fred Chesbno, Sherburne, N .y "

Lawrence taylorr New Berlin j N.y.

Peter Pratt, Oswego, N.y.

Glenn Chreesbrough, Sylvan Beach, N

Henr.y Wemple, Vernon Center, N.y.Colgate Univensity, Harniltonl N.y.

Mrs. Thunston, Shernil]o N.y.

and

and

and

.Y.

1ll+

Thuns ton

Theodore Whitneyn New Berlin, and

Fbed Chesebro, Sherburne, N.y.

Colgate University, HamiIton, N,y.Howard Lemeryo Knoxboro, N.y.

Mrs, Thurstonn SherrilL, N.y.

Mohawk

N.Y.

Albany,

sherds

N.Y "

in both

Ve s sels

3h

15

10

a

:ol

285

15?.

165

H

J171+

Smittr

John Swant, Amsterdam,

New Yonk State Museum,

Vessels represented by

co]loetions o

hl+5

156

Banken

The Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum, Fonda, N.y.

Cromwell

The Mohawk-Caughrnawaga Museum, Fonda, N.y.

Wagners Holl"ow

Donald Lenig, St. Johnsvillee N.y.Cooperstown Indian Museum, Coopenstwon, N.y.Theodore Whitneyr New Berline N.y"

BZ

Mantin

The Mohawk*Caughnawaga

John Swart, Amsterdam,

Veseels represented by

eollee t ions

115

Museum, Fonda, I\T.Y.

N .Y.

sherd"e i-n both

Vessels

121

Jo

R

161

Appendix IIIINFORMATION RECORDED INCLIIDING CERAPIIC ATfRIBUTES

Colurons 2^3Site Number

Colurnns l.i-!Provenienee within site

Colurnns 6-7The number of rim sherds eonstitutlngreco:lded "

Columns B-9The combined width of the rims to the

Columns 1 O-1 1

the vesse] being

The rlm height of the highest shend to the nearestcentimeter".

Column 12Completeness. The most

1. non*eol1ared. shends2, complete to the base3, complete to the base

ineh beyond.,l+, eomplete to the base

inch below thls5, wkrsle pot (or nearly

nearest centimeter.

complete shend is r"ecorded.

(rnust be at least two cr?tn high)of the collar but not beyondof the eollar and up to an

of the eollar and more than an

so)

Column 1 3Enerustation0. absent1. present

Columns 1l+-15An estimate of vessel diameter in centimetens

Colurnns 16^17Lip $hape1 .- pointed n2. flat n3. thriekened r/4. thickly round.ed" Q5. clef t c"6. extending out 'cil

7. extending inward RU n extending in and out9. vaniable \?

10. (open coLumn)

116

117

Columns 1 B*21Lip Sunfaee Deeoration. Two different ]ip surfacedesigns can be reeorded. Columns 1B and 19 atre used ifonly one design eloment is present. If ther"e are twodesign elernents eolurnns 1E and 1 9 record the innermostone, columns 2A and 21 the outermost.0. plainf. inclsed ventieal lines2, incised oblique lines sloping to the left3. ineised oblique lines sloping to the right4. o'ne incised ho::izontal line5 " two or more incieed horizontal llnes6. cross l:atched" lip surfaee X&1{d?. e ord.edB. superimposed. ventiea] and" horj.zontal ineised lines9. ll tr tt oblique rt tr

10. tt horizontal tt fr ff rr

'i1 " se alloped surface12" notehes aeross surface * regularly spaeed13. shallow wide notehes across surfase1[" irregu]ar notehes (shape)15. slrallow notshes whichr are i-rregularly spaced16. deep notehes17 " punetates18" sponadie oblique incisions19" lnoision which eontinues onto rim20. bnushed (horizontal)21 . b::ushed (sloping to tbre right)22, brushed (sloping to the left)23. intermittent notehes

#+,f1.{L/f

#

24, notches only above castellation25. ineised opposed triangles //(\Vineised opposed triangles25. ineised opposed triangles ,z/(\pzlVA25. alternating bars of vertieal and horizontal ineision

liltlEililll=27, dentate stamping28, finger nail inej-sion

Column 22Interior contour of rim"1 " convex2. straight3, concaveh" var"j.able or indeterrninate

Columns 23*3AInside of nirn.pnoeedure

"

(See columns 37 ^52 same ]ist and

118

Colurnn 310uter edge of lip0. plaln1. short vertical incision2. short oblique incision sloping to the3.

lt lf ll ll ll ll

4. ventical notch5. noteh sloping to the left'6, tr ^tt * tr tl night7 " evid.ene e of flattening of the lipB. incislons sloping both left and ::ight

leftright

Column 32Ianer edge of lip (same ]ist as fon outen edge )

Column 33Extenisr contour of nim (same liet as for interioneontour see column 21 )

Oolumn 3l+Relation of the collar1 . welf defined r-itl__> 1l)l2. ovenhanging appliqu6

to the neck

{t3,

IIIt'k

6.,7la

H

poorly defined n

(remove|) --*+ { /apprlque /l_,il

no co}}ar, excurvateno colIan, stnaightno co11ar, incurvate

shapeshape

shape

Columns 35-36Height of the collar measur:ed to the nearest millimeter

Columns 37-52These columns r"eeond the design elements and techniquesused by the potters oR the outside of the rim" Designshave been br"oken down into minimal or neali-minima] units.Three design eleraents may be reconded in onder from thelip down" Spaces fon reconding the technique of executionof the panticular design element precedo the reconding

119

Columns 37-52 (Cont.)of each design element, Thus, columns 3T-JB record thetechnique of exeeutj-on of the uppermost aesign elementwhile eolumns 39-40 record the aetual design element,columns l+1 *l+2 necord thre teehnlque of exeeiltion of thesecond. design element, c.olumns l+3-l+h record this secondelemento ete. columns 51 *52 record a fourth designelement which i: integrated into the preceding elements,such as punetations between lines or ladder*pfait.Approximate verticar spacing may be indicateh ryleavlng columns blank"

Techniques1. regular ineision2. negular depth, thin width ineision3" negular depth, bnoad width ineisionl+. deep depth, thin wiCth incision5, deep depthr, regulan wid.th incision6. deep depth, broad width incision7. shallow depthr, thin width incisionB. shallow aeptn, regular width incision9. shallow deptho broad width incision

1 0. flnger nail ineislon11 . inter"nupted llnear (push-pu1l, stab and. drag)12. eor"d marked13" cord wnapped stick impressed.1 it" (removed )5. dentate stamped5. (nemoveil )17, (nemoved)

1 8. punctates19. linear stamped20. (removed)21 . cor"d markings saoothed" over??, csnd wrapped stick impressed smoothed over23, incision .,rariable in depth but wide width is eonstant?,l+' regular r^rid"th ineision but d.eep *f rip and srrairoi^r atbaso of eollar

bnushedincision shallow in d.epth, vaniable in widthvery broad and shallow ineisionthin ineision -dgupg" at base than lipincision vaniable- in width anri. depth-

Design Elements0u plain'l . single horizontal line2. double horizontal line3. multiple horizontal lines4. lnte:rmittent vertica] or oblique lines5, vertical lines6" oblique lines sloping left

25,lAt27.28.29.

1?.4

7. oblique ]inee sloping nightB. shor.t vertj-cal lines (1ess than 1 cm.9. short lines sloping left

'l 0. short lines sloping right

12,11.

rmTrnlIlil ' I

19. horizontal20. horizontal21. horizontal22. horizontai

13.

W1[.

and verticaland obliqueand obliqueand oblique

1i-neslines slopinglines slopinglines sloping

Ieftnightleft and night

38.(open )

23. 2U,, c2.

28.

32. 33. 34"

36.J5"

tffi

121

and hor"izontal and ventiealoblique lines left and rightlinesmultipie obllque . ltneccne/ron operr ofl Uop Vehevron open on bottsm ,/A

chevron open to the leftchevron open to the right (herringbone 7>

i)>)

39.

40.h1 .

42,l{4).l+l1.

h5.

57.M

(n

t\\\\rNN

(open )r"ow of circula"F punetatesnow of elliptieal punctatesnow of cnescentie punctatesrow of square on rhomboid" punctatesreed punctatesbos singvertical now of punctatesdouble vertical" now of punetates

ol .63.6Ur.05.66"olr.68.69,78.

53.52.

50.(o(A

122

72"KlKl

ffi

90.ruttl

73,M77.I H H

t_ H_H_laddenplait

#Erl\\llf-Jf-1;1-,f*.-Jll-N!:-#k-__l

..,_0-5. ,

NI

7l+.l--llooolfingen

punetates

I .= -1lalI al

thethe

ColumnsTr0.4lo2,3.l+.5.6.

9\-97 (open )9U . indeter"minate ( unpattenned )99. efftgy figunes

53-5t+eatment of the bottom edgeplainvertiea] gashesoblique gasLres slotrling tooblique gashes sloping tovertieal notchesnotehes pointing leftnotches pointing rigLrt

sf the eollar

leftright

86.

7,R

10,11,12.

1e3

round. punctatesoval punctatessquane or rhomboid punctatescnescentie punetatesdesign from collan continuesinci-sions

Columns 55-56Fonm of the bottom edge ofo, not an appS-iqud coilan

appliqud collars

and the teehnique ofcolumns 37-52).

(unless the whole nim was reeor"ded.the possibility of a castellation)

1. ventical triangulan barbs2. tniangular barbs pointing right). tniangular barbs pointing teft4. fr.illed or cronelated barbs5. removed ovals6. gouges sloping night7. gouges sloping left

Columns fi -A4Design elements below the collanexecution of these elements (see

Colurnn 65Castellations0. no castellation

there ls always1. flat

/--\_bifuncated

,l1-\-pointed

/\rounded

___J

multiple

gently nounded

---l.--\*--_cunvatune changes &s if there were a castellation

2.

).

l+.

6.

7.

2t

Column 56Castellation informationO. no castellation'l . design is the same2. design is different3" design is tf

and fnom the design

as design on the nest of the collanffOm tl tt Ir tr fr tr fr

tfilfttftttttttron the shoulder of the vessel

12/,+

design is different fnom design on rest of tho collanbut similar to design on shoulden of vesseldesign is sinilan both to collar design and desi-gn onthe shouldendesign is simllan to collar design but dlfferent fnomdesign on the shoulderonly castellation represents vesselcastellation ls infenr.ed through curvature

Columns 67 -7LLoesie! elements unden castellation (see columns 3T^52).Techniques of execution are not necor"d.ed.

Columns 75-76Cerainic type0. indetermi.nate1. Bainbnidge Linear2, Blaek-Pound Necked

l+.

l"2o

6.

3,Bnistol Linear. (see BainbnidgeCastle Creek Incised NeckCayadutta Incised (see Garog'aGayuga HorizontalChance IncisedCord Mar"ked RimCornearCromr.re]l IneisedDansvill"e Conded (see Kelso Conded)Deowongo IncisedDepressed Lip GroupDurfee UndenlinedDutch HoLlour NotehedFonda rncised (see Garoga rneised on Martin Horizonta]Garoga Tncised.Genoa FrilledGood"year Corded (also Goodyean tipped)9oogs agd_ Compound Decor"ated Intenior GroupHorizontal and Vertical Lad"den plait GrounHunon IncisedIthaca Linear"Kelso Cor"dedLanorie CordedLanonie CnossedLanonie CrossedLanorie MixedLawson fneisedLawson OpposedLong Point HonizontalLong Point-Seneca Notehed"Low Collared Horizontal GroupMantin HorizontalMiddleport Crisscnoss

Linean )

Incised )

9.10.11.12.

13.1l+.15.16.17.18.'19

"20.

21 .22,23,2l+"25"26"27.28.29,30.

(see Kelso Conded)

Lip

125

Mlddleport ObliqueMyerrs Barbed CollarNiagara CollaredOak Hill Cor"dedOnondaga Tniangular"0ntanio HorizsntalOntanio ObliqueOtstungo IncisedOtstungo NotehedPseudo-Huron IncisedPound Blank (see Ripley-Pound Tr:iangular:)Pound Necked (see Black-Pound Necked)Rice DiagonalRichmond IncisedRlpley CollaredRipley CordedRipley PlainRipley-Pound friangularRoebuck Low CollarSackett CordedSa1em HorizontalSalem LipSalem Mixed CollanSoalloped Lip GroupSeed CordedSeed IncisedSeneca Banbed CollanSeneca Notehed (see Long Point-Seneca Notched)Sidey 0rossedSidey NotchedSparta DentateStamped Low Collar GroupSwanthout Dentate

_ Syracuse lneised (see Wagoner - Synacuse Incised)60. Thurston Horizontail61. Uren Corded62, Uren Dentato63. Uren Noded6h, Wagonen-Syr.acuse Ineised65. Warninster Cnossod66. Wanminsten Horizontal

Columns 77^78Thickness of the lip in millimeter"s

Columns 79-BOThickness at the base sf the co]lar in millimeters. Ifthe sherd does not havo a collanu thiekness is necor"ded2 centimeters below the Iip.

31 .32.33.34.35.36.37.

38.39.

40,41 .42.43.[4.+r"l+6 "l+7.hB.49.50.51 .52.53.5l+.

55',56"57.58,59.

r1..,

',.J'

Appendix IV

REGROUPED ATTRIBIIfE LIST

In the folj-owing list, numbens appearing to the night

of tkre equal sign refer to attributes in the originalattribute list for thre pertinent attr"ibute class"

Rim Shape

'l . straight

2. coneave

3. convex

4. straight

5. concave

6. convex

7. stnaight

B. eoncave

interioroll

tt

il

n

ll

n

eonvexlt

s traightn

ff

concave

ft

il

exteriorll

lt

tt

ll

tl

tf

It

Collar Design

1 = plain

2 = 01 o02r03n or 87

3 = 0llra5106107r0Br09r10r11, or 12

l+ = 15 or 16

5 = 19 oZA,21 ,22037 r39r8L, or B$

6=237 = 1311bF117 11Br2)+n25126r27 r2gr3Qr36 or l.r0

B = 31 r32r33r or 35

9 = l+6,52r5Br5g160161 , or 6? -!1'

1 o = l+T,l+B n [9 ,50 ,51 ,53 ,5]+,55 ,56 ,97, or B0

11 = first (01r02, or 03) and second (05r05r07r08r09, or 1C)

126

Collar

12 =.

qy't2

16 =

12tl

4QILJ

19 =

20=

21 =

22=

23=

24=

tJ

th

127

Design ( Cont. )

first (01 ,02, or 03) and second (13r1\rlT 11B rZ3rZ4,25,26 r27 ,29 r3Q r36, on [o )

finst (01rOe, or 03) and second (15 or 16)

finst (01 ,02, o:: 02) and seeond (1greO,21 ,22r37 r39,84, on 85) :P

,.first (08r09, or 1C) and second (1grZOr?1o.r31r33r35,

Bll, or 85 )

fir:st (OBr09, or 10) and second (01 ,0A, on 03) and

thir.d ( 05, 06 r op 07 )

finst (08109, or 10) and second (01r02, on 03) and

thind (1 3r15,16,18 r23r2\r25 ri.6r29 r36, o13 39)

first (08r09r otr 10) and second (01r0A, or 03) and

thind {19 r20r21 ,22r32r33r or' 35)

first (05 106107,08109, on 10) and second. rc1 ,AZr or" 03)

and thind (05r0610TrOB,0g, or 10)

63r6h,.r65, or 66 on top and bottom

63161+,65, or 66 on top

f ins t ( 63, 6l+,65 r or" 66) and second (05 ,06 ,e7 ,ZO ,21 ,23,2\, or 2$) and thind (63,6h,r65, on 55)

fir"st ( 05 ,Q6 rQ7 ,15 116 rZZ rZ3 r}l-, o* ZS) and seeond. !-.'r

(63 164165 , or 66 ) +='FFti"-

first (01 ,02, or 03) and seeond (0gr06 rOT r1\r1S116rZ3,2htr25r26, or 33) and third (63164165, or 66)

first (08109, or 10) and eecond (01r02r oF 03)

regrouped attnibute categories 11-18 plus originalattribute 77

2q=

26=

Col1ar

27=

28=

Collar4*t-

2=)*lr=

Design

firs ttlU AEv / | vJ

twi,s.e

first25)

128

(Cont. )

(05r06r07r08r09, or1 O) and second (05,06r07r08,

10) exe ept that the sang..number is not repeated

f i' , ,",' '"ul * ti ' -+ ' '"''.- 6 r

(63,64,65 , or 65 ) and second ( 05,06 oQT n23,25 ,d.rta[ ,a>,09

Lip Shape

1=22 = 31617, on B

Lip Surface

1=002 = O1r02r03r1B

3 = ohro$

l+ = O6108109110

5 = 11 ,12r14,1[,1 5,16r23

Lip Exterion and Lip Interior1=02 = 1r2r3r9

3 = 4,5,6

Base

00

01 ,02, 03 112

04, 05, 06

07,08 oQg ,1c ,1 3

4

129

Co]Iar Applique

1=02 = 1,519, or ll3=2or3l+ = 617 or B

Castellation Information

1=02 = 1rb

3 = 2r3r4

Appendix V

ATTRIBUTE ASSOCIATlON

0n the forlowing foun pages are measunes of attributeassociation for eaeh of tkre thinteen sites used in the

analysis of association. Only sites with a sample of over

one hundned and fifty vessels were used" Note that only

foun sites fa}1 into perlods t1 and t, , while nine sitesfaIl into periods t3 and t[.

13o

tt

RlchmondMills1 .lf

13t

UNIT NORMAL DEVIATES FOR MULTIPLE SIZE CHI SQUARE

TABLES

tI

t^5

tl*

Goodyean9.9

Gr"een Lake14.9

.Simmons\.7

Dutch Hollow17 .1

Factory Hollow12 "B

Connish6.7

zP.pa

FrlF.f

r-.(

H.ou

Smith55.1+

Wagnens Hollow23.)+

Barker25.1+

a)H

oop

}{

H.p,)u

Eop{

Mantin16.2

132

NUMBSR OF SIG}IIFICANT MIILTIPIE SIZE OHI SQUARS

TABLES

+'I t,+

IGoodyear

F{

Green take7

Simrnons6

zF.

u\l

ld

Richtuondlfi 1-l cl'lI**u

Duteh }iollow11

Faetony Hollcui10

Cor"nishlrT

(.1)

tl\u

P

3uysa19

Srni= thJU

Wayland Srnith

Wagners Holl-own-LU

Ba:'ker1B

Ol*{oH.

lu

E

lu

Mantint!

UNIT NORMAL

133

DEVIATES FON TWO

TABLES

+I

BY TWO CHI SQUARE

t-tJ 'l

|.lJa

!ultl

Goodyear?(

Green Lake,i /14.O

Siinrnons.h

Ixz{e"ltslsrl'IlbIts{lCIt{iYicflP.l6

IFJ

(A

'-{oEJpRichmond

Mills3.2

Duteh Hollow16 "5

Faetory Hollowt h.7

Cornishr1.4

Buyea15.5

Wayland Smith15 .1

xoH'p,p

3p{

Wagners Hol1owv.4

Barker10"0

Mantin15 ,1

13h

OF SIGNIF]CANT TWO BY TWO CHI SQUARE TABLE$NUI\MER

Richmond.Mil1s

3

Buyea15

tz 13 t,+

Ciroodyean7

Smith1ll

Gneen Lake3

Si-mmons2

Dutch HollowY

Factory Hollow10

Cornishl+

Wayland Smith17

Wagners Hollow15

Banken12

4ts.p&a

FltH-od

cfP.oFJ

wo5oop

o5opp,p

B

p{Fi

Mantin12

Appondix VI

HOMOGiINEITY

The formula which was used to compute the coefficientsof homogeneity ls a$ fol]ows:

o=l - Z(np:c)p(N - 1)

eoefficient of homogeneity

the distance from the x axis to the graph

successive point

the total height of the cumulative graph

the numben of obsenved nominal categonies

the cumulative graph

the total number" of nomina] categories inup the soale

o-

p=n=

the sdt making

Follor^ring are eoeffieients of 1 ) avenage attrlbutehomogeneity, 2) collar design homogeneity, and. l) type homo-

geneity for eaeh site.

II

Adans

Atwell

Bach

Ba:rker

Barnes

Fort

Attni"buteAvg.

/1.o)

.61+

/^.oJ/ra.oY

.69

line at each

(here = 100,00)

raepresented in

Type

.90

Ro

Rzav I

ol'. tLl

" 9lr

CollarDe sign

"Bl

al-)

.72

.69

"86

135

Belchen

Buffum

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BAILEY, JOHN H.1938 An anarysis-of rnoquoian cenamic typesn Aner-ican Anriquiry k:3j3-338,

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The_place of chronological ondening in arch_aeological analysis. Aneni.can Antfqufty *A(l+ ) :30t 41 3. - 's{ er=q4 sr

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CHAI{NEN, E,R. and N.D. CLARKE1965 $u copeland site: a precontact Huron site inSimcoe County, ontarii " anthnopoi;;t papensNational Museum of Canada o.corTnELL, RONAJ,D R.1968 rhe cameron site.r 4rI 0neida virrage, Burletinof the chenango chapten of the r,r"fi ior.x stateArchaeologieal Assobiation 9 (3i:COWGILL, GEORGE

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dicating possible relationships between thneed.esorated types" Iq Chapters in the Pnehristonyof Eastern Arizona, I (by Paul S. Martin, etal.). Chicago Natural History Museurnr Field-iana, Anthropology 53 :105*1 1 l+.

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The dynamics of stylistic ehange in Arikaraceramlcs. Illinois Studies in AnthropologyNo.LL. Unbana, University of Il]inois Press.

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Estimating aboniginal american population: anappralsal of techniques with a new hemisphereeitimate. Curnent Anthnopology T :395-L*9 ,

C'Seniation Method and its evaluati-on. Arneri-can Antiquity 35 (3):305-319.

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A rejoinen upon the MacNeish-ftnerson Theory"Pennsylvania Archaeologist 29 (2 ) :98-1 07.

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lfbc Ceaeron altc. ldorgan Chaptor Feualcttcr6 z3-5.

Llthlo naterlals. Appendfur to a naaus€rlptby Cbanlo! Eayes on tbe Cernlgb site.the Adamg clte. Ihpubllabcd Eenuserlpt.

WRAY, CHAntEg and EARRY t. $OEOFF1953 A prellnlnary ncport on the Ssneea soqueaoo

in restcrn Sew Tork. PcnnrylvanLa Arehaool-eglst 23|.€) 25343.

1963

K.,|Blrc Iong Polnt at te . Peaneyl.vanla ArEhaool-oglat 2o(3+).the froutral Iadlens: a rourcc book. Ooeaelon-aL Papers of tbe Sc$ York State SrcbacE1cgl.ealAssoeletlon [.

$ome m.asures cf dlstnlbutloa. Annala ef tbeAgeseLatl.on of Ancrlean O,eograpbcra 27i|ll-211 .

HBI6}88, JA!,IES V.1966 l&o Oatanlo hequolr lfredltlon. Hetloael

lluscum of Oaneda Bqllctin 2lOj Antbropologleal$cnleg 75. gttarra.

178

wRIGHT, JAI"IHS1 967

V.Type and. attribute analysis: thein applica-tion to lroquois cultu::e history. UlIroquois Culture, Histqry and PrehJ-sfory,Proceedings of the 1965 confsronce on lroquoisresearch (Elisabeth Tooker, ed"). Albany.