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A Stylistic Analysis of New York Iroquois Pottery
Author(s) / Editor(s): William EngelbrechtPublished: . University of Michigan, Anthropology. 1971Document Type: thesisStable URL: https://core.tdar.org/document/374240/a-stylistic-analysis-of-new-york-iroquois-potteryDOI: doi:10.6067/XCV8J38QQR
Downloaded: by William Engelbrecht on 12/4/18 7:01 AM
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AESfnag!
SSTLI$TIC IilILYSIs OF INOqI'OIS POITERY
by
1{111trn Erntt &rgrlbrcebt
0bsfumea: Robort llhallon Jn.
lho approxlnate d,eto of tbc fonadtn6 of tbc lcague oftbc boquola ir a nett* of dlapute. If, tho rpproxlnatrd,ete of ths fennatloa of the Lceguc ucre hornn, antbnopol-
oglrta reuld br ln e bettor porltloa to esleel tbc factena
lepontant ln ltl foruetlon. tbls atudy sought to shed xtgbton thls queatton tbnoui! a styllatlc analyals of, Inoguolcpottery.
fbe Leagus Ees oomposed of the Seneea, Cayuga, Onondage,
0ncidal and liohark tnlbee. Strtoenth asd early rcvontcoatb
oentuny pottery rer c.f,lmlncd fuen tbosr tnlbal sFclr; aa rel!.eg fnon tho illagane Fontlor, adJeocnt to the aroa of thc
blgtonlo developncat of the tcague. Pottery fron the slagaraEpentior acnvcd es a oontnsl ln tbe Lavestlgatlsn of posslble
ceran&d reflcotlong of tho League. Cenanlo attrlbute aggoele-
tisa wlthla rLtese ocramlc bonogcaol.ty nl.tbln sltea, nnd,
ocranl.c clslltrity betreca cltcr rruc ooasldernod.
|ilrc rcsul.ts of thc end.yall ladloatcd tbet tbc Lcague oftbc lroquol,o ras aet nsflootod l,a oenanlo pettenntng. Elrton-leal rescnreh lcd to the eonelusl.sn tbat tbe tcaguo of tbe
rnoquoto dld not beeone an effcotl.vc unlt uatll tbc last har.f
of tbe gevontcenth ecatooy, rblEb wes after tho perlod of tlnccovered by thc oenanl,o anelyslo. Fornatlon of en effootlve
Lcegue at thls tlac suggestr that rrequoic involvenent nltbEuropean oulture played an lupo:ltant r:,ole ln tbo fernatlon oftbo LoegUe.
'llbe oeramie aneLysts dld rsveal tbat tbc cnd of the
slxteenth eentury tras a tlnc of lnencaslag oonenle rlnllarltybctween ercaE. rt ras funtbcn aotcd that ecnamlo pettcrnlngillffcnod fuon area to rnea. |tlre hpllo*tLon of thcsc flndlngslc digcusscd,.
A STrI,I8IIC ATAI,YSIS OF TIEW IONK rnoquors PSfEERY
by
lfllllan Ernst hgelbneoht
dlssontatlon subnl.tted la pertlal fulfllluentof tbc requlnenentg for thc dcgnee of
Dootsr of Phllosqpby(enthropology )
f,n fhe UnlvencltY of Mlehlgan1971
Docteral Copnlttec:
Aagoelatc Profeasor Bobert WhaLLon Jr.1 GhelnpaaPnofesson Jamcs B. OnlfflnAggoolate Pnofeseor John O. Ped1eyAeslctent Pnefoeson Heany T. t&lgbt
PNEFACE
lllrc t{ensor-6ben Fouadatlon for Anthnopelegioal RcseeJPob
provldcd fLneaoleL easlgtrnoo fon thlr atudy t*btoh I gpate-
fully aeknowlodgc.
I riab to thsnk ny dootonaL eomlttoe at tho Ilnlvorstty
of illohlgen: Bobcnt llhellon Jn.; olral'nnen1 Jancs 8. Oriffln,
Henny hrlght, and Jobn Pedley. I am csPcelally gratcful to
Bobcrt UheLlon Jn. fon hls neny valusble srltlclrna nbiEb
bclpcd to eberPcn nY tbinklng.
Ebo Antbnopology Deprntnent of tha Statc Unlvcrsity of,
Ser YerL et Buff,alo greatl,y feellltetod ny rcsoaJgob by
provtdlng mc ultb e plaee to ronk and glvlng n. tbc titla of
Beseuob Asaoelatc whlob cnablod Eo to uae thc llalversity
faollltlos ineludtng thc llbnany and' oouputlng eentcr. I
pgtloulerly rlah to thanlr hofcssor lrlenLen Hhttc fon hcr
oontLnula6 ald end latsrcst. I found our ooBvorsatlons on
Iroquol.a arohaeol,ogy to bc a great ctlnulus. lfbankg a1le
alro duc Keltb otterbcl.n, $anunas Hlllcauckaar €lordsn Sohnell,
Hope lcsaca, garl Sidten, and trhll tlddeL of tbat lnsttGutton.
Iprlng tbc eourso of gatbcntng data I cenc late oogtegt
rlth a gneat nany pcoplo rbo hetpod ne. Ins}uded !n thls
o.tagery ar.e those wbo generollsly alloued mo to roeord thelr
oolleetlons and rboge nano eppearE tn Appendtx II. SpeeiaL
thanks go to !fr. and Mns. OhanLca lslray of Hclt Rucb, XJ. and
Mr. ard $rg. l[treodorE Utrltaey of Sew Ber].lnr gJ. Both
flmlllcc ilad,optodtt nG durlag ny cxt.adod etayt ln theln hones.
1t
tbetr horpltellty weo gneetly approotatcd. Ia addltloae
Cherles l{rey provlded nc rlth e gneat dral of apeol,fle lafer"-
natlon on $cacea gltcg end thcodenc Uhltaey dtd thc samc fon
Onclda sitca.Sranks aLso go to l{r. &Bd }[rr. Artbur J. SecLye of Horth
tfoloott, il.Y. fon Lodglng a roany tnavcLler on a oold nlntena
evenLng end to Dr. Klngston ternen of OlovensvilLc, f .Y.
fsr hla hclp end 6caer.ool.ty.
lflthout tbc bclp end kaorlcdgc of r nunben ef pcople,
thlg etudy oould ncvcn bsen oonplctcd. Aneng gouc oftbesc peoplc ure: DoaeLd lrealg, John 9went, the Late Fathcr
fhonas Gnessnena, 0ondon DoAngelo, Pctcn Prett, Donald
Oaaenon, Ttmlas Dodcon, end tho gteffe at both tbe Rochcg-
ter l{usoun and $olcnee Contcr and tho Stato Huseum lnAlbany.
Flnally X rlab te thank ny nother and father fer thcbpatlcnoe rnd enesunagcnent.
111
TAALE OF OOHEffiTg
Pa6e
LISE CIF SABITS ................o........o............. v
LIgf 0F IITLIISERAIIOSS ...... .. . . .. . . . . . | . r o. . | . . . . ... r Yl
tISf OF AFPEffiDICE$ . .... r............................. Vll
ChaptorI. fgE PROBLEF{ ......t......f ................... 1
II. SPASII& DISIRIBIITIOS A}ID ETENIC TDffiTITY .... 8
III. ffig lEFtPOnAt DIHEHSIOIT . ... ... . . ........ ... . . 17
IV. PROCEDIIRE .... r. o.. o..............r......... o 29
Y. AftnIBUTE AfISOCIIEIOF ... ,.. o .. . f . . .......... 3l+
YI. nOHOOEilEXfY t.. t................. r........... h:
VII . SIIB g$lILArutY t................rt........... l*Z
WII. IPEE LEAGIIE BEEXAUXUED ...............i....... 60
IX. SO!{E ADDrfrOilAr., oBsBnvArlors oil !ffiAIIILYSIS ......f .r......t...o............... . 72
X. SPECITLATIONS ...o............................ 76
nEItERffi0ES CITED . . . . . . . . .. .. ... . o . . .. . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . 1 62
1v
tIS! 0f'fABLBg
UEAS ASgOCrAEr0u rcR tRIBAt lREAlt ...... o... r.UEAS EoI{oCgilEI8r FoR fnXBAL ARETS .....r'.."'SIMIIINIfY BEIWBU{ ARSASI SBNOUOE TI!ffi FON
AVffiACE A$IRIBIAS COEFruCIE[fg ..... ...." .. "SUfiLTAIIT BEETEEI ANEAS TEnCIgC8 EII{E FOR
COITITA8 DESIOU OOEFEI0IEUE$ ........'o """"'gn rtaBIEr BArnEEt{ IREAS rsnsuog 8r!lB FonEYPE COEFHICIEHES ....o... o........ f. t t ' o'o" 'AVERAOF SOEFFICIETIS OF gII.{ILABITY UITEIN1IRIBAL AREAII ..... I...o.. I.......... ' ' tt'o' '' '
Pago
fable
1.
2,
3.
b.
5,
6.
39
t+5
5a
51
52
53
v
P[gura
l.
I,Igt oF lLr,usrsr!fltoHs
Fa6r
Outllne nap of ilor Tork Statc ahorlng losetlsnaof altcc anrlyacd . r....... . o.... . r.. . ..... . .... 1 0
ECOOfdlng thCOt ....... o o. f ..... r... o..... tr. r... 30
Derlvatloa ef Onondage, Ouclda, and !{ohrwk .. o. . 5l+
2.
3.
vl
LISE OF IPPETDIESS
Pegc
I. 8gE SIS&I .....o.....o............e ......o. 92
II. |[gE gAUPtE o. ..... ..... . ....... . .. . ..... ... 1 08
III. ItrFONMJulIOil BgCIOBDED ITCLUDITc CM${ICA!8nItsEEBg !o . | . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. I 1 6
IV. BEO8OUPED Af1IBIBIIIS LISE ...... . . . ..... .. . . | 26
V. A|!8BItsItfE AIISOCIdIIO$ .............e.....o. 130
TI . gOlt0OE[EIff ....f ..........t..i.,t......... .. 1$VII. S$fILARItf ................................ 1l$O
vl1
T}iAFTER I
TI{E FRCBLII'I
Fosrgiiss, gqi!.?,!see€-gj*i!*l:gss: q
The::e is g*oC Coc;r.l,isnf;sli']' er"'ii."*nee that the Lea.Srie of
the l:"oc1urois, conpas*tj of the Senee a, Ca1"';ga, OncRrlaga, Onei-c:e"u
and l4oha.r^.,h t:'ii:,es, was in existence in the l-atter par{: of the
17tY^ cent';r.y, 'Ihe appro:ri ua.1:e dat* of tiie fc'-inciing of the
Lea-gr:e !s, hotr"te."'er, a matter of Ci-spirte. This is a question
of rnore tlian antiqu.arian interest, for' it is direetl-1' rel-ateO
to questi-ons af eul.tural process, During 'i;he i 6th and i ?th
centuries, Ea-stern North A'rlerie a was discovered and. then
sclonizect b-v EuroS,.eans " European di-scove:'y, trade, and f i na13 ;settlerrrent greatly af fected tho abor"iginal popul-ation " Wa.s
the Eii:'olean "ii'esence inpo:rtant in the forrna"ti,on cf the
Iroq'.i,ris Ccnfede:"ac;,'oi? shouli hie ioclq to the atror'5-83-na1 sit:
uation for the League forrr:ation? It the a.pprox j n-ra1;e date of
the f,ounding of the Leagle bJsls* knoi".inr w€ roroirld be in a better-
position to assess the fa.e tcrs causir:g slie h a change.
in 18$t Leu'is ilenr';.' iio::gan wrote r:f the Lea"gue:
In rela.t j on to th* perio,S- of j-ts or3 gin,there are scii:e circiu:stenoes oortnecteC withth*ir F.ti.* irorluroisJ first intercoilrse withEi:.ropeans, tending to shovi that ii hact sl.:.b*sisted, abor-lt a eentiir;r at the era of Duteirdiscovery; on the other he.nd, thei-r principal-uraditicns indieate a -Jericri far' ffore reniDlie(1851 :?-8 ).
lulorgan therefor.e sabi ihe Leag:-le a$ *. pr*hiptoric pnencirienon.
jviany laier wi'iters acceptod thls as a fact' Paul Wa]lace
sta.rts a short trook on the Troquois Leagr-ie as foJ-l-oi^rs:
2
This is the story of the founC.ing at Oncn*d"aga (Syr.acr;s€: N .Y, ) some time about themiccli-e of the 15th centilry of the UnitedNations cf the lroq';ois . , . (1 9L6 :3 ) .
Snyderman d-ismisses out of hand any nai:j-on that the Leagr"le
was forrned other than in pr-ehistcrie tir*es.
Lippert states that Confederacies inNorth America were the result of i+hitepres sure , fhis theory needs no eorcr:entsince it ela.shes with the genenallyaccepted chronology which places theLeaglie, in timer trFior to white contact{1 9l+B 226} .
Genera.ll;r those who vieu' the Leagu.e as prehistoric do
so on the basis cf onal tradition. The five tribes aecept
the Deganar,qj=dah nessage of peace and stop internecine lvarfare.
RecentLy, Peter Pratt suggested that ther"e might be archaeol-
ogical evidence for the early for.rr:ation of the Leag'-:e" 0n
the basis of cerali:ic evidence fro'rii the Oneida area Pratt
suggests:
Since this pericd reflects the beginningsof r.ridespread trade and intert:riba1 contaetas clearly testified by the ceramic evideneenit suggests that the fonmulation of theLeague of the lroquois toolt plaee duringlate prehistoric tirnes {1966:?31 } .
However, if tr:aoe and intertribal contact are what is r"eftrested
ceramicall-y, this does not necessi-tate the existence of a
League ai this tirne "
Probabl;r the nost cornrnon vier,'r is that the L*a-gr-re ldas
formed d"uring the l-ast half of the 16th centu.ry, Ssrne ofthese views are based- on an or.al tradition that tto o,the League
bras forinded a length of a manf s life before the Europeans
came to trade in the co*ntryt' (Tooker 196Ly:3-l|), Honever
3
thj.s trad,ition was ysgeyql.ed. quite late and its reli-ah!1 i-t1l
may be que$tioned" ldobl-e gi'r;es the following rsascn fo:r his
rJier"r that the League was forned around- 15?0'
Ti:r+ Leaglle cor-il-d not ha.rre been f,or"med untj-l-theOnonriaga-Oneidarni-g::ated-frornnortl:ofthe St" Lawrence Ri'rer" to the Finger La!:'esregi-on of present Neri Yo:"lr State" ThisloCal inorienient oceurred soruetirne after Car'-tierts second visit to Hochelaga in 15)t2,ancl prior" to Che"n:pl-aint s^1 qql explorationsup ti:e Otta-u'a Riv-er {196S:68 } "
Noble el.iaentl)r assu$es that the inhabitants of I{ochelaga
were Qnondaga-0nei da. I{or+ever archaeological e'ridence does
not suppcrt an Onondaga*cneica migration frorn north of the
st, Lawpence River {Tr:ck 1969ai a.nd the eihrric identit-v of
the inhabitants of Hochetr-aga is a ir:atter of ctebate {Trigger
1?6?b). Toolrer has su6gested that the League irias fct':ried
during this pe::ioC as an indir ect response to the European
traci e.
The lnrlia"ns along the Atlantic eoast whowere tradi-ng 'rith Huropaans in the 16thcentr,lrli may have fov'rned a lrind of allj ancewith tLen anc1 eaused the more interiortri-bes, the lrc'qr:ois, to eonf ed-e:'ate togain superiorrty and thus take part inftrj s trbae 1t c.r6[:l*] .
Thj-s is an interesting idea, b'-it concrete suppont for it is
1acki.ng.
Fenton snggesteC a date at 157C for the founding of the
Leagr-re in an ear.Ly p'-rbJ-ication {191-10:199} but laten grew more
cautious When he suggesterl that the Leaglis was formed- around
r'1600 plu.s or rninus J0 year"s " {1961 *71 ) " Tooker states:
It is certain, hct;e'.rer, that the lroquoisLeague was establlshed b;r the earl;r part
Il
of tho 1?tn ecntunY 8,s ilel the EuroaLrague (19?0192).
If thla res the caacr thcn thc League of thc boguolr wes
forncd bcfore eontaot on e ncgular beslg was egtebllghcd bc-
tre on Eunopcaae and the ltroquolo.
llot evenyone gubgonlbeg ts thls view, howcvcr. Hunt
(191+0) fett tbat though the League nlght havc had lta orlgl.n
in renotc tlmea, lt dld not beeonc e polltlsal. eatlty uatll
the latter part of tho l?th oenturY.
It ooqld not, hotreverr have bccn reEpon-slble for tba gneet tuceoss€s sf tbcfroquola bofore 1660, fon la praotlealappltoatlen lt dld nst tbrn exlct (HuatI tho 168 ).
Sorv!.oe eohocs Euat nbea hc auggosta that thc ldeg of the
Lcaguc n16ht bo abo:rtglnal but:
...thc latsr full-ceaLc end loag tornaeoeptanoc of Lt and thc devclopnent oflta rethcr cLaboretl neehlnery wcrPeolcenly ooattngcnt upoa Duteb aad latenShgLlrh lqflucnoe and to thc atratoglopoaltlon of the Xnoguoll ln thc now klnd.cof wers (1 968:161 ).
DlFeugglon
llhono ia no solld cvldsnce fon the formatlon of the
League of ths Inoguola dunlag thc 16tb eentuny or: eerlior.Anound tho latten pant of tbe 16th ecntury the &rropoen
pnoronoc along thc Atlentlo hed en lndlneot cffoet on the
Iroquol.a. Stropsan tmde netcrlele arc found oa l!'oguoig
sl.tos ef the porlod end. ne dsubt fur beerlng rntnalg wcne
l.nereactagly btmted fer the fur tnade. Ho dottbt too, tbat
Surop.an dlseagcs had forrnd tbetr way to tbe Inoquoi.l by tblr
5
tlne. UBE thls lndlnect oontect e gqfflclent stlnulus fonthe effeetl.ve establLahnent ef the l,eaguo of thc lroquela or
ehould we look ts the penlod sf dl,rect eontaet of the lroquoie
ultb Eunopcano ea Sorvloo suggestr?
It rould tcem tbat Eunt,tc datc fon en effeetive onganlza-
tlsn of tbc Leaguc romctlme after 166O Ia toe Lete. llhe
Hunsn and Seqtral, who werc suppoeed to bave bcen confedcn-
eolcs slmLlerl to thc Inoquolr eonfcdenaoyr nerc defeated by
thc Inoquolr la the 16l1Oto end 1650ts. It rccnt unllkely that
tbe InoquoLs rsuLd have dcfcated tbcse eonfcdcraEleg rlthoutferming a confcderacy thenaeLves.
A pnellnLnary evaluatlon of thc evld.enco auggosta that
the League of the Inoquole was forned before 16h0, probably
enound 1600. A faln aneunt of tnade patonl.al le pncecnt on
Iroquols sl,tes of 1600 and nG eey aasumG that ho{uolr aoolety
wal undengolng naJon ebaagea. Yetr u8 bevc ns hlstorlc nccond
for tho Iroquolc of thls period.
&:nougb an enalygie sf Inoguele pottenyl I propoae to
dcnonstratc tbat tbe Leeguc of tbe Inoquola rae ferllcd at
tb!.r tlnc. Alr aesunptLon tbat wlll bo uade ln tbte etudy la
that romoll w.lrc thc pottcrr ereag tbo lroguota. lfherc 1g no
blctorLo doouncntetLon that I tsnor of for fcnrle manufaetur€
of pottcny ansng tho lroguols, bnt $agard notcd that n@ucn
rrtnc thc pottcrr arcng tbe culturally clnllar Hunon end,
thls pattera wes appanently a typleal orror
I{lth the foruatien of a eonfedoracy fron flve prevlourly
autonoaoue and probabLy hostllo trlbeg, ono wsuld cxpcct thet
ronen nould tnaveL Eore fncely betroen trtbal araas than before
5
thc fernetlsn of the L,caguc. Thlg novonoat nlght be rclated.
to trade end subslstenee, nanriagc, er
Unlfied aetl.on on tbe pert of the Rlve
neetingr, aad !{ongen notod, that lf alr
froatcd tho eounolL:
paa-trlbal ncetlnga.
Setloae seuld rcqul.ne
lnportant rubJeot eoa-
$eebens, ohtefr, and renrlera, ronea and,ovetl oblldrcn d.cccnted. thel.r buntlnggrounds and $@odland aeoluslona, andtelrlng the tralI, lltcnally floetsod totbe plece of ostmell (1851 :11O).
Ebts lnorcased. eomnunl.eatLon duc to tbc fsrnatLon of the
Lcaguc esuld, bo rcfLeoted ln tho ecnamlc atylee of tbc Flve
latlon &p6ao Speeifleally, oao woul.d expcot tbc pottery bc-
tneen gltec la diffcront areas to lnorease ia ainll,erlty.l1ro, wtth the latroduotion of ncw ecneslo dcalgaa ead. netbod.g
of pottery naaufaeturo lnte an aree beeause of tblo lnereaged
coroualeatlon, one rlou1d oxpcot a dcercaao Ln eenemlo bsno-
geneity wlthln aitcs. Elnally, nltb thc fornatlea of the
Loague, loeal petnillnsego! rould bavo l.aorcesed fuuotl,eaa
and lrpertauso reletlag to thc funettsnlag of thc l,caguc.
l$rc arrumptLon 1r tbet thls ineneeqed oerpenetenrca nLLl be
rofLcotect by Lnereased. eseocletLea of eoranlc attrlbutegritbln aLteg.
Fottory fron st tes ln the E[vo tration lroquolo erce wlllbe analyzed, er uelI aa pottcry firon aitcg ln the tlagaraFnontlcre trr aroe adJacent te thc arca of thc hlaterle develop-
nent of thc tcaguc. $lteg ln thc Hlagana Ersntlcr have bcen
ldenttfl.ed ae &le by Dr, !{arlan l{hltc and thcy w111 lervG
as e ooatnol. It la belleved. that tho &le alco fonmod a
7
confederacy, and if this is so one might expect the patter"n
of ceramic attribute association and ceramic homogeneity for
Erle sites to change through time in a manner sinrilar to that
of Five Nation lroqu"ois ceramics. However coefficients of
similarity betrreen Hrie sites and sites of the Five Nation
Iroquois tribes should lrot increase, whereas eoefficients of
similarity between sites of different tribes within the Five
Nation Troquois area should increase " If Niagara Ft"ontier
sites d"o not show a diffenent pattern of similarity, some-
thing other" tl:an the Leagr.:e of the lroquois is being refleeted
ceramicallY.
OSAP':TEN IISPASIIL DISTNIBSTIOS A$D gffiTIg IDEXTIEY
tlI of tbr rltes anelyzed lu tblr atudy ll.c rltbln lten
Xork Stete. Ereept for the Cllfton Sprlnga aitc, thc sltes
analyzcd anc geographterlly eluatoned. AlL af tbese gltc
elurtons are ln alrcaa sbleb a.no hlctorloaLly aesool.eted ultb
kaonn Iroquole trlbes exoept for thc clugten la tbe t{lrgara
Srontlcr. El,gtarlc evldenee suggcato that tbeee Letten gitos
roprosent a brancb of tbe &le (Hhlte 19?O).
l[evlag fron weet te east are3 &le gltes soutb of Euffalot
Scaeea glteg south of Roehectcr, Cayuga altea ereund, Cayuga
Lake, Onoadage citos soutb of Syraeuler Onolda altes gouth of
Oneida, [,Y.r snd Mohawk gltra betrcea St.Johnsvllls end
lnetcrdan. Pfgune 1 t s e BaP of tbe sltoa oborlng tbclr loe-
atlon. |lhe anrnbors oa the nap oorrcsp@nd to the f,ollorlag
rl. tce.
SLesarn Fnontler (ele )
1. Buffuu
2. O,oodyea:l
3. Slunona
4. 0reen Leke
Seacca
5. Berobcr
6. RlEbnond Hllla7. Adens
8. Glncnon
I
9
9. Duteh Hol1ow
10. Factory Hollow
11. Cor"nish
12. Warren
13. Power.house
Cayugq
1l+. Glifton Springs
15. Genoa For"t
Onondaga
1 6. Cemebery
17, Barnes
1 B. ?empe:.anee House
19" Atwell Fort
2A. Chase
0neida
21 .
22.
23.
2+.
25.
Mohawk
Buyea
Diable
Bach
Wayland-Srnith
Thurston
26. Srnith
27. Wagners Holloror
28. Cromwell
29 ' Barker'
30. Martin
1S
ru
Ex s*-
J
f\^c( ttr
". 1."-3 c s-.*a
s-,_-
h11
r'{3odl
w+lrd .d+3 c)rljbi
it>Ai r-tF.r cS.o r:>l aJ
0l orZ .{r
.r'1Q-.r s)o
C4ArOEm
9iooSi .r'l.ri +:r{ CrJ+) c)t50Or{
o.r,l&
.+:glO
o
Ff
a
trOtA
F,jd/rlF]
11
llhe av€nego dletenqe betscen tnE oontcmporanoous vlllageeLn e alte appaalpg to be around 6 pl,Iee. uhen a vtllegc icnoved, tt appoarr te be reegtabllshod tro er tbnec nllcg fronthe fenncr locatlon.
lfhc appnoxLnate dlctanee betnecn theco clustEng of s!.tea
tc ea follswrIErlc - $caeoa
$eneea - Cayuga
eayugr - Onondaga
18 nltoa
56 'l
l+o rf
0nondaga - Onelda 16 It
0neld,a - ![ehauk 5A tt
0n thc eyorago thcn, clustens of sltos anc anound. h5 ntlcEfron cach other, thc exoeptlon belng thc olose dirtanec bs-twecn the Onondaga and onelda. lrho wldc cpaelng betseea
oluatcns may have been dl,etatcd by the requlnlmentc of ganc
(ogpoelally dceir). centalnry anple a6nlouLturaL Land was
avallabls.
Flost clteg ane Ln rolliag or stlghtly bll}y countny butncar fret Lend (Lake &1o and, Ontanio plrlng, Flohawk Rtverbotton lend). [tlc dlctrlbutl.on eou].d bo due to: 1] e dcclrcto bc near bstb good farralng r.and and dcfcnslble tenala,and/on 2 ) tho edvantege of, bclng ablc to neadl.Ly expl.olt two
cnvlnonnsntel z@BeBr
The llennoe arc boLleved to havo llved comerberc bctreeatbc srle end thc seneea. ltte Jceult RcLatlong stete that in1638 thc ueanoo $ero fonced. out of the arca by tbeln enonl.es
12
and thai: the; fio';e11, to Lr,'":::r::i-a. 3:'. i{arian i^,lni:-te has e-.<carlated
sites in 0r,1eane an^ri Genesse Coun*i*s which are probably J-ate
p::ehisio-:1p irlenr:c*. Tnou.gt: tra.*es lf t:'ad,e ::i:a.tei.ial he..,.ie ir*ert
tlepor"tei. fron one of tirese sitr=s r ee site that r*or-ilC p*rtain
tc the 157C.151i) i:er.iad has been found.
In crde:: to coiap--l-ete the pici;ure of late prehi-sior"ic anc
eariy histc:.ic cccupaii,,:n in lile-* T<l::x- I sne:l-rr r-nenticn iha"t
archaeol,:gi.ca-l evilence si..ggests clr:ster-o of iate pr.chisto:"1c
si l,es prl leneni: to the are& sNLldi-e d forir;hicli t'i:iere is no
hi str:::re evidenc,*. fhere h;irs a prei:-'i-s jii:ri-c poi;i.i-i ation in
nor-thei.n i$ew Yc:k ai;i;r"l:r:1;':lateI-;: ,b',a i'-'i -l-es nc:th of the Onon':aqa
and 0neiC.a- at:eas. ?het'* .!1ra.s al-sc a p::e::1 storio popu-!_ation i-n
so'i:l,l:r'reste:.n Neir Ycrlr abo,.:t 55 niles scu.thi-,r*s'b cf the rt:i*
sites i-n i:1:e lTj sga.:.a I':',rntr-or:. {Gr,:i:ne 1?58n ). It i s not :inci*n
what beca.le cf tbe,.e ;,rpi.i-Laticns fo:: tney ciC not pe:"sist i-ntr
the histo::ic peri na. Aiso, ihere is soine Si:squehanno*k ;:o'b-
te:';l in a-sscciaiion .*ith e a:"1;' ELr:r-.oi-)ean tr"aCe r*ater. j-al- frol:
burials on the Engiebert site neai" N5-*h,:1s, llew Yo:"li:. T:rj-s
site is apirrcxi-rnaiei;i !0 rni,l-es s,euth of the Ca.yuga ares.. ?l::e
extent and tine ;lepth cf this '::cupal,ion is unllncr.^".no
It '"*ouJ-l aa*pear thet the si te c.l-r.isters do not *ave gr.eat
Lj-ine de;;ti:. As one ilioves furthe:ir back in tj":no frolri the late
lrenisto:ic, ther-e j-s less cl-i:ste:.i ng of sites and a incre eTen
dis-tyii:,;ti-on lf popul-ai, j-an oa/€11 the land. Ritchie says:
Trlbal- difjierentiation corrosprnding tolri sto::icatr-l-y rlecognized eniit j es see:tg1a:"'2*?";i to ha:;e been L Tery late p:,.ehis-to:.ic che n*::r:enon i,n o';i" area {19,65:2??*3ri0 i,
13
Tuck has suggested" that through time there is a trend of
fusion of population!
n,.the branching model often pnoposed toaecount fon tribal dlvisions seems betterabandoned (at least in the ease of, the0nondaga ) in favor of a model- of villageconsolidation or fusion (1 969b r52).
More infor"mation is neededo howevenr oil the location of late
pnehistonlc lroquois sites.
Because of the definite clustening of village sites
d.uring the period with which I am concerned, thene is little
problem in labeling a site as $eneea, Oneida, ete. There are
three sites, however, for which the question of ethnic identity
arises: Belcher, Richmond Mil1s, and Clifton Spnings. The
problem is whether to ccnsider these Seneca or Cayuga sj-tes.
The Belcher and Richrnond Mills sites will be considered
together because they are spatially elose and have a high
Brainerd" Robinson coefficient of similarity, both for attributes
and types. No European materials have ever been found on them.
The evidence for considering Richmond Mills and Belcher to be
Cayuga is stylistic. On this basis MacNeish eonsidered them
to be Cayuga sites and he included then in his seriatj-on of
sites in the Cayuga area. Unfortunately, Cayuga anchaeology
is in a confused state and collections of materlal are seanty
or non-existent. The only site in the ar€a historically
ascribed to the Cayuga fnom which I was able to secure material
is the Genoa Fort site dating around 1 600. There are certain
nesemblances between Richmond MilLs, Belcher, and Genoa Fort
potteny. All three sites have some vessetrs with extremely
14
high collars (which is atypical for later Seneca sites ).
Bnainerd Robinson coefficients were examined in onder to
deterrnine what sites Belcher and Richmond Mi]Is l^Iere most
sirnilar to. The followJ-ng sites were considered.
1. Richrnond Mills and Belcher vs. Genoa Fort (Cayuga e. 1600)
2. rr rr tr tt vs. Factony Hollow, Dutch Hollow,
and Cornish, Seneca sites c. 1 600
3. Richmond Mills and Beleher vs, Adants and Cameron (seneca
sites c. 1550-1580.
The results indicated that while Belcher and Richmond Mil1s
are similar to Genoa Fort, these sites also share high coef-
ficients of sirnilarity with ear"ly and late Seneca sites as
we1I, so that on the basis of ceramic similarities the results
are ambiguous.
The evidenee for considering Richnond Mills and Belcher
to be Seneea is prirnarily geographical. They are situated
immediately south of known Seneca sites and may be cansidered
part of the cluster of sites in the Seneca area. Fur"thermoret
the pattern of Seneca village novement befo:re 1550 is not
known. Belchor and Richmond Mills are not far from early
Seneca sites and could easily be part of this earlier village
movement, wheneas they are $$ miles away (as the erow flies)
from Genoa Fort" Therefore on the basis of geographicaL
evidence I shall consider Belcher and Richmond Mills to be
late prehistoric Seneca sites.
The Clifton Springs site is a.pproximately 2[ miles fron
the Seneca area and 35 miles from Genoa Fort in the Cayuga
15
area. The size of the site t2 acres), the fact that it was
palisaded, and. that rich middons have been reported suggest
that it was a smal] village rather than a temporary camp of
either seneca or oayuga. styl1stiea11y the pottery is l-ike
Iroquois pottery from the lai:e pnehistcrlcr/eariy historic
period.. No itens of European fl]anufacture have tleen r"eported'
from the Clifton SPrings site 'I{arrison Fo}1ett, a J-ong time student of Cayuga archae-
o1ogy, consicered the Clifton $p:"ings site and- other prehist-
oric sites scatterecl about the gene:ral area to be Cayuga"
During late prehistoric times sites in the Cayuga vieinity
may not have been as geographically clustered as they 1l{ere
in later times " For sorne attribute cl-asses ' coef f icients of
similarity between cliftorr springs and the early seneca sites
ofAd"amsandcamer"Onarehigherthanthecoefficientsbettleen
Clifton Spri.ngs and Genoa Fo:rt. Thi s could be due to the f aet
that clifton springs is eloser in tinie ta these seneca sites.
It may also be that the olif'ton springs popu3-ation le"ten moved
to the Seneca ares, joining the population represented- by
either Belclrer and Riehmond. I1ills to fonrn the evidently greaten
popula.tion of later seneca sites. However, in this study 1
shall considen the clifton springs site to be cayuga. Any
incLication of a ternpoz'a} trend in homogeneity betue en Clifton
springs and- Genoa Fort will be consider"ed with their geographic
separation j-n mind..
In considering sirnj-larity betvieen different areas, it is
16
hoped that the east-west sepanation of Clifton Springsr fln
early site, fnom Genoa Fort, a Later site, will not introduce
factors of geographie stylistic variation into the study oftemporal change. Fortunately, the Cayuga area j"s eentrallylocated between the other areas studied. while Cliftsn springs
is closer to sites in the Niagara F1.ontier and Seneea area,
Genoa Font is closer to sites in the Onondaga and Oneida area.
In a study of temporal change between areas, the fact that tlre
cayuga area is in the middle of the east-west distribution oftribes may in part be seen as cancelling out variation result-ing frorn the east-west separation of clifton sp::ings and Genoa
Fort" No sites contemporary with clifton springs are analyzed
fnom the Mohawk area.
CIIAP?EN IIIrffi TEMPORAL DIMEI{SIO$
Ia thlr ccotion I ahaLL dlgeurs thc tcnponal pleeoncnt
of the sLtog uscd !n tblg anr}yala. A aunbon of n.t.arohons
havc uonkod oa thla pnoblcn and tbofu efforts havc eoncldcr-
ably €ased the bunden of tbla atudy. lilaorelsbt a 1952
serlatl.on of fu:oquols potteny provlded e SeBeraI franenork
rrhleb ncsEanshens ln loeaJ. arcet bavo reflaad. llhcge loeal
gtudlos havc used a nunber of ladepeadcnt }lnec of cvldcnoc
to eglve at thc nc}atlvo orderlag of gttos. lfbe recults ef
thegc 1oeel studlcs form tha backbens of Ghe ohnonology to bo
E!6d.
Befone dlrcucgtng the cltcgr senc assumPtleae pocullar
to drtlng Iroquolg rltcg abould bo aade erpllolt. lbe fbst
assumptlon lt that evo!.y etgbt to tweaty Jroar! tbo rnoquslr
rbrndonrd tbein vlllage and Povcd to e ncr vlllrgc tns or
tbnec nllca aray. lfhs Jocults obcerved thls pattern la Suronla
and neeond,ed, tbat lt rec duE to sol.I erbauatlos ead Eesrgity
of fLrowood !n tbe vlelntty of tbo v!'}lage (Tesker 1960:10)'
Abbi Belnont, nho ecoompealed Denonvllle tbnough Soguole ln
1687 neted ths sano pattcrn aad, he suggelted that the lergcr
vllla6ea noved norc fnequcntly. Ia the uatton of v111a8G slze
!t rsuld scen that thc lroquoll Bere faced rlth coaflletlng
altcrnatlves. 0n the one band,, the Lergcf tbe vlllegc, tbc
gafcn tbc v111e8€rs $ore fnom attaoE. 0n thc otbcr bandt
tbe langer tha v11Lage, tho gneetcn rrs thc nccd fon
17
.rA
f ipcr,':nri and nearl-r;; ag:'i c:1 t a_ra.1. l_and, ihe r=sby f cre:r:.g the
larger i''ll-l age to riovi r;or'€ frequ:nt)-y.
I ;ricntian this -hecause differerrti al i-ength cl occu"pat:i-on
of settl-*:r:ents cou-1-C ariC & di,r:ensicn of rrar"iatlon to the
""pli.'giS Cf 6.p-o''in qt.:-lo- Ctle r^iOt:iCl e)'itcct, (pt,1 ntl;'ll"(/<-Iv\,\, v \ (i3
f aetors eq';a1 i that tl:e l-onger t'he oceriiiation, tLrr: greete rthc as1'n,lj.c varla'niil t; and tL':. g:.eater tne s j r,rilar'5 t;. ro
sites of differeni: tlrne 1;ericds. In this stud-y, hciorever, Isha"ll- treat al-'l sites as if the;r were oecr;pied for. a.pp:'o;ri -.
lln,tel;: tre sare j-engtl cf r:.i-,:.e.
"A.rchaeo1oqi-cal i^rork in N*r+ Ycrk has defionstrated tnat
village rco"rei:;ent tcnes tc I:e tr,tc or tl:ree nj-J es ilr,hlte 197C:
1lf ). lIe ruaji i.ria.gin.r that this close p:'o,xi:1t.' nac: thc :jo',re
easj-e::, especially in terrrrs of pro?:able aCvanee preparations
such as clea-r'ing lanc1 anci" b*ilding a palisaie. Tne::e ai'e sit-
uations, such as a 1inea1 oisty.ii-.':tj,cn of sitesr wlien this kno'.,on
patter"n r:f vi-Li ege rr:lcr"?eriientt cfin be takern into conginer"a.tion es
an aol'-rnct in inle:'z'ing thr'' c?:::oncl-ngi ca-1- orrler"!ng o j" sirtes "
Anathq:' a.sr:u.i::;:tion is thai che,. ilate of 1!$CA "D. rnelr ho
taken e.i: the tiiae whec Eurrpean t::acie ne"ter"j-als f j rst ap;reaz"
in l,ler* York lr.:tluois sit*s {Wray anrl. Sci:cf f 1 95] ), rdhit* 1 :161 ,
?ratt 1c,r61 ). Ti:is assumptian sserns reasc,nable. Johri Cabol:
reached Gape Breton Islend in 149? ar:d :"epcrted great shoa-"1-s
of codfish. Thj'-s sor,nlce ws"s tappei ver:lr eari;i by lluropean
f isher.::en, B;l 1505 Pnr"t;gtrese harbor.s b*gan to irnpcse a tax
on codfish b*cause of fhe grea-t quantit;; being brought b,ack
f:ron the Graricl Beaiis of ltlerofc,lrncland {Steuar.d 19?L::2 } . No
19
doubt thcgc ea:rLy flgheruon ncnt achone rnd bertened wttb
thc natlvesr for rhon 0entlcr arrlvcd et the Sulf of 8t.Larrcaoo la 15311 hc reg groetcd by natlvec ceger to trade
func. Frey and Sehoff euggeet of tho Inoquola:
E'he atyle of naarlng ca:nlnger often on3.yono oar belag d,eeenatedr nXght atcp firoatbe sanc otyLc populan enong the Baaguotrboge boats were eanly aLoag tbe Atlanttegeaboard (1953:5o).
It ls gcaenaLLy assumcd tbet the flrgt European trade
naterLalg Go ncaeh tbe area und,or etudy wero tradcd lnland
fron Gbe eoagt sbone natlvee rould bave gotton then from
these eanly explortng and flohing boats. A llke1y route of
trade would heve been derrtr the St. Lawrenco. Xrhe route then
nay have bcen a northcrn one to the Euron @r freutral and,
theaoe to llew Yonk fnou the wegtr oll trade netcnlel eou1d,
havc cntcred, the Inoguols arc& firom tbc nortbcart. llhis
early natorLal probably follorccl both noutes. Therefono
tnade natertaL osuld havc ncaohcd both tbe eaatern aad, rest-ora eroag of thlg otudy at ebout the ceme tlmc, thougb eno
nlgbt crpcot lega trede natsrtel ln tbe reatcnn 8ro8o I'bo
Hudson Blvcn, llke tbc 8t. tawrenoo Blverr EeY hava bcen en
early route fsr tnadc materlaL. 'lhere w€rc explonere et thc
noutb of tbe Hudeon bcfore EudgontE Y@yago ln 1609 gucb as!
...Terrnazenor an Itallan navlgaton, cupleyedby Klag FnaneLg I sf Sranecr rbs ln lprll152\ entered ncs York Bay. Oonez, e Spanlebnrvlgeton, eleo not!.eed and mad.e reoord ofthe Eudsoa River La 1525 (Steuent 197A117).
Jeen Allcfoaeee, rbo vl.sLted. tbe noutb of thc Eudson La 15W
nrote thrt Ersnebaea bad bartcred ultb Indlans far up thet
20
river (Stewart 1970:1 7 ).In chnonologically ondering koquois sites, i-nvestiga-
tors have given great weight to relative amounts of trade
material pnesent. It is assumed. that contemporaneous
villages in a given area should have the same amount and.
kinds of Eunopean trade materi-als. Laten sites in the area
should have more tnade material. This fonmula should not be
applied blindIy, howeven, fon all collections ane not equiv-
alent. A collecton searcbing fon projectile points is liableto ignore scrap metal or ni-ss smal1 tnade beads, wheneas
careful scneening and excavatj-on would reoover these. Furthen-
more, burials probably contain more trade material than
middens on any slte. fhus, thene may be relatively mone
tnade matenial from the bunials of a.sd.te than from the nefuse
of a slightly laten site in the same area.
In the following dlscussion the chronological plaoenent
of the sltes analyzed will be discussed. For purposes ofanalysis, all sites will be placed in one of foun time
periods:
t1 = pne 1550
iz = 1550 15go
t3=1590-1615+ = 1615 - 161+0I/h -
Sites dosignated t1 have no Eunopean trade materlals and rnay
be consid.ered pne-contact. The tZ sites show some evidence
of European matenials. The t3 sites have a significant amount
of European material on them, somotimes up to a quar"ten of the
21
total mater"iar necovered from a site. sites designated tLhave a great deal of Eunopean material includ"ing somo which
is attributable to the early 17trr centuny. After about 1650
aboriginal pottery is almost totally neplaced" by coppen
kettles.Ni$ana Fbgrytlel
Dr. Marian ldhlte of the state university of New york at
Buffalo ls currently the pnincipal anchaeological investigatonin the Niagana Frontien. Some arahaeological collections aro
in pnivate hands and r was unable to obtaj-n a sampre fr-om a
tr. site in this area bocause of the uncooperativeness of oneltof these collectons.
D?' white feels that in late prehistoric and eanly his-tonic times there were two villages which were occupi-ed
simultanoousry in the Niagara Fbontien. These two vilragesane neflected ar"chaeologieally by two parallel series of sltesnunning i-n a nonth - south direstion. The most necent sitesare located to the south, the older sites to the no:rth. phere
is not sufficient evidenee at present to state whethen or not
these two eontemporaneous villages changedl.thein loeation atthe same time. The ooodyear and si-mmons sites forn par.t ofan eastern series of sites while Buffum and Green Lake for"m
part of a western series.
Buffum, Goodyear, and Gr"een Lake wene ordened f::om earlyto late re$pectively along with a number of other sites (White
1 961 ). TLlis ondening was d.one on the basis of seriation ofselected attributes and attnibutd conbinations fon vessels,pipes, and pnojeetile points. similarity of these sites to
22
sites in the Seneea sequence whj-ch was alneady worked out
was considered, as was the amount of trado matenial on the
Niagara Fronti-er sites.The Goodyear site was probably oceupiedsometime duning the interval 1550-1600A.D" and. the Green Lake site during 1575'1625 A.D. (Wfrite 1961 t123).
The Simmons site was, not included in this 1961 analysis but
is felt by White to be the site occupi-ed aften Goodyear
t1967 b;S5 ).0n this basis I shall considen Green Lake to be a t3
site and Goodyea.r to be u tZ site. Since Slmmons fof lows
Goodyear, it will be eonsj.dered a t3 site. No European
trade materials have ever been found on the Buffum Stneet
Site or on the Eaton Site (not used in .this analysis ) which
supposedly follows Buffum. 0n this baslsr Buffum will be
desienated. tn .I
+"h
t5
t2
t1
To summarize:
aaaaoaaata
Green Lake
aataarataa
Buffum St.
taoaaaaala
Sirnmons
Goodyear
Seneca
The locatj-on of a gneat number of Seneca sites is known
and the temponal nelatj"onships of many of these sites has
been established on the basis of tnade material. Charles
Wray, personnel from the Roclresten Museum and Scj-ence Center"
and others have been actively engaged in Seneca anchaeology
so that at the pnesent time more is knorsn about the archaeol-
- r- :--*il-r-l
23
ogy of the seneca than about any other gnoup studied in thisanalysis.
rn the seneea area there are a series of sites whlch
wnay feels represent two contemponaneous villages which
shifted. thein locatlon every 10 - ao years (though not nec-essarily at the same tirne). Consid.ering only the sites thatr am using, one series of vi]Iage movoments consists of Adams,
camenon, Dutch Hollow, and powerhouse. Factory Horlow and
wanr"en ane part of the seeond senies of movements. Around
1590, a smal] site appears near each lar"ge site. The arch-aeological evidenee indieates that this pattern eontinuesthrough time, and in 1 6TZ wentworth Gneenhalgh observed thissame four virrage pattern as did Denonvi]le in 1 5Bz who
observed:
...the two largen being distant lf leagues/ften rniles/ and the otfiers, Z /tive mftes/from tho larger villages (Stewant 19TOr5g).
One of these smaller villages is nepfesented by the cornisilsiteo believed to be contemporaneous with Factony Hollow and
Dutch Hollow. connish is two miles from Factony Hollow.Excavations by the Rochester Museum ind.icate that this is a
village with a palisade, middens, and so fan one }onghouse
has been uncovered (Hayes 1965, 1966, 196Ta, n.d., ) "0n the basis of seriation of a nurnber of artifaet
classos and tnaits including many different kinds of European
trade materiale wnay and sehsff (1953) present the folrowingdate s :
Powerhouse 1 630*1 65CI
2\
1615-1630
Dutoh trollow 159A-1615
Faotony Eollor 1590-1615
7190-1615
1575-159o
ldans 1r5a4575
Btlohcr ead Btebnsnd illlls, altcc rboac ltrolualon ln thc
gcneoa scquane. has bccn dl.aeuascd, hevc ao trade netcrlal.
Ehcy s111 bc ooalld.crod prc 1550 A.D. lfe otrmanLsrl
Tanren
Cora!ch
Cancnoa
Porcnbouacttlt3 Dutob Eollov
Warron
Faete:ry Eollor snd Csralrb
CanenonAdsns
tselober and 8lebrend Utlls
9eYuea
Cayuga ancbaeolog:t proseats an lnconplete picture.
Sboug[ tbr losatlon of a numben of eanly htstorlo Ceyuga
elter ars knownl oolleatloas firon tbqce sltec have becn loat.It la fer th!.g r6as@rr tbat I nar able to nceEncl pottony firon
enly tro sltce: eltfton Spninga end Oeaoa Font. Ilafortunatcly
tbe asalgnneat of a Cayuga labol to tbo ellfton $pnlnga glto
la qucatlonrble rnd thcne aro queetlone rogardlng tbe rolleb-lltty of tbc Oeaoe Fort aanplc. |['heee llultetlons of tho
Cayuge dsta nhculd be kept la nlnd vben csngldcnlng tbe
rrgults ef thc enalysl.a.
Hannlssn Follstt (195hb) dated thc Cltfton Sprlaga alta
at 1555 and Oonoe Fort at 1600. ilo Europcan trade naterlal
t2
tt
25
has beon found on Cllf,ton $pnlngo and lt ulll be eonsldered
a tl glto. Uhen oocfflelcntg of clnllanlty aro oonsldened
(ualng ettnlbutes) Genoa tbrt appcass noct alnllen to tbc
Scnose alte of Duteb Eollorr . t3 alto. l[odereto anotmts of
tnrdc uctcrlAl havc bron fowrd oa Glenoa Fort and tt r11I bo
consldcred a t. alte.)
Onsadasa
Eoocatly Jrnaa fuok croevatcd and deaorLbod r aqnbcn of
Qnondega sltog Ln ocnacatten wlth hlc dootoral nescareh at
Syracucc llnlvcrclty (1969e). t&lLc tbtc has gncatly olariftodtbe arobaeologl,eal plcturc La tbe Onondaga arcsr orpcelally
f,or tbe llltb and l5tb oentunlcsr rcrc wonk nccdc to bc d,one
on eerly blatorlc 0nonda6e sltcg. CoLlcctlons fron those
sltee ero Boagre end fnagUcntsd, rad I nas unable to obtd.n
en ed,equats ranpb fron anlr Poaslbl'e t4 Onendage sito.Steak frek thrt tbcnc u6ttc tro oentcnporan.oua vlltegcg
ia tbc Onondage etoa durlng latc pnoblrtortc and lerly blater-
le tlnoa, a pattcrn slnllar ts thc Hlagare hsatl'er. Rcpre-
rentlng the perlodLe notoncut of one of tbeac v!.llagca aro
tbe Bernee, llcnpcranoc Houcer and Cbaso gltog. Cemcteny and
Attrcll Fert rtre gltcs rcprosentlag pcrtodlc uoYaarntr of tbc
otbor vll,lagc.
to tradc natrnlal bar bccn found on Ccnctcry. lfhenc arc
tr.aeoa of tradc matenl.sL on Earaesr allgptly nere oa |[cnpor-
anoc Eousc aad AtrcLt Fol't. Cbaae her a falrl anount of tnedc
natcrlal, fusk auggeata tbc fellowtng detcs baaed on obangco
26
in ceramic styles and on the amount
Cemetery c .1$QO A.D., Barnes c .1$lo
and, Atwell Font shortly befor:o 1600
af ter 1 600 A.D . To surnmari ze :
of trade matenlals found:
A.D., Temperance House
A.D., and Chase shortly
a?alaoaeal
Atwell Font
faaaaataaa
Cemetery
t4
t3
tfaataalaa
ChaseTempenance
Bannes
aaaaatatta
tz
tt
Oneida
Peten Pnattts doctonal dissentation was based on descnip-
tion and soriatlon of 0neida sites. His work, plus that of
a number of d.odicated. amateuns, i-ncluding Theodone Whitney,
facilltated my analysls of Oneida sites.
Thene appears to have been but one village ln the Oneida
anea at any one time. The 0neida sites used. in this analysj.s
which represent the periodic movement of this vlllage are !
Buyea, Bachr Diab1e, Wayland-Srnith (also known as Cameron)
and Thunston. Dr. ?natt, upon considenation of trade mater-
ial and an estimatlon of the life spans of the villages
based on the amount of refuse, arnived at the following dates
for the sites (1961 ): Bach 15h0-1555, Diable 1555-1570,
Wayland Smith 15lO-t595, and Thurston 1625-1637. Pratt feels
that tho Buyea site dates around. 1500 A.D.
Theodore Whitney would date some of the above sites
later in time. Fon example, he feeLs that Buyea ls closer
b 155a A.D. than to 1500 A.D. In eithen case, Buyea wl}l be
considened to be a t1 site in this study, for no tnade
27
rnaterials bave been found on it, Whitney would plaee the
Bach site anound 1580, whickr seems to me congruent witLr the
trade materials found on the site. WLritney would place
Wayland Snithr anound 1600 A.D. Tkris wsuld make it. ta site
and the tnade matenial ls congruent with that found on othen
tr sites in this study. In diseussing the relation of Baeh)to Diable, Whitney says:
Diable has pnoduced more native sLrell beads,a temponally declining charaeteristic. Aclose appraisal of metal trade goods leavesno clear indieation of which was eanlier. Infact, thene is some suppont for a suggestionthat they may have had simultaneous occupation(1967 :B ).
The similanity of Bach and Diable suggests they sktould belong
to the.same time peniod, With their small amount of trade
material t.) seems appnopriate. To summarize:I
t4 TLrurston
t3 Wayland SmitLt
t2 Bach and. Diab1e
t1 Buyea
Mohawk
Though a fair" number of Mohalrk sites alae known, and a
fain amount of Mohawk matenial exists, a elear picture of the
relationship of Mohawk sites to each other between 1 !00 and
1 6[0 has not yet emerged, though progress is being made by the
State Museum in Albany, and investigatons such as Donald
Lenig, Jobrn $want, and Kingston Lannen.
In the western Mohawk are& Smith and Wagners Hollow
28
probably represent successive movements of the sane vil1age.rn the oaster.n Mohar*k area, the relationsLrip of cromwell,Barken, and Martin is less sure. The following assignment
of sites to temporal periods should be negarded as tentativeand subject to revisi-on when more information becomes avail-able.
tl. .....!.... MantinII
t? Wagners Hollow Cnomwell and Barker)tZ Smith .... r.....t1 . a a . . c . . . . . . a . a . . . . .
Though no t1 Mohawk sites r4rere analyzed, whalron (1968)
analyzed material from the Gar"oga site. rf Ganoga had. been
used in this studyn it would have been consldered. * t1 sj"te.
CHAPTIIR IV
PROCEDUNE
A tota] of 8r596 rim sherds representing 5 r29Q vessels
were ana15r2s6 fr"om the thirty sites used in this study. Both
ceramic attributes and traditional Iroquois pottery types
were recorded.
A number of investigators have used or advocateci the use
of ceramic attr"ibutes inclu"ding Rouse 1960, White 1961 , Deetz
1965, J"V. Wright 1967, and Whallon 1958. The major focus of
this study is on ceramic attributes rathen than cenami-c types.
The use of attributes allows a mor.e accurate representation
of, the particular vessel being reeonded than the use of types.
Furthermore, the use of attributes has greater potential forrecording pattenns of variation.
The developnent of the attribute list r^rhieh appears inAppendix IIl took plaee over a period of months. The record-
ing sheet used (see Figure 2J was designed to fit the partic-ular stnucture of the data and was found to be superi-or to the
standardized Fortran forms often used in this type of study.
One is less likely to recorcl informa"tion in the wrong column
and it is easy to key punoh fnon lt. there ig a shest fonevery vessel recorded. Any information about the vessel which
is not to be computeri-zed may be put on the bottom or back ofthe form.
I necorded the traditional pottery typ* because I was
cur"ious to see if similar patterns would be observed using
both types and attributes. A1so, it was my impnession that
2g
3o
*r,-) l\l\ r..ff\I
\rcl-l*
,\'-\t tqlsslu
tiluiU\ht;*n"QLJ \
nHil8\1QI IR.\\u l_.r*-rl-je'"llN
-\ilI[uH:Iir:*\ l-Jr
$.H;
,.Q.-st I
r- sLJ \97
\:ir*-
"il_l \
tllsLit
L[*l vilv
t l,[-l *S l-1"t: L-J $X.Q
-'-l*ii is[.*
t[i+LJn
\t-t n
il**
\5
'N
r)s!-]oU
N\j\
rlJa
It*c[
CJrY
FfT
\rr\ott
$r,rt InL-lL-J
nF+rt Irrl I
t-**tLJITl{l I
r*-1L_J
rit !-L_lLJ
Nqtr--]
$uo
hr--I".o*l f +\;t**t-\t lx
\{'){
$ *l*l x. R[l
$.,'*',I ti -lr'ruiLJ uUl$\,,i $f*l,r;*tH""!oLJ'l\')qI
\si.*t*;SLJh
Nh,----. tu-Lrq
a.\io\
lt;$Fhiilo
$$n-sl I
*i-j-,ff;L_J
\\(.')
ct'
-\i--l*tLJ
*$fJ-
fu-
t r--r^l--lrL-j
rti*r,? l--lQ.,Sl'".-{?! I
tn\ntl^I
is
Recondlng SheetFigune 2.
31
certain societies pnoduced pottery that lent itself to ceramic
typology while others did not, I wondered if potter"y fnom the
difforent t::ibes studied would be equally anenabLe to a typol-
ogical appr"oaeh.
A list of 66 types was used in recording pottery types.
This list was a synthesis of the work of a number of investi-
gators, i'.lacNeishts 195? study of lroquo!-s pottery and his
definition of lroquois pottery types forrned the backbone of
this list. Lenig, in 19650 nefined MaeNeishts earlier work
on Mohar"rk pottery types and these ehanges were incorporated
in the present study, Pen<lergast, working in the St. Lar"rence
area, has defined a number of types and "groupstt and sorne of
his categories biere incorporated intc the list. Finally'
Pratt has critically neviewed MacNeish I s types pointing out
that in some cases very minimal or confusing differences
exist betureen types (Pratt 196011966). Often, the range of
variation of types in two geographieal areas ovenlaps. In a
number of cases, Pratt?s criticisms were inconporated by com-
bining two of MacNeishrs bypes to fonm a single type. For
example, Wagoner Incised, a Mohawk type, and Syracuse Incisedt
an Onondaga type, were considened to be a single type, Wagoner-
Syracuse Incised. This procedure facilitated comparisons of
sites in different areas on the basis of types. If a vessel
did not seem to fall within the range of variation of any of
the types, I did not type it. In every site there were a numb-
er of vessels whieh f blas unable to type. No area was charac-
tenized by a high pr"opontion of untypable pottery, however.
32
Iroquois pottery can be lumpeC into cclLared and non*
collared forms n Non*eollared rim sherds had to be at leasttwo centirneters high to be used in the analysis. collaredforms had to have the corcplete collar present to be analyzed.
Analyzing onl"y eomplete eoll-ared sherds greatly redueed the
available sample from each site, but afford,ed uniformity forpurposes r:f cornparison" co1lar"ed forms greatly outnunber non-
collared forms on a1l- sites "
Rirn sher"ds within a single co]]ection were always cheeked
to see if two or more separate ri-m shends might have cone fnom
the same vessel" subjective judgernent was used in assigning
sherds to the s&me vessel if they did not fit together. when-
ever posslbleo separate corleetisns fr"om the sa.m.s site were
brou.ght together. and- cross ehecked for she:-ds f,rom the sa&&
vessel" r found it quite rar€ tha.t sherds f,ncm d.ifferentcollections belonged to the same vessel" Norrnarly diffenentcollectians corne fron: different areas of a site.
The onigina-l reeording of cerarnic attributes was partic-ularistic and often minor stylistic vaniations were differen-tia,ted" The rationale behind this was troofold: 1 ) to minimize
the distortion inherent in reeording ceramie attributes as
standard"ized abstraetions, and 2) to prcvicie data for a Jaterstudy of intra-site stylistic variation which night requine
fine stylistic distinctions.Befor"e the analysis was begun, the ceramic attribuues
r^iere lumped into larger eategorles. coded attributes were
grouped together on the basis of fonrnal similarity. For
33
exampLe, several types of intersecting lines were lumped into
a single category. This regrouping appears in Appendix IV.
A computer prograrn was written which read ca.rds with the orig*
inal cod-ing and then punched new cards to coruespond to the
nei* lumping of attributee. An exeeption to this procedure was
used with the attribute class of eollar design which was
recoded manually.
CHTPTER V
ASSNIBI''ITE ASSOCIATIOH
Hltb tbo fornatlon of tbc Ltague of thc Inoquola oao
sould orpcet an lnoncaec ln aaeoclctlos bctycsn oonanle
attrlbutcg rlthln altes. !{hallsn (1968) aoted lnoreaclag
ettrlbutc acgoeiat!.on fron tbo Ouacos to thc boqqola pcntod
and auggestcd thet thlc waa largely rclatcd te tbc laorcarlagslze aad, lategnatton of looel regLdcntlel groupE.
Eho apparcntly rapld lnoncage ln thc lapor-tanoc end lntcranl latcgnatlon of tboscgrpoups, betucen tbe Oak Btll phasr end thcIroquols phaoea !o.na thc rogult ef eobangc ls lnternal organl,getlon ubloh lspoaalbly roleted to tbc d,cvclopncnt of aloeel govcrnl,ng counell ooupoood. ef mcnrltb pcrnrncnt tltlcd poeltlena pcrteLn-1og to tbe varloua nqtnillaoagcs ef thcvllhgc (flhellcn 1968 z2\21.
r wou}d c:pcet natrlLla.aEos te beeone cycn norc lnpertantrtth thc foraatlon of tbc Loeguc.
!{atrlllacegoa aro aoon eg fonnlag tbc baslo ltruetuno oftbc tea6uc oThc Lcaguc wac tbc longpouao rnit lar"gcu (Fcnton
196522581. lfhLg vlew gccs tbe largcr atnuotunol tho Lceguc,
ac bclng bullt up fnon cnellcr ualtse natrlllaeagcs. fionevcr
ono nay aho vlcr natniLlatagc strrrctunc aa ncfloetlng Lca6uc
strusturc. $abltase apoaklng of tnlbeg la g.cnenrr suggcatcn...tbat thc ruponatnucture lnpoeec ltsclf, sonatlmca qultoarbltranlly on the ehaneEtcr ef tbc fenlly and tha tpnlnrsyr
rslatlonablpo'r(196831+8). sltb tbe fornatl,on of a Leaguc,
eno sould expcot looal netrill.nragos rltb prcaumcd natrllooalnosldoace ts booonc l.ncneaalngLy unlfled beeauae of Lnoneacrd
3ll
35
duties and also because of pressures exerted upon local sociaL
organization to be congruent with the la::ger political organ-
i zation.
It has been sllggested that in a matnilocal situation
mothers or female kinswottten teach pottery manufacture to young
girls of the matrilocal group'. These girls would then manu-
factune pottery similar to their older kinsuiomen" This type
of situation would be refleeted eeramically by hrigh attribute
association. With the increased functions and importanee of
the matrilineage with the formation of the Leaguer I expeet
attribilte association to !ncrease.
Deot z(1965 ) sought to measlirss attribute association by
bar graphs showing the pe::cenl,age of co-occurrence of specific
attr.lbr.rtes. As Whallon (1968 ) has noted, chi square is a
more appropriate technique for measuring association. In this
study, the chi square test is used to test for attpibute
assoei-ation within different sites. Nlne attribute classes
are considered for each site.
1 . rim shape
2. co]lar design
? lin <rlrsno). r*I.
[. lip sr,trface treatrneni
5. lip exterior treatment
6. 1ip interlor treatment
7. relationship of the rim to the neck
B. col]ar base treatment
g. 'oresence or absence of catellations
36
The aim of this analysis is to cenive a total measure
of association of attributes for a site which ean be compared
with the other sites. using an existing eornputer pr.ogram toperform the chl square tests, the nine attribute classes were
tested against each other for eaeh site. Three tables were
rernoved because it was felt that they were not independent(1 vs. 3r'l ./s. ?, and" T vs. B). The nesults of this inj-tiaiattempt couLd not be considered stabisticaily valicl. rn most
cases the expeeted cell frequencies were too srnaI}, even
following chochranrs relaxed rule thrit up to one fifth of theexpeeted cells rna;r have a frequency of less than five (though
they must be greater than one ).fn orden Lo proceed with the analysisr ahy site witli a
sample of under 1$c vessels was eliminaied. IJsing sample
sizes larger than 150, no corr'elatlon ',rras observed betr^reen
sarnp3-e size and final rneasures of association. within each
attribute class for each siter atbributes were r.ecoded
aceording to frequency. For exampfe, if a particuLar colrardesign such as number J were the inost freqr;ent ccllar" d.esign
on a siteo it woula be record.ed as 1, the seeond naost frequentcol-Iar design as 2, etc. lJhat was desired r,ias a rneasure ofassociation betueen attr.ibute classes sueh as Iip surfeeetnea'Lment and collar. oesign, rati:er" than association between
particulan attributes sueh as notches on the lip and obJ^ique
lines on the co}lar.By a process of trial
consistent with Chochr.an t s
and er,ror, maximum size tables
relaxed rule were constructed for
37
.eoh clte. Upon eonpanl.son of theso teblce fen dlffereat
rlt.s, lt eppeared tbet ecrtaLa tabLes ofton lhottcd hlgh
essooletlea ef attnlbutc olessos shlle othena rarcly sboncd,
eay els@eletloa. If mone than half sf the sLtoc sborod t18-
ulflornt estooiatl.on bctrecn t$@ ettrlbute olaalec, tbct ehl
squarc trble sas lnc1udcd, 1a the eonputatlon of moen RoIrnaI
dcvletea. tbs euuEletLvc ehl squaro vaLue of thesc tabLeg
ras thon rcforned to a funetlon of ebl tquare {2=Z T2"-1
whleb expreEscs eEsoeletlsn ln tcnns of gtenderd devlatlons
fron an expcoted mcan veluo. It war ortglnalLy hoped tbat
tboce unlt nonmeL dcvlates ceuld bo ev*aged eooendlng to
four pcrlods, but becauso of the nunbcr of gt tcs shich lterG
onltted fnon thc analyale, oalg tro tlnc penlodl wer€ ocntld-
Cf6d.Heaa SonnsL
Dcvlatee
= 16.9
E! 22.6
Sbls ladLeatcg a deoroage ln attnibutc aaaoeietlon through
tlnc (scr Appendlx V for slto velucs).
Bro by twe eh!, lquano tablae wtro alse gcnoratcd fon
oach slte ualng the tro negt fneguoat ettrl.butea ln a elass
and thr rorult! of tbcac tablcs Bor. eoacldcrcd la e nennor
clnllar to thet above. Shc ncesuret of aareclatlea fcr eaeh
sltc rorc then avoraged aeeerdtng to pcrlod end the rclsnltt
rcrG as foLloss:!{ean Hornal
Dovlate
10.8
12.2
t, and t4tt and tt
t3 aad t4
t1 and t2
38
flrls lndleatcs e dconcaae Ln ettrlbute assooiatlon thnough
tlnc (ace Appeadlx Y fon slto valueg).
In come oases b@th nulti-dlmensloacd end, twe by trotabLoe bad veny lengo shl squarc veluca. lfhue, fon eerteLn
gltcs a gr"cat deel of relght rac eotually bcing glven to oao
on tro tablcg. As r oheok on tbo tnond already notcd, the
totrl nunbsr of ehl squeree tabXes wblch rGr6 otgnlflernt at
ttrc 10f levcl both for pultl-dineagLened, and two by tro obl
square tablsg fon a slto rorc sunned,. If the nunbcr of slg-nlfleant nultl-dlmcnsloaed, ebl sguancs fon sl,teg lc evenaged
by perled the results are3
Avene6e aunber sfalgnlflcaat tablec
to and, tr. E 13.6t+t1 aad t2 a 15.3
If tbe ntrmber of slgnlfloant tue by two ebl sguare tebbs lceenrldonod tbe ncculte arc 3
t3 end t4
tl and t2 = 9.8
&roo nesuLts agrec wlth thc lnttlally obrcrvcd trend sf, a
d,ccrcage ln ettrlbute eesoEktlon thnough tlnc (see Appendlx V
for gite valueg).
At the beglnnlng of thls anaS.yels I expeetcd attrlbuteatsoolatleu to !.nenease as a refloetlon of the fonmatlon oftbc teaguc. the faot that egeoeiatloa dld not lncroe{re suggecte
olther tbat thc tcaguo was aot formed durlng the perted of tlne
Avcnago nqmber oftro by tre teblcc
a 9.3
3e
studied, or that if it were formed, during this period of
time, some form of patterned behavior is reflected more
strongly than the forrnation sf the League.
An additional observation is of interest. During the
course of analysis a geognaphic trend in ceramic attribute
association was noted. There is greate:: association of cer-
amic att::ibute elasses on Oneida and Mohawk si-tes than on
Niagara Frontier and Seneca sites (see Table 1 ).
TABLE ,I
I{EAN ASSOCIATION FOR TRIBAL AREAS
Niag. Seneea Oneida lvlohawk
t,
oR 9.6 27.1 30.1
o.z 9,2 t).o l, .v
7.Q R? 23.5 21 .B
l, 1^)+.'J 16.0 13"3
'l = mean norrnal deviate for mul-ti-dimen-sioned chi square table " 2 = mean normaldeviate for tr^ro by two chi square table.3 = the average nutnben of muLti-dimension-ed chi soruare tables. 4 = the averagenumber of two by two chi square tables.
Di scus sion
Before attempting to explain the observed tnends 1n
associati-on, a word of eaution is in order. Because of the
need for a lange sample size in the analysis of association,
only thir"teen sites could be used - fou:" in the ear'lier. penlod
L
4o
and nine in the l.a.ter period" It may be argrred that the
data is too scant and too scattered to give an accur"ate pic-ture of the spatial and temporal trends in ceranrie attributeassociatj-on. Theref,ore the following discussion is to be
regarded as tentative.
If we assurne that a change 1n attribute as,sociation
through time or space reflects a change in the local resi-den-
tial unit, then a d,ecrease in attri-br-rte assocj"ation through
tirne and from east to west suggests a decrease in the size
and,/or importance of the local residenti.a] group. If we
assune that the r"esidents of an lroquois longhouse for.rned
such a local residentj-al uni-t, then one would exirect changes
in longhouse size to parallel changes noted for a'btribute
association, Though data on lroquois longho'ase size is sltr-prisingiy inco.npl-ete, the existing data fits our expectations.
In the Mohawk area, the Garoga site (c"151f0) and the
Sinith site (tp) both harl longhouses 225 feet long. In contrast
with these sites is the historic Caughnawaga site {c.1560).The entire village area was excavated and twelve longhouses
were founrl. Most sf these were 8C or 90 feet long, r^rhile the
two longest were slightly over 100 feet 1ong. Thus, archae-
ological evid-ence suggests a decrease in the length of Mohawk
longhouses through tirne.
In the Oneida area, a 12A foot longhouse has been r"ecorded
fou" the Buyea site (tt ). A 3V foot longhrouse was reoorded forthe Bach site (te). This suggests a decnease in longhouse
si-ze through time, thcugir more 0neida structures need. to be
lrt
excavated to eubstantiate tiris,In t,le 0nr:ndaga al:es., the prehistorie site of lior"rlett
Hilf has a 33i+ foot long structure while the prehistor"ic
Burke site has one structure over 200 feet long and another
structur"e over 125 fee'i; 1ong. James Tuck clates these sitesfrom the 1l+th and 1$th centuries respectiveiy (196ga). There-
fore they p:cecede the period of tirne covere<l by this study,The 331+ foot structur,e at Hor,iiett Hill- is arso longer ths.n
any kno'orn strueture froin the period of time cover"ed. by thiss tudy .
Three Troquois longhouses have been recorcled from the
seneca area. Richmond Mil1s (t., ) has a longhouse l+5 feetlong. Cor"nj-sh {t3) has a longhouse 65 feet long whileFactory Hollow {a}so *:) has a longhouse 56 feat long.
The greater portion of four longhouses have been excavate4
at the sinimons site (t.) on the Niagara Frontier" They appear
to have been between l+i-gO feet long"
rf we colnpare the lengtli of the longho,ises foun,L in the
seneca and Niagara Frontier areas to the rength of the
structunes founc in the Mohawk aroa to the east, it appears
that the Mohawk built longer ronghouses. This parallels the
finding of greater attribute association withj-n l{ohawk sitesthan within Seneca on Niagara Fr.ontier sites.
rt was noted that archaeologieal evidenee suggests a d,e-
crease in the length of Mohawk longhouses through time. Thei"e
is historic evidence which suggests that by 1bT7 the most
comrnon rnoquois dwelling was a small one, raiher than the
Ltz
enobacologleally hnorn longlouse of an canller pcnlod.
lfcntrertb Grconbalgh vlgltcd thc Hobarh, Onclda, Ouondaga,
$ayuga, aad gcneoa in 1677, notlng both tbo nunbon of uerrlons
and tho nunbcr of cablaa tn eaob sr'Ear fbls provtdca us rlth
a ratlo of tbc anrmber of uanrlors pGr eabln. O,encrallyr thcrc
ane tro on tbree wanrlors per atnuetune tn eaob tribal l1'clr
0a1y ln oae Scaeea vlllagc dld Qnccnhalgh notc nlrat war
probebly tho tredltlonel longbouac. OmcnbelSb geld tbat
thla vllXagol
...oorrtilDa about l2O boucoe bclng yolol'gcet of ell yo beulrt rGo llwr V:ordlnary bolng about 5O or 6O fott long,slth I 3 or I l+ flrca la one h@u8o . . r(1677
'
.
gnc nlgbt apeeulate that cpl,dcnlea stlutrlatcd the lncreag-
lng frcquency of rnallor drelllnga, rhctbsr tbrougb tbe deatb
of nenbere of tbc longhousc Er hrEugb the desl3c of pooplc
nst to rhano a longbouae rlth a dlecrgcd pcnaon. Yan dcn
Eogaert notEg tbct ln tbc ltoharL ltlea ln 163ll:
'l[bc prlnolpet eblcfr ldrloebtcn, llved lna sslll bouge a qual'ten sf e slle dlgtsntfron tbts vlllagc boeaucr uesy ncnbcrl beddtcd fren an apldcsle of cnallpox t€lnesgnaanI 969 sll6 ) .
It 1r aot Inosa hor meay othen IndLeac ncr. llvlng outsida
ectabllrbcd Inoguols vLlLegla at Gbla tlno.
CiiAPTNR VI
HOi'{OGENEITY
It is expecte,S" that homogeneity of pottery within sites
will increase and then decnease during the period of time
under study. Whallon (1968) noted a trend of increasing
stylistie homogeneity through time and it is felt that this
reflecbs decreasing comlnunication bet',reen villages. The
formation of the League shollld" har.re resulted in iner"eased"
communication which should" be reflected in decreasing homo-
geneity (increased variability) of eeramics wlthin sites.
The f,ormuJa used to ealculate honogeneity was the same
one used by Whal}on (1 958 ) which was a modification of one
derived by the geographer wright t1?37)" It t*ill be fo'.rnd
in Appenrlix VL It ean bo explained by reference to a
cumulative graptro where the indivldulal attributes in a class
are arranged along the bottorn axis in decreasing frequency.
Percentage forms the vertical- axis. The area under any g1'aph
ean be calculated, antl the coefficient of homogeneity ie
essentj-ally a ratio of the area under any given cumulative
graph to tkre area und.er a graph of maximum variability.
As was mentioned earlier., the original attributes
recorded" were regl?ouiled befone being used in the ceramic
analysis, Due to this regroupi-ng or lurnpingo a number" of
attribute elasses had only two or three values. These were
not used in the analysis of hoinogeneity. The attribute elass
of collar app)-ic1i:.d ws.s n,:t useC as most appliqud collans l^Iere
spati-ally restrieted. to the $enee a s-rea. The five attnibute
h3
l+ll
classes l,rhich were used. in this analysis were: colJar shape,
col1ar*neck relationship, eol)-ar design, lip surface treatment,
and. coll.ar base treatment.
An average atbribute coeffici-ent was calculated for each
site using these attribute classes. These coefficients rrrere
plotted on graphs, one graph per tribal area, the verticalaxis representing the coefficient and the horizontal axis the
time peniod. If threne were rnore than one site of a particulaptime period in an area, an average was plotted from that time
period in that area. CoJ-Iar design homogenei-ty was also
plotted" Finally, a coeffieient of homogeneity for potterytypes was eomputed and plotted on a graph. See Appendix VI
for the honiogeneity graphs.
The expectation was that homcgeneity would increase and
then decrease, The results of the analysis dj.d not support
this. GeneralJ"y, different areas exhibitei different trends.
rf all five tribes joined together d.uring this time to form a
League, it is not ref lected ceramica13.y.
Additional 0bservations
1 . There is a close correspondence between tr"end-s for horno-
geneity of types and homogeneity of collar designs. Thj-s isnot surprising as coLlar design is often gi-ven hierarchicalimportanco in the definition of iroquol-s pottery types.
2. In a diseussion of Seneca sites frorn 163a to 165C, Wr.ay
and Schoff state:
Pottery was definitel)t on the way out, butwhen present was monotonousJ-y styled. , BAf"
t+5
having the notched or fninged rirn decor*arion t1953 $T ) .
A considenation of the graphs of collar design homogeneity
and type homogeneity ind.icate a clear trend of i_ncneasing
hornogeneity through tirne in the seneca area. The trend foraverage attribute homogeneity in the seneca area is more
ambiguous though periods ,3 and tU ar"e slightly more homogen-
eous than per"iods tt and t z. These r"e sults suggest decreasinginteraction of the Seneca. area r^rith other arees through tin:e.3. An average coefficient of homogeneity was ealculated foreach area by averaging the coefficients cf homogeneity from
each site in an area. When both average attribu.te coeffieientsand collar design coefficients are consii.eredr the NiagaraFrclntier area appears to be the ceramieall;r most homogeneous
area. rf attr'lbute homogeneity alone is eonsideredo there isa tendency for homogeneity to decrease as one nloves from west
to eastr though the Mohawk a.rea is an exception to this. The
Oneida area. is consistently the least homogeneous area ceram-
ically "
rABLE 2
i"{EAN HOMOGENEITY FOR TRIBAL AREAS
Niag. Seneca Cayuga Ononcj.. Oneida Mohawk
'7 "7.i t .72 Ao .62 ') ').l)
.91+ AA . Blt QarU I .7Q n1.[)
.92 .Y( .90 , :-9!
Avg.
Co11ar
TYpe
I{.
inIn both the Onondaga
homogeneity of collar
and Oneida areas
design fnom t, tot-
is a decrease
It is possible
there
+
116
thet thlc rrflectc the abaorptlon of aegnents of tbe p@pula-
tlon fnon Jcffcrgou Countyl l{cw Ysnk. llheno ls ao blotonle
rrcord of Indtan populatlonc Ln Jqffcrgon Oountyr tcw Yorkl
but thcre etlo niBy latc prcblaGorle arehacslogloaL al.teg.
t'he fatc of thc lnhebltanta of thoec gitea 1g unknena, 'l[e
subatantlatc tbe abeorptlon of lonc of tbe Jeffonaon Couaty
popuLatlon by thc 0nonda6a and Onclda, tbe last gltc ef the
Jeffcrsoa County Iroquolo should bc located end tbe pottery
fron lt oenpcrcd wlth Onondaga end Onclda t2 and t3 altcc.
CHAPTER VII
SITE SIMILARITY
One wo,rld expect that l.lith the formation of the Leaguen
sites wlthin the Five Nation lrocluois area will show an in-
creased similarity in ternis of ceramj-c attrlbutes. This is
based on the assumption that increased similarity between
sites reflects increased cornmunication and movement of women
between villages, a situation which would be encouraged by
the formation of the League. Sj-tes in the Niagar"a Frontier,
outsid.e the area of the League at the time, should not show
an inereased similarity through time with sites roithin the
area of the league.
The Brainerd-Robinson coeffieient was used
similarity betr^reen pairs of sites (RCIbinson 1951
to
).
measure
Ten
attribute cl-asses were considered for each site. The percent-
age of different attributes within an attribute class was
calculated and a computer program was then wnitten to ccrnpute
coeffieients of similarity for pairs of sites for each attrib-
ute class. Ten different eoefficients of similarity for a
pair of sites were generated. These were then averaged to
arrive at an average attribute coefficient of simil-arity for
eaeh pair of sites. Coefficients of similarity based on
pottery types were also generated. ]n Appendix VIII there
are thnee 30 x l0 matrices containing coefficients of similar-
ity: one for average attribute coeffici-entsr one for collar
design coefficients (which was also used in computing the
average attnibute coefficient ) and one for pottery types.
w
ITB
These three matrices form the basis for the folloiuing analysis.
Coefficients of similariby between sites of the same time
periocl but of different tribal areas were then exarnined. Ifthere were more than one coefficient between two areas fo:r one
tirne period, the eoefficients were ar,'eraged. For examplen the
Niagara F:"ontier has analyzed sites in periods 1 e ?o and 3
whil-e the i{ohawk area has sites in periods 2, 3, and [. The
Mohawk and Niagara Frontier areas were cornpared for similarityonly for periods 2 and 3. For period 2, the Niagara Fbontier
and the Mohawk area each haC one site so thene was only one
coefficient of sinilarity for t" between the Niagara Fbontier
and the Mohav,ik areas. For t3 tf,u Niagara Fbontier had two
sites while the Mohaurk area had three sites. There were thus
six coeffieients of similarity between these two areas for t..These were aver.aged. and this average was eompared with the
r
coefficient of similarity for t,2.
The results of, the analysis did not confirm m;' expeeta-
tion. I expected sirni-larity to incnease between tribal areas,
reflecting the formation of the League. The exception to thiswas to have been the Niagara Fbontier, outside the League area,
which should not have shown an incnease in simi.l-ar"lty to sitesin the area in which the League was formed. The analysis in-dicated that there was a general trend of increasi-ng similaritybetween tribal areas through time, including the Niagara Fron-
tier, However, this finding does agree r,.sith Rj-tchj-ets
suggestion that there was r!...8,n acceleration of intercommuni-
cation anxong tribal unitsrr during the Late lroquois Period
4s
{1965 2316) .
0bservati-ons on Pribal Aree"s
Appendix VII contains graphs representing changes insimilarity between areas through time, A method was devised_
of nreasu.ring these changes numerieally as wel-1. Moving fnom
t1 to tU the difference in similarity between two areas issurnrned. Tf there is a deerease thr.ough time, negative numbe::s
nesult, if there is an increase, posi-tive nurnbers nesult.After all possible pairs of are&B are con:paredr &il average
for each area is then calculated" For exam.o_l-e, the Niagara
Frontier was con:p-a.red with the Seneca, Cayuga, 0nondaga,
0neida, and Mohai^rk areas and the five F,ieasuy'es of similari.tythrough time which ::esulted from this were averaged. The
seneca showed the Least inerease in simiLarity with other.
areas. This was consistent for average attribute coefficientsof sinilarityu f,or collar decoration similarity, and for type
similarity" The Cayuga and Onondaga a-reas tend.ed" to show the
greatest inerease in similarlty with other areas (see Ta.bles
3-5).
Coefficients of similarity are almost always higher be-.
tween sites within the same an€a than between sites in differ-ent areas. This indieates a good" deal of eommuni"cation between
villages in the same tribe. we may assume that there were
ritual, social, and even economj.c tj-es between vi)-J-ages of the
same tribe' 0n the average, coeffieients of similarity are
highest among sites on the Niagara Frontier and next highest
among later Seneca sites {see fable 6).
fr\c$ ko F*c.\j cil l.,p <:f1- l-f +
@
r (}'0, f\, lc'" ":s:- -S. ry Frr q:++t+l++
+1r\ r* cl' cr\' lcti \os:OUc{ff;-f + l+ l+ +
siaIa$, n !lv \ vtrf, cut++
F* c\nt -!?f+
c{+
C{a
l-J.lH+
LN
{U
O'|
5a
+s':--t-
:
\O-F
\di
3s"c
cd
r(
d
F:
E-{
H
heq
ft*
E-i
Irl
.{i-f
r-
5tHFrts-
H
"{
E-rrut
>1
H
FfHHv)
r{
r -r*:\r Q\
+TT+
\o,.lor oM\fl++
a
b0
Hc$ c)L.-lcd +) U\ru \O \0 j.Oi g r s:- C\j .:- rtrio l++f +.r1 S{z Fa,
51
-+ryf
+
+
v'5
-s c,{'f
\o lf.\ I,orr l?
-+ -J. tn44 U\rncu ;f-t-t+
-F. ^w <vC' CUT
ItT
toldl+
Hu.
-(){dH 't3r- .nirr o)F,l giVU()&rhHk-!t-\ tri
a0EA LV
H
vv!VU
C\I
o.-+
+
m-+v Ll\r _1'
+
\0 0"C{
tt
f Lt\{) .Pf+
m.1-|.l
O 1fr0\ Or rQ CU *:-l+l+
cl1
Lr\ ";k\+l#!lfl++
,t:*>:c.rd
F4 h0*J
fA$>rCJ ra
H
F
valo \o
lcf\tf -F
(S
AJ \0fi$1
U)
Hcd C)& ."{d 4) \O (t'\ r \O-t-f\At fr .^rcp CU'cdO l++ t+.-l F{ztu
-+e
llt- ]r\l(\ cu
'T+t
hI,
s)4hl
ztd
HfY-l
Tq
F-lH
Ff,HHa
52
-|-
Ic\l
+
Fcs(x
JN lo.r! lT
coa
€ --f eq cu lo' rn(Y\ .p Ln lcUr t | | lt t
f
d
'u
c
cS
d
H?,H()Hr
\OI
ltr c\i
lT+
r'lAiHEal
trH
ll-\ H
'!n
"alo'i olN (^f\lq-++
cdh0-{P! Crlcd()+
6()atrcl 1-
c\J
t'.--
+
a.htl .
al-t+HIt
a-+?l -Y1-f
-r
r"-
+
tr_ cr1€t r.n cu++ ! I
,a\ cr\ -1".
-+ tnlF' -r' r
m ^r,,* ^,*w rvw vwr
+++ +
r-l
MFHfi
H
H
aEH
FETHg
FfHt;{
H
ls
F{cg()Fi ".1
."{ S{zh
53
TABLE 6
AVERAC'A COEFFICIENTS OF SIMILAR]TY WITHIN TRIBALAREAS
Niag. Seneca CaYuga Onond. Oneida Mohawk
182 150(177 )
|ilb:'-t/ 157 't r'Qt2a too
163 134(145 )
115 Qn I t,J 123
146 I e6(156)
i allOtc+i
ar ,l 131
1 = average attrlkrute eoefficients. 2 = collar designeoeffie ients" 3 = type coeffici"ents' Nunbers inparenthese-q are coefficlents of similarity based. onlyon t. and tr, Seneca sites.
lr+
0neidq Or:L&!ttg
The Onondaga a.nd. Oneioa areas show deereasing similarity
through tirne. No other" ao jacent areas show suof) a ccnsistent
decrease in similarit;f which is ccntrar;r to bhe general tnend
of insreasing sinril-arity through tirne. This ohrservation brings
L1p the whole question of the relaticnship of the $nondaga,
Qneida, and l4ohawk. In the 1$!Ots it was believed tl:at there
had been a rnigration of people from northern New York' This
migration was seen as forrning the basis for the later derrelop-
ment of the Onondaga, Oneida, and in part the Mohawk. MacNeish
felt that the Onond,aga T^rere derived- from northern New York and
sugge sted :
,.,the Oneida and Onondaga separated at avery late date, and fron the present meegred"ai:a even at histori"c tirnes the two were
5I+
almost identical {1952:66) 'Rltchie also subscribed to the nigration view in 1952 but
suggested. that the clneida had a closer relationship to the
liohawk than to the Onondaga.
Tlredifferentiationcfi'{ohawkandOneidap:"cbablyaccurre.J}atointheChancepe:"iod.othe }atter concentrating in the l{adisanC':untyregionrwheretheyweresoontobe-come ireig,6ors of the southwar.d-n:oving Onon-daga. (1952:28 ) .
RecentJ-y,Tuckhasd-enonst:'atetlthatthereisal.ong
sequence of sites in the historic Onondaga alaea and that
migration frorn northern New Yonk is not need"ed to explain the
d"eve3-opment of the onontlaga. The sa'$ie is true for Mohat'rk'
However no Qwascoid proto-Qneida sites have 'oeen founrl in the
oneida ar€a. The ea:'liest Late woorlland sites in the oneica
area date to arounc the rniddle of the 15bh centutry. Obviousl-y
then, the eariiest $neida population must have co'r4e frorn some
other area or areas.
Leni.g (1965:?B) has diagr"an:ined what he feel"s to be the
dorivation of lrcquois tribal units ' A part of that diagrarn
follows:
Derivationlqohat"Ji(.
0neidaOnondaga lvloha'ork
i"rqufe j. of OnonC&8a, 0nelda, and
55
&la dlagnan lapllea that the Onclda braachcd eff firon thc
Mohawl. Petsr Pratt also sccs the Onclda ee hevlng bnrnebed
off fron tbe l{ohrrk. Pratt f,ecls thet tbo trlohols Pead rltcla tho carllcgt rltc ln tbo 0nolde lr.e. 8c aays of thlaeltc l
llbe dctell,cd nccenblanec ef tbc gltc r sereheeologleel drta to ltloheyk auppontrtbc bypothcric of lato scperatton of!{ohark fren Onclde (n.d.).
Eerevor, thc frot that the Oncndaga and Oarlda sbew
dcoroerlag rinllarlty thrcuglr tlnc ruggcatt tbet tbe firatslto Ia tbc 0nclda arcr re! ocouplcd by r gronp rf pcoplo
rbo hed oenG fncn thc Onondrge lrclo |!hc dcorceclag rlnl,larltyof pottcny through tlnc bctrccn Ghc Oncldr ead thc Onondrge
trcat rould thoa neflcst thc dovclopncnt of dlffercat toehnlquta
of pottory nanufaotune and daelga. lko, tbcre ia a narked
lnorcasc ln slnllarlty of ooller dcclgn tbrough tlnc brtrccnthc lIobauk and thc 0aolda. rf tho Onclda had spllt off frontho ltoharkr onc would not cxpcot to flnd tbtc lnercaccd glnllen-
lty threugh tlnc. Ftrthornore, thorc 1r a gncatcr nagnltudc
of rlullarlty botwoeu 0ncndage-Omlde fen rvcngc ettnlbutcoecfflohatr snd for type eecfflolcnte tban betrtn Onelde
end l,Iohewk. Slr agaln cupgorta tbr ldrr ef aa Oneadege-
Onrlde rpllt.Oao rould eleo oxpcot that gaoldr sltla nould bc oleaolt
tc tbo trlbal trca fron whloh the 0aelda populetlen nac ultl-uetely dcrivrd. ls rec nontlonod, cerllcn, rcat oonnonly trlbelu.er rlr. arouad 50 nllor epert. lhc Oaoldr arcl la only
uotrnd lt ntha fren tbe Onondagr trGlo thta !,a a etrtklng
56
deviation frorn the normally obser.veil pattern and suggests a
cLcse relationship between 0nondaga and Oneida populations.
Theodore Whitney, who has suggested an Onondaga-Oneida splitadds a further rsf ineraeRt to this arguernent.
Tlre location patter"n of Oneida sitessuppor.ts the idea that they are a splitfrom Onondaga. The earLiest sites areon the western edge of Oneida territory,adjae ent to thc easter"n fringes ofOnondaga (1 970:1 ).
All of bhe evidence that I can see points to an Oneida
split from the Oncndaga. Why have so irany researchers thought
the Oneida split off from the lulohawk? Perhaps one reason isthat Onondaga pottery collections are srna]ler" and mone frag-mented than either Mohawk or,Oneida coli!-ections so that it ismuch more dif,ficult to get a good idea of the range of varia-tion present in Onondaga ceramics. Al-so, late Mohawk anrl
Oneida pottery is highty similar and there is a probable
tendeney to project this baekward in time.
0n-gida- JopqiqtiogThe following oral tradition was recorded sonetir:'re befor.e
151+h.
.. nOnonjoter Bn Oneida viltrage whose lnhab-itants were angered to the highest degr"eeagainst the Hurnn because the latter, in abattle, wiped out all the men of that village,whlch compellod it to appeal to the Mohawksfor men to marry the girls and wornen whowere left without husbands r so as to preventthe Oneidas from becoming extj"nct. That iswhy the lulohavrks ealled the 0neidas theirchild ( Gr"as smann 1969:1 05 i .
we assune that this toolc pJ-ace either durlng tin:e t, on
we rnay ask if the above situation would be neflected
If+.u l.,t-|.
57
ceramica]ly in any r'nloy. 0n3-y in the Seneca, onei-d'a' and
Ii{ohawk areae are there sites that have been analyzed for both
pe::iods" senecu t3 and t4 sites are large and eeramically
hornogeneous, which suggests a stable femalo populatj-on' Thls
is not a situation in wlrlch one would expect Qneida wornen to
tnove to the Seneea area. Qne certainJ-y would not expect Seneca
women to move to the 0neida area where there were already more
women than Fl€Ilr Hence, we would expeet a decrease in similan-
ity between Seneca and Oneida sonietitne dr'lring either *3 cr t4'
This is exactly what rie find" There is a gener"a)- trend of,
decreasing similarity between Seneea. and 0neida for *3 and *['
The above tnadition describes a mo'rernent of males fnom
the Mohawk to the Oneida. It seems logiea-I to suggest that
there may also have been a reverse trend of feniales mo"ring from
the 0neida to the Mohawk area, also as a response to the dis-
equilibriun': of the sex ratio in the Oneida tr1be. We would
then expect an increasing sinilarity between the Qneida and
Mol:aruk during this period, r,rhieh is just what is observed
for ceramic attributes. In this regard I have exarnined 38
shercls representing 'l 9 vessels in the possession of 1{r' Donald
Lenig froin the Mohawk Falling site. This site is believec to
be contemporary wittr the 0neid,a Thurston site (the l'{ohawk
Martin site rnay be sonrewhat earlier). No other sherds from
the Failing site are available, and T felt that the sample
was too small to be used !n this analysis" Subjectivelyt
however, 1 was struck by the great similarity of co]lar designs
between the two sites, This would reinforce and. ccntinue the
58
observed trend of increasing sirnilarity of eere.,nic attr"ibutes
between Mohawk and" Oneida si.tes.
C o ejry i c :i e n tg _gl_ S i n: i I a r i t y_ a n 4_th*Uro 1 o g i qal 9A1gr_i n c
Aitempts to use the Brainerd-Robinson coefficients gen-
erated. in this analysis to infer" chronologicaS- ordering gives
an ordering of sites which is only r.ough}y similar to the
chronologieal ordering used in this stud,y (which is based
primarily on t::ade material)" Dunnell (1?70) has suggested
that al-l sources of variation that are not temporal must be
removed before a seriation can be j-nferred to be a chronology.
One source of variation betuieen lroquois sites in a tribal
area that has never really been systematieally anatr-;tzed is the
amo'"int of stylistic continuity bej:ween sites representing
successive oecupation by the same village. This type of var-
iation would tend to make conternporaneous sites less sinilar
to each other and more similar to sites oecupied before or
after that panticular site. It is not the plrrpose of thispaper tc analyze this type of variation " Tri al orderings of
Seneca coeffieients suggest that this type of variation is
important in ond.ering Seneca sites, for ordening of sites by
coefficients of sirnilarit-v differs from the expected- ehronol-
ogicatr- ordering. This vaniation wouLd appear partly due to
stylistic eontinuities between sites representing the same
village inoverqent .
In this regard it should be noted that ordering of coef-
ficients of sirailarity between Oneida sites corresponds well
with the ordering used in this study, thr:ugh there is some
5g
ambigr.iity regarding the relative ondering of Bach and Diable'
Though Whitney has suggested" the possibility that Bach and
Diatole were contemporaneous, it is generally assumed. that there
rvas only one Qneida village through time. Thus r for the
gneida, stylistic continuity between villages can be controlled
for and the ehnonology j,nferred froro the coefficients of sim-
ilarity is probably correct. Of course, stylistic eontinulties
between villages can be controlleC for in other areas if only
sites rcpresenting the $aine vlllage movement are ordered.
Type SlrnilaritXCoefficients of sirrrilar.ity for types do not exhibit the
same unifo::m increase in similarity between al.eas that attrib-
utes do. This is perhaps expectable because types ha''re been
d"efined to categorize pottery in particular areas. Relatively
similar pots in d'lfferent areas may be given different type
names. For lroquois pottery, I feel that ceramj-c attr"ibutes
give a nore reLiable picture af ceranic similarites between
different tribal areas than do types "
CHAPTER VII]THE LHAGIIE REEXAI'IINED
The ceraalc analysis did not indicate that the League
was formed during the early lVth century. The analysis ofsimilarity indicated that sites in the Niagara Frontier, show
an increasing similarity thr"ough tirne with sites in other
tribal areas, a pattern whieh one would not expect if the
Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, and Mohawk had formed a
League, The analysis of honogeneity revealed that arnong
Inoquois tribes, hoinogeneity does not increase and then
decrease as pr.edicted, Finally tLre results of the analysis ofattribute association were negative. Therefor,e the analysis
suggests that the League rdas formed either before the 1 6th
century or after the early 1 7th century.
If the League had been formed before the 1 6th century,
then early historic records should document its existence. Ifthe League trere not formed until the second half of the 1 ]thcentury, then tne historic records should doeument the forma-
tion of the League, fherefore I decided that a more detailedexamination of the historic record was in order. Fortunately
during the course of this str-rdy the late Father Thoinas Grass-
nann publisiied a compendiuro of historic documents pertaining
to the Mohawk Indians and thie facilitated research on the
early histonle period"
Early historic information regarding the lroquois cosles
from either Dutch or F?ench sources. A Dutch trading post was
esta.blished in 161[ near present day Albany, just to the east
60
61
of }tohawk territo?y. Early Du1:ch records mention only tl:e
easbernmost of the Iroquois tribes, the liiohawl; and" the Oneida,
The major French source of, historic infortnation is the Je_illi!
Relati-o-nA {hereaften abb:'eviatecl as {&} . Though the Jesuits
established missions in the first half of the 1 7th eentury
among the Huron, it was not until- the second half of the 1 ]thcentur;v that they established missions anong the lroquoi-s"
Befone about 1630, the I\'eneh did not distinguish beti^reen the
diff erent lrecluois tribes, ref,erring to groujls sirnply as
Iroquois "
In 1 639, the Jesuits state that the Huron were a league
of four nations UR1 6:227*229 in Taolcer 1970t91 ). There is
no ccmparable statement regarding the Iroquois. l,iost people
assume that what was true for the Hu:.on must be true for tire
Iroquois, TLrere is an ir*portant differene e, howeven, between
the geograpkric distribution of Huron anC lro<1uois popuj-aticns,
All four Huron nat-i ons were f ounrl in a circumscribed area,
r^rhereas the Iroquois tribes were str"ung out along an east*
west axis. Each of the lroquois tr"ibes had slightly differ'-
ent threats posed. to it because of its different geographical
posltion. 0n the other hand, the Hurons, eoncentrated in a
rnuch smaller area, uere sub je et to the saine enefc)' pressures.
Triggen suggests that in the Northeast: "By historictiines war was no longen waged by viJ-lage against viilege but
by confede::acy against eonfederacy" tt967:t5B)" f found that
this staternent is not true for. the Iroquoj-s of the early his-toric period. The picture which emes"ges frorn a rea-ding of
62
the early historic sources 1s one of autonomy of action on
the part of tire Seneca, Cayuga, 0nondaga, 0neiclao and lolohawk.
In the following discussicn I shal] attempt to ili-u"strate the
early autonomy of action on the part of the rroquois tribesas wel-l as the gradua.l deveS-oprnent cf eooperatian between
thern,
Records fronr Fort Orange in 1626 inrlicate that the
l"lohawks and. l{ahleans vlere at war with one ancther (Grassrilann
1959r37). There is no indieaticn that a.ny otl:er lr'oquoian
groul-r beside the }troi:awk r".rere invclved in tho confJ-ict.
Tl:e Jesuit Relations record that the Seneca and llurcin
were at war in 16llg (Grassnjann 1g69:.50). The Relatianwritten by Le ulercier in 1636 records that the Huron eaptured"
a fishing party of lroquois. One of the men captured was
a. Seneca!t..,trvho had married and lived among the Onond.agas so
as to be free to lrar against the Hurons, because as a seneca
he had not acceptea the treaty of peace nad.e afew years past
beti^reen the $eneca nation and the Hurons" (Grassmann lg69tbLL).
This suggests that in terrns of making peace ancl war, the tribesfollowed individual courses of acticn, the seneca entering j-nto
a peace treaty which did not ccneern the Onondaga.
In the 16140ts and 1619, s the l"lohawks freqr-rently raided
French settlernents and disrupted I{uron trade and travel be-
tween l{u.r,onia. and these settler,lents, For examp}e, in 161+a
the Mohawks raided a traveling party of Hur"ons and French and
captured Father Jogues who was tahen back as a prisoner to a
Mohainik vil}age. The sa$le year the Mohar^rks attacked the F?.ench
63
while they wer€ builcing Fort Richeljeu.. To a lesser extent
tlre Ononclagas and Oneidas also seenl to have ::aided settle-
ments and traveLing parties in the St. Lawrence area. There
does r:o'!: s.ppear to have been cooperation between these tribes
in carrying cut these raid.s. Also, the French dicl not hc'ld
one tribe resFonsible for the aetions cf another. FCt" exa.mplet
in 155h the Qneidas eaptured. a. F"reneh stirgeon. Shortly there*
after pea-cef,ul Qnond.egas ar:'ived at l.{ontreal and- tt...the F:-ench
assured- thern that it was not their eustora to eharge the
innocent with the erj-me of the guiltyt' (Grassmann 1969:1[9).
In 16[1 the Mohaw]rs atternptea to arrange an alliance with
the Fl'ench wh lle excluding the Hur:ons and Algonqliins, already
alLies of the French. The Frenel: did not accept the offeso
but this episode is of interest hecause during the cor,l3"se of
the negotiatlans, the Mohar"rks:
,..pf€sented solne beaver skj-ns as assurl*ance that on returning to the villagesthey i^rculd ca]l & general rneeting of themost distinguiskre persons of atrl. theTrc'r4uci-s nations in order to publist:everyv;here the generosity anrl ]iberalityof the F?ench ( Gras sinann 1969:76 ) "
This suggests friendly relaticns between lroqr-rois tribes
even if there were no fonnnal agreen:ents tc cooperate for
specifie purposes,
In 16h5 the l4ohawks rnade a ten:pc:'ary peace with the
Fbench and thelr Indian allies. A Huron spoke to a Mohawk
as foll.ows:
Tt is done- we are brothers. The con*4s uvr.\/t E.\
clusion has been reached; nohi we areaIl" re latives - Iroquois, I{uron, Algon*
6lr
quin and trrench; we are noiAl one andthe seme pecple {JR 27:289-291 inGras snann 1 969:1 0[J.
At this time, the fcu:: other lroquois tribes were opposed to
the F?ench, Later that same year, the lvlr:hai.'ik side with tho
other lroquois tribes against the French. This episode
denion.ctrates: 1 )tiie autonomSr of action on the par"t of the
Mohawk, 2) the transitory nature of alliances during this
period, and 3 ) a certain amount of unity of the lroquois in
opposing the tr?ench.
There is Fbeneh docunrentation for a praposed $eneeat
Cayuga, and Ononclaga expedition against the Huron in 16J+7.
Bands of Seneca ancl Cayuga were tr: he joi-nei. by bands of Onon-
daga against the lluron, but ali- three groups decid.ed on peace
instead. Thi-s suggests a certain arriount of unj-fied action.
The Oneida and llohai^ik apparentiy were not involved in this
expedition, Bcith tribes opposed pea.ce with the Hurons and
harassed therr: during the winter of 161+1. The iesuits specu*
lated on the reascns why the Onondagas shoul-<l have made peace
with the Hurons. One of their speculations is as follows:
Their fear (the Ononclagat s ) that theMohawlc lroquois, who becsme lnsolent intheir victories, and who make themselvesunbearable even to their" allies, maybecome tso much so and., in time r maYt;rrannize over thern if the HuronsrF€-li-er,"ed froni a portion of thei:: wars, donot unite all their forces against then:(rB :: in Grassinann 1969:12$).
This suggests both that the Mchat'ik and Onondaga were allles
at this time and that thj"s all-j"ance was potentially unstable.
In 1652 the Senecas were at war with the Neutral, while
65
thc MehewIr $crc figbtlng tho Frenoh. Yet, ln 165a tnc wrltcn
of thc Josult Bclatlong etatos:
lfc anc tnforncd thet tbe hoguolr Lnteadto nelly all tbcln foroos, la order teeono end, dcgtroJr us ncrt wlatcr. $uch lsthc rcpont nedc-by fugitlvcg...(S 38:61-63ln Oraacnann 1 96911 36).
tlc rcason for tblc rudden tutty lr glvcn Ln tbe lano Bc1atlon.
&c !{ohauks and Scneca! pr@Blecd to ald caob ethcr ln thc
dcatruotlon of thcb ncopcetlvc eaonles. t'hia nay bc taken
ar rn axanplc of the growlng ocoperatlon aneng tbe hoquols
trlbor.In 1653 threc of tbe flvc hoquolc trlbcg nedc pceoc ulth
tbc hcnob. Pl.net tho Onendagaa ccnt an enbacsy to nakc pQloe.
Letcr the Oneldaa dld tbc 6ano, ln thc pr@c6sa rcpontlng tbat
tho leharkr rGrc plennlng rn attesk @n tn€ freaob (4n lf0:?l lnGrrssnann 1969:1h0). llbc &oaoh found tbts to bc truc. teten
that yerrr bouevor, tbc trfohrwkg a].re Jelncd the Onondegee and.
thc 0nold,as Ln nalrlag psaes rltb tbc hench. lfbr l{ohewk poaoe
offer uas lnslnoeri, heweycr, aad pcaacful neletl,ona bctwecn
llobewts end &eash lrene rcLatlvcly sbort llved.In 161[, Frenoh ncoords laforn ua that tbo $csGcna lro-
que!.a ucro bclng tbrcetencd by the Enlc (tbe Stc populatlon
ln tbe l{lagrna Er"ontlcn had ocascd to erlct by thls tlne ).rlhcy dcolsnod, ln a rord, that e1I four aatlonl ef tho upp.r
Iroquolr rror. ca flrci tbat thcy rf,.re leegulng togetberr and
arnlag to r.epulso tbe onfil r.rr (ggtlt la Onrss&enn 19691151 ).ft 1g algs ln 1551+ that we have ncconded thl followlng atetc-
ncnt by CanaqueEls, a l{obank (though hlo fetbcr nag Dutob).
66
n'|ilc, tbc ftve Inoguols l{atlons, oonpsso but onc cablnl yc
nalntel.n but one ftrti end rc heve, fnen tlnc lmcrcrlal,drelt uadsn onr and tbc seme rooftr (.rn l1t ln 0rsscnetur 1969:
151+). fbls ctetoncnt ls sftcn takcn ae the fkst neferonec
to tbo Inoquo!.a ac e unlflcd catlty. Eorcycr, tbc prebablc
notlve beblnd tblr ctrtensnt ahould bc cxanlned. Bcoeuse ofthc egtebltshed p6aoe bett*cca thc henoh end tbc Onondagae,
the Frcaoh rrcnc acndlag Frtbcr: 81ren Le Moyac te gnondaga.
Cenaqucclc rs a lteherk probablt fcercd too olorc Eoopcratton
betrsca thr Epeaoh end tha Oqondaga. Ibls nould, upcct tbe
bal.euoc of porcr. and rsuld aloe feelLltatc tradc bctsccn thc
Srcnob end tbc Oaond,ege, and thc l.Iobrwk rsuLd Loco thebpooltlon er plddbn.a la tbc uppor ltrqquolc tnedu rlth tho
&rtcb. lt'hcnrfonr 0anagucosc reuLd, rant thc Fnoncb to dcal
sttb thc $ohark end not the Oaondaga. Be strtce:l{111 you not ontor tbc eabln by thc doon,uhlob la et tbo ground floor of thc houaq?It 1g wttb us Moharka tbat yeu ahould begln;wbcneag y@ur by bogtnnlag wl.th tbc Onon--degaa try to cnten by thc roof and throughtho chlnney (JR hl Ln Oragrnrnn 1969s151+).
Ia eonnlotloa wlth Canaguootctg lnrgery sf r oebln Inlglt ncntl.oa tbo fellorlng Eurlsus atatrncnt ef en 0ncLdr
to a Eunon ln 1656.
lfheu kaore rt, thou. Euron, tbrt fonucrly raoonpnlacd bst ona osbla and oac oountry. fhor not by shat aooldont ne bcornc !opr,F-etod. It la tlnc te rrtlr t6 agala (Jn l€ faOnaclnaaa 1969t177l.
Ihr 9nrlde apcrkcr rls trytng to pcnouedc solcc Eunonr to scttbln Oacldr tcnrlt@pir As thtro 1r ae rvldrnoc to ruggcat tbatthc Onclde cvcn hed e erogc nclrtlonablp to the Euron, rroqusts
67
use of the phrase ttone cabintt m*y have been loose, depending
upon the point an orator was attempting to make at the monlent.
Though the ivlohawks had sent a foree against the Eries,
whc r"rere a threat to the upper Ircquois, relations between
the i.fohar,,ik and- the u"pper lroquoi.s, especially the Seneca,
appear to have been unstable. In 1657 the Mohawk asked the
Dutch to: rr..,protect their wives anC children here f at
Fort Orange) in ease they should be involvec. in wa:" with the
Sinnekas fsenecasJ" (Cotlrt.*sinutes_of Fg{t Oraqge an9 Berrer-
wyck in Grassmann 1969:1 B0-1 81 ),In 16$8 Moha"i,rk ambassadors aruived at Q,uebec to arr.ange
for the release of Inoquois prisoners and to nake peace i,'rith
the Algonquins and Hurons again. A Mohawk orator stated:
We are J allied nations - the Seneca, theCayuga, the Onond-aga, the Frenchmen ofGannentaa, the 0neida, the Mohawk, theMahingan (Mahican) .and !h* dutchrnan (JBi+h in &r as smann 1 969 :1 96 ) "
Though the speaker rnentlons eight insteacl of seven groups, he
does not distinguish what coi,:]d be considered the League cf
the Iroquois.
The peaee appears to have been ternporary, fcrot 1659-60 in0"icates that the Onondagas and Mohawks
ing the Fbench. fhe following significant entry isthe sarne Relation.
the Relation
were fight-
found in
l{e are told that next year f1661) will bemore dangerous for us than tl:ose pneceding,because the entire cabi-n - so they desig-nate the five lroquois Nations - is to .{b*bra leaguer and devise a grand plan of waragainst us (J& 46 :121 -12] Ln G:rassrnann 1969 z
2TB ). '-
68
t{c nay eraurno that by 166O e pattorn of ualflod eetlon
nes beconlag crtabllchod ensag thc ELve hoquolc tnlbcs,coprclally la oppssltlon ts tbe Pr.enob asd Indieso eLllcd tsthc Fcnob. For tho pcrlod folloylng 1660, Buat bag sug-
geatc{ I
o o ounsElntty of aetl.on fllrgt begine torlrpoar la tbc freutral rad, Br:l.c rarg of1660-65, tbat Lt sas ctinulrtod by thegreat Suaqucbanna uar ef 166O-75t endtbet by |690 tho Lceguc rag cotlng rra polltleal cntity ln eemcroc, pcaoc,end ran (1 gll0:58 ) .
lflougb cxanplco of an lndepcndeat oeunsc of estlsn on tbc part
of onc or anotber trlbc oan be found, eftcr 166A, ineneeElugly
tbc five Inoguoir trlbcs uor6 eontnltl.ng oaob othcn rad rotinga! a trnlt. It epp6aJr!, theneforc, tbct tbr League of tbc
koquoLc beormo an effootlve unlt durlag tbc pcrlod of dtrosteonteot rtth Europaanc
hon thc blstorlo seunocs oao nur lafrn that a ktnd pf
BoB-sglllrccrl,oa Baot wag obaerved by tho hoquola trlbcs ln thc
16{0tr end l 6$Ots, but ono would, not rxpcet tblr to bc ncfLeot-
cd ocrrnloally. 'llo loc a nrflsetlen of the Loaguc Ln senemic
rtylcc, fnogacnt trevcl bctwcea trlbos gas- eeunellg reuld bc
cxpcotcd - a pettora llkc that wbloh Horgaa dcrenlbod. Ehlc
la a pattern rfttob appears to enengo ln tbo scoond balf oftbc 1?th oonturir
Spcoulatlon
l&o oenan!.o analyola lndl.oetcd tbat thcre $as e trcnd
tbrough tlac of Lnereaslng glnilrlrlly bctween trlbal ercag.
In oheptcn 1O the typoa of pattcnacd brbavlon wblab thls trcnd
69
migbt neflcot rna dlgcuassd.. Tlrte trend nay rcfloot Eevo-
nent of gonc Honon outsldo of the trlbc upon marnlrgc or rto
lnercaalng aaptune of wemon by ncn from etbcr Gribec. Slaeo
lt appoaro that tbc tcegus of the Inoquola dld not bcooue an
effcottvo ualt untll somatiue aftcr 1600, rc Hey eEk lf, thlcmovcnoat of ronen (voltrntary o!' otbenrige ) woutd havs hrd
any slgnlfLoanee for the Latar devolopncnt of the Loague. Ibellevc tbat lt dld bave elgnlflernoor
It heg bcea polnted out by Morgan, Featoa, and ethcng
that sne of tbe uaJon cohosl.ve feoters rltbln the teague oftbe Inoguols lay ln tbe faot that tribsg la dlffereat aneag
abaned the genc matrlllnoal elang. Mongen, who rcfenred tothe olan6 es trlbes wrote:
Xbc Hohewk of thc WoIf tnl.be necognLzed theSeneea of tbe lfoLf trlbe aa hlg brothen, and,they lrere bound. to each sthen by tlos of eon-aenguinLty. Ia llke nenncn thc Onol.da of theTurtle @r renc ether tnlbe neoeLved the Gryugaen Onoadega ef the arns tnlbe as a brothen,and sltb a firaternal wolo@D€o &la nclatlon-oblp rrag not ideal, but-res-foundod upon eetueleensalagulnity (Uorgan 1851 :81 1.
lrfongan rag rortslng ln tbe 184Otg end, l8lOts and pnoJeetlng
bchrvier and tnedltloas thon ourrcnt (though so&o of ttposslbly ldeallzed) brekwend la tlucr Bo tbat we do aot knor
the anttqulty of tbo above phenonenon. One oeq angu6 tbatslnce the pnessnco ef the gane olaae ln dlfferent areas rat a
naJon esheslve fonec wl,tbta the tee6u,o, tblc situatloa auat
havs exlgted vcry eerly la tbe dcvolopment of tbe teegue - @r
lf tt dld ast exist the fletloa tbat pcople
belonged to tbe sarae olan would bave hEd to
dlffarent aneas
ttnvented n,
ofbe
70
This 'rinvention" i^roul'd have been facilitated if it had scrne
basis in reality.
If atroriginal matri-clans I,{€Fs strj-ct1y matr"llocal- anC
woilien d"iC not nove betr'*een tribes, ho'"v could the sarne natri-
clans 'oe found in different tribes? In this :'egard, 0tterbein
suggested (personal comrnunicailon ) that there were a li::nited
nurnber of suitable anirnal-s to choose frorilr sc one would get
tne same names repeated in different areas. Inoeed, it has
been pointed out by iviorgan that the clan names: Wolf,, Bear,
Beave:', Turttr-e, Deer, Sfiipeo He:'on, and" i{awk are widespnead
in Eastorn Norih lilnerica. Furtherrlore, it is long standing
anthropological wisdom that the s&jfle clan names appearing in
diffe:'ent areas shouid not be taken as inclicative of actual-
relationship of people.
However, the tr"enri of inc:'easing similarity between tribal
areas through time can be cibed as a line of eviclence arguing
for actual novement of women. Women no'.ring to a different
tribe and rearing children thero wor:l!-d esta-bli-sh their matri--
clan in that tnibe. It is interestlng to note that one of
the most drarnatic increases in simj-larity between tribes
through tlme {especial}y for co}lar design) oceurs between the
Oneida and the l"iohawk. E. Tooiter states:
Tire similarity of l{ohewk ano Oneida c}anoi:ganization seens to confir"m the sugges-tion that the reiationship between the twowas closer than that between other tribesof the lroquois League, and thatr BS Fenton(19i+0d:218) su.ggests, the two tribes wereprobably one peopl-e before they settled intheir presen'b loeations . (1 ?5ll:1 B )
The evid"ence presentecl in chapter B makes it unlikely that the
71
Mobawk ead oncid,a ever lrotr'e one people. tbe faet that elan
siullarlty ts s@ great doos ouggcst that women moved bctwcea
trlbcs. Ponhaps som€ oneida uomcn uqovsd te the Mohnwk arsa
after tho Hu!.ens slew tbc Onclda wernlorg.
The cenanlo evld6ne6 ouggests that thc naJonlty offroquoLe Honcn atayod wlthln tbc!.n natl,ve trlbal arcas
(trtghon eosfflolcnts of elnllerlty between sitos In tnlbaL
ercas, ncesuros of attrlbutc essoclatlen). Howcven, therc1g aLco evld.eaoe fer the movoncnt of sonc foseres betneen
tribcg dunlng the pcnled studted, aad thenc 1g furtherevldenee to suggeet that thc Leaguc dld nst beconc effcotlvcuntll anound 1660 on Iater. Tbls eanly movonent of a€sc
rroquols $oucn wltb dlfferent netrl-elan afftllatLon lnad-vertentry oould bave acted es a klnd of proeondltloalng forthe later suceesgfuL dcvelopnreat of tbe Lcaguo of the
rnoquola. clens $sro an lnportant unlt ln tho etnucturLng
of the Lcague. A prchlatonlc noveneut of womon wttb the
eonconltant eatabllsbuent of thellr matr-clanr ln dlffenenttntbel areas ssul"d have faallltated tbo Latcn fonmal rtrue-turlng of tbe teaguc.
SBSFTBR IX
SOME ADDITIONAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE ANALYSIS
E e] ssigge h! e -qg 4.p ssLl a !.qs. n sl4-H-q$s€gge"* gy
I eheeked f,or. cernelations betr^reen eoefficlents of homo*
geneity and the rneasures of &ssociation from eaeh site. Thnee
eoefficients of homogeneity were eonsidered": 1 ) average
attribute homogeneityo ?) eollar design hornogeneity, and 3)
type hornogeneity (see Appendix VI). Four measures of assoo*
iation were considered" Two of these were the unit normal
deviates derived from multi-dimensioned and two by two chi
square tables. The other measures were the aetua] number of
significant multi-dintensioned and" two by two ehi square tables
for each site (see Appendix V),
Using an exj-sting eornputer program for e aleulating
Pearsons r, eaeh categor;r of hornogeneity i^ras tested against
each category of association (eee Table 6). There was no
conrelation between type hrornogeneity and any of the measures
of assoeiation, though it ie interesting to note that the
results were in a positive dinection, wheneas the eight other
reeults were in a negative dinectlon. fhis is expeetable
urhen one considers that many types are defined on the basis
of association of eertain attnibutes" Collar homogeneity and
association tended to be signifieantly inversely conrelatedt
the strongest coruel-ations were those invoS-ving the number of
significant ehi squane tables, nather than the unit nor"mal
deviate s .
72
CORBELAIIIOf
AEgoo.
t
73
TTBI,E 6
BETHESN AS OCIABIOT
Eomogcnolty
t[D EO]rO6Elfg8r
attr.aY$o
6ollardcalgn typo
-.11il.8.
-.59.o5
+.32S.S.
-.1s5S.S.
-.95.01
+.03[.$1.
-.08f .S.
-'hl[.S.
+.211[.S.
'.51.10
-.80 : +.oa.01 | il.g.
60r!31.cign!f.
2
3
l$
lssoo.l = unlt Bomal dovieto fron nuLtlple sLzcohl rquaro tablcc, Asaoc. 2 = aunbcr of rlgnlfleantnultlple alzc obl. tqurrc teblca, Ascoc.3 = unl.tnoruel drvl,ate fnon two by tro ebl sguue tablcs,Aaroo.b = nnnbon of algnlfloent tro by tno ebl squattctrblca. il.S. F Bot a Elgalfloeat oorrrcletlon.
IroglerLly, h@nogcnelty end ersoelrtlea of ettrlbutsg erc
roptrate oonocptr. If rc refcn to frble 2, lt epptenl that
[legera Frontl* aad Scneca 6tt.t havc bigh oorfflolaats of
bouogrnelty f,or ooller dcaigar whlle Mohank and Onolda gltos
brvo lowor osaffloLlatt. tJhca uc eremlnc assoolatlon thc
tread, Ls rsve!'gcd (gce .|[eblc ,| ). lrioherk and Onclde cltee
heve hlgh m.esurcs ef atsooletlsa vbll,c Slegtre frentlcr rad
Soacor rLtee havo loron Eoasurot of essoeletlsa.
Hbel,loa (1968)' la bls enelyata of orllemlo hornogrnelty
74
end attribute association for Faetory Hollow, a seneca siteused in this anaS-ysis, and Garoga: &n earlier Mohawk site not
used in this analysiso found pa::a}}e} results using a dj_ffer*
ent cenamic attribute }ist" Garoga was charaetenized by
higher assoeiation than Faetony Ho]low wLrile Faetory Hollow
tended to be more homogeneous than Sanoga.
In this study, it has been assumed that ceramic homo*
geneity refJects communication between villages (espeeially
betueen different tribal areas ). rt may be that homogeneity
refLeets pattenning within a village as welln A Mohawk or
Oneida residence group may have been: 1 ) consistent in theircombination of attnibutes (thus high attnibute association)
and 2) differentiated their product from that of other res-idence groups within the village (thus Jower collar design
homogeneity for a site ). It may be that Oneida and. Mshawk
residenee grCIups are more elearly refleeted in ceramic
patterning than residenee groups in the Seneea and Niagara
F?ontier area"
Sl_!e Siz,e and--Cergry*: Patlerqiq&
Dutch Hollow, Factony Hollow, and Connish &re $eneea
sites r^ihich are berieved to be eontempor.aneous (t"). Dutch
Hollow, the langest, is estimated to be betweu., f6-f5 acres
in size while Faetory Hollow ls somewhat smaller, being be-
tweeR B*10 acres in slze. Cornish is anound two acres insize. Dutch HoLlow is ln the western Seneca area while
Factony Hollow is in the eastern area. Cornish is two miles
south of Factory Ho}}ow, Duteh Hollow, the furthest west, is
75
centlstently moro sLnLLar to gitos in aneas eeat of tbo Senoca
ar)ea tban Faetory Eoll,or, and Faotony Eollow l.s aonslsteatly
nore sinlLar to oaetcnn al.tea than Conatah. fhig pattena 1o
explalaeble nalthsn tn tcrmr of epatlal en tcuponal varlrtlonnor 1a tennE of otyllttlo oontlaultios bctreea gltos roBre-
ccntlng the Ba,no vl.lLege rEovement. Rathen, lt rould. scen te
rofleet dlfferentlal glte glze.
Coeffiolonts of lronogenel.ty ncfleot e panalleL trond, forDutch ffollow potteny Ls legs honogcneous than Faotory Eollorpotteny, and Faetony Eollow pottery ls lees homogensous than
Connlsh potteny. In other wonds, the lerge:r the s!.te, the
nore varlablo tbe pottetPy.
In tho next ehapterr dlfferent tntenpr.etatloas of ceranlo
pattennlng will bo dlsauased,. Ia thlo oonneotlon, tt shoul.d
be polnted out tbat thcre doos not appear to be a unLfonm
increego ln ette slze thnoug! time fon the sltes analyzod lntblg study, so tbat the tnend of lnercacl.ng slnllarlty bstrcen
tnlbaL areaa Ls aet almply a rcflcotloa of Lnonceaing giteglze.
CI{APTER X
sPgcuLAfIOlig
*Iarnes Tuck recently said of the rroquois: "Ar1 fivetribes must have been subjected to much the same environ*mental and soclaJ- pressures " {1971 :35}. rn a very gener"al
sense this is true. Hoi{ever, the geographic separation ofthe rroquois tri-bes caused these pressures to be exerteddifferently, and the ceramic anal-lrsj-s indicates that therroquois tribes did nst respond unifornly to tllese pres$ures
for change" rn thi-s section r hope to tie together se:'tainof the ce::arnic trends noted in ti:e pi,eceding analysis and torelate ti:ese trends to three majo:" factors affecting rrorluoissociet;r: ruarfare, trade, and diseaser
Perhaps the rnost significant cer.amj-c trend noted is thatof the increasing siniilarity between different areas thnough
time. TLro assurnptions will be itade regarding this increase inei mi I nr.i'hr;* vJ .
'l . rt indicates an increase in flle rate of diffusion ofceramic attributes and cerauic attribute combinations ratherthan simultaneous indepenrlent in:rention.2. Assurning r{onen were the potters, this trend. reflects a
tempor"al change ln an aspectn or aspects, of female behavior.The probable effeet of warfareo tr"ade, and disease on the
movement of rroquois woinen will be examined to see if any on
all of these faeto:'s could have causec an increase in ce:,amic
sirnilarity between areas through time"
75
77
A)-ong with this general increase in similarity between
areas, ther.e are tribal- differences in observerL c*ramicpatierns which suggest differenees in the fnequency or even
kind of the patterned behavlor which is reflected", The Seneca
area shows the least incnease in sinrilarit;i with other areas,an,l for the seneea, eol}ar. design shcrrrs a definite trendthrough tine of inereasing hornogeneity. rn the Niagara
Frontierr.sites are characte::ired. by the greatest eer"an:ic
homogeneity. Alscr ou the averageo coefficients of similarityare highest alnong sites on the Niagara Frontie:' and gene:"allynext highest a.:nong later Seneca sites. bJhen ceramic attributesare considered, there tends to be a cecr-ease in simila:,itybetween the Niagara trb,ontier" an.-l the seneca area. on theother hand, there is a great inerease between the Oneida and
the Moha',uk areas. wanfaren tr.ade, and disease will h,e exaa-
ined to see if the probabl* effect clf any of these faetorsmight have a geographical dirnension whieh parallels the ,se
ceramic patterns.
Warfare
The early historie reeords suggest that the 16[0rs and
1650 I s were a period of intense cornpetition airlong tr.ibes .
Hunt (191+0).nas relate,l this to the dwi_nrj.J-1-ng s,_rpply of beaverin the rroquois area i*hich drove the rroquois to make war on
neighbo:"ing tri-bes to seeu:'e fu:"-s for" trade ,_rpon which theyhad become dependent. The early histori-e records aLso
suggest a great civersity of populati.cn among the rroquois as
a consequence of rroquois victories over neighho::ing groups;
78
...if any should compute the number ofpure-bl-ooded i:'oquois, he would havedifficulty in finding rnor?e tl:an 1200 sfthem in all the five nations, sinee theseare, for the rnost part, only the aggrega-tion of di-fferent tribes whon they haveconguered. " ".including the lluron, Neutral,Cat, Tobacco, Fire, and others (js t+g :2ATin Pratt 1966).
A simiLar entry oceu.rs in the #+ur.LSg}-atip& af 1656^1657:
ttOnondaga counts sei/en different nations who have eome to
settle in it, and there are as many as eleven in the Senecarr
(,rn- l+::ae5 in Grassmann 1969:183).
This high number of diffe:'ent nations living arnong the
Seneca is not congruent with the high hoinogeneity observed
within Seneca sites and suggests tha,t the diversity of pop-
ulation obse:.veil for the lroquois in the 16$0ts was a result
of conquests in the 16itr0rs and 16$0ts and cannot aeco';nt for
the ceramic trends noted in this study. This is reinfo:'eed
by a subjeetive eonside:.ation of the pottery analyzed. Though
I have noted :ressels tirat seemed i{uron in type in Niagara
Frontier sites, or vessels that seerned typically Susquehannock
in some Seneca sites.r or vessels tha'fu resembled pottery from
the St. Laurrence area i-n Cnondaga and Oneida si-tes, I do not
believe that pottery styles typical of arieas outside the area
of study caused an inc:'ease in eeramie sirnilarity between the
areas studied,
I{a:.ian White has noted tha'h villages moveri with regularity
in the Niagara Frontier until around the 1630ts when the
pattern of vi3-1age morreinent was dlsrupted (personal communica-
tion). War.fare is the most likely explanation for this
79
dlcruptlon. lrtro Jecult Relatlona rccond that la 1638 tho
tlcnree aro foneed. to leeve tholr torrltony aomorberc botreen
the &tc and the seneoa beeeugo of pnerour"e fnom tbetrcacuies. In sunr e coagldoratton of the pattern ef settlenentnovencatc aad. eeramie etylea suggeetr that ono oaanet preJoot
the petternr of warfaro and laoorponatLen of lergr nunbora
of erptlveg obscnved ln the 16l10te and 16$gts beek La tfunc
to the 16th ooatany.
fhough tbe pettern of rarfane end adoptLsn tbat exlatod.
l.a the'l6l1ota and lote eannot aooount for the eeranlo trcndcaotcd ln thls etudy, eerlLcr renfare pnobably dld affoot een-
anlo ctylea. svl.denoe of nanfane tn tbe forn of pall.sadeg
anound vlrlagce arld tbe loeatlon sf those vlLlages wlth ref-€reaoe to dcfenclble tcrraln oeou?r tbroughout thc ponlod oftlnc eevcncd by thlo rtudy. rn dlecurctag wrfarc before161g0, re sbeuld dletlnguigh betweon aborrglaal ranfme,preotleod duntag t1 of tblr ttud,y, aad the warfarc praotlccd,
betrcen eppnoxlnately 155o-16h0, eenpnlring pcrlod.s ba, t3,and t4.
lrlggcr has eharaoterlzcd eboniglnel sarfenc La tbe Xonth-caat as tt...olo8e1y eonneotcd wlth blood rcvcngc, I rlerlflolalouJ.t, and a ayeten of lndlvldual pnoat!6o', (1962:11+l ). Rethen
than a acnlcs of eneouatcna batueen uasted, forces fron dlffcn-ent tnlbee, warfane wac pnobably moro oD the ordcn of repeated,
raldr and akinulshee on ttrc part of sna1l war pertlcs. Oen-
trlnly eonpotltion fon farntng land could not hevc bcen rfacton ln thlt oarLl,rr wanfere for ther6 rcro vast gtretcbcs
8o
of unoceupied territory that would have been suited for
farming.
Hickerson {1965) noted that warfare hetroreen the Chi-ppewa
and the Sioux created a buffer zone between tribal- ter.ritonies
which hunters entered only at great risk. This disputed
territory provided a refuge for deer hunted by both the
Chippewa- and the Sioux. I{ostilities of this nature were
adaptive in that they served to maintain the deer population.
There is both arehaeological and ethnohistoric evidence to
indicate that deer were important to the lroquois diet, and
it is quite possible that aboriginal hostilities between the
Iroquois tribes had much the sanle effect as that between the
Ci:ippewa and Sioux.
What effect would this aboriginal pattern of warfare
have had on the distribution of ceramic style? We may assume
that it would have encouraged regional autonomy of eenarnic
style, for it would have precluded the free ncovement of women
between areas. Whallon {1 968 ) noted a trend of inereasing
homogeneity of ceramic style frorn the Owaseo to the Inoquois
period and this ceramic pattern is paralleled by archaeological
evidence of inereasing warfare. As was inentioned in chapter 2,
Iroquois period sites fall- into definite spatial clu"ste:rs.
This seems less truo fo:' earlier period sites, though more
data on settlenent is needed" It rnay be that insreasing homo-
geneity of ceramic style fnom the 0wasco to the Iroquois period
may parallel increasi-ng definition of buffer zones betroeen areas.
Unde:' ccnditions of aboriginal warfare, there is one
81
mechanism rlhich would operate to incr"ease cerarnic sirnj l q."i t':
between areas - capture of rvotnen. Vayda has suggested:
Autonomous loe al groups aFQ small enoLlghin mr:ch of the primitive r,iorld to be sub-ject to a considerable flucbuation insize, sex ratir:, an* age distriblttion asa result of ehance vari-ations in natalityanrl rnortality, The taking of uar eaptivesis one pcssible rneans of counteractingthe im?:alanoes :"esulting frotn such chance','ariaticns. " " {1 966 :86-B? ) .
If women were captured and taken to another tribal- ai'ea uihere
they continued tr: laanufae bure potter;r in the sane rilanner as
they had before, this would have promoted *erarnic sir*ilarity
between areas, Taken as a wl:ol-e, how*ver, the evidenee sug-
gests that alnong the ab.lriginal. Iroeluois, blarfare probably
served to hind.er, rather than eneourage the distr"ibu.tion 'cf
particular cerainic styles,
I'{ith tire Ermopean discove:'y and subsequent co}onizaticn
of North Arnerica carne European diseases. It was nentioned tnat
abr:riginal rai.ding nrignt be a response tc, local irubalanees i-n
population equilibrium. l.iith 1*rropean introd'.:ca,1 elridemics,
probably around tZ in this strrdy, a patte::n of raiding as a
response to po;oulation inbaJances ma;" have beccrne irnportant.
As far as I know, there is no histcric recor,l of tne Seneca,
Cayu.ga, Onondaga, Oneida, o:' l'lohawk a*t:-tall;r fighting each
other, but there are fer"r records pertaining tc the lroquois
prion to 16,1+C" The Deganawidah epic implies that there was
a period of internecj-ne wa:'fa:'e anong the iroquois before the
formation of the League. If the League were not realJ-y an
effective unit until after 166A, there ma;r well ha',re been
hostil-e enc,runters between the lrocluois tribes during the
82
period of tir,ie studied. It may be that l",ioinen were incraas-
ingly captured by adjacent lroqr-iois groups and this !*o what
is neflected by the inc:.ease in sinrilar,ity betr"reen areasr
rt shoi:ld. be noted that even lf inereasi-ng warfare, and
not increased cocpe:"4-tic'n is rnrhat in reflected- cer.amically,
there is still no cerariic evicence fc:. the fonraation of the
Les-gue. Only if one assumes that incr"ea.se d simila::!ty be*
tween the Niaga:"a Frontier and other areas reflects increasedrrar"f are, and inereasec simj-larity betr"reen the Fj-r,.s Iroquoistribes refl"ects i-ncreaEed coopera-tion ancl communication couId.
one argue for ceramie refl.eetion of the League. This is more
tha.n I am curuentJ-y willing to assuiils. It woul"o seem thetwhatever is reflected. by the trend of increasing similarity,it is common to al-l areas studj-ed, though oceur:ring with dif-ferent frequency in the Cifferent areas.
It will- be rerilemhered that the Seneca a-nd Niagara FY,cntier
areas exhibited different cerari:ic pa"tte::ning than the other
areas, If the capture of r..'omen is reflee ted cerarnicall;;, the
eeranrj-e patterning for these ares-s i.^ro,j1d irnpllr that captured
ttomen blere less frequently brou.ght back tc the Seneca area
(especia.lly du.ring t3 and *1,) and the Ni-agara Ft"ontier area
(tt , tZ, t: ) tl:an to the o ther areas studied. Tf we take
this argunent a step further', this a'ouf d sugg;est that Niagara
Ft"ontier and Seneca populations were less involved i-n ho-etil-e
relationships r^rith other tr.ibes. This specuJ-atiorr is strength-ened by an independent lj-ne of archaeolcgicaJ- evidence " The
only sites ir: this study that were not l-o*ated" with referenee
83
to defensible te::r"a.i-n i,ler"e l-ate Seneca sites and certain
Niagara Frontier siteg. The l-ate Seneca sites are the 'l qpoaqt
sites eonsidered in this stlrd3, and it ntay be that these
Seneca neither feared- attack noi- often captureC worilen from
other. tribes becau.se of their la.rge size. Within a large
village, sex ratios are less likel;r to be subject to flurctua*
tion than in a small- vill-age, and raic.ing for women may hp.ve
been less frequent.
Frorn this Ciscusslon it r"rou.ld appear possible that r*hat
is reflocted by the cerantie analysis is increasing capture of
r"romen through tine. Before this possibility is acceptecln
there are other factors whi-cli should also be consid.ered,
Trade
From approxinate-l-y 155C onward European material is pres-
ent on lroquois sites. By 161+0, European items are so predori-
inant that there i.s little abor"iginal n:ateria] cul-ture left and
it is for tl:is reason that the cerarnie analysis is not extended
beyond 16ll-0. It is du.ring this sanie pe:'iod of time that there
is an increase in eeramic simila.rity between tribal- areas.
This suggests that t}:ere may be a relationship between trade
and cerarrric patterning.
No doubt it rrr&s lroquoie
Eunopean trade goorls founcl on
to Duteh traders o:" anbushing
frorn French settlernents. It
that wonen engaged in shorter
tr j-be s . Van den Bogaert , in
men whc obtained inost of the
Jroquoi"s sites by journeying
Iluron traCing par&*,e* returning
is entirely possible, however,
tracling ventures between adjacent
a I'lohar";k village in 163[ notes :
8lr
WhileatthiseastlerthreeOneidav;ornenarriveA with aried and fresh salnon to sel]I'or one florirr or two trands of l^'Yampllm each 'Al-so, these wonien sold tt*
Sq9{ quantity ofg"**,1 iou*"*o " (Gras$mann 1969:l+7 )'
After visiting another tribe for purposes of trade' women
eould take back to thelr own tribe new ldeas of potter;r manu-
facture a.nc1 design: hence increasing cei'antic sirailar"ity be-
tween areas.
It r,{as noted that the Niagar,a F?ontier and Seneca areas
exhibited ceramic patternlng different from the other areas '
ITiagara Frontien sites and l-ate seneca sites were characterized
by high hornogeneity and sites within these areas had hlgh
coeffi_cients of sirnilarity" There is also a tenriency for
similarity between these two areas to decrease throu"gh time '
If one wer.e to interpret ceranic patter"ning as refl-ecting
female trac.e aetivity between areasr wonen in those areas
r^rould. appear {rot- to have engaged in much trade ' 0n the other
hand, the increase in similarlty between Mohawk and" Oneic'a
would. suggest that there was a great oeal of contact as a
result of trade.
This v;culo appear to be likely if i,.re consirler the sources
of European trade rnaterial: the Fl"ench in canaca and the Dutch
at Albany, The Duteh established a tradlng posto Fort Nassau'
near present ,iay Al-bany in 1611+. This was just east of the
Mohawk territo::y, The Dutch and- Ir{"ohawks }:ad probably traced
even before this d.ate, holusver. The seneca wore quite remote
from this source cf trace ,5s1sria1, and t?:e Erie in the Nie'gara
Frontier etere even lac)re so (apfrcximatel-y 250 rniles)' The
85
alternative souree of trade materi-a.l- fon the Seneca and
Niagara Frontie r populatiofls r,rl&s the Fr.ench " Thourgh the East*
ern Iroquois r{e:2e closer to the French settlemer:ts at Thnee
Rivers, l"lontreal, and Q,uebec, the Niagara Frontier Erie were
closer to the }lurcns who carried on ari active trade with the
Fbench. The l{urons traded with the }teutral to the scuth, ancl
the Eri-e in the Niagara Fircntier could harre obtained trade
mate:'ial frorr: the Neutral (White 1961 :23).
Whether the irltitr:ate sollrlce of trade na,terial was Dutch
ar Freneh, the $eneca and Nia"gara trY.ontier areas wore fur"thest
rer,roved frorn the sources of Eurc,pean tr.ade materj.al- while the
0neida and Mohawk were the cJ-osest. In the quotation from
Van clen Bogaert, Oneida women (to the west of the ,",iohar^rk area)
bring native products. to t:"ade for money or wamplln. Oneida
rnen cculd then have tnaded these iter,:s to the Dutch. Hornr
wi115.ng would these sallre Oneida wonen have been ta trade money
or wampurn to 0nonclaga women for nati-:re pnoriucts ? Perhaps they
would do so if there were a profit to be made, but wouild thisprocess continue? Wou.l.d Onondaga" woriien trade mclney to Cayuga
women who trould trade it to Seneca rvsomen who would trad-e it to
Nia.gara F?ontier women? Possibly some money or trade goods
reached the Seneca and Nie.gara Frontier area in ti:j-s fashion,
but most European material in these areas was prcbably seeured
by long d.istance travel on the part of males. It would seenl
lilce3-y that Niagara Fl.ontien and" Seneea women did less trad,ing.
Hence, it is entirely possible that what is reflected ceramie*
ally is fer,'rale tradS-ng activity.
86
At tblr pelntl onr Elgbt lp.oulaGo oE thc peaclbLo
rcLetlonghlp bctween ran esd tradc. lfaelt tgnccn.nts based,
on tnrd,e pnobably dovolepcd bctmon Inoquote tntbcs. Ar Incrultl hostllltieg bctssca trlbce rould. bavc dooneaccd. EtlaerSuct agelnat latorprotlng the eoranlo trondl al tbe oaptunof wonon. l{ltb d,corcaged begtllttlos betnson tnlbrs besrd oa
trader tbe buffer aone or no nente land bctroen trlboa sourd
brvc becn safc to eatcn. conrequentS.y, dcer would. havc bcen
nore heavlly trunted then before. Bcaver would dco havc bcen
lnereaslngly hunted bceauoc of tbo fup tnrde. slth iacroeg-lng rearclty of bcevcr end d,ecr, thc lroquola ury brvo eaeroech-
od on thc buntlqg ternltorLes of othon groupg: &lea, Ucnrcea,
eto. Tbls probebly hd to tbo latcr (t6lrgtc and 5orc) rerfsreo
tbat Eunt drrorLbea t! I resp@rrrc to thc fur trade.It ses around, l6lf0 that guns gonorally beoanr evatkblc
te the Inoquck end lt tc alre ebout thtg tlue tbat tbc prp-
ulatlon ln tbo f,legara &ontl.en dl.oappcnra. It nay roll be
that tbc dlcGenoo of tbt Erle frcn rotueca cf guae Blr ineJor feoton La tbtr populetlontr f,rilure to nelntala lttrlfla tbc llhgerr hontlcn.
Dlseage end DGnogrcpby
Debynr (1966) has gtresscd tbt groat depopulrtlon of [erthlnonlsan ebonlglnel populatLona tbrougb eonteot ulth Europoan
dlceaaes fon sblob they bed, ns nesiatrncs. Dlaeagcg rorc pr@b-
ebly tressulttod te Indlan trlbee long bcforo Ghc vletlmc evcn
lew e European. It ls oonccivablc thrt epidenlos w€trG a factorla thc dlrappeananoo of thc latc prcblatorlo populrtloac la
87
southwestern New York and in northern New York" It seems
highl;v tr-ikely that epidemics affected- population wlthin
Ir.oquois tri-bes, espeeially during periods t Z, t3, and *[.
As was mentioned earlier, the trend of decreasing ceramj-c
attribute association through time and the apparent decrease
in the 1-ength of longhouses ttlr"ough time rna.y reflect the effect
of epiden:ics on lroquci.s society.
There is archaeological evidence of an epidemic at the
Adans site, a tZ -\eneca site. L{ultipJ-e buri.als comprise 3A%
of the total burials found, some of these multiple burials
conbaining up to six lndividuals ln one grave. Thj-s is an
unusual patter.n for Seneca burj-als. 0n later Senece. sites
individuals are usu"ally buried singS-y. It 1s also at the
Adams site that traces of Europea,n trade goods first appear
in the area. It seems logieal to sugigest that along with
Eurcpean trade goods came Eunopean diseases.
For the period covered by the ceramic analysis lt is
irnpossible to gain an aecurate pieture of shifts in tribal
demography which could neflect the effeets of epidemics. The
site si-ze of most lroquois sites is only imperfectl;r known.
Ther"e are p::cbably some lrocluois vil) age site$ yet to be Cis-
covered, and the tenporal relationships of those sites that
are knorrn are not alwalrs clear., Tenta"tively, it looks as if
Seneca. population increaseC" from t1 to bZ, for Seneca f Z sites
are rnuch larger than Seneca t1 sites. In the Mohar^rk area it
l-ooks as if ther"e may have been a decline in population from
tZ to t3. Garcga and $tnith, t1 and tZ sites in the weste::n
88
ltohawk ar.a are largen than llagnens Sollor, * t3 glte eLco ln
tho scstern Mobawk area. 'lfhene ia elgo htstonls ovldcnoo fon
Mobawk populatloa deoLtne. Ten d,oa Bogaert vlalted tbc Mobark
la l63tf (Tan den Bogaertrs aceount appeena in Orassnann 1959)
and, he obgerved noro towncr noso houccgr ggd loagcr bouscd'
than dld l{entworth Oneenbalgb ln '1577.
elearly nore arcbaeologloal ronk needr to be dono to sbed
llght on desmographle cbangcr wlthla Inoquols tnlbes. I cucpoot
that tho perlod of tlne uader study uas ehanaotenlzcd by shifts
la populatloa slze and, cbanges in the sex ratlo of a trlbe a8
e noeult of botb cpldcnlec aad, warfefor lbough tbls dscs not
neoasgltate noveueat of people botuoen tnlbes, guoh novemcnt
soons llkely to oeour undcr theso oondltlons.
Ihlc suppoaltlon !s strongthsnod rhon ue ooasid'en the
SEnooa and Slagera F?ontlor areeE. SLagana fuontlen sltcs
aad later Scneea siGes are larger suggeEtlng tbat these ereas
nlght hevs bren lera subJeet to drestlo ebanges ln tbe sox
retlo, tnd thsrefone proportLonatcly fcncr wonon nlght have
catcrad the dJPe&r thlc bebavisn sould panallcl the cEramlo
pattenns obeenvod fon Slagara Fr@ntl'er and Setleca sltcs.
Furthernone, when GneonhaLglr tnavelLed tbrough Iroquola ln
1677 the only structunea whleh he nsted thet epPcar to beve
bccn tradltlonal Loagboures sore ln the Seneca 83e&r fhla
agaln suggeotc thet the Seneee populatLon w&s m@ro stablc
than thet of tbe Eaetcna Inoquola trlbes.
lle bavo afuerdy colrsLdered the oeptune of roncn as e
89
norpoasc to pepnletlon dlrequlltbrlun bnought absut by cpi-dcnloa. lfbsra are twe ethon neahanlems rhleh nay aLso brvcopcratcd ts nogtore populatloa equlllbniun anoag tho rroquol.strlbcs: 1 ) flextblltty of sLb or elan effllLetlon, anct z)flexlbls nesl.dence nuleg. OonsernLng flcxlbillty of elbafflllatlon La Hunonla:
A typteal vlllagc lraa nadc up of sovcnalgl.be who unitod fon the dunailon of tfiJ-vlllage.- .But wbcn_tbe vlLlagc waa novcd,,glbc ptght break off or villlgos unft io'forg tl19?o oncs (Jn I i OS hlnlggcn1 963e ,J55).
trrlr praotLoe ney havo been truc of thc rroquola ec ucll. rfBor lt prebabry trould bave funotloned. ,to nrdlgtnlbutc popula_tlon not only rlthln tnl.ber, but poaalbly botseen tnlbes a,wcll..
rn popular antbnopologl.cal thtnktng thc rneguela eroasEunncd te bavc bcen natrlloerl. ra thls study r an doflalagnatnlLoeellty tei noan thet the fcnaleg ronein ln the sFEo
vlllegc upon uanrLagc. rn a stniat matrlloeal eltuatl.oa,nouen would, not aarny outslde tboln vlrLago. rt hae efteabcsa polntcd out, boneven, tbat reolctler narely 1f everEonslstentl.y felLow a alngLe poot-aarltal rogldence pattenn.A frexlble post-nanltal res!.denee pattcnn rould have bcenad'aptlvc ln thet lt could havo openated to cstebllsb eomparablescx natlss wlthln dlffonent trlbos.
Cara Rlohande studied bletonlc doewaenta for etateacntcon houccbord couporl.tion for tho suron rnd rroquols betwean1600 and 1550 anct sho eemc to thc soaelusLen thatr
90
illii'i'ffi:'fffil*?: :: g:i":"i3t"113".,ahould bo nevicod, at least to thc ertcntef nstlng that types of rcrldon€c othenthag natrLloeaL heve been reportad (196T t5546',t.
Mort of RlEhqrdts cxanpS.cs ane frsn Hunonla fon thsre is uueh
Less d,oeumentatl.on for the rnoquolr et thia polnt. floweyorl
r€ may assuHc that matrLloeallty waE not aLways strlotlypraotJ.oed by the rnoquole dunlng thc perlod oovened by the
cenanLo anaLysls. In fact, the decnease in attnlbute asgocl.a-
tlon tbnough tlne could be Lntcrproted as refleetlng a
decneege la the fnoquency of natnllocal nosldenee.
rn obaptor I thc slmllerlty bctuocn oneld,a end Mohark intenns of elans was noted, and thls was nolated to the tnend
of lnerEasLag slnlLanlty tbnough tlnc between thcss srcas,rbieh ouggeatcd nsvenent on tbe pant of elthcn oneLda orMohark wo&@tre rf onelde Eon rlere slala durlng c!.then t, on
tr, as tbe tredltlon disoussed ln obepten I cuggcsts, thls+oould bave been a eauso of the novenent of aome oaeLda H@ECn
to the Mobawk anea.
Goncluslon
untll about 16ho, hLctonic records pontalnlng to the
rnoquola are virtually abseat. r'non anohaeoLogleaL evldenoe
we know that aboriglneL matenlal curturo wer largely nepraced
by Europeqn natenlel culturo durrng tbc latter pert ef the
l6th oentuny and tbe flngt harf of tho l?tn eentuny. profsund.
changee ln tbe Inoquoic adaptatlea to thelr naturel and aoela!.
envlnorlnont nuEt bave becn taklag pLeoe durlng thts penlod oftine, yct re have ao hlltorlo reeord of tbtg. rn tbtE d.iceus-
91
clon I bave attenpted to dlseugs pessl.ble eerasis rcfleotLons
of naJor faotorc whl.ch were pnobably affectlng fuoquola
eoelety et thLc tLme: wanfare, trads, dlsease. To an ertsntall thnee faetong ano nelated, end 1n thla dlceussl,on warfa:rE
was diaeusosd, as a posslblc rpcspolrs€ to Eunopaan lntrod,uaed
opld.cnioe.
Iny onc of thsgs faotsns sould aeoount for tbc eerauio
tnenda uhleb uere noted,. Ehus, the oeranl.e tnendg couLd
rcfleet @ac or &@ro klndg of pattonuod bcbavien. It eould be,
for exanple, tbat !{ohask and, 0nel,d.e eeranle pattcnnlng ncflsotraovencnt of usncn eruscd, by LnbatanooE ln the scx natlos ofone or bsth of tbcro tnlbes due to rerfare and./or dj.scsae. On
the othor hand, $eneoa end Slegana Enoatlen pattcnaLag Bay
rcfLcst laok of fenale lntortnl.bal tnade.
At pneoent the Eenanlc cvld,eace ladLcates that tho proeosa
of ebange nas not unlforn for all the tnibes studled. [tre
Seneca ancl the bte ln tbe l{lagara hontler eppear to have
beon sometrhat less affeeted fon e tlnc by foroee ehenglng
Iroguote aoelety. Yet, ln the ceso of thc l{l.agana Fboatlerpopulatlon, thclr lcolatlon pnobably proved, fatal., for thcllrnenoteness from centens of Eunopcen tnadc aad thcir eonseguent
lnablLity to seouro an adcquato supply of guns probebly llcsbehtad thcln fallurc to nalntaLn thcsnrolves wLthla thcfur
tcnrltony. Tbs $encee, Cayuga, Onond.aga, Oaeld.a, aad Mohawk
cuoecrsfully naLntelaad thenselves lu thclr ternltery untlltbc Amcrloen Rcvolutl.on, though these sosioticc ehangcd,
grcetly ln tbc prossrr. ,llhc ocraule analyal.o ln part refLcotg
an carly otege ln that proecrE of elrange.
Appendix ITHE SITES
The sites used i-n thie study have been subJect to widely
different excavation historiee, some have been canefulryexcavated and lnformation exists on curtunal features and. on
the genenal pnovenience of the potteny studied. Fon many
othens, however, excavation was unsysternatic and^ carnied out
by a number of individuals, in a few cases over a centuny
ago. For these sites, little information exists on internalpnovenience of material or its association with culturalfeatures.
In the following discussion of the sites, I d.id notattempt to compile all the information that is known about a
site on to nelate its panticular histony of excavation.
Rather, I have confined myself to factors which may be
pertinent to this study and whieh ane known for near"ry all ofthe sites.
Aften the site namer 03" narnes, r have put the officialNow Yonk State site designation, such as Buf J-[i for the
Buffum site. The l"ocation of the sites is on file using thisdesignation either in the state Museum in Albany or in the
Rochester" Museum and Science Center.
It would seem to rne that defensibility involves two
factors, tennain and fo::tifieation. I have attempted todistinguisLr f,our categories of terr"ain: highly defensible,defensibler moder"ately defensible, and not defensible. This
92
93
is only an appnoxi-mation, for topography varj-es and no two
sites are exaetly the same. When palisades have been observed
I have noted" them, Whenever a site has been extensively
exeavated, pal5-sades have been revealod and it ie my guess
that all the sites used in this study were palisaded.
fn almost all eases the site size given must be seganded
as a rough approximation arnived at frorn consideration of
topography and d.istribution of matenial on the surfaee.
These estimates come from a number of soureeso pubtrished and
verbal. In sorne cases it is unclear whether these estimates
inelude adjacent eemeteriesu if indeed there are adjacent
cemeteries.
I have noted the number of whole vessels analyzed from
a site. In the absence of reeords, the presenee of a whole
vessel suggests that it came from a burial, for it was sften
the lroquois custom to inel-ude whole pots in the gravo. Most
of the pottery from bur"ials used in this analysis comes fnom
the $enesa arsa. I did not consider it feasible in this
analysis to consider pottery f:.on buriaLs separ"ately from
pottery from the village surface and middens.
Final1y, when I say colleetions were cross eheeked I
mean that the rim sherds fronr different colleetions from a
site were brought together and compared to see if sherds
representing the same vessel were present in the different
collections (See Appendix II for a list of the individual
collectirons from a site ). A vessel- rnigi:t be represented by
one Or twenty rim sherds, and the vesselp flot sberd, was the
9ls
unit analyued,
Nijutalg {LoJLtieL
Buffum (also lndian Cemeteny, Indian Clrurch Road Site ) Buf 3-h
Location: Erie County, southern part of the city of Buffalo
Defensibility; Not defensible tenrain. Squier and Sehool-
craft both noted an embankment surrounding the site.Size : 3,2 acres
Trade Goods: None. MacNeish consider"ed intrusive historic
Senec& graves to be part sf the site. He therefore
mistakenly considered Buffun to be historic.Sanple1. 133 vesselsr IIO whole vessels. Collections were
cross checked (exeept fsr the material from the Museum
of Anthropology, Univensity of Michigan)
Peniod: t,'
Referonces: White 1961 , Houghton 1 909, Squier 1851 ,
Schoolcraf t 1 Bl+7.
Good.year (also Mullen) Oep 1-ll
Location: Erie 0ounty, Elma Townshlp
Defensibllity I Defensible terrain
Sj"ze | 5.7 acres
Tr:ade Good.s: A cir"culan oval pendant of European bnass was
found. i"n one of the thnee graves excavated. Brass bangles
scraps of kettles, iron axes, and some trade beads were
found on the surface.
Samplez 558 vessels. No whsle vossels.
Peniod: t e
References: White 1961, Panker 19220 Houghton 1909.
e5
Gneen Lake (also Orchard pank site, yates Farm) aur t -4Location I Er"ie County, Orchard pank Township
Defensibility: Not defensible ternain. No report of an
ear"th ring,size: Tentatively 3-5 acres. rt is not knor,m how much of
the site was destroyed by the antificial formation ofGneen Lake.
Trade Goods: A few European artifacts have been found. ingraves. The genenal digging on the site has pnodueed"
trade good.s but not in la::ge quantities.sampJ-et 617 vessels. Ns whole vessels. The two eollections
were not cross eheeked as it is known that they oame fnom
different areas of the site.Peniod: t )Refenenees: White 1961, Dr, William Ritehiers unpublished
excavation neeords fnom 1929 in the Roehester Museum and
Science Centen.
Simmons Dep 3-4
Loeation: Erie County, Elma Township
Defensibility: HighLy dfensibLe tonnai-n. palisade
Size: B.B aeres
Trade Goods: An irsn axe, copper kettle fragments
cellaneous metaf.
$ample | +17 vessels insluding one nearly complete
Colleotions were eross checked.
Peniod: t )Refenences : White 1g67b.
present
and mis-
vesgel.
96
Seneca
Riehmond Mil1s (also Reed Font) Hne g-4
Locationl Ontanio County, Richmond Township
Defensibility: Highly defensible ternainSize I 5 acres
Tr"ade Goods: None
Samplet 191 vessels ineluding ono whole vessel.tions were not cnoss checked..
Peniod: t.,
References: Hayes 196Tb, Hamel} 1966, Wnay and. Schoff 1953,
Par"ken 1 91 Bb , 19ZZ ,
Belchen Hne B-4
Location: Ontarlo County, Richmond. Township
Defensibilityl Defensible ternainSize: 3-l+ acres
Tnade Goods: None
Samplel 100 vessels, No whole vessels. Collections not crosschecked.
Period: t.,
References: Hougkrton 1922, parken 1gZZ,
Adams Hne 3O-3
Location: trivingston County, Livonia Township
Defensibility : Modenately defenslble terrain. palisad.e.
Size t 1Q-12 acres
Trade Goods: A feror bnass beads, one j-non axe, and a veryfew glass beads.
sample: 70 vessels including l+3 whole vessels" pots i.n
Col lee -
97
the ileye Fouildation were whoLe: so cross ehecking of
that col-lecbion was not necessary " These pots were
acquired frotn the late Harry Schoff ' Cei'tain of ihese
w€re caialogued as General Adarns, others as Adattts. Gen-
eral Adarns was the mid i 9th century designation for the
T:'an: site, a site temporally and spatial-ly slose to the
Adams site. According to Chanles Wr-ay who freqrrently
worked" r,vith Schoffo one mey assume that the pottery in
the lleye Foundation labelled General Adams and dug by
Sehoff is frotn the Adains site.
PerioC; t^e
References: liJray and Schoff 1953, rrJray 195A, n.d..
C arneron Hne t'1 " I
Location: Lirringston Ccunty, Lii::a To't^rnship
Defensibility: l"'tode:'ately Cefensible terraj-n. Paiisado
Siz,e : 22.9 acres (e.stimate includ"es acljacent eeaeteries )
fraCe Goods r Two iron axes in 1 00 graves. Rol"led sheet
brass beadso bangles, and pendants. An incr-ease in the
arnount of trade material frr:m the Aclants site
Sarnple: 61 vessels including 20 whcle vessels,
froin both burial-s and village. Collestionsnh a n lro,4
Pei'iod: 'u2
References: Wray 1955, Wra-rt and Sehoff 1953, Cametron, Wray,
and Schoff n"d.
Po t tery
not eroas
98
Dutch Hollow (also Cleany) Hne 1-l+
Loeatlon: Livingston County, Avon Townskrip
Defensibility: Not defensible tenrainSize: 1O-15 acres
Trade Goode: Many polyehrome glass bead.s, eopper and bnass
points, brase awls, eopper beade, iron axes, etc"
"Nati-ve material accounted fo:, lS% of the cultunal goods
owned by the seneea duning this perlodfr (Ill::ay and sehoff1953).
sample : 21$ vessers including 1 1 0 whole vessels. Matenial
fnom both burials and village. collections not cross
checked..
Peniod: t^'5Ref,erences: Ritchie 1954, Kidd ln Ritshie i95\, wnay and
Schoff 1953, Parker 1919, 19?2"
Facto:ry Hol]ow (also Shattock, Font Hi]l) Hne T-z
Location: Ontario County, West Bloomfield Township
Defensibility : Defensible terrainSize: B-'t 0 aer.es
Tnade Goods: Similar to Dutch Hollow
Sample: 379 vessels ineluding l+5 whole vessels.
not cross ehecked. Matenial both from bunialsPeriod: t,Refenenees: Schoff 1958, Guthe 1958a, 19570 Wnay
1953, Panker" 1922
Collec tions
and village.
and Sehoff
99
Connish (a1so Vita Taft) ttne g-2.
LocatLon: 0ntari.o county, west Broomfield rownshipDefensibility: Moderately defensible ter"raj.n. pali"sade.
Slze : 2.1 acres
Trade Goods: Similar to Dutch Hollow
sample r 158 vessels ineluding J whole vessels. Most of thematenial is fnom excavation within the vilrage. collec_tlons were nst cross checked..
Period: t3
Refenences: Hayes 1965, 1966, 1967a, n.d. Anticles inHayesIs unpubrished manuscnipt by Guilday and rannenand Wray.
War.ren Hne 10-2
Locatlon: Ontanio county, west Bloomfield. Township
Defensibility: The village is not on defensible tennaincontrary to pa::ken 1922. 0n1y the cemeteny is on a
hill.Size: 1Q-12 acres
Trade Goods: Many bnass kettles and poryehrome grass bead.s.trNative matenia] now nepresented. only a little betterthan half of seneca matenial cultunerr (wnay and schoff1953).
Sample: B0 vessels including l+6 rtrhole vessels " A ma jonityof the material comes from bunials. colrections were
not cnoss checked.
Peniod: t,4
References: Wnay and Sehott 1953, parken 1gZZ,
100
Powenhouse Hne 2-a
Locationl Livingston County, Lima Tor^rnshlp
Defensibility: Not defensible tenraln. palisade
Size: 1Q-12 acres
Trad.e Goods: Much European material including ponningers,
pipes and spoons of pewten, also chinaware (petft ) and
glassware. trsilven plated bnass spoons have been found
beaning Errglish hallmanks of the eanly 1600rs (}fray and.
Scho tt 1953)
sample: 61 vessels including 26 whor-e vessels. potteny fnom
both buni-als and vill&ge. corrections not cross cheeked.
Peniod: th
References: Wnay and Schotf 1953, parker" 19Zz
9avu&g
Clifton Sprlngs (also Sanitarj"um Site) ffp 19-1
Location: ontanio county, Manchester/phelps Tor^rnships
Defensibility: Defensible tennain. palisad.e.
Size: 2 acres
frade Goods: None
Sample: 3lf vessels, No whole vessels.
fr-om midden.
Peniod: t1
References: Follett 1953, 1g5l+e, 195\b,
All pottery apparently
Genoa Font (also Hogsback, Traver, Stennen)
Location: Cayuga Countyo Oenoa Townshlp
Defensibillty: Highly defensible ternalnSize: 1 or 2 acres
Panker 1922
Gna 2-2
101
trede Ooodg: Europcan and aatlvo bcads rcported
$anple z 92 vollcls. Se wholo vcscelr. Gelloetlons aot
eross obeelred.. ltaeileleh lcft a aoto nltb tbc sbcrds lntbe t{uacun ef tnthropoltgy' tral.vcnslty of l{Loblgen that
rcrc forncrly ln the pocaoaslon of E. BlSford ef Serl-
vllLc, lf .Y., gucetlonln6 theln rc1lablllGi. !b. Blgfond
dug on r aqnben of lroquola slteg aad thone lc tbc poa-
alblltty tbet thc provcalcnee ef ronc rhcrdl mey brvc
broonc oonfused.
Perl.od; t JBefcreneect Dobbr 195hb' Prkor 1922
Onondage
Crncteny (also t{aterworksl Centuny) Cza 2-1
Ipeatlou: Onsndagt Couatyr Ponpey ltownabip
Dcfcarlblllty: Defcnalblo tarralnSlze: 2 ecncg
trede Goods: Bono
9enplo | 55 vcagols. f,o wbolo vcggeLs. Collcctlonc not ererc
ohceLod
Perlod: t1
Roforonces: lfuok 19694r t 969b
Bannor (dar Oran Slte, Oren-Barnoar Gazcnovler Lineatene
Creck Sltc, and lndrcna $lte) gge 15-1
Iooetbal gncndage 0ouaty, Ponpcy 'l8onnrblp
DcfcnslblLlty: Dcfcaslblo tcrreia. F'llnly pellaadc
$lsc: 6-8 eorcs
142
Tnade Qoods: A small scnap ofa heanth, Two trado beads
Sample: 63 vessels. No whole
cross checked.
non-nabive copperr found. near
found on sutrface.
vessels. Colleetions not
Per.iod: t,References: Iuck 1969a, 1969b, Gibson 1968, Ricklis 1966.
Atwell Font Cza 1 -1
Location: Madison county, cazenovia Township
Defensibility: Highly defensible ternaln. palisadeSize t 3J+1 acnes
Trade Goods: pnesent but scarce.
noted.Copper bead and pend.ant
Sample: BB vessels.
cross checked.
No whole vessels. Colleetions not
Peniod I t3
Refer"enees: Tuck 1959a ,1969b, Ricklis 1953a ,lg63b11966,Parken 1922.
Tempenance House Fort (aLso Indian Fort) Cza [_tLocatlon: on the county lino between Onondaga and Madison
counties and between pompey and cazenovia Townshi.ns
Defensibility: Highry defensibre terrain. palisadeSlze : l+\ acres
fi:ade Goods: suggestion of tnade goods 1n slte neeonds.sample: 3h vessels. No whore vessele. correetions not
cross checked' small sample may aceount fon some of theanomalous coefficients of similanity.
103
Period: t,
References; Tuck 1969ar1959b, Ricklis 196511966, Panken 1922
Chase Cza B-3 (Rochester neeonds) Cza 5*3 (Albany records)
Locationl Onondaga County, Pompey TownslTip
Defensibility: Highly defensible tennain. Palisade.
Size: Material scattered over I aer"es but concentrated on
2 acres
Trade Goods: tt...trade goods constitute 12fi of aJJ- nof,r-
pottery antifacts found" (Ricklis 1966)
Sample: [B vessels. No whole vessels.
Peniod: t,
References: Tuck 1969a,1959b, Ricklis 1966, Parken 1922
Oneida
Buyea (a1so Buyen) Ona 13*3
Location: Madison Countyo Li-neoln Tor^mshlp
Defensibility: Defensible tenrain
$ize: 3-lf acres
Trade Goods: None
Sample z 177 vessels. No whole vessels. Collections were
cross checked exeept for material fnom Colgate.
Period: t,,
References: Whitney 1969J97A, Pratt 1965
Bach (also Davis, Conklin) Msv B-1
Loeation: Madison Dounty, Smithfield Township
Defensibility: Defensible terrain. Pailisade (in some places
double ).
Size: 2.8
T:rade Goods: Some inon tools and copper scraps along with
tr^lo glass beads,
Sarnple : 100 vesSelS. No whole vessels. Oollections hterae
eross cheeked.
Peniod: t,
References: Whitney 1967, Pratt 1961a11966
Dlable (also Stil]man) Msv 2-2
Location I Madison CountY
Defensibility : DefensibLe tenrain
Size: 2 aeres
| 0lr
Trade Goods I About the same as Besh
Sample: 85 vessels. No whole vessels"
not cross cheeked.
Period: t e
References: Pratt 1966
Collections were
Wayland Smith (Cameron is the more common name but to avoid
confusion with the Camenon site in the Seneca areat
Wayland Smith r^.rill be used) OnO B-L,L
Location: Oneida County
Defensibility: Very defensible terrain. Traces of a double
palisade
Size i 2.3 acres
Tnade Goods: Many glass trade beads and metal artifacts.
Sample: 390 Vesselsn No r^rhole vesseLs. Only the collec-
tions of Whitneyr Oibson, Chesbro, and Taylor were cross
105
cheeked
Period; t3
References: Bennett and Bigford 1 968, Cottrell 1 968, Pratt
1961 a11966
Thurston (probably the Onneyuttehage visited by Van den
Bogaent in 1631+) Msv 1-e
Locationl Madison County, Stockbnidge Township
Defensibility: Highly defensible terrain. Two rows ofpalisades.
Size | 5-7 acres
Tnade Goods: Many trade
and a snuff box coven
1634.
Sample: 61 vessels ineluding
fr.om bunials and vlllage.
goods lncluding inon axes, knives,
from a g,rave bearing the date of
1 3 whole vessels. Pottery
Colleetions wene not cross
checked.
Periodt t[
Refenences: Pratt 196611j61a, Whitney 1954
Mohawh
Smith (also Pajerie) Las 11-3
Location: Fulton County, Ephratah Township
Defenslbilityl Defensible terrain. Palisade.
Size t 6-7 aenos
Tnade Goods i very littleSample: l+l+5 vessels. No uhoLe vessels. John Swantts
rnaterlal c&me from hillside middens while the New York
106
$trtr ltluscum oellootl@n oane from edJaecnt vlllego ltrclr
ltthe collectlons n€rc cr@84 cheokod
Pcrisd. tz
Rofcronees: l{ew Yorlr Stetc }lulcun cxoavattoa ncoondg
Barkcr Ftsa $1-1
Icoatlon: ltontgonory Coantyr Mohawk Townahlp
DcfensLblllty 3 Dafeaelblc terrgln
Slae: e llttLe ssallen tban Smltb
fradc G,oods: It 1o ncported that thore ls a llttle morc tban
firsn $nLth.
Senple t 156 veerole. ilo wbolc vosacls. l{aterlal weg gathc
erod by ermorg of thc slte and donnted to thc lilohark-
0ru6hnawagt !{uaeun. It ta sal,d to eenc fron a alngle
d,unp.
Ferlodt t3
ReferoaEea: Hono
CronrelL Fda 12-1
Iosatloa: MontgonerJr Countyr OXen lonnshlp
Defcnalblltty: Modcnatoly defonrlblo
Slzo! approxlnatclY 3 eorss
Erade Goedg I 'lfhcre 1g trad,c netertal prescnt
Sanplo: 8? vcascLa. Xo nbole vcsaels. Sntlne eanplc eane
fnon blLlslde mld,dcn.
Pcrlod: t tRcfenenoes : Sxoevatlon noteg La Mehrwk-Ceughnauega Huaeqm
r0?
Wagnens Hollow Cni +-2
Location: Montgomery County' Palatine Township
Defensibility : Defensible tenraj-n
Mantin Fda B-1
Location: Montgomery County, Mohawk Township
Defensibility : Defensible terrain
Size: approxinately 2 acnes
Trade Material: appt3oxirnately same amount as on Wagners
I1ollow, though some beads are considered to be diagnostic
of a later peniod,
Size: approximately 2 acres
frade Goods: a fain amount
Sarnple; 174 vessels including
tions not cross ehecked.
Pe::iod: t.)Referencee : Parker 1922
one whole vessel. Co}lec-
ColIec;Samplez 161 vesseLs including one whole vessel.
tlons were cross checked.
Period: t,+
References: None
Appendix IITHE SAMPLE
Niasaqg &on.tienBuffum
Anthno. Dept., SUNY/Buffalo
Buffalo Museum of Science
Museurn of Anthnopology, Univ. of Michigan
Goodyear
Anthno, Dept., SUNy/Buffalo
Green Lake
Gordon Schmall", Buffalo, N.y.Rochesten Museum and Science Centen
Ve s sels
103
15
15
133
Simnons
Anthro, Dept.,
Buffalo Museum
SUNY/Buffalo
of Seience
558
3k1
276
617
333
t:
l+17
Seneca
Richmond MillsNew York State Museum, Albany, N.y,Rochester Museum and Science Centen
Newton Fanwell, Geneva, N,y.
Joseph Quinlan, Dansville, N.y.Museum of Anthropologyo Univ. of Michigan
Bo
>+
Jl
22
3
108
109
Richrnond Mills ( Cont. )
Donald Carneron, Limal N.y.
BeIeher"
Rochesten Museum and Seience Center
Charles Wnay, West Rushe N.y.
Adams
Chanles Wray, West Rushe Noy.
Heye Foundation, New york, N.y.
Cameron
Chanles Wray, West Rushe N.y.Donald Camenon, Limae N.y.Rochester Museum and Seience Center
Heye Foundation, New yonkn N.yn
Dutckr Hollow
Rochesten Museum ano Scienee Center
Robent Hi11, Rochester, N.y"Charles Wrayn West Rush, N.y.New Yonk State Museum, Albany, N.y.Heye Foundation, New yorks N.y.
Factony Hollow
Chanles Wr"ay, West Rush, N.y.Rochesten Museum and^ Science Center
Ve ssels4I
101
79
A100
l+7
2?,
-70
107
70
30
7
6
215
2\r
71
36
1l+
6
J61
110
Factony Hollow (Cont, )
Donald Cameron, Limae N.y,
New Yonk State Museum, Albany, N.y.Heye Foundation, New yonke N.y.
St. Bernards Seminany, Rochesten, N.y.Newton Fanwell, Geneva, N.y.Claine Bill, Canandaigua, N.y.
Cornish
Rochester Museum and Sci-ence Center
Chanles Wray, West Rushp N.y.
C1air"e Bill, Canandaigua, N.y,
Warren
Joseph Quinlan, Dansville, N.y.Robent Hi}l, Rochesten, N.y.
Charles Wnay, West Rushe N.y.Donald Cameron, Lima, N,yn
Rochesten Museum and Science Centen
Heye Found.ation, New york, N.y.Newton Farwe1l, Genevae N.y.Claine 8i11, Canandaigual N.y.
Amenj-can Museum of Natunal Histony, New
Vessels
2tf
2A
10
3
(.
I
;
Yonk,
110
4t1
158
27
15
1k
I
5
t2
3
3
N.Y. LBO
111
Powerhouse
Chanles Wray, West Rush, N"Y.
Rochester Museum and Scienee Centen
Heye Foundation, New Yorkr I{'Y.
9avugg
Clifton Springs
Arthur Seelyer North Wolcottr N.Y.
Genoa Font
Museum of Anthnopology, Univ. of Michigan
Harold Secon, Savannahl N.Y.
Rochester Museum and Scienee Center
Heye Foundation, New Yorkl N.Y.
9gondqFa
Cemeteny
Anton Sohrweide, Syracuser N.Y.
Dept. of Anthno. Synaeuse Univ.
Owasco Indian Museum, Aubunn, N.Y.
Vessels
IB
12
I
;
3l+
77
6
l+
j.Y1
Bannes
Stanford Gibson,
Anton Soh:rweide,
Norwhich, N .Y.
Syracuse e N .Y.
27
22
6
55
62
1
oJ
1'12
Atsoll Fort
Rebcrt Rtokllg1 lllddlcscr, il.Y.Stenford Olbaon, Ssnrl.eh, f,.Y.
ilon Ionk Steto ilurcunl Albenyl [.Y.Roehcgtcr Muceun and Solcnoe Ccnton
Xadha Mureun, Cooperetern, X.Y.
Antbar Scclyc, ilorth tlolcottl f,.Y.Antoa Sobrurldo, Synecuaep S,I.Dcpertncnt of Anthne.l Syraeuso UnlvrraltyColgeto lhlv*alty, ffanlltonl S.!.Mucoun ef Antbropolog5r, &1v. @f Hlohlgen
|fcnpenanoo Eescc
Bebcnt RieLIlr, Mlddloror, fl.Y.Golgrtr Ualvcrtlty, Eulltonl t.I.Fed Gbcsobre l Sbcnbunac, [ .X.
Chero
Bobort BleLLle, lllddlesex, [.Y.
OEo.l.da
Euyet
Staaford Ol,bsonr ilorrleh, tf.Y.i Bloherd EorbroE,
Herrlohl [.X.i Jsc Qnzlborakl, South Fcw Berlla,H.Y.j Edserd Olbaon, Xennlch, X.y.l and Frnol!Btnonc, Errt $ynrouace H.I.
Yoaaek
32
29
flr3
2
2
2
2
1
I
88
26
6
2
3ll
ll8
169
113
Buyea (Cont. )
Colgate Universityo Harnilton, N.y.
Baeh
Theodone Whitneyr New Benline N.y.
Merui1l Conk1in, New Berlinl N.y.
Fred Chesebno, Sherburne, N.y.
Lawrence Taylonr New Berli-n, N.y.
uaaoJ-e
Colgate Univensity, Hamiltsn, N.y.
Peter" Pratt, 0swego e N .Y.
Museurn of Anthropology, Univ. of Miehigan
Theodor"e Whitneyr New Berlin, N.y.
Ves sels
B
177
66
3o
2
z
;
39
3l+
11
I
a1h
?3?
6l+
ld+
4:l+
-J394
Wayland Smj.th
Theodone Whitneyr New Berlinl N.y.
Stanford Gibson, Norwiche N.y.
Fred Chesbno, Sherburne, N .y "
Lawrence taylorr New Berlin j N.y.
Peter Pratt, Oswego, N.y.
Glenn Chreesbrough, Sylvan Beach, N
Henr.y Wemple, Vernon Center, N.y.Colgate Univensity, Harniltonl N.y.
Mrs. Thunston, Shernil]o N.y.
and
and
and
.Y.
1ll+
Thuns ton
Theodore Whitneyn New Berlin, and
Fbed Chesebro, Sherburne, N.y.
Colgate University, HamiIton, N,y.Howard Lemeryo Knoxboro, N.y.
Mrs, Thurstonn SherrilL, N.y.
Mohawk
N.Y.
Albany,
sherds
N.Y "
in both
Ve s sels
3h
15
10
a
:ol
285
15?.
165
H
J171+
Smittr
John Swant, Amsterdam,
New Yonk State Museum,
Vessels represented by
co]loetions o
hl+5
156
Banken
The Mohawk-Caughnawaga Museum, Fonda, N.y.
Cromwell
The Mohawk-Caughrnawaga Museum, Fonda, N.y.
Wagners Holl"ow
Donald Lenig, St. Johnsvillee N.y.Cooperstown Indian Museum, Coopenstwon, N.y.Theodore Whitneyr New Berline N.y"
BZ
Mantin
The Mohawk*Caughnawaga
John Swart, Amsterdam,
Veseels represented by
eollee t ions
115
Museum, Fonda, I\T.Y.
N .Y.
sherd"e i-n both
Vessels
121
Jo
R
161
Appendix IIIINFORMATION RECORDED INCLIIDING CERAPIIC ATfRIBUTES
Colurons 2^3Site Number
Colurnns l.i-!Provenienee within site
Colurnns 6-7The number of rim sherds eonstitutlngreco:lded "
Columns B-9The combined width of the rims to the
Columns 1 O-1 1
the vesse] being
The rlm height of the highest shend to the nearestcentimeter".
Column 12Completeness. The most
1. non*eol1ared. shends2, complete to the base3, complete to the base
ineh beyond.,l+, eomplete to the base
inch below thls5, wkrsle pot (or nearly
nearest centimeter.
complete shend is r"ecorded.
(rnust be at least two cr?tn high)of the collar but not beyondof the eollar and up to an
of the eollar and more than an
so)
Column 1 3Enerustation0. absent1. present
Columns 1l+-15An estimate of vessel diameter in centimetens
Colurnns 16^17Lip $hape1 .- pointed n2. flat n3. thriekened r/4. thickly round.ed" Q5. clef t c"6. extending out 'cil
7. extending inward RU n extending in and out9. vaniable \?
10. (open coLumn)
116
117
Columns 1 B*21Lip Sunfaee Deeoration. Two different ]ip surfacedesigns can be reeorded. Columns 1B and 19 atre used ifonly one design eloment is present. If ther"e are twodesign elernents eolurnns 1E and 1 9 record the innermostone, columns 2A and 21 the outermost.0. plainf. inclsed ventieal lines2, incised oblique lines sloping to the left3. ineised oblique lines sloping to the right4. o'ne incised ho::izontal line5 " two or more incieed horizontal llnes6. cross l:atched" lip surfaee X&1{d?. e ord.edB. superimposed. ventiea] and" horj.zontal ineised lines9. ll tr tt oblique rt tr
10. tt horizontal tt fr ff rr
'i1 " se alloped surface12" notehes aeross surface * regularly spaeed13. shallow wide notehes across surfase1[" irregu]ar notehes (shape)15. slrallow notshes whichr are i-rregularly spaced16. deep notehes17 " punetates18" sponadie oblique incisions19" lnoision which eontinues onto rim20. bnushed (horizontal)21 . b::ushed (sloping to tbre right)22, brushed (sloping to the left)23. intermittent notehes
#+,f1.{L/f
#
24, notches only above castellation25. ineised opposed triangles //(\Vineised opposed triangles25. ineised opposed triangles ,z/(\pzlVA25. alternating bars of vertieal and horizontal ineision
liltlEililll=27, dentate stamping28, finger nail inej-sion
Column 22Interior contour of rim"1 " convex2. straight3, concaveh" var"j.able or indeterrninate
Columns 23*3AInside of nirn.pnoeedure
"
(See columns 37 ^52 same ]ist and
118
Colurnn 310uter edge of lip0. plaln1. short vertical incision2. short oblique incision sloping to the3.
lt lf ll ll ll ll
4. ventical notch5. noteh sloping to the left'6, tr ^tt * tr tl night7 " evid.ene e of flattening of the lipB. incislons sloping both left and ::ight
leftright
Column 32Ianer edge of lip (same ]ist as fon outen edge )
Column 33Extenisr contour of nim (same liet as for interioneontour see column 21 )
Oolumn 3l+Relation of the collar1 . welf defined r-itl__> 1l)l2. ovenhanging appliqu6
to the neck
{t3,
IIIt'k
6.,7la
H
poorly defined n
(remove|) --*+ { /apprlque /l_,il
no co}}ar, excurvateno colIan, stnaightno co11ar, incurvate
shapeshape
shape
Columns 35-36Height of the collar measur:ed to the nearest millimeter
Columns 37-52These columns r"eeond the design elements and techniquesused by the potters oR the outside of the rim" Designshave been br"oken down into minimal or neali-minima] units.Three design eleraents may be reconded in onder from thelip down" Spaces fon reconding the technique of executionof the panticular design element precedo the reconding
119
Columns 37-52 (Cont.)of each design element, Thus, columns 3T-JB record thetechnique of exeeutj-on of the uppermost aesign elementwhile eolumns 39-40 record the aetual design element,columns l+1 *l+2 necord thre teehnlque of exeeiltion of thesecond. design element, c.olumns l+3-l+h record this secondelemento ete. columns 51 *52 record a fourth designelement which i: integrated into the preceding elements,such as punetations between lines or ladder*pfait.Approximate verticar spacing may be indicateh ryleavlng columns blank"
Techniques1. regular ineision2. negular depth, thin width ineision3" negular depth, bnoad width ineisionl+. deep depth, thin wiCth incision5, deep depthr, regulan wid.th incision6. deep depth, broad width incision7. shallow depthr, thin width incisionB. shallow aeptn, regular width incision9. shallow deptho broad width incision
1 0. flnger nail ineislon11 . inter"nupted llnear (push-pu1l, stab and. drag)12. eor"d marked13" cord wnapped stick impressed.1 it" (removed )5. dentate stamped5. (nemoveil )17, (nemoved)
1 8. punctates19. linear stamped20. (removed)21 . cor"d markings saoothed" over??, csnd wrapped stick impressed smoothed over23, incision .,rariable in depth but wide width is eonstant?,l+' regular r^rid"th ineision but d.eep *f rip and srrairoi^r atbaso of eollar
bnushedincision shallow in d.epth, vaniable in widthvery broad and shallow ineisionthin ineision -dgupg" at base than lipincision vaniable- in width anri. depth-
Design Elements0u plain'l . single horizontal line2. double horizontal line3. multiple horizontal lines4. lnte:rmittent vertica] or oblique lines5, vertical lines6" oblique lines sloping left
25,lAt27.28.29.
1?.4
7. oblique ]inee sloping nightB. shor.t vertj-cal lines (1ess than 1 cm.9. short lines sloping left
'l 0. short lines sloping right
12,11.
rmTrnlIlil ' I
19. horizontal20. horizontal21. horizontal22. horizontai
13.
W1[.
and verticaland obliqueand obliqueand oblique
1i-neslines slopinglines slopinglines sloping
Ieftnightleft and night
38.(open )
23. 2U,, c2.
28.
32. 33. 34"
36.J5"
tffi
121
and hor"izontal and ventiealoblique lines left and rightlinesmultipie obllque . ltneccne/ron operr ofl Uop Vehevron open on bottsm ,/A
chevron open to the leftchevron open to the right (herringbone 7>
i)>)
39.
40.h1 .
42,l{4).l+l1.
h5.
57.M
(n
t\\\\rNN
(open )r"ow of circula"F punetatesnow of elliptieal punctatesnow of cnescentie punctatesrow of square on rhomboid" punctatesreed punctatesbos singvertical now of punctatesdouble vertical" now of punetates
ol .63.6Ur.05.66"olr.68.69,78.
53.52.
50.(o(A
122
72"KlKl
ffi
90.ruttl
73,M77.I H H
t_ H_H_laddenplait
#Erl\\llf-Jf-1;1-,f*.-Jll-N!:-#k-__l
..,_0-5. ,
NI
7l+.l--llooolfingen
punetates
I .= -1lalI al
thethe
ColumnsTr0.4lo2,3.l+.5.6.
9\-97 (open )9U . indeter"minate ( unpattenned )99. efftgy figunes
53-5t+eatment of the bottom edgeplainvertiea] gashesoblique gasLres slotrling tooblique gashes sloping tovertieal notchesnotehes pointing leftnotches pointing rigLrt
sf the eollar
leftright
86.
7,R
10,11,12.
1e3
round. punctatesoval punctatessquane or rhomboid punctatescnescentie punetatesdesign from collan continuesinci-sions
Columns 55-56Fonm of the bottom edge ofo, not an appS-iqud coilan
appliqud collars
and the teehnique ofcolumns 37-52).
(unless the whole nim was reeor"ded.the possibility of a castellation)
1. ventical triangulan barbs2. tniangular barbs pointing right). tniangular barbs pointing teft4. fr.illed or cronelated barbs5. removed ovals6. gouges sloping night7. gouges sloping left
Columns fi -A4Design elements below the collanexecution of these elements (see
Colurnn 65Castellations0. no castellation
there ls always1. flat
/--\_bifuncated
,l1-\-pointed
/\rounded
___J
multiple
gently nounded
---l.--\*--_cunvatune changes &s if there were a castellation
2.
).
l+.
6.
7.
2t
Column 56Castellation informationO. no castellation'l . design is the same2. design is different3" design is tf
and fnom the design
as design on the nest of the collanffOm tl tt Ir tr fr tr fr
tfilfttftttttttron the shoulder of the vessel
12/,+
design is different fnom design on rest of tho collanbut similar to design on shoulden of vesseldesign is sinilan both to collar design and desi-gn onthe shouldendesign is simllan to collar design but dlfferent fnomdesign on the shoulderonly castellation represents vesselcastellation ls infenr.ed through curvature
Columns 67 -7LLoesie! elements unden castellation (see columns 3T^52).Techniques of execution are not necor"d.ed.
Columns 75-76Cerainic type0. indetermi.nate1. Bainbnidge Linear2, Blaek-Pound Necked
l+.
l"2o
6.
3,Bnistol Linear. (see BainbnidgeCastle Creek Incised NeckCayadutta Incised (see Garog'aGayuga HorizontalChance IncisedCord Mar"ked RimCornearCromr.re]l IneisedDansvill"e Conded (see Kelso Conded)Deowongo IncisedDepressed Lip GroupDurfee UndenlinedDutch HoLlour NotehedFonda rncised (see Garoga rneised on Martin Horizonta]Garoga Tncised.Genoa FrilledGood"year Corded (also Goodyean tipped)9oogs agd_ Compound Decor"ated Intenior GroupHorizontal and Vertical Lad"den plait GrounHunon IncisedIthaca Linear"Kelso Cor"dedLanorie CordedLanonie CnossedLanonie CrossedLanorie MixedLawson fneisedLawson OpposedLong Point HonizontalLong Point-Seneca Notehed"Low Collared Horizontal GroupMantin HorizontalMiddleport Crisscnoss
Linean )
Incised )
9.10.11.12.
13.1l+.15.16.17.18.'19
"20.
21 .22,23,2l+"25"26"27.28.29,30.
(see Kelso Conded)
Lip
125
Mlddleport ObliqueMyerrs Barbed CollarNiagara CollaredOak Hill Cor"dedOnondaga Tniangular"0ntanio HorizsntalOntanio ObliqueOtstungo IncisedOtstungo NotehedPseudo-Huron IncisedPound Blank (see Ripley-Pound Tr:iangular:)Pound Necked (see Black-Pound Necked)Rice DiagonalRichmond IncisedRlpley CollaredRipley CordedRipley PlainRipley-Pound friangularRoebuck Low CollarSackett CordedSa1em HorizontalSalem LipSalem Mixed CollanSoalloped Lip GroupSeed CordedSeed IncisedSeneca Banbed CollanSeneca Notehed (see Long Point-Seneca Notched)Sidey 0rossedSidey NotchedSparta DentateStamped Low Collar GroupSwanthout Dentate
_ Syracuse lneised (see Wagoner - Synacuse Incised)60. Thurston Horizontail61. Uren Corded62, Uren Dentato63. Uren Noded6h, Wagonen-Syr.acuse Ineised65. Warninster Cnossod66. Wanminsten Horizontal
Columns 77^78Thickness of the lip in millimeter"s
Columns 79-BOThickness at the base sf the co]lar in millimeters. Ifthe sherd does not havo a collanu thiekness is necor"ded2 centimeters below the Iip.
31 .32.33.34.35.36.37.
38.39.
40,41 .42.43.[4.+r"l+6 "l+7.hB.49.50.51 .52.53.5l+.
55',56"57.58,59.
r1..,
',.J'
Appendix IV
REGROUPED ATTRIBIIfE LIST
In the folj-owing list, numbens appearing to the night
of tkre equal sign refer to attributes in the originalattribute list for thre pertinent attr"ibute class"
Rim Shape
'l . straight
2. coneave
3. convex
4. straight
5. concave
6. convex
7. stnaight
B. eoncave
interioroll
tt
il
n
ll
n
eonvexlt
s traightn
ff
concave
ft
il
exteriorll
lt
tt
ll
tl
tf
It
Collar Design
1 = plain
2 = 01 o02r03n or 87
3 = 0llra5106107r0Br09r10r11, or 12
l+ = 15 or 16
5 = 19 oZA,21 ,22037 r39r8L, or B$
6=237 = 1311bF117 11Br2)+n25126r27 r2gr3Qr36 or l.r0
B = 31 r32r33r or 35
9 = l+6,52r5Br5g160161 , or 6? -!1'
1 o = l+T,l+B n [9 ,50 ,51 ,53 ,5]+,55 ,56 ,97, or B0
11 = first (01r02, or 03) and second (05r05r07r08r09, or 1C)
126
Collar
12 =.
qy't2
16 =
12tl
4QILJ
19 =
20=
21 =
22=
23=
24=
tJ
th
127
Design ( Cont. )
first (01 ,02, or 03) and second (13r1\rlT 11B rZ3rZ4,25,26 r27 ,29 r3Q r36, on [o )
finst (01rOe, or 03) and second (15 or 16)
finst (01 ,02, o:: 02) and seeond (1greO,21 ,22r37 r39,84, on 85) :P
,.first (08r09, or 1C) and second (1grZOr?1o.r31r33r35,
Bll, or 85 )
fir:st (OBr09, or 10) and second (01 ,0A, on 03) and
thir.d ( 05, 06 r op 07 )
finst (08109, or 10) and second (01r02, on 03) and
thind (1 3r15,16,18 r23r2\r25 ri.6r29 r36, o13 39)
first (08r09r otr 10) and second (01r0A, or 03) and
thind {19 r20r21 ,22r32r33r or' 35)
first (05 106107,08109, on 10) and second. rc1 ,AZr or" 03)
and thind (05r0610TrOB,0g, or 10)
63r6h,.r65, or 66 on top and bottom
63161+,65, or 66 on top
f ins t ( 63, 6l+,65 r or" 66) and second (05 ,06 ,e7 ,ZO ,21 ,23,2\, or 2$) and thind (63,6h,r65, on 55)
fir"st ( 05 ,Q6 rQ7 ,15 116 rZZ rZ3 r}l-, o* ZS) and seeond. !-.'r
(63 164165 , or 66 ) +='FFti"-
first (01 ,02, or 03) and seeond (0gr06 rOT r1\r1S116rZ3,2htr25r26, or 33) and third (63164165, or 66)
first (08109, or 10) and eecond (01r02r oF 03)
regrouped attnibute categories 11-18 plus originalattribute 77
2q=
26=
Col1ar
27=
28=
Collar4*t-
2=)*lr=
Design
firs ttlU AEv / | vJ
twi,s.e
first25)
128
(Cont. )
(05r06r07r08r09, or1 O) and second (05,06r07r08,
10) exe ept that the sang..number is not repeated
f i' , ,",' '"ul * ti ' -+ ' '"''.- 6 r
(63,64,65 , or 65 ) and second ( 05,06 oQT n23,25 ,d.rta[ ,a>,09
Lip Shape
1=22 = 31617, on B
Lip Surface
1=002 = O1r02r03r1B
3 = ohro$
l+ = O6108109110
5 = 11 ,12r14,1[,1 5,16r23
Lip Exterion and Lip Interior1=02 = 1r2r3r9
3 = 4,5,6
Base
00
01 ,02, 03 112
04, 05, 06
07,08 oQg ,1c ,1 3
4
129
Co]Iar Applique
1=02 = 1,519, or ll3=2or3l+ = 617 or B
Castellation Information
1=02 = 1rb
3 = 2r3r4
Appendix V
ATTRIBUTE ASSOCIATlON
0n the forlowing foun pages are measunes of attributeassociation for eaeh of tkre thinteen sites used in the
analysis of association. Only sites with a sample of over
one hundned and fifty vessels were used" Note that only
foun sites fa}1 into perlods t1 and t, , while nine sitesfaIl into periods t3 and t[.
13o
tt
RlchmondMills1 .lf
13t
UNIT NORMAL DEVIATES FOR MULTIPLE SIZE CHI SQUARE
TABLES
tI
t^5
tl*
Goodyean9.9
Gr"een Lake14.9
.Simmons\.7
Dutch Hollow17 .1
Factory Hollow12 "B
Connish6.7
zP.pa
FrlF.f
r-.(
H.ou
Smith55.1+
Wagnens Hollow23.)+
Barker25.1+
a)H
oop
}{
H.p,)u
Eop{
Mantin16.2
132
NUMBSR OF SIG}IIFICANT MIILTIPIE SIZE OHI SQUARS
TABLES
+'I t,+
IGoodyear
F{
Green take7
Simrnons6
zF.
u\l
ld
Richtuondlfi 1-l cl'lI**u
Duteh }iollow11
Faetony Hollcui10
Cor"nishlrT
(.1)
tl\u
P
3uysa19
Srni= thJU
Wayland Srnith
Wagners Holl-own-LU
Ba:'ker1B
Ol*{oH.
lu
E
lu
Mantint!
UNIT NORMAL
133
DEVIATES FON TWO
TABLES
+I
BY TWO CHI SQUARE
t-tJ 'l
|.lJa
!ultl
Goodyear?(
Green Lake,i /14.O
Siinrnons.h
Ixz{e"ltslsrl'IlbIts{lCIt{iYicflP.l6
IFJ
(A
'-{oEJpRichmond
Mills3.2
Duteh Hollow16 "5
Faetory Hollowt h.7
Cornishr1.4
Buyea15.5
Wayland Smith15 .1
xoH'p,p
3p{
Wagners Hol1owv.4
Barker10"0
Mantin15 ,1
13h
OF SIGNIF]CANT TWO BY TWO CHI SQUARE TABLE$NUI\MER
Richmond.Mil1s
3
Buyea15
tz 13 t,+
Ciroodyean7
Smith1ll
Gneen Lake3
Si-mmons2
Dutch HollowY
Factory Hollow10
Cornishl+
Wayland Smith17
Wagners Hollow15
Banken12
4ts.p&a
FltH-od
cfP.oFJ
wo5oop
o5opp,p
B
p{Fi
Mantin12
Appondix VI
HOMOGiINEITY
The formula which was used to compute the coefficientsof homogeneity ls a$ fol]ows:
o=l - Z(np:c)p(N - 1)
eoefficient of homogeneity
the distance from the x axis to the graph
successive point
the total height of the cumulative graph
the numben of obsenved nominal categonies
the cumulative graph
the total number" of nomina] categories inup the soale
o-
p=n=
the sdt making
Follor^ring are eoeffieients of 1 ) avenage attrlbutehomogeneity, 2) collar design homogeneity, and. l) type homo-
geneity for eaeh site.
II
Adans
Atwell
Bach
Ba:rker
Barnes
Fort
Attni"buteAvg.
/1.o)
.61+
/^.oJ/ra.oY
.69
line at each
(here = 100,00)
raepresented in
Type
.90
Ro
Rzav I
ol'. tLl
" 9lr
CollarDe sign
"Bl
al-)
.72
.69
"86
135
Belchen
Buffum
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Ornamental hefu. oonbs of the Scncee lroquoLa.Fonnoylvanla Arehreolo8lat 33(1 -2l .
lfbc Ceaeron altc. ldorgan Chaptor Feualcttcr6 z3-5.
Llthlo naterlals. Appendfur to a naaus€rlptby Cbanlo! Eayes on tbe Cernlgb site.the Adamg clte. Ihpubllabcd Eenuserlpt.
WRAY, CHAntEg and EARRY t. $OEOFF1953 A prellnlnary ncport on the Ssneea soqueaoo
in restcrn Sew Tork. PcnnrylvanLa Arehaool-eglst 23|.€) 25343.
1963
K.,|Blrc Iong Polnt at te . Peaneyl.vanla ArEhaool-oglat 2o(3+).the froutral Iadlens: a rourcc book. Ooeaelon-aL Papers of tbe Sc$ York State SrcbacE1cgl.ealAssoeletlon [.
$ome m.asures cf dlstnlbutloa. Annala ef tbeAgeseLatl.on of Ancrlean O,eograpbcra 27i|ll-211 .
HBI6}88, JA!,IES V.1966 l&o Oatanlo hequolr lfredltlon. Hetloael
lluscum of Oaneda Bqllctin 2lOj Antbropologleal$cnleg 75. gttarra.
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