A Study on the Capacity Utilisation of Indian Industries’

August 2014Volume - II, Issue - 11

ULRICH’s Directory (USA)GLOBAL SERIALS DIRECTORY

ULRICHS WEBTM

Copernicus (Poland)

DOAJ (United Kingdom)

(Germany)The academic network for

publishing in journals

Open J-GateOnline journal Database

Bielefeld Academic Search Engine

BASEBielefeld Academic Search Engine

INDEXED BYOnline Circulation in more than 85 Countries

Impact Factor (Year 2012)

4.472

Impact Factor (Year 2012)

4.472

Dayananda KeppetigodaPsychology, Srilanka

Dr. Renalde HuysamenPsychology & Criminology, University of Orange, South Africa

Dr. Roy van den Brink-BudgenU.K.

Dr. Prakash DeshpandeDirector, International Institute of Management Studies, Pune

Dr. R. Ganapathi Asst. Prof., Directorate of Distance Education, Karaikudi. (TN)

Dr. Padma Shankar, Former Principal at Shri Shasun Jain College, Chennai

Dr. Md. Motiur RahmanQassim University, Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Dr. Veena Tewari NandiMajan College, University College, Muscat, Oman

Prof. B. P. SapkotaSociology, Chairperson, Sundar Nepal Sanstha, Nepal

Dr. Sanjay JainProf. Pol. Science Dept., Govt. Arts & Commerce College, Indore

Dr. Avtaar RahiAssociate Professor, Government College of Education, Bhiwani

Dr. Reshmi Manna, Faculty, IBS, Gurgaon

Prof. Dr. Yashpal SinghDirector, K.L.S.Institute of Engg. & Technology, Chandok, Bijnor, U.P.

Dr. Abha HolkarPhilosophy, D.A.V.V., Indore

Dr. D. P. PandeyTechnical Assistant, Archaeology Department of M. P., Indore

Dr. Varsha SurveyAsst. Prof. History, D.A.V.V., M. S. D. Girls College, Indore

Dr. Arun Kumar BeharaProf. of English, Sri Sathyasai Institute,Banglore

Dr. R. B. SharmaSalman Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al Kharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Dr. N. HariharanProf. & Head Fin & Accounts,Academy for Development of Education and Research, Pune

Dr. Sanjay RaneProf. Govt. Girls P. G. College, Khandwa

Dr. Bhavesh VanpariaProfessor, Tolani Institute of Management Studies, Bhuj

Prof. Lokanath SuarG. M. Law College, Puri, Odisha

Dr. Parmeshwar Gangawat Asst. Prof. English, Jaipur National University, Jaipur

Volume - II, Issue - 11

31 August 2014

Price - INR 60.00

International Journal of Social Science & ManagementCirculation in more than 85 countries

All rights reserved

Contents

S No. Particulars Page No.

English1. A Study on the Effect of Occupational Stress & Work life Balance 1 - 6

Among Women Employees in Mass Media Industry - With Special Reference to Kerala -Archana Aravindan, Mrs. Parimala Kanthi, Coimbatore

2. Evaluation of Financial Health of Sampled Private Sector Banks 7 - 11with Altman Z-Score Model - Parul Chotalia, Rajkot

3. A Study on Creating Awareness About Sustainable Development 12 - 15in the Rural Masses of Kamrup District, AssamAruna Deb Roy, Rajat Bhattacharjee, Guwahati

4. A Study on the Capacity Utilization of Indian Industries 16 - 20Madhavan. M, Kumaravelu. M., Namakkal

5. Examination the Factors of Cultural Diversity and Group Cohesiveness in 21 - 23Organizations with special reference to Moradabad Distt. in U.P.Dr. Nikhil Ranjan Agarwal, Moradabad

6. Cost of Development - Dr. Sanghamitra Adhya, Nadia, W.B. 24 - 26

7. Background Music & E-Retailing 27 -30Rajiv Jain, Biswarup Chatterjee, Delhi

8. Problems of SHGs in Shivamoga District 31- 35Shiva Prasad, Dr. Laxmisha A.S., Shivamogga (Karnataka)

9. Training in Retail Industry - Adveta Gharat, Alpha Lokhande, Mumbai 36 - 38

10. Assets Evaluation Under Securitisation Act 39 - 40Arunima Mishra, Cuttack (Odisha)

11. Effectiveness of Public Distribution System - In terms of 41 - 42Identification of Beneficiaries - Akhilesh Chandra Shukla, Mumbai

12. Industrial Production and Bank Credit Deployment : Indian Context 43 - 46R.Vettriselvan, M.Sathya, Gandhigram

13. Psychological Approach to Define Consumer Behavior for Fitness & 47 - 49Health - Dr. Arshi Naim, Dr. Mohammad Faiz Khan, Saudi Arabia

14. NAAC Quality Indicator for College Libraries 50 - 52Asharam Pal, Pradeep Kumar Gupta, Mandsaur

Contents

S No. Particulars Page No.

15. Poverty and Human Resource Development : A Case Study of the 53 - 55Slums of Malad East - Caroline David, Mumbai

16. Further Amendments required in the Information Technology Act 2000 56 - 58and the Information Technology (Amended) Act 2008 of IndiaDr. Ashish Manohar Urkude, Dehradun, Adv. Satish Ranganathrao Deshpande, Nagpur

17. Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on 59 - 63Organizational Productivity - Dr. Kuldip S. Charak, Pune

fgUnh18. vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa dk vkfFkZd fo’ys"k.k ¼e/;izns’k ds uhep ftys 64 - 66

ds fo’ks"k lUnHkZ esa½ xksjk eqosy] MkW- m"kk dqeB] bUnkSj

19. nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;] bUnkSj ds ch-,l&lh- izFke o"kZ izk.kh'kkL= 67 - 70dh ikB~;p;kZ dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa ,oa lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij ewY;kadu & MkW- galjkt iky] eksfudk /kqy/kks;s] bUnkSj

20. e/;izns'k esa f'k{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr & ,d v/;;u 71 - 73MkW- v:.kk dqlqekdj] dq- iq"ikatyh nos] bUnkSj

21. gfjr xzke izca/ku % gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk & uhjt dqekj lksuh] bUnkSj 74 - 75

22. ^^e/;izns'k esa lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dk Lo:Ik % ,d leh{kkRed 76 - 80v/;;u** & dq+- dYiuk lrukeh] tcyiqj

23. ^^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk fo’ys"k.kkRed v/;;u % 81 - 85tcyiqj ftys ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa** & jktdqekjh lsu] tcyiqj

ejkBh24. vkEgh ekMh;k ,d lektokLRkoos/k & Ikzk- caMw pkS/kjh] HkaMkjk 86 - 88

laLd`r25. mÉëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§ÉxrÉ AÉuÉzrÉMüiÉÉ 89 - 90

QûÉ. qÉWûÉoÉsÉpÉOèûOûÈ, EÎeÉUå, SÍ¤ÉhÉMü³ÉQûÎeÉssÉÉ

Introduction :

Employees’ quality of work-life is becoming a business issue. Leading employers are recognizing that positive work-life outcomes for employees are key ingredients of a successful business strategy. But the workplace has changed dramatically due to globalization of the economy, use of new information and communications technology, growing diversity in the workplace and an increased mental workload (Kompier, (2002); Landsbergis, (2003).

Stress at work is a relatively new phenomenon of modern lifestyles. Job stress is a chronic disease caused by conditions in the workplace that negatively affect an individual’s performance and/or overall well-being of his body and mind that consequently affect the health of the organization. And the increased effect of job stress on the work life balance is for women

Women are multifaceted, dynamic and multi-skilled. Women in dual role negotiate emotion work, child care, home making for a prosperous and growing conjugal relationship that provides a support and acts as a status enhancer for their partners. And in the midst of coping with work and personal life they have to face newer challenges especially when they are occupied in a socially responsible job like the Mass media. And Kerala being a state where quantitative representation of higher human development and gender development index is present but there is still an entrenched patriarchy and reduced space for women’s voice in public and private spaces leading to imbalance in the work life structure that is adversely affecting the social culture.

Studies highlight current concern within society and organizations about the impact of multiple roles on the health and well-being of professional women and its implications regarding work and family performance, and women's role in society. The following variables influencing the experience of work–life balance were identified while reviewing the international literature.

a. The multiple roles performed by womenb. Role strain experienced because of multiple

roles, i.e., role conflict and role overloadc. Organization culture and work dynamics:

Organizational values supporting work–life balance have positive work and personal well-

being consequencesd. Personal resources and social support: Several

studies confirmed positive relationship between personalities, emotional support and well-being

e. Career orientation and career stage in which women careers need to be viewed in the context of their life course and time lines

f. Coping and coping strategies: Women use both emotional and problem-focused coping strategies to deal with role conflict.

The emotional responses are more significantly correlated to psychological stresses (Srivastava, 1999). Hazardous, inflexible and long work hours, lack of positive environment, increased competition , extreme pressure to survive and increased physical constraints in the mass media industry are some of the factors that contribute towards family conflicts. Occupational stress may originate from physical properties of work environment (Holt,1982). Parental demands also create stress, especially in situations where the level of social support is low (Ganster et al,1986). The multiple roles have negative implication for women but not for men (Biernat & Wortman,1991); Greenlars,(1992).

Mass media can be defined as means or instruments serving as carriers of messages from communicator to a mass audience. It refers to all media technologies that include Internet, Television, Printing Press, film and radio. Since the 1950’s in the countries that have reached a high level of industrialization, the mass media of printing press, cinema, radio and Television have a key role in the political power. And Kerala being a state that is having an economy that is always unstable and critical requires the constant attention of the mass media. And the claim of equality among genders, lucrative offers and the charm of the mass media , provoke many women to persuade mass media journalism as their career. But the societal constraints, poor employee-employee relationships, lack of cooperation from the family tends to lay heavy pressure on the women journalists and ends up in messing up both their work and personal life. There is a whole range of issues related to gender, women's political participation, space and voice, women career in Mass Media industry, particularly in Kerala.

Work-Life Balance (WLB) is a term that refers to

A Study on the Effect of Occupational Stress & Work life Balance Among Women Employees in Mass Media Industry - With Special Reference to Kerala

Archana Aravindan, UGC Major Res. Fellow,Sree Narayana Guru College, Coimbatore

Mrs Parimala Kanthi, Asst. Prof., (Comm.)Sree Narayana Guru College, Coimbatore

1

the desire on the part of both employees and employers to achieve a balance between workp lace ob l iga t ions and pe r sona l responsibilities. Work Life Conflict occurs when the cumulative demands of work and non-work roles are incompatible in some respect so that participation in one role is made more difficult by participation in the other.

Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses which occur when the demands of the job do not match the capabilities, resources or needs of the workers (Sauter & Murphy, 1999).

Hans Selye’s (1956)’General Adaptation Syndrome’ has been widely held as a model to explain the stress phenomenon. The three stages included are;

i) Alarm Reactionii) Stage of Resistanceiii) Stage of Exhaustion

Occupational stress is caused by conditions in the workplace that negatively affect an individual’s performance and the overall well being of his body and mind. And for women in mass media it can be caused due to some of the reasons mentioned below:-

i) Job stress may be a result of insecurity at the work place. Reorganizations, takeovers, mergers and acquisition have become a major concern for most of the employees resulting in job security.

ii) Unrealistic expectations and a demand for high performance by the management.

iii) The dominance of the male journalist in terms of tasks that require physical strength

iv) The shortcomings of the female body language, physical constraints and ailments that force them to retard.

v) The continuous advancement of the economy in terms of legal, political, technological etc. environment that increases the competition leading to induce more pressure on the female employees.

vi) Lack of clarity and transparency or not knowing what one is expected to do at the field, has been identified as a prime reason for stress explained among women journalists.

vii) When an employee does not adjust himself to the workplace culture, then it results in stress as he is unable to relate with the co-workers and may enter into conflict situations with them.

viii) The coverage about the social and emotional female issues that a women journalist can sensitively and challengingly cover when she is within the age bar of 25-35 later tends to

deteriorate and creates a vacuum that can seldom be covered by male staffs which puts the management in dilemma and ends up in being reluctant to endorse female journalists.

ix) The job insecurity and the linked up reasons affect the personal life of the women thus forcing many of them to end up their career in the mass media without making a distinct mark of their own in the industry.

x) Many women journalist find it difficult to get a suitable life partner when they are subject to arranged marriages due to the nature of the job they peruse thus creating a negative perception about the mannerism of the job among the social minds.

xi) Inflexible work hours, 24*7 on duty mood, Risk factor associated with the nature of the job, physical potency expected by the job force the women sector from perusing mass media journalism

xii) Personal problems may also add to stress at the workplace.

Literature Review :

The role of stress has been investigated in a number of studies (Jick and Payne, 1980, and Quick and Quick 1984).Jick and Mitz (1985) reviewed 19 different studies related to gender differences in occupational stress and found that women f requen t ly exper i enced h igh psychological distress than males and males on the other hand experienced more physical distress than males. Traditionally women used to be more involved in homemaking and work within the family fabric. However amidst the changing social scenario, many women are joining the workforce and hence are also vulnerable to high stress levels. Different studies have also suggested that women managers often face pressures from their home as well as form job (Frankensteiner, 1991; and Davidson and Cooper1994). Kenneth, R. (1977) reported that role difficulty was negatively associated with job satisfaction, especially among women. Women and men are differed significantly on role ambiguity, role conflict, inter-role distance (Aditya and Sen 1993) (Denzo, Robbins.(1999.) researched on role of social support on social and family role stress on 300 working Indian women and reported that social support acts a s a buffer against stress. Conversely Aziz (2003) studied organizational role stress among Indian IT employees and reported that men were more stressed as compared to women.

K. Sirajunisa, Prof. Dr. N. Panchanatham (2005) The researcher has investigated the occupational stress factors of women affecting the work life

2

balance. Interference of work in personal life and interference of personal life in work have been studied on a sample of 150 professionals in Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. Researcher has concluded that the occupational stressors had a direct impact on the work life dimensions. And the increase in stress led their work interfere in personal life and personal life interferes with work tends to become more dominant.

Talma Kushnir & Samuel Melamed (2006) The researchers have studied the effects of home, demands, personal decision control, and shared decision control at home on burnout and satisfaction with life, used Karasek’s job demands-control model to gauge home stress and its outcomes. Participants were 133 mothers employed in managerial jobs. The researchers hypothesized that shared control would correlate more strongly with burnout and satisfaction with life than would personal control. In multiple regression analysis, demands had independent main effects on both outcomes. Shared control significantly predicted satisfaction with life, but not burnout, and personal control predicted neither. It is suggested that in families (as in teams), shared decision control may be a more potent coping resource than personal control.

Researcher finds ambiguities, inconsistency and lack of factors that are leading towards the situation of distress among women. And the researcher feels it to be relevant to study the factors of organizational stress leading towards imbalance in work life management of women. Researcher needs to explore the apparent dichotomies and tensions of such gender-power biases. There are serious contradictions in Kerala between the perceived ‘empowerment’ of women and real disempowerment in the mass media industry creating occupational strain leading to disturbed private spaces of family. Researcher intends and finds it vital to study the current state and effect of occupational stressors on women employed in the mass media as the women empowerment is increasing in the economy and mass media being an industry that reaches information to the whole world it is important to critically evaluate the problems that are persistently being faced by women. So the researcher intends to conduct an in-depth study on the topic.

Scope of the Study - The study aims to highlight the true picture of the relation of occupational stress and work life balance in women who are employed in mass media in Kerala. Researcher wants to analyze the positives and negatives that

the women face in the industry with special reference to Television, News Paper and Radio and to suggest improvements to bring in better working environment as well as to propose a strong Work- Life-Balance Model for the benefit of Women employed in the Mass Media Industry.

Research Methodology - Introduction: A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. The universe chosen for the research study is the Mass Media in Kerala.

Sampling Unit: State - Kerala, City – Cochin, Thrissur and Trivandrum

Sampling Procedure - The procedure adopted in the present study is the Probability Sampling, which is also known as Random Sampling or Chance Sampling. Under this sampling design, every item of the frame has an equal chance of inclusion in the sample. All the data will help in formulating a comprehensive study.

Data Collection Methods - The data shall be collected in the following two methods (i) Primary Data (ii) Secondary Data

Collection of Primary Data - The primary data shall be collected through a survey conducted using questionnaire and interview methods. Collection of Secondary Data - Document Review – Obtaining actual records and operating documents that are currently being used.

Observation: Analyzing reports and press releases, verifying statements made during interviews.

Web search- Information related to the topic can be collected. Various policies of National organizations will be dealt in detail by referring government publications and reference books, journals and published data from time to time. Research of journals, periodicals, technical materials, , electronics/internet search, professionals meetings, seminars & discussions, site visits etc.

Sampling like records, reports, operational logs, data entry documents, complaints, and various types of forms.

Nature of Research - It is basically a Descriptive form of research. This involves collecting data, for testing hypothesis or answering the questions concerning the current status of the subject of the study. A descriptive study determines and reports the way things are. Among the other things, the present study provides a report of what has happened and what is happening.

Questionnaire :

Researcher shall prepare carefully a detailed and serially numbered questionnaire. The questions

3

shall be arranged in proper order, in accordance with the relevance.

In-Depth Interview - A face to face meeting with the respondents shall be conducted in a predetermined and formal manner

Pilot study and Pre-Testing - Initially a pilot study shall be conducted and on the basis of doubts raised by the respondents the required changes shall be made and will be redrafted.

Sample :

Researcher intends to contact 300 samples. 100 each from Television, News Paper and Radio shall compose the sample that shall be selected based on the convenience sampling technique. Questions shall be designed based on Four personal variables, viz., age, grade (hierarchical or management level), educational qualification, and functional affiliation (organizational function performed), will be recorded for each respondent. The ORS scale (Pareek 1983), will be used for measuring the following ten role stress ors by observing the frequency of behaviors associated with each role stressor.

1. Inter role distance (IRD) arises when the role occupant finds it difficult to balance between the organizational and non organizational roles.

2. Role stagnation (RS) results from inability to take over a new role; the role occupant keeps on stagnating in the old role due to lack of competence for the new role.

3. Role expectation conflict (REC) arises when the role occupant encounters conflict ing expectations from his/her role.

4. Role erosion (RE) results when some of the important functions belonging to one's role are performed by other roles.

5. Role overload (RO) arises when there are too many or too high expectations from one's role.

6. Role isolation (RI) results when the role occupant experiences lack of interaction /communication with the connected roles.

7. Personal inadequacy (PI) arises when the role occupant does not have the competence for performing in his/her role.

8. Self role distance (SRD) results when the role occupant experiences a conflict between the self and his/her role; the role demands what the role occupant does not like to do.

9. Role ambiguity (RA) arises when the role occupant is not clear about expectations from his/her role.

10. Resource inadequacy (RIN) results when the role occupant encounters inadequacy of resources for performing in his/her role.

The ORS scale comprises 50 items/statements. For each role stressor, there are five items/statements. Respondents are required to rate each item/statement from zero to four (zero denotes the least likely situation and four signifies the most likely situation). Respondent's score for each role stressor (in the range: 0-20) is obtained by adding the scores for the given five items/statements (e.g., items 1, 11, 21, 31, 41 for inter role distance). The score for total role stress (in the range: - 200) for a respondent is obtained by adding his/her scores for the ten role stressors. The response to various elements shall be totalled for the purpose of various statistical testing.

Measurement of Variables :

The independent variable Organizational stress shall be measured in terms of the dependent variable Work life balance with respect to the following factors, that are to be measured. They are Role ambiguity, Unreasonable group, Political pressure, Under participation, Poor peer relations, Strenuous working condition, Powerlessness, Physical constraints, Family pressure are the factors that have to be measured, Inter role distance, Role stagnation, Role expectation conflict, Role erosion, Role overload, Role isolation, Personal inadequacy, Self role distance, Resource inadequacy, Self Diminution, Group Pressure, Intrinsic Impoverishment, Strenuous working Condition and Unprofitability

Application of Statistical Tools - SPSS has been used and the following statistical tests has been conducted for data analysis : Chi-Square test , T-test, ANOVA, Correlation, Multiple Regression

Research Problem - The mass media is an industry that is growing rapidly. And is proving to be an eye opener in terms of empowerment of women in every aspect of growth in a society. But the true scenario within the mass media depicts another face of struggle, distress, frustration and lack of safety for women engaged in it leading to a broken domestic life.

The paid work that women perform in the complicated and challenging mass media industry especially in a rigid and conservative society like Kerala leads to imbalance in the off job lives due to occupational stress, which requires a close analysis. Kerala has a high percentage of highly qualified women willing to prove themselves and to raise their voice for the revitalization of the society in the mass media but there is comparatively little space for women in leadership and empowered roles, and fewer articulate voices in public and private life. Even

4

though urbanization, globalization, freedom of thought and expression are considered to be key factors of growth in Kerala but the Researcher feels that there are societal as well as occupational barriers and constraints for women to grow in their careers and personal life mainly in the mass media industry.

Researcher finds it important to analyze the factors that are contributing towards the paradox situation of women in Kerala especially in an important, commitment oriented and challenging profession of mass media. The occupational pressure and stress leaves a deep impact psychologically that effect the work life balance. And despite being a 100% literate state, there has been a 350% increase in divorce rate and a majority of them initiated by women. So the Researcher wants to conduct an in-depth study concentrating on the mass media industry to revel the role, contribution and problem of women journalists.

Research Objectives :

1. To discuss the nature of work and career opportunities of Women Journalists employed in the Mass Media Industry.

2. To identify the factors responsible for the occupational stress among women employees in the Mass Media Industry.

3. To analyze the effect of occupational stressors on the personal life of women employees in the Mass Media industry.

4. To evaluate the effect of occupational stressors with special reference to organizat ional role s t ress in the performance and efficiency of women in their professional roles.

5. To identify the effect of the societal constraints and attitudinal barrier with special reference to gender bias towards the women employees in the mass media.

6. To study relationship of employee age with organizational climate, role stressors, and coping strategy variable, across various functions.

7. To study the Coping strategies adopted by the women in Mass media.

8. To suggest improvement measures that would reduce occupational stress and bring out a practical work life balance model.

Importance and Need of the Study :

The Researcher finds the study to be very necessary in order to analyze the drawbacks that exist in the society and in the organizations that

tend to generate occupational stress mainly in women leading to fragile conjugal relationships thereby creating a weak and anarchic future generation especially in mass media, an industry that is claimed to be highly sophisticated and broad in their vision. But the fact that these issues are being discussed suggests the beginning of a process of change.

Hypothesis :

The primary hypothesis for particular study is;

There is significant relationship between occupational stresses on the work life balance dimensions of women journalist in mass media.

Findings & Inferences :

The mean age of the respondent was 38.70 (SD 8.66) years. Nearly half (44.4%) of the women employees were aged between 41 and 50 years; majority (83.3%) were Hindus from urban background (72%). With regard to number of children, 41.1% of the women had one child showing trend in small family system and 26.7% had two children. Nearly 70% of the women were working to support their families, 20% of the respondents were working because they were career oriented, and 10% were working to fulfill their personal financial needs. The mean scores of Work life balance and Occupational Stress among the women showed that the women scored highest in Work Life Balance (Mean 22.73; SD=6.55) and lowest in Occupational Stress (Mean 17.01; SD=7.14).

Inferences :

The present study was aimed at exploring the factors which lead to Work Life Balance and Occupational Stress among married women employees working in different settings. Work Life Balance and Occupational Stress were found to be more among the women having the eldest child between 6 and 10 years. Moreover, the age of the children was significantly positively correlated with Work Life Balance among the working women. The findings of the study support the earlier studies that age of the children is related to more Work Life Balance and Occupational Stress among married women employees. Chassin et al found that women with pre-school children experience different types of conflicts and concluded that self-role congruence in women leads to better mental health. Some researchers used parental overload which included number of children; others used variables such as family demand in predicting Work Life Balance. Higgins et al. found that family involvement and family expectations

5

were related to conflict in the family, but not related to Occupational Stress. High levels of family responsibility cause increased time requirements and strain on the family, thereby interfering with the employee's work roles. As children and elderly family members require additional care, the obligation to meet their needs can influence family roles, which can create inter-role conflict and impact family roles, producing stress in Work Life Balance. Studies also reported that women having younger children experience more role conflicts.

Workplace characteristics also contribute to higher levels of Occupational Stress. Researchers have found that number of hours worked/week, amount and frequency of overtime, an inflexible work schedule, unsupportive supervisor, and an inhospitable organizational culture for balancing work and family increase the likelihood of women employees to experience conflict between their work and family roles

Dual role demands and expectation from working women by husbands was significantly related to high Work Life Balance and Occupational Stress among the working women in the present study. According to Sharma, the support & involvement of husband positively relates to lower levels of role conflict experienced by the married working women. Carlson et al. found that experience of work demands negatively influenced family responsibilities in more instances than family demands that influenced work responsibilities. Job-parent conflict was reported to be most often experienced conflict among the women.

Conclusion :

It is critical for work and family research to fully understand the conditions under which the married women employees experience conflict between their roles. There is a need to consider working environment, job satisfaction, family support and number of working hours in the future research. Future studies should also continue to refine the methodology used in the area of work–family research. In order to attain in-depth understanding of one's work and family life, researchers who study work–family roles should include multiple perspectives such as job stress, quality of life, mental health, and work demands. In addition, it is necessary to explore multiple waves of data collection over a longer period of time to better understand the changing nature of work family roles over time. Longitudinal studies need to be conducted to examine how the stages of life (e.g., marriage, child birth, and child rearing) affect work and

family concerns. It is clear from the current study that married women employees indeed experience Work Life Conflict while attempting to balance their work and family lives.

Like all studies, current research has limitations. The sample in the present study is quite small; hence, the generalization of the findings is limited. Additional research is needed in other employment settings to explore the relationship between occupational stress and work life balance among married women employees.

Bibliography :1. Chand, P. Sethi, A.S. Organizatonal factors in

the development of work stress, Indian Journal of Industrial Relation, Vol. 32,No. 4, April, pp. 457-460. (1997)

2. Kompier, M. , Job Design and Well-Being, Handbook of Work and Health Psychology, Ed. Schabracq, M., Winnubst,J., and Cooper, C., pp.429-454, Chichester (2002)

3. Murphy, L.R. Workplace interventions for stress reduction and consequences of stress at work, New York: John Wiley (1989)

4. Pareek, U.: Role Stress scales ORS scales Booklet, Answer sheet and Manual, Naveen Publications, Ahmedabad (1983)

5. Sehgal, P.: Role Stress. Coping and job involvement. In D.M. Pestonjee and U.Pareek (eds.), Studies in Organizational Role Stress and C o p i n g , J a i p u r / N e w D e l h i : R a w a t Publication(1997)

6. Srivastava V. New Delhi: National Publishing House. Employment of educated women in India; its causes and consequences (1978)

7. Talma Kushnir & Samuel Melamed, Domestic Stress and Well-Being of Employed Women:Interplay Between Demands and Decision Control at Home Sex Roles (2006). 54.pp. 687–694.

Journal :8. Chusmir, L. H., Franks, V. Stress and the Woman

Manager, Training & Development Journal, 42(10): 66-70 (1988)

9. Srivastava A.K and Singh A.P. Construction and Standardization of Occupational Stress Index; A Pilot Study, Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology. 8.2; 133-136. (1981)

10. Williams and Allieger, Role Stressors, Moods Spill over, and Perception of Work Family Conflict in Employed Patients. Academy of Management journal, Vol.37 (4), pp.837-868 (1994).

Website :11. http://jhm.sagepub.com/content/1/1/117. abstract

12. http://aueb.academia.edu/MariaVakola/Papers/ 298704/Attitudes_Towards_Organizational_Change

13. http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_01991475 1220/Heterogeneityofrolestress.html

6

Abstract :

Financial Solvency and Stability are paramount substance for profit motive manufacturing and service sector organisations. The banking sector as a service sector organisation plays a crucial role in development of the economy. The financial soundness is of prime importance in the current financial crisis and financial scams scenario in the banking sector. In this context, it is quite contemporary to study solvency of private sector banks. The current research paper deal in measuring financial health of private sector bank with the help of Altman Z-Score model and concluded that the private sector banks which are under study falls in 'Grey Zone' as per Z-Score criteria and there is possibility of financial distress in some private sector banks.

Keywords - Financial health, bankruptcy, Z-score, working capital, EBIT, Z-score,

I. Introduction :

The financial crisis of 2007-08 has refocused the attention on measurement of financial health, bankruptcy and liquidity risk of the banks. Z-score is a popular measure for predicting probability of bank’s bankruptcy. The Z-score can be calculated using only accounting information in contrast to market-based risk measures. The simplicity of the model has made it widely use in the manufacturing and non-manufacturing, service industry and in the non listed financial and non-financial institutions even. In its general form, allowing for non-normal return distributions, Boyd et al. (1993); Hannan and Hanweck (1988); and Boyd and Graham (1986) had previously introduced Z-scores in the special context of normal return distributions.

II. Concept 'Altman Z-Score Model' :

The Altman Z-score is a measure of a company’s health and probability of bankruptcy. Several key ratios are used in the formulation of an Altman Z-score value. The Z Score was first developed by New York University Professor Edward Altman in 1960.

The Z-score methodology was developed to provide a more effective financial assessment tool for credit risk analysts and lenders. It is

employed by credit professionals to mitigate risk in debt portfolios and by lenders to extend loans. It is widely utilized because it uses multiple variables to measure the financial health and credit worthiness of a borrower. The Z-score is an open system. This allows users of the Z-score to understand the variables employed in the algorithm. All the mysteries and added cost of “proprietary black box” systems are avoided empowering users to enjoy the benefits of a proven credit decision tool based solely on solid financial analysis.

The Z-score is also an effective tool to analyse the financial health and credit worthiness of private companies. It has gained wide acceptance from auditors, management accountants, courts, and database systems used for loan evaluation. The formula’s approach has been used in a variety of contexts and countries. Forty years of public scrutiny speaks highly of its validity.

Z-score value for Public Companies or Manufacturing Industries is calculated as follows:

Z = 1.2*X1 + 1.4*X2 + 3.3*X3 + 0.6*X4 + 1.0*X5

Where:

• X1 = Working Capital/Total Assets• X2 = Retained Earnings/Total Assets• X3 = EBIT/Total Assets• X4 = Market Value of Equity/Total Liabilities• X5 = Net Sales/Total Assets

The result of Altman Z-score Model for public and manufacturing companies is interpreted as follows :

• Z-score above 3.0 – The company is considered ‘Safe’ based on the financial figures only.

• Z-score between 2.7 and 2.99 – ‘On Alert’. This zone is an area where one should ‘Exercise Caution’.

• Z-score between 1.8 and 2.7 – Good chance of the company going bankrupt within 2 years of operations from the date of financial figures given.

• Z-score below 1.80 – Probability of Financial Catastrophe is Very High.

The above criteria indicates if Altman Z-score value is close or below 3, it would be advisable to

Evaluation of Financial Health of Sampled Private Sector Banks with Altman Z-Score Model

Parul Chotalia,T. N. Rao College of Management Studies, Rajkot

7

undertake some serious due diligence on the company before investing in it.

Z-score for Private Companies or Non-Manufacturing Industries:Z = 6.56T1 + 3.26T2 + 6.72T3 + 1.05T4, Where :

• T1 = Working Capital/Total Assets• T2 = Retained Earnings/Total Assets• T3 = EBIT/Total Assets• T4 = Market Value of Equity/Total Liabilities

The result of Altman Z-score Model for private and non-manufacturing companies is interpreted as follows:

• Z-score above 2.6 – The company is considered in ‘Safe’ Zone based on the financial figures only.

• Z-score less than 2.6 but above 1.1 – The company is considered in ‘Grey’ Zone based on the financial figures.

• Z-score less than 1.1 – The company is considered in ‘Distress’ Zone.

III. Statement of Research Problem :

After financial crisis of 2007-08, financial solvency and stability have become top most priority for the banking sector. In this context, it is quite contemporary to study financial soundness of private sector banks. Therefore the research has been undertaken under the title “Evaluation of Financial Health of Sampled Private Sector Banks with Altman Z-score Model”.

IV. Research Objectives :

The objectives of the research are as follows:

• To appraise the financial performance of sampled private sector banks.

• To know the stability and profitability of the selected banks.

• To predict the financial health and soundness of selected private sector banks

• To carry out comparative analysis of the financial performance of the sampled banks.

V. Review of Literature :

Majumder and Rahman (2011) used financial ratios and Prof. Altman’s MDA Model, the Z-score Model for financial analysis of selected pharmaceutical companies in Bangladesh. They observed from the study that the profitability, liquidity and solvency position of the selected pharmaceuticals are not in sound position and it was also observed that most of the selected pharmaceuticals companies have a lower level position of bankruptcy. Dr. D. Maheswara Reddy, Asst. Professor of Finance, I. T. M. Business

School, Warangal has undertaken a research under the title “the Application of Z-score Analysis in Evaluating the Financial Health of Pharmaceutical Companies- a case study”, published in "International Journal of Research in Commerce & Management" Volume No: 2 (2011), Issue No. 5 (May). In this research paper an attempt is made to predict the financial health of two selected sample pharmacy companies, Aurobindo Datong Bio-Pharmacy Ltd and Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd for five years 2005-06 to 2009-10 using modified Altman’s model. The research concluded that the overall financial health of both companies was good. V. Dheenadhyalan (2008) adopted Z-score to predict the corporate failure of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL). The Z-score of the SAIL showed a rising trend throughout the study period and it was concluded that the financial health of the SAIL was good. M. Khannadhasan (2007) ascertained the financial health of Wendt India Co. Ltd. by using Z? score model. He concluded that company’s overall financial health was good.

VI. Research Plan :

Universe - The Indian banking industry as a whole irrespective of its ownership viz. public, private, foreign or cooperative, is the universe of the study.

Sample - The researcher has drawn the following six leading private sector banks as the sample of the research study from the above universe:

1. Axis Bank, 2. HDFC Bank, 3. ICICI Bank, 4.DCB, 5. Kotak Mahindra Bank, 6. YES Bank

Research Period :

The research has been carried out for the period of five consecutive years starting from 1st April 2007 to 31st March 2012.

Methods of Data Collection - The study is an analytical research based on accounting phenomenon secondary data, which have been sourced from the annual reports, financial journals, bulletins and websites of the banks.

Tools & Techniques - The researcher has applied Z-score Model and Average as tool for drawing the conclusion of the research.

Limitations of the Research Study :

1. The study is limited to six banks only so, it may not represent whole of the universe.

2. The secondary data has been sourced for the research study so; the limitations of the secondary data, limit the accuracy and authenticity of the conclusion.

8

3. The study is based on only Altman Z-score Model which may not draw the true conclusion.

VII. Analysis & Interpretation :

For the purpose of undertaking research study for the above mentioned problem statement, the Z-score Model for the private companies and Non-Manufacturing Industries has been applied and the various ratios like: Working Capital to Total Assets, Retained earnings to Total Assets, EBIT to Total Assets, and Market Value (M.V.) of Equity to Book Value (B.V.) of Debt Ratios have been calculated of T1, T2, T3 and T4 respectively. For the calculation of the ratios, the data have been sourced from the annual reports of the banks and then re-tabulated.

1. T1 = Working Capital / Total Assets, Where:

Working Capital = Current Assets–Current Liab.

Table 1 : T1 Working Capital / Total Assets (Rs. in Crore)

Bank\ Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Avg.Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Axis 0.071 0.060 0.072 0.074 0.041 0.063HDFC 0.021 0.006 0.069 0.055 0.016 0.033ICICI 0.039 0.027 0.117 0.085 0.081 0.070DCB 0.111 0.092 0.045 0.054 0.038 0.068Kotak 0.008 0.000 0.023 0.019 0.031 0.016MahindraYES 0.056 0.015 0.058 0.053 0.028 0.042

(Source: Annual Reports of Banks)

Table – 1 ratio of working capital to total assets shows liquidity position relative to total capitalization. It is observed from Table-1 that the average of the ratio of working capital to total assets of ICICI Bank is 0.070 which is the highest among all the sampled banks, and the ratio of SBI had been 0.016 which is the lowest among all the sampled banks.

The above results indicate that all six banks have very high level of investment (aggressive) in current assets and which shows that too much of its current funds are blocked in the form of current assets instead of investing them in the profitable investments.

2. T2 = Retained Earning / Total Assets

Table 2 : T2 = Retained Earning / Total Assets (Rs. in Crore)

Bank\ Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Axis 0.0768 0.0667 0.0866 0.0766 0.0784HDFC 0.0837 0.0776 0.0947 0.0898 0.0872ICICI 0.1134 0.1276 0.1390 0.1328 0.1251DCB 0.0593 0.0608 0.0555 0.0491 0.0649Kotak 0.1147 0.124 0.1120 0.1271 0.1159Mahindra YES 0.0602 0.0579 0.0756 0.0584 0.0587


Table – 2 shows the ratio of retained earnings to total assets. It indicates that how much portion of total assets has been financed by retained earnings. The higher the ratio, the greater the financial stability of the banks at times of low profitability period. It also depicts that the banks have been utilising its own earnings as cheaper source of finance rather than debt finance. It is observed that on an average 7 to 8 % of total assets of all these banks were financed by its retained earnings during the study period.

The study shows that the sampled banks have been utilising more debt rather than retained earnings. It is observed that the ratio of HDFC, ICICI, Kotak Mahindra Bank has been reduced while that of Axis, DCB and Yes Bank has been increased at the end of the study period March 2012 compared to previous years which indicates that there is continuously decreasing trend of retained earnings during the study period. It points out the unsustainable growth of the company. This situation may drag the banks in the bankruptcy at low profitable time.

3. T3 = EBIT/ Total Assets

Table 3 : T3 = Debit/Total Assets (Rs. in Crore)

Bank\ Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Avg.Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Axis 0.060 0.067 0.058 0.057 0.071 0.063HDFC 0.054 0.067 0.054 0.055 0.067 0.059ICICI 0.071 0.073 0.063 0.058 0.067 0.067DCB 0.056 0.061 0.040 0.051 0.063 0.054Kotak 0.060 0.069 0.059 0.064 0.080 0.066MahindraYES 0.075 0.086 0.063 0.057 0.083 0.073


The ratio is considered an indicator of how effectively a bank is using its assets to generate earnings before contractual obligations are met. The greater the banks earnings in proportion to its assets, the more effectively the banks is said to be using its assets.

From the Table – 3, it is observed that the average of EBIT to Total Assets ratio of Yes Bank, ICICI and Kotak Mahindra Bank are 0.073, 0.067, and 0.066 respectively. This indicates that these three banks have generated high earnings in proportion to its assets. DCB and HDFC’s ratios are only 0.054 and 0.060 respectively which indicates that these banks have low earnings in proportion to its assets. Of course, the average ratio of all the banks is quite nearer from one another.

4. T4 = Market Value of Equity/ Book Value of Debt, Where:

Market Value of Equity = No. of Market Shares *

9

Market Price of shareTable 4 - T4 = M.V. Of Equity/ B. V. of Debt. (Rs. in Crore)

Bank\ Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar. Mar.Year 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Axis 0.1438 0.1782 0.1987 0.1969 0.2090HDFC 0.3466 0.3539 0.3751 0.4040 0.0876ICICI 0.2021 0.1983 0.2047 0.2316 0.2463DCB 0.2289 0.0659 0.1217 0.1418 0.1454Kotak 0.5358 0.5032 0.7338 0.7835 0.7727MahindraYES 0.1816 0.2143 0.1960 0.1789 0.1999


This ratio is used to ascertain the long-term financial soundness. The banks having 1:1 equity-debt mix is considered as quite good. Excessive debt tends to cause insolvency. Fixed interest is paid on debt where as variable dividend is paid on equity. If debt is more than the equity it will reduce the profit of the banks, despite increases the profitability of the shareholders. It will be a curse at the time of poor performance.

Table – 4 reveals the fact that the M.V. of Equity to Book Value of Debt ratio is quite lower in case of all the banks compared to standard ratio. It can be conclude that the financial health of all the banks under study is quite poor and probability of bankruptcy is higher. The banks under study are required to improve the ratio either by increasing Market Value of their equity or by decreasing Book Value of Debt fund to achieve benchmark.

Table 5 : Average of the Years (Rs. in Crore)

Bank\Year T1 T2 T3 T4

Axis 0.0634 0.077 0.0626 0.1853HDFC 0.0332 0.0866 0.0600 0.3134ICICI 0.0699 0.1276 0.0666 0.2166DCB 0.0681 0.0579 0.0541 0.1407Kotak 0.0160 0.0119 0.0664 0.6658MahindraYES 0.0419 0.0622 0.0729 0.1941

The Z-score value of all the banks have been calculated applying the following formula:

Z = 6.56T1 + 3.26T2 + 6.72T3 + 1.05T4

Table 6 : Axis Bank : Z-Score

Z-score Z-score Z-scoreComponent Multiple Value

T1 6.56*0.0634 0.4159T2 3.23*0.0770 0.2487T3 6.72*0.0626 0.4208T4 1.05*0.1853 0.1946

Z-Score of Axis Bank 1.2800

Table – 6 shows that the Z-score value of Axis Bank is 1.28. It falls in ‘Grey’ Zone. Therefore the probability of financial catastrophe is average.

The bank must try to improve otherwise the bank may go to the distress zone.Table 7 : HDFC Bank : Z-Score


T1 6.56*0.0332 0.2178T2 3.23*0.0866 0.2797T3 6.72*0.0600 0.4032T4 1.05*0.3134 0.3291

Z-SCORE OF HDFC BANK 1.2298

As per Table – 7 the Z-score value of HDFC Bank is 1.2298 means HDFC Bank is in ‘Grey’ Zone. The bank is required to take improvement steps.Table 8 : ICICI Bank : Z-Score


T1 6.56*0.0699 0.4585T2 3.23*0.1276 0.4121T3 6.72*0.0666 0.4476T4 1.05*0.2166 0.2274

Z-SCORE OF ICICI BANK 1.5456

The Z-score of ICICI is 1.5456 which is better than HDFC & Axis Banks yet it falls in ‘Grey Zone’ Table 9 : DCB : Z-Score


T1 6.56*0.0681 0.4467T2 3.23*0.0579 0.187T3 6.72*0.0541 0.3636T4 1.05*0.1407 0.1477

Z-SCORE OF DCB 1.1450

Table – 9 shows that the Z-score of DCB is 1.1450 means the bank falls in ‘Grey’ Zone. The bank is required to improve its financial performance.Table 10 : Kotak Mahindra Bank : Z-Score

Z-score Z-score Z-score Component Multiple Value

T1 6.56*0.0160 0.1050 T2 3.23*0.0119 0.0384 T3 6.72*0.0664 0.4462 T4 1.05*0.6658 0.6991

Z-Score of Kotak Mahindra Bank 1.2887

The Z-score of Kotak Mahindra Bank is 1.2887 which is higher compared to Axix, HDFC, DCB and YES banks. The bank falls in ‘Grey’ Zone. Table 11 : YES Bank : Z-Score

Z-score Z-score Z-scoreComponent Multiple ValueT1 6.56*0.0419 0.2749T2 3.23*0.0622 0.2009T3 6.72*0.0729 0.4899T4 1.05*0.1941 0.2038

10

Z-SCORE OF YES BANK 1.1695

The Z-score of YES bank is 1.1695 which indicates that the bank is near to the financial distress zone. The bank is required to improve its performance seriously.

TABLE 12 : SAMPLED BANK – Z SCORE & RANKING

S.No. Bank Z Score Rank

1. Axis Bank 1.2800 3rd 2. HDFC Bank 1.2298 4th 3. ICICI Bank 1.5456 1st 4. DCB 1.1450 6th 5. Kotak Mahindra Bank 1.2887 2nd 6. YES Bank 1.1695 5th

Table – 12 exposes that the financial health of all the private sector banks, under study falls in ‘Grey’ Zone. ‘Grey’ Zone means not good or bad and not even high Risk. ICICI Bank has the first position in regards with financial soundness followed by Kotak Mahindra Bank, Axis Bank and HDFC Bank. DCB and YES Banks are quite near to ‘Distress’ Zone. The financial health of DCB is the most poor amongst all the sampled private sector banks.

VIII. Conclusion :

A score of Z less than 2.6 indicates that all sampled private sector banks may become bankrupt in future. However, Altman result shows that in practice, score ranging between 1.1 to 2.6 should be considered as a ‘Grey’ area. The firms, with Z score within range of 1.1 to 2.6 are considered uncertain about credit risk and considered marginal cases to be watched with attention. Altman (1968) formerly described the ‘Grey’ area as the “Zone of Ignorance”. This area is where firms share distress and non-distress financial characteristics and should be carefully observed before it is too late for any remedial or recovery action. The firms with Z-score below 1.1 can be indicated as failed firms, Z-score above 2.6 indicates non-bankruptcy. Altman shows that bankrupt firms have very peculiar financial profiles one year before bankruptcy. These different financial profits are the key intuition behind Z-score model.

From the research, it can be concluded that all the sampled banks fall in ‘Grey’ Zone yet out of six selected banks four banks i.e. ICICI, Kotak Mahindra, Axis and HDFC have better financial position compared to DCB and YES Banks. All the sampled banks are required to improve their financial performance to avoid bankruptcy. The banks can improve their financial performance or Z-score by maintaining working capital,

increasing, retained earnings and EBIT and by reducing total debts.

It is suggested that investors and depositors should not only rely on common financial ratios as fundamental analysis and Z-score Model but should also consider the other factors like international affairs, political stability, economical factors etc. while taking investment decision. Although the Z-score can be influenced by external events, it is a useful tool to provide a quick analysis of where a company stands compared to competitors, and for tracking the risk of insolvency over time.

References :

Books & Journals:

1. Agarwal Vineet and Richard J. Taffler (2007), “Twenty-five years of the Taffler Z-Score Model: Does It Really Have Predictive Ability?”, Accounting and Business Research, pg. 285

2. Atlman Edward I. (2000), “Predicting Financial Distress of Companies: Revisiting The ZScore and ZETA® Models”, July, 2000, Working paper available at: http://www.textbiz.org /projects/defaultprediction/zscores.pdf

3. Aziz, M. Adnan and Humayon A. Dar (2006), “Predicting Corporate Bankruptcy: Where We Stand?” Corporate Governance, 2006, pg. 18

4. Cole Rebel A. and Jeffery W. Gunther (1998), “Predicting Bank Failures: A Comparison of On- and Off-Site Monitoring Systems”, Journal of Financial Services Research, pg. 103

5. Platt Harlan D. and Marjorie B. Platt (1991), “A Note on the Use of Industry-Relative Ratios in Bankruptcy Prediction”, Journal of Banking & Finance, Dec. 1991, pg. 1183

Websites :

6. www.rbi.com7. www.icicibank.com8. www.hdfcbank.com9. www.axisbank.com10. www.dcbbank.com11. www.yesbank.com12. www.kotakmahindrabank.com13. www.moneycontrol.com

11

Abstract :

Sustainable development is a new and wide concept, with contributions from theorists and scholar’s all round the globe, which has influenced issues and actions globally. It is usually the juncture between environment, society and economy, which are conceived of as separate although connected entities. Through the present study, the rural population’s level of awareness on sustainable development will be gauged and they will also be made aware on the usefulness of sustainable growth and development. The economy has always been given preference in formulating policies and programmes. While the environment and its related issues are sidelined thinking it as a pure human effort based activity. Though in the recent years this trend has changed but in the aspect of creating awareness nothing much has been. In context to the rural masses of Kamrup district, this situation is nothing different. Throwing light on this issue will surely help in changing the present socio-economic structure and in particular the maintenance of cultural diversity.

Keywords : Awareness, economic, masses, sustainable development

The term sustainable development is often s y n o n y m o u s l y u s e d w i t h t h e w o r d ‘sustainability’. Both terms are derived from the older forestry term "sustained yield", which is a translation of the German term “nachhaltiger Ertrag”. According to different sources, the concept of sustainability is used as a balance between resource consumption and reproduction which was applied to forestry in the12th to 16th century.

Sustainable development (SD) refers to a mode of human development in which resources used aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come. The term 'sustainable development' was used by the Brundtland Commission which said "development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future

generations to meet their own needs.”

The concept of sustainable development has in the past most often been broken out into three constituent parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and sociopolitical sustainability. More recently, it has been suggested that a more consistent analytical breakdown is to distinguish four domains of economic, ecological, political and cultural sustainability.

Fig 1: Traditional idea of Sustainable Development

Fig 2: Modern idea of Sustainable Development

Merits of Sustainable Development :

1. Green Building-Buildings are an important part of our daily lives. Despite their importance, our built environment has negatively impacted the natural environment in many ways. In order to reduce these impacts, a concept known as green building is emerging. Green buildings provide these benefits:

(a) Environmental- Reduce the impacts of our

A Study on Creating Awareness About Sustainable Development in the Rural Masses of Kamrup District, Assam

Aruna Deb Roy, Asst. Prof., Royal Group of Instituitions, Guwahati

Rajat Bhattacharjee, Asst. Prof., Royal Group of Instituitions, Guwahati

12

built environment in areas such as energy efficiency, water conservation, waste reduction, and use of environmentally-friendly materials.

(b) Economic- Studies show that installing green building technologies can be cost-efficient in the long run

(c) Social- Improving indoor environmental quality creates a healthier environment for the occupants of a building, which may help increase their productivity.

2. Ecological Enhancements- Ecological enhancements are strategies designed to improve wildlife habitat for plants and animals. Ecological enhancements restore a site to a more natural, ecologically healthy state, which increases the value of the affected ecosystem as well as the neighboring built environment. The benefits of ecological enhancements are:

(a) Environmental- Ecological controls can benefit the environment in numerous ways, such as serving as a filtration system in stormwater runoff or biodegrading environmental contaminants.

(b) Economic- Remediation projects with ecological enhancements are resulting in significant cost-savings.

(c) Social- Sustainable development using e c o l o g i c a l e n h a n c e m e n t s e r v e s communities by preserving green space and creating opportunities for environmental education.

3. Smart Growth- Smart Growth principles are essential for environmentally responsible growth and development. Smart Growth addresses, on a broad scale, how and where development should occur. Smart Growth helps revitalize older suburbs and existing cities, thus preserving green space and offers these benefits:

(a) Environmental- Smart Growth strategies can improve air and water quality, facilitate redevelopment of contaminated properties, and preserve open space.

(b) Economic- Smart Growth strategies can create jobs and expand the local tax base to c rea te economica l ly compet i t ive communities.

(c) Social- Smart Growth development creates healthy communities by creating a cleaner environment.

Demerits of Sustainable Development :

The concept of "Sustainable Development" raises several critiques at different levels.

1. Long-term waste - No long term solutions are yet available, let alone acceptable to the general public; it is impossible to guarantee safety over the long-term disposal of waste.

2. Cost - The economics of nuclear new-build are highly uncertain. There is little, if any, justification for public subsidy, but if estimated costs escalate, there's a clear risk that the taxpayer will be have to pick up the tab.

3. Undermining energy efficiency - A new nuclear programme would give out the wrong signal to consumers and businesses, implying that a major technological fix is all that's required, weakening the urgent action needed on energy efficiency.

4. Other problems- These include an incomplete perception of the problems of poverty and environmental degradation, and confusion about the role of economic growth and about the concepts of sustainability and participation. How these weaknesses can lead to inadequacies and contradictions in policy making is demonstrated in the context of international trade, agriculture, and forestry. It is suggested that if SD is to have a fundamental impact, politically expedient fuzziness will have to be given up in favor of intellectual clarity and rigor.

Research Methodology :

The present study is descriptive in nature.

Primary data : Questionnaire and interview method was used to collect primary data.

Secondary data : Journals and books are used as secondary data sources.

Sample size : 50 households in each block i.e. 100 households.

Area surveyed : Kamrup district consists of 17 blocks. So 2 blocks has been selected out of 17 which are Hajo and Sualkuchi.

The sampling method is stratified random sampling. The two blocks has been selected on the basis of population. Sualkuchi has the lowest population and Hajo has the highest population amongst the 17 blocks figuring 39,278 in Sualkuchi and 1,63,808 in Hajo. From each of

13

these blocks 50 households have been randomly selected for the purpose of study.

Analysis and findings :

1. Gender - Place Male Female Total

Number % Number %

Sualkuchi 26 52 24 48 50Hajo 30 60 20 40 50Total 56 56 44 44 100

Source: Self field study

Interpretation : The percentage of male is more than female by 16 %. Thus, we can say that the potential for taking up laborious task is more in the population.

2. Type of vehicle possessed Types Sualkuchi Hajo

(Number) (Number)

Bicycle 30 (85.7) 9 (22.5) Motor cycle/Scooter 23 (65.7) 33 (82.5) Auto Rickshaw/Auto Van 5 (14.3) 12 (30) Car 7 (20) 30 (75) Heavy vehicles - 5 (12.5)

Total 35 40


NOTE: The figures in parenthesis indicate percentage

Interpretation : The vehicles which are run without petrol or diesel are just 9 in number which is very less in comparison to the vehicles emitting smoke.

3. Occupation

Awareness Sualkuchi HajoNumber % Number %

Student 15 30 7 14 Housewife 5 10 3 6 Service 10 20 26 52 Business 35 70 42 84 Others 23 46 10 20

Total 50 100 50 100


Interpretation : From the table we find that a large part of the samples is engaged in business.

4. Age group


Less than 15 yrs 7 14 10 20 15-25 yrs 13 26 9 18 25-35 yrs 23 46 17 34 35-45 yrs 5 10 8 16 45yrs & above 2 4 6 12

Total 50 100 50 100


Interpretation : From the table we find that the age

group less than 45 years is more in number so they should be made aware on how to generate sustainable development to protect the planet.

5. Awareness on sustainable development

Awarenes Sualkuchi HajoNumber % Number %

Yes 22 44 27 54No 28 56 23 46

Total 50 100 50 100


Interpretation : From the table we find that just 44% and 54% of the study samples are aware of what sustainable development is.

6. Have you heard about rain water harvesting?


Yes 10 20 7 14 No 40 80 43 86

Total 50 100 50 100


Interpretation : From the table we find that very less people are aware of the term rain water harvesting. There lies huge scope to increase awareness in this sector.

7. Have you heard about using solar energy?


Yes 33 66 24 48 No 17 34 26 52

Total 50 100 50 100


Interpretation : From the table we find that 33 and 24 people have heard about solar energy and they resort it to be a good source but lack awareness on proper usage of it.

8. Have you heard about organic farming?


Yes 29 58 13 26 No 21 42 37 74

Total 50 100 50 100


Interpretation : From the table we find that 42% and 74% of the samples respectively in Sualkuchi and Hajo have not heard about it so there lies a huge scope for creating awareness on this type of farming as the nation is mainly agriculture depended.

9. Have you heard about multiple cropping?

14


Yes 18 36 22 44No 32 64 28 56

Total 50 100 50 100


Interpretation : From the table we find that this type of farming is also not practiced widely whereas it yields so many benefits.

10. Do you practice any form of sustainable activity?


Yes - - - -No 50 100 50 100

Total 50 100 50 100


Interpretation: From the table we find that most of the people do not practice any type of sustainable activity to conserve the resources of the state.

Recommendations :

1. Involving local people in various sustainable projects and providing them with rewards, immediate work, income, and education can initiate the idea of using the concept of sustainable growth and development in their minds.

2. Susta inable development reserves functionality and diversity of system while providing a wide range of economic benefits, so introducing this concept in the grass root level will usher economic benefits to the habitants and the state.

3. Assam is blessed with a wide forest area so promoting the diversification of forest products including non-wood forest products (NWFPs) can be a sustainable idea to apply which will help to preserve the natural services provided by forests.

4. Sustainable growth and development also provides a site for indigenous people in the society, free market society. The long-term waste - no long term solutions are yet available and acceptable to the general public but it is impossible to guarantee safety over the long-term disposal of waste until the society gives effort in it.

5. Sewage treatment plant that uses environmentally friendly solar energy can also be installed.

6. The concepts of multiple cropping, using

solar energy, etc is more on paper than used practically. These should be brought in use through creating awareness amongst the local masses.

7. The use of petrol run vehicle for covering short distances is another common way used by the people to harm the environment. Bicycle should be used instead.

8. Sualkuchi is the silk hub of Assam and every house hold has hand held weaving machine. These machines do not produce much instead solar power can be used to run the machines for better production and growth enhancing sustainable growth.

9. Assam experiences heavy rainfall in monsoon season but yet no proper way of harvesting is experienced.

Conclusion :

The major profession in rural Assam was farming but gradually it is seen to be degrading due to the rural to urban shift. At present the dominant activity in every part of the country is money earning. In the quest of earning money the general masses have forgotten their duty and responsibility towards the Mother Nature. At the end, if there is no clean water, no clean air, etc then the consequence will be an ill, unhealthy being. This condition is not desirable to anyone. The main problem is that the people lack awareness on how to do, what to do; even if somebody wishes to apply some idea of sustainable growth she/ he cannot because the idea lacks technical proficiency leading to untimely death of the idea. Thus to maintain a proper balance between growth and development it is very important to take care and use every little product of nature with utmost care. This will yield us a sustainable earth to live in.

References :

1. Bob Giddings, Bill Hopwood*, Geoff O'Brien, Environment, economy and society: fitting them together into sustainable development, Sustainable Development, Volume 10, Issue 4, pages 187–196, November 2002 Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.

2. World Development, Volume 19, Issue 6, June 1991, Pages 607–621, Sustainable development: A critical review, Sharachchandra M. Lélé*, Energy & Resources Group, University of California, Berkeley, USA.

3. http://www.epa.gov/oecaerth/cleanup/ revita lization/er3/benefits.html.

15

Introductino :

Industrialization in developing economies plays a vital role in promoting aggregate economic growth and development. It involves basic changes in the manufacturing sector usually accompanied by technology modernization, commodity diversification and economies of scale. The expansion of both domestic and export markets acts as a stimuli to accelerate pace of industrialization. The process consequently results in 'widening' & 'deepening' the productive capital and enables the manufacturing sector to operate at higher and efficient production frontiers. Chang, P.K. (1949) has observed that during the period of industrialization, changes of a series of strategic production functions take place which alters the techno-economic relationship between factor inputs, productivity levels and economies in the scale of operation.

Capacity Utilization in Indian Industries :

The dynamic market forces alter the prospects for the industries to secure stable and sustained short-term and long-term profitability and define the basic operational conditions to arrive at decisions relating to the volume of output to be produced under optimal conditions of factor use. These decisions have direct effects on the utilization of available industrial capacities. Though, full-capacity utilization has formed the core element of the theoretical frame work of the welfare economics, under competitive market structure, empirical literature provides only limited knowledge on the actual capacity utilization level of the industries. Consequently, economic issues relating to the factors responsible for the under-utilization or non-utilization of the available capacity received much attention in applied industrial research in the West. In India only limited studies have probed this empirical question. This study aims to partially fill this gap by empirically estimating the trends in capacity growth and utilization.

From the foregoing discussion it is evident that as the process of industrialization reaches higher levels of maturity, it not only contributes for the national economies to experience accelerated pace of economic growth and development, but also it brings forth structural changes within the manufacturing

sector. These changes ultimately define the scope for the growth of capacities and their utilization in the manufacturing industries. In the light of the issues highlighted, the present research work made an attempt to study rate of capacity utilization in India during 1990-91 to 2009-10.

Sources of Data :

The study is primarily based upon the ASI's (Annual Survey of Industries) Factory Sector data for the years 1990-91 to 2009-10. Data on other related information’s and variables like the whole sale price index, consumer price index, national income etc., are collected from secondary data published by collected RBI's (Reserve Bank of India) Monthly Bulletins and Reports on Currency and Finance, National Accounts Statistics and Statistical Abstracts of the C.S.O, Economic Survey of the Government of India.

Capacity Utilisation in India :

India has become one of the fastest growing economics in the world over the last two decades, undoubtedly aided in this performance by economic reforms. The striking aspect of India’s recent growth has been much less contrary to the experience in other emerging market countries.

The Eleventh plan period was marked by unfavourble global economic conditions brought on by the financial sector crisis of 2007-09 followed by the risks of sovereign debts crisis mid -2011 onwards. While this led to slackening demand, exchange–rate volatility and economic uncertainty, domestic difficulties such as poor implementation and delayed reforms also slowed the growth of the Indian manufacturing sector. The year 2009 -10 witnessed a fleeting return of manufacturing buoyancy largely on account of a few sectors such as the automotive sectors along with a revival in cotton textiles, leather and food products. The net result is that the share of the manufacturing sectors in the country’s GDP continued to be stagnant, a trend now observed for nearly three decades and remained relatively lower than other emerging and developed economics.

This shift of manufacturing capacities from developed nations to rapidly developing economics (RDEs) is likely to continue. It is estimated that by 2025 RDE production will

A Study on the Capacity Utilization of Indian Industries

Madhavan. M, (Economics),A.A. Govt. Arts College, Namakkal

Kumaravelu. M.,A.A. Govt. Arts College, Namakkal

16

account for over 55 per cent of global production compared to 36 per cent presently. Hence , India’s ability to capitalize on this by capturing a disproportionate share of such a shift in global economic setting through an accelerated growth rate will be imperative.

Lakadawala, D.T. (1988), observed, that there has been some satisfaction in the economic progress made by India on several fronts, the rate and diversification of economic growth, the increase in savings and investment, almost self-reliance realized in food grains production, the big transformation in the structure of industry, etc.,

A Theoretical View of Capacity Utilization :

Capacity is a prominent variable in several modern business cycle theories, especially those based on the acceleration principle [Eg. Hick’s Theory of Trade Cycle]. Chamberlin (1947), observes that imperfect competition cause inefficiency in economic organization and thus gives rise to excess capacity. Excess capacity may be defined as difference between the outputs that productive agent is capable of producing and the output; it is actually called upon to produce.

For the individual firm, have full equilibrium position equating marginal cost with average cost, average revenue (price) and marginal revenue in its level of operation. It is an optimal rate of output, with normal profits. But, in imperfect competition, the output produced would be less than the above defined output. This would correspond to the loss in competitive market and is viewed as a departure from full capacity. Since the cost curve is given relative factor prices, the imperfection must all be in the product market and not in the factor market. In the literature on Imperfect competition, there is a debate on the precise meaning of excess capacity [see Kaldor, N (1935), Cassels, J.M. (1937)].

The main advantage of chambrelin’s concept is that, it brings in, the element of cost in defining capacity. But, this concept poses the problem of obtaining a sharply defined minimum point for empirical average cost functions. Empirical determination of this version of capacity output is indeed difficult especially in the context of multi-product firms. In empirical estimates cost curves were L-shaped, as Johnston. J. (1960), has found in a number of his own studies and others that he has surveyed. Hence, the concept of capacity may well be approximated by using the engineering approach used by Smithies, A

(1957). In his trend cycle model in which the capacity variable plays a significant role, Smithies observed, “By full capacity output, I mean the output that the existing stock of equipment is intended to produce under normal working conditions with respect to hours of work, number of shifts and so forth”.

Smithies, A (1957) approach comprehends the capacity concept clearly, yet it does not provide us with enough information to go to the field with a measuring rod. One of the major drawbacks of this approach is that it does not take into account cost consideration. Thus, Bhatia, G.K. (1989), observed that the very concept of productive capacity is difficult to state and attempts to measure it are open to all types of criticism.

Measurement of Capacity :

Harries, R and Taylor. J. (1985), have defined capacity output as the output that could be produced during any given time period if all available inputs are fully utilized. Robinson, B. (1981) and Ball, R.J. (1982) have distinguished economic capacity and ‘physical capacity’. The economic capacity according to them refers to that output produced by utilizing the available factors and material inputs so that profitability at higher levels of monetary demand can be easily maximized and that no excess capacity is left which could not be brought back into productive use in order to further maximize the profitability at higher levels of market demand physical capacity in a competitive firm is defined as a condition in which potential output level is less than the actual output level, resulting in non-achievement of average cost to be at its minimum.

The concept of capacity is related to the size of the plant and machinery and it is widely used in analysing economic development. Six alternative measures of capacity utilization are frequently used in empirical studies. These are:

• The Wharton Index of Capacity Utilization

• The RBI Index of Potential Capacity Utilization

• Measure Based on Two Shifts

• Minimum Capital-Output ratio Measure of Capacity Utilization

• National Productivity Council

• Measure Based on Machine Hour and

• The Production Function Approach to Estimate Capacity Utilisation

17

Out of which we use Wharton Index of Capacity Utilisation and Minimum –Capital output ratio method of capacity utilisation for present study.

The Wharton Index of Capacity Utilization :

Wharton school developed an index to measure the capacity utilization. It is one of the widely used capacity measurement tool in applied economic research. The Wharton Index of capacity utilization is based on time series data of output. The peak level of output in a time series data is treated as the capacity output. Capacity outputs between the peaks are estimated by joining the successive peaks by a linear straight line. Even though this method is called as “trend through peaks method”, such linearization is not allowed, if, the successive peaks are lower than the previous ones. The basic argument behind such a procedure is that once a level of capacity is built up, it will not decline in the subsequent periods. But, it is argued that peaks which are identified as estimated capacity output may not truly reflect the capacity output of the industry. This consequence would result in capacity estimates to get either underestimated or overestimated.

Klen, L.R. and Preston, R.S. (1967), objected this method of capacity measurement on the grand that ‘some peaks may be marked as full – capacity utilization peaks when in fact there way have been considerable under utilization of capacity”. Phillips, A. (1963), observed the Wharton school Index of capacity utilization often is prone for upward biased estimates. He felt the Trend through peak Method presupposes that capacity expansion takes place in a smooth, gradual and linear manner which may not be true in real world empirical conditions. Behrman, J.R. (1973), has pointed the problems involved in the process of aggregation of data over periods on the ground that vintage differences in capital would affect the true reliability of output. Whenever capacity expansion takes at wood jumps then again, this method’s reliability is affected.

Minimum Capital - Output Ratio Measure :

The minimum-capital-output ratio measure of capacity was developed based on this sound economic principle. In this method capital output ratio should be computed for the time series data. Then, a benchmark year gets selected on the basis of the observed lowest value in the capital-output ratio. In choosing the bench mark year other empirical consideration can also be

taken into account. The lowest observed capital output ratio is treated to represent the capacity level of output. The estimate of capacity is obtained from real fixed capital stock deflated by minimum capital-output ratio. The utilization rate is given by actual output as a proportion of the estimated capacity.

C = C / (C/O) min …. …. [1]

U = O/C*100 …. …. [2]

Where,

C = Estimate of capacity

C = Gross fixed capital

(C/O) Min = Minimum capital output ratio

U = Capacity Utilization

O = Gross value added

Capacity utilization in this method can be also estimated by fitting a trend for the capital – output ratio and the deviations from this trend are then used as a measure of the extent to which the capital stock is being over utilized or under-utilized. In a modified version of this approach is shifted trend value of the capital-output ratio is used to estimate the capacity utilization. Thus,

Kt/Yt*

Cut = ---------

(Kt/Yt)*

Where,

Cut = Percentage Capacity Utilization at time ‘t’

Kt/Yt = Ratio of capital stock to output at time ‘t’

(Kt/Yt) = Trend value of the capital – output ratio shifts vertically upwards to pass through the largest positive deviation from the trend fitted to Kt/Yt .

The problems arising from the use of this method are formidable. It ignores the constraints on output imposed by labour and other material inputs. Hence, this measure suffers due to the absence of any acceptable production function logic characterizing its methodology.

Capacity Utilization in Industries : A Numerical Analysis During 1990-91 to 2009-10

The following section presents a detailed analysis of capacity utilization trends estimated for the capacity utilization of Indian industries for the period 1990-91 to 2009-2010. The discussion is presented to highlight the trends and the implications of the estimated capacity utilization using two methods viz., the Wharton Index, and

18

the Minimum Capital-Output Ratio Index.

Wharton Index :

Table No. 1 and Figure No. 1 shows the estimated indices of capacity utilisation in the Indian industries based on the Wharton measure of capacity utilisation.

Wharton index of capacity utilization calculation is based on peak rate method during 1997-98, 1999-10 and 2009-10. These three years observed full capacity utilization in the overall Indian industries.

The overall Indian industries engaged in the manufacture of various types of products indicate the period being characterized with an aggregate average around 47.52 per cent. This shows that the average capacity utilization of industries in India is having less than 50 per cent capacity utilization.

In order to study whether or not the estimated mean of the various industries pertaining to the period is found to yearly indices of estimated capacity. The study compute the trend by coefficient of variation. For the industries during the 20 year period in analysis shows high degree of instability characterizing the yearly indices of capacity utilization in a number. It constitutes three digit industries during the reference period. Hence, we have empirical evidence to conclude that the industries in India have had greater volatility in using their capacity from 1990-91 to 2009 to 10. Rests of the periods are having less than 50 per cent capacity utilization except for the period 1990-91 to 2009-2010.

Minimum Capital Output Radio :

In table 2 and figure 2 shows the estimated indices of capacity utilization in the Indian industries based on the Minimum capital output radio of capacity.

The overall Indian industries engaged in the manufacture of various types of products indicate the period being characterized with an aggregate average around 71.20 per cent. This shows that the average capacity utilization of industries in India is having better capacity utilization.

In order to study whether or not the estimated mean of the various industries pertaining to the period is found to from yearly indices of estimated capacity. The study computed the trend by coefficient of variation. For the industries during the 20 year period in analysis shows high degree of instability characterizing the yearly indices of capacity utilization in the constituent three digit industries during the reference period. Hence, 1990-91 to 2009-10 we have empirical evidence to conclude that the industries in India have had greater volatility in using their capacity.

Concluding Remarks :

• The Wharton Index of capacity utilization and the Minimum Capital Output ratio index of capacity utilization are registered at different levels of capacity utilization in India.

• The Wharton Index shows less than 50 per cent of capacity utilization and Minimum capital output ratio shows around 71.2 per cent of capacity utilization.

• Both the Wharton Index of capacity utilization and the Minimum Capital Output

Table 1 & Figure 1 Wharton Index of Capacity Utilisation

Year W. Index 1990-91 26.38

1991-92 25.65

1992-93 28.71

1993-94 31.37

1994-95 33.56

1995-96 39.47

1996-97 40.3

1997-98 100

1998-99 91.31

1999-00 100

2000-01 20.89

2001-02 20.47

2002-03 23.28

2003-04 24.74

2004-05 31.03

2005-06 34.24

2006-07 40.97

2007-08 44.35

2008-09 93.72

2009-10 100

X 47.52

C.V 950.44

Table 2 & Figure 2 MINIMUM CAPITAL OUTPUT RATIO INDEX OF CAPACITY UTILISATION

Years Min-C/O

Index

1990-91 59.47

1991-92 57.86 1992-93 56.14 1993-94 55.73 1994-95 54.8 1995-96 56.52 1996-97 57.34

1997-98 58.07 1998-99 58.86 1999-00 65.64

2000-01 68.14 2001-02 65.45 2002-03 74.67

2003-04 79.9 2004-05 95.76 2005-06 92.36

2006-07 98.94 2007-08 96.48 2008-09 91.04

2009-10 80.93 X 71.2

c.v 16.05

19

ratio index of capacity utilization registered high degree of volatility in the levels of capacity utilization in India.

• Due to the inadequacy of the time, the researcher is not able to use other capacity utilization measures such as Production Function Indices.

Suggestions for Future Research :

• The existing theories are not recommended to any particular methods of estimating capacity utilization. Hence, the researcher suggested comparing various methods and finding suitable method to calculate capacity utilization.

References :

1. Kaldor, N. (1935), “Market Imperfection and Excess Capacity”, Econometrica, No.5, Vol.2.,

2. Paive, C.L. (1936), “Rationalization and the Theory of Excess Capacity’, Economica, Vol.3,

3. Cassels, J.M. (1937), “Excess Capacity and Monopolistic Competition”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 51.,

4. Chamberlin, (1947), The Theory of Monopolistic Competition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

5. Chang, P.K.(1949), Agriculture and Industrialisation, Harvard University Press, Cambridge

6. Smithies, A. (1957), Economic Fluctuations and Growth”, Econometrica, Vol.25, No.1, January.

7. Johnston, J. (1960), Statistical Cost Functions, McGraw Hill, New York.

8. Phillips, A. (1963), “An Appraisal of Measures of Capacity”, American Economic Review, Proceedings, Vo.53, May.

9. Klen, L.R. and Preston, R.S. (1967), “Some New Results in the Measurement of Capacity Utilization”, American Economic Review, Vol.57, March.

10. Behrman, J.R. (1973), Cyclical Sectoral Capacity Utilization in a Developing Economy, in Eckaes and Rosenstein, R. (Ed.) Analysis of Development Problems: Studies of the Chilean Economy, North – Holland, Amsterdam.

11. Robinson, B. (1981), “The Manufacturing Recession and Structural Change”, Economic Outlook 1980-1984, 5, London Business School, London.

12. Ball, R.J. (1982), Money and Employment, Mac Millan, London.

13. Harris, R. and Taylor, J. (1985), “The Measurement of Capacity Utilization”, Applied Economic, Vol.17, No.5, October.

14. Lakadawala, D.T. (1988), “Indian-The Socialist Republic’, Yusuf Macherally Memorial Lecture.

15. B h a t i a , G . k . ( 1 9 8 9 ) , I n d u s t r i a l Development and Capacity Utilization, Deep and Deep Publications, New Delhi.

20

Abstract :

Cultural diversity can refer to having different cultures respect each other's differences. The phrase cultural diversity is also sometimes used to mean the variety of human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. This study endeavors to emphasize subject and probe assumptions in current research paradigms involving cultural diversity. It attempts to interpret critically what it is groups experts mean or see when they ascribe cultural diversity and working together in a group and to evaluate the term's usefulness as a descriptor of group processes. The aim of the study was to explore the development of cultural diversity and cultural competences in a multicultural study through focus group discussion and interviews of individual group members in various organizations at Moradabad Distt. in Uttar Pradesh

Introduction :

Cultural diversity is having a heart and a mind that acknowledges, accepts, values, and even celebrates the various ways that people live and interact in the world. Cultural diversity realizes that even with our various cultural differences, we all aspire too many of the same things: security, well-being, acceptance, individualism, esteem, and some form of equity, whether it's physical, spiritual or emotional. Characteristics of diversity are: age, cognitive style, culture, disability (mental, learning, physical), economic background, education, ethnicity; gender identity; geographic background; languages spoken; marital / partnered status; physical appearance; political affiliation; race; religious beliefs; sexual orientation or veteran's status. Cultural diversity, or multiculturalism, is based on the idea that cultural identities should not be discarded or ignored, but rather maintained and valued. The foundation of this belief is that every culture and race has made a substantial contribution to Indian history. The cultural diversity in India is truly astounding, as many different ethnic and cultural groups have contributed to the social, economic and cultural values of our society.

Since the early fifties the term cohesiveness has

been widely used in theoretical, practical and experimental group literature. Its presence, as a conceptual descriptor and, subsequently, as a research variable has become a regular part of the group worker's nomenclature. Cohesion can be more specifically defined as the tendency for a group to be in unity while working towards a goal or to satisfy the emotional needs of its members. This definition includes important aspects of cohesiveness, including its multidimensionality, dynamic nature, instrumental basis, and emotional dimension. Its multidimensionality refers to how cohesion is based on many factors. Its dynamic nature refers to how it gradually changes over time in its strength and form from the time a group is formed to when a group is disbanded. Its instrumental basis refers to how people cohere for some purpose, whether it is for a task or for social reasons. Its emotional dimension refers to how cohesion is pleasing to its group members.

Literature Review :

We can review cultural diversity with three reasons. First, inclusion of both types of diversity maintains consistency with the reviews and re-search published by other diversity researchers (i.e., Jackson et al., 1995; Milliken & Martins, 1996; Tsui & O'Reilly, 1989; Tsui, Egan, & Porter, 1994). Secondly, certain basic processes, including face-to-face communication, potential for collaboration and conflict, and influence attempts, characterize both dyads and larger groups, although the status differences characteristic of supervisor-subordinate interactions may modify those processes. Thirdly, there is little reason to expect that these paradigms would be substantively different for dyads and larger groups. The premise that differences among group members have a negative impact on group functioning is the primary thesis in the relational demography research stream, and it is the backbone of a variety of theories in social psychology (Byrne, 1971; McGrath, 1984; Newcomb, 1961) and organizational behavior (Jackson, May, & Whitney, 1995; Milliken & Martins, 1996; Schneider, 1987). The main element of group functioning that we address is

Examination the Factors of Cultural Diversity and Group Cohesiveness in Organizations with special reference to Moradabad Distt. in U.P.

Dr. Nikhil Ranjan Agarwal,SSIM, Moradabad

21

what O'Reilly, Caldwell, and Barnett (1989) termed social integration: the degree to which group members are psychologically linked or attracted toward interacting with one another in pursuit of a common objective.

The variety of definitions of cohesiveness offered is essentially thematic and uniform. Festinger, Schacter and Back (1950) posit an all inclusive definition of cohesiveness as the “total field of forces which act on members to remain in the group”. Similarly, Tropp (1976) speaks of bond, loyalty, stability, intimacy and mutual aid as phenomena experienced by the cohesive group. Seashore (1954) notes more simply that members feel an attraction to the group as well as a resistance to leaving. Yalom (1970) observes that groups whose members possess “a greater sense of solidarity or 'we-ness' value the group more highly and will defend it against internal and external threats; voluntary attendance, participation, mutual help, and defense of the group standards are all greater than in groups with less esprit de corps”. The term, as used, broadly means bonded, mutually attracted, cemented. Thus, the cohesive group is composed of members who feel bonded and attracted to the group, a sense of "we-ness," and belongingness through the perception of other members "strivings toward the same end" (Klein, 1956). Implied in these definitions is a sense that the cohesive group distinguishes the internal from the external: "We are this group; this is us; they are not us." The group erects a kind of "force field" that creates its initial unity and eventual protection. Cohesiveness represents a feeling of internal unity and external threat - and an internal threat at the possibility of becoming external.

Objectives :

1. To identify the impact of cultural diversity in the group.

2. To understand the dynamics of group performance in relation to culture diversity.

Research Methodology :

Literature Review was carried out to derive information on the topic and also to prepare discussion and interviews. The data is collected through primary and secondary sources. Primary data is collected through focus group discussion and interviews of individual group members of various organizations. The researcher discussed employees of seven organizations, situated at

Moradabad Distt. in Uttar Pradesh. The secondary data is collected from journals, magazines, newspapers and internet. This study is based on qualitative research methodology.

Interpretation :

The researcher was able to get more precise responds as they gave more number of respondents. Certain kinds of research questions can best be answered by observing how people act or how things look. A relationship acquired by and ascribed to the researcher in interactive data collection. There are different roles with regard to observation e.g. interviewer, Naturalistic Observer, Participant Observer, Participant Researcher, Inside Observer. The issues under relating to the structure of populations can be amended that the respondent should be able to relate it with their organizations.

Findings :

Groups were made for the short term as well long term depends on the assignments in the organisation. It was also found that there was a positive relationship between cultural diversity and cohesiveness. Cultural diversity had very modest impact on the group performance as a whole, since all the group works were purely driven by the given task.

Respondents were open to learning from the others irrespective of the cultural and demographic variations, and therefore it was observed that group cohesion was positively affected by the cultural diversity.

Cohesion of each group got even denser when it had members from diverse cultural backgrounds as it enhanced the experience and dispels reservations or preoccupations held before and as diversity increased there were incidents of better cohesion as it was short term assignment.

When it came to religion, belief, value and morality, the formal groups framed for study purpose was not much affected at all, but there was influence by the above dimensions on the informal groups formed within the respondents.

The rules and behaviours were framed within the group by everyone’s consensus. There were many unwritten rules within the group and they were not determined by the cultural factors at all. All the members perceived to have a positive nod to the outcome of the unwritten rules within the group.

Member satisfaction and group belongingness

22

were very well maintained within the group and it had too little impact over the cultural diversity.

It was always individual efficiency and smartness that were given importance in the group entrusting the task to individual than the effect of regional or cultural bias. It is worthy to note that cultural values are highly respected by all the members of the group.

Conclusion :

The needle of the compass of the above study points at the direction that the cohesion in small groups is driven by the urgency and immediacy of the task given. From the above findings it could be concluded that cultural diversity has very little to do with group cohesion and group performance because group members are more driven by the importance of the task given and their sense of responsibility and accountability. The focus group discussion later proved that the differences in diversity gradually dispelled away accruing denser group cohesion and work performance. It was also because the groups were formed of the small numbers of members and there were matured and educated people. There were unwritten and tacitly agreed upon rules and regulations developed by the members which paved a positive tendency in the meantime. This winnowed away the personal/individual, regional or cultural reservations and differences and a sense of group belongingness mounted up. Despite demographic differences we found that respondents were open to new knowledge, new environment, and new challenges. Every group member identified their progress with the progress of the group and they proved themselves cosmopolitan citizens.

References :

1. Anand, R., & Winters, M.F., 2008. A retrospective View of corporate diversity training from 1964 to the present. Academy of Management Learning and Education.

2. Armstrong, C., Flood, P.C., Guthrie, J.P., Liu, W., MacCurtain, S., and Mkamwa, T. 2010. The Impact of diversity and equality management on firm performance: Beyond high performance Work systems. Human Resource Management, Vol. 49, Issue 6.

3. Byrne, D. 1971. The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press

4. Festinger, L., Schacter, S. & Back, K. 1950. Social Pressures in Informal Groups, Stanford,

CA: Stanford University Press.

5. Jackson, S. E., May, K. E., & Whitney, K. 1995. Understanding the dynamics of diversity in decision-making groups. In R. A. Guzzo & E. Salas (Eds.), Group decision-making effectiveness in organizations. San Francisco: JosseyBas

6. Klein, J. 1970. The Study of Groups. London : Routledge and Kegan Paul.

7. McGrath, J. E. 1984. Groups: Interaction and process. Engle-wood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

8. Milliken, F. J., & Martins, L. L. 1996. Searching for common threads: Understanding the multiple effects of diversity in organizational groups. Academy of Management Review.

9. Newcomb, T. M. 1961. The acquaintance process. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

10. O'Reilly, C. A., III, Caldwell, D. F., & Barnett, W. P. 1989. Work group demography, social integration, and turnover. Administrative Science Quarterly.

11. Poling, T.L., Oliver, J., McGee, E.A., & Woehr, D.J. 2007. Group member diversity: The impact of personality and values on group viability and conflict. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, 3-8 August. Philadelphia, PA.

12. Schneider, B. 1987. The people make the place. Personnel Psychology.

13. Seashore, S. 1954.Group Cohesiveness in the Industrial Work Group. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

14. Tropp, E. 1976. A developmental theory. In R. W. Roberts & H. Northen (Eds.), Theories of Social Work with Groups. New York: Columbia University Press.

15. Tsui, A. S., & O'Reilly, C. A., III. 1989. Beyond simple demographic effects: The importance of relational demography in superior-subordinate dyads. Academy of Management Journal.

16. Tsui, A.S., Egan, T. D., & Porter, L. W. 1994. Performance implications of relational demography in vertical dyads. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Academy of Management, Dallas.

17. Wolff, A.C., Ratner, P.A., Robinson, S.L., Oliffe, J.L., Hall, I.M. 2010 Nov. Beyond generational differences: a literature review of the impact of relational diversity on nurses’ attitudes and work. Journal of Nursing Management.

18. Yalom, I. D. Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books.

23

Abstract :

The expansion of human civilization brought an increase in the exploitation of land and natural resources. Resource depletion refers to the exhaustion of raw materials within a region. Resources are commonly divided between renewable resources and non-renewable resources. Use of either of these forms of resources beyond their rate of replacement is considered to be resource depletion. The more settlers and immigrants arrived, the more space they occupied. Forests were destroyed, crops were planted in massive amounts and mining began. The development of the urban ecosystem generated a greater need for natural and artificial resources. Developing countries are losing natural resources fast without gaining much by way of human resource capital or gross wealth effects of human civilization on natural resources.

Key Words : Natural resources, human capital, depletion, GDP, indigenous knowledge.

Introduction :

Analysis of data by World Bank from 136 countries shows developing countries are losing natural resources fast without gaining much by way of human resource capital or gross wealth effects of human civilization on natural resources. Assessment of economic performance should be based on both measures of annual growth (e.g. GDP) and measures of the comprehensive wealth of a country, which indicate whether that growth is sustainable in the long term.

Because deforestation is so extensive, it has made several significant impacts on the environment, including CO2 in the atmosphere, changing the water cycle, increase in soil erosion, and a decrease in biodiversity. Deforestation is often cited as a cause of global warming. Because trees and plants remove carbon dioxide and emit oxygen into the atmosphere, the reduction of forests contributes to about 12% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The removal of trees causes higher rates of soil erosion, increasing risks of landslides, which is a direct threat to many people living close to deforested areas. As forests get destroyed, so does the habitat for millions of animals. It is estimated that 80% of the world’s

known biodiversity lives in the rainforests, and the destruction of these rainforests is accelerating extinction at an alarming rate.

Effects of Natural Resource Depletion :

The Earth has lost about 50% of its ecosystem, more than what the biosphere can bear. About 66% or two-thirds of land-based ecosystems must be protected to sustain the planet’s biosphere. This needs strict protection for 44% of global land, 22% as agro-ecological buffers and 33% as zones of sustainable human use. This would require ending industrial primary forest logging and restoring old-growth forests to reconnect fragmented landscapes and bioregions.

According to a report of the European Forest Institute, forest disturbance in Europe in the last 40 years has cost 56 million cubic metres of timber per year between 2002 and 2010. They have identified climate change as the main cause. Damage from forest fires was particularly estimated to increase on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe, while bark beetle damage increased most strongly in the Alps.

The increased public and political focus on global warming has diverted discussion away from world resource depletion, particularly the depletion of fossil fuel energy with its potentially disastrous impact on world food production. According to its own internal whistleblowers, the International Energy Agency appears to have falsified information on world fossil fuel depletion- on the grounds that telling the truth that world energy resources may already have peaked in production and are exceeded by demand, could cause skyrocketing oil prices and stampede the world into a new recession.

Depletion of finite resources such as oil, gas, usable water or minerals is likely to impact on world GDP well before the worst impacts of global warming. The two together are likely to constrain world food production seriously, particularly in countries with high population densities or insufficient fertile lands. Food security in these countries is behind the huge ‘land and water grab’ by foreign nationals that is now occurring across the developing world.

Worldwide, governments have dealt with the

Cost of Development

Dr. Sanghamitra Adhya, (Geography)Kalyani Mahavidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal

24

recession by increasing consumption to prevent job losses which has increased demand for scarce resources, in order to return countries to growth (or business as normal). If peak oil has already arrived or is imminent, providing public funds to already damaged businesses that have large carbon footprints, is clearly irrational. Historically, global economic growth has never occurred without a simultaneous increase in the use of fossil fuel energy; GDP growth and world oil production growth have tracked each other for decades.

It seems that while the IEA expects a steady increase in available oil, recent, more believable, evaluations of the decline in oil from the major giant oil fields that are already in the phase of depletion (e.g. Cantarell in Mexico and the North Sea province etc) suggests that Peak Oil arrived in 2008 and that by 2030 the production from fields currently on stream could have decreased by over 50 % (Hook 2009). The probable effect will be high prices flowing on into every walk of life, especially the cost of food with its huge embedded fossil fuel energy costs. This will inevitably increase financial instability and produce more recessions.

Although global warming is probably the greatest problem humanity has ever faced the most immediate issue is the finite nature of fossil fuel that has supported the presently high standard of living (in industrialized countries). Without cheap oil there is no cheap food. There is no cheap water, health care, travel, housing or recreation. Without cheap energy the world contracts to using local resources and local activities. As food availability and diversity declines, it may lead to a decrease in the human population. This is contrary to the forecasted increase from 6.7 to over 8 billion people in the next 20 years.

Human population increase is often considered the major problem that will impact on both resource depletion and global warming but consumerism by the wealthy is presently of major concern The carbon footprint of multi millionaires can be up to ten thousand times that of the average person in industrialized countries, which in turn is 10 times that of the average person in developing countries and many of the 1 billion subsistence farmers in the world have almost insignificant use of fossil energy. There are around 10 million people world wide with assets greater then a million dollars and therefore have disproportionate effect on world resource depletion and global warming.

Strategy and Action Plan :

The making of products should be the central target of policies for reducing resource use. An approach based on the production chain can ensure that all companies will be involved in reducing the use of resources. Products are also the most relevant point of entry for policies aimed at consumers too. Putting ‘products’ at the heart of the approach also places the responsibility for implementing policies for reducing resource use with companies, at least as far as changes to products or services are involved. To avoid a ‘rebound’ effect, government will have to influence consumer behaviour through market mechanisms, confronting consumers with the costs of environmental impacts via the prices they pay for products. Government strategy should distinguish between ‘pioneer companies’, which can be stimulated to reduce their use of resources (through market mechanisms, experiments, pilot projects, etc.), and rest. Regulations are needed to stir most companies into action, with government setting product standards (e.g. via an independent ‘product bureau’) which should eventually enable policy targets to be reached. This will take off more quickly if the costs of the burden on the environment are reflected in the price of raw materials and products. The same goes for other necessary legislative measures, such as environmental liability and the right of return.

Monitoring :

Monitoring resource use at the consumption level is highly important. The data obtained are not only needed to convince parties of the necessity of the policy and the targets, but also to manage policy and determine whether the objectives have been achieved.

Indigenous Knowledge for Development :

Indigenous knowledge is an integral part of the culture and history of a local community (James D. Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank). Civilized people need to learn from local communities to enrich the development process. The Global Knowledge Conference in June 1997 in Toronto, government leaders and civil society groups urged the World Bank and other donors to learn from local communities. In concluding remarks to the Conference, the Vice President of the World Bank’s African Region, supported a vision of global knowledge partnership that will be realized only when the poor participate as both users of and contributors to knowledge. Around the same time, results of client feedback surveys

25

conducted by the World Bank in several African countries indicated that country authorities and stakeholders wanted Bank staff to do better in adapting their highly regarded technical expertise to local conditions. The African Department of the World Bank responded to these challenges by launching the Indigenous Knowledge for Development Program in partnership with over a dozen organizations in 1998. The IK (Indigenous Knowledge) Program has developed a number of instruments and services for the capture, dissemination and application of these practices. These include: the creation of an IK database of over 200 indigenous practices; a monthly publication, “IK Notes,” appearing in two international languages (English, French) and two local languages (Wolof, Swahili), with over 20,000 readers; and a multilingual website. The program has also helped IK Resource Centers in eight countries to improve their national and regional networking capacity.

Increase of Forest Cover in Tribal India :

Being indigenous population of India, the tribal people have been a part of the forest ecosystem for generations now. They depend heavily on forests to meet their basic and economic needs.

While the green cover inside the officially recognised forests (government-owned, private or community forests) in the tribal districts has decreased by 32 sq km, the cover outside them has risen by 2,428 sq km. West Bengal recorded a substantial increase of 2,246 sq km and Nagaland showed a decrease of 274 sq km. This boom of forests in tribal areas gives a hope for physical and socio-economic development.

Table 1 Change in Forest Cover in Tribal Districts

States No. of Tribal Increase/decrease Districts in 2012-‘13 (sq km)

Andhra Pradesh 8 -238Arunachal Pradesh 13 -89Assam 16 -48Chhattisgarh 9 -40Gujarat 8 5Himachal Pradesh 3 4Jharkhand 8 339Karnataka 5 0Kerala 9 -311Madhya Pradesh 18 -73Maharashtra 12 -25Manipur 9 -100Meghalaya 7 13Mizoram 8 -63Nagaland 8 -274Odisha 12 544Rajasthan 5 -10

Sikkim 4 -1Tamil Nadu 6 25Tripura 4 -111Uttar Pradesh 1 -8West Bengal 11 2,246A&N Islands 2 -13Dadra&Nagar Haveli 1 2Daman & Diu 1 -0.01Lakshwadeep 1 0Grand Total 189 2,396

Source of Data: Forest Survey of India 2013 Report, Government of India (2014)

Conclusion :

Humans are a unique species in that they singularly possess the ability to create alternatives to natural resources. This ability may allow the human population to minimize the effects of exceeding the environmental carrying capacity. Horticultural advancements, allow hydroponics and aeroponics to generate produce in areas otherwise depleted of the soil nutrients necessary for growing vegetables in a traditional manner. Advances in irrigation allow humans, who require considerable amounts of water, to thrive in exceptionally dry areas. By exploiting this ability to develop alternatives, humans have the potential to reduce their cumulative impact on world resources.

References :

1. Adriaanse A. et al. 1997. Resource flows: the material basis of industrial economies. Washington DC: World Resources Institute.

2. Anonymous. 1999. Agri-food production Facts and Figures. Industry and Environment 22(2-3): 4-10. ISSN 0378-9993.

3. Carlsson A. 1998. Energy consumption and Emissions of greenhouse Gases in the Lifecycle of Potatoes, Pork meat, Rice and Yellow Pea. Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm.

4. Hekert M. 2000 Improving Material Management to Reduce Greenhouse gas emissions. PhD thesis. Utrecht. ISBN 90-393-2450-6.

5. IPCC. 1996. Climate Change 1995. Impacts, adaptations and mitigation of climate change: scientific technical analysis, contribution of working group II to the second assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on climate change. ISBN 0 521 564379.

6. Matthews E.A., Hammond A. 1999. Critical Consumption Trends and Implications. Washington DC: World Resources Institute. ISBN 1-56973-410-0.

26

Abstract :

Purpose: Online stores are trying to differentiate themselves based on visual and acoustic elements and are gaining much prominence in both developed nations and developing nations and has thus created higher demand for need to study the effect of background music effect to online shopping context. This paper presents how e-store background music-induced arousal would affect online consumer behaviour.

Methodology : To do this study, the research was conducted through descriptive analysis and apart from that data was collected through interview.

Findings : This paper has helped us to know how effectively music has given birth to a new breed of online shopping.

Originality/contribution : This paper contributed by identifying various practices adopted by successful online shopping stores.

Key words : Online store, visual, acoustic elements.

Introduction :

With rapid scaling of the web and globalisation of market, the retail sector has become more c o m p e t i t i v e w i t h d y n a m i c b u s i n e s s surroundings. Business and selling activities are littered with the invent of web technologies and also the web is revolutionizing commerce, marketing, retailing and advertising activities of product and services. There are many engaging attributes of web which are restricted not only to solely e-customers however additionally companies on time and cash saving, communicate, convenience, simple accessibility, choice from a wide vary of alternatives, and also the convenience of data for creating choices. Within the era of globalisation, companies are using web technologies to succeed in dead set valued customers and to supply some extent of contact throughout 365 days

Consumers don't seem to be shopping for product/services within the ancient sense any longer. Customers these days are viewing buying as experiential activity and would love to fancy the complete method of shopping. However due

to changes in the marketing environment the technological revolution, information explosion, changing demographics of the consumers at large, evolution in the culture, the companies can no longer afford to stick to the old ways of doing the business. The expectations of consumers are moving a lot to the standard of the dealing and knowledge instead of mechanical duty of shopping for the product.

E-commerce is often defined as the way of conducting business by companies and customers performing arts electronic transactions through the web. E-marketing is defined as the promotion of product or services through the web whereas; e-tailing is outlined as mercantilism product and services by exploitation the web. In general, the activities of e-tailing comprehend 3 main activities namely product search facility (often referred as a product analysis or information gathering facility), function on-line purchase operate and product delivery capability. Like general selling activities of a company, e-tailers have additionally stuck to identical 4P?s of selling activities. They are: Product, Price, Promotion and Place. With regard to the right product, e-stores provide a larger spectrum of product giving like ancient retailers in categories starting from electronics to shoes. E-store is that the web version of stores that originated electronic storefronts on the web. It provides every kind of product and renders service to the e-customer at the clicking of a push button and makes cash by mercantilism product on to e customers. Once it comes to the right value, e-stores are operated with low profit margin as a result of of the lower value and higher sales volume. As for the right promotion, e-stores have unlimited marketing, advert is ing and mercantilism opportunities. Finally, with relevancy the correct place; the placement of e-stores isn't necessary within the web and e-customer will connect and buy product and services from the web at any time and place. E stores are convenient and time saving; with wealthy, free info on the market, customers will simply compare costs and merchandise options across suppliers. By empowering customers, the web has additionally raised consumers’

Background Music & E-RetailingRajiv Jain, (Management)Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies, Delhi

Biswarup Chatterjee, (Management)Maharaja Agrasen Institute of Management Studies, Delhi

27

expectations of shops. Indeed, they on the face of it expect from on-line looking the maximum amount as, or perhaps quite, what they expect from different alternate channels.

Music acts as a robust emotional stimulant at intervals in retail surroundings. Music is a valuable primary component in making or enhancing the sensory experiences of shoppers. Music is a robust association into our emotions. Music has the power to speak directly with our hearts, minds and memory. What very matters in music is its mindful power reminiscences associated with the music. Music is flexible, it relax or excite. Music is charming. Music influences shoppers from the instant they step. It entertains, inspire and encourage. Music influences on potential sales by increasing keep time for each the active and passive shopper. The right music is thought to have the potential to increase sales opportunities, outline image and attract a lot of customers. A individualized music strategy supports a complete retail and build a robust reference to specific target markets by incorporating client demographics (such as age, gender combine and financial gain levels) and psychographics (such as preferences, lifestyles, material possession and attitudes)

Literature Review :

Although number of research works has been done by researchers but only a few has been given, related to the paper.

According to Brown (1987), the costs of a retail format refer to consumers? costs. Consumers not only incur non-monetary costs - time, effort and psychological costs but also monetary costs. Savings in non-monetary costs are especially emphasized by non-store formats. Their appeal to consumers has been the ease and convenience of shopping, freed from location and other constraints.

Rao (1999) suggested that E-commerce offers increased market activity for retailers in the form of growing market access and information and decreased operating and procurement costs. The consumers can gain better prices due to the competition and also can enrich their knowledge on goods and services.

Zhang and von Dran (2000) have found that certain aesthetic elements of a web-site are considered as purchase motivators, while other

aesthetic elements serve as hygienic factors (i.e., necessities) in purchase decisions from e-retailers. The colour and background images of webpage are also found to affect consumer choice.

Ratchford et al. (2001) have told that through Internet, consumers can gather information about merchandise and they compare a product across suppliers at a low cost. They also can effectively analyze the offerings and easily locate a low price for a specified product.

Zeithaml (2002) has defined that the success of e-tailing depends on the efficient web site design, effective shopping and prompt delivery. The other e-store services are delivery on real time, return and replacement process, period of filling out online orders form, speed of response time to e-customers? queries.

Kim and Lee (2002) have suggested that the design of e-store influences consumers? access to e-store. In the e-store, website design, design of product and service comparison and information, time to complete online order form, easy of searching product and service, screen layout, screen complexity, page composition, information retrieval methods, information display, use of colour and background, assistance to the user and speed of accessing the e-store are notable factors attracting e-customers.

Rabinovich (2004) and Cao and Zhao (2004) have identified the challenges of e-tailing industry as the response time of the web-server; moves to the amount of time the customer must wait until the order ships, and also includes the time the shipping process takes.

Delone and Reif (2004) have found that at present customers are more likely to continue shopping online when they have a greater experience of online shopping. It is also found that young adults have a more positive attitude towards online buying.

Bauer et al., (2006) have compared and identified that the online retail services are broken into two rather distinct phases: the client interaction phase taking place online and the fulfilment phase taking place offline. They also have suggested that web-site quality is a matter of delivering both hedonic and utilitarian elements.

Online store atmospherics have been studied

28

widely by Fiore and Kelly, 2007; Manganari et al. 2009; Vrechopoulos, 2010;. Furthermore, the way web designers establish atmospherics online is continually changing and evolving with leaps in web technology, such as CSS3 (Cascading Style Sheets), which improves upon web’s layout and visual capabilities.

Establishing an online store is also getting easier, without the need for technical expertise increasing. One of the popular online commerce platforms, Shopify, offers a platform with payments, website hosting and website design as a complete service (Shopify, 2012).

Research Methodology

Research Objective - The sole objective of this paper lies with the finding of correlation among Background music and other psychographic variables. The basic objective was to explore an application and its usefulness which is still not available in the e-tailing arena.

Conceptual Framework - The idea of this study came to our mind when we have been to a hyper market in Delhi. The store was so fringed that we are facing problem even in for free movement into the store. After a jostle, the store management started to play soothing music and we have found that people who hustling and bustling towards the gondola have found a psychological relief, resulting in a calm shopping experience.

We wanted to try this method to e-tailing scenario, although the physical and virtual shopping experience frames apart from each other, but we thought the idea may be useful one day , especially when the internet penetration rate is rapidly increasing and so the e-tailing.

We have selected six items for the survey and tested its internal consistency. The cronbach value found was .719 and it shows acceptable reliability among the factors.

Sample Size and Technique - We have sent the questionnaire to 200 people via email and found 148 responses useful to go further with the study. Respondent profile includes mostly corporate executives who frequently tend to shop online. We have used convenience sampling for the study.

Research Hypothesis -

Ho: Music is not a key element to increase the time spent on the e-shopping site

H1: Music is a key element to increase the time spent on the e-shopping site

Ho: Music has no positive effect on change of perception

H1: Music has a positive effect on change of perception

Ho: Music does not reduce the stress level caused by intense information search on e-shopping

H1: Music can reduce the stress level caused by intense information search on e-shopping

Ho: Music can not lead to a successful and satisfied shopping

H1: Music can lead to a successful and satisfied shopping

Ho: Playing background music cannot act as a distinguish factor among various e-shopping sites

H1: Playing background music can act as a distinguish factor among various e-shopping sites.

Music is Timing Music Music has Music Playing a key 1 can a positive can lead background

element reduce on effect to a music can factor the change of successful act as a

increase stress perception and distinguishthe time level satisfied factor

spent shopping

Music is a key element to 1 .255* .509** .408** .700** .429**increase the time spent Timing 1 .255* 1 .282** .142 .261** .032

Music can reduce the stress level caused by .509** .282** 1 .713** .836** .451**intense information search

Music has a positive effect on .408** .142 .713** 1 .707** .362**change of perception

Music can lead to a successful & .700** .261** .836** .707** 1 .482**satisfied shopping

Playing background music can .429** .032 .451** .362** .482** 1act as a distinguish factor

Analysis & Results :

From the Pearson test of correlation we have come to these following conclusions -

• Music is a key element to increase the time spent on the e-shopping site (positive relation)

• Music has a positive effect on change of perception (positive relation)

• Music can reduce the stress level caused by intense information search on e-shopping (positive relation)

• Music can lead to a successful and satisfied shopping (positive relation)

29

• Playing background music can act as a distinguish factor among various e-shopping sites (Positive relation)

Implication of This Study :

The centre idea of this study is little bit imaginative. May be one day our imagination would drive e-tailing companies to implement our thought. The industry implication lies with the fact that 80% of the consumers buy a product not because of its economic gains but for its psychological gains. Soothing music does have a positive effect towards our mood. Obviously there are other factors to be considered like type of music, volume, relevance etc. But e-tailers must be finding it difficult to increase customer spent time on their website and here music can play a big role.

Limitations & Scope :

The limitations to this study includes-

• Time• Sample size• Response bias• Sampling technique

The scope of the study rely with scholars of marketing who can explore more psychographic relationships in the e-tailing arena based on this study. Also newer dimension of e-shopping experience should be explored.

References :

• Alpert, J.I. and Alpert, M.I., 1990. Music influences on mood and purchase intentions. Psychology and Marketing, 7, 109–133

• Anand, P. and Holbrook, M.B., 1986. Chasing the Wundt curve: an adventure in consumer aesthetics. Advances in Consumer Research, 13, 655–657

• Baker, J., Levy, M., and Grewal, D., 1992. An experimental approach to making retail store environmental decisions. Journal of Retailing, 68, 445–460

• Bruner, G.C. II, 1990. Music, mood and marketing, Journal of Marketing, 54 (4), 94–102.

• Cahoon, R.L., 1969. Physiological arousal and time estimation.Perceptual and Motor Skills, 28, 259–268

• Caldwell, C. and Hibbert, S.A., 2002. The influence of music tempo and musical preference on restaurant patrons’ behaviour. Psychology and Marketing, 19, 893–917

• Dennis, S., 2001. Almost 50 percent of online purchases aborted. Computer user daily news [online], May 8. Available from: http://snipurl.com/dennis_S_2000

• Eroglu, S.A., Machleit, K.A., and Chebat, J.C., 2005. The interaction of retail density and music tempo: effects on shopper responses. Psychology and Marketing, 22 (7), 577–589.

30

Introduction :

Self Help Groups (SHG’s) 1 comprise of homogeneous groups of poor people who have voluntarily come together mainly with the idea of overcoming their financial difficulties. SHGs can rightly be called a potent tool for human development. SHGs enable the poor, to collectively identify priorities and tackle problem they face in their socio-economic environment.

The studies as to the performance and problems of SHGs across the country revealed that they have made significant contribution in the empowerment of women, rural poor and weaker section of the society. But few studies highlighted the problems faced by the SHGs and its members.

The present paper is the outcome of research work on SHGs carried out in Shivamogga district of Karnataka State. Shivamogga is almost located in central part of the state and is the rice bowl of the state. The district has 7 taluks and total population of the district is 17,55,512. There are 4329 registered stree shakti SHGs in the district.

Objectives :

The present paper has the following objectives

1. To highlight the problems of SHGs.2. To analyse the problems of SHG members in

the study area.3. To offer suggestions for betterment of SHGs.

Methodology :

The paper is based on primary data collected by conducting field survey in Shivamogga district. Out of 700 respondents 120 are from Shivamogga taluk, 80 members from Hosanagar taluk and 100 each members from Bhadravathi, Sagar, Shikaripura, Soraba and Thirthalli taluks. The data collected is analysed by using weight points and ranking methods.

Problems of SHGs

The functioning of SHGs is not free from hurdles. Some problems of SHGs in general are as below.

1. Barriers to Women's Empowerment

• Women are not seen as decision-makers.• Women have low mobility, less scope for

information seeking, hence less experienced. • Women are conditioned to be 'good' rather

than successful or even different.• Lack of family support for women's new

initiatives.

• Primary role seen as looking after the family.• Fear of failure.• Lack of alternative, acceptable roles and

models. • Low level of literacy.

2. Limitations of SHG - Bank Linkage Model: The SHG - Bank linkage model does have its limitations in states or areas where the banks do not function effectively or where their network in the rural areas is small or where NGOs are few or have no experience in forming and training SHGs. There are states in India where the banks do not function effectively due to reasons both internal to banks and external like the lack of security.

3. Restricting Loans to Asset Creation: All government credit schemes, as well as the major micro credit programme run by major NGOs restrict loans only to assets, excluding land. Loans for consumption (including health & education), for trading, release of assets from moneylenders, for purchase and development of land are not allowed. This is another feature of other micro-credit models which is open to criticism.

4. Structural and Operational Hurdles: The existing credit delivery system was inadequate due to insufficient funds to meet credit needs and poor management. Several studies indicated that the official credit system which included the commercial banks, the regional rural banks and the land development banks provided approximately 20% of the credit required by landless and dry land farmers.

5. Resentment and Intolerance of Moneylenders: The development of SHGs into a savings and credi t management ins t i tu t ion which increasingly met the credit needs of their members, created resentment among the moneylenders in the village.

6. Inability to Face Competition: It was also observed that SHGs are not able to face open market competition because they lack in investment resources required to produce price-wise, cost-wise and quality-wise competitive products. In the economic parlance, one may say that SHGs find it very difficult to survive in a highly competitive market.

7. Problem of Record Keeping : Record keeping at group level has emerged as a very weak aspect of SHG functioning–with only marginal differences depending on who maintains the records.

Problems of SHGs in Shivamoga District

Shiva Prasad, Research ScholarDravidian University, Kuppam

Dr. Laxmisha A.S., Asst. Prof. (Commerce)LBAS & SBSC College, Shivamogga (Karnataka)

31

Complicated records and MIS seem to be part of problem of poor book-keeping. Good book keeping is critical for sustainability of financial operations & continued mutual trust among members.

Analysis of Problems :

In the course of running the SHGs, the members came across many constraints. The studies have thrown light on problems faced by SHG members.

Tejaswini and Virabhadraiah., 2 identified the problems faced by rural women in SHG activities. The findings revealed that 85 per cent of them facing difficulty in getting good price for their product. Lack of common work place (83.00%), lack of proper marketing facilities (75.00%), problems in getting loan in time (66.00%) and lack of training facilities (50.00%) are the other problem. Kumaran K.P., 3 reported that non-adherence to norms set by the group and lack of mutual trust and confidence among members are the master problems. Regular defaulting by some members resulted in dissolution of some SHGs. Shylendra H.S., 6 conducted a study on self help groups in Bidai village of Gujarat, reported that the wrong approach followed in the SHG formation by the team mis-conceptions about SHGs goal both among the team and members of SHGs and lack of clarity about the concept of SHG particularly by team had lead to failure of SHGs.

The constraints faced by the SHG members are categorized as personal constraints, social constraints, economic constraints, technologies related constraints, marketing constraints and other constraints. In each case, the sub-constraints are identified and assigned with weight points based on the number of constraints. For instance, under personal constraints, five sub-constraints are verified hence, 5 ranks followed by weight points are given. The weight points given then are multiplied by the number of respondents and ranks are assigned.

The six different types of constraints are presented in Tables (Table 1 to 6) and the analysis follows.

1. PERSONAL CONSTRAINTS

Table-1 presents the personal constraints encountered by SHG members in the study area.

TABLE 1: PERSONAL CONSTRAINTS

Problems Rank N W.P Rank1. 1 335 1675

2 96 384Lack of 3 149 447 Rank Iknowledge 4 72 144

5 48 48Total 700 26982. 1 188 940Lack of 2 311 1244

education 3 86 258 Rank II4 48 965 67 67

Total 700 26053. 1 45 225

2 131 524Family 3 301 903 Rank IIIproblem 4 152 304

5 71 71Total 700 20274. 1 81 405

2 73 292Lack of 3 61 183 Rank IVinterest 4 246 492

5 239 239Total 700 16115. Lack of 1 70 350 Support / 2 73 292Encour- 3 106 318 Rank Vagement 4 178 356from family5273 273Total 700 1589

Source: Field Survey

Table 1 reveals that the personal constraints faced by the SHG members include lack of knowledge about SHGs (which secured first rank with 2,698 weight points), followed by lack of education (Second rank with 2,605 weight points), family problem (Third rank with 2,027 weight points), lack of interest (Fourth rank with 1,611 weight points) and lack of support /encouragement from family members (V rank with 1,589 wt. points).

2. Social Constraints :

Table 2 reveals that the social constraints faced by the SHG members include religion (which secured first rank with 3,039 weight points), followed by caste (Second rank with 2,911 weight points), community support (Third rank with 2,645 weight points), political problem (Fourth rank with 2,484 weight points), conflicts among group members (Fifth rank with 1,926 weight points), and atrocities (Sixth rank with 1589 weight points).

Table 2 presents the social constraints faced by the SHG members.

TABLE 2: SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS

Problems Rank N W.P Rank1. 1 205 1230

2 146 730Religion 3 217 868 Rank I

4 43 1295 48 966 41 41

Total 700 30942. 1 151 906

2 285 1425Caste 3 21 84 Rank II

4 119 3575 15 306 109 109

Total 700 29113. 1 97 582Community 2 93 465support 3 250 1000 Rank III

32

4 122 3665 94 1886 44 44

Total 700 26454. 1 126 756Political 2 112 560problem 3 91 364 Rank IV

4 139 4175 155 3106 77 77

Total 700 24845. 1 92 552Conflicts 2 34 170among 3 48 192 Rank Vgroup 4 144 432members 5 198 396

6 184 184Total 700 19266. 1 19 114

2 52 260Atrocities 3 79 316 Rank VI

4 94 2825 189 3786 267 267

Total 700 1617


3. ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS

Table 3 presents the economic constraints.

Table 3 reveals that economic constraints faced by the SHG members include lack of credit which secured first rank with 3,685 weight points, followed by lack of capital (Second rank with 3,651 weight points), non-availability of labour (Third rank with 3,083 weight points), lack of security (Fourth rank with 2,793 weight points), exploitation by money lenders (Fifth rank with 2,473 weight points), high cost of skilled labour (Sixth rank with 1,991 weight points) and overdue (Seventh rank with 1,946 weight points).

TABLE 3 : ECONOMIC CONSTRAINTS. Problems Rank N W.P Rank 1. 1 56 392 Lack 2 248 1488 of 3 308 1540 Credit 4 36 144 Rank I

5 32 966 5 107 15 15

Total 700 3685 2. 1 151 1057 Lack 2 258 1548 of 3 142 710 Capital 4 53 212 Rank II

5 9 276 10 207 77 77

Total 700 3651 3. 1 249 1743 Non 2 16 96 availability 3 80 400 of labour 4 44 176 Rank III

5 93 2796 171 3427 47 47

Total 700 3083 4. 1 76 532

Lack 2 98 588 of 3 97 485 security 4 31 124 Rank IV

5 303 9096 60 1207 35 35

Total 700 2793 5. 1 96 672 Money 2 8 48 lenders 3 31 155 exploi- 4 236 944 Rank V tation 5 52 156

6 221 4427 56 56

Total 700 2473 6. 1 36 252 High cost 2 52 312 of skilled 3 7 35 labour 4 178 712 Rank VI

5 36 1086 181 3627 210 210

Total 700 1991


4. TECHNOLOGY–RELATED CONSTRAINTS

Due to development in science and technology, the SHG members in the course of running their small units (business or industry), dealing with the bankers and customers, experienced several difficulties. Table 4 presents there problems and analysis follows.Table 4 : TECHNOLOGY–RELATED CONSTRAINTS

Problems Rank N W.P Rank1. 1 175 875Complexity 2 75 300of 3 49 174 Rank Itechnology 4 6 12

5 47 47Total 352 1381

2. 1 36 180High 2 173 692risk 3 66 198 Rank II

4 68 1365 9 9

Total 352 12153. 1 50 250Lack of 2 37 148raw 3 187 561 Rank IIImaterials 4 47 94

5 31 31Total 352 10844. 1 25 125Lack of 2 46 184concerned 3 25 75 Rank IVtraining 4 174 348

5 82 82Total 352 8145. 1 76 380Lack of 2 16 64timely 3 14 42 Rank Vtechnical 4 62 124guidance 5 184 184Total 352 794


Table 4 reveals that technological constraints faced by the SHG members include complexity of

33

technology (which secured first rank with 1,381 weight points), followed by high risk (Second rank with 1,215 weight points), lack of raw materials (Third rank with 1,084 weight points), lack of concerned training (Fourth rank with 814 weight points) and Lack of timely technical guidance (Fifth rank with 794 weight points).

5. MARKETING CONSTRAINTS

The marketing of goods, that too by a rural entrepreneurs, poses several difficulties. Lack of adequate marketing facilities, exploiting by middleman, improper price, lack of market intelligence etc., are few such problems. Table 5 presents the same

TABLE 5 : MARKETING PROBLEMS Problems Rank N W.P Rank 1. Lack of 1 75 450 established 2 94 470 local 3 62 248 Rank I market 4 30 90

5 33 666 58 58

Total 352 1382 2. 1 75 450 Middleman 2 35 175 exploi- 3 76 304 Rank II tation 4 118 354

5 27 546 21 21

Total 352 1358 3. 1 84 504 Improper 2 79 395 price 3 38 152 Rank III

4 47 1415 52 1046 52 52

Total 352 1348 4. 1 38 228 Transpor- 2 38 190 tation 3 114 456 Rank IV

4 131 3935 25 506 6 6

Total 352 1323 5. 1 60 360 Difficulty 2 29 145 in 3 31 124 Rank V meeting 4 7 21 quality 5 90 180

6 135 135 Total 352 965 6. 1 15 90 Storage 2 74 370 and cold 3 31 124 Rank VI storage 4 23 39

5 126 2526 83 83

Total 352 958


Table 5 reveals that the marketing constraints faced by the SHG members include lack of established local market (which secured first rank with 1,382 weight points), followed by middleman exploitation (Second rank with 1,358 weight points), Improper price (Third rank with

1348 weight points), transportation (Fourth rank with 1,323 weight points), difficulty in meeting quality (Fifth rank with 965 weight points) and storage and cold storage (Sixth rank with 958 weight points).

6. OTHER CONSTRAINTS

In addition to the above, the SHG members faced the below listed constraints.

TABLE 6: OTHER CONSTRAINTS Problems Rank N W.P Rank 1. Non 1 233 1398 co- 2 177 885 operation 3 198 792 Rank I among 4 32 96 members 5 29 58

6 31 31 Total 700 3260 2. 1 140 840 Disputes 2 289 1445 between 3 100 400 Rank II members 4 93 279

5 22 446 56 56

Total 700 30643. 1 200 1200Misappr- 2 85 425opriation 3 220 880 Rank IIIof money 4 91 273

5 33 666 71 71

Total 700 29154. 1 87 522Partiality 2 39 195in 3 96 384 Rank IVlending 4 376 1128money 5 57 114

6 45 45Total 700 23885. 1 20 120Weekly 2 7 35meeting 3 60 240 Rank Vis not 4 89 267made in 5 470 940time 6 54 54Total 700 16566. Poli- 1 33 198ticians 2 40 200are using 3 3 12 Rank VIour 4 76 228strength 5 84 168

6 464 464Total 700 1270


Table 6 reveals that the other constraints faced by the SHG members include non co-operation among members (which secured first rank with 3,260 weight points), followed by disputes between members (Second rank with 3,064 weight points), misappropriation of money (Third rank with 2,915 weight points), partiality in lending money (Fourth rank with 2,388 weight points), non organization of weekly meeting, (Fifth rank with 1,656 weight points) and Politicians are using our strength (Sixth rank with 1,270 weight points).

34

Suggestions :

Based on the study findings, the paper offers the following specific suggestions keeping in mind the minimisation and mitigation of identified problems.

1. Reducing the microcredit interest rates.2. Increasing loan repayment installment

terms. 3. Providing subsidy loan for SHGs for

innovative projects.4. Providing self employment loan for

individual SHG members.5. Flexibility in loan repayment to suit changes

in their occupational structure and varying levels of income and savings.

6. Providing marketing facilities to SHG products (Proper marketing channel could be arranged by the Government/NGO/private institutions).

7. Providing self employment training to rural people. Training programs should be designed in such a manner that members can benefit out of their strengths and overcome their weakness & should provide special assistance for selection of procedure/service so that members can be in a position to perceive and respond to various profitable opportunities.

8. The process of the SHGs formation has to be systematic, whether it is formed by a bank or by an NGO. Due to their closeness to the people and flexibility of operations, the NGOs seem to be better equipped to undertake the SHGs formation.

9. Income generating activity should be based on available local resources and reasonably assured market with profits. Goods to be produced should be either for local needs or to facilitate traditional manufacture.

10. Strong members of old groups can be motivated to take up promotional and conflict resolution responsibilities in the new SHGs. They can visit problematic/sick groups to explain and resolve various issues for smooth functioning of the new SHGs.

11. Training in book-keeping, accounts, fund management and other financial matters related to the SHGs are essential to make the members competent enough to deal with the increasing volume of transaction.

12. Annual Plans for the SHGs activities should be done by the group in consultation with the NGOs. The group leaders from different villages can meet once in a month and present the progress of their groups. Such review by all groups will promote mutual learning.

13. Exposure visits to relatively successful group ventures of other SHGs can be organized to share the knowledge,

experience and expertise. 14. The vertical structure and their management

require capacity building and promotion of leadership from the grass-roots upwards within the SHGs structure. But they should not be imposed from above.

15. Household surveys must be conducted in each village every year in order to identify the eligible beneficiaries of the micro finance and to allocate the funds according to the felt needs of the people.

16. A proper infrastructure facility should be given to micro credit beneficiaries for effective implementation of schemes like small dairy farming & other processing.

17. With a view to promote the habit of thrift and savings among the members effectively and efficiently, starting a co-operative thrift society by all the groups under cluster level would go a long way in promoting their savings and curtailing their unnecessary expenditure in their families.

18. Most of the SHGs procure their raw materials locally for the production. When there is shortage or non-availability of raw materials agencies like co-operative agricultural societies and marketing societies should come forward to help the SHGs. These agencies may create a link with the SHGs and they may try to solve the problems of the SHGs.

19. There is a need for simple and user-friendly records and books of accounts, coupled with a similar MIS. This should be linked to monitoring – by SHPAs and Banks.

20. Financial literacy and communication for SHGs also assumes importance (especially if SHG members move into running enterprises) and providing women with necessary knowledge in initial years of SHG functioning would empower them better.

References :1. The Times of India, July 12, 2006.2. Thejaswini A. and Veerabhadraiah S.,

Knowledge Assessment of Rural Women on DWCRA and their Problems. Kurukshetra, Vol.51. No.4: 1996, pp. 46-47.

3. Kumaran K.P., Self Help Groups – An Alternative to Institutional Credit to the Poor – A Case Study in Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Rural Development, Vol.16. No.3: 1997, pp. 515-530.

4. Shylendra H.S., Micro Finance and SHGs. A Study of the Experience of the Leading NGOs-SEWA and AKRSP in Gujarat. Search Bulletin, Vol.14. No.30:1999, pp. 56-79.

5. Field Survey Data6. Shivamoga Zilla Anki Amshagala Pakshinota,

2011-12.

35

Abstract :

The precise objective of this research study was to understand the point of view of the retailers about employees skills gaps within the area Mumbai & its suburbs. Around 50 retailers were considered as sample for this research. These 50 retailers consisted of large end retailers as well as small scale retailers so that a true picture could be canvassed representing all other retailers.

Purpose :

This research study is focused on identifying gaps between the skills of the employees working in retail industry & impact of these skills gaps on their productivity, & finding apt training to overcome these gaps.

Methodology :

Research was conducted in retail stores located in Mumbai & its suburbs. Schedule was administered to collect relevant data. Resulting in responses from 50 retailers.

Findings :

The important issues to be tackled in this research were the skill gaps of employees & industry demands, & barriers in finding methods of training for these employees.

Practical Implications:The findings reflect the need for training required for employees working in retail sector.

Keywords : Skills gaps, retail training, large end retailers, small scale retailers.

1.1 Introduction :

The retail sector is the most booming sector in Indian Economy. It holds the largest portion in the private sector. It contributes to the local players favorably. The CAGR of retail industry in India is 15% (2014).

The industry covers an entire gamut ranging from Mom & Pop stores tolarge end retailers. The biggest issue faced by both the players is of employee turnover because of hiring of part time employees who have poor career aspirations. Thus retail sector is saturated with low skilled employees.

The purpose of this research paper is to find out the skills in particular required by retail industry & the gaps associated with it in Mumbai, India and to scrutinizeprobable training and business implications that arise from these skills gaps.

1.2 Objectives :

The key objectives of the research are to:

1. To find out whether employers feel there is a training need for employees of retail sector.

2. To identify the most suitable training method formal or informal

3. To identify the areas where training is required for example technical training, communication, specific skill training, team work, selling techniques, soft skills etc.

1.3 Research design :

A questionnaire was administered and the retailers were interviewed at the same time so as to get a clear picture of the real life situation in the retail industry. The questions were designed keeping in view the following topics

• Recent training provided• Types of training provided• Identifying suitable methods for training.• Finding areas where training is required. • To find out the untapped skills of employees

which can be utilized by employers.• Impac t o f t r a in ing on employee

performance.• Hindrances in transferring the knowledge

gained in training process to the jobs.

1.4 Limitations of the study :

1. Study is confined to retail industry.2. Scope of the research is limited to retail stores

located in Mumbai & its suburbs.

1.5 Data analysis :

1. Is training essential for the employees in your retail outlet ?

Training in Retail Industry

Adveta Gharat, Asst. Prof., Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Mumbai

Alpha Lokhande, Res. Scholar, Jagdish Prasad Jhabarmal Tibrewal University, (Raj.)

36

Interpretation - 58% of employer don’t think that training is required for their employees, while 42% think that training is required.

Analysis - It indicates employers still don’t realize the worth of training their employees & hence it requires a lot of effort to emphasize its importance.

2. Best training methods which can be utilized to train retail employees ?

Interpretation – 36% of employer think that Simulation is the best method of training the employees, 24% of employer think that Role playing is the best method of training the employees, 22% of employer think that under study is the best method of training the employees & 18% of employer think that Coaching is the best method of training the employees.

Analysis - Simulation & role playing are the most effective methods to train employees.

3. Areas where training is required ?

Interpretation - 32% of employers think that communication & 30% think are the areas of concern for training. While 18% think team work & 20% think technical skills require training.

Analysis - It can be analyzed that the employees being in touch with the customers all the time there is more need for soft skills training rather than hard skills.

4. Level at which employee training is needed maximum ?

Interpretation - 42% of respondents quoted that lower level employee require maximum training, 36% feel middle level employees require maximum training while only 22% feel that top level employees also require certain training sessions.

Analysis - Maximum training is required for lower & middle level employees as they are in constant picture of the customers than that of the top level employees.

5. Is computer based training essential for lower level employees

Interpretation - 66% of respondents think lower level employees require computer based training while 34% feel they don’t require computer based training.

Analysis - As the businesses are getting more & more computer centric it is very essential for the lower level employees to be trained on computers.

6. Are the Gen Y employees positive about the training required for retail industry?

7. Is your management able to tap your potential to fullest ?

Interpretation - 56% of employers are able to tap the potential of the employees to fullest while 44% aren’t able to tap the potential of the employees.

Analysis - The management should put in extra efforts to tap the employees potential as there is lot of scope for the hidden talent to be fruitful for the employees.

37

1.6 Finding & conclusion :

This research study has thrown light on various areas for attention on retailers & retail industry located in Mumbai & its suburbs. The retailing image is embossed at a very tender age on the Indian minds through their various retailing experiences. In the current scenario Gen Y is the current soft target as they grow to shop as astute followers of fashion. This prospective Gen Y should be targeted for being utilized as workforce in retail industry. Retail should be made attractive career destination for Gen Y. There is a requirement to propagate affirmative image retail industry so as to attract & retain the talented employees.

The basic skill gaps identified in this research are-

a) Gen- Y’s attitude gap.b) Management skills gap.

The wise folks usually say that people with right attitude are trainable but people with wrong attitude can never be trained.

1.7 References :

1. Arnold, S. (2002), Lessons Learned from the World’s Best Retailers, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 30 (1), 562-570.

2. Ayad, A, (2008). Optimizing Inventory and Store Results in a Big Box Environment. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 36 (3), 180 – 191.

3. Berry, L. L. (2001), The Old Pillars of New Retailing. Harvard Business Review, 79(4), 131-137.

4. Clifford, S. (2005), The Hidden Value of Slow Sellers. Inc, 27(10), 36.

5. DeHoratius, N. Raman, A. (2007), Store Manager Incentive Design and Retail Performance: An Exploratory Investigation. Manufacturing & Service Operations Management, 9(4), 518-535.

6. Dubinsky, A. J. & Levy, M. (1985), Ethics in Retailing: Perceptions of Retail Salespeople. Academy of Marketing Science Journal, 13(1), 1.

7. La Vere, S., &Kleiner, H., P., 1997, Practices of Excellent Companies in the Retail Industry, Managing Service Quality, 7 (1), 34-38.

8. Moon, S.Y. (2005), An Analysis of Global Retail Strategies: A Case of U.S. Based Retailers. Journal of American Academy of Business, 7(1), 219-222.

38

Abstract :

By the securitisation Act 2002, the creditor banks

and financial institutions have got more teeth, as

they are allowed to recover the debt without

going to any court, by way of enforcing security

interest. But when in the procedure the banks

need to sell or lease the secured property in order

to recover the loan, then an officer is authorised to

evaluate the same asset. Many a times it is

complained by the borrowers (in the way of cases

or writs) that the property is not properly

evaluated and sold or leased on a value much

lower than the real market value.

Key Words : creditor, borrower, recovery of

debt, security interest, Asset-Evaluation

Introduction :

After passing of the Recovery of Debts due to

Banks and Financial Institution Act, 1993, a

revolution has come in the field of recovery of

loans. The debts recovery tribunals and appellate

tribunals were established and armed with the

summary procedure. They were made open to the

undone creditors and financial Institutions. But

the biggest democracy of India soon felt that the

Act passed in haste and many gaps are still there

to be filled up. As a result another Act titled

‘Securitisation and Reconstruction of Financial

Assets and Enforcement of Security Interest Act,

2002’ was passed after nine years. The Act is

popularly known as Securitisation Act.

Securitisation Act :

Being the second legislation in the same field, the

Securitisation Act is operated somehow

differently from that of the Recovery of Debts

Act, 1993. Under the Securitisation Act, the

creditors are more empowered and are eligible to

take their own remedial measures without taking

the help of any court. Various provisions of the

Act specify that the creditors can take the help of

some private companies known as securitisation

or asset reconstruction companies to get their

loan recovered. The Act has vested the first

appellate authority upon the Debt Recovery

Tribunals regarding any dispute arises out of the

transaction of recovery. However in the practical

implementation of the myriad provisions of the

Act, several problems are crystallised.

Asset Evaluation and Legal Provisions :

Among many problems in the implementation of

the provisions of the Act, some important are, (i)

the enforcement of security interest under section

13 of the Securitisation Act intervening the rights

of an innocent tenant, (ii) the jurisdiction of the

High Courts and the civil courts are not clearly

defined under the Act, (iii) problem in identifying

the NPA (Non Performing Asset) under the Act

etc. One of the important problems is the

evaluation of assets upon which the security

interest is to be enforced under section 13.

Section 13 of the Act is a complete code in itself

which tells about the enforcement of security

interest. It has various subsections throwing light

into minutes details of the same procedure.

According to section 13(4) if the borrower fails to

discharge his liability fully within period of 60

days after the notice of the secured creditor, the

creditor may take the possession of the property

and sell, assign, lease the same or may take over

the management of the property. On the other

hand the 7th subsection of the section 13 says,

that the residue of the sale proceeds is to be

returned to the borrower as he was the owner of

the property. The provision is very much

appreciable as the right to property is a

constitutional right. But unfortunately the Act is

silent about the evaluation of the asset which is

going to be sold or leased.

It is a very important and sensitive issue for the

borrower or the owner of the property because the

Assets Evaluation Under Securitisation Act

Arunima Mishra, Ph.D Research Scholar,M.S.Law College, Cuttack (Odisha)

39

creditor is only interested to recover the blocked

NPA, whereas the borrow is going to lose the

property in return of which the property must be

sold at least at the proper market price. There is a

lot of difference in the value of the property at the

time of lending and at the time when the loan

asset becomes NPA, when the security interest is

to be enforced and it affects the lending if that is

asset-based. The difference basically depends

upon three factors. Those are (i) the time-gap

between the two transactions, (ii) the type of

asset, and (iii) depreciation or appreciation of the

value of the asset in the market.

According to the rule 5 and rule 8(5) of the

Security Interest (Enforcement) Rules, 2002, the

authorised officer has to fix the reserve value of

the asset in consultation with the creditor bank. It

is very well evident that if there is not much

difference between the market value of the

property and the outstanding debt then the

evaluation is taken good care of, but if the market

value is much more than the due debt then the

bank as well as the authorised officer go in a very

relaxed mood and in some cases the right of the

borrower is severely infringed.

Role of Judiciary :

In some of the disputes arise out of the evaluation

issue; the Indian judiciary has given very bold

views. In Varalakshmi v. The Chief Manager,

Punjab National Bank (CDJ 2012 MHC 3240), it

was held that, if the offered price is less than the

reserve price then the consent of the borrower

should be obtained, for the sale transaction, but if

the borrower is not agreed about the amount, then

the Act and the Rules are silent regarding what to

be done.In K.Ramselvam and others v. Indian

Overseas Bank, Aminjkarai Branch and another

(AIR 2010 Madras 93), the secured assets were

sold at a lower price than the reserve price by the

authorised officer. It was held that, the sale must

be refused to be confirmed if it is revealed that the

bidding price is the result of the collusion among

the bidders. As the bank acts like a trustee of the

same secured property, so it should try to generate

the highest possible money out of it.

Conclusion & Suggestion :

Only because of the hazards of enforcing the

security interest neither the lending activities can

be stopped nor can be stopped the enforcement

procedure itself. In cases where the offered price

is less than the reserve price, there the following

suggestions may be taken into consideration.

1. The borrower may be given some role in the

evaluation procedure.

2. If the borrower’s partition does not work or if

he avoids the sale procedure then the bank

may spend some more amounts in

advertisement of sale, auction or lease.

3. While entering into any lease or sale contract

with the bidder or purchaser, proper

negotiation must be done or any third party

may be appointed for the same.

References :

1. Dash S.K.: Tits Bits of General Advances

and Financial Services; Revised Edition

2006; Bank House Publication.

2. De Mr D.J.: Banking Law: Practice and

Procedure; 1st Edition, 1993; Kamal Law

House; Calcutta- 700001.

3. Rao K. Panduranga: Law Relating to Debt

Recovery Tribunals; 4th Edition, 2008; Asia

Law House, Hyderabad.

4. www.dnb.co.in/Acril2008/SARFAESI.asp.

5. http://www.gktoday.in/safaesi-act-2002.

40

Abstract :

The PDS is a rationing mechanism that entitles households to specified quantities of selected commodities at subsidised prices. Eligible households are given a ration card, that entitles then to buy fixed rations (varying with household size and age composition) of selected commodities. The six essential commodities supplied through the PDS nationally are; rice wheat, sugar, edible oils, kerosene and coal. Additional commodities like pulses, salt, tea are supplied selectively.Till 1997, commodities under PDS were accessible to all, who were holding a Ration Card. This system was known as Universal PDS, but in 1997 Targeted Public Distribution System (henceforth known as TPDS) was introduced under the joint responsibility of Central Government and the State Governments.

Introduction :

India is a country of diversity, very rich in agriculture and natural resources, where agriculture has been the main occupation of the masses.Approximately 15% of India’s national income comes from agriculture and close to 60% of India’s labor force lives off agriculture (Basu 2010). The foodgrain production in India during 2011-12, has been at all time record level of 259.32 million tonnes (GOI 2012-13), which is supposed to be more than sufficient to feed 1.21 billion population of the country, but it is ironically and unfortunately true, that despite the huge stock of food grains available with the Food Corporation of India, (henceforth known as FCI) stray cases of hungerdeaths are still being reported in the country. The mere presence of food in the economy or in the market does not entitle a person to consume it (Jha 2002). This fact has prompted the researcher to think that somewhere food distribution system is not functioning properly.

India needed a special system, through which, commodities to the needy and vulnerable, groups of society could be made available. Accordingly Public Distribution System (henceforth known as PDS) emerged as unique solution of the problem.Initially, PDS was introduced in urban arrears, but very soon it was extended to almost all parts of the country. The PDS is a rationing

mechanism that entitles households to specified quantities of selected commodities at subsidised prices. Eligible households are given a ration card, that entitles then to buy fixed rations (varying with household size and age composition) of selected commodities. The six essential commodities supplied through the PDS nationally are; rice wheat, sugar, edible oils, kerosene and coal. Additional commodities like pulses, salt, tea are supplied selectively.Till 1997, commodities under PDS were accessible to all, who were holding a Ration Card. This system was known as Universal PDS, but in 1997 Targeted Public Distribution System (henceforth known as TPDS) was introduced under joint responsibility of Central Government and State Governments.

Identification of beneficiaries :

The beneficiaries of PDS are identified by the state government. The individual beneficiaries are identified on the basis of various standards fixed by central government. Economic status of individuals or family like income, standard of living, purchasing power, etc remains the main criteria. The identified beneficiaries are issued a ration card by the state government.

Inclusion and Exclusion Errors :

Swaminathan and Mishra (2001) conducted a study in rural areas of Pune district in Maharashtra, focused on costs arising out of targeting errors of exclusion and errors of inclusion – in the system of public distribution of food. He concentrated on the formulation of Type-I and Type-II errors by Cornia and Stewart (1993) who examined in detail the two types of targeting errors that occur in food and nutrition interventions. He further explained that errors of wrong exclusion (Type I errors) excluded genuinely poor or deserving households from PDS. These were termed ‘F mistakes’ by Cornia and Stewart (1993) on account of failure to reach the target population and errors of wrong inclusion (Type II errors) included non-eligible persons or households in PDS.

Organization of study and Findings :

Present study has been conducted in seven nodes of Navi Mumbai, namely Belapur, Nerul, Vashi, Turbhe, Koperkhairne, Ghansoli, Airoli. Approximate 500 respondents were approached

Effectiveness of Public Distribution System - In terms of Identification of Beneficiaries

Akhilesh Chandra Shukla, PhD Scholar,Tata Institute of Social Sciences-Mumbai

41

and their response was taken through pre-structured interview schedule. During survey, we found that a major portion of ration card holders procured the ration card with the help of agents and community leaders. In some cases, direct bribe paid to ration officials to get a ration card was also observed. Following table may provide the actual data in this context. Difficulty Faced to procure Have a Total

ration card Ration CardYes (only one)

With the help of community leader 154 154

With the help of agent for a commission 185 185

Directly paid bribe to ration officials 12 12

Did not face any problem 56 56

Total 407 407

Other interesting factor, is that type-II error also found, where non-eligible households have been issued BPL and Antyodaya ration card. Another table below may show the presence of Type-II error in the system of identification of PDS beneficiaries. Table: Monthly income wise Type of Ration Card holding

Monthly income Type of Ration Card TotalAPL BPL Antyodaya

up to Rs.3000/- 0 5 2 7 Rs.3000/- to Rs. 5000/- 4 151 0 155 Rs. 6000/- to Rs. 8000/- 24 120 4 148 Rs. 8000 /- to Rs10000/- 79 13 0 92 Rs. 11000 and above 4 1 0 5

Total 111 290 6 407

Presently three types of ration cards are issued on the basis of economic condition, these are, Antyodaya Cards: issued to the poorest of the poor. It isYellow colour card issued to families with an annual income up to Rs 15,000 and these families are entitled to take 35 kg of foodgrain every month from the ration shops under PDS.

Below Poverty Line Cards: issued to person or families below poverty line (henceforth known as BPL). It is orange colour card issued tofamilies with an annual income of Rs 15,001 to Rs 1 lakh and these families are entitled to take 15 kg of grain every monthfrom ration shops under PDS.

Above Poverty Line Cards or white colour card: issued to person or families above poverty line (henceforth known as APL), having annual income of over Rs 1 lakh, and these families are not entitled to food rations from ration shops under PDS. Antyodaya Card holders and BPL card holders are eligible to get ration under TPDS, whereas APL card holders are eligible get ration only under Universal PDS.

Another fact was explored in the survey that some

of the respondents living in houses like flats & row-houses could also having BPL category ration cards. Following table may provide the details of type of ration card holding as compared with the type of house they occupy.

Type of House Type of Type_of_House Total Ration Card Jhuggi-Jhompri Shanty Flat/

/Chawal(unauth- /Chawal Row-orized)/Tempo- (Authorised) houserary Makeshift

APL 0 54 57 111 BPL 8 202 80 290 Antyodaya 2 4 0 6

Total 10 260 137 407

It is evident from the above table that type-II error exist in the process of identification where non-eligible households, living in flats and row-houses have also been issued BPL ration card. There are chances that the living standard of the respondents increased after they got BPL category ration card, but such respondents did not updated their type of ration card. This possibility could not be explored in the study.

Suggestion : Targeted Public Distribution System is very unique initiative taken by government, which is more focused on the poor beneficiaries of PDS. The system provides subsidized food, and various other necessities for the benefits of the poor. So identification of poor and vulnerable group is the first priority for effectiveness of the system, because Central Government allocates very huge amount of food subsidy to be provided to vulnerable group of the society every year, but the studies show that only 56 per cent to 58.5 per cent of the total food subsidy (i.e. Centre and State) reaches the PDS consumers(Planning Commission 2002-07). There should be strong mechanism to minimize the identification errors.

References :1. Government of India (2012-13): ‘State of Indian

Agriculture’, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, NewDelhi.

2. Government of India (2004): ‘A report on “Central Government Subsidies in India’ Ministry of Finance, Department of Economic Affairs, NewDelhi.

3. Khera Reetika (2008), ‘Access to the Targeted Public Distribution System: A Case Study in Rajasthan’, Economic and Political Weekly, XLIII (44): 51-56

4. Madhura Swaminathan & Neeta Misra (2001), ‘Errors of Targeting’, Econo. & Pol. Weekly, xxxvi(26): 2447-2454

5. Planning Commission (2002-07):‘Tenth Five Year Plan-Public Distribution System’, Govt. of India, New Delhi.

6. Shaban Abdul (2006):‘Regional Structure, Growth & Convergence of Income in Maharashtra.’Econo. & Pol. Weekly, xli(18):1803-1815.

42

Abstract :

Recent decades Indian industries have registered a quantum jump, which has contributed to high economic growth. A large number of recent empirical studies have relied on measures of size or structure to provide evidence of a link between financial system development and economic growth. These studies used macro or sector level data such as the size of financial intermediation or of external finance relative to GDP and found that financial development has a significant positive impact on economic growth. Alternative explanation has also been empirically given for the relationship that exists between financial intermediation and growth based on the direction of causation. Financial intermediation can be a causal factor for economic growth. A 2½ percent reduction in overall credit causes a reduction in the level of GDP by around 1½ percent (Bayoumi and Melander 2008). Similarly, studies reveal that economic growth can also be a causal factor for financial development. This study use the secondary data published by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Ministry of Statistical and Programmes Implementation (MOSPI) of Government of India. This study concludes that there is high degree of association between bank credit and industrial production in India.

Keywords : industrial production, bank credit deployment, growth, correlation, India

Introduction :

India has made considerable economic progress since its Independence. Most noticeable are the expansion and diversification of production both in industry and agriculture (Roseline Oluitan 2009). New technologies were introduced in many industries. Industrial investment took place in a large variety of new industries (Ho Ngai Wa, 2005). A large number of recent empirical studies have relied on measures of size or structure to provide evidence of a link between financial system development and economic growth by using macro or sector level data such as the size of financial intermediation or of external finance relative to GDP and found that financial development has a significant positive impact on economic growth (De Serres A., Kobayakawa S., Slok T., and Vartia L. 2006). Alternative

explanation has also been empirically given for the relationship that exists between financial intermediation and growth based on the direction of causation. Financial intermediation can be a causal factor for economic growth (Dickey, D. and Fuller, W. 1979). Similarly, studies reveal that economic growth can also be a causal factor for financial development (Sims, C.A. 1980). This often occurs when the level of development within the economy is responsible for prompting the growth of the financial system (Justin Paul, and Ramanathan A. 1999). In this regards this study is going to analyze the relationship /association between bank credit deployment and industrial production growth in India.

Statement of the Problem :

The literature on finance and growth nexus is vast. Several researches have been made to examine the relationship between financial development and economic growth. Some of these studies have considered bank credit as proxy or one of the proxies to reflect financial development in their efforts to establish relationship between finance and growth in finance literature (Antonious Adamopoulos, 2010). These studies considered whole bank credit and economic growth as denoted by GDP growth rate in a broader perspective. But studies that focus on finding relationship between bank credit and industrial production are rather restricted (Gurley, J. and Shaw, E. 1967). There are a few studies that paid a little attention to observe relationship between bank credit and industrial production while their major and broader focus was different. A notable exception is the seminal work by Alper Ozun and Atilla Cifter (2007). A review of existing literature shows that such studies have not been carried out in the Indian context. Thus it could be reiterated that studies trying to establish bank credit and industrial production nexus are scanty. The present study is mainly oriented towards filling this gap by examining the relationship between bank credit and industrial production in India.

Objectives : The objectives of the study are :

1. To analyze the growth of bank credit deployment and industrial production in India

Industrial Production and Bank Credit Deployment : Indian ContextR.Vettriselvan, Doctoral Research Fellow, Gandhigram Rural Inst.-Deemed University, Gandhigram

M.Sathya, Research Scholar, Gandhigram Rural Inst.-Deemed University, Gandhigram

43

2. To assess degree of association between the bank credit and industrial production in India

Data and Methodology :

In order to accomplish the objectives the study relies on time series secondary data for India published by Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and Ministry of Statistical and Programmes Implementation (MOSPI) of Government of India. The data on bank credit deployment to industries were collected from Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy published by RBI. With regard to industrial production, the relevant data were collected from Annual Survey of Industries, MOSPI, Government of India. The data used for the study pertain to 20 years from 1991-92 to 2010-11 which is the period of present study. The data on bank credit deployment ? and industrial production in value terms as available from sources are used in present study. But the data with regard to industrial production of select industries are available only in quantities and are used as such in the study.

Relevance of the Study :

Thus, its main aim is to summarize and evaluate the relevant literature on the question of the bank credit deployment in industrial production and their relationship. But specific studies on finding relationship between bank credit and industrial production are very limited (Mishra P.K., Boas K., and Pradhan B.B. 2009). Only a few studies have been conducted to examine the relationship between bank credit and industrial production. The bank credits are highly correlated with the industrial production in India (Vettriselvan. R. and Manikandan, K. 2013) Bank credit constitutes two-third of the total credit to the industrial sector and still continues as the important source of finance for small-scale industries (Justin, Paul and Ramanathan, A. 1999). Government owned banks do not promote growth rates of manufacturing industries and development of private sector banks had a positive effect on such types of manufacturing industries output growth (Arturo, G. and Alejandro, M. 2003). The literature shows that studies that have a clear focus on assessing the relationship between bank credit deployment and industrial production are scanty (Manikandan, K., et. al. 2012). Common talk is bank credit deployment has been increasing due to less industrial production (Iman Sharif, 2010) but, none has proved it. So present study is more

relevant to the field to answer the question weather both of them have a relationship or not.

Scope of the Study - The study examines the relationship between bank credit deployment and industrial production in India during 1991-92 to 2010-11. The findings of the study would help to understand the bank credit deployment and industrial production nexus in India. And it would provide literature support to these two variables in the Indian context.

Bank Credit Deployment and Industrial Production :

In this section an attempt is made to assess the relationship between bank credit deployment and industrial production using the tools such as annual growth rate, compound growth rate and correlation. Correlation analysis is done with data on total industrial production. The annual growth rates of bank credit to industries and industrial production do not offer a clear cut pattern of relationship. Annual growth rate of bank credit deployment and industrial production is presented in Table-1 shows industrial production got negative growth during the year 1998-99, single digit growth during 2000-01 and 2001-02 and bank credit deployment single digit growth during 1993-94, 2000-01, 2001-02 and 2003-04 apart from these years both has got double digit growth.

Table 1Annual Growth rate of Bank Credit and Industrial Production Year Industrial Production Bank Credit to industries

Amount Annual Amount Annual (Rs.Billions) Growth Rate (%) (Rs.Billions) Growth Rate (%)

1991-92 2992 - 652 -1992-93 3686 23.2 787 20.71993-94 4257 15.5 805 2.31994-95 5180 21.7 1023 27.11995-96 6705 29.4 1249 22.11996-97 7418 10.6 1385 10.91997-98 8363 12.7 1610 16.31998-99 7838 -6.3 1790 11.21999-00 8979 14.6 2001 11.82000-01 9269 3.2 2188 9.42001-02 9625 3.8 2295 4.92002-03 11306 17.5 2956 28.82003-04 12874 13.9 3131 5.92004-05 16726 29.9 4231 35.22005-06 19084 14.1 5504 30.12006-07 24085 30.0 6973 26.72007-08 27757 15.3 8583 23.72008-09 32728 17.9 10544 22.92009-10 37330 14.1 13115 24.42010-11 46762 25.3 16046 22.4

Source: Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, RBI.Annual Survey of Industries, MOSPI, Govt. of India.

Compound Growth of Bank Credit and Industrial Production - As the compound growth rates computed could not explain the relationship between the two variables average

44

annual growth rates are computed by segmenting the entire study period into 5 time periods viz., 1991-92 to 1995-96, 1996-97 to 2000-01, 2001-02 to 2005-06, 2006-07 to 2010-11 and 1991-92 to 2010-11. The compound growth rates computed are presented in Table 2. From the table one could observe a pattern of relationship between bank credit and industrial production by comparing their growth rates for the respective time periods. During the I time period compound growth rate of bank credit deployment is 91.6 percent and corresponding figure for industrial production is 124.1 percent.

Table 2

Compound Growth rate of Bank Credit Deployment and Industrial Production

Year Bank Industrial Credit (%) Production (%)

1991-92 to 1995-96 (I) 91.6 124.1

1996-97 to 2000-01 (II) 58.0 25.0

2001-02 to 2005-06 (III) 139.8 98.3

2006-07 to 2010-11 (IV) 130.1 94.2

1991-92 to 2010-11(V) 2361.0 1462.9

Source: Handbook of Statistics on Indian Economy, RBI.Annual Survey of Industries, MOSPI, Govt of India.

When growth rate of bank credit declined to 58 percent industrial production also showed a decline but drastically to 25 percent. During the III time period the growth rate of bank credit rose to 139.8 percent, industrial production also moved in the same direction by registering 98.3 percent average annual growth rate. During IV time period when average annual growth rate of bank credit declined to 130.1 percent the corresponding growth rate of industrial production also declined to 94.2 percent. Overall during the study period bank credit deployment got 2361 percent and industrial production 1462.9 percent. Thus there seems to be a certain relationship between the bank credit deployment and industrial production in India while analyzing the data on the basis of compound growth rate of both the variables. However it should be noted that the analysis is partial one since it captures the relationship based on only the direction of movement of these variables not the degree. Therefore, in order to capture the degree of association between these two variables correlation (two tailed) analysis is carried out.

Correlation Analysis between Bank Credit and

Industrial Production

The correlation exercise was carried out with the variables denoted by values of bank credit deployed to industries and value of industrial production in India for the study period of 20 years from 1991-92 to 2010-11. The results are presented in Table 3.

Table - 3

Correlation Analysis Bank Credit Deployment and Industrial Production

Bank Industrial Credit Production

Bank Credit Pearson Correlation 1 .996(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 20 20Industrial Pearson Correlation .996(**) 1Production Sig. (2-tailed) .000 N 20 20

** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

It is clear from the table that there is strong association between bank credit and industrial production in India during the study period. The correlation co-efficient is 0.996 and it is significant at 1 percent level. So it could be inferred that there is high degree of association between bank credit deployment and industrial production.

So far attempt was made to assess the relationship between bank credit deployment and total industrial production shows that both are influenced in positive way it, increasing trend of bank credit deployment is due to positive growth of industrial production. It shows that there poor relationship between the industrial production growth and payment of bank loans. It raise the question “Why Government and RBI increasing the lending amount for industries year by year when they are not interest to repay?”.

Conclusion :

The study using macro level data for India during the period from 1991-92 to 2010-11 reveals that bank credit deployment has increased tremendously over the study period. Bank credit to industries also has increased over the study period but its share to total credit had been declining over the study period. Out of the credit to industries the share of large and medium scale industries records an increasing trend while share of small scale industries showing a declining trend. This trend is likely to affect small scale

45

industries and entrepreneurs whose entry and growth depend on bankable projects. The average and compound growth rate of bank credit deployment and industrial production shows that there is an increasing trend in past few decades. It concludes that industrial production does not cause the payment of bank loans it seems industries are not shown their interest to repay the bank loans when they got grown in terms of production. It shows there are some other factors have influenced the repayment which researchers are skipped in their research. The average growth rate analysis and correlation analysis carried out in the study shows that there is high degree of association between bank credit and industrial production in India during the study period. Studies are needed to cover all the issues which are all cause sickness of the industries and increasing trends of bank credit deployment.

References :

1. Alper Ozun, & Atilla Cifter (2007). Industrial Production as a Credit Driver in Banking Sector: An Empirical Study with Wavelets. Banks and Banks System/ 2(2):69-80

2. Antonious Adamopoulos (2010), Financial Development and Growth an Empirical Analysis for Ireland; International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research 3(1):75-78.

3. Arturo Galindo, & Alejandro Micco (2003). Do State-Owned Banks Promote Growth? Gross-Country evidence for Manufacturing Industrie., Inter American Development Bank, Working Paper 483.

4. Bayoumi, T., & Melander .O. (2008). Credit Matters: Empirical Evidence on U.S Macro-Financial Lingages. IMF Working Paper, WP/08/169.

5. Demetriades O. P. & Hussein A. K. (1996) “Does Financial Development cause Economic Growth? Time Series evidence from 16 countries” Journal of Development Economics, 51(2):387-411.

6. De Serres A., Kobayakawa S., Slok T., & Vartia L. (2006). Regulation of Financial Systems and Economic Growth. OECD Working Paper: 506.

7. Dickey, D. & Fuller, W. (1979). Distributions of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series with a Unit Root. Journal of American Statistical Association, 74: 427-431.

8. Gurley, J., & Shaw, E. (1967). Financial Structure and Economic Development. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 15(3).

9. Ho Ngai Wa, (2005). Bank Credit and Economic Growth in Macao. Monetary Authority of Macao, Macao.

10. Iman Sharif, (2010). Bank Credit and Economic Activity. Journal of Business & Policy Research, 5(1):179-188.

11. Justin Paul, & Ramanathan A. (1999). Sources of Industrial Finance: Some Econometric Evidence, Mumbai.

12. Manikandan, K. , Manivel , S . , & Vettriselvan, R. (2012). Bank Credit and Industrial Production in India: Granger Causality Test in VAR Framework. Asia-Pacific Journal of Management Research and Innovation, 8(3):247-253.

13. Mishra P.K., Boas K., & Pradhan B.B. (2009). Credit Market Development and Economic Growth in India. Middle Eastern Finance and Economics, Euro Journal Publishing House, ISSN 150-2889, Issue-5

14. Roseline Oluitan, (2009). Bank Credit and Economic Growth : The Niger ian Experience.

15. Sims, C.A., (1980) Macro economics and Reality. Econometrica, 48:1-48.

16. Vettriselvan, R., & Manikandan, K., (2013). Bank Credit and Industrial Production An Indian Experience. Lab Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany.

Websites :

http://www.mospi.nic.in http://www.rbi.org.in/home.aspx http://www.eurojournals.com/.htm

46

Introduction :

Under Social utility Health centers have to know Psychographic aspects which include Consumer’s Motive, Need, Learning, Perception and attitude which however can bring proactive behavior for understanding health’s significance and as an outcome our society can move to achieve better health. Under commercial utility, health centers can learn better communication program which can direct consumers towards them as well as they can know the market of medical aid. Health centers have to know the demographic which too is responsible to establish a kind of consumer behavior as it is affected by age, income level, education, and living standard.

Consumers confidently choose products that provide best value for the money but when it comes to choosing medicines and care, they often find themselves confused due to lack of information. Consumer organizations such as Consumers Union, Medical Organization can design program or medical aid campaign to help consumers select options that will provide optimal health and financial outcomes to fitness and health care. Also Consumers can have information about medical care as well as financial solutions to acquire fitness and health care through Consumer union & Medical organization.

Since the research was Descriptive in nature, Qualitative approach was applied. The study design consisted of taking a cross-sectional view from both stakeholders– doctors and patients about healthcare delivery and utilization. The medium used was a questionnaire designed on the Likert scale and Servqual 5 dimensions were considered for designing the questions. The questionnaire was administered via internet and telephonic interview. For the purpose of this study 25 direct consumers (patients) and 50 persons related to the consumers were interviewed. 25 healthcare providers were included in the study.

Perception measurement was done through Servqual Scale based on 5 dimensions-Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy

and tangibility. Further Likert Scale was used to scale respondent from extreme range like strongly agree to strongly disagree. In this study we have used demographic and psychographic particulars only. Following aspects were covered Demographic segmentation :

- Gender, - Marital Status, - Age, - Educational Level, - Occupation, - Income Level,

In Psychological segmentation following aspects were covered - Knowledge, Opinions, Intentions, Motives

Data Types we have used primary and secondary data for results. In Primary Data was collected f rom Medical Pract i t ioners , Medical Representatives and Patients. Research method was adaptive and for measuring responses likert scale was used. Structured and Unstructured questionnaires were used and for measuring responses tabulations are graphed.

For the purpose of this study following media was used to collect data : - Mail intercept,

- Telephonic interview

For the purpose of demographic information six close ended questions were asked and for detailed information five open ended questions were asked.

For measuring Consumer perception and expectation for service of quality for health care and fitness Servqual 5 dimensions were measured under 21 Questions which were closed ended, 5 points likert scale ranging from Strongly Disagree 1 to Strongly Agree 5 was used for investigating results.

Perception was measured through Servqual Scale on 5 dimensions-Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, Empathy and Tangibility.

1.1 Servqual Dimensions in Likert Scale is given in the following table:

1.2 Questions pertaining to personal information (Cross or tick for each question)

Psychological Approach to Define Consumer Behavior for Fitness and Health

Dr. Arshi Naim, (Information Systems), King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia

Dr. Mohammad Faiz Khan,Security Force Hospital, KSA

Dimension Statements Pertaining to Dimension Tangible 1-4 Reliability 5-8 Responsiveness 9- 12 Assurance 13-16 Empathy 17-21

47

Open Ended Questions :

1. Do you think health related issues are concern of security need and should be dealt urgently? For Yes or No Give reasons for your answer.

2. Why do you think it’s important to receive treatment in specialized health care centers?

3. What are the motivating features you look for in health care centers?

4. What kind of health awareness program you think is the best from health care organization to inform on important issues related to fitness and health?

5. What is the best media for health awareness program that health care organization can opt for and why?

1.3 Questions that measured psychological particulars

Demographic Findings

1. Gender Information

2. Age Category

3. Level of Education

4. Monthly Income

5. Occupation

Psychological Finding :

1. Tangibility - Expected level was very high as most of respondents choose 7 degree on likert scale but Actual received services were moderate as most respondents choose from 4 to 6 degree on likert scale.

2. Reliability - Expected level was very high as most of respondents choose 7 degree on likert

1. Please Specify your Gender

Male Female

2. Please specify your marital status

Single Married

3. Please indicate your age category

Below 24 25-34 35-45 45 and above

4. What is your highest level of qualification

Intermediate Graduation PG Doctorate

5. Please specify your monthly income level

<10000 <15000 <200000 <50000

6. What is your occupation

Doctor Teacher Entrepreneur Others

S.No. Related Query Expected level Strongly Disagree -----

Strongly Agree

Actually Received Strongly Disagree -----

Strongly Agree

Ta

ng

ible

1. Excellent Health Care Centers have Modern investigating machine.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2. Physical Amenities of health care are excellent and appealing to consumer mindset.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

3. Medical Staff is neat and good in appearance.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

4. Equipment associated to the service such as cardio and weight training equipment

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Re

lia

bil

ity

5. Excellent Health Care org provide membership that makes medical facility easy and cheaper to purchase.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

6. Medical Staff are responsive to customers complaints

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

7. Medical Staff are prepared for Emergencies

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8. Health Care Org Offer prompt service to its members

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Re

spo

nsi

ve

ne

ss

9. Medical Staff offer exact consultation to the customers as per their health related need.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

10. Child Minders in excellent health care interact and play with children as a part of Health Care USP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

11. Medical Staff are always willing to help

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

12. Medical Staff are professions and trained while dealing health related issues.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Ass

ur

an

ce

13. Medical Staff instill confidence in consumers.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

14. Medical Centers provide secure and safe facilities to consumers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

15. As a part to offer concession to Health care members offer moderate membership fees.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

16. Medical Staff Have Professional Knowledge

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Em

pa

thy

17. Medical Staff show interest in consumer’s improvement

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

18. Medical Staff give individual attention

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

19. Health Care Org provide members social opportunity as part of Medical USP

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

20. Medical Staff Understands the specific needs of all consumers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

21. Health Care center have 24 hrs operating services.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

48

scale but Actual received services were less than moderate as most respondents choose from 3 to 5 degree on likert scale.

3. Responsiveness - Expected level was very high as most of respondents choose 7 degree but few respondents choose lowest degree too such as 2 on likert scale but Actual received services were less than moderate as most respondents choose from 3 to 6 degree on likert scale.

4. Assurance - Expected level was very high as most of respondents choose 7 degree likert scale but Actual received services were poor as most respondents choose from 1 to 4 degree on likert scale.

5. Empathy - Expected level was very high as most of respondents choose 7 degree likert scale but Actual received services were from poor to moderate as respondents choose from 1 to 6 degree on likert scale.

Conclusion :

This research has contributed in two ways one to know consumer behavior for health services for medical service providers so that they can make

communication program and secondly consumer awareness regarding medical care as and financial aid.

References :

1. J. Luck David and S. Rubin. Ronal “Marketing Research” Scaling Methods ISBN: 978-8120304840, Volume 13 Prentice Hall.

2. G. Schiffman Leon Consumer Behavior “ Theory of Learning and Motivation” ISBN:6 0133729885 Volume 6 January 1997 Prentice Hall.

3. H. Abraham, Psychological Review “Maslow A theory of Human Motivation” ISBN-1603865780, Volume 10.

4. Rampal M K and Gupta S I. Service marketing Concepts and Applications, ISBN: 8185989567 Volume: 10 Re printed in 2008.

5. Markin Rom Psychology of Consumer “ Consumer Psychology” ASIN: B0006BYXH4 Volume 10 258 pages Prentice-Hall (1969).

6. Kotler. Phillip Marketing Management “Consumer Psychology” , “ Theory of Need” “Learning Theory”, ISBN: 0132102927 Volume 10, Page Numbers 816 Prentice Hall.

49

Abstract :

NAAC Quality Indicators are very useful and pathway to Transfer library role traditional to Modern and well maintain library. Library will get special effort in future to membership of national and international institution database for use of index e-journals, e-books and other services, which is provided through their databases. Library should maintain quality through all above practices mentioned in this paper. All Statistical data are also enrolled in various register and SOUL report from day to day work.

Introduction :

In today’s high-tech learning environment, the library as a learning resource is taking up increasingly more academic needs. All this play up the need for scientific evaluation of a library so that its role as the centerpiece of academic development is protected and enhanced. With this point of view the NAAC has after wide consultations evolved a set of guidelines on quality indicators, to help academic libraries to be always in their best form. The adoption of quality management by library and information services to facilitate the selection of appropriate quality management system and techniques, and their implementation in libraries by adopting quality management and libraries can increasing productivity while focusing on the customer’s needs.

College libraries are required to study space need, while allocating the seating space, good collection, technical work, use of modern technology by user and staff, to meet the modern challenges. The Libraries need to prepare well-framed rules and guidelines with regards to hours of access, circulation policies, and other regulations to offer batter services to the user.

Libraries are including in IV criteria of the NAAC Accreditation Standards, Which is prepared for data Collection. It Give maximum mark among other key aspect matrix, to ‘library as a learning resource’ i.e. 35 marks to all Universities, Autonomous & Affiliated/ Constituted Colleges. So That library administration to be careful about their services and administration.

Historical Aspect :

NAAC does the assessment of a library a vital subunit, is a key step that integrates itself with the overall evaluation. Library is the fulcrum of

Support for the entire range of Academic activities on an Educational campus. In today High-tech learning environment the library as a learning resource sis taking up increasingly more academic space and time in the life of learner. In time ahead, this will be even more so. All this play up the need for scientific evaluation of the library so that its role as the centerpiece of academic development is protected and enhanced. It is in this context that the NAAC has after wide consultations evolved a set of Guidelines on quality indicators, to help academic libraries to be always in their best form.

(A) Management of Library & Information Services - In universities and in large college the library system normally consist of a central university library and branch or department libraries. The large campus environment often defines the use of the library in term of the strength and size of text and research collection. The central library supports general information requirements of the users whereas the department libraries cater to the specific subject needs of the users, both for study and research. By considering set minimum parameters lists below would help to ensure quality in library systems of affiliated and autonomous college.

1. Working hours : This parameter refers to opening and closing hours of the library, whether library opens before the institution’s opening time and closes after the closing time so that readers have an opportunity to use the library without disturbance to their academic schedules.

2. Library Advisory Committee: This Formation of library committee with an equal representation by faculty and students, and the role of the committee and its functions in developing library services are to be well defined.

3. Manpower Development: Qualification and experience of the librarian and the library staff should be on par with that of the academic staff and should fulfill the norms prescribed by UGC/AICTE/NCTE/ICMR etc. for guaranteeing a professional approach in delivering information services. Training programs and professional involvement of library professionals need to be encouraged. Total qualification and semi-skilled

NAAC Quality Indicator for College Libraries

Asharam Pal, LibrarianMandsaur Institute of Pharmacy, Mandsaur

Pradeep Kumar Gupta, LibrarianMandsaur Institute of Technology, Mandsaur

50

manpower, the ratio between number of users and collection, need to be maintained as per UGC/AICTE and government norms for Promoting a better library environment.

4. Infrastructure of the Library: The Management may look into the aspect of location of the library, to see whether the library has a place of its own with proper planning and organization of space and has proper furniture, necessary quantity and quality of reading chairs, tables, display racks, magazine racks, etc. the minimum carpet area for services counters and other section of the library as prescribed by government and other governing bodies are to be taken note of along with proper ventilation, fan, and water and toilet facilities. Fixing of notice board, Research cubicles for scholars/teachers, providing uninterrupted power supply systems (UPS, Generator, etc.) along with due attention to overal l building maintenance and cleanliness also need consideration.

5. ICT Infrastructure and know-How: Quantification and computer facilities, system for enabling e-library services, etc. need to be determined, taking in to account total number of users, type of users and programs offered. The library should have networking facility and be a part of institution network, with fully implemented automation. The bandwidth of internet access and subscription, organization and access of e-resources, etc. are important factors in the transmission of digital information services.

6. Overall Policy of the Institution on library: The library should have an approved policy on collection development support, Introduction of new services, support in terms of fund, annual increase of budget, binding procedure, removal of obsolete books, and policy on loss of books and an ongoing commitment of the institution in deputing library professionals for continuing and further education.

7. Budget : There should be a proportionate growth in the library budget for different documents in such as books .Journals and other resources and ICT infrastructure are to be defined as to the scope of the institute. Sources of income other than state, central and UGC grants may be indentified for enhancing the collection and services.

(B) Collection & Services Provide to User -

1. Collection : The library is required to provide varied, authoritative and up-to-date resources date resources that support its mission and the needs of its users. Resources may be provided onsite or from remote storage locations, on the main campus and/or at off-campus locations. Moreover, resources may be in a variety of formats, including print or hard copy, online electronic text or images, and other media. A university/autonomous college should contain the quantity of resources as prescribed by the government, UGC/AICTE and other governing bodies. They may generally be in the form of books, text books standard reference, current journals which include national international and peer reviewed journals, back volumes, e-resources such as full text/secondary databases, CDs/DVDs, AV materials, etc. The library may maintain a special collection of national and international agencies (World Bank, UNO, EU, UGC, DST, etc.) government documents, book –bank, rare materials, collections for civil service/competitive exams, etc. Even with limited budget, the library may explore ways, such as open access sources to provide quality resources in the most efficient manner possible. Collection currency and strength may be maintained though judicious weeding-out policies.

(2) Services: The library has a key role in supporting the academic activities of the institutions by establishing, maintaining, and promoting the library and information services, both quantitatively and qualitatively. The library offers a wide range of services from reference to electronic information services. University and autonomous college libraries may answer the following basic questions while ensuring the appropriate services.

I. - Does the library provide the following facilities / services to the students?

• Publication and research support services• Information display and notification• Bibliographic compilation• ILL/Resource Sharing• Reprographic facilities• Book Bank• User Orientation• Computers• OPAC/Indexing• Audio-visual resources• Internet• Distal library services• Any other• Ratio of library books to number of students

51

enrolled• Number of log-in’s into the e-library

services/e-documents delivered per month (Efforts made towards developing on-campus electronic environment and encouraging e-deliveries may be mentioned )

• Network of academic libraries under university’s jurisdiction. Member of library networks (INFLIBNET/DELNET) and Consortia (UGC, INFONET/ INDEST) or any other.

(C) Extent of the Use of Services - Performance evaluation of university and autonomous college libraries needs to be carried out at regular intervals in order to enhance the quality and its sustenance. Normally, the evaluation can be made on the compilation of statistics based on use. The Following parameters would help in assessing extent of use of library and its services.

I. a). Average number of books issued/returned per day.

b).Number of reference enquiries (user on an average per month (percentage may be specified).

c).Number of services delivered per user per month.

d).Average number of users who visited documents consulted per month.

II. Compiling the information on number of logins into e-library services/e-documents delivered per month.

(D) Best Practice For University/Autonomous College Libraries - In the library context, the ‘best practice’ may be viewed as one that enhances user satisfaction contributing to full realization of one’s academic potential. Listed below is suggestive set of best practices.1. Library Brochure/Dairies/Information

Packs.2. Central reference library for the use of

constituent and affiliated colleges.3. A feedback from stakeholders through

scientifically designed and analyzed questionnaire, at least twice a year.

4. Compiling and displaying of student/teacher attendance statistics (graphic) on the notice boards of the library as well as in the departments.

5. Communication of current awareness to different user groups.

6. Information Literacy programs- Beginning of the academic year with

a general presentation- Periodically for need based groups- Teaching library programs

7. Creation of digital repositories- Article repositories

- Publication repositories- Question paper repositories- Course ware repositories

8. Displaying new arrivals books/journals and circulating a list different departments that use the library.

9. Suggestion box and timely response.10. Development of website/web page for

library including all the services and necessary information.

11. Establishing linkage with other libraries and avail free/ nominal fee services.

12. Initiatives for research project/ turn key projects from the library.

13. Development of electronic environment on the campus and encouragement to e-deliveries.

14. Developing linkage with the functional units of the universities.- Information center, - Computer center, - Department of comp. sc., - Students welfare Directorate/Training & Placement cell

15. Conducting Exhibitions/Demonstrations/ Lecture on Current Issues.

Conclusion :

NAAC quality indicators are very useful and pathway to transfer library role traditional to modern and well maintained library. Library will get special effort in future to membership of national or international institution database for use of index, e-journals, e-books and other service which provided through their database.

Library should maintain quality through all above practices mention in the paper. All statistical data is also enrolled in various register and SOUL report from day to day work. All things of library work is in written from as like rules of library and reading room goal and mission, future work etc., it is a part of quality maintenance. Our library is also trying to establish e-sat, v-sat centre and provide more modern services efficiently to user.

References :

1. Pathan, S.N.: NAAC A success story of Maharashtra: 1st Ed., 2005, Intellectual book bureau, Bhopal.

2. Deshpande, H.V.; NAAC Shaikshanik Gunwatteche Mulyamapan, 1st Ed., 2002, Sukhda Sourabh Prakashan, Patan, Dist. Satara.

3. National Assessment and Accreditation Council, Banglore: Guidelines on quality Indicators in library and information services, www.naac. india.com. Accessed on 3.30, dtd. 11-1-10. P. 1-8

52

Abstract :

Poverty ia a chronic problem in India ,especially in the slums of India and it has to be eradicated if we have to achieve the objective of Inclusive growth and HRD of the slums of India. Literacy of health , finance and formal education can not only help in human devloment of the slum dwellers but also help in eradicating poverty by increasing their per capita income , improving their health and standard of living.

Key words : Poverty , human resource, literacy.

Objective :

1. To find out the extent of HRD in Slums 2. To find out the extent of poverty in slums of

Malad East3. To find out the relation between Poverty and

HRD.

Hypothesis :

1. Poverty eradication through investment in education of slum dwellers can lead to HRD.

2. Education can lead to HRD

India has been changing for the better since independence it is becoming an open economy .We have improved socially and economically but we still have to improve a lot especially we have not succeeded in eradicating poverty and have not achieved inclusive growth. .We can say that economic growth is inclusive when it creates equal economic opportunities for all and it includes all the people in the development process in other words each and every one ,rich or poor enjoy the fruits of development. Poverty reduction and increase in quantity and quality of employment is an important element of inclusive growth to have inclusive growth Human resource development through good health and education of the poor , the slum dwellers can help in achieving inclusive growth.

Poverty is a chronic disease because it continues from generation to generation. Poverty is a situation where the person is deprived of even his basic necessities of life such as food clothing and shelter. Those who are on the poverty line just get their basic necessities of life up to a subsistence

level of living and those below the poverty line are deprived of even the basic necessities of life that is the minimum calories of food required for survival.

There are different types of poverty absolute and relative .the above mentioned is absolute poverty and relative poverty is comparative poverty. Two well off people compare themselves and say I am poorer than the other. Poverty is measured also in terms of per capita income called income poverty.

The main aim of economic development is reduction or eradicating poverty and several efforts have been put by the government and NGOs for the same. According to the human capital approach education plays an important role for reducing poverty because investment in education leads to human resource development which is an important factor for economic development and economic growth. Education plus training will help in transform the human and make him more capable of earning. Human capital means human who are full of skills, knowledge and training which will increase the productivity of human

There is a very strong connection between education and earning or the per capita income of the family. The more a person is educated the more he is capable of earning. Education creates confidence in human and empowers human. Education will help reducing inequalities between the rich and the poor and also reduce gender inequalities too. It also helps in knowing ones rights and thus education is a social and economic need. Education has a direct and an indirect effect on poverty Directly it helps in transforming the person and making him capable of earning and indirectly it helps in fulfilment of basic needs such as better health care , right medicines at the right time, water sanitation also make human realise the use of family planning methods etc.

Poverty is a multidimensional problem besides low income. Poverty denies people the access to opportunities required for human development and even education. Thus the main focus of

Poverty and Human Resource Development : A Case Study of the Slums of Malad East

Caroline David, Research Scholar, JJTU University, (Rajasthan)

53

development should be the development of human

What is Human resource development ?

Human resource development is a process of enlarging the choice of human. It is a means and an end in itself. The investment in Human resources will lead to an increase in Economic growth. Human poverty is a wider concept than income poverty .It is a denial of choices and opportunities for living a decent and tolerable life. According to Amartya Sen Human development approach is also called human capabilities approach.

Education can influence both income poverty and capability poverty, be caution when education is deprived it weakens the capability to earn and leads to capability poverty, thus by investing in education of the poor will reduce income poverty. Human resource development views education as a right and as an opportunity for all irrespective of being rich and poor. Education helps to broaden the base of understanding among people and makes the democratic set up more stronger and paves the way for the promotion of sustainable development. Education empowers both men and women by making them more broader in their outlook .Lack of education is a principal factor responsible for income poverty and income poverty in turn does not allow people to overcome poverty of education. When literacy rate increases it will lead to an increase in income and a reduction in poverty thus the demand for education will increase and the status of the people will increase .Thus it is seen that poverty is more among the poor especially the slum dwellers.

The slum dwellers are very poor and this keeps them far away from education. Being illiterate they are not even aware of the literacy programmes by the government, and cannot avail them. The poor in the slums cannot afford the expenses of education because investment in education is huge. Informal education is cheaper than formal education but non formal education cannot be a substitute for formal education, it cannot provide a solution to the problems of poverty and it also leads to inequalities between the rich and the poor. Moreover it is not affordable to developing countries. Higher and formal education is a must for sustainable economic development and the reduction of

poverty. The % of decrease in poverty has been between 1.5 to 2.55 per year. India continues to have the largest number of poor in the world that is around 300 million. Inclusive growth continues to be the focus of the 12th five year planned it also aims at increasing he standard of living of all the people in the society that is the poor along with the rich. Reduction of poverty and inclusive growth are the two important priorities of our Government.

The state policies should be designed in such a way that even secondary education should reach out to the poor which includes the slum dwellers. Education should be made free and compulsory to the poor having a low per capita income. Education should be treated as a public good not a merit good. Trained teachers should be provided even to part with informal education and even the adults should be included. Teachers should provide value education to the students which are a must for improving the quality of human. Social expenditures on education should increase for fostering inclusive growth.

A case study of 60 houses was taken in order to study the extent of poverty in the slums of Malad east. They were asked to write down their total income and the no of family members dependent on that income it was found out that most of the slum dwellers of Malad East have an income of 6000 to 8000 per month and too many mouth to feed but somehow managing to send their children to school and college. Each house the number of dependent was 5 to 8. Most of them were sunk in loans from the Jewellers who charge very high rate of interest. Even if their children get educated and earn and add to their family , it is difficult for them to come out of poverty as the burden of the loan is passed on to their children.

The human development report of 2010 measures poverty in terms of multidimensional poverty index which replaced the human poverty index which was used in 1997.Accordind to the MPI ,India has a poverty index of 0.296 and poverty ratios of 41.6 %.China and Srilanka are better off in this respect but Pakistan ,Nepal and Bangladesh are much lower than that of India. Human development means removal of all those condit ions of social deprivat ion and discrimination which not only creates a complex in people but also restrict their capabilities and denies them opportunities for participating in

54

normal socio-economic activities like attending school &colleges, having access to good health care facilities , drinking water facilities, hygiene and sanitation, having access to good employment etc in other words lack participation in the growth process or do not enjoy the fruits of economic development and economic growth.. Thus human resource development leads to an improvement in health and education which will widen peoples choices and increase their welfare.

India has now shifted from the goal of growth and development to human resource development since the seventh plan and with every new five year plan this goal of HRD is given more and more emphasis. In order to achieve this goal of HRD the government will have to increase its investment on education, health and standard of living. Because of the emphasis on this goal, literacy rates have come down and health of people have improved. But I it inclusive of the poor , the slum dwellers or the fruits of HRD have also gone to the rich..Some of the causes of poor performance of HDI in India are:

1. Poverty and in equality in the distribution of income.

2. Great extent of gender disparity.3. Malnutrition of women and children.4. Lack of proper policies of the government.5. Poor health due to poverty and poor living

conditions example slums Suggested policies for development of HRD in developing countries like India:

1. Free and compulsory education for all.2. Improvement in the quality of education.3. Education should reach out to the poorest of

the poor ie even slum dwellers.4. Schools should admit children of even poor

families.5. Value education should be taught in school.6. Survey should be done to find out how many

children are not send to school and why?7. Child labour should be abandoned.8. Effective health policies should be

implanted specially in the slums and they should be explained how to take precautions to avoid diseases

9. The government should focus on health care , sanitation, hygiene, clean drinking water, better nutrition, literacy of women and children and the prevention of diseases through education of children and adult.

10. Medicine and vaccine should be supplied free to the poor ie slum dwellers.

11. Food should also be supplied to the poor in the slums .

Conclusion :

Human resource development is the most important factor for the economic and social progress of the economy because human are a means to an end and their development is an end in itself. Human resource development cannot take place without investing in education which is the most important factor for human development and of course Health care because a happy mind and a healthy body can give a better performance. Investment in education will further lead to an increase in income and a better care of one’s health. India like other developed and developing countries is trying its best but inspite of investment in HRD we still are counted among the countries with lower Indicators of human development. Poverty and illiteracy still pevail in our country. Lastly to conclude only those countries which have an efficient human resource will be able to survive in todays competitive scenario in international trade.

References :

1. “Poverty, development, and bio diversity conservation: shooting in the dark”, ISSN 1530-4426. (Feb 28, 2010)

2. Dolly Jaitly, Achala Prasad, D.B. Singh (March 2012). “Illiteracy and India” ISSN:2231-6868.

3. L. N. P. Mohanty, Swati Mohanty (01-Jan-2 0 0 5 ) . ” S l u m s i n I n d i a . ” I S B N 8176488925/9788176488921.

4. Mia Melin (2001). “Education is a way out of poverty.” ISSN 0283-0566.

5. Randy L. Desimonc, Jon M .Werner and David m. (1 June 2001). “Human resource development” ISBN: 81-7700-026-8

55

Abstract :

Indian Information Technology Act 2000 and Indian Information Technology (Amended) Act 2008 was written in haste it seems and amended too by taking only legal system into consideration and technology seems to be not the priority, as it has missed several provisions due to either Technocrats missed it or Advocates missed it. Hence, this particular attempt to make it more comprehensive and thorough.

Key words : Indian Information Technology act 2000, Amendments, Technical Specifications, Provisions for making or breaking, Ethics in using Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Introduction :

When, we keep receiving spams, and emails of ‘you have won 1 million lottery, we keep thinking it has no solution, but, it’s not, if the laws in all the countries are stricter, no one can even try to send such emails. Also, in case it is not stopped, someday some time, there could be an email if accessed can cause damage to millions or billions of computers due stronger virus or due to some unethical practice, which at present we don’t know. Hence, this is our humble attempt to amend the laws governing the ICT not only in India but around the world.

Originality Value :

The IT Act 2000, provided new dimension to law, which should be updated every after 2 or 3 years or as the technologies get versioned the law also should also get its new version, with new articles or sections or clause, etc. ofcourse, by keeping the basic law same for giving justice to the society.

Objective and Purpose of the Act :

To make Information Technology Act of India, more comprehensive and s t r ic ter on implementation side and to avoid any micro to macro malpractices those may lead to major mishap in future.

Research Relevance :

For relevance, the best example given here could be the Nokia 1100 (Manufactured in the year

2000) basic first generation phone used for Banking and the latest (Manufactured in the year 2014) HTC android phone used for banking. While Nokia 1100 provides least security but HTC highest security, but, Banks allow their operations over both.

Design/ Methodology / Approach :

Point by point or case by case each modification is suggested. In other words, mainly lacunae are found and how to fill the gaps is suggested.

Findings - Many major provisions are missing in this Act, which could be corrected with the suggestions given here and by consulting more experts.

The relevant Suggestions from Technical Expert and Legal Expert :

1. There are innumerable CD, VCD, software, hardware, systems, procedures, books, and write ups are available at certain cost but are sold by piracy experts in the market at cheaper or negligible cost, thus damaging the faith of the creators and innovators. To ensure confidence with Research and Development Labs I.T. Act 2000 must be amended further.

Example of Published Book: Dr. Ashish (Author), authored a book with pen name, ‘Computer and IT Competency Made Easy’ ISBN 978-93-5142-3447, with The Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. It was the most comprehensive book for entrance exams like MS-CIT, which is compulsory in Maharashtra State for any Government of non-Government jobs. It also supported some other government entrance examinations to enter into public sector jobs. Its sample copies were given to several study centers for further sells. It was in tabular and simple format and had more than 500 sample questions asked till date with solutions. The irony of this the best book in the market is, the publisher could sell only 2000 copies. Later, we investigated and found that all these questions and solutions were photocopied and went viral in Maharashtra. The author, found it in Pune, in Mumbai, in Nasik, in Nagpur and even the smaller places like Hingoli, Wadgaon, etc. Further investigation proved there were almost

Further Amendments required in the Information Technology Act 2000 and the Information Technology (Amended) Act 2008 of India

Dr. Ashish Manohar Urkude, Professor, UPES, Dehradun

Adv. Satish Ranganathrao Deshpande, Nagpur

56

million copies of these Questions-Answer/ Solutions were made and reached to all the aspirants of MS-CIT in Maharashtra. When, asked to students, where did they get it, they claimed it is from the best book ever written on MS-CIT, and as they cannot buy the book they just photocopied from their friends and, photocopy to photocopy had no links left in the fast paced communication cycle. The author was satisfied with public service and reaching to the millions, but, publisher and himself got discouraged to write further on such all-important exams and especially in the field of IT where everything is freely available, everywhere. The damage done is irrecoverable now.

2. There are no provisions of ethics / norms for forwarding emails. Hence, spams, unethical emails, are always been send by ‘undisclosed’ places, especially from hackers. Almost, everyone keep getting email with subject line- ‘You have won the jackpot’ or ‘you have won 100 million jackpot’ or ‘Will on your name’, etc.

3. There are no provisions for making or breaking of intellectual property right and thus patents, trademarks and copy rights are not safe as implementation is not stricter.

4. There is no clear cut definition of hacking or entering into email of someone else or website violation.

5. India has not signed the WIPO which can allow Indians to file or grant right or complaint against the infringement of rights.

6. Illegal cameras taken by the media or a common man may expose the wrong doing but it also can expose certain classified activities of government of military activities or places like airports, sea ports, like other places, however, there are no stricter norms yet.

7. Further to this, there are few companies which are doing illegal hacking in the name of legal hacking by experts, otherwise how emails, phone numbers and addressed of thousands of executives are available with organizations which are selling insurance, financial or even daily household products? How do they get leads? Thus, it requires stricter implementation of law, otherwise, if Unique Identification Number or AADHAR number is leaked out then billion data will be stolen by unknown sources and it may cause havoc in India in future.

8. There are no laws to copy and paste in

India. It seems simple. However, if something from very important websites are copied and pasted then, the important information could be leaked out to the unreliable source.

9. At some more minute level, one daily in India exposed the unethical practices of a company through their own source, now the same thing has happened to the same daily; it is demanding a special law for media. Thus, what is legal for one is illegal for others and vice versa. Hence, clarity of interpretation of law is also required on certain issues otherwise, it will kill the IT act.

10. There is no law to download or upload. Just look at the several websites which are loaded with copyrighted songs and music, which are sold at Rs. 400/= to Rs. 1000/= for a CD in the market, however, on these websites it is available at free of cost. There are many websites on which there are more than one million songs and music are there, free of cost, and there is no control on it, and no one is taking objection now a days on it.

11. Internet Café, in the remote area, out of bound of civil society are places where even little children are exposed to illegality of life, they can learn how to use AK 47 or manufacture it or other illegal things, they learn there, a case in J & K was exposed a few months ago. Hence, law for internet café could be made strict and a regulator could be brought in.

12. ICT is advancing faster pace than the Law in India is amended in India to deal with advances in the technologies that are leading to illegalities. Once, a person took a pen drive in in Indian military office, where people were not aware for what purpose it is used. By the time, they came to know; already the information was leaked out. Hence, we’re suggesting here that IT Act 2000 could be made ICT Act 2015, and which is inclusive all these technologies, and remedies over all these problems. Next it could be up graded in 2016. After every year Indian Budget the fine should increase and this law also should be upgraded every year and thus scrapping the previous year’s law with stricter norms.

13. Tra in ing and Deve lopment o f Government executives including IAS and IPS and NDA and IMA, should be there on regular basis, so that even if they don’t use several technologies they know it and thus could avoid the further damage or mishap.

57

14. Google, Yahoo and Microsoft like organizations are always coming up with certain technologies and mechanisms to tackle hacking, and spam messages and to avoid viruses entering into the email and thus in the computers. Hence, a joint action is required at certain level along with these organizations to avoid some mishaps mentioned here at several places.

15. If you do business in China, the server and your PC are registered by the Chinese Government with specific names and code, in India we still have not reached that level. This method can detect the phishing attach, credit card frauds, instantly.

16. China and other countries have legalized the Anti-Phishing Groups, Anti-Hacking Groups, etc. to avoid such cyber-attacks on their nation. India is still to implement these things.

17. We believe that here after humanity will survive only if laws are stricter, otherwise, loopholes in the laws could bring a dooms day, as mentioned in the movie Die-Hard 4, where just one expert ICT group created havoc by hacking all the government websites and controlling the government machinery in USA. In reality, this situation is already faced by the country called Estonia.

18. Laws for cellphones and Mobile Commerce are not clear. SBI account can be accessed by the 1st generation phone like Nokia 1100 with no anti hacking software, or security. The same account can even be accessed by high security HTC android phones. Conflicts and Loopholes are increasing day by day due advancement in the technologies. Technologies are governed by Moore’s law that at every 2 years the transistors will get doubled in the silicon micro-chip, thus increasing the speed of operations but Law remains still and stagnant for several years.

19. Law for internet commerce especially for bidding, advertisement, online transactions, online lottery, blank calls, and emails from unknown sources, need a special look. At present there are no provisions in the present IT Act.

20. Laws, Mode of Conduct, Rules and Regulations for e-Panchayat, e-Governance, requirement of Quorum, mode of participation, conflicting interests, problem resolution on these and implementation modes, are not clear and there is no provision in IT Act 2000.

21. Hong Kong has Optical Media Law (OML), at par with IT Act 2000 of India. However, in it they have cleared every idea about cyber-crime and the right to inspect and destroy IPR violating goods. The model OML also seeks license and control. IT also have provisions to stop business, de-licensing, in case the user of PC is involved in the hacking or piracy or unethical practices. The legislation also happens on the Optical Media itself.

22. Many places in India, Internet Explorer 6.0 are still used whereas latest version is available, having better security. Similar is the case while using other application software, which already has software lacunae, and have been hacked by experts earlier and now could be hacked by novice thieves, due to availability of manyfree hacking software on the World Wide Web.

Conclusion :

Indian Information Technology Act 2000,could be made inclusive of all upcoming technologies and hence could be evolved as Indian Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Act by 2015, before it’s too late.

References :

1. “Amendments required in Indian Motor Vehicle Act 1988”, Ashish Manohar Urkude, Adv. Satish Ranganathrao Deshpande, pp 224 to 229, All India Reporter Journal (AIRJ-Nagpur), August 2002.

2. “An immediate wake up calls for Laws for Automotive and other technologies in India and for Indian Judiciary system.” Dr. Ashish Manohar Urkude, Adv. Satish Ranganathrao Deshpande, pp 68 to 77, Autotech 2004, National Seminar on Advancement in Automobile Technology, 1st February 2004, The Institution of Engineers (India), Nagpur Local Center.

3. “Laws for technologies in India, needs a relook,”Ashish Manohar Urkude, and Adv. Satish Ranganathrao Deshpande, All India Reporter Journal (AIRJ-Nagpur), May 2003.

4. “Terrorism: A big threat for Telecom and Internet based communication,” Volume 3 (2013), Issue 8 (August), Mr. V. Kaushik, Dr. A. Gaur, and Dr. Ashish Manohar Urkude, ISSN 2231-1009, pp 18-22.

5. Information Technology Act 2000, Government of India Gazette.

6. The Information Technology (Amended) Act 2008, Government of India Gazette.

58

Abstract :

Human Resource Management practices have been widely used by the organizations to nurture the employee - organization relationship and improve the overall performance and productivity of the organization. Various practices have been identified by scholars across the globe and validated through empirical research studies. In the present paper a few HR practices has been identified from the existing literature and further analyzed. The study is based on primary data gathered and complied through HR Managers of different companies across Pune city. Overall this study is a small step to identify dominant HR practices which directly or indirectly creates an impact towards organizational productivity.

Introduction :

The rapid expansion of technology, information and communications technologies have recommended several organizations to actively search for new ways, ideas, experimentation, and creative solutions in humanizing their current product, practice, system and technology. During this entire process several organizations faced threats to their existence due to lack of sufficient resources and authenticity. The challenges mainly aroused in recruiting, retaining, compensating and motivating employees (Cardon & Stevens, 2004). The challenge further routed towards the direction where many firms or organizations do not yet have well developed and much less formal HR policies or programs (Heneman & Tansky, 2002). Routing through these challenges it becomes a tough for an organization to maintain its workforce and the situation becomes worst when there is an intense competition in the market. With such intense situation when the market is full of competitors and established brands, the risk level and the probability failure always remains on higher side. At this point of time researchers and scholars across the world suggested that adoption of Human Resource Practices improves the performance and productivity of firms also enhancing their adaptabi l i ty towards

competition. The basic elementary things that influence an organization’s ability to create innovative and creative product, practices and system is the key driver that drives the same to stay in a competitive and dynamic market. It has been widely acknowledged that effective human management resource (HRM) practices (Damampour & Gopalakrishnan, 1998; Tan & Nasurdin, 2010) are significant in extracting positive work behaviors among employees, which consecutively lead to organizational innovation.

According to Harter, Schmidt, and Hayes (2002), HRM practices can generate augmented knowledge, motivat ion, synergy, and commitment of a firm's employees, which results in a source of sustained competitive advantage for the firm. However, a number of authors, such as Hilsop (2003), Morrow and McElroy (2001), and Moynihan, Gardner, Park, and Wright (2001) have argued on the missing link between HRM practices and organization outcomes. The author further added the argument on research needs on the relationship between HRM practices and organizational productivity. Since a HRM practice plays a key role in influencing an individual’s attitude and behaviors, it is believed that a HRM practice has significant and positive relationship on organizational productivity.

HRM practices positively nurture the employer-employee relationship which again encourages the employees to become more innovative. If HRM practices were properly realigned, it can play a imperative role in contributing towards organizational knowledge and innovation which again leads to better productivity. Against this backdrop, the aim of this study is to examine the re la t ionship between HRM pract ices (performance appraisal, career management, training, reward system, recruitment) and organizational productivity.

Literature Review :

Minbaeva (2005) described HRM practices as a practice used by organization to manage human resources by smoothing the progress of

Impact of Human Resource Management Practices on Organizational Productivity

Dr. Kuldip S. Charak, Director,Navsahyadri Education Society’s Group of Institutes, Pune

59

development of organization and building knowledge which will rather benefit them to sustain in competition. Against this background, we concluded that HRM practices relate to specific practices, policies, and philosophies that are premeditated to magnetize, expand, encourage and retain employees to guarantee the effectual execution of the organization.

Among the main approaches to develop HRM: Universal or best practical approach (Huselid, 1995); strategic HRM practices approach (Delery & Doty, 1996); contingency approach (Dyer, 1985; Schuler, 1989); and configuration approach (Wright & McMahan, 1992), previous studies revealed that HRM practices, which were re la ted to organizat ional innovat ion, performance and productivity were mainly focused on universal or best practical approach. A review of the literature elaborates on five common practices that have been consistently associated with performance & productivity, encompassing performance appraisal, career management, reward system, training, and recruitment (Gupta & Singhal, 1993; Jimenez & Sanz-Valle, 2005; Kydd & Oppenheim, 1990; Laursen & Foss, 2003; Shipton, Fay, West, Patterson & Birdi, 2005).

Organizational Productivity :

Existing literature supports the fact that the basic resources that were available for an organization are physical, fiscal and human resources. Out of all these human resources i.e. the employees have a great impact on organization’s productivity. The ultimate factors that interact within the organization are the employee that determines an organization’s effectiveness, productivity, and profitability which are abilities, skill, education, motivation and personal beliefs.

Phipps (2013) discussed about the theoretical relationship between employee involvement and organizational productivity. He further considered organizational productivity, a form of organizational performance. He also tried to establish the moderating effect of organizational commitment on employee involvement and productivity. The variables under employee involvement which were considered are power, information, knowledge/skills and rewards. All these were further linked with organizational productivity through a conceptual model.

Evidence suggests that convenient performance

related products are the result of an organization’s participation and involvement, and its inclination to use HR practices clearly indicates the value of employees and their input in that organization. Arthur (1994) found that practices that give more weightage to the development of employee commitment resulted in higher productivity than practices that were more control oriented. The literature also suggests that both employee involvement and organizational commitment should play a role in organizational productivity. Increased employee involvement has been acknowledged as one of the important means of enhancing organizational productivity. Wolf and Zwick (2008) found that employee involvement subsequently raised establishment productivity. Jones, Kalmi, and Kauhanen (2010) also supported the fact that active participation had a strong positive effect on an organizations’ productivity stating that it improved its score on participation by five percent. Results also revealed that information sharing and active employee participation had a positive and statistically significant effect on value added.

In fact, productivity is a standard measure often used to assess organizational performance (Newlin, 2009). However, productivity can be defined in many ways. It has been defined in terms of output, sales, profitability, work quality, and processes completed on schedule (Culnan & Bair, 1983; Pritchard, 1990). Another major organizational productivity indicator is absenteeism (Kyoung-Ok, Wilson, & Myung Sun, 2004). How productivity measure is based on what is important to the organization (Newlin, 2009). Therefore, in this particular research piece productivity is commonly defined as the augmented value over time. This definition enables the inclusion of all the aforesaid indicators, which seize both effectiveness and efficiency. Organizational productivity is essential because it is directly tied to an organization’s success. This review is significant in that it serves as a preliminary stride to provide a theoretical basis and conceptual framework from which an actual study can be designed. Results obtained from the study can be used as organizations strive to promote development and implement changes that would increase their productivity. If findings show that employee involvement or various human resource management practices does indeed influence organizational productivity, than these HRM

60

practices, with a focus on the various constituent elements will impact to utmost productivity of an organizations, as a cohesive unit.

Objectives :

The primary objective of this manuscript is

a. To explore the possible influence of HR practices on organizational productivity.

Research Framework :

Though most of the studies have been conducted across the globe so emphasizing on the literature survey and with support to the existing literature it is now an established fact that HR practices have significant impact on productivity, performance, and employee involvement. Based on these facts the study proceeds in the following direction.

a. Sample - The structured questionnaire was sent to the HR managers of the all 70 different companies across Pune city. Finally 50 useable questionnaires were found for the study (71% response rate).

b. Data Sources - The study is complied with the help of primary data and secondary data. Questionnaire survey method was used to gather primary data. A 20-item and a 05 item Likert type questionnaire (where 1=strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree) were developed with some modifications from earlier studies to measure the HR practices and organizational productivity of various companies across Pune city. Since HR managers of any company are the most reliable sources to provide data related to HR practices and overall organizations so they were targeted to fill the structured questionnaire for primary survey. Moreover, the desk study covered various published and unpublished materials on the subject.

Variables :

Independent Variables :

According to various HRM models and the concept postulated by different scholars, the following four (04) HR practices were selected as independent variables.

PA: Performance Appraisal, CM: Career Management, RS: Reward System,

TR: Training & Recruitment.Dependent Variable : Organizational Productivity (Perceived)

Reliability and Validity

Before applying any statistical tools, testing of the reliability of the scale is very much important as its shows the extent to which a scale is consistent. If the association is high, the scale yields consistent result, thus is reliable. Cronbach’s alpha is most widely used method. The value of Cronbach’s Alpha value varies from 0 to 1 but acceptable value is required to be more than 0.6 for the scale to be reliable (Malhotra, 2002; Cronbach, 1951). In the present study, we, therefore, used Cronbach’s alpha scale as a measure of reliability.

Table 1 : Reliability Values

No. Scale Items Cronbach’sAlpha

1. Performance Appraisal 05 0.81 2. Career Management 05 0.73 3. Reward System 05 0.77 4. Training & Recruitment 05 0.79

Table-1, gives clear picture on reliability value estimated from a =0.73 to 0.81, if we compare reliability value of the scale used in the present study with the standard value alpha of 0.6 advocated by Cronbach (1951), it is observed that the scale of the present study was highly reliable for data analysis. Validation procedures involved all the steps required. Domain experts also validated the content of the questionnaires as adequate. Hence, researcher satisfied reliability and validity of the scale.

Data Analysis and Findings - The present study analyzes the data with Enter wise method in a multiple regression analysis. This was further performed by making use of all the discrete variables (i.e., dependent and independent variables) considered for our study. For this, study, we have considered the following model specifications, by taking as dependent variable i.e., organizational productivity by making HR practices as independent variables.

Table 2 : Model Summary

Model R R 2 Adjusted R2

1 0.805 0.648 0.623

a. Predictors(Constant) PA,CM, RS, TR

Table 2 explains the model summary of the considered study. The R2 value in the model

61

denotes the percent of variability of dependent variable explained by the considered independent variable. In this case R2 value is 0.525 which can be stated as 65 percent of variability in the dependent variable that is organizational productivity can be explained by the considered HR practices under this research. Rest 36 percent variability in the model is resulted due to some other variables which might not have been considered under this study.

Table 3 : Coefficients for Predictors

Model Unstandardized StandardizedCoefficients Coefficients t Signß Std. Error Beta

Constant 1.114 .392 2.845 .000PA .467 .150 .482 3.071 .000CM .039 .111 .046 .354 .725RS .148 .104 .171 1.365 .174TR .442 .145 .440 3.303 .000

The table-3 shows that PA & TR is positively influencing on OP. For PA, the value of t is 3.071(p=0.004) and TR the value of t is 3.303(p=0.005). Hence, it can be concluded that PA & TR has significant impact on OP. The coefficient (parameter estimate) is .467 which can be interpreted as for every unit (i.e., point, since this is the metric in which the tests are measured) increase in PA, a .467 unit increase in OP is predicted, holding all other variables constant. Or, for every increase of one point on the PA, OP is predicted to be higher by .467 points. This is significantly different from 0. Likewise the rest variables can be interpreted in similar manner.

Conclusion :

The study mainly focused on the various HR practices followed by organization to improve the performance of the organization viz-a-viz productivity. Though from the literature survey it was quite evident that various HRM models were postulated by various scholars which takes into consideration different HR practices but the present study mainly focused on HR practices like performance appraisal, career management, reward system, training and recruitment and how further these practices influences the productivity of an organization. Since it is basically a primary survey so data was collected through questionnaire. Statistical tools were used to validate the reliability of the scales and items used which in turn shows higher reliability of the items and scales used. Further regression analysis

is performed to justify the influence of HR practices on organizational productivity. Systematic analysis in SPSS presented the results which can be concluded by stating that there is a positive influence of HR practices on productivity but out of the considered variables under HR practices performance appraisal and Training and recruitment shows major influence towards productivity of firm or an organization.

Limitations and Directions for the Future Research :

Unlike many other study the limited data set and limited sample size always provide a little scope to explore all the dimensions under this study. For further research we can include more variables and look for varied sample from different places, region to give broader facet to the study. This might help us to explore various dimensions in the same research work.

References :

1 Arthur, J. B. (1994). Effects of human resource systems on manufacturing performance and turnover. Academyof Management Journal, 37(3), 670-687

2 Cronbach, L.J., (1951), Coefficient Alpha and the Internal 32. Singh, K. (2004), Impact of HR Practices on Perceived Firm Structure of Tests: Psychometrika, Vol.6, No.3, pp.297-334

3 Culnan, M., & Bair, J. (1983). Human communication needs and organizational productivity: The potential impact of office automation. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 34(3), 215-221.

4 Damanpour, F., Szabat, K. A. and Evan, W. M. (1989), ?The relationship between types of innovation and organizational performance?, Journal of Management Studies, Vol.26, No.6, pp. 587-601.

5 Damanpour. F. and Gopalakrishnan, S. (2001), ?The dynamics of the product and process innovations in organizations?, Journal of Management Studies, Vol. 38, No.1, pp. 45-65.

6 Delery, J. E., and Doty, D. H. (1996), ?Modes of theorizing in strategic human resource management: Tests of universal is t ic , contingency, and configurational performance predictions?, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.39, No.4, pp. 802-835.

7 Dyer, L. (1985), Strategic Human Resource and Planning. In K. Rowland and G. Ferris (Ed. Research in Personnel and Human Resource Management, Vol. 3, pp. 1-30. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

62

8 Gupta, A. and Singhal, A. (1993), ?Managing human resources for innovation and creativity?, Research Technology Management, Vol.36, No.3, pp. 8-41.

9 Harter, J. K., Schmidt, F. L. and Hayes, T. L. (2002), ?Business-Unit-Level relationship between employee satisfaction, employee engagement, and business outcomes: A meta-analysis?, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 2, pp. 268-279.n

10 Hilsop, D. (2003), ?The complex relations between communities of practice and the implementation of technological innovations?, I n t e rna t iona l Jou rna l o f Innova t ion Management, Vol.7, No.2, pp. 163-188.

11 Huselid, M. A. (1995), ?The impact of human resource management practices on turnover, product iv i ty and corpora te f inancia l performance?, Academy of Management Journal, Vol.38, No.3, pp. 635-672.

12 Jiménez-Jiménez, J. and Sanz-Valle, R. (2005), ?Innovation and human resource management fit: An empirical study?, International Journal of Manpower, Vol.26, No.4, pp 364-381.

13 Jones, D., Kalmi, P., & Kauhanen, A. (2010). How does employee involvement stack up? The effects of human resource management policies on performance in a retail firm. Industrial Relations, 49(1), 1-21.

14 Kydd, C.T. and Oppenheim, L. (1990), ?Using human resource management to enhance competitiveness: Lessons from four excellent companies?, Human Resource Management, Vol.29, No.2, pp. 145-166.

15 Kyoung-Ok, P., Wilson, M., & Myung Sun, L. (2004). Effects of social support at work on depression and organizational productivity. American Journal of Health Behavior, 28(5), 444-455.

16 Laursen, K. and Foss, N. J. (2003), ?New human r e s o u r c e m a n a g e m e n t p r a c t i c e s , complementarities and the impact on innovation performance?, Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol.27, No.2, pp. 243-263.

17 Malhotra, N. K. (2002), Marketing Research: An Applied Orientation (3rd ed.). Pearson Education Asia, New Delhi, India.

18. Minbaeva, D. B. (2005), ?HRM practices and MNC knowledge transfer?, Personal Review, Vol.34, No.1, pp. 125-144.

19. Morrow, P. C. and McElroy, J. C. (2003), ?Work commitment conceptual and methodological developments for the management of human resources?, Human Resource Management Review, Vol.11, No.3, pp. 177-180.

20. Moynihan, L. M., Gardner, T. M., Park, H. J. and Wright, P. M. (2001). HR Practices and Customer Sat isfact ion: The Mediat ing Link of Commitment. (CAHRS Working Paper 01-14), Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, School of Industrial and Labor Relations, Center for Advanced Human Resource Studies. Available f rom ht tp: / /digi ta lcommons. i l r.cornel l .edu/cahrswp/77

21. Newlin, J. S. (2009). Effect of enterprise resource planning implementation on organizational productivity. AirForce Journal of Logistics, 33(2), 34-38.

22. Patterson, M., Warr, P., & West, M. (2004). Organizat ional c l imate and company productivity: The role of employee affect and employee level. Journal Of Occupational & Organizational Psychology, 77(2), 193-216.

23. Phipps, S. N. (2013). UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF EMPLOYEE INVOLVEMENT ON ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY: T H E M O D E R A T I N G R O L E O F ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT. Journal Of Organizational Culture, Communications & Conflict, 17(2), 107-120.

24. Pritchard, R. D., Jones, S. D., Roth, P. L., Stuebing, K. K., & Ekeberg, S. E. (1989). THE EVALUATION OF AN INTEGRATED A P P R O A C H T O M E A S U R I N G ORGANIZATIONAL PRODUCTIVITY. Personnel Psychology, 42(1), 69-115.

25. Pritchard, R., Jones, S., Roth, P., Stuebing, K., & Ekeberg, S. (1988). Effects of group feedback, goal setting, and incentives on organizational productivity. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 337-358.

26. Schuler, R.S. (1989), ?Strategic human resource management and industrial relations?, Human Relations, Vol.42, No.2, pp. 157-184.

27. Tan, C. L. and Nasurdin, A. M. (2010), ?Human r e sou rce managemen t p rac t i ce s and organizational innovation: An empirical study in Malaysia?, Journal of Applied Business Research, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 105-115.

28. Wint robe , R. , & Bre t in , A. (1986) . Organizational Structure and Productivity. American Economic Review, 76(3), 530.

29. Wolf, E., & Zwick, T. (2008). Reassessing the productivity impact of employee involvement and financial incentives. Schmalenbach Business Review (SBR), 60(2), 160-181.

30. Wright, P. M. and McMahan, G. C. (1992), ? Theoretical perspectives for strategic human resource management?, Journal of Management, Vol.18, No.2, pp. 295-320.

63

izLrkouk %

Hkkjr ,d d`f"k iz/kku ns'k gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk eas d`f"k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku jgk gSA d`f"k dsoy ns'k esa thfodksiktZu dk lk/ku gh ugha] cfYd vFkZ&O;oLFkk dh jh<+ dh gM~Mh Hkh gSA ns'k ds m|ksx&/ka/ks] fons'kh O;kikj] fons'kh eqnzk vtZu] fofHkUu ;kstukvkas dh lQyrk ,oa jktuSfrd vfLrRo Hkh d`f"k ij gh fuHkZj gSA ns'k dh yxHkx 60-0 izfr'kr tula[;k dh thfodk dk vk/kkj d`f"k rFkk d`f"k ls lEcfU/kr O;olk;ksa ij fuHkZj gSA ckotwn d`f"k {ks= dk mRrjksRrj pgqeq¡[kh fodkl gksuk pkfg, Fkk] ijUrq ;g nq%[kn rF; gS fd vU; fodklkRed {ks=ksa esa ns’k dh cgqvk;keh izxfr ldkjkRed :i esa n`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA fdUrq d`f"k {ks= eas mYys[kuh; miyfC/k ij la’k; cuk gqvk gS] ftldk izeq[k dkj.k o"kZ 1950 esa d`f"k mRiknu 50-4 izfr’kr FkkA tks fd ?kVdj orZeku esa 14-1 izfr’kr jg x;kA ,d vfr egRoiw.kZ O;kolkf;d lalk/ku ds :i esa d`f"k orZeku nkSj esa viuh nksgjh Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu dj jgh gSA d`f"k esa iwoZ esa [kk| Qlyksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk Fkk] fdUrq vk/kqfud le; esa Hkkjrh; d`"kdksa esa vius lhfer lk/kuksa }kjk vf/kdre larqf"V izkfIr ds loksZifj mn~ns’; dks ojh;rk fn, tkus ds QyLo:i uxnh Qlyksa dks mxkus dk izpyu dkQh c<+ x;k gSa o [kk|kUu mRiknu esa vkRefuHkZjrk ds lkFk varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj o fu;kZr loaf)Zr gqvk gSA

okf.kfT;d Qlyksa esa vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa dk viuk fo'ks"k egRo gSA fo'o Lrj ij vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa ds fu;kZr esa Hkkjr dk fo'ks"k LFkku gSA LokLF; fdlh Hkh ns'k dh izxfr ds fy, vfuok;Z gSA ukxfjdksa dks LokLF; ds izfr tkx:d djuk lcls vf/kd t:jh gSA varjkZ"Vªh; nok daifu;ksa dh vko';drk rFkk fons'kh

eqnzk vftZr djus gsrq Hkkjr vius mRIkknu dk 50-0 izfr'kr ¼ekQhuZ] Fkscsu] ikSikosfju½ fu;kZr djrk gSA bu inkFkksZa ds iz;ksx ls dSalj] Mk;fj;k] dQ] nek] {k; jksx vkfn izdkj dh nnZ fuokjd vkS"kf/k dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA bl izdkj fo'o LokLF; laxBu us bls vkikr dkyhu LokLF; dhV esa lfEefyr fd;k gSA vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa dk mRiknu fo'o ds vusd ns'kksa eas fd;k tkrk gSA tSls&cekZ] vQxkfuLrku] VdhZ] Ýkal] Lisu] vkLVsªfy;k vkSj Hkkjr esa fd;k tkrk gSA cekZ] VdhZ o Hkkjr izeq[k fu;kZrd ns'k gSA vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij bu inkFkksZa dh c<+rh ek¡x ds vuqdwy gekjs ns’k esa vkS"kf/k mRiknu yxHkx vR;ar U;wu Lrj ij gh gks ikrk gSA ns’k dh dbZ daifu;k¡ vkt Hkh bu inkFkkasZ dkss fons’kksa ls vk;kr dj jgh gSA bl nq"ifj.kke ds fy, dsoy ns’k ds ukxfjd gh ftEesnkj gS] tks va/kk/kqa/k ouksa dh dVkbZ esa yxs gq, gSA ifj.kke Lo:Ik lSdM+ksa cgqewY; cgqmi;ksxh vkS"kf/k ikS/kksa dh la[;k de gksrh tk jgh gS ;k foyqfIr ds dxkj ij gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vkS"k/kh; ikS/ks nqyZHkrk dh Js.kh esa vkrs tk jgs gSA D;ksafd izd`fr ds vfr fonksgu ,oa ouksa dk vuko';d fouk'k rFkk c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k o vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k oukS"kf/k;k¡ dk ál gksus yxk gSA mfpr ek=k esa vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa ds mIkyC/k u gksus ds dkj.k vkS"kf/k;ksa ds ewY; Hkh c<+rs tk jgs gSaA ,slh fLFkfr esa vf/kd mi;ksx esa vkus okys vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa dh [ksrh dks vR;f/kd c<+kok fn;k tkuk pkfg,A ns’k esa d`f"k dh vR;f/kd vuqdwy n’kkvksa ds ckotwn ge d`f"kdj.k ds izfr mnklhu cus gq, gSA Hkkjr esa vkS"k/kh; ,oa lqxaf/kr ikS/kksa dh [ksrh vkSj O;kikj ,d ,slk {ks= gS] ftlds rhozrj fodkl ls vR;f/kd fons’k eqnzk dk vtZu fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd ns’k cgqewY; tM+h&cqfV;ksa vkSj lqxaf/kr ikS/kksa dh iztkfr;ksa ds mRiknu esa vge~ Hkwfedk

vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa dk vkfFkZd fo’ys"k.k¼e/;izns’k ds uhep ftys ds fo’ks"k lUnHkZ esa½

xksjk eqosy] ’kks/kkFkhZnsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;] bUnkSj

MkW- m"kk dqeB izk/;kid] ¼vFkZ’kkL=½Ekkrk thtkckbZ ’kk- Luk- dU;k Ekgkfo|ky;] bUnkSj

64

fuHkkrk gSA Ik;kZoj.k o ou ea=ky; }kjk 9500 iztkfr;ksa dh igpku dh xbZ o yxHkx 65 iztkfr;ksa dh fo’o esa izHkkoh ek¡x gS] ckotwn ns’k dk dsoy 7-0 izfr’kr ;ksxnku gh fo’o cktkj esa gS] tcfd 8000 Vu izfro"kZ nl fdLeksa dk rsy vk;kr fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku esa leLr fo’o iqu% izd`fr lao)Zu dh vksj vkd`"V gks jgk gSA

vr% vko';drk gS] lgh fn'kk esa lgh iz;kl djus dhA vkS"k/kh; ikS/kkas dk ns'k esa izpqj :i esa mRiknu laHko gSA ns’k esa izkphu dky ls orZeku rd djksM+ksa yksx tM+h&cqfV;ksa ls fufeZr nokvksa }kjk gh O;kf/k;ksa dk bykt dj jgs gSA vk;qosZn lHkh fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa dh tuuh gSA gesa ,slh laHkkoukvksa dks ryk'kuk gS] ftlls u dsoy budk vk;kr jksdk tk lds cfYd budk fu;kZr Hkh fd;k tk ldsA vkS"k/kh; ikS/kksa dh O;kolkf;d Lrj ij [ksrh djds viuh laLd`fr] /kjksgj dks lajf{kr djus ds lkFk gh vkfFkZd ykHk Hkh vftZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA ns'k eas gfjr Økafr] 'osr Økafr] ds i'pkr~ vkS"k/kh; Økafr dh vko';drk gSA

bl izdkj Hkkjr ns’k ds dsUnzh; jkT; e/; izns’k ds uhep ftys esa eq[; :i ls vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa esa vQhe] v'oxa/kk] lQsn ewlyh] vk¡oyk] vtokbZu] bZlcxksy] yglu uhe] 'ka[kiq"ih] dqVdh] xMqph] rqylh] lkSaB] dykSath] dksdqe] gYnh bR;kfn vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa dk mRiknu fd;k tkrk gSA orZeku ifjn`’; esa vk;qosZn fpfdRlk dh mRrjksRrj c<+rh ek¡x dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa ds mRiknu dh fLFkfr dks Li"V djus dk vFkd iz;kl izLrqr ’kks/k&i= ^^vkS"k/kh;

Qlyksa dk vkfFkZd fo’ys"k.k** ¼e/; izns’k ds uhep ftys ds fo’ks"k lUnHkZ esa½ esa fd;k x;k gSA

v/;;u dk mn~ns’; %

’kks/k i= fuEuor~ mn~ns’;ksa ij vk/kkfjr fd;k x;k gS &

1 e-iz- ds uhep ftys esa vkS"k/kh; Qlyksas mRiknu o"kZ 2004&05 ls o"kZ 2010&2011 rd dk v/;;u djukA 2 ftys ds vkS"k/kh; mRiknd d`"kdksa dks vkS"kf/k Qlysa mRiknu djus gsrq izsfjr djukA3 d`"kdksa dks Qly mRiknu esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk lw{e v/;;u dj lek/kku izLrqr

djukA 4 d`"kdksa dks bu vkS"k/kh; Qlyksas mRiknu ds vkfFkZd ykHkksa ls voxr djkdj mudh

vkfFkZd fLFkfr lqn`<+hdj.k gsrq rF;kRed lq>ko o fu"d"kZ izLrqr djukA

v/;;u dh fof/k %

;g ’kks/k&i= f}rh;d leadksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA blesa rF; ladyu fofHkUu i=&if=dkvksa] ’kkldh; o xSj ’kkldh; laLFkkvksa ls fy;k x;k gSA

Ukhep ftys esa vkS"k/kh; Qly miknu dks vxzfyf[kr rkfydk esa Li"V fd;k x;k gSA

rkfydk Øekad&01 % uhep ftys esa vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa dk mRiknu ¼o"kZ 2004 ls 2011 rd½

Ø- o"kZ vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa ds uke

vtokbZu v’oxa/kk bZlcxksy vQhe lQsn ewlyh yglu

{ks= mRiknu {ks= mRiknu {ks= mRiknu {ks= mRiknu {ks= mRiknu {ks= mRiknu¼gsDVs-esa½ ¼fDao- eas½ ¼gsDVs-esa½ ¼fDao- eas½ ¼gsDVs-esa½ ¼fDao- eas½ ¼gsDVs-esa½ ¼fDao- eas½ ¼gsDVs-esa½ ¼fDao- eas½ ¼gsDVs-esa½ ¼fDao- eas½

1 2004&05 719 8628 69 690 1283 15396 4236-00 14695-00 02 97-60 5705 252225

2 2005&06 610 7320 120 1200 3757 45084 3636-50 234498-00 04 195-20 4438 199710

3 2006&07 695 8340 90 900 6526 78312 3416-40 225609-00 04 195-25 5602 252090

4 2007&08 1017 12204 48 480 3758 45096 2829-60 10029-14 05 244-00 6335 285075

5 2008&09 1037 12444 60 600 3340 40080 13009-00 400354-84 06 292-80 6696 301320

6 2009&10 1263 15156 74 740 9623 115476 132060-75 528000-35 05 243-50 5583 264735

7 2010&11 1514 18168 12 120 17025 204300 & & & & 7200 468000

L=ksr& lapkyd d`f"k foHkkx] uhep 2011

mDr rkfydk ls Li"V gS] fd uhep ftys esa eq[; :i ls vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa dk mRiknu o"kZ 2004&05 esa vtokbZu dk mRiknu 719 gsDVs- esa 8628 fDoUVy dk gqvk FkkA blh vof/k esa v’oxa/kk dk mRiknu 69 gsDVs-esa 690 fDoUVy] bZlcxksy dk mRiknu 1283 gsDVs- esa

15396 fDoUVy] vQhe dk mRiknu 4236-00 gsDVs- esa 14695-00 fDoUVy] lQsn ewlyh dk mRiknu 02 gsDVs-esa 97-60 fDoUVy rFkk yglu dk mRiknu 5705 gsDVs- esa 252225 fDoUVy dk gqvk FkkA bl izdkj vtokbZu dk mRiknu o"kZ 2010&11 esa 1514 gsDVs- esa 18168

65

fDoUVy] v’oxa/kk 12 gsDVs- esa 120 fDoUVy] bZlcxksy dk mRiknu 17025 gsDVs- esa lokZf/kd 204300 fDoUVy] rFkk yglu dk mRiknu 7200 gsDVs- esa 468000 fDoUVy lokZf/kd jgkA

mijksDr rkfydk ds lexz fo’ys"k.k ls ;g rF; lkfcr gksrk gS] fd ftys esa vkS"k/kh; mRiknd d`"kdksa dk :>ku mRrjksRrj vkS"kf/k mRiknu gsrq c<+rk n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA rkfydk esa ;g Li"V :Ik ls n’kkZ;k x;k gS] fd d`"kd o"kZ 2004&05 ls o"kZ 2010&11 rd dh lkr o"khZ; vof/k esa izfr gsDVsvj {ks=Qy esa mRikndrk o`f) dj jgs gSA v’oxa/kk ds mRiknu esa vR;ar deh ,oa vU; vkS"k/kh; mRiknu vtokbZu] bZlcxksy] vQhe] lQsn ewlyh rFkk yglu bR;kfn esa of) ntZ rks dh xbZ ijUrq ;g larks"ktud ugha jghA ftys esa d`"kdksa dks ijEijkxr d`f"k rduhdh] flapkbZ lqfo/kkvksa dk vHkko] vi;kZIr fctyh] foRr dh leL;k] fuj{kjrk] _.k izfØ;k tfVy ,oa mPp C;kt nj] d`"kd ifjokjksa dk o`gr~ vkdkj] fuEu LokLF;] mit dk vuqfpr ewY;] NksVh tksrsa] mit dk foi.ku ,oa foØ; ekxZ d`"kdksa dh igq¡p ls nwj gksuk bR;kfn dbZ tfVy leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA ifj.kke Lo:Ik d`"kdksa dks vkaf’kd lQyrk gh vkS"k/kh; mRiknu esa feyhA

vr% ftys esa ;fn mi;qZDr vuqdwy n’kkvksa dk miyfC/kdj.k gks tk,] rks fu’p; gh mRiknu ,oa mRikndrk esa o`f) gksxhA

lq>ko %

’kks/k&i= ds mDr leL;kvksa ds lek/kku gsrq fuEu lq>ko izkafdr fd;s tkrs gSA

1- vkS"k/kh; mRiknd xzkeh.k d`"kdksa ds izR;sd ifjokj esa ifjokj dY;k.k dk;ZØe ds rgr~ NksVs ifjokj ds ykHkksa ls voxr djk;sA

2- xzkeh.k o fiNM+s {ks=ksa esa LokLF; lsokvksa o f’k{kk ds foLrkj dks c<+kok fn;k tk;s] ftlls d`"kd LokLF; laca/kh lwpukvksa ls ykHkkafor gksA

3- vkS"k/kh; mRiknd d`"kdksa dks iwjd jkstxkj LFkkiuk gsrq izsfjr fd;k tk,] ftlls d`"kd vf/kdre ykHk lqfuf’pr dj lds vkSj jkstxkj volj esa o`f) laHko gksA

4- Qly chek ;kstuk lHkh d`"kdksa gsrq ykxw dh tkuk pkfg,A

5- d`"kdksa dks i;kZIr ek=k esa fctyh] flapkbZ] foRr O;oLrk] mUur cht] jklk;fud moZjdksa dh

miyC/krk ,oa mfpr ewY; bR;kfn lqfo/kk,¡ eqgS;k djkuk lqfuf’pr djsaA

6- foi.ku esa vkus okyh leL;kvksa dk fuokj.k vkS"k/kh; mRiknd d`"kdksa dks dk;Z’kkykvksa o laxksf"B;ksa ds ek/;e ls f’kf{kr dj fd;k tk;sA

fu"d"kZ %

mijksDr ’kks/k&i= v/;;u ds Ik’pkr~ ge bl fu"d"kZ ij igq¡prs gS] fd e-iz- ds uhep ftys ds d`"kdksa dh iw.kZr% fuHkZjrk d`f"k {ks= ij gh gS ,oa mudh vkthfodk dk izeq[k L=ksr Hkh d`f"k gSA ;n~;fi rkfydk leadksa esa ;g iznf’kZr gksrk gS fd d`"kdksa dk :>ku [kk|kUUk Qlyksa dh vksj ls gVdj okf.kT;d vFkkZr~ vkS"k/kh; Qlyksa dh vksj gksus yxk gSA QyLo:Ik mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr lqn`<+ gqbZ gSA ;n~;fi d`"kd vkS"k/kh; mRiknu dh cqvkbZ] dVkbZ ls ysdj foi.ku lacaf/kr ,oa vU; tfVy leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djrs gSA ;fn bu vojks/kksa dks fu;af=r dj fy;k tkrk gS] rks ftys esa d`f"k dk vkstLoh Lo:Ik iz[kj gks mBsxkA

lUnHkZxzaFk lwph %

1- ckxM+h MkypUnz ] ^^Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk** f’kok izdk’ku] [ktwjh cktkj] bUnkSjA

2- cuthZ ,-ds-] ^^Hkkjr esa vkS"kf/k ewY; fUk/kkZj.k** izdk’kd foHkkx lwpuk vkSj izlkj.k ea=ky; Hkkjr ljdkj] ;kstuk o"kZ vDVwEcj 2009 ist Uka- 09A

3- eksgu vjfoan] ̂^ctV vkSj [ksrh fdlkuh** midkj izdk’ku] 2@11 Lons’k chek Ukxj] vkxjk] lu~ 2008&09 ist ua- 18-

4- fla?ky MkW- vejpan] ^^Hkkjr esa d`f"k foi.ku** lkfgR; Hkou ifCyds’ku vkxjk] ist ua- ¼114½

5- ckosy ch- ,y-] ^^Lokid nzO; ,oa eu% izHkkoh inkFkZ vf/kfu;e]1985 us’kuy gkÅl] bUnkSj

66

ifjp; %

ikB~;p;kZ vaxzsth 'kCn D;wjhdwye dk fgUnh i;kZ; gS] ftldk mn~Hko ysfVu 'kCn D;wjsjs ls gqvk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS nkSM+ukA ;g crkrk gS y{; rd igq¡pus dk ekxZA ikB~;p;kZ dk vFkZ dsoy mu lS)kfUrd fo"k;ksa ls ugha gS] tks fo|ky; esa ijEijkxr <ax ls i<+k;s tkrs gSa] oju~ blesa vuqHkoksa dh og lEiw.kZrk fufgr gS] ftudks fo|kFkhZ fo|ky;] d{kk] iqLrdky;] odZ'kkWi] iz;ksx'kkyk vkSj [ksy ds eSnku rFkk f'k{kdksa ,oa Nk=ksa ds vxf.kr vukSipkfjd lEidks± ls izkIr djrk gSA bl izdkj fo|ky; dk lEiw.kZ thou ikB~;Øe gks tkrk gS] tks Nk=ksa ds lEiw.kZ thou dks izHkkfor djrk gSA

ewY;kadu dk vFkZ fdlh oLrq ;k izfØ;k dk ewY; fuf'pr djukA ekiu ;k vkdyu ds vk/kkj ij fdlh O;fDr ;k oLrq ds xq.kksa dk ewY; fu/kkZfjr djukA ewY;kadu ikB~;p;kZ fodkl dk ,d vko';d ?kVd gSA ewY;kadu ds }kjk ikB~;p;kZ dh 'kfDr;ksa ,oa detksfj;ksa dk irk blds fØ;kUo;u ds ckn pyrk gSA ewY;kadu dk mís'; fo|kFkhZ dh miyfC/k dks ekiuk gksrk gS ftls vuqns'kukRed mís';ksa ds :i esa O;Dr fd;k tkrk gSA

vkSfpR;hdj.k %

orZeku le; esa lEiw.kZ fo'o ds fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds ikB~;Øe lrr ifjorZu dh voLFkk esa gSA ;gk¡ rd fd izxr ns'kksa esa Hkh bl {ks= esa larks"ktud fLFkfr fn[kkbZ ugha nsrh ,oa foospukRed 'kks/k ifj.kke Li"V djrs gSa fd ikB~;Øe dk Lo:i iw.kZr% vk/kqfud lekt dh vko';drkuq:i ugha gSA vr% bl fn'kk esa lrr~ leh{kkRed 'kks/k v/;;uksa dh vR;f/kd vko';drk gSA

ikB~;p;kZ ls lacaf/kr vusd 'kks/kdrkZvksa us tks 'kks/k fd;s gSa] os bl izdkj gS & dksgyh ¼1974½ us v/;kiu f'k{kk ikB~;Øe dk lekykspukRed ewY;kadu fd;k] ekFkqj ¼1978½ us ch-,M- izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k] iky ¼1981½ us ekbØksVhfpax ij 'kks/k fd;k] eq[kksik/;k; ¼1981½ us ikWfyVsfDud ikB~;Øe dk ewY;kadu fd;k] uVjktu ¼1982½ us ikB~;Øe fo'ys"k.k ,oa iqu% fuekZ.k ij 'kks/k fd;k] nsoh ¼1988½ us f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ewY;kadu fd;k] lqUnjjktu ¼1988½ us tho foKku f'k{k.k dk ewY;kadu

fd;k] feJk ¼1989½ us uohu foKku dk;ZØe ij 'kks/k v/;;u fd;k] csxe [kVhtk ¼1990½ us uohu foKku dk;ZØe ij 'kks/k v/;;u fd;k] nsoh lq'khyk ¼1990½ us i;kZoj.kh; ikB~;Øe dk foospukRed v/;;u fd;k] ns'kik.Ms ¼1992½ us xf.kr ikB~;Øe ij 'kks/k v/;;u fd;k] [kqjkuk ¼1992½ us Ñf"k fo'ofo|ky; ds ikB~;Øe dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u fd;k] Mksds ¼1994½ us ,e-,M- Lrj ij 'kSf{kd iz'kklu ds ikB~; fooj.kksa dk ewY;kadu fd;k] lR;kFkhZ ¼2003½ us f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ewY;kadu fd;kA

fofHkUu 'kks/k v/;;uksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd fofHkUu ladk;ksa dh ikB~;p;kZ ds ewY;kadu ij 'kks/k dk;Z fd;s x,] ijUrq ch-,l&lh- izFke o"kZ izk.kh'kkL= dh ikB~;p;kZ dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa ij vc rd dksbZ dk;Z ugha gqvk gSA blls izLrqr v/;;u dh vko';drk izfrikfnr gksrh gSA

mís'; %

izLrqr v/;;u dk mís'; ̂^nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;] bUnkSj ds ch-,l&lh- izFke o"kZ izk.kh'kkL= dh ikB~;p;kZ dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa ,oa lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij ewY;kadu djuk FkkA

U;kn'kZ %

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq U;kn'kZ dk p;u LrjhÑr ;kn`fPnd izfrp;u fof/k }kjk fd;k x;kA fo|kFkhZ U;kn'kZ gsrq bUnkSj 'kgj ds gksydj foKku egkfo|ky;] 'kkldh; egkjkuh y{ehckbZ dU;k Lukrd egkfo|ky;] 'kkldh; thtkckbZ Lukrd egkfo|ky; ls ch-,l&lh- izFke o"kZ izk.kh'kkL= fo"k; ds 100 fu;fer fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gS] ;s fo|kFkhZ lkekU;] vulwfpr tkfr] vuqlwfpr tutkfr ,oa vU; fiNM+k oxZ ds FksA

midj.k %

izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u esa iznÙk ladyu gsrq 'kksf/kdk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa gsrq iz'ukoyh dk mi;ksx fd;k x;kA iz'ukoyh esa dqy 27 iz'u Fks] ftlesa lS)kfUrd fo"k;oLrq] izk;ksfxd fo"k;oLrq] iz;ksx'kkyk rFkk iqLrdky;hu lqfo/kk,¡ ,oa ikB~;lgxkeh xfrfof/k;k¡ vkfn {ks=ksa ls lacaf/kr iz'uksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k FkkA iz'ukoyh esa can ¼gk¡@ugha½ ,oa eqDr nksuksa izdkj ds iz'uksa dk lekos'k fd;k x;k FkkA

nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;] bUnkSj ds ch-,l&lh- izFke o"kZ izk.kh'kkL= dh ikB~;p;kZ dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa ,oa lq>koksa ds vk/kkj ij ewY;kadu

MkW- galjkt iky] iwoZ foHkkxk/;{k]Ldwy vkWQ ,T;qds'ku] ns-v-fo-fo-] bUnkSj

eksfudk /kqy/kks;s] 'kks/kkFkhZnsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;] bUnkSj

67

iznÙk ladyu %

iznÙk ladyu gsrq 'kksf/kdk us nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;] bUnkSj ds mu egkfo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;k ftlesa izk.kh'kkL= fo"k; dk v/;kiu fd;k tkrk gS] rRi'pkr~ 'kksf/kdk us LrjhÑr ;kn`fPíd izfrp;u }kjk 100 fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk U;kn'kZ ds :i esa p;u fd;kA rRi'pkr~ iz'ukoyh dk fuekZ.k djds izfrfyfi;k¡ rS;kj dh xbZA lacaf/kr izkpk;Z ls vuqefr izkIr dj d{kk esa tkdj fo|kfFkZ;ksa ls lkekU; ppkZ dj rFkk v/;;u dk vkSfpR; crkdj iz'ukoyh forfjr dh xbZA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh 'kadkvksa dk lek/kku 'kksf/kdk }kjk fd;k x;kA

iznÙk fo'ys"k.k %

iz'ukoyh ,df=r djus ds i'pkr~ muds izR;sd iz'u ds vyx&vyx mÙkjksa dh vko`fÙk dk ;ksx dj mudk izfr'kr rkfydk 1 ls 8 esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

rkfydk&1 esa ifj;kstuk ,oa iznÙk dk;Z ds dkj.kksa dks rkfydkvksa esa n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

Ø- ifj;kstuk ,oa iznÙk vko`fÙk izfr'krdk;Z gksus ds dkj.k

1- lkekU; Kku c<+rk gSA 58 58 2- vad Ldksj gks tkrs gSaA 72 72 3- uksV~l rS;kj gks tkrs gSaSA 68 68

rkfydk&1 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd 58 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ ekurs gSa fd ifj;kstuk ,oa iznÙk dk;Z gksus ls lkekU; Kku c<+rk gS] tcfd 72 izfr'kr ekurs gSa fd vad Ldksj gks tkrs gSaA ogha 68 izfr'kr dk dguk gS fd uksV~l rS;kj gks tkrs gSaA blds laHkkfor dkj.k ;g gks ldrs gSa fd ifj;kstuk ,oa iznÙk dk;Z ij vad fn;s tkrs gSa ,oa fo|kFkhZ ds vklkuh ls vPNs izfr'kr cu tkrs gSa rFkk ifj;kstuk ,oa iznÙk dk;Z ds dkj.k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izdj.k usV ,oa iqLrdksa ls <w¡<uk iM+rk gS] vr% muds Kku esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gS ,oa ijh{kk ds fy, fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds ikl uksV~l miyC/k gks tkrs gSaA

rkfydk&2 esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa gsrq miyC/k lqfo/kkvksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

Ø- miyC/k lqfo/kk,¡ vko`fÙk izfr'kr

1- i;kZIr izdk'k O;oLFkk 63 632- i;kZIr gok ds fy, f[kM+fd;k¡ 71 713- i;kZIr ia[kksa dh O;oLFkk 44 444- LikWfVax ds fy, i;kZIr 52 52

IysVQkeZ

rkfydk&2 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vuqlkj egkfo|ky; esa 63 izfr'kr

i;kZIr izdk'k dh O;oLFkk gS] 71 izfr'kr i;kZIr gok ds fy, f[kM+fd;k¡ gS] 44 izfr'kr ia[kksa dh O;oLFkk gS rFkk 52 izfr'kr LikWfVax ds fy, IysVQkeZ gSA

blds laHkkfor dkj.k vxz gks ldrs gSa & pwafd egkfo|ky;ksa ds fuekZ.k f[kM+fd;ksa] d{kk&d{k vkfn dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k gksxk] vr% i;kZIr f[kM+fd;k¡ rFkk izdk'k dh O;oLFkk gS] ijUrq egkfo|ky;ksa esa Nk=ksa dh c<+rh la[;k ds dkj.k LikWfVx ds fy, IysVQkeZ i;kZIr ugha gks ikrsA izfr Nk= rFkk egkfo|ky;ksa esa vi;kZIr Q.M ,oa iz'kklu dh ykijokgh ds dkj.k i;kZIr ia[kksa dh O;oLFkk ugha gSA

rkfydk&3 esa iqLrdky;hu O;oLFkk ds larqf"V ds dkj.kksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

Ø- iqLrdky;hu O;oLFkk ls vko`fÙk izfr'krlarqf"V ds dkj.k

1- cSBd O;oLFkk mfpr gS 74 74 2- lHkh fo"k; ls lacaf/kr iqLrdsa gSa 56 56 3- 'kks/k if=dk,¡ ,oa lekpkj 68 68

i= miyC/k gSA 4- iqLrdksa dk j[k&j[kko mfpr gSA 51 51

rkfydk&3 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd 74 izfr'kr fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vuqlkj cSBd O;oLFkk mfpr gS] 56 izfr'kr ds vuqlkj lHkh fo"k; ls lacaf/kr iqLrdsa miyC/k gS] 68 izfr'kr ds vuqlkj 'kks/k i=&if=dk,¡ ,oa lekpkj i= miyC/k gS rFkk 51 izfr'kr ds vuqlkj iqLrdksa dk j[kj[kko mfpr gSA

blds laHkkfor dkj.k ;s gks ldrs gSa fd iqLrdky; d{k i;kZIr vkdkj dk gS] vr% cSBd O;oLFkk mfpr gSA lHkh fo"k; ls lacaf/kr iqLrdsa i;kZIr miyC/k ugha gS] D;ksafd dbZ iqLrdsa iqjkuh ,oa QV pqdh gS rFkk ubZ iqLrdsa egkfo|ky; iz'kklu us eaxok;h ugha gksxh ;k vkus esa le; yx jgk gSA lHkh egkfo|ky;ksa esa i;kZIr Q.M u gksus ds dkj.k 'kks/k if=dk,¡ ,oa lekpkj i= miyC/k ugha gks ikrs gksaxs ,oa fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa iz'kklu dh vuns[kh ds dkj.k iqLrdksa dk j[kj[kko Bhd ls ugha gks ikrkA

rkfydk&4 esa fo"k;oLrq ds izfr larqf"V ds dkj.kksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

Ø- fo"k;oLrq ds izfr larqf"V ds dkj.kvko`fÙk izfr'kr

1- fo"k;oLrq i;kZIr gSA 79 79 2- ubZ ladYiukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA 88 88 3- d{kk ds Lrj ds vuqlkj gSA 78 78

rkfydk&4 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd 79

68

izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ ekurs gSa fd fo"k;oLrq i;kZIr gS] tcfd 88 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ bls ubZ ladYiukvksa ij vk/kkfjr ekurs gSa rFkk 78 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ dgrs gSa fo"k;oLrq d{kk ds Lrj ds vuqlkj gSA

blds laHkkfor dkj.k gks ldrs gSa & fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vuqlkj fo"k;oLrq #fpdj gksxh ,oa ladYiuk Li"V gksxh rFkk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh ckSf)d {kerk ds vuqlkj gksxh ,oa dkQh dqN izdj.k izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ls lacaf/kr gksxk tks lgk;d gksxk] vr% fo"k;oLrq ls fo|kFkhZ larq"V gksaxsA

rkfydk&5 esa egkfo|ky; esa vk;kstu ds lapkyu dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

Ø- vk;kstu vko`fÙk izfr'kr

1- okn&fookn izfr;ksfxrk 78 782- laxks"Bh 56 563- foKku esyk 84 844- f'k{kd fnol 97 975- foKku izn'kZuh 58 586- ifjppkZ 72 727- lkykuk dk;ZØe 68 688- ;qok mRlo 17 179- i;kZoj.k fnol 15 1510- tkx:drk lacaf/kr dk;ZØe 05 05

rkfydk&5 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gS fd egkfo|ky;ksa esa 78 izfr'kr okn&fookn] 56 izfr'kr laxks"Bh] 84 izfr'kr foKku esyk] 97 izfr'kr f'k{kd fnol] 58 izfr'kr foKku izn'kZuh] 72 izfr'kr ifjppkZ] 68 izfr'kr lkykuk dk;ZØe] 17 izfr'kr ;qok mRlo] 15 izfr'kr i;kZoj.k fnol] 5 izfr'kr tkx:drk lacaf/kr dk;ZØe djok;s tkrs gSaA

blds laHkkfor dkj.k gks ldrs gSa fd lHkh vk;kstu egkfo|ky; iz'kklu vko';d le>rs gSa] vr% djokrs gSaA ijUrq ;qok mRlo] i;kZoj.k fnol ,oa tkx:drk lacaf/kr dk;ZØe dks egRo ugha fn;k tkrk gSA vr% izfr'kr de ik;k x;kA

rkfydk&6 esa izk/;kidksa }kjk f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds mi;ksx dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

Ø- f'k{k.k fof/k;k¡ vko`fÙk izfr'kr

1- O;k[;ku fof/k 100 100 2- izn'kZu fof/k 80 80 3- ifjppkZ fof/k 49 49 4- laxks"Bh fof/k 18 18

rkfydk&6 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vuqlkj izk/;kid 100 izfr'kr O;k[;ku

fof/k] 80 izfr'kr izn'kZu fof/k] 49 izfr'kr ifjppkZ fof/k rFkk 18 izfr'kr laxks"Bh fof/k dk mi;ksx dj v/;kiu djokrs gSaA

blds laHkkfor dkj.k gks ldrs gSa & pwafd O;k[;ku fof/k ljy gksrh gS ,oa vf/kdrj izk/;kid bldk gh mi;ksx djds v/;kiu djokrs gSa rFkk izn'kZu fof/k ds fy, i;kZIr lk/ku tSls pkV~Zl ,oa ekWMy vkfn i;kZIr :i ls miyC/k ugha gks ikrs gSaA vr% izn'kZu fof/k dk izfr'kr O;k[;ku dh rqyuk esa de gSA blds vfrfjDr ifjppkZ ,oa laxksf"B ds fy, iz'kklu dh rjQ ls ,oa fo|kFkhZ dh vuns[kh ds dkj.k izfr'kr de ik;k x;k gksxkA

rkfydk & 7 esa izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fy, ikB~;Øe dh mi;ksfxrk ds dkj.kksa dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA

Ø- izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fy, vko`fÙk izfr'krikB~;Øe dh mi;ksfxrk ds dkj.k

1- vd'ks:dh; rFkk d'ks:dh; 41 41 iwjk Hkkx egRoiw.kZ gSA 2- ewy vo/kk.kk,¡ Li"V gSA 48 48 3- ewy vo/kkj.kkvksa dk lekos'k gSA 31 31 4- ih-&,l-lh- ds ikB~;Øe dks 64 64

doj djrh gSA

rkfydk&7 ls Li"V gS fd 41 izfr'kr fo|kFkhZ ekurs gSa fd vd'ks:dh; rFkk d'ks:dh; iwjk Hkkx egRoiw.kZ gS] 48 izfr'kr ewy vo/kkj.kk,¡ Li"V gS] 31 izfr'kr ewy vo/kkj.kkvksa dk lekos'k gSA 64 izfr'kr ih-,llh- ds ikB~;Øe dks doj djrh gS] bR;kfn dkj.k crk, x,A

blds laHkkfor dkj.k vxz gks ldrs gSa & fo"k;oLrq dk fuekZ.k izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj fd;k x;k gS rFkk ikB~;Øe esa izdj.k ewy ladYiukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS tks fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds fy, lgk;d fl) gksrs gSa rFkk blls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds v/;;u ds fy, vyx ls v/;;u djus dh vko';drk ugha gksrh tks ikB~;Øe dk os v/;;u djrs gSa mlds lkFk&gh&lkFk izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa dh rS;kjh gks tkrh gS A

fu"d"kZ %

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh izfrfØ;kvksa ls lacaf/kr fu"d"kZ bl izdkj gSa &

fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vuqlkj -

1- ifj;kstuk ,oa iznÙk dk;ks± ds dkj.k lkekU; Kku c<+rk ik;k x;k gS] vad Ldksj gks tkrs gSa rFkk uksV~l rS;kj gksuk ik;k x;kA

69

2- egkfo|ky; esa i;kZIr izdk'k O;oLFkk rFkk i;kZIr gok ds fy, f[kM+fd;ksa dh vPNh O;oLFkk gSA ogha i;kZIr ia[kksa dh O;oLFkk rFkk LikWfVax ds fy, i;kZIr IysVQkeZ dk izfr'kr de ik;k x;kA

3- iqLrdky; esa cSBd O;oLFkk mfpr gS rFkk 'kks/k if=dk,¡ ,oa lekpkj i=ksa dk Hkh i;kZIr izfr'kr gS] ijUrq lHkh fo"k; ls lacaf/kr iqLrdksa ,oa iqLrdksa ds j[kj[kko dk izfr'kr de ik;k x;kA

4- tks fo|kFkhZ fo"k;oLrq ls larq"V gS] os ekurs gSa fd fo"k;oLrq i;kZIr gS] ubZ ladYiukvksa ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk d{kk ds Lrj ds vuqlkj ik;k x;kA

5- okn&fookn] foKku esyk] f'k{kd fnol] ifjppkZ rFkk lkykuk dk;ZØe dk izfr'kr mfpr gS ,oa bu dk;ZØeksa ij egkfo|ky; dh vksj ls i;kZIr /;ku fn;k tkrk gS] ogha ;qok mRlo] i;kZoj.k fnol rFkk tkx:drk lacaf/kr dk;ZØe dk izfr'kr de ik;k x;kA

6- vf/kdrj izk/;kid O;k[;ku fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs gSa rFkk izn'kZu] ifjppkZ Fkk laxks"Bh dk mi;ksx de djrs ik;s x;sA

7- izk.kh'kkL= dk ikB~;Øe izfr;ksxh ijh{kkvksa ds fy, mi;ksxh gS] D;ksafd blesa vd'ks:dh; rFkk d'ks:dh; Hkkx egRoiw.kZ gSA ewy vo/kkj.kk,¡ Li"V gS] mudk lekos'k gS rFkk ih-,l-lh- ds ikB~;Øe dks doj djrh ik;h x;hA

lanHkZ lwph %

fgUnh

1- vxzoky] oh- ds- ,oa voLFkh] ts- ds- ¼2011½( f'koyky thofoKku] bUnkSj] f'koyky vxzoky ,.M dEiuh] iqLrd izdk'ku] [ktqjh cktkjA

2- iky] ,p-vkj- ,oa iky] vkj- ¼2006½( ikB~;p;kZ dy vkt vkSj dy] ubZ fnYyh] f{kizk izdk'kuA

3- iky] ,p-vkj- ¼1988½( ikB~;p;kZ vk/kkj ,oa fl)kUr] bUnkSj] LdkylZ ifCyf'kax gkÅlA

4- iky] ,p-vkj- ,oa frokjh] ,l- ¼1992½( ch-,M- ikB~;p;kZ dk izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk ewY;kadu] ubZ fnYyh] Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f'k{kk j k " V ª h ; 'kSf{kd vuqla/kku ,oa izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~A

5- iky] ,p-vkj- ,oa 'kekZ] ,e- ¼2009½( ekiu] vkdyu ,oa ewY;kadu] bUnkSj] f { k i z k izdk'kuA

6- 'kekZ] vkj-,- ¼1997½( ikB~;Øe fodkl] esjB]

bZxy cqDl bUVjus'kuyA

7- 'kekZ] ,-vkj- ,oa 'kekZ] lq/kk ¼2001½( 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh ds ewy vk/kkj] vkxjk] vkxjk lkfgR; izdk'kuA

8- ;kno] fl;kjke ¼1996½( ikB~;Øe fodkl] dksV}kj ¼x<+oky½] fouksn iqLrd eafnjA

9- lR;kFkhZ] lR;sUnz ¼2003½( izkFkfed f'k{k.k izf'k{k.k ds 'kSf{kd dk;ZØeksa dk f'k{k.k izf'k{k.kkfFkZ;ksa }kjk ewY;kadu] bUnkSj] vizdkf'kr ,e- ,M- 'kks/k izcU/k ¼f'k{kk½] nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;A

10- frokjh] jkts'k ¼2008½( lekt'kkL= dh ikB~;p;kZ dk fo|kfFkZ;ksa ,oa izk/;kidksa ds izR;{k.k ds vk/kkj ij ewY;kadu] bUnkSj vizdkf'kr ,e-,M- 'kks/k izcU/k ¼f'k{kk½] nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;A

vaxzsth

1. Arora, Deepak (2004); Dictionary of Science, Delhi, A IIBS Publishers.

2. Buch, M.B. (1974); A Survey of Research in Education, Baroda, Centre of Advanced Study in Education.

3. Buch, M.B. (1979); Second Survey of Research in Education, Baroda, Society for Education Research & Development.

4. Buch, M.B. (1986); Third Survey of Research in Education, Baroda, Society for Education Research & Development.

5. Buch, M.B. (ed.) (1991); Forth Survey of Research in Education, New Delhi, Vol. I & Vol. II.

6. National Council of Education Research & Training, 1991.

7. NCERT Fifth Survey of Research in Education (1997); New Delhi, T r e n d s Reports Vol. I, National Council of Educational Research & Training. (1993-2000).

8. NCERT Sixth Survey of Education Research (2000); New Delhi, Vol. I, National Council of Educational Research & Training.

9. NCERT Sixth Survey of Education Research (2007); New Delhi, Vol. II, National Council of Educational Research & Training, 2007.

70

izLrkouk %

f'k{kk ekuo lH;rk ds fodkl Øe esa LakLd`fr dk lkSiku gSA ftls f'k{kk dgk tkrk gS og ekuo dks mlds vrhr vkSj orZeku ds lanHkZ esa mlds vfLrRo dh igpku nsrs gq, Hkfo"; dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA dbZ ek;uksa esa f'k{kk lewph ekuo tkfr dh lkaLd`frd fn'kk r; djrh gSA lkFk gh f'k{kk fdlh jk"Vª dh igpku esa foosd dk xgjk jax Hkj dj mls Js"B lkaLd`frd jk"Vª Hkh cukrh gSaA

Hkkjr ds varxZr o"kZ 1976 ls igys f'k{kk dh ftEesnkjh flQZ jkT;ksa dh gqvk djrh FkhA o"kZ 1976 esa fd, x, lafo/kku la'kks/ku ls fLFkfr esa cnyko vk;sA bl la'kks/ku esa f'k{kk dks leorhZ lwph esa ykus ds lkFk&lkFk f'k{kk ls lacaf/kr dbZ izko/kku fd, x,A blds O;kid foRrh; vkSj iz'kklfud iz;klksa ds dkj.k dsanz ljdkj vkSj jkT;ksa ds chp ftEesnkjh dks ck¡Vk x;kA f'k{kk ds fy, dsanz ljdkj }kjk ;kstuk,¡ lapkfyr dh tkrh gS ogh jkT;ksa }kjk Hkh f'k{kk ds fy, ;kstuk,¡ o lqfo/kk,¡ nh tk jgh gSA orZeku esa o"kZ 2011 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr esa f'k{kk esa lk{kjrk nj ds v/;;u esa ns[kk x;k gS fd Hkkjr esa dqy lk{kjrk nj 74-0 izfr'kr gS ftlesa iq:"k lk{kjrk nj 82-1 izfr'kr o efgyk lk{kjrk nj 65-5 izfr'kr gSA

e/;izns'k esa o"kZ 2011 esa 10 laHkkx 50 ftys o 313 fodkl[k.M gSA e/;izns'k esa f'k{kk esa lk{kjrk nj dk v/;;u fd;k tk, rks e/;izns'k esa dqy lk{kjrk nj 70-6 izfr'kr gS] ftlesa iq:"k lk{kjrk nj 80-5 izfr'kr o efgyk lk{kjrk nj 60-0 izfr'kr gS] tks dh Hkkjr fd lk{kjrk nj ls de gSA e/;izns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa dqy lk{kjrk nj 65-3 izfr'kr ftlesa iq:"k lk{kjrk nj 76-6 izfr'kr o efgyk lk{kjrk nj 53-2 izfr'kr gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj iq:"k lk{kjrk ls dkQh de gSA 'kgjh lk{kjrk nj esa dqy lk{kjrk nj 84 izfr'kr gS] ftlesa iq:"k lk{kjrk nj 90-2 izfr'kr o efgyk lk{kjrk nj 77-4 izfr'kr gSA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa Hkh efgyk lk{kjrk nj iq:"k lk{kjrk nj ls de gSA e/;izns'k 'kklu }kjk f'k{kk ds fy;s fofHkUu lqfo/kkvksa o ;kstukvksa ds ek/;eksa ls fujarj mPp Lrj gsrq gj laHko iz;kl fd;s tk jgs gSA e/;izns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks= tks vkt Hkh f'k{kk ds izfr mnklhu gS] ogk¡ ij Hkh tu tkx`fr gsrq fujarj iz;kl fd;s tk jgasA

orZeku esa e/;izns'k esa iwoZ izkFkfed@izkFkfed 'kkyk,¡ ¼83412½] ek/;fed 'kkyk;sa ¼29282½ o gkbZ Ldwy] mPprj ek/;fed 'kkyk;sa ¼12933½ gSA e/;izns'k }kjk f'k{kk {ks= esa o`f) djus gsrq fofHkUu ;kstuk,¡ lapkfyr dh tk jgh gS o f'k{kk ds fy, vkfFkZd lgk;rk Hkh nh tk jgh gS] lkFk gh 'kklu }kjk efgyk f'k{kk ds fy, Hkh lqfo/kk,¡ o vkfFkZd lgk;rk nh tk jgh gSA 'kklu }kjk f'k{kk fd fy, pykbZ tk jgh ;kstuk,¡ o lqfo/kk,¡ bl izdkj gS & ikB~; iqLrd forj.k ;kstuk] fu%'kqYd x.kos'k forj.k ;kstuk] jk"Vªh; izfrHkk izksRlkgu ijh{kk] fodykax cPpksa dh lekosf'kr f'k{kk ;kstuk] ek/;fed f'k{kk eaMy esa Nk=o`fRr dh lqfo/kk] gkbZ lsds.Mjh esa Nk=o`fRr dh lqfo/kk] ,dhd`r Nk=o`fRr ;kstuk] xk¡o dh csVh ;kstuk] rduhdh f'k{kk jkstxkjksUeq[kh dEI;wVj ;kstuk] vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr oxZ dks fu%'kqYd ikB~; iqLrd forj.k ;kstuk] fu%'kqYd lkbZfdy forj.k ;kstuk vkfn gSA

v/;;u ds mn~ns'; %

1- e/;izns'k ds ftyksa esa dqy lk{kjrk nj dk v/;;uA2- e/;izns'k ds ftyksa esa xzkeh.k o uxjh; lk{kjrk nj dk v/;;uA3- e/;izns'k ds o"kZ 2001 o 2011 esa ftyksa dh lk{kjrk nj ds laedksa dk rqyukRed v/;;uA

v/;;u dh fof/k %

izLrqr 'kks/k i= f}rh;d laedksa ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk fo'ys"k.kkRed fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSSA

fo'ys"k.k %e/;izns'k ds ftyksa esa dqy lk{kjrk nj dk v/;;u %

e/;izns'k ds ftyksa esa dqy lk{kjrk nj dk v/;;u djus ij izkIr gksrk gS fd ftyksa esa lcls vf/kd lk{kjrk nj tcyiqj esa 83 izfr'kr] Hkksiky esa 82 izfr'kr] bankSj esa 82 izfr'kr gSA ysfdu efgyk lk{kjrk nj ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd efgyk lk{kjrk nj lcls vf/kd Hkksiky esa 77 izfr'kr] bankSj esa 75 izfr'kr rFkk tcyiqj esa 75 izfr'kr gSA ogha iq:"k lk{kjrk nj ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd lcls vf/kd iq:"k lk{kjrk nj tcyiqj esa 89 izfr'kr] bankSj esa 89 izfr'kr] Hkksiky esa 87 izfr'kr] fHkaM esa 87 izfr'kr] eanlkSj esa 87 izfr'kr]

e/;izns'k esa f'k{kk dh orZeku fLFkfr & ,d v/;;u

MkW- v:.kk dqlqekdj] izk/;kid] ¼vFkZ'kkL=½]'kkldh; laLd`r egkfo|ky;] bankSj

dq- iq"ikatyh nos] 'kks/kkFkhZ ¼vFkZ'kkL=½nsoh vfgY;k fo'ofo|ky;] bUnkSj

71

ckyk?kkV esa 87 izfr'kr esa gSA e/;izns'k esa efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk nj iq:"k lk{kjrk nj ds fygkt ls de fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA

e/;izns'k esa de lk{kjrk nj ftyksa ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd cM+okuh esa 50 izfr'kr] >kcqvk esa 45 izfr'kr] vfyjktiqj esa 37 izfr'kr lk{kjrk nj gSA ;g rhuksa gh ftysa vkfnoklh ckgqY; ftysa gSA e/;izns'k esa lcls de efgyk lk{kjrk nj ftysa Øe'k% ';ksiqj esa 45 izfr'kr] cM+okuh esa 43 izfr'kr] >kcqvk esa 34 izfr'kr] vfyjktiqj esa 31 izfr'kr gSA e/;izns'k esa lcls de iq:"k lk{kjrk nj ftysa Øe'k% cM+okuh esa 57 izfr'kr] >kcqvk esa 55 izfr'kr] vfyjktiqj esa 44 izfr'kr gSA

e/;izns'k ds ftyksa esa xzkeh.k o 'kgjh lk{kjrk nj dk v/;;u %

e/;izns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa dqy lk{kjrk nj 65-3 izfr'kr gSA e/;izns'k ds ftyksa esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dh lk{kjrk nj dk v/;;u djsa rks xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lcls vf/kd lk{kjrk nj ftys Øe'k% ckyk?kkV esa 76-8 izfr'kr] fHkaM esa 75-4 izfr'kr] ujflagiqj esa 74 izfr'kr gSA fHkaM] flouh] jk;lsu] gks'kaxkckn] lkxj ftyksa esa lk{kjrk nj 61 izfr'kr gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lcls de lk{kjrk nj ftysa Øe'k% & cM+okuh esa 44-9 izfr'kr] >kcqvk 40 izfr'kr] vfyjktiqj esa 33-21 izfr'kr gSA ysfdu xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lcls vf/kd lk{kjrk okys ftys ckyk?kkV esa 67-8 izfr'kr] ujflagiqj esa 64-16 izfr'kr o tcyiqj esa 63 izfr'kr gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lcls de efgyk lk{kjrk nj okys ftysa Øe'k% f'koiqjh esa 41 izfr'kr] cM+okuh 37-8 izfr'kr] >kcqvk 29-8 izfr'kr] vfyjktiqj 27 izfr'kr gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lcls vf/kd iq:"k lk{kjrk nj okys ftysa Øe'k% ckyk?kkV 86 izfr'kr] fHkaM 86 izfr'kr] eanlkSj 85 izfr'kr] nfr;k 84 izfr'kr] blds vykok eqjSuk] nfr;k] lkxj] lruk] jhok] uhep] mTtSu] 'kktkiqj] bankSj] flgksj] jk;lsu] gjnk] gks'kaxkckn] tcyiqj] ujflagiqj] dVuh ftyksa esa xzkeh.k iq:"k lk{kjrk nj 80 izfr'kr ls vf/kd gSA xzkeh.k iq:"kksa esa lcls de lk{kjrk nj okys ftysa Øe'k% cM+okuh esa 51-9 izfr'kr] >kcqvk esa 50 izfr'kr] vfyjktiqj esa 39-4 izfr'kr gSA e/;izns'k esa xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa iq:"k lk{kjrk nj efgyk lk{kjrk nj ls vf/kd gSA

e/;izns'k ds 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa dqy lk{kjrk nj 84 izfr'kr gSA e/;izns'k ds ftyksa esa 'kgjh lk{kjrk nj ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd 'kgjh lk{kjrk nj lcls vf/kd flouh esa 89-6 izfr'kr] gjnk esa 88-55 izfr'kr] tcyiqj esa 88-50 izfr'kr gSA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa lcls de lk{kjrk nj okys ftysa Øe'k% flaxjkSyh esa 77-5

izfr'kr] Vhdex<+ 75-6 izfr'kr] ';ksiqj esa 73-3 izfr'kr gS ysfdu 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa lcls vf/kd efgyk lk{kjrk nj ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd lcls vf/kd 'kgjh efgyk lk{kjrk nj okys ftysa Øe'k% flouh esa 84-6 izfr'kr] tcyiqj esa 83-8 izfr'kr] eaMyk esa 82-2 izfr'kr ujflagiqj esa 82-4 izfr'kr] cSrqy esa 82-4 izfr'kr] gjnk esa 82-6 izfr'kr gSA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa lcls de efgyk lk{kjrk nj okys flaxjksyh esa 67-4 izfr'kr] eqjSuk esa 67-7 izfr'kr] f'koiqjh esa 62-3 izfr'kr gSA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa lcls vf/kd iq:"k lk{kjrk nj ftysa Øe'k% gjnk 94-15 izfr'kr] flouh esa 94-5 izfr'kr] fM.Mksjh esa 94-6 izfr'kr blds vykok vU; ftysa tgk¡ 90 izfr'kr ls vf/kd iq:"k lk{kjrk nj gS & Xokfy;j] lkxj] neksg] lruk] jhok] uhep] eanlkSj] jryke] mTtSu] 'kktkiqj] nsokl] bankSj] >kcqvk] [k.Mok] cSrqy] gks'kaxkckn] dVuh] tcyiqj] ujflagiqj] eaMyk] NRrjiqj] vkSj ckyk?kkV ftysa gSA 'kgjh {ks=ksa esa lcls de iq:"k lk{kjrk nj ';ksiqj esa 83 izfr'kr] Vhdex<+ esa 57-9 izfr'kr gSA

e/;izns'k ds o"kZ 2001 o 2011 esa ftyksa dh lk{kjrk nj ds laedksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u %

e/;izns'k esa o"kZ 2001 esa lk{kjrk nj 63-7 izfr'kr FkhA ftlesa dqy iq:"k lk{kjrk nj 76-1 izfr'kr o dqy efgyk lk{kjrk nj 50-3 izfr'kr Fkh A

lk{kjrk nj esa 0-9 izfr'kr vkSj efgyk lk{kjrk nj esa 0-8 izfr'kr dh deh gqbZ gSA e/;izns'k esa 2001 ls 2011 ds o"kZ varjky esa lcls vf/kd dqy lk{kjrk nj

72

esa o`f) okys ftys gS & dVuh esa 10-1 fofn'kk esa 10-3] 'kgMksy esa 10-8] fM.Mksjh esa 11-3] flaxjkSyh esa 13-1] lh/kh esa 10-8] jhok esa 11-4] NRrjiqj esa 11-6] ';ksiqj esa 11-6 izfr'kr gSA e/;izns'k esa efgyk lk{kjrk o`f) okys ftys gS & ckyk?kkV esa 12-5] flouh esa 10-3] eaMyk esa 11-7] dVuh esa 14-2] gjnk esa 10-2] flgksj esa 11-5] Hkksiky esa 10-1 fofn'kk esa 14-3-] jktx<+ esa 12-7] cM+okuh esa 11-1] nsokl esa 13-2] bankSj esa 10-1] /kkj esa 11-1] vuwiiqj esa 11-8] 'kgMksy esa 14-0] fM.Mksjh esa 15-2] mefj;k esa 11-5] flaxjkSyh ftysa esa lcls vf/kd 18-3] lh/kh esa 14-9] jhok esa 14-9] lruk esa 12-4- neksg esa 12-6] Lkkxj esa 13-4] NRrjiqj esa 15-1] xquk esa 11-3] Xokfy;j esa 11-9] eqjSuk esa 11-4] ';ksiqj esa 15-4 gSA e/;izns'k esa iq:"k lk{kjrk nj esa o`f) okys ftysa Øe'k% ';ksiqj esa 8-5] NRrjiqj esa 8-9] jhok esa 8-0] flaxjkSyh esa 8-3 gSA e/;izns'k esa o"kZ 2001 ls 2011 ds laedksa ds rqyukRed v/;;u esa ik;k fd e-iz- esa dqy lk{kjrk nj esa o`f) gqbZ gSA ftys ds v/;;u ds vuqlkj ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd ;g o`f) efgykvksa esa vf/kd gqbZ gSaA

fu"d"kZ %

Hkkjr esa iq:"k lk{kjrk nj efgyk lk{kjrk nj ls vf/kd gSA ogh e/;izns'k Hkh f'k{kk {ks= esa fujarj vkxs vkus esa iz;kljr gSA e/;izns'k esa lk{kjrk nj dh fLFkfr ds v/;;u esa >kr gqvk gS fd izns'k esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj iq:"k lk{kjrk nj ds fygkt ls de gSA D;ksafd e/;izns'k ds 50 ftyksa esa iq:"k lk{kjrk nj esa 85 izfr'kr ds Åij 13 ftys gSA ogh efgyk lk{kjrk nj esa 75 izfr'kr ds Åij 3 ftysa gSA e/;izns'k ds xzkeh.k o 'kgjh {ks+=ksa esa Hkh iq:"k lk{kjrk nj efgyk lk{kjrk nj ls vf/kd gSA e/;izns'k esa tc o"kZ 2001 o 2011 ds laedksa dh lk{kjrk nj dk rqyukRed v/;;u fd;k x;k rks Kkr gqvk fd o"kZ 2001 ls 2011 ds varjky esa efgyk lk{kjrk nj esa o`f) vf/kd gqbZ gSa] vFkkZr efgyk lk{kjrk o`f) nj lcls vf/kd 18-3 izfr'kr gSA efgyk lk{kjrk nj esa 10 izfr'kr ls vf/kd lk{kjrk o`f) okys ftys 28 gSA ogh ge iq:"k lk{kjrk o`f) nj ns[ks rks Kkr gqvk fd iq:"k lk{kjrk o`f) nj lcls vf/kd 8-9 izfr'kr gSA iq:"k lk{kjrk nj esa 8 izfr'kr ls vf/kd lk{kjrk o`f) okys ftys 4 gSA e/;izns'k 'kklu }kjk f'k{kk ds fy, tks vfHk;ku pyk;s tk jgs gS mlesa e/;izns'k esa igys dh vis{kk f'k{kk Lrj esa o`f) gqbZ gS fdUrq fQj Hkh e/;izns'k ds xzkeh.k {ks= vHkh Hkh f'k{kk ls nwj gS] D;ksafd ogk¡ ikB'kkykvksa dk vHkko gSA nwljk dkj.k 'kklu dh f'k{kk lqfo/kkvksa ls xzkeh.k yksx tqMs t:j gS ijUrq

f'k{kk dh egRork dks le>us esa deh gSA vko';drk gS fd f'k{kk ds egRo dks tu&tu rd ig¡qpk;k tk;saA

lanHkZ xzFk %

1. Census of india ¼2011½, Madhya Pradesh Directorate of census operations, Madhya Pradesh Bhopal (M.P.)2- e/;izns'k ds izeq[k vkadMs ¼2011½] vkfFkZd ,oa lkaf[;dh lapkyuky; e/;izns'k i`- 9 3- ^vkxs vk;s ykHk mBk;sa*] ¼2011½ vk;qDr] tulaidZ foHkkx] e/;izns'k] Hkksiky ¼e-iz-½

73

izLrkouk %

Hkkjr xk¡oksa dk ns'k gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa d`f"k dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA d`f"k dsoy ns'k esa thfodksiktZu dk lk/ku gh ugha gS oju~ vFkZO;oLFkk dh jh<+ gSA o"kZ 2011 dh tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 58-2 izfr'kr dk;Z'khy tula[;k d`f"k {ks= esa dk;Zjr gSA xzkeh.k d`"kd vkt Hkh ijEijkxr d`f"k rduhdh dks vaxhdkj djuk ilUn djrs gSa D;ksafd uohu rduhd dks viukus esa mUgsa vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gSA

okLro esa fdlh Hkh {ks= dh i;kZoj.kh; xq.koRrk dks ifjHkkf"kr djuk dfBu gS] D;ksafd i;kZoj.k 'kCn dk mi;ksx fofHkUu vFkksZa esa fd;k tkrk gSA gfjr xzkeksa ds fodkl ds fy, gfj;kyh ifj;kstukvksa tSls mik;ksa dk izca/ku ,oa fØ;kUo;u dkjxj fl) gks jgk gSA

gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk d`"kdksa dh lqfo/kk vkSj i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh n`f"V ls ,d O;olk; ek= gh ugha] cfYd blls Hkkjrh; fdlkuksa dh izxfr vkSj xzkeh.k fodkl Hkh tqM+k gqvk gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa ikfjfLFkfrdh; larqyu] i;kZoj.kh; fLFkjrk rFkk ekuo fØ;kvksa ds e/; fof’k"V lek;kstu LFkkfir djuk gfjr xzke izca/ku gSA Ik;kZoj.k dh xq.koRrk lnSo cuk;s j[kuk i;kZoj.k rFkk euq"; ds fy, cgqr t#jh gSA

gfjr xzke izca/ku dk vFkZ%&xzkeh.k okrkoj.k ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk fuekZ.k djuk gS] ftuls xzkeh.k {ks= ds lalk/kuksa dk foosdiw.kZ p;u dj] bfPNr mn~ns’;ksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, vYidkfyd o nh?kZdkfyd ;kstukvksa o j.kuhfr;k¡ viuk;h tk,A

mnkgj.k ds fy, xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa tylaj{k.k gsrq cka/k fuekZ.k rFkk i;kZoj.k lq/kkj gsrq okfudh lalk/kuksa dks izksRlkgu fn;k tk,A

izdkj & ou lalk/kuksa dk izca/ku o e`nk izca/ku

oU;tho laj{k.k izca/ku o i;kZoj.k izksRlkgu izca/ku

gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk & dsUnz ljdkj us tuojh 27] 2003 dks laiw.kZ Hkkjr esa 2 gtkj djksM+ dh ykxr okyh ty laj{k.k o ou o`{k izksRlkgu nsus okyh ifj;kstuk] ftldk 'kqHkkjaHk iz/kkuea=h }kjk gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk uke nsdj fd;k x;kA

dk;Z % ;g ;kstuk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa fdlkuksa ds fy, dq,¡] rkykc [kqnokus] tylaxzg.k] o"kkZty lap;u] is;ty O;oLFkk] o`{kkjksi.k dks izksRlkgu rFkk eRL; ikyu tSls dk;ksZ gsrq xzke iapk;r {ks=ksa dks /kujkf’k miyC/k djkrh gS rFkk xzkeh.k {ks=ksa dks gfj;kyh iznku djus esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk vnk djrh gSA

mn~ns’; % v/;;u dk mn~ns’; gfjr xzkeh.k izzca/ku ls d`f"k mRiknu esa o`f) o vk; ds lk/kuksa ds fodkl ij gfj;kyh ;kstuk ds izHkko dk vkdyu djuk gSA

v/;;u {ks= p;u & gfjr xzke izca/ku ds fy, gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk ,d egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ty lalk/ku dk laj{k.k] lao/kZu rFkk ouh; {ks= esa o`{k yxkuk rFkk ikfjrksf"kd ds #i esa vkfFkZd ykHk fn;k tkrk gSA blh gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk ds izca/ku dk xzkeh.k fdlkuksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr ij izHkko dks ns[kus ds fy, neksg ftys dh tcsjk tuin ds rhu xzkeksa&?kqVdqvk¡] paniqjk rFkk xfM+;k xzke ds nks&nks fdlkuksa dk p;u fd;kA

v/;;u fof/k % vkadM+¨ dk ,d=hdj.k izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d nksuksa vk/kkj ls fd;k x;kA izkFkfed vkadM+s vuqlwph fdlkuksa }kjk lh/ks rkSj ij ,d= fd, x,] ftuds izn’kZu gsrq xzkQ] izfr’kr ,oa lkaf[;dh; fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;kA

1-1 rkfydk ,oa js[kkfp= % o"kZ 2010 o 2012 dh vk; dk rqyukRed fooj.k

gfjr xzke izca/ku % gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk

uhjt dqekj lksuh] ¼Hkwxksy foHkkx½]'kk- dyk ,oa okf.kT; egk-] bUnkSj

Income in Rs. - 2010 Income (in Rs.) After Hariyali Project - 2013

Village Formar Agri. Tree Plant Total Rs. Agri. Tree Plant Total Rs. Increasing %

Ghutkua Padam Singh 6400/Hqtr 0/Yr 6400 7640/Hqtr 5100/Yr 12740 199.1

Doulat Singh 6800/Hqtr 0/Yr 6800 7440/Hqtr 6500/Yr 13940 205.0

Chandpura Anwar Husain 7100/Hqtr 500/Yr 7600 8100/Hqtr 7600/Yr 15700 206.6

Ramsingh 6500/Hqtr 0/Yr 6500 7150/Hqtr 3900/Yr 11050 170.0

Gadiya Pancham Singh 6120/Hqtr 300/Yr 6420 6920/Hqtr 4550/Yr 11470 178.7

Pinku Raikwar 5460/Hqtr 0/Yr 5460 6150/Hqtr 3200/Yr 9350 171.2

74

ou ,oa e`nk izca/ku gsrq gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk ds rgr d`"kdksa ds [ksrksa esa esM+ ca/kku] ouLifr vkoj.k fuekZ.k] dq,¡ [kqnokuk rFkk rkykc dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSA

Ek`nk izca/ku ,oa gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk & bl dk;ZØe ls d`"kdksa dks e`nk vijnu ls NqVdkjk rFkk vf/kd vukt mRIkknu esa lgk;rk feyrh gSA gfj;kyh ;kstuk ds mi;ksx ds i'pkr~ losZf{kr {ks= esa ?kqVdqvk¡ xzke ds fdlkuksa dh izfr gs- vk; esa 800 #- ls 1000 #- dh o`f) vkadh xbZ] ogha paniqjk xzke ds fdlkuksa dh izfr gsDVsvj vk; ;kstuk ds i'pkr~ 600&1000 #- dh o`f) ns[kh xbZA blh izdkj xfM+;k¡ xzke esa o"kZ 2010 dh rqyuk esa gfj;kyh ;kstuk ds i'pkr~ o"kZ 2013 esa 600&800 #- izfr gs- dh o`f) ns[kh xbZA

ou lalk/kuksa dk izca/ku gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk & Oku lalk/kuksa dk izca/ku gfjr xzke fodkl ds fy, vfr vko’;d gks tkrk gS] D;ksafd tyok;q ij fu;a=.k] vijnu âkl] LoPN rFkk vuqdwy okrkoj.k] ou@o`{kksa ds fodkl o izca/ku ls gh laHko gSA gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk ds rgr izR;sd xzkeh.k yksxksa dks 100 o`{k yxkus ij izfrekg 100 #- ikfjrksf"kd fn;k tkrk gS] tks fd o`{kksa ds thfor j[kus dh vof/k ds lkFk c<+rk tkrk gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr losZf{kr xzkeksa ds fdlkuksa us viuh Hkwfe ij Qynkj o`{kksa dk jksi.k dj viuh vk; izfr gsDVs;j 170 ls 206 xquk rd c<+kok fn;kA ?kqVdqvka xzke ds inelhax dh okf"kZd vk; 2010 dh rqyuk esa 2013 esa izfr gsDVsvj 6400 #- ls c<+dj 12740 #- gqbZ] ogha nkSyrlhax dh okf"kZd vk; 2010 dh rqyuk esa o"kZ 2013 esa 6800 ls c<+dj 13940 gks xbZA paniqjk xzke ds vuoj gqlSu dh izfr gsDVs;j okf"kZd vk; o`{kkjksi.k ds i'pkr~ 206-6 xquk rd c<+dj 7100 #- ls 15700 #- gks xbZ rFkk jkelhax iVsy dh izfr gsDVs;j okf"kZd vk; 2010 ls okf"kZd vk; 6500 #- Fkh tks o"kZ 2013 esa 170% dh o`f) ds lkFk 11050 #- gks xbZA blh izdkj xfM+;k¡ xzke ds iape lhax us viuh Hkwfe ij Qynkj o`{k yxkdj viuh vk; esa o"kZ 2010 dh rqyuk esa 2013 esa 178-7% dh o`f) dh ,oa blh xzke ds fiadq jSdokj dh vk; tgk¡ 2010 esa 5460 #- izfr gsDVsvj Fkh] ogha 2013 esa 171-2% dh o`f) ds lkFk izfr gsDVs;j vk; 9350 #- gks xbZA

vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd gfjr xzke {ks= ds fuekZ.k esa ;g ;kstuk vfr egRoiw.kZ gSA losZf{kr bu N% fdlkuksa us o"kZ 2007&08 esa bl ;kstuk ds rgr dq,¡@rkykc [kqnok;s rFkk Qynkj o`{kkjksi.k fd;k] ftuls o"kZ 2012&13 esa budh vk; esa rqyukREkd ifjorZUk ns[kk x;k gSA bl ;kstuk ds rgr u dsoy xzkeh.k {ks= esa gfjr {ks= dk fodkl gksrk gS oju~ xzkeh.k yksxksa dh vk; esa Hkh o`f) gksrh gSA vr% bl ;kstuk dk gfjr

xzke fuekZ.k o izca/ku esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA

leL;k,¡ % 1- f’k{kk dk vHkko 2- ifj;kstuk dh tkudkjh dk vHkko 3- lhfer xzke lhek] 4- NksVh d`f"k tksrs 5- ykxr dh deh 6- 'kkldh; dqizca/ku o mnklhurk

lek/kku &

1- xzkeh.k yksxksa dh i;kZoj.k ds izfr f’kf{kr fd;k tk;sA

2- fdlkuksa dh ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh nh tk;sA 3- 'kklu }kjk iznRr jkf’k Rofjr forfjr gksA4- [kkyh iM+h 'kkldh; Hkwfe ij o`{kkjksi.k gsrq

Hkwfeghu fdlkuksa dks vuqefr nh tk;sA 5- ljiap lfpo dks mfpr vf/kdkj fn;s tk;sA

fu"d"kZ % mijksDr v/;;u ls Li"V gksrk gS fd gfjr xzkeh.k izca/ku gsrq gfj;kyh ;kstuk vfr egRoiw.kZ o dkjxj gS] D;ksafd xzkeh.k —f"k mRiknu esa uohu rduhdh ls mRiknu ij vuqdqy izHkko iM+rk gS ,oa tgk¡ ;g ck<+ fu;a=.k] ty laj{k.k o esM+ca/kku] o`{kkjksi.k rFkk eRL; ikyu dks c<+kok nsrh gS] ogha nwljh vksj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa etnwjksa dks jkstxkj miyC/k djkdj mudh vkfFkZd fLFkfr dks etcwr cukrh gSA 24 vizSy 2012 dks tkjh ,d egRoiw.kZ fjiksVZ esa crk;k fd xzkeh.k Hkkjr vc fuf’pr ekulwu ij igys ftruk fuHkZj ugh jg x;k gSA mlus vius vkidks jk"Vªh; vkfFkZd pdz ds lkFk tksM+ fy;k gSA

vr% xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa f'k{kk dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A vk; esa Hkh o`f) ds fy, :f<okfnrk ,oa va/kfo'oklksa dks nwj dj gfj;kyh ifj;kstuk tSlh uohu ;kstukv¨ ds izf'k{k.k ,oa lgh rduhd dh tkudkjh nsus dk iz;kl fd;k tkuk pkfg,A cgqQlyh dk;ZØe] mér chtksa ds Á;ksx]jklk;fud moZjd ,oa tSfod [kkn ds mi;ksx dks c<+ok ns dj xzkeh.k yksxksa dh vk; esa rqyukREkd ifjorZUk fd;s tk,A

vr% izLrqr 'kks/k v/;;u ls ;g Kkr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS fd d`f"k fodkl esa uohu rduhdh dh D;k Hkwfedk gS \ uohu rduhdh dks viukus esa dkSu&dkSu lh ck/kk,¡ gSa\bu ck/kkvksa dks dSls nwj fd;k tk ldrk gS \ bu iz'uksa ds mRrj Kkr dj xzkeh.k d`f"k mRiknu esa o`f) djus gsrq uohu rduhdh ds egRo dks Li"V Çd;k tk ldrk gS A

lanHkZ %

1- vks>k ,l-ds-] ikfjfLFkfrd ,oa i;kZoj.k] 2012&13] i`"B 182&210]

2- nSfud HkkLdj] fnukad 28 flRkEcj] 20133- www.wikipedia.org

75

'kks/k lkj %

Hkkjr ,d Ñf"k iz/kku ns'k gSA Ñf"k dks Hkkjrh; vFkZO;LFkk dh jh<+ Hkh dgk tkrk gSA vkS|ksfxdj.k ds laxfBr iz;klkas ds ckotwn Ñf"k dk xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku dk;e gSA ;g yxHkx 65 izfr'kr yksxksa dh thfodk dk lk/ku gS vkSj blh lk/ku dks xkSjoiw.kZ LFkku iznku djus esa dgha u dgha lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku cgqr vko';d gSA Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk eq[; vk/kkj Ñf"k gS rFkk Hkkjr dh vf/kdka'k tula[;k Ñf"k rFkk Ñf"k vk/kkfjr m|ksxkas ij gh fuHkZj djrh gSA blfy, e/;izns'k esa lgdkjh laLFkkvksa ds Lo:i dk v/;;u djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;k gSA

e/;izn's k eas lgdkjh lLa Fkkvkas dk Lo:Ik vFkok lja puk f=&Lrjh; gSA izR;ds jkT; eas izFke LFkku ij jkT; lgdkjh cSda ] ftyk Lrj eas dUs nzh; lgdkjh cSda rFkk xzkeh.k Lrj ij izkFkfed Ñf"k lk[k lfefr;k¡ LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA jkT; lgdkjh cSda dUs nzh; cSda rFkk izkFkfed lgdkjh cSda ds dk;kZsa ij fu;=a .k j[krh gSA ;g jkT; ds lHkh lgdkjh lk[k O;oLFkkvkas dks lefUor rFkk lgdkfjrk ds ek/;e ls lpa kfyr dqVhj o y?kq bdkbZ;ksa dks dk;Z'khy itaw h iznku djkus eas lgk;rk iznku djrk gSA dUs nzh; lgdkjh cSda Ñ"kdkas }kjk lpa kfyr o xzkeh.k Lrj ij LFkkfir izkFkfed Ñf"k lk[k lfefr rFkk jkT; lgdkjh cSda ds e/; Lrjh; lLa Fkk ds :i eas dk;Z djrh gSA izkFkfed Ñf"k lk[k lfefr ftlds vra Zxr vf/kdk'a k lnL; Ñ"kd gkrs s gS] lgdkjh lk[k ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj fd;s tkrs gSAa

eq[; 'kCn & lgdkfjrk] f=Lrjh; lajpuk] lgdkjh vkUnksyu] jkT; lgdkjh cSad] ftyk lgdkjh dsUnzh; cSad rFkk izkFkfed Ñf"k lk[k lfefr;k¡ A

izLrkouk %

Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSad Hkh cSafdx ds vk/kkjHkwr dk;Z djrs gSA lgdkjh cSadksa dh LFkkiuk vyx&vyx jkT;ksa esa cuk;s x, lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds vf/kfu;eksa }kjk dh xbZ gSA Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSadksa dk xBu rhu Lrjksa okyk gSA 'kh"kZ Lrj ij jkT; lgdkjh cSad] ftyk Lrj ij ftyk lgdkjh dsUnzh; cSad rFkk xzkeh.k Lrj ij izkFkfed d`f"k lk[k lfefr;k¡ dk;Z djrh gSA lgdkjh lajpuk ds varxZr dsoy jkT; lgdkjh cSad dks Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ls lEidZ djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr gSA lgdkjh cSadksa dk dk;Z dsoy fu/kkZfjr {ks= rd gh lhfer gksrk gSA

e/;izn's k dks xfBr djus okys leLr jkT;ksa eas lgdkjh vkUnkyas u dk mn~Hko fofHkUu ifjfLFkfr;kas eas gqvk FkkA blds fodkl ds fy, izR;ds jkT; eas f'k{kk dk Lrj rFkk mlds vkfFkZd fodkl dh fLFkfr dk izHkko vfuok;Z :Ik ls iMk+ A bl izdkj e/;izn's k ds xBu ds le; lgdkjh vkUnkyas u vyx&vyx jkT;kas eas fHkUUk&fHkUu :Ik ls rFkk vyx fLFkfr eas FkkA jkT; ds xBu ds iow Z rkRdkyhu e/;Hkkjr] lUs Vªy izkos fs tla ,.M cjkj] fo/a ;izn's k fofn'kk o Hkkis ky eas lgdkfjrk ds fodkl dh eyw Hkrw fLFkfr;k¡ izk;% leku FkhA 1 uoEcj 1956 eas u, e/;izn's k dk fuekZ.k gqvk] rc mDr pkjkas izkUrkas dks jkT; eas lfEefyr dj fy;k x;kA

ifjdYiuk %

1- e/;izns'k esa jkT; lgdkjh cSadksa dk Lo:Ik f=Lrjh; gS ,oa rhuksa gh Lrj ,d nwljs ls tqM+s gq, gSA

2- izns'k esa lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dh foRrh; fLFkfr esa mrkj&p<+ko ds ckotwn muesa izxfr gks jgh gSA

3- Ñf"k fodkl esas lgdkjh laLFkkvksas dh lfØ; Hkwfedk gSA

'kks/k dk mís'; %

1- jkT; dh lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dh egRrk ,oa Lo:Ik ls voxr djkukA

2- cSadksa dh foRRkh; fLFkfr o Qly _.k forj.k dh fLFkfr iznf'kZr djukA

3- cSadksa ls lacaf/kr leL;kvksas dh vksj /;kukdf"kZr dj mudk lek/kku izLrqqr djukA

vr% mijksDr leLr RkF;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, 'kks/k fo"k; Þe/;izns'k esa lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dk Lo:Ik % ,d leh{kkRed v/;;uß dk v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA blds varZxr vusd egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa dk voyksdu rFkk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k A

'kks/k izfof/k;k¡ %

izkFkfed lead f}rh;d lead

lk{kkRdkj iwoZ 'kks/k xzaFkizR;{k L=ksr iqLrdsa o i=&if=dk,savizR;{k L=ksr okf"kZd izfrosnu

orZeku esa lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dk Lo:i f=Lrjh; gS &

Hkkjr esa lgdkjh cSafdax }kjk gh lgdkjh vkUnksayu lfefr;ksa dk izkjaHk gqvk A lgdkjh vf/kfu;e 1904 esa

^^e/;izns'k esa lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dk Lo:Ik % ,d leh{kkRed v/;;u**dq+- dYiuk lrukeh] 'kks/kkFkhZ] ¼okf.kT;½ jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj ¼e-iz-½

76

dsoy lgdkjh lk[k lacaf/kr gh izko/kku Fks ysfdu ns'k esa izxfr ds lkFk&lkFk lgdkjh cSafdax lajpuk esa Hkh cnyko fd;k tkus yxkA

e/;izns'k esa lgdkjh laLFkk dk Lo:i %

jkT; lgdkjh cSad@visDl cSad &

e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad dks jkT; dk 'kh"kZ lgdkjh cSad dgk tkrk gSA bl cSad dks dks&vkWijsfVo cSad Hkh dgrs gSA e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad e;kZfnr 4 Qjojh 1912 dks lgdkjh vf/kfu;e 1912 dh /kkjk 2 ds vuqlkj iathÑr fd;k x;kA o"kZ 1 uoacj 1956 dks u;s e/;izns'k jkT; xBu esa Hkkjrh; jkT; ds xBu ds lkFk egkdkS'ky lgdkjh cSad dks ^e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad e;kZfnr^ uke fn;k x;k A e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad }kjk xzkeh.k _.k] miHkksDrk _.k] okf.kfT;d _.k] vkokl _.k] mPp f'k{kk _.k] okgu] Ñf"k ,oa vfxze miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA

jkT; lgdkjh cdaS ] jkT; dh lgdkjh lk[k lLa Fkkvka s ea s,d lokPZs p lLa Fkk gAS blfy, bls 'kh"kZ cdaS dgk tkrk gAS bl cdaS dk e[q ; dk;Z ftyk lgdkjh cdaS ka s rFkk ikz Fkfed lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;ka s dk fun'Zs ku o leUo; dj _.k lfq o/kk miyC/k djkuk gAS iRz ;ds jkT; ea s ,d gh cdaS dh uhfr viukbZ tkrh gAS vFkkrZ ~ ~ iRz ;ds jkT; ea sdos y ,d gh jkT; lgdkjh cdaS gkrs k gAS

mÌs'; & e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad dk eq[; mÌs'; leLr dsaæh; lgdkjh cSad rFkk izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dk ekxZn'kZu djuk rFkk mu ij fu;=a.k j[kuk gSA cSad ds mÌs'; bl izdkj gS&

1- dsaæh; lgdkjh cSadksa rFkk izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks lLrs C;kt njksa ij Ñf"k lk[k miyC/k djkukA

2- jkT; ds leLr dsaæh; lgdkjh cSadksa rFkk izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh esa ,d:irk ykukA

3- fjtoZ cSad rFkk ukckMZ cSad dh uhfr;ksa dks lnL; lgdkjh lk[k laLFkkvksa esa lqpk: :i ls ykxw

djukA4- le;≤ ij dsaæh; lgdkjh cSadksa dks Ñf"k

lk[k LohÑr djukA5- jkT; ds leLr dsaæh; lgdkjh cSadksa ds dk;ksZa dk

fujh{k.k ,oa vads{k.k dj muds iFkizn'kZd ds :i esa dk;Z djukA

6- lfefr;ksa ds lnL;ksa rFkk tu&lkekU; esa lgdkfjrk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA

cSad u dsoy vYidkyhu Ñf"k _.k dh iwfrZ ftyk cSadksa dks djrk gS] cfYd ;g viuh 23 'kk[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls cSafdax O;olk; Hkh djrk gSA o"kZ 2012&13 ds fy, vYikof/k [kjhQ _.k gsrq :- 5500 djksM+ ,oa jch _.k gsrq :- 3000 djksM+ dk forj.k fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k FkkA blds fo:) [kjhQ esa :- 6457-15 djksM+ ¼117 izfr'kr½ rFkk jch fnukad 31-12-2012 rd :- 2347-94 djksM+ ¼78 izfr'kr½ ds vYikof/k Qly _.k forfjr fd, tk pqds gSA jkT; fdlkuksa dks lgdkjh cSadksa ds ek/;e ls 45-04 yk[k fdlku ØsfMV dkMZ forfjr fd, x, gSA ukckMZ ;kstuk ds varxZr lgdkjh cSadksa esa dksj cSafdax dk;Z izkjaHk fd;k x;k gS] ftlls visDl cSad eq[;ky; o mudh 23 'kk[kkvksa ,oa 38 ftyk lgdkjh cSadksa ds eq[;ky; lfgr 830 'kk[kkvksa dks dksj cSafdax ls lac) fd;k tk jgk gSA budh foRrh; fLFkfr bl izdkj gS&

e/;izns'k esa jkT; lgdkjh cSad dh foŸkh; fLFkfr¼jkf'k djksM+ksa esa½

Ø- fooj.k 2008&9 2009&10 2010&11 2011&12

1 va'kiw¡th 122-02 122-87 154-25 194-192 fuf/k;k¡ 476-24 503-48 519-29 553-383 vekursa 2919-66 3064-39 3432-24 3405-144 _.k xzg.k 1417-27 1408-52 2360-78 3164-765 dk;Z'khy iawth 5063-54 5435-98 6589-52 7752-716 _.k vof'k"V 2298-24 2208-66 3271-47 4413-487 LFkkiuk O;; 25-54 20-25 32-42 23-478 ykHk 29-13 & 40-34 63-99

L=ksr % e/;izns'k 'kklu lgdkfjrk foHkkx ¼okf"kZd izfrosnu½

mijksDr rkfydk ls ;g Li"V gS fd e/;izns'k esa jkT; lgdkjh cSad dh foRrh; fLFkfr esa o"kZ&izfro"kZ izxfr rks ns[kh xbZ gS ysfdu vHkh Hkh blesa rjktw ds leku Åij&uhps dh fLFkfr cuh gqbZ gSA vr% jkT; lgdkjh cSad dks viuh foŸkh; fLFkfr dks lqn`<+ djus gsrq vf/kd iz;kl djus dh vko';drk gS A

cSad }kjk o"kZ 2006&07 esa 7 izfr'kr ij fdlkuksa dks Ñf"k _.k miyC/k djk;k tkrk Fkk] tks izfro"kZ ?kVrs gq, 0 izfr'kr gks x;k gSA vFkkZr~ fdlkuksa dks _.k ij dksbZ C;kt ugh nsuk iM+rkA e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad esa Ñf"k _.k iz.kkyh ds varZxr 2006&07 ls

77

2012&13 ds vkadM+s lacaf/kr rkfydk n'kkZ;h xbZ gS] blesa fuEukfdar fcUnq lfEefyr fd, x, gS&

¼yk[kksa esa½Ø- o"kZ ykHkkafor forfjr Ñ"kdksa dks jkT; 'kklu jkT; 'kklu

Ñ"kdksa Qly fn;k x;k }kjk fuxZfer ls izkfIr dh la[;k _.k vuqnku jkf'k ;ksX; jkf'k

1 2006&07 14-52 3334-00 38-87 38-87 &2 2007&08 20-91 4078-00 55-73 47-79 7-943 2008&09 17-44 2970-00 81-41 27-46 53-954 2009&10 19-64 4361-00 122-82 45-38 77-45

;ksx 298-84 159-50 139-345 2010&11 23-76 6151-40 221-85 ¼vuq-½ 150-46 71-396 2011&12 29-00 ¼vuq-½ 7629-27 282-75 ¼vuq-½ 282-11 0-647 2012&13 30-00 ¼vuq-½ 8500-00 ¼vuq-½ 383-00 ¼vuq-½ 350-00 33-00

L=ksr % e-iz- jkT; lg- cSad e;kZ-] eq[; dk;kZy; Hkksiky ¼lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls½

mijksDr rkfydk ls Li"V gS fd o"kZ 2006&07 esa ykHkkafor Ñ"kdkasa dh la[;k 14-52 yk[k FkhA ogha o"kZ 2012&13 esa c<+dj ;g 30 djksM+ gks x;h gSA bl izdkj forfjr Qly _.k o"kZ 2006&7 esa tgk¡ 3334 yk[k : Fkk] ogha o"kZ 2012&13 esa 8500 yk[k+ : gks x;k gSA vr% ge ns[krs gS fd nksuksa gh fLFkfr esa ykHkkafor Ñ"kdksa dh la[;k ,oa forfjr Qly _.k nqxusa ls vf/kd gks x;k gS] tks bl rF; dks Li"V djrk gS fd Ñf"k fodkl esa lgdkjh cSad fujarj gj Lrj ij viuk ;ksxnku ns jgk gSA

ftyk lgdkjh dsaæh; cSad &

;g cSad fufnZ"V {ks= esa izkFkfed lk[k lfefr;ksa ds la?k gksrs gS] ftudk dk;Z{ks= ftysa ds varZxr gksrk gSA blfy;sa bUgs ftyk lgdkjh cSad Hkh dgrs gSA ftyk lgdkjh dsUnzh; cSadksa ds }kjk u dsoy izkFkfed Ñf"k lk[k lgdkjh lfefr;ksa }kjk Ñf"k _.k forj.k dh izfriwfrZ dh tkrh gS] vfirq bu cSadksa ds }kjk vÑf"k _.k tSls&vkokl _.k] okgu _.k] O;kolkf;d _.k Hkh iznku fd;k tkrk gSA

mÌs';&ftyk lgdkjh cSadksa dk eq[; mÌs'; lnL; lfefr;ksa dh foŸkh; vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djuk gSA blds mÌs'; bl izdkj gS &

1- Ñf"k _.k forj.k gsrq izkFkfed lk[k lfefr;ksa dks Ñf"k lk[k miyC/k djkukA

2- lnL;ksa esa cpr rFkk ferO;f;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA

3- xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa caSfdax lqfo/kkvksa dk foLrkj djukA

4- izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dh dk;Ziz.kkyh ij fu;a=.k cuk, j[kukA

5- izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;ksa dks vius jf{kr dks"kksa ds lqjf{kr fofu;ksx dh lqfo/kk iznku djukA

Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad ds funsZ'kkuqlkj 31 ekpZ 2012 rd lHkh 38 ftyk lgdkjh cSadksa us cSafdax yka;lsal

vfuok;Z :Ik ls izkIr dj fy;k gSA izns'k esa 38 ftyk lgdkjh cSad viuh 830 'kk[kkvksa ds ek/;e ls O;olk; dj jgh gSA lHkh ftyk cSadksa esa dksj cSafdax dk dk;Z izxfr ij gSA o"kZ 2013&14 esa lHkh ftyk cSad rFkk mudh 'kk[kkvksa esa dksj cSafdax dk dk;Z iw.kZ gksus dh laHkkouk,¡ n`f"Vxkspj gks jgh gS] ftlls cSad ds lnL;ksa ,oa xzkgdksa dks okf.kfT;d cSadksa ds leku lqfo/kk izkIr gks ldsxh A budh fLFkfr dks rkfydk }kjk n'kkZ;k x;k gS &

ftyk lgdkjh dsUnzh; cSadksa dh foŸkh; fLFkfr ¼jkf'k djksM+ksa esa½

Ok"kZ vekur dk;Z'khy iawth _.k xzg.k ykHk

2009&10 7256-80 11718-62 4978-01 117-742010&11 8534-49 14275-70 6978-05 170-322011&12 9302-71 15988-07 8373-60 205-03


mijksDr Rkfydk esa 2009&10 ls 2011&12 rd ds vk¡dM+s izLrqr fd, x, gSA rhuksa gh o"kksZa esa ftyk lgdkjh dsUnzh; cSad dh foŸkh; fLFkfr lqn`<+ gksrh fn[kkbZ ns jgh gSA vFkkZr~ ;g fujarj izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gSA

izkFkfed Ñf"k lk[k lgdkjh lfefr;k¡ &

izkFkfed Ñf"k lk[k lfefr ftUgsa lkekU;r% izkFkfed Ñf"k m/kkj lfefr Hkh dgk tkrk gSA bu lfefr;ksa dh 'kq:vkr de ls de 10 ;k mlls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ls dh tk ldrh gSA ;s O;fDr ,d gh xk¡o ds gksuk vko';d gSA izR;sd O;fDr;ksa }kjk fn;k tkus okyk ewY; ukeek= dk gksrk gS] ftlls fd xjhc ls xjhc Ñ"kd Hkh lfefr dk lnL; cu ldsA laLFkk esa Ñf"k dk;ksZa ds fy, vYidkyhu _.k fn;k tkrk gSA vf/kdka'k izkFkfed lk[k lfefr;k¡ foŸk ds fy, dsanzh; lgdkjh cSadksa ij fuHkZj gksrh gSA

mÌs'; %

1- Ñf"k mRiknu gsrq Ñ"kdksa ds fy, Ñf"k lk[k dh O;oLFkk djukA

2- Ñf"k _.k forj.k gsrq ftyk lgdkjh dsaæh; cSadkas }kjk Ñf"k lk[k izkIr djukA

3- mRiknu dk;ksZa esa lfØ; lgHkkfxrk iznku djukA4- xzkeh.k lekt ds fy, dY;k.kdkjh rFkk vkfFkZd

dk;ZØeksa esa Hkkx ysuk rFkk lg;ksx iznku djukA

78

izkFkfed lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;ksa dh fLFkfr

Ok"kZ Lkfefr;ksa fn;k x;k Ckdk;kdh la[;k _.k _.k

1950&51 106 23 061960&61 212 202 401970&71 161 578 7841980&81 90 3430 51401990&91 88 4834 32952000&01 101 12608 101902005&06 109 14811 115022007&08 110 15700 12200


mijksDr rkfydk ds vk/kkj ij Li"V gS fd o"kZ 1950&51 ls 1960&61 rd izkFkfed lgdkjh lk[k lfefr;ksa esa izxfr ns[kh xbZ gS ijarq chp ds o"kksZa esa budh fLFkfr Mxexkrh xbZA o"kZ 2000&01 ls iqu% budh fLFkfr esa lq/kkj gksus yxk vkSj ;g yxkrkj o"kZ 2007&08 rd cjdjkj jgk gS A

orZeku esa jkT; esa dqy 4523 izkFkfed lgdkjh lk[k laLFkk,sa dk;Zjr gSA Ñ"kdksa dks vYidkyhu Ñf"k _.k bUgh laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA bu laLFkkvksa }kjk miyC/k djk, x, _.k dh iwfrZ ftyk lgdkjh dsUnzh; cSad ds ek/;e ls dh tkrh gSA izkFkfed lgdkjh laLFkkvksa }kjk eq[;r% Ñf"k dk;ksZa ds fy, vYidkyhu Ñf"k _.k miyC/k djk;k tkrk gSA buds }kjk 'kklu dh uhfr vuqlkj lkoZtfud forj.k iz.kkyh ds varxZr mfpr ewY; dh nqdkuksa ds lapkyu dk dk;Z ,oa leFkZu ewY; ij xsgw¡ ] /kku rFkk eDdk vkfn dk miktZu fd;k tkrk gSA

leL;k,¡ %

lgdkjh cSadksa dh izxfr ds ckotwn vusd leL;k;sa n`f"Vxkspj gks jgh gSA lgdkjh laLFkk,¡ vYidkyhu ,oa e/;dkyhu lk[k iznk;d ds :Ik esa vR;ar egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSa vkSj bl mRrjnkf;Ro dk fuokZg djrs gq, cSadksa dks vusd leL;kvksa dk lkeuk djuk iM+rk gS &

1- dqN lgdkjh laLFkk,¡ blfy, Hkh lQy ugh gks ikrh D;ksafd cSad ds lapkyd e.My esa ;ksX; ,oa vuqHkoh O;fDr;ksa dh deh gksrh gSA vuko';d o vuqfpr jktuhfrd gLr{ksi Hkh budh izxfr esa ck/kk mRiUu djrs gSA

2- dbZ ,sls cSad Hkh gS] ftuesa vizf'kf{kr] vuqHkoghu deZpkfj;ksa ds dkj.k cSad dh izxfr ugh gks ikrhA

dqN cSadksa ds deZpkjh ̂MsI;wVs'ku^ ij fu;qDr fd, tkrs gS] tks bu ekeyksa esa dksbZ [kkl fnypLih ugh fn[kkrsA

3- cSadksa esa xSj cSafdax dk;Z Hkh fd, tkrs gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh vU; okf.kfT;d dk;ksZa dks djus dh gksM+ esa eq[; cSafdax dk;Z ihNs jg tkrs gSA

4- dqN lgdkjh laLFkkvksa esa fujh{k.k ,oa tk¡p dk;Z ds gsrq fujh{kdksa dh i;kZIr la[;k dk vHkko jgrk gS rFkk dqN vf/kdkjh [kkukiwfrZ gsrq lnL; laLFkkvksa esa fujh{k.k ds fy, tkrs gSA

5- ftyk lgdkjh cSadksa esa lfefr;ksa ds lapkydksa dk dk;Zdky lekIr gksus ds ckotwn ljdkj muds dk;Zdky esa o`f) dj jgh gSA vFkkZr~ lgdkjh lkslk;fV;ksa }kjk lgdkfjrk pquko esa ykijokgh cjrh tkrh gSA

6- izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;ksa esa viukbZ tk jgh yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dkQh detksj gS D;ksafd lfefr;ksa esa dqN izHkko'khy O;fDr gh lfefr laca/kh lkjs fu.kZ; ysrs gSA

7- jkT; esa izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;ksa }kjk cuk, x, leFkZu eY;ksa ij xsgqa [kjhnh dsUnz esa vHkh Hkh vfu;feRRkk,a O;kIr gS] ftl dkj.k fdlkuksa dks mfpr okjnkuk ugh fey ikrkA

lq>ko %

fdlh Hkh lgdkjh lk[k lajpuk esa lgdkjh laLFkkvksa dk ;ksxnku cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSA blfy, budk dq'ky lapkyu vfrvko';d gSA lgdkjh cSadksa dks lqn`<+ djus gsrq vusd lq>ko izLrqr fd, x, gS&

1- cSadksa ds lapkyd e.My dks fjtoZ cSad dh lgk;rk ls iquZxfBr fd;k tkuk pkfg,] ftlls fd muesa jkT; ljdkj dk izfrfuf/kRo fd;k tk lds ,oa Ñf"k lk[k fo'ks"kK vfuok;Z :Ik ls fu;qDr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

2- izR;sd jkT; esa fjtoZ cSad }kjk ,d vuqHkoh vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr dh tkuh pkfg,A bl izdkj ds vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr gsrq cSafdax fu;a=.k vf/kfu;e] 1949 esa vko';d la'kks/ku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

3- cSadksa esa vko';drkuqlkj deZpkfj;ksa dh la[;k esa c<+ksRrjh dh tkuh pkfg, rFkk deZpkfj;ksas dh dk;Zdq'kyrk esa o`f) djus gsrq muds fy, mfpr izf'k{k.k dh O;oLFkk dh tkuh pkfg,A

79

4- lgdkjh cSadksa ds fy, ;g cgqr vko';d gS fd og lgh le; ij lgh lapkydksa o izca/k vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr o pquko djsA bl laca/k esa mudks lk[k laca/kh ftEesankfj;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk cgqr vko';d gSA

5- izkFkfed lgdkjh lfefr;ksa ds fodkl gsrq laiw.kZ lajpuk dks lqn`<+ fd;k tkuk vR;ar vko';d gS] lkFk gh budh iztkrkaf=d O;oLFkk dks etcwr djuk gksxkA

fu"d"kZ %

mijksDr foospu ds vk/kkj ij ;g dgk tk ldrk gS] fd lgdkjh cSadksa dh lajpuk lgdkfjrk ds fl)kar ij vk/kkfjr gSA lgdkjh cSad Hkh cSafdax iz.kkyh ls lacaf/kr vk/kkjHkwr dk;kZsa dks lEiUu djrs gSA Hkkjr esa vYidkyhu] e/;dkyhu lk[k dk forj.k jkT; lgdkjh cSad] dsanzh; lgdkjh cSad rFkk izkFkfed Ñf’k lk[k lfefr;ksa ds }kjk gksrk gSA

lgdkjh lk[k dk Lo:i vFkok lajpuk f=&Lrjh; gSA jkT; esa izFke Lrj ij jkT; lgdkjh cSad] ftyk Lrj esa dsUnzh; lgdkjh cSad rFkk xzkeh.k Lrj ij izkFkfed Ñf"k lk[k lfefr;k¡ dk;Z djrh gSA jkT; lgdkjh cSad] dsUnzh; cSad rFkk izkFkfed lgdkjh cSad ds dk;ksZa ij fu;a=.k j[krh gSA ;g jkT; ds lHkh lgdkjh lk[k O;oLFkkvksa dks lefUor dj rFkk lgdkfjrk ds ek/;e ls dk;Z'khy i¡wth iznku djus esa lgk;rk djrk gSA jkT; esa ftyk lgdkjh cSad] 'kh"kZ cSad rFkk izkFkfed lk[k lgdkfjrkvksa ds e/; ,d dM+h dk dk;Z djrh gSA lgdkjh cSadksa dk izn'kZu vPNk jgk gS ijUrq vusd leL;k,¡ Hkh n`f"Vxkspj gks jgh gS] ftu ij xaHkhjrk ls fopkj fd;k tkuk vfrvko';d gSA

vr% lgdkjh cSadksa ds lqn`<+ fodkl ds fy, ;g cgqr vko';d gS fd leLr jkT;ksa ds lgdkjh cSad vius&vius mRrjnkf;Ro dks le>sa vkSj mls iwjk djus dk gjlaHko iz;kl djsA

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph %iqLrdsa 1- ekFkqj] MkW- ch-,l % lgdkfjrk] lkfgR; Hkou

vkxjk] 1985-2- lDlsuk] MkW- ,e-ih % e/;izns'k esa lgdkfjrk]

vkHkk izdk'ku] 1989&90- 3- lq/kk th- ,l-] 'kekZ MkW- vkj-,l-] “kekZ MkW- Ogh-dsa

% fØ;kRed izca/k] jes'k cqd fMiks t;iqj&ubZ fnYyh] 2009-

4- ekFkqj] MkW- jhrk % cSafdax iz.kkyh] vtZqu ifCyds'ku] 2010-

5- nRr xkSjo] egktu vf'ouh % Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] ,l pUn ,.M dEiuh fy-] 2012-

6- ekFkqj] MkW- Vh- ,u-] tSu MkW- eerk] f=ikBh MkW- Mh- lh- % Hkkjrh; cSafdax iz.kkyh] fjlpZ ifCyds'ku t;iqj] 2012-

iwoZ 'kks/k lkfgR;ksas dk voyksdu

1- tSu] izdk'kpUnz % e/;izns'k esa lgdkfjrk vkUnksyu] 1983-

2- tSu] dsoypan % e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad] e;kZfnr Hkksiky dk vkykspukRed v/;;u] 1984-

3- uSu] js.kqdk % e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh Hkwfe fodkl cSad dk;Z ,oa miyfC/k dk ewY;kadu ]1989-

4- tks'kh] Jherh t;Jh t- % tcyiqj laHkkx dh ukxfjd ,oa lgdkfjrkvkas dk vkykspUkkRed v/;;u] 1991-

5- tSu] iou dqekj % e/;izns'k esa jkT; lgdkjh cSad dk foRrh; izca/k ,d v/;;u] 1992-

6- jtksfj;k] v'kksd % ftyk lgdkjh dsUnzh; cSad dh Hkwfedk ¼nsojh rglhy ds lanHkZ esa½] 2002&03-

okf"kZd izfrosnu o i=&if=dk,¡

1- okf"kZd izfrosnu % e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad e;kZfnr U;w ekdZsV rkR;kVksis uxj] Hkksiky&462003] 2010&11-

2- okf"kZd izfrosnu % e/;izns'k jkT; lgdkjh cSad e;kZfnr U;w ekdsZV rkR;kVksis uxj] Hkksiky&462003] 2011&12-

3- okf"kZd iz'kklfud izfrosnu % lgdkfjrk foHkkx e/;izns'k 'kklu] 2011&12-

4- okf"kZd iz'kklfud izfrosnu % lgdkfjrk foHkkx e/;izns'k 'kklu] 2012&13-

80

'kks/k lkj %

Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk d`f"k ij vk/kkfjr gSA Hkkjr ds e/; esa e/;izns'k fLFkr gSA e/;izns'k jkT; izkd`frd laink ls /kuh jkT; dgykrk gS ijarq ;g ,d fiNM+k gqvk jkT; gSA ;gk¡ fodkl dh vusd laHkkouk,sa fo|eku gS ftlds varxZr jkT; ljdkj dh enn ls Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe vius vfLrRo esa vk;kA blds vkus dk izeq[k mn~ns'; ekuo thou dks ;Fkkor~ jgus ;k uk jgus ij ,slh {kfr dh fLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gS vksj bl {kfriwfrZ gsrq tks O;oLFkk dh tkrh gS mls gh thou chek dgk tkrk gSA

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa deZpkfj;ksa ds varxZr fodkl vf/kdkjh f}rh; Js.kh dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA ;g laLFkk dk izeq[k LFkk;h deZpkjh gSa bldh laLFkk ds izfr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA blds }kjk O;kikj ds foØ; dk;Z esa eq[; ;ksxnku gksrk gSA ;g laLFkk rFkk vfHkdrkZ ds chp dh dM+h dk dk;Z djrk gSA bu nksuksa ds chp dk dk;Z fuokZg fodkl vf/kdkjh dks djuk gksrk gSA O;kikj dks lqpk: :i ls xfr'khy cukus esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

Ekq[; ’kCn & Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe] ;ksx{kse czgkE;ge] v)Zljdkjh] fodkl vf/kdkjh] IRDA.

izLrkouk %

vuU;kf’pUr;Urks eka ;s tuk% i;qZikLrsArs’kk fuO;kfe;qDokuka ;ksx{kse czgkE;ge~AA

mijksDr ;ksx{kse dk mYys[k yxHkx 7000 o"kZ iwoZ jfpr xzaFk _Xosn ls feyrk gSA 'yksd dks xhrk ds ukSosa v/;k; ds X;kjgosa 'yksd esa dgk x;k gS fd tks O;fDr eq> ij vkLFkk j[krs gq, thou fuokZg djrs gSA muds dq'ky {kse fpUrk dk fuokZg eSa Lo;a djrk gw¡ tks esjk ije /keZ gSA Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dk mn~ns'; gS vkids ikl tks gS mldh o`f) rFkk vkidh oLrqvksa dks lqj{kk iznku djuk gekjk ije /keZ gSA

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe lkoZtfud fgrdkjh laLFkk ;k v)Zljdkjh laLFkk (Semi Government) ds :i esa fo|eku gSA bl ij iw.kZr% ljdkj dk dM+k fu;a=.k ykxw gksrk gSA laLFkk dk eq[;ky; eqEcbZ esa fLFkr gS ftlds varxZr esjs }kjk e.My dk;kZy; tcyiqj dk p;u fd;k x;k ftlesa eSaus deZpkfj;ksa ds varxZr

f}rh; Js.kh fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k gSA bldks ysus dk esjk izeq[k mn~ns'; fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk v/;;u djuk gS tks laLFkk dk izeq[k vf/kdkjh gksrk gS vkSj vfHkdrkZ }kjk dk;Z ysrk gS ,oa thou chek fuxe ds O;olk; dks lqpk: xfr iznku djrk gSA bldk laLFkk ds izfr izeq[k vfLrRo gksrk gS tks laLFkk esa 'kjhj dh jh<+ dh gM~Mh ds leku dk;Z djrk gSA blds fcuk laLFkk dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrhA

'kks/k dk mís'; %

izLrqr 'kks/k Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa deZpkfj;ksa ds varxZr f}rh; Js.kh fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk v/;;u djuk gS blds varxZr fodkl vf/kdkjh }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;ksZa dks fo'ysf"kr djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gS ftlls fd fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk dk fuokZg gks lds] fodkl vf/kdkjh laLFkk dk izeq[k O;fDr gksrk gSA ;g viuh lsok,sa laLFkk ,oa lekt nksuksa dks iznku djus esa vge~ Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gSA

ifjdYiuk &

1- fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa ds dk;ksZa dk ewY;kdau lgh <ax ls gks jgk gSaA

2- Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh Hkwfedk mRd`"V gSA

3- laLFkk esa fodkl vf/kdkjh dh fLFkfr larks"ktud gS vFkok ugha \

'kks/k izfof/k;k¡ %

izkFkfed L=ksr & esjs }kjk 'kks/k fo"k; ds fo'ys"k.k djus ds fy;s nSo fun'kZu iz;ksx fd;k x;k gSA rFkk izR;{k L=ksr ds :i esa lk{kkRdkj rFkk vizR;{k L=ksr ds :i esa iz'ukoyh dk mi;ksx dj fo"k; dh mi;ksfxrk dk fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA

izkFkfed lead f}rh;d lead lkaf[;dh fof/k;ka

izR;{k L=ksr iwoZ 'kks/k xzaFk nSo fun'kZulk{kkRdkj iqLrdsa izfr'kr fof/kvizR;{k L=ksr i=&if=dk,sa vkSlr fof/kiz'ukoyh okf"kZd izfrosnu &

chek dk fodkl vkfn lH;rk ls ysdj vkt rd gksrk vk;k gSA blds vfLrRo esa vkus dk mn~ns'; O;fDr;ksa

^^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk fo’ys"k.kkRed v/;;u % tcyiqj ftys ds fo’ks"k lanHkZ esa**

jktdqekjh lsu] 'kks/kkFkhZ] okf.kT; ½jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj ¼e-iz-½

81

dks tksf[keksa ls lqj{kk iznku djuk gS] blh mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, ;g fofHkUu :iksa esa la;qDr ifjokj izFkk ls ysdj ljdkjh laLFkkvksa ds :i esa fodflr gqvk vkSj Hkfo"; esa Hkh lqj{kk dh fofHkUu vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, mi;qDr fodkl ,oa ifjorZu gksrs jgsaxsaA chek dh vko';drk dsoy tksf[ke ls lqj{kk iznku djus rd gh lhfer u jgdj fofu;ksx ,oa mRiknu esa o`f) djus rd c<+rh tk jgh gSA

thou chek ,d vuqca/k vFkok djkj gS tks chfer O;fDr ;k mlds mRrjkf/kdkjh dks fdlh fo'ks"k ?kVuk ds ?kVus ij ,d fuf'pr /ku Hkqxrku djus dk opu nsrk gSA thou dk var vfuf'pr gS ;g vfuf'prrk o tksf[ke gS] tks chfer dh e`R;q ls gksus okyh vkfFkZd {kfr dh iwfrZ ds fy, fdlh izdkj ds laj{k.k dh vko';drk dks tUe nsrh gS thou chek og lk/ku gS tks bl tksf[ke dks lekIr djrk gS vkSj vfuf'pr dks fuf'prrk esa cnyrk gS chek ,d vkSj rks fofu;ksx dk lk/ku gS rks nwljh vkSj chfer dh j{kk djrk gS A

thou chek esa chfer fo"k; oLrq O;fDr dk thou gSA chekdrkZ chfer O;fDr dh e`R;q ij ,d fuf'pr jde dk Hkqxrku djrk gSA nq?kZVuk ds le; Hkh Hkqxrku djus dk izko/kku gSA thou chek dsoy lqj{kk gh ugha gS cfYd ,d ykHkdkjh fofu;ksx Hkh gks x;k gSA le;≤ ij vusd izdkj ds chek i= fuxZfer fd;s tkus yxs gSA orZeku le; esa Hkkjr esa thou chek fuxe us bl fn'kk esa dkQh izxfr dh gSA

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dh LFkkiuk o jk"Vªh;dj.k %

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dh LFkkiuk 1 fnlEcj 1956 dks gqbZ vkSj ;g iw.kZr% vius vfLrRo esa vk pqdk FkkA Hkkjr dh igyh thou chek fuxe daiuh dh uhao 1870 esa eqacbZ E;qpqvy ykbQ ba';ksjsal lkslk;Vh ds uke ls j[kh xbZA n bU'kksjsUl ,DV 1938 Hkkjr dk igyk ,slk vf/kfu;e Fkk] ftlus thou chek ds lkFk&lkFk lHkh chek daifu;ksa ds m|ksx ij jkT; ljdkj dk dM+k fu;a=.k ykxw fd;kA tc 1938 esa ysftLysfVo vlsEcyh (Legislative Assembly) ds lkeus ykbQ ba';ksjsUl ,DV fcy dks la'kksf/kr djus dk izLrko j[kk x;kA dkQh le; ls thou chek m|ksx dks jk"Vªh;dj.k iznku djus dh ekax py jgh FkhA ysfdu blus xfr 1944 esa idM+hA blds ckotwn Hkkjr esa dkQh le; ckn thou chek dEifu;ksa dk jk"Vªh;dj.k 18 tuojh 1956 esa gqvkA ljdkj us 19 tuojh 1986 dks ,d v/;kns'k tkjh dj thou chek fuxe O;olk; dk jk"Vªhdj.k fd;kA Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa deZpkfj;ksa ds varxZr fodkl vf/kdkjh

f}rh; Js.kh dk vf/kdkjh gksrk gSA ;g laLFkk dk izeq[k LFkk;h deZpkjh gSa bldh laLFkk ds izfr egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gksrh gSA blds }kjk O;kikj ds foØ; dk;Z esa eq[; ;ksxnku gksrk gSA ;g laLFkk rFkk vfHkdrkZ ds chp dh dM+h dk dk;Z djrk gSA bu nksuksa ds chp dk dk;Z fuokZg fodkl vf/kdkjh dks djuk gksrk gSA fodkl vf/kdkjh 'kk[kk izca/kd vkSj vfHkdrkZ ds chp dk ek/;e fuHkkrs gq;s chek O;olk; ls lacaf/kr cgqr ls dk;Z tks 'kk[kk izca/kd dks djus iM+rs gS] fodkl vf/kdkjh }kjk lEiUu dj fn;s tkrs gSA bl rjg 'kk[kk izca/kd dk dk;Z vklku gks tkrk gS] fodkl vf/kdkjh osruHkksxh gksrk gSA

nSo fun'kZu & Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA ftlesa tcyiqj e.My ds vUrxZr ikap 'kk[kkvksa dk losZ{k.k fd;k x;k gSA e.My dk;kZy; esa fodkl vf/kdkjh ugha gksrs gSA vU; pkj 'kk[kkvksa esa dqy 54 fodkl vf/kdkjh esa ls 14 dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA vFkkZr~ 100% esa ls esjs }kjk 25% fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk p;u dj iz'ukoyh HkjokbZ xbZ gS rFkk lk{kkRdkj ds ek/;e ls fodkl vf/kdkjh rFkk vfHkdrkZ dh tkudkjh yh xbZ gSA blds vk/kkj ij v/;;u fd;k x;k gSA

& fodkl vf/kdkjh ds ek/;e ls ;g esjs laKku esa vk;k fd Hkkjr esa ;g fpUru dk fo"k; gS fd vHkh cgqr ls {ks= ,sls gS tks chek ds nk;js esa ugha vkrs gSA ;g xaHkhjrk dk fo"k; blfy;s gS fd chek O;olk; dh igq¡p ogka rd ugha gks ikbZA

& Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe ds ikl yxHkx 14 yk[k djksM fjtoZ Q.M fo|eku gS vFkkZr~ ;g izR;sd izfr;ksfxrk daiuh ls izfrLi/kkZ djus dks rS;kj gSA

& fodkl vf/kdkjh dh ijh{kk esa p;fur ijh{kkfFkZ;ksa dk ifj.kke dsoy 4% ls 5% rd gh vk ikrk gSS D;ksfd iz'ui= vf/kd dfBu gksrk gS ;g ,d fpUruh; fo"k; gS ftldk lek/kku fudkyuk t:jh gSA fodkl vf/kdkjh }kjk izkIr tkudkjh ds vuqlkj chek djuk ljy gS vfHkdrkZ cukuk dfBu gSA

& fodkl vf/kdkjh LFkk;h fu;qfDr ds ckn Hkh fu/kkZfjr izhfe;e ,oa misf{kr thou ikWfyfl;ksa dh la[;k jftLVMZ ugha gksus ij ^fMeks'ku* vFkkZr~ fupys Lrj ij vkus yxrk gS rFkk Js.kh II ls Js.kh III ij igqapk fn;k tkrk gS] rFkk laLFkk ls ckgj fudkys tkus dk [krjk cuk jgrk gSA

82

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fLFkfr %

rkfydk Øekad & 1vk;q ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k

Ø- la[;k izfr'kr

20&30 01 7-1430&40 03 21-4240&50 05 35-7150&60 05 35-71

dqy 14 100

L=ksr % losZ{k.k }kjk izkIr vk¡dM+s

rkfydk Øekad& 1 ls Li"V gS fd 40&50 vkSj 50&60 vk;q oxZ ds fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh la[;k vf/kd gS ftudk 35-71 izfr'kr gS vkSj vk;q ds vk/kkj ij lcls vuqHkoh gS rFkk 20&30 ds fodkl vf/kdkjh lcls de vuqHkoh gS ftudk 7-14 izfr'kr gSA

rkfydk Øekad& 2'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k

Ø- ;ksX;rk fodkl vf/kdkjh izfr'krdh la[;k

1- LukRdksRrj 09 64-282- Lukrd 05 35-73- gk;j lsds.Mjh & &

dqy 14 100


rkfydk Øekad & 2 ls Li"V gksrk gS fd 'kS{kf.kd ;ksX;rk ds vk/kkj ij LukRdksRrj fodkl vf/kdkjh dh la[;k vf/kd gS rFkk budk 64-28 izfr'kr gS vkSj gk;j lsds.Mjh dk izfr'kr lcls de gS ,oa bl vk/kkj ij fu;qfDr Hkh lcls de gSA

rkfydk Øekad & 3in fu;qfDr ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k

Ø- in fu;qfDr fodkl vf/kdkjh izfr'kr dh la[;k

1- 10&20 04 28-57 2- 20&30 09 64-28 3- 30&40 01 7-14 4- 40&50 & &

dqy 14 100


rkfydk Øekad& 3 ds fo'ys"k.k ls Li"V gksrk gS fd

in fu;qfDr 20&30 o"kZ ds varxZr vf/kd gksrh gS ftudk 64-28 izfr'kr gSA vFkkZr 20&30 o"kZ ds vanj fodkl vf/kdkjh dh fu;qfDr vf/kd ikbZ xbZ vkSj 30&40 ds varxZr 7-14 gS rFkk 30&40 o"kZ ds varxZr fu;qfDr;ka de gksrh gSA

rkfydk Øekad & 4fodkl vf/kdkjh }kjk foØ; ikWfylh vk/kkfjr fo'ys"k.k

Ø- vk/kkj fodkl vf/kdkjh izfr'krdh la[;k

1- 100&500 02 14-28 2- 500&1000 03 21-42 3- 1000&1500 04 28-57 4- 1500&2000 02 14-28 5- 2000&2500 01 7-14 6- 2500&3000 02 14-28

dqy 14 100


rkfydk Øekad&4 ls Li"V gS fd 1000&1500 ds varxZr lcls vf/kd 28-57 izfr'kr ikWfylh dk foØ; vkSj 2000&2500 esa 7-14 lcls de ikWfylh gS A

rkfydk Øekad& 5dk;Z larq"Vh ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k

Ø vk/kkj fodkl vf/kdkjh izfr'krdh la[;k

1- larq"V 06 42-85 2- iw.kZ larq"V 07 50 3- vlarq"V & & 4- vkSlru 01 7-14

dqy 14 100


rkfydk Øekad& 5 ds vk/kkj ij lcls vf/kd dk;Z larq"Vh 50 izfr'kr jgh ftlesa fodkl vf/kdkjh iw.kZ larq"V ik, x,] vkSlru larq"Vh Lrj 7-14 izfr'kr gSA

rkfydk Øekad& 6fodkl vf/kdkjh dh Hkwfedk ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k Ø- vk/kkj fodkl vf/kdkjh izfr'kr

dh la[;k

1- laLFkk dh Hkwfedk 06 42-852- vfHkdrkZ dh Hkwfedk 03 21-423- Lo;a dh Hkwfedk 05 35-71

dqy 14 100


83

rkfydk Øekad& 6 ds voyksdu ls Li"V gksrk gS fd fodkl vf/kdkjh 42-85 izfr'kr O;fDr Lo;a dks laLFkk dh Hkwfedk ekurs gS vkSj 21-42 izfr'kr O;fDr vfHkdrkZ dh Hkwfedk ekurs gSA budk izfr'kr cgqr gh de gSA

rkfydk Øekad& 7fu;qfDr i)fr ds vk/kkj ij fo'ys"k.k

Ø vk/kkj fodkl vf/kdkjh izfr'kr dh la[;k

1- vfHkdrkZvks ds chp ls 03 21-422- Ukkekadu i)fr ls 03 21-423- foKkiu }kjk 07 504- O;fDrxr laca/kh 00 &5- vU; i)fr 01 7-14

dqy 14 100


rkfydk Øekad& 7 ds vk/kkj ij fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh fu;qfDr vfHkdrkZvksa ds chp ls ,oa ukekadu i)fr ls 21-42 izfr'kr jgh vkSj O;fDrxr laca/kha ,oa vU; i)fr 7-14 izfr'kr izkIr gqbZA vFkkZr~ vfHkdrkZvksa ds chp ls lcls vf/kd fu;qfDr;ka gksrh gSA

rkfydk Øekad& 8fodkl vf/kdkjh dh vk; dk fo'ys"k.k

Ø vk/kkj fodkl vf/kdkjh dh la[;k

1- 20]000&30]000 012- 30]000&40]000 013- 40]000&50]000 024- 50]000&60]000 065- 60]000&70]000 04

dqy 14


rkfydk Øekad& 8 ls Li"V gS fd fodkl vf/kdkjh dh vk; 50000&60000 ds varxZr vkSlru ikbZ xbZ gS 20000&40000 ds varxZr fuEu vk; izkIr gqbZ gSA

leL;k,¡ & Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk viuh eq[; Hkwfedk dk fuokZg gksrk gS ;g laLFkk dh uhao dks etcwr cukus ds fy;s fodkl vf/kdkjh yxkrkj dk;Z iw.kZ djus] ikWfylh ds foØ; djus rFkk O;olk; dks c<+kus ds fy;s yxkrkj iz;kl djrk gS Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe vkt viuh Lo;a dh [;kfr cuk;s gq;s gS rFkk bldk izeq[k mn~ns';

lekt dks lsok iznku dj mudh oLrqvksa dks lqj{kk iznku djrs gq;s tksf[ke ls cpkuk gS ijarq vkt bl laLFkk ds lkFk vU; futh laLFkkvksa us izos'k dj fy;k gS tks ikWfyfl;ksa ij vf/kd C;kt vkSj NwV nsdj lekt dks Hkzfer dj jgh gS ftlls fd fodkl vf/kdkjh vkSj vfHkdrkZvksa dks vf/kd ijs'kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk gksrk gSA

lq>ko %

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u** dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds mijkar ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd deZpkfj;ksa dk laLFkk ds izfr egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku ,oa lg;ksx lnk gh cuk jgrk gS rFkk ;g fujarj iz;kljr~ jgrs gS fd laLFkk dk Lo:i fo|eku jgrs gq;s fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gks] ijarq buds izfr Hkh laLFkk dk drZO; gksuk pkfg, fd lsokoxhZ; deZpkfj;ksa dks Hkh laarqf"V iznku djsa rFkk muds dk;ksZa ij izlUurk O;Dr djsA

fu"d"kZ %

^^ftanxh ds lkFk Hkh] ftanxh ds ckn Hkh**

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe O;fDr ds thou dh lqj{kk dk ojnku gS tks O;fDr ds ejus ds mijkar Hkh mlds ifjokj dks lg;ksx iznku djrk gSa vFkkZr~ ̂^chek O;fDr ds fy;s Qk;nsean gS] O;kikj ds fy;s ojnku gS] lekt ds fy;s vko';d gS vkSj vkfFkZd izxfr ds fy, ,d eq[; lk/ku gSaA**

fodkl vf/kdkjh laLFkk dk izeq[k deZpkjh ekuk tkrk gS rFkk 40&50 ds vk;q oxZ okys O;fDr vf/kd dk;Zjr gS ftudk vuqHko vk/kkj Hkh lcls vf/kd ik;k x;kA ijarq 18&35 ds vk;q oxZ ds yksxksa }kjk vf/kd ikWfyfl;ksa dks foØ; djus dh Js"Brk ,oa dk;Z esa rhozrk ikbZ xbZA

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa ij 'kks/k ds mijkar egRoiw.kZ ckr lkeus vk;h fd fodkl vf/kdkjh dks LFkk;h deZpkjh ekuk x;k gS ij mlds fy;s dk;Z dksVk iznku fd;k tkrk gS ftlds varxZr dk;Z u gksus ij fodkl vf/kdkjh dks r`rh; Js.kh deZpkjh dh Js.kh esa j[k fn;k tkrk gS blds fy;s yscj dksVZ us Hkh bl fu;e dks ekU; fd;k gS A

vfHkdrkZ }kjk tc fodkl vf/kdkjh dh IRDA

(Insurance Regulatory Development Authority) ijh{kk ij cSBrk gS rc mldk ifj.kke dsoy 4% ls 5% rd gh vkrk gS bl dkj.ko'k fodkl vf/kdkfj;ksa dh la[;k de rFkk vfHkdrkZ dh la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA chek/kkjd dh lgh igpku u gksus ds dkj.k laLFkk dks

84

gkfu mBkuh gksrh gS ftldk lw=/kkj vfHkdrkZ gksrk gS tks lgh ikWfylh/kkjd dh Hkfo"; dh fLFkfr ls voxr ugha jgrk gS ftldk [kkfe;ktk fodkl vf/kdkjh dks Hkqxruk iM+rk gSA

Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa fodkl vf/kdkjh dk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gS ;g laLFkk ds O;olk; dks c<+kus ds fy;s lnk iz;Ru'khy jgrk gS laLFkk esa fLFkr izFke Js.kh vf/kdkfj;ksa dk nkf;Ro laLFkkxr dk;kZy; dk dk;Z fuoZgu djuk gS] ijarq fodkl vf/kdkjh dk;kZy; rFkk dk;kZy;hu ,oa QhYM odZ nksuksa gSA ;g laLFkk rFkk lekt dh chp dh dM+h gS tks nksuksa dks ijLij cka/ks gq;s gSA fodkl vf/kdkjh laLFkk ds O;olk; dks ykHk vkSj lekt ds yksxksa dks viuh lsok,sa iznku djrk gSA la{ksi esa fodkl vf/kdkjh dks chek foØ; dh dyk dk laiw.kZ Kku gksrk gS vkSj lekt dks le>us dh rkdr ftlls mls chek ds izfr izsfjr dj chek ikWfylh dk foØ; djrk gSA

thou chek lHkh oxksZa ds fy, mi;qDr gS vkSj ;g fofu;ksx dk lk/ku gh ugha gS] vfirq chfer dks lqj{kk Hkh iznku djrk gSA izfl) fo)ku /kwCuj us Bhd gh dgk gS fd ̂ ^thou chek ,d ifr dk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj gS] ,d iRuh dk vf/kdkj gS] ,d cPps ds fy, nkok gSA**

vr% Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dks vius deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr lnk iz;Ru'khy jgrs gq, muds fodkl dh vksj vxzlj gksrs gq, muds ;ksxnku dk lnk _.kh gksuk pkfg, A tks laLFkk vius deZpkfj;ksa ds izfr _.kh gksrh gS muds deZpkjh lnk mlds dk;ksZa ij [kjs mrjrs gSA la{ksi esa dgk tk;s rks fodkl vf/kdkjh laLFkk dk vge~ fdjnkj gksrk gS tks laLFkk rFkk lekt nksuksa dks ykHk igqapkrs gq, dk;ksZa dk fuokZg djrk gSA

lanHkZ lwph %

iqLrd

1- feJ] MkW- egkukjk;.k feJ% ^chek izca/k ,oa iz'kklu*] yksdHkkjrh izdk'ku] bykgkckn] 2010-

2- tSu] MkW- ,l-lh- % ^chek O;olk; ds fl)kar*] dSyk'k iqLrd lnu] Hkksiky-

3- O;olkf;drk l`tu] vfHkdrkZ HkrhZ iwoZ ijh{kk & thou chek] 2011-

4- tSu] MkW- ,l- lh-% ^chek izca/k*] dSyk'k iqLrd lnu] Hkksiky-

5- 'kqDy] izks- f=HkqouukFk % ^m|ferk fodkl*] e/;izns'k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] 2008-

6- feJk] MkW- iou % ^chek O;olk; ds fl)kar*] e/;izns'k fgUnh xzaFk vdkneh] Hkksiky] 2010-

7- jk;] fot; dqekj % ̂ Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk]* fookl iWuksjek izdk'ku] fnYyh] 2011&12-

8- egktu] MkW- /keZohj] egktu MkW- deys'k] ^lkekftd vuqla/kku dk iz.kkyh foKku ¼eSFkksykWth iqLrd½] fods'k izdk'ku]fnYyh] 2011-

9- ekeksfj;k] MkW- n'kksjk% ^ekuo lalk/ku izca/k* lkfgR; Hkou] vkxjk] 2010-

i=&if=dk,sa ,oa okf"kZd izfrosnu

10- Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe] 53oha okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2009&2010] ^;ksx{kse* ts-ch- ekxZ eqacbZ & 400021-

11- Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe] 55oha okf"kZd fjiksVZ 2011&12] ̂;ksx{kse* ts-ch- ekxZ] eqacbZ & 400021-

12- nSfud HkkLdj] ubZ nqfu;k] if=dk] izdk'ku&tcyiqj 2011&12-

iwoZ 'kks/k xzaFk

13- dqEHkkjs] Jherh laxhrk % ^^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dh O;kolk;h lao/kZu uhfr;ksa dk vkykspukRed ewY;kdau**] ¼'kks/kxzaFk½ 2005] jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj-

14- JhokLro] eukst dqekj % ^^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dh vkoklh; x`g foRr ;kstukvksa dk vkyksPkukRed v/;;u**] ¼'kks/kxzaFk½ 1991] jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj-

15- JhokLro] vk'kh"k % ̂^vkokl leL;k ds lek/kku esa Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dks ;ksxnku**] ¼'kks/kxzaFk½ 1997] jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky; tcyiqj-

16- ;kno] ftrsUnz dqekj% ̂ ^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe dh izca/kdh; ,ao foRRkh; fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.kkRed v/;;u**] **¼'kks/kxazFk½ 2000] jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj-

17- vatqe] dq- lkbLrk% ̂ ^Hkkjrh; thou chek fuxe esa nkok fuiVkjk**] ¼'kks/kxzaFk½ 2005] jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj-

18- xqIRkk] dq- 'kf'k% ^^thou chek fuxe dk ns'k ds vkfFkZd fodkl esa foÙkh; lg;ksx**] ¼'kks/kxzaFk½ 1997] jkuh nqxkZorh fo'ofo|ky;] tcyiqj-

85

ejkBh^vkEgh ekMh;k^ gs ,e-Mh-jkeVsds ;akp iqLrd uqdrpa ledkyhu izdk’kukua izdk’khr dsys- ;k iqLrdkrwu ,e-Mh-jkeVsds ;akuh egkjk"VªkP;k vxnh iwosZyk vlysY;k naMdkj.; lkj[;k HkwHkkxkrhy ekMh;k lektkP;k fuehRrkus laiw.kZ Hkwizns’kkrhy lektkpk okLroos/k eakM.;kpk iz;Ru dsyk-naMdkj.; lkj[;k u{kyxzLr Hkkxkr ekMh;k tekr gh eksB;k la[;sus vlq.k R;kp cjkscj f[kz’pu( ckS/n ;klkj[;k /kekZrhy yksdakpk lq/nk lekos’k vkgsr-,dq.kp vkfnoklh lekt ;k HkwHkkxkr izkfpu dky[kaMkiklw.k eksB;k izek.kkr okLrokl vlq.k cgqla[; izek.kkr fo[kwjysyk vkgsr-R;kewGs ;k izns’kkrhy cgqla[; yksdakph Hkk"kk gh ekMh;kp cksyyh tkrs- o ;k HkwHkkxkrhy yksdakuk f’k{k.kkpk xa/k mf’kjk ykxY;kus ejkBh Hkk"kk lq/nk Qkj’kh dGr ukgh-

tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k ;qxkr Hkkjrkus eksB;k izek.kkr izxrh dsyh o dkxnksi=h tjh Hkkjr fodklkP;k ekxkZoj fnlr vlyk rjh HkkejkxM lkj[;k u{kyxzLr Hkkxkr vktgh Hkkjrkrhy ifgyk jfgok’kh ekuY;k tk.kkÚ;k vkfnoklh lektkdMs vlaLd`r tekr Eg.kwu o R;akpk ekxklysyk ifjlj Eg.kwu lekt /kqjh.kakuh ;akP;klkBh fodklkP;k n`"Vhus dBksj ikgwys mpyyh ulY;kps fnlw.k ;srs-

fodkl gk dklokP;k xrhus gksrks o ;k fodklkr loZlkek.;kph Hkwfedk egRokph vlrs vls ekuY;k tkr vlys rjh HkkejkxM lkj[;k u{kyxzLr Hkkxkrhy lekt Lor%P;k lkeF;kZus tho.kk’kh la?k"kZ djhr vkiyk fodkldze ekxZLFk djhr vkgsr- i.k ,dhdMs laiw.kZ tx [ksMs cuys vlw.k vk/kqfud

ra=KkukP;k vkxe.kkus laiw.kZ Hkwrykojph dusDVhfoVh ok<yh rjh ;kp dky[kaMkr naMdkj.; lkj[kk HkwoSHko’kkyh Hkkx vktgh dkslks nqj vkgsr gk fodkl dk gksow 'kdyk ukgh ;akps ekfeZd fp=.k ,e-Mh-jkeVsds ;akuh vkEgh ekMh;k’;k iwLrdkr ?ksryk vkgs-

naMdkj.; lkj[;k u{kyxzLr Hkkxkpk okLroos/k eakMrakuk R;k HkwHkkxkrhy lektkpk o rsFkhy yksdakpk fodkl dk >kyk ukghr ;kpk 'kks/k ?ksrakuk ljdkjps /kksj.k vkfnoklh lektkP;k pkfyjhrh] izFkk] ijaijk R;akP;k tx.;kpk la?k"kZ R;akph Hkk"kk f’k{k.kkps vR;Ri izek.k lwekt/kqjh.kakps nqyZ{k u{kyokn o ljdkjh /kksj.k ;kr xqjQVysyh turk ;klkj[;k Toyar leL;akpk fopkj djkok ykxrks-

naMdkj.; lkj[;k HkqHkkxkr eksB;k izek.kkr vkfnoklh lekt izkfpu dky[kaMkiklw.k okLrokl vlq.k vkfnoklh laLd`rh fgp R;k HkqHkkxkrhy lektfodklkpk egRokpk vk/kkj vkgsr -;k HkwHkkxkrhy vkfnoklh laLd`rhr dks.krh fodklkph fpUgs fnlrkr gs 'kks/k.ks egRokps vkgsr-vkfnoklh lekt gk laiw.kZ taxy [kksÚ;kr fo[kwjyk vlY;kus R;akph laLd`rh lq/nk fulxkZ’kh ,d#i >kyh vkgsr- vkfnoklh laLd`rh gh Lokra= lerk ca/kwrk ;k jkT;?kVusrhy rRokoj voyacwu vlY;kus HkkejkxM lkj[;k vfodlhr HkwHkkxkr ;akps n’kZu gksrakuk fnlrs-

vk/kqfudhdj.kkP;k dky[kaMkr vkt foHkDr dqVwac i/nrhyk egRokps LFkku izkIr >kys vlq.k cgqrsd lekt fofo/k xVkr foHkkxyk xsY;kps fnlw.k ;srs-mnk-xzkfe.k&’kgjh izR;sd /kekZrhy iksVtkrh ;klkj[;k foHkkx.khP;k ik’oZHkwehoj fofHkUursr ,drk gs rRo

vkEgh ekMh;k ,d lektokLRkoos/k

Ikzk- caMw pkS/kjh] leFkZ egkfo|ky; yk[kuh ¼HkaMkjk½ egkjk"Vª

86

vkfnoklh laLd`rhps R;kp cjkscj naMdkj.; izns’kkpa ewyrRo ekukos ykxrs-osVakx lkj[kk mRlo laiw.kZ xkokrhy yksd ,d= ;sowu lktjk djrkr-;k mRlokr ikolklkBh nsohyk lkdMa ?kkrya tkrs o R;klkBh izk.;kpk cGh ns.ks gh ekuoh fo’odY;k.kkP;k n`"Vhus ;ksX; xks"V ukgh- R;kewGsp ljdkjyk izk.khgR;k jks[k.;klkBh dk;nk djkok ykxrks gs okLro vkgsr-vkfnoklh lekt gk taxykP;k lkfu/;kkr jkgr vlY;kus iksVkph [kGxh Hkkxfo.;klkBh o eksB;k izek.kkr nq"dkG iMr vlY;kus R;kp cjkscj 'kgjh Hkkxk’kh Qkj’kh dusDVhOghVh jkgr ulY;kus R;akuk f’kdkjhojp voyacwu jgkos ykxrs-gs lq/nk okLro vkgs i.k vkiY;k iksVkph [kGxh nql;kP;k ftokoj csrr vlsy rj R;kyk tx.;kpk Hkkx Eg.krk ;s.kkj ukgh R;klkBh i;kZ;h O;oLFkk vktP;k lqf’k{khr vkfnoklhauk 'kks/kkoh ykxsy o r’kh tkf.ko tkx`rh ?kMowu vk.kkoh ykxsy

vkfnoklh laLd`rh gh izkew[;kus ekr`lRrkd vlY;kus vkfnoklh lektkr o R;kp vuq’kaxkus naMdkj.; lkj[;k HkwHkkxkr L=hyk vfr’k; ekukps LFkku vkgsr o gsp vkfnoklh laLd`rhpa cyLFkku ekuY;k tkrs-vkfnoklh lektkr gqaMki/nrh vlw.k bFks uojk ewyxk uo&;k ewyhyk gqaM;kP;k :ikr jDde nsrks-dnkfpr ewyhaph la[;k deh vlY;kus vkfnoklh lektkr gh i/nr :< >kyh vlkoh- R;kewGs T;akP;kdMs gh jDde ulsy vlk uojk ewyxk ?kj <xY;k Eg.kwu lq/nk tk.;kP;k r;kjhr vlrks-vktP;k ;qxkr eksB;k izek.kkr L=hHk`.kgR;k ?kMr vlrakuk vkfnoklh lektkph L=h lanHkkZrhy Hkwehdk lqf’k{khr lektkP;k fopkj’kSyhi<s tk.kkjh vkgsr-ijarw R;kp cjkscj iqVwy lkj[kh fookg i/nrh vkfnoklh lektkps [kPphdj.k dj.kkjh vkgsr- iqVwy i/nrhr ewyxh yXu d:.k tsOgk lkljh tkrs rsOgk frP;k iksVh tUekyk ;s.kkjh ifgyh ewyxh lqu Eg.kwu ekgsjh ikVfo.;kpk djkj vlrks-R;kewGs ewyxk dlkgh vlyk rjh vkR;kP;k ewyhoj vkiyk gDd ctkorks R;kewGs ewyhP;k Hkko.kk letwu u ?ksrkp frpk lalkjkr cGh fnyk tkrks-;kpk cGh jtuhP;k :ikus ys[kdkus js[kkVwu fnXn’kZu dsY;kps fnlw.k ;srs-

osVakxP;k l.kkyk xkokrhy xksVwy ;k lakLd`rhd lHkkx`gkr vkfnoklhaP;k dykdkS’kY;kyk eksB;k

izek.kkr oko fnyk tkrks- vktP;k dky[kaMkr dks.kR;kgh lektkr R;k lektkrhy yksdakP;k dyk dkS’kY;kyk oko ns.;klkBh lektkrhy yksdakuh ,d= ;sowu v’kk lHkkx`gkph LFkki.kk dsY;kps fnlw.k ;sr ukgh- tjh vkt ukxj laLd`rhrys yksd vkfnoklh lektkP;k ;k lakLd`rhd dsanzkoj osxG;k n`"Vhdks.kkrwu uko Bsor vlys rjh ghp vkfnoklh laLd`rhph egRokph dYi.kkfuehZrh vkgs-o ;kp dsanzkoj Hkkjrh; yksd’kkghyk vk/kkjLraHk ns.kkjh L=h&iq:"k lekurk lq/nk fnlw.k ;srs- ijarq dkGkP;k vks?kkr ;kr lq/nk nks"k fuekZ.k >kys vkgsr-jsyk lkj[;k ikjaikfjd u`R;kr vusd ewya bPNk ulrakuk ewyhoj cGtcjh djrakuk fnlrkr gs xqUgs tjh izdk’k>ksrkr ;sr ulys rjh gs nks"k vkfnoklh lektkyk >kdrk ;s.kkjs ukghr-

naMdkj.; lkj[kk vfrnqxZe Hkkxkr vkfnoklh lekt gk izkfpu dky[kaMkiklw.k jkgr vlyk rjh o vktP;k ?kMhyk Hkkjr ljdkjus f’k{k.kkph nkja loZlkek.;klkBh [kwyh dsyh vlyh rjh ;k f’k{k.kkpk izlkj HkkejkxM lkj[;k nqxZe Hkkxkrhy vkfnoklh lektk Ik;Zar [kwi deh izek.kkr iksgpY;kps fnlw.k ;srs-Eg.kwup mPp f’k{k.kkr vkfnoklhaph la[;k cksVkoj ekst.;k brdhp fnlw.k ;srs- v’kk nqxZe Hkkxkr vktgh f’k{k.kkpk izlkj Qkjlk >kyk ulY;kus R;kp cjkscj f’k{k.kkrhy ok<R;k Hkz"Vkpkjkus f’k{k.kkcÌypph tkx`rh Qkj’kh >kyh ukgh o vkfnoklhaph vkfFkZd dqor y{kkr ?ksrk mPp f’k{k.kkyk Qkjlk iSlk miyC/k gksow 'kdr ukgh- ;k lektkyk laiw.kZi.ks fulxkZoj voyacwu jgkos vlY;kewGs R;akps laiw.kZ vk;q"; iksVkph [kGxh Hkj.;klkBh tkrs-R;kewGs ewyakP;k f’k{k.kklkBh iSlk dqBwu vk.k.kkj \ljdkj th dkgh f’k";o`Rrh tkghj djrkr [kjap R;krwu R;k fon;kFkkZpk laiw.kZ [kpZ mpyY;k tkrks dk \R;kewGs vkReHkku tkxfo.kk&;k f’k{k.kkfo"k;h ;k Hkkxkr tkx`rh fuekZ.k dj.ks vko’;d vkgs A

vkfnoklh lekt gk laiw.kZrgk fulxkZoj voyacwu vlY;kus R;akuk vusd gkyvis”Vakpk lkeuk djkok ykxrks R;kewGs ;k lektkr eksB;k izek.kkr fujk’ksps okrkoj.k fuekZ.k gksowu O;lukf/kursps izek.k ok<Y;kps fnlw.k ;srs-vktP;k dky[kaMkr nk# lkj[kk ?kVd vkfnoklh lektkpk ,d vfoHkkT; ?kVd cuY;kps

87

fnlw.k ;srs-;k ?kVdkewGs vkfnoklh lektkps vusd dqVwac m/oLr dsY;kps lq/nk fnlw.k ;srs-vla dk Ogkoa gk [kjk iz’u vkgsr \o R;kpk 'kks/k ?ksrakuk vkiY;kyk ljdkjh ;kstuk o f’k{k.k i/nrhr 'kks/kkos ykxrs-vktP;k vkfnoklh lektklkBh ykxw dj.;kr vkysY;k ;kstuk ;k vkfnoklh lektkyk vkRefuHkZj dj.kkÚ;k ulw.k R;akuk ykpkj cufo.kkÚ;k vkgsr-vkt [kkoVh lkj[kh ;kst.kk vkfnoklh Ik;Zar iksgpY;kus vkfnoklh lekt dkekiklwu nqjkor pkyY;kps fnlwu ;srs-[kk.;klkBh vUu feGkY;kus rks dkekiklwu ijko`Rr gksowu Qkoyk osG nk# <kslrakuk fnlwu ;srks-Eg.kwup ljdkjh ;kstuk ;k R;akP;k gkrkyk dke ns.kkÚ;k vlkO;kr-nqljk egRokpk iz’u f’k{k.kkps izek.k vR;Yi vkgsr R;kp cjkscj rks f’kdw.k lq/nk jkstxkj u feGkY;kus R;kP;k vk;q";kpk Hkzefujkl gksowu rks lq/nk eksB;k izek.kkr O;lukf/kursr xgkG gksrakuk fnlrks-

vkfnoklh lektkr f’k{k.kkps izek.k vR;Yi vlY;kus rs eksB;k izek.kkr ikjaikjhd fjrhfjoktkyk egROk nsrakuk fnlwu ;srkr R;kewGs R;akph laiw.kZ tho.k’kSyh ijaijsr xqarrakuk fnlrs-ijarq ;k tkxfrdhdj.kkP;k dky[kaMkr Hk;adj /kkoiMhP;k xnhZr Lor%pk fodkl lk/krakuk ijaijk pkfyjhrh R;akP;k fodklkph xrh jks[k.;kl dkgh izek.kkr dkj.khHkwr Bjrkr-o ukxj lektkdMwu lq/nk R;akph eksB;k izek.kkr vogsyuk dsyh tkrs-vkt ;k dykdkS’kY;kps izek.k deh gksr vlys rjh o vktph fi<h R;k ijaijk foljY;kus R;kp cjkscj uof’k{khr fi<h lektkph Hkk"kk foljr pkyY;kus vkt rks ;k lektkpk ?kVd vsrkgsr dh ukghr vls iz’u fuekZ.k >kys vkgsr-

Hkkjrh; /kkfeZd dYi.ksuqlkj izR;sd ;qxkr dks.khrjh rkj.kgrkZ fuitr vlrks-R;k izek.ks Lokr™a;kP;k 65 o"kkZuarj ;k naMdkj.; lkj[;k HkwHkkxkr fodkl vkeVs vHk; cax ;akP;k lkj[ks dqVwac naMdkj.; HkqHkkxkP;k fodklkpk /;kl ?ksrysys dqVwc naMdkj.; HkqHkkxkpk /kzorkjk cuqu R;akuk fodklkP;k ekxkZus vk.k.;kpk iz;Ru d#u lkekftd cakf/kydh tksikl.;kpk iz;Ru djhr vkgs-R;kewGs rs ;k HkqHkkxkrhy ;qodakps vk;My fgjks cuys R;akP;k lkekftd tkx`rhus vusd ;kstuk R;akP;k Ik;Zar iksgpfo.;kpk iz;Ru dsY;kus rsFkhy yksdakuk tkxqrhps Hkku ;srakuk fnlr vkgsr-rjh i.k

ewVHkj ek.klakP;k tkx`rhus laiw.kZ fodklkps LoIu iw.kZ gksr ulrs R;klkBh izR;sdkus tkx`r gks.ks xjtsps vkgsr- ;akpk ekfeZd vk<kok ,e-Mh-jkeVsds ;akuh ?ksryk vkgsr-

,dw.kp naMdkj.; HkwHkkxkrhy fdR;sd o"kkZiklw.k [kMrj tho.k txr vlysyk lekt vkt cnyr pkyY;kph uksan ?ksrakuk ,e-Mh-jkeVsds R;akP;k ifjorZukP;k uaknhph uksan lq/nk ?ksrkr-ewVHkj iksVklkBh la?k"kZ dj.kk;k HkwHkkxkr 80 P;k n’kdkr 'kkGk lq# >kY;kus R;akuk f’k{k.kakp okja ykxya i.k fulxkZr thou tx.kkÚ;kauk pkj fHkarhrya f’k{k.k cafnLr okVw ykxrs-rjh vk/kwfudhdj.kkP;k vks<hr f’k{k.kakp izek.k ok<ya ijarq f’k{k.kkP;k ok<R;k izek.kkua vktP;k ?kMhyk naMdkj.;krhy yksdakph neNkd gksrakuk fnlrs- ,dhdMs ljdkjh ik’k rj nqljhdMs u{kyokn R;kewGs useda tk;pa dqB gk iz’u vktP;k ;qodakleksj fuekZ.k >kyk vkgs-gk iz’u lq/nk ;s.kkjk dkG nqj djsy vlk vk’kkokn ,e-Mh-jkeVsds ;akuh vkiY;k vkEgh ekMh;k’;k vkRe#ih iqLrdkrwu ?ksryk vlw.k ;k iqLrdkrwu naMdkj.; lkj[;k izkfpu HkwHkkxkrhy lektkP;k la?k"kkZps fp= js[kVrkauk R;kaph vksG[k fookg i/nrh tx.;kpk la?k"kZ tkxfrdj.kkph ykV ;qxiq:"k O;DrheRo o R;akP;k ek/;ekrqu vkfnoklh lektkyk ykxysys ifjorZukps okjs R;kp cjkscj f’k{k.kkP;k izlkjkus vkfnoklh ;qodkr fuekZ.k >kysyh ,dw.kp nksyke; ifjLFkhrh ;k iz’ukP;k vk/kkjs naMdkj.;krhy lektkpk okLroos/k eakMyk vlw.k ,d izdkjs ;k HkwHkkxkrhy vk/kqfud dky[kaMkrhy egRokpk nLrkost ekukok ykxsy

lanHkZ xzaFk %

1- ,e- Mh- jkeVsds & vkEgh ekMh;k2- 'ks"kjko eMkoh & xksaMokukpk lakLd`rhd bfrgkl

88

eÉlqÉlÉÉ eÉÉrÉiÉå eÉliÉÑÈ CirÉÑÌ£üÈ mÉëÍxÉ®É ZÉsÉÑ | eÉÏuÉÏ iÉÑ eÉlqÉlÉÉ

oÉÑÎ®UÌWûiÉmÉëÉÍhÉËUuÉ uÉiÉïiÉå | rÉÈ eÉÏuÉÏ ÌuÉ±ÉoÉÑÎ®UÌWûiÉÈ xÉÈ xÉÉ¤ÉÉiÉç

mÉzÉÑËUuÉ | xÉÈ xÉqÉÉeÉÇ mÉëÌiÉ MühOûMüÍqÉuÉ | xÉÈÌuÉlÉzrÉÌiÉ mÉUÉlÉÌmÉ

lÉÉzÉrÉÌiÉ | LiÉxrÉ mÉËUWûÉUÉjÉïÇ mÉëÉcÉÏlÉÉÈ AUcÉrÉlÉç oÉWÕûÌlÉ zÉÉx§ÉÉÍhÉ |

LiÉåwÉÑ zÉÉx§ÉåwÉÑ mÉëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§ÉqÉÌmÉ LMüqÉç | AlÉålÉæuÉ zÉÉx§ÉåhÉ

M×üiÉålÉ xÉÇxMüÉUåhÉ xÉÈ oÉÑÎ®qÉÉlÉç pÉuÉÌiÉ | iÉjÉÉ xÉqÉÉeÉxrÉ E®ÉUÉåÅÌmÉ

pÉuÉÌiÉ | LuÉÇ eÉÏuÉxrÉç iÉjÉÉ xÉqÉÉeÉxrÉ E®ÉUMÇü

mÉëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§ÉqÉç ÌMüqÉåiÉiÉç | AÎxqÉlÉç Måü ÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ xÉÎliÉ |

A±iÉlÉ ÌSuÉxÉåwÉÑ AxrÉ AÉuÉzrÉMüiÉÉ AÎxiÉ uÉÉ lÉ uÉÉ | AÎxiÉ

cÉåSÌmÉ AxrÉ zÉÉx§ÉxrÉ oÉÉåkÉlÉxrÉ ¢üqÉÈ MüjÉqÉç | rÉÑuÉeÉlÉåwÉÑ iÉxrÉ

oÉÉåkÉlÉ¢üqÉxrÉ iÉSÒmÉrÉÉãaÉxrÉ xÉÇmÉëåwÉhÉ¢üqÉxrÉ AluÉåwÉhÉqÉç | LiÉÉlÉç

ÌuÉwÉrÉÉlÉç ÌuÉÍcÉliÉrÉÉqÉÈ||

zÉæzÉuÉå AprÉxiÉÌuÉ±ÉlÉÉqÉç rÉÉæuÉlÉå ÌuÉwÉrÉæÌwÉhÉÉqÉç |

uÉÉkÉïMåü qÉÑÌlÉuÉ×¨ÉÏlÉÉÇ rÉÉåaÉålÉÉliÉå iÉlÉÑirÉeÉÉqÉç ||

LuÉqÉåuÉ eÉÏuÉlÉÇ MüiÉÑïÇ MüxrÉÍcÉiÉÈ zÉÉx§ÉxrÉ AÉuÉzrÉMüiÉÉ AÎxiÉ

LuÉ|| eÉÏuÉlÉoÉÉ åkÉMüzÉÉx§ÉqÉ åuÉ mÉ ëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§ÉqÉ ç

uÉÉixrÉÉrÉlÉqÉWûÌwÉïM×üiÉÇ MüÉqÉxÉÔ§ÉzÉÉx§ÉqÉç(eÉÏuÉlÉ¢üqÉqÉç CirÉåuÉ lÉÉÎqlÉ

lrÉÉwÉlÉsÉç MüÉsÉåeÉç oÉxÉuÉlÉaÉÑÌQû oÉåÇaÉVÕûÂ - AlÉålÉ mÉëMüÉÍzÉiÉqÉç) ||

xÉÔ§ÉÃmÉåhÉ UÍcÉiÉqÉåiÉcNûÉx§ÉÇ kÉqÉÉïjÉïMüÉqÉqÉÉã¤ÉÉhÉÉÇ cÉiÉÑhÉÉïqÉç

Ì l É Ã m É h É q É Î x i É z É É x § É å Å Î x q É l É ç | A É W û i r É

xÉÉkrÉÉrÉmÉëMüUhÉxÉmiÉÉÍkÉMüUhÉålÉ rÉÑ£üÍqÉSqÉç xÉWûxÉëÉÍkÉMüxÉÔ§ÉÉåmÉåiÉqÉç

CSÇ Ì§ÉuÉaÉÉïiqÉMÇü eÉÏuÉlÉÇ ÌlÉÃmÉrÉÌiÉ |

zÉÉx§ÉmÉëÉqÉÉhrÉqÉç :

LiÉcNûÉx§ÉÇ mÉëÉqÉÉÍhÉMüqÉç | AlÉÑoÉÇkÉÉÌSMrÉÑ£üxrÉ AxrÉ AÉ±mÉëuÉiÉïMüÈ

mÉëeÉÉmÉÌiÉUåuÉ CÌiÉ mÉgcÉqÉå xÉÔ§Éå ‘mÉëeÉÉmÉÌiÉÌWïû mÉëeÉÉÈ xÉ×wOèuÉÉ iÉÉxÉÉÇ

ÎxjÉÌiÉÌlÉoÉlkÉlÉÉjÉïÇ *****’ LuÉÇ ÌlÉÌSïzrÉiÉå | iÉiÉÈ ¢üqÉåhÉ lÉlSÏ

µÉåiÉMåüiÉÑÈ,oÉÉpÉëurÉÈ,uÉÉixrÉÉrÉlÉ...CirÉÉSrÉÈ iÉxrÉ mÉëuÉiÉïMüÉÈ|

rÉzÉÉåkÉUæhSìmÉÉSxrÉ “ eÉrÉqÉ…¡ûsÉÉ ” urÉÉZrÉÉlÉÉãmÉåiÉÇ cÉ CSqÉç zÉÉx§ÉqÉç

| AxrÉ AÉkÉÉUåhÉ AlrÉÉÈ LiÉÉSØzÉÉÈ aÉëljÉÉÈ uÉiÉïliÉå sÉÉåMåüwÉÑ |

eÉÏuÉlÉÍcÉliÉlÉÇ kÉqÉïxÉqqÉiÉqÉåuÉ |

zÉÉx§ÉÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ

AÎxqÉÇ¶NûÉx§Éå Ì§ÉuÉaÉïxÉÉkÉMüÉÈ oÉWûuÉÈ ÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ mÉëÌiÉmÉÉÌSiÉÉÈ |

ÌuÉzÉåwÉåhÉ aÉ×WûxjÉÉãmÉrÉÉåÌaÉÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ ÌlÉÃÌmÉiÉÉÈ|

AÉSÉæ kÉqÉÉïjÉïMüÉqÉxrÉ AjÉïÇ iÉjÉÉ iÉåwÉÉÇ xÉÇoÉlkÉÈiÉimÉëÉÎmiÉ¢üqÉÉÈ

ÌlÉÃÌmÉiÉÉÈ | kÉqÉÉ ïkÉqÉ ïsÉ¤ÉhÉ Ç,kÉqÉÉ ã ï mÉ åiÉÉjÉ ïxrÉsÉ¤ÉhÉ Ç,

kÉqÉÉãïmÉåiÉMüÉqÉxrÉsÉ¤ÉhÉÇ, MüÉqÉå kÉqÉÉïjÉÉæï,MüÉqÉålÉ kÉqÉÉïjÉïrÉÉåÈ ÍxÉÎ®È,

AkÉqÉÉïiqÉMüMüÉqÉsÉ¤ÉhÉÇ,CirÉÉÌS ÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ ÌlÉÃÌmÉiÉÉÈ pÉuÉÎliÉ |

zÉæ¤ÉÍhÉMüÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ

AÎxqÉlÉç zÉÉx§Éå ÌuÉ±ÉÌuÉwÉrÉåwÉÑ AirÉmÉÔuÉïÌuÉcÉÉUÉÈ mÉëMüÉÍzÉiÉÉÈ |

ÌuÉ±ÉprÉÉxÉxrÉ uÉrÉÈ, ÌuÉ±ÉjÉåïÈ sÉ¤ÉhÉÇ,AkrÉåwrÉqÉÉhÉÉrÉÉ

cÉiÉÑwÉÌ¹ÌuÉ±ÉrÉÉÈ lÉÉqÉÉÌlÉ ,iÉssÉ¤ÉhÉÉÌlÉ, iÉimÉërÉÉãeÉlÉÉÌlÉ ÌlÉÃÌmÉiÉÉÌlÉ

| iÉjÉÉ x§ÉÏhÉÉÇ ÌuÉ±ÉrÉÉÈ AÉuÉzrÉMüiÉÉ, iÉÉxÉÉÇ ÌuÉ±ÉmÉërÉÉåeÉlÉÇ

, Í z É ¤ É É S É i É Ú h É É Ç a É Ñ Ã h É É Ç s É ¤ É h É É Ì l É , x § É Ï h É É Ç

ÌuÉ±ÉprÉÉxÉMüÉsÉÈ,CirÉÉSÏÌlÉ ÌlÉÃÌmÉiÉÉÌlÉ | AlÉålÉ ¥ÉÉrÉiÉå

x§ÉÏÍzÉ¤ÉhÉxrÉÉ±mÉëuÉiÉïMüÈ qÉWûÌwÉïuÉÉixrÉÉrÉlÉ LuÉ | x§ÉÏhÉÉÇ

eÉÏuÉlÉÍzÉ¤ÉhÉxrÉ AÉuÉzrÉMüiÉÉ AÌmÉ AÎxiÉ CÌiÉ AuÉaÉqrÉiÉå AlÉålÉ

zÉÉx§ÉåhÉ | iÉÉÈ ÌuÉ±ÉÇ UWûÍxÉ LMüÉÌMülrÉÈ AprÉxÉårÉÑÈCirÉÌmÉ aÉÉæmrÉiÉÉ

AÌmÉ ÌlÉÌSïzrÉiÉå qÉWûÌwÉïhÉÉ | AlÉålÉ x§ÉÏmÉÑÂwÉrÉÉãÈ mÉëirÉåMÇü

ÌuÉ±ÉprÉÉxÉxrÉ urÉuÉxjÉÉrÉÉÈ zÉÉx§É å w É Ñ S ØzrÉiÉ å |

rÉ§É lÉæUÉzrÉÇ ÌlÉUÉMüwÉïhÉÇ iÉ§É ÌuÉbÉOûlÉqÉç | aÉ×WûxjÉrÉÉãÈ mÉÌiÉmÉ¦rÉÉåÈ

mÉUxmÉUÇ AÉMüwÉïMüiuÉÇ xÉuÉïSÉ AÉuÉzrÉMüqÉç | iÉÍ³ÉÃmrÉiÉå AlÉålÉ

zÉÉx§ÉåhÉ | AÉrÉÑuÉåïSÍqÉSqÉÑcrÉiÉå- zÉÑ¢üÉrÉ¨ÉliÉÑ eÉÏÌuÉiÉÍqÉÌiÉ |

pÉëÔhÉxrÉ mÉëoÉsÉiuÉÇ AhQûÉzÉrÉaÉiÉÇ uÉÏrÉïÇ AÉ´ÉrÉiÉå | rÉÉåarÉÉxÉlÉÉÌSlÉÉ

M×üiÉÇ x§ÉÏxÉÇmÉërÉÉåaÉÇ CSÇ mÉëÌiÉ MüÉUhÉÇ pÉuÉÌiÉ | iÉjÉÉ

AÌlÉÌwÉ®xÉÑZÉirÉÉÌaÉmÉzÉÑUåuÉ lÉ xÉÇzÉrÉÈ|AiÉÈ ÎxjÉUÇxÉÑZÉqÉÉxÉlÉqÉç

CirÉÍpÉmÉëÉrÉåhÉ xÉÑUiÉÉxÉlÉÉÌSMÇü cÉ mÉëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§Éå E£üqÉç |

AlÉålÉæuÉ MüÉUhÉålÉ AkrÉrÉlÉmÉUÇmÉUåhÉ ÌuÉsÉÑmiÉmÉëÉrÉÇ xÉqÉpÉuÉiÉç |

Aa…¡ûlÉÉÍsÉÇaÉlÉeÉÌlÉiÉxÉÑZÉqÉç qÉiÉÉliÉUåhÉ mÉUqÉmÉÑÂwÉÉjÉÉåïÅÌmÉ

mÉëÉ¥ÉæoÉïWÒûÍpËUSÇ ÌlÉÎlSiÉiuÉÉiÉç sÉÉãMåü iÉÉuÉiÉç ÌlÉÎlSiÉÌuÉwÉrÉ LuÉ | ÌMüliÉÑ

kÉqÉïrÉÑ£üMüÉqÉÌuÉwÉrÉÈ xÉuÉæïÈ AlÉÑpÉuÉåSåuÉ |

uÉæ±ÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ

AÎxqÉzgNûÉx§ÉåuÉæ±MüÐrÉÌuÉwÉrÉÌlÉÃÌmÉiÉÈ | AÌiÉxÉÑUiÉSÉåwÉÈ,

i É S Ò ° u É U É ã a É Ì u É c É É U È i É c N û É Î l i É ¶ É E £ ü q É ç |

AÉUÉåarÉrÉÑ£üx§ÉÏsÉ¤ÉhÉÇ,ÌuÉuÉÉWûrÉÉåarÉx§ÉÏmÉÑÂwÉsÉ¤ÉhÉÇ,CcNûrÉÉuÉåzrÉÉa

mÉëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§ÉxrÉ AÉuÉzrÉMüiÉÉ

QûÉ. qÉWûÉoÉsÉpÉOèûOûÈ, xÉÇxM×üiÉÌuÉpÉÉaÉÈ

´ÉÏ. kÉ. qÉÇ. MüÉsÉåeÉç,(xuÉÉrÉ¨ÉÏM×üiÉqÉç), EÎeÉUå, SÍ¤ÉhÉMü³ÉQûÎeÉssÉÉ

89

ÉqÉlÉå UÉåaÉÉÌSSÉåwÉÌlÉÃmÉhÉÇ CirÉÉÌS ÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ mÉëxiÉÉÌmÉiÉÉ LuÉ | LuÉÇ

xÉliÉÉlÉmÉëÉÎmiÉ¢üqÉÉåÅÌmÉ E£üqÉç |

x§ÉÏU¤ÉhÉÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ

AlÉÉÌSMüÉsÉiÉÈ xÉqÉÉeÉxrÉ AÌlÉ¹ÉÈ ÌuÉwÉrÉÉÈ x§ÉÏhÉÉÇ AirÉÉcÉÉUÉSrÉÈ

| AkÉÑlÉÉÌmÉ AÌlÉuÉÉËUiÉSÉåwÉÈ LwÉÈ | iÉÎxqÉÎluÉwÉrÉå x§ÉÏhÉÉqÉåuÉ U¤ÉhÉÇ

AÉuÉzrÉMüqÉç | x§ÉÏU¤ÉhÉÇ Ì²Ì§É AÍkÉMüUhÉåwÉÑ qÉWûÌwÉïhÉÉ mÉëÌiÉmÉÉÌSiÉqÉç |

uÉåzrÉÉlÉÉÇ AÌmÉ eÉÏuÉlÉ¢üqÉqÉÌmÉ,iÉåwÉÉÇ U¤ÉhÉÇ cÉ mÉëÌiÉmÉÉÌSiÉÇ pÉuÉÌiÉ |

ÌuÉOûÉlÉÉÇ sÉ¤ÉhÉÇ EYiuÉÉ iÉåprÉÈ mÉËUU¤ÉhÉqÉÌmÉ mÉëÌiÉmÉÉÌSiÉqÉç | AiÉÈ

LiÉcNûÉx§ÉqÉç x§ÉÏU¤ÉhÉÉåmÉÉrÉqÉÌmÉ mÉëuÉSÌiÉ |

mÉëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉzÉÉx§ÉxrÉÉåmÉrÉÉåaÉÈ

xÉuÉïÌuÉwÉrÉÉåmÉoÉ×ÇÌWûiÉiuÉÉiÉç A±iÉlÉÌSuÉxÉåwÉÑ LiÉÉSØzÉzÉÉx§ÉxrÉ

AÉuÉzrÉMüqÉç EmÉrÉÉåaÉ¶É uÉiÉïiÉå | iÉSÒmÉrÉÉåaÉxrÉ MüÉUhÉÉÌlÉ

1)AÌuÉpÉ£üMÑüOÒûÎqoÉlÉÈ xÉuÉåï AÉxÉlÉç mÉëÉcÉÏlÉMüÉsÉåwÉÑ | AiÉÈ

erÉå¸ÉÌSÍpÉÈMüÌlÉ¹ÉÈ sÉokÉ¥ÉÉlÉuÉliÉÈ AÉxÉlÉç | AiÉÈ zÉÉx§ÉxrÉ

AÉuÉzrÉMüiuÉÇ lÉÉxÉÏiÉç | CSÉlÉÏÇ EmÉSåzÉMüiÉÚhÉÉÇ erÉå¸ÉSÏlÉÉÇ ApÉÉuÉÉiÉç

MüÌlÉ¸ÉSrÉ A± xÉÑZÉqÉrÉeÉÏuÉlÉÉjÉïÇ zÉÉx§ÉqÉåuÉÉA´ÉrÉårÉÑÈ | AiÉÈ

AÉuÉzrÉMüqÉç AÎxiÉ |

2) mÉëÉcÉÏlÉMüÉsÉåwÉÑ x§ÉÏhÉÉÇ AxuÉÉiÉl§rÉÉiÉç U¤ÉhÉÇ mÉÑÂwÉåhÉålÉ

M×üiÉqÉÉxÉÏiÉç | A± x§ÉÏUÌmÉ mÉÑÂwÉæuÉ xuÉÉiÉl§rÉÍqÉcNûÌiÉ | AiÉÈ

xuÉU¤ÉhÉÉjÉïÇ U¤ÉhÉÉãmÉÉrÉÇ ¥ÉÉiÉÑÇ LiÉÉSØzÉÇ zÉÉx§ÉÇ AÉ´ÉrÉhÉÏrÉqÉåuÉ | 3)

CSÉlÉÏÇ mÉÌiÉm¦rÉÉåÈqÉkrÉå mÉUxmÉUÇ ÌuÉcNåûSlÉmÉëMüUhÉÇ SåzÉå AÌiÉuÉiÉïiÉå |

iÉÍ³ÉrÉl§ÉhÉÉjÉïÇ AxrÉ zÉÉx§ÉxrÉ AÉuÉzrÉMüqÉiÉÏuÉÉÎxiÉ rÉiÉÉå ÌWû

cÉiÉÑwÉÌ¹wÉÑ LMüqÉÌmÉ ÌuÉ±ÉÇ rÉÉåÅkÉÏiÉå xÉÈ x§ÉÏhÉÉ lÉ ÌuÉqÉÑcrÉiÉå | rÉÉ x§ÉÏ

CqÉÉÇ AkÉÏiÉå xÉÉ xÉWûxÉëqÉÌmÉ EmÉmÉ¦ÉÏwÉÑ xÉixuÉÌmÉ xuÉuÉzÉå MÑüÂiÉå

mÉÌiÉqÉç | 4) AirÉÉcÉÉUÏhÉÉÇ sÉ¤ÉhÉqÉlÉålÉ rÉÉ ¥ÉÉrÉiÉå xÉÉ iÉålÉ U¤ÉhÉÏrÉÉ

pÉuÉÌiÉ | 5) mÉUmÉÑÂwÉÉhÉÉÇ AÉ¢üqÉhÉålÉ x§ÉÏ UÍ¤ÉiÉÉ pÉuÉÌiÉ | 5)

xÉliÉÉlÉWûÏlÉÉãÅÌmÉ AlÉålÉ sÉokÉuÉÉÎeÉÌuÉ±rÉÉ xÉliÉÉlÉÏ pÉuÉÌiÉ | 6)

AÌiÉx§ÉÏUiÉåÈ SÒÎwmÉëhÉÉqÉÉÌSMüqÉÑcrÉiÉå CSqÉç | AlÉålÉ UÉãaÉ¥ÉÉlÉålÉ

mÉëÉÌiÉx§ÉÏUiÉÉiÉç ÌuÉqÉÑZÉÏpÉuÉÎliÉ MüÉqÉÑMüÉÈ | AiÉÈ LQèxÉç CirÉÉÌS

UÉãaÉåhÉ xÉqÉÉeÉÈ qÉÑ£üÈ pÉuÉÌiÉ |

oÉÉåkÉlÉ¢üqÉÈ

cÉÉsÉÑYrÉUÉeÉuÉÇzÉxjÉxrÉ oÉ¬åaÉ lÉÉqÉ UÉeÉÉ iÉmÉÑ§ÉÇ mÉëÌiÉ

eÉÏÌuÉMüÌuÉwÉrÉÉlÉç oÉÉåkÉÌrÉiÉÑÇ “qÉÉlÉxÉÉåssÉÉxÉÈ” CirÉåuÉ AÍkÉM×üiÉÇ aÉëljÉÇ

MüÉËUiÉuÉÉlÉç | AlÉålÉ ¥ÉÉrÉiÉå mÉëcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§ÉaÉëljÉÈ

oÉÉåkÉlÉÏrÉaÉëljÉÈ| AiÉÈ oÉÉåkÉlÉÉjÉïÇ A± iÉSìÉeÉÉlÉÍqÉuÉ xÉuÉïMüÉUÈ

mÉërÉiÉåiÉç | x§ÉÏmÉÑÂwÉÇ mÉëÌiÉ mÉëirÉåMÇü AkrÉrÉlÉÉkrÉmÉlÉÉjÉïÇ urÉuÉxjÉÉ

MÑürÉÉïiÉç | mÉÑxiÉMüÃmÉåhÉ mÉëMüOûlÉÇ MÑürÉÉïiÉç | iÉ§É ÌlÉeÉcNûÉrÉÉÍcÉ§ÉxrÉ

ÌlÉrÉÉåeÉlÉÇ lÉ MüUhÉÏrÉqÉç | ÍzÉsmÉÍcÉ§ÉÉÍhÉ uÉÉ sÉåZrÉÍcÉ§ÉÉÍhÉ ÌuÉlrÉxÉåiÉç

| xÉÉ¤ÉÉiÉç cÉsÉÎŠ§ÉÉÍhÉ xÉuÉïSÉ xÉuÉï§É ÌlÉwÉåkÉlÉÇ MÑürÉÉïiÉç | iÉ§É

MåüuÉsÉx§ÉÏxÉÇmÉërÉÉåaÉxrÉ ÌuÉcÉÉUÇ qÉÉ§ÉÇ lÉ uÉSåiÉç | kÉqÉÉïjÉÉïÌS

xÉuÉïÌuÉwÉrÉÉlÉç uÉSåiÉç | mÉÑxiÉMÇü iÉÑ kÉqÉïzÉÉx§ÉÃmÉåhÉ ÌuÉlrÉxÉåiÉç | LuÉÇ

cÉåiÉç oÉÉåkÉlÉ¢üqÉÈ xÉuÉï§É mÉëMüÉzrÉiÉå |

rÉÑuÉeÉlÉåwÉÑ xÉÇmÉëåwÉhÉ¢üqÉÉluÉåwÉhÉqÉç

ÌuÉ±ÉUÉåarÉÉå±ÉåaÉoÉÑÎ®WûÏlÉÉÈ eÉlÉÉÈ xÉqÉÉeÉbÉÉiÉÑMüxÉSØzÉÉÈ | iÉå “ xuÉrÉÇ

lÉ¹È mÉUÉlÉç AÌmÉ lÉÉzÉrÉÌiÉ ” CirÉåuÉ lÉÉzÉrÉÎliÉ | AjÉïzÉÉx§ÉxrÉ MüiÉÉï

MüÉæÌOûsrÉÈ uÉSÌiÉ iÉå eÉlÉmÉSkuÉÇxÉMüÉUÉÈ| iÉ LuÉ AirÉÉcÉÉËUhÉÈ,

bÉÉåUUÉåaÉmÉëxÉÉUMüÉÈ,xÉqÉÉeÉÌuÉSìÉåÌWûlÉÈ | iÉåwÉÑ zÉÉx§ÉÇ “EmÉÉrÉålÉ

oÉÉåkÉrÉåÌSÌiÉ uÉSÌiÉ | EmÉÉrÉÇ lÉÉqÉ “MüÉliÉÉxÉÇÎWûiÉiÉrÉÉ lÉÉOûMüÉÌSlÉÉ

uÉÉiÉÉïÃmÉåhÉ oÉÉåkÉrÉåiÉç” CÌiÉ AÉcÉÉrÉïxrÉ MüÉæÌOûsrÉxrÉ AÍpÉmÉëÉrÉÈ |

AjÉuÉÉ ShQåûlÉ oÉÉåkÉrÉåiÉç (mÉëpÉÑ xÉÇÌWûiÉiÉrÉÉ) CirÉÌmÉ AÍpÉmÉëæÌiÉ | LuÉÇ

AxÉ†¡ûÌOûiÉåwÉÑ AxÉÇxM×üiÉåwÉÑ AOûlÉzÉÏsÉåwÉÑ aÉÍhÉMüÉxÉÑ rÉÑuÉeÉlÉåwÉÑ

LuÉqÉåuÉ zÉÉx§É¥ÉÉlÉÇ xÉqmÉëåwÉhÉ¢üqÉÈ rÉÑerÉiÉå | xÉ†¡ûÌOûiÉåwÉÑ xÉÇxM×üiÉåwÉÑ

rÉÑuÉeÉlÉãwÉÑ mÉÉœçÃmÉåhÉ cÉ oÉÉåkÉÌrÉiÉÑÇ zÉYrÉiÉå |

EmÉxÉÇWûÉUÈ

Lu É Ç Ì § É u É a É ï x É É k ÉM üq ÉW û Ì w É ï u É É ixr É É r É l É å l É U Íc É i Éxr É

xÉÔ§ÉÉiqÉMümÉëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§ÉxrÉ ÌuÉwÉrÉÉSrÉÈ mÉëÌiÉmÉÉÌSiÉÉÈ |

LiÉSlÉÑ¸ÉlÉålÉ xÉqÉÉeÉÈ xuÉxjÉÈ pÉÌuÉiÉÑqÉWïûÌiÉ | xÉÉqÉÉÎeÉMüxuÉÉxjrÉå

SåzÉxrÉ xuÉÉxjrÉå cÉ xÉÌiÉ zÉUÏUxuÉÉxjrÉÇ cÉ xuÉrÉqÉåuÉ ÍxÉSèkrÉÌiÉ | “

zÉUÏUqÉÉ±Ç ZÉsÉÑ kÉqÉïxÉÉkÉlÉqÉç ” | “rÉiÉÉå kÉqÉïÈ iÉiÉÉå eÉrÉÈ” ZÉsÉÑ |

AÉUÉåarÉrÉÑ£üxÉÑZÉeÉÏuÉlÉå eÉrÉå xÉÌiÉ MüÉå lÉ qÉÑ½ÌiÉ SÒÈZÉoÉlkÉlÉÉiÉç ?

ArÉqÉåuÉ mÉUqÉÉå sÉÉpÉÈ mÉëÉcÉÏlÉeÉÏuÉlÉzÉÉx§ÉxrÉ ||

AkÉÉUaÉëljÉÉÈ

1. Alain Danielou- complete Kamasutra-Innertraditoin India- 1994-ISBN 0-89281-680-5-page 1to3& Tripathi

Radhavallabha Tripathi uÉÉixrÉÉrÉlÉ mÉëhÉÏiÉÇ MüÉqÉxÉÔ§ÉqÉç -mÉëÌiÉpÉÉ

mÉëMüÉzÉlÉ ÌSssÉÏ-2005 ISBN 81-7702-101X

2. K a v i k u l a g u r u K a l i d a s a - R A G U VA M S H A MAHAKAVYAM 1\8- mangalagangotri mangalore university,mangalore-1972-page 173

3. dr.Anupamaniranjan-natoinal College Basavanagudi Bangalore-4-yr 1972

4. Alain Danielou- complete Kamasutra-Innertraditoin India- 1994-ISBN 0-89281-680-5-page-18

5. ibid-25

6. ibid89-197

7. ibid508

8. ibid277-309

9. ibid38

10. ibid309

11. ibid19

12. dr.MM kalaburgi-12th centurie`sKalyanaChalukya Chakravart i Sarvajna Someshwara edi ted MAANASOLLASA-publ-director prasaaranga Karnataka university of dharvada Karnataka, 1998

13 Dr. Ragunathasimha- kautiliyam arthashastram-chowkhamba krushnadasa academi,Varanasi-2009-ISBN-978-81-218-0270-9

14. rÉzÉÉ åkÉU ClSì UÍcÉiÉ "eÉrÉqÉ… ¡ ûsÉO ûÏMüÉ" xÉÌW ûiÉ

uÉÉixrÉÉrÉlÉqÉWûÌwÉ ïM×üiÉMüÉqÉxÉ Ô§ÉqÉ ç?,(UÉkÉÉuÉssÉpÉÌ§ÉmÉÉÌOûlÉÉ

AÉXçasÉpÉÉwÉÉliÉËUiÉ LiÉSåuÉaÉëljÉÈ),

90

Revolution

1. Name (In block Letters) : __________________________________

2. Gender : __________________________________

3. Date of Birth : __________________________________

4. Country : __________________________________

5. Mailing Address : __________________________________

__________________________________

6. Email id : __________________________________

Profession : __________________________________

7. Institution/Office Address : __________________________________

__________________________________

8. Contact numbers : __________________________________

with Mobile number __________________________________

9. Academic Qualification : __________________________________

SUBMISSION OF MANUSCRIPT(Photocopy of form can be used)

Payment Details:Bank Name - State Bank of India

Branch - P. Y. Road, Indore (M.P.) IndiaSaving Account - Shekhar Chourasiya

Account Number - 53042937836IFSC Code - SBIN0030015Swift Code - SBININBB691

Date : (Signature of Author/s)

2.)Name/s of Author/s, 3.)Qualification/s, 4.)Academics Department , 5.)Email id, 6.)Abstract (not more than 120 words), 7.)Manuscript,within 1500 words 8.) Suggestion & Findings9.) References,website - http://www.researchrevolution.in

Format of Research Article : 1.)Title of Research Paper,

Research

RNI No. : MPMUL 00308 ISSN : 2319 - 300X

Address :Shekhar Chourasiya

Publisher “Research Revolution”,P. O. Box No. 2,

Indore Nagar H.O.-452007Madhya Pradesh India

Revolution

Payment Details:Bank Name - State Bank of India

Branch - P. Y. Road, Indore (M.P.) IndiaSaving Account - Shekhar Chourasiya

Account Number - 53042937836IFSC Code - SBIN0030015Swift Code - SBININBB691

Date : (Signature of Subscriber)

Research

RNI No. : MPMUL 00308 ISSN : 2319 - 300X

Address :

Publisher “Research Revolution”,14/2, Rajbada Chowk,

Indore Nagar H.O.-452007Madhya Pradesh India

Contact - +91 98261 90770

Shekhar Chourasiya

1. Name (In block Letters) : __________________________________

2. Gender : __________________________________

3. Date of Birth : __________________________________

4. Country : __________________________________

5. Mailing Address : __________________________________

__________________________________

6. Email id : __________________________________

Profession : __________________________________

7. Institution/Office Address : __________________________________

__________________________________

8. Contact numbers : __________________________________

with Mobile number __________________________________

9. Academic Qualification : __________________________________

10. Complete Postal Address : __________________________________

(at which journal is to be posted) __________________________________

__________________________________

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION(Photocopy of form can be used)

I/ We am/are agreed with the terms & conditions of annual subscription. Send me/us 12 issues of journal “Research Revolution” at above mentioned postal address.

I/We have deposited the Rs. 2000/- through ________________________________, on dated ____________ .

India Other Country

(Online - Open Access) (Online - Open Access)

For publication INR 1000/- * US $ 40of an Article (If Co-authors - INR 1200/-)(Online & Print both edition)

Annual Subscription INR 2000/- -(12 issues)

Online Open access Double Blind Peer Reviewed Journal Circulation in more than 85 countries

- Books with ISBN number- Research papers of Conference- Research papers of Seminar

Publishing -

A Study on the Capacity Utilisation of Indian Industries’

Documents

Transcript of A Study on the Capacity Utilisation of Indian Industries’