A STUDY OF LEXICAL COHESION IN THE LYRICS OF

DEMI LOVATO’S SONGS IN TELL ME YOU LOVE ME

ALBUM

UNDER GRADUATE THESIS

BY

SRI RAHAYU MEINAWATI

NIM 145110101111049

STUDY PROGRAM OF ENGLISH

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

2018

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A STUDY OF LEXICAL COHESION IN THE LYRICS OF DEMI

LOVATO’S SONGS IN TELL ME YOU LOVE ME ALBUM

UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

Presented to

Universitas Brawijaya

In partial fulfilment of the requirements

for the degree of Sarjana Sastra

BY

SRI RAHAYU MEINAWATI

145110101111049

STUDY PROGRAM OF ENGLISH

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE

FACULTY OF CULTURAL STUDIES

UNIVERSITAS BRAWIJAYA

2018

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First of all, the writer would like to express her gratitude to Allah SWT for

the guidance and blessings which enable the writer finish this undergraduate thesis

entitled A Study of Lexical Cohesion in the Lyrics of Demi Lovato’s Songs in Tell

Me You Love Me Album.

Secondly, the writer would like to deliver her gratitude to the supervisor,

Istiqomah Wulandari, S.Pd., M.Ed. and to the examiner, Tantri Refa Indhiarti,

M.A for their valuable time for correcting, supporting, and all of the suggestions

in the process of finishing this undergraduate thesis.

Thirdly, the writer would like to dedicate her special deepest gratitude to

her family especially her parents Mutmainah & Darmaji for their advice, support,

endless pray, always strengthen, and unconditional love.

Fourthly, the writer would like to say thank you to Moh. Kavin Lidinillah

who always gives supports, and precious time to accompany the writer while

doing revision, hope we will be together in the future. For all beloved friends

dualipat who are Agata, Isma, Mbak Ayu, Mbak Lia, Nelin, Sharfina, Jessica,

Tiwi, Masita, and Armita, thank you for accompanying, sharing experiences and

strengthen each other. To all sasing ‘14 and to all who cannot named one by one,

thank you for coloring and accompanying the writer during the study in the

campus.

The writer

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ABSTRACT

Meinawati, Sri Rahayu. 2018., A Study of Lexical Cohesion in the Lyrics of

Demi Lovato’s Song in Tell Me You Love Me Album. Study program of

English, Department of Languages and Literature, Faculty of Cultural Studies,

Universitas Brawijaya. Supervisor: Istiqomah Wulandari

Keywords: cohesion, lexical cohesion, reiteration, song

Music becomes a common thing to be consumed and enjoyed all the time.

Listening to the music becomes a habit in daily life. Music displays very

interesting words, languages, and instrument. Meanwhile, cohesion is a semantic

relation which has a correlation between one component to another in the text.

There are two types of cohesion which are grammatical cohesion and lexical

cohesion. Lexical cohesion reached by selecting the vocabulary. There is one

research problem in this study, what types of lexical cohesion are used in Demi

Lovato’s song lyrics in tell me you love me album and the functions of Lexical

Cohesion used.

This study uses qualitative approach and uses Demi Lovato’s song lyrics

in tell me you love me album which consist of 15 songs. In conducting the study,

the writer uses Halliday & Hasan (1976) theory of lexical cohesion which is

reiteration (repetition, synonym/near-synonym, superordinate and general word)

and collocation.

The result of the study shows all the types of lexical cohesion in Demi

Lovato’s song lyrics in tell me you love me album. The writer finds reiteration

(repetition, synonym-near synonym, superordinate, general word). This study also

shows that all of lexical cohesion reiteration and none collocation used by Demi

Lovato in the song lyrics. Therefore, the function of lexical cohesion in the lyrics

of Demi Lovato’s song is to emphasize, to illustrate, to strengthen the message,

and to give contribution to the two words that the meaning are connected to each

other and make the song delivered clearly.

Hopefully this study can help the reader and also the next writer to analyze

lexical cohesion. The writer suggests to the next writer to choose another object of

the study or find another field of cohesion for example grammatical cohesion or

use both of grammatical and lexical cohesion, or focus on collocation in use and

use different theory and different way to analyze cohesion to make the diversities

in study of cohesion.

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ABSTRAK

Meinawati, Sri Rahayu. 2018., A Study of Lexical Cohesion in the Lyrics of

Demi Lovato’s Song in Tell Me You Love Me Album. Program Studi Sastra

Inggris, Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Brawijaya.

Pembimbing: Istiqomah Wulandari

Kata kunci: kohesi, leksikal kohesi, lagu

Musik menjadi hal yang umum untuk dikonsumsi dan dinikmati sepanjang

waktu. Mendengarkan musik menjadi kebiasaan di kehidupan sehari-hari. Musik

menampilkan kata-kata yang sangat menarik, bahasa-bahasa menarik dan

istrumen yang membuat orang nyaman ketika mereka mendengarkan musik.

Sementara itu, kohesi adalah hubungan semantic yang memiliki korelasi antara

suatu komponen dengan komponen yang lain pada suatu teks. Terdapat dua jenis

kohesi diantaranya kohesi gramatikal dan kohesi leksikal. Kohesi leksikal dapat

dicapai dengan menyeleksi suatu kosa-kata. Rumusan masalah dalam studi ini

yaitu jenis apa saja yang terdapat pada lirik lagu Demi Lovato pada album tell me

you love me dan apa saja fungsi leksikal kohesi yang digunakan.

Studi ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, dan menggunakan lirik lagu

Demi Lovato, terdapat 15 lagu pada album ini. Untuk melakukan studi ini, penulis

menggunakan teori kohesi leksikal Halliday dan Hasan (976) yang mana adalah

pertanyaan ulang (pengulangan kata, sinonim/mendekati-sinonim, kata yang lebih

tinggi, dan kata yang umum),dan kolokasi.

Hasil dari studi ini menunjukkan semua jenis pengulangan kohesi leksikal

dan tidak menemukan kolokasi pada lirik lagu Demi Lovato pada album tell me

you love me. penulis menemukan pernyataan ulang (pengulangan kata,

sinonim/mendekati-sinonim, kata yang lebih tinggi, dan kata yang umum). Studi

ini juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat semua jenis pengulangan kohesi leksikal

dan tidak terdapat kolokasi yang digunakan oleh Demi Lovato dalam lirik

lagunya. Untuk itu, fungsi dari kohesi leksikal pada lirik lagu Demi Lovato adalah

untuk menekankan, menggmbarkan, memperkuat pesan, dan memberikan

konreibusi pada kata yang memiliki arti yang saling tersambung yang membuat

lagu tersebut tersampaikan secara jelas.

Semoga, studi ini dapat membantu pembaca dan juga penulis

selanjutnya untuk menganalisa kohesi leksikal. Penulis menyarankan kepada

penulis selanjutnya untuk memilih objek lain dari penelitian atau mencari bidang

kohesi lainnya, misalnya kohesi gramatikal atau menggunakan keduanya, kohesi

gramatikal dan kohesi leksikal, atau fokus pada kolokasi atau menggunakan teori

yang berbeda dan menggunakan cara yang berbeda untuk menganalisa kohesi

untuk membuat keragaman dalam studi kohesi.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITTLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... i

DECLARATION OF AUTHORSHIP ................................................................ ii

SUPERVISOR’S APPROVAL ........................................................................... iii

BOARD OF EXAMINER’S CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL ..................... iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...................................................................................... v

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................... vi

ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................. vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABEL .................................................................................................. x

LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study ....................................................................... 1

1.2 Research Question ................................................................................. 4

1.3 Research Objectives .............................................................................. 5

1.4 Definition of Key Terms ....................................................................... 5

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Theoretical Frameworks........................................................................ 7

2.1.1 Discourse Analysis .............................................................. 7

2.1.2. Context and Co-text ........................................................... 8

2.1.2 Cohesion .............................................................................. 9

2.1.3 Lexical Cohesion ............................................................... 12

2.2 Previous Studies .................................................................................. 18

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Design .................................................................................. 20

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3. 2 Data Source ........................................................................................ 21

3.3 Data Collection.................................................................................... 21

3.4 Data Analysis ...................................................................................... 22

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Finding ................................................................................................ 23

4.1.1.1 Reiteration ...................................................................... 24

4.2 Discussion ........................................................................................... 44

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion .......................................................................................... 50

5.2 Suggestion ........................................................................................... 51

REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 53

APPENDICES ..................................................................................................... 55

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LIST OF TABEL

Tabel 4. 1 The Frequency of Each Type of Lexical Cohesion.............................. 23

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LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix 1 Types of Lexical Cohesion ............................................................................ 56

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter will discuss about background of the study, problems of the

study, objectives of the study and definition of key terms.

1.1 Background of the Study

People like to listen to the music. Today music becomes a very common

thing to be consumed and enjoyed all the time and it becomes a habit in daily life.

Music displays very interesting words, languages, and instrument which make

people comfort when they are listening to it. As Miell, MacDonald & Hargreaves

(2005) have stated that music can be simplified as a good communication in

society, and through music, people can share their emotions, feelings, and

intentions with everyone. From music people can tell what in their mind and what

their feel at the time. Warren, Corney (2014) she stated sometimes music can

excite, inspire and can make people feel like they are becomes one with the music.

In some way, people likely prefer to choose song music which has strong

messages, touch people’s feeling and has similar condition with them at the time.

Generally, people often create songs based on their feeling and some of

them also create songs according to their experiences and they share it to the

others. For the singers sometimes they write and sing a song with some lyrics

which illustrate their condition. If they are fall in love with someone they will

make a love song. When they are sad they will play a sad song and when they are

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happy they will play a happy song. Some people also use song to entertain

themselves and encourage them not to give up easily after getting some problems.

The music industry is increasingly growing and changes day by day. People often

called song as a poem because of the structure which resembled with the poem.

The thing that makes song and poem different is song usually accompanied by

music and sung. In the song, there are three types of song those are a pop song,

classical song and folk song. A song is the act or art of singing, it can be a poetical

composition or a short musical composition of words and music (Merriam-

webster.com).

Specifically, nowadays study about musical discourse analysis increase

from time to time. There are many researchers discus about musical discourse

analysis in early year. A discourse is a written or spoken communication or debate

(oxforddictionaries.com). “The analysis of discourse has been applied in three

ways to popular music: in the study of song lyrics as performed language, in the

description of discourses on or about music, and in the analysis of music as

discourse” as Bradby (2003, cited in Aleshinskaya, Evgeniya, 2013, p. 423).

There are three ways for people to analyze musical discourse which are: first, they

can analyze by analyzing popular music used song lyrics as language usually

does, the second is analyze the description of discourse on music or can be

discourse about music, the third is analyze music as a discourse.

In addition, cohesion has a strong relation to discourse analysis. There

might be an analysis of cohesion of a discourse, which can be a written or spoken

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discourse. The sources of written and spoken discourse come in many ways. One

of them is song lyric. There are many research objective of discourse analysis on

the musical song lyric which is spoken and also written. The song itself is spoken

discourse and the lyric is the written one. Halliday and Hasan (1976; Bahaziq,

Afnan. 2016) have stated, there are two types of cohesion which are grammatical

cohesion and lexical cohesion. While the grammatical cohesion analyzes the text

based on the grammatical feature the text used while the lexical cohesion analyzes

the text based on the lexicon or the words its used in the text. Then the

grammatical cohesion divided into four types which are reference, substitution,

ellipsis, and conjunction while the lexical cohesion is broken into reiteration and

collocation.

Demetria Devonne Lovato or popularly called as Demi Lovato is an

American singer, songwriter, and actress. According to Biography.com (2017,

para. 2). She starts her career as an actress since she was 6 years old as Angela in

the children’s television show Barney & Friends. In 2008 she released her debut

album entitled Don’t Forget and some of the songs on the album were co-writer

by Jonas Brother. Her first debut album becomes number 2 on the 200 Billboard

chart. In 2009 she was continued to release her second studio album entitled Here

We Go Again and occupied 15 on the Billboard Hot 100 and become the first

single reach the top 20.

In this case, related to the context of linguistics studies, the writer

curious and interested in studying lexical cohesion which the object is the lyrics of

Demi Lovato’s songs in Tell Me You Love Me album. Nowadays music becomes a

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habit daily, while they do not really understand the meaning and the formula of

the song, then the writer analyze music by using lexical cohesion to looking for

the vocabulary used in the song that make the idea of the song deliver clearly.

There are 12 songs on Tell Me You Love Me album. The writer curious about

Demi Lovato’s songs because of Demi Lovato is a talented singer. It was proven

from her songs that always become a top chart when she releases song or album.

The writer chooses Demi Lovato’s songs because the writer considers that in

writing songs Demi Lovato always tells her story and illustrated it in a song which

makes people have the same feeling and can make other people can inspire by

Demi Lovato's story of life. Her song always becomes a popular song and

accepted by many people.

The writer chooses Tell Me You Love Me album because this album

was released in September 2017 and instantly occupied into the top 5 on iTunes

Charts. This study will focus on Lexical Cohesion used by Demi Lovato’s songs

in Tell Me You Love Me album. This study will take all the song lyrics in tell me

you love me album. The writer hopes that the writer can share the writer’s

knowledge and can give some contribution to the field of linguistics studies

especially, in a Lexical Cohesion.

1.2 Research Question

From the description of the background of the study above, the writer

curious and elaborates problem of the study which is formulate into one

question this is:

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1. What types of Lexical Cohesion are used by Demi Lovato in her songs

in album Tell Me You Love Me? And what the functions of Lexical

Cohesion that Demi Lovato used in her song in album Tell Me You

Love Me?

1.3 Research Objectives

Based on the formulation of the research question above, the writer

curious to finds the objective of the study and the writer formulate one objective

of the study which is:

1. To find out the types of Lexical Cohesion that used by Demi Lovato in her

songs in album Tell Me You Love Me and to find the functions of Lexical

Cohesion used by Demi Lovato in her songs in album Tell Me You Love

Me

1.4 Definition of Key Terms

1. Discourse Analysis : Concern with the study of language in the text

and conversation. It is concentrating on linguistic

description with the accurate representation of the

forms and the structures. (George Yule, 2010 p.

142)

2. Cohesion : Relation of meaning which is exist in the text and

it depends one another. (Halliday & Hasan 1979

p.4)

3. Lexical Cohesion : Is about meaning in the text and concerns with the

way in which lexical cohesion items related to

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each other and to other cohesive devices so the

textual continuity is created. (John Flowerdew &

Michaela Mahlberg, 2009 p. 1)

4. Song : A musical piece adopted for singing or simulating

a piece to be sung. (Dictionary.com)

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

In this chapter is consisting of theoretical frameworks which relate to the

topic of the study and previous studies

2.1 Theoretical Frameworks

These theoretical frameworks consist of the theory of discourse analysis,

cohesion, lexical cohesion, reiteration, and collocation.

2.1.1 Discourse Analysis

Discourse analysis is longer than a sentence, and it is interconnecting

between one sentence to another sentence. According to Gee, James Paul &

Handford Michael (2012) discourse is the study of application in language. It is

the study of meaning which someones give in language and also the actions he

does when he is using language in a specific context. In particular, according to

(Gee, James Paul and Handford Michael 2012 p. 1) they state that “Discourse

analysis is also sometimes defined as the study of language above the level of a

sentence, of the ways sentences combine to create meaning, coherence and

accomplish purposes”. So discourse is a sentence which is combining with

another sentence to create a meaning and make it understandable.

According to (Schmitt 2010 p. 54) “discourse analysis is interpreted in

how the speakers and writers use of lexis creation patterns over longer stretches of

text beyond the sentence”. It means that discourse analysis is the interpretation of

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people in speaking and writing, which is what they use a lexis creation pattern and

it longer than text and also the sentence.

2.1.2. Context and Co-text

Context refers to the information happened outside the text, it focuses on

the reader understands of the text in the sentence or utterance, it also focus on the

situation and world knowledge, Anglistiky, K. (2011). Usually the analysis of text

is generally deals with the interpretation of language in context. The

interpretation of context is not limited and it usually based on people‟s thought

about the context in the sentence or in the utterance. According to Sperber &

Wilson (1995, cited in Shen Lohong, 2012, p. 2665) “a context is not limited to

information about the immediate physical environment or the immediately

preceding utterances: expectation about future, scientific hypotheses or religious

beliefs, anecdotal memories, general cultural assumptions, beliefs about mental

state of the speakers, may all play a role in interpretation”.

The context will also make the possibility to perfect elliptical and

indeterminate references in co-text, and improve the number that made in real-

word knowledge Roberts (2004, cited in Cornish, F. 2009, P. 5). “The analysis of

texts, co-text refers to linguistic material in the surrounding text (igi-global.com).

Additionally co-text is a linguistic form that related to the linguistic environment.

Analyzing co-text is analyzing text based on the linguistic materials that naturally

occur in the text.

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2.1.2 Cohesion

Cohesion is a semantic relation which has a correlation between one

component to another in the text. Texts is indicated as a cohesion when the

components are concern together and connecting one to another and create a

meaning for the readers. Cohesion happens when the interpretation of component

or element depend on the other Halliday and Hasan (1976; Bahaziq, Afnan. 2016).

For example: Rachel has a party tonight. She acts like a princess in the

party

From the example above the word, she in the second sentence is

dependent on the word Rachel in the first sentence. Thus the example above is

cohesion because without word Rachel in the first sentence the reader cannot

understand the meaning of she.

It is clearly written by Halliday and Hasan (1976) that cohesion is a

semantic relation which relates to the meaning that makes cohesion becomes a

part of language system because of the meaning of the text itself. The potential

cohesion lies in the reference which people use in speaking or writing that build in

the language itself. The relation of cohesion not only in the same word on the

sentence but it is depending and tied to the word in the previous word.

The concept of cohesion that already elaborated by Halliday & Hasan

(1976), cohesion is laid into account for relating discourse. But in disparate way

cohesion is relate to the group that makes it allowed to exist in linking something

with what has happened before, because this linking is achieved through the

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relation in meaning (it do not complete the effect of formal devices like syntactic

parallelism) the purpose of cohesion is the set of relations of meaning which the

function in this way is semantic resources which are drawn to make a text.

2.1.2.1 Cohesion and Linguistic Context

According to Halliday & Hasan (1976 p. 14) “the simplest form of

cohesion is that in which the presupposed element is verbally explicit and is found

in the immediately preceding sentence”. It means that the simplest form of

cohesion which elaborates by Halliday & Hasan is where the elements in the

sentence is presuppose clearly in verbal and found in the preceding of sentence.

As Halliday and Hasan (1976) said, that cohesion is not a structural relationship in

the sentence, therefore in the sentence there is no limitation by the boundaries of

the sentence. In the general form presupposition of something is only happened

before, whether it happened in the previous sentence or not. This form of

presupposition is referring back to the previous item in the sentence and it

familiarly known as anaphora.

Example: John leave the party last night, he looks unhealthy.

He in the second sentence is referring back to the John in the previous

sentence.

Specifically anaphora is like repetition which is repeating the item in the

previous sentence.

According to Halliday & Hasan (1976 p. 17) “So far we have considered

cohesion purely as an anaphoric relation, with a presupposing item presupposing

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something that has gone before it. But the presupposition may go to in the

opposite direction, with the presupposed elements following. This is cataphora”.

Here, cataphora is presupposition which may happen in the contrary direction

with the presupposed item in the next sentence. When anaphora is presupposition

which happens in the previous or pointing in back, while, cataphora is

presupposition which happens in the next sentence or pointing forward.

Example: 1.When Jonathan going to school, he brings a lot of books (anaphora)

2. When He going to school, Jonathan brings a lot of books (cataphora)

While here Halliday & Hasan (1976) draw special terms for illustrating

situational reference used to refer to the situation. There are exophora or often

called as exophoric reference and also the contrast side which is endophoric or

usually familiarly as general name for reference within in the text.

Special term for situational reference (Source: Halliday & Hasan 1976 p. 33)

Reference

[Situational]

Exophora

[Textual]

Endophora

[To preceding text]

Anaphora

[To following text]

Cataphora

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Halliday & Hasan (1976 p.33) “as a general rule, therefore, reference

items may be exophoric or endophoric; and, if endophoric, they may be anaphoric

or cataphoric”. From the explanation before endophora is reference item which is

based on the surrounding text. While, exophora is reference item in which it is

referring to the context of the situation. Exophora is not like a synonym referential

meaning, and usually it takes in the outside of text overall.

In particular, cohesion can contribute to a readability of a text and it has an

impact on the understanding of the text and the clearness of the argument on the

text. Halliday & Hasan (1976 p. 5) “cohesion is expressed partly through the

grammar and partly through the vocabulary”. Here Halliday & Hasan elaborate

that in cohesion can be through grammar and it familiarly called as grammatical

cohesion and can also through in vocabulary as usually known as lexical cohesion.

2.1.3 Lexical Cohesion

Halliday and Hasan (1976 p. 288) stated that “every lexical item may enter

into a cohesive relation, but by itself, it carries no indication, whether it is

functioning cohesively or not.” It means that in every lexical item can be as a

cohesive relation, whether the lexical item has a function in cohesive or not, the

important is this lexical item is by itself. Lexical cohesion is not an ongoing case

which is being a particular lexical item that is must have a function in cohesive.

Lexical cohesion can be established itself by referring to the text.

Halliday and Hasan (1976) elaborated that there are four types of

grammatical cohesion these are reference, substitution, ellipsis, and conjunction.

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While, in a lexical cohesion is reached by the selecting of vocabulary. Lexical

cohesion has two components, which share a lexical field. The first element is

familiarly called collocation and the second element is by the selecting the

vocabulary clearly to achieved a lexical cohesion. Lexical cohesion is definitely

reached by selecting of vocabulary, and the other categories of cohesion are

considered as a grammatical cohesion. Lexical cohesion arises through the

selection of items that related to something with what has happened before.

Halliday and Hasan (1976) wrote in their book about the general concept

of lexical cohesion and they were described lexical cohesion in two types, the first

is reiteration and the second is collocation. In the reiteration, it contains: the same

word or even called as repetition, synonym or near-synonym, superordinate, and

general word.

2.1.3.1 Reiteration

According to Halliday & Hasan (1976), reiteration is a form of lexical

cohesion which involves the repetition of a lexical item, the use of a general word

to refer back to a lexical item. In most cases, reiteration is accompanied by a

reference item, typically the. For example:

Jean and I did read book last night. The book was so funny.

(Book in the second sentence which accompanied by the reiterates to the book in

the original statement).

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Halliday & Hasan (1976) stated that when it was seen as lexical point a

view it is always a special case of a much more general phenomenon which is the

term of reiteration. A Reiteration is a form of lexical cohesion and it includes the

repetition of a lexical item in the text or when speaking. It seems like reiteration is

similar with reference but there is the difference between those two things.

All instances have a familiar fact that one lexical item is referring back

to another, associated with having a general referent. It will refer to a common

phenomenon as a reiteration.

As Halliday and Hasan (1976) divided lexical reiteration which is into four:

a) The same word (repetition)

b) Synonym (or near-synonym)

c) Superordinate

d) General word

A) The same word (Repetition)

Halliday & Hasan (1976) stated that the same word or repetition is

including in the types of reiteration. Because a reiteration is a form of lexical

cohesion which is involving repetition of the lexical items, so repetition includes

in this reiteration. Repetition itself is an act of repeating something which has

already said, did, or wrote before. Come to check the example of this repetition:

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Example: There is a little girl wearing a pink dress walking around the

garden. After passing a lot of people, a little girl suddenly cries loudly and all

people only watching.

Here, word little girl in the first sentence is repeated again in the second

sentence. This repetition of the word is still in the same word which is “a little

girl” then, it is repetition. Repetition is one of lexical item which repeated again

and still related to the previous sentence.

B) Synonym (Near-synonym)

Halliday and Hasan (1976) said that the most rapidly visible type of lexical

cohesion is where the same word is repeated and it has the same references on

both occasions. While, it does not necessary for two lexical occurrences to have

the same referent in the sentence to be cohesive. It can use another word to refer it

back but still has the same meaning or has near meaning to the word which it is

referred. In this case, using synonym is something that can be used to repeat word

which is referred in the sentence. While, synonym itself is a word or phrase which

has the similar meaning to another word. Although the word is not the same word,

as long as it still has the same meaning and same reference it can be as a cohesive.

Little bit like a synonym, near-synonym itself is a word which has close meaning

but not has exactly same in meaning. When it used in the context near-synonym

usually not same in meaning but has little bit close meaning with the word which

is referred in the previous. Check the example below:

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A: Do you know that great woman? She is full of patience when she teaches her

student

B: Of course I know that lady, she is wonderful

C: Do you like mango?

D: Yeah I do, I love mango

Here from the illustration of the example, in the conversation between A

and B words woman and lady are having the same meaning and it refers to the

same object which they talk. The meaning of woman and lady are not changing, it

also still refers to the previous word. While in the conversation C and D, the

words like and love are actually do not have exactly same in meaning but it nearly

same in the meaning, so it called as near-synonym which have close meaning but

not the same meaning.

C) Superordinate

Superordinate is a classification of a word or an object that can be used to

represent the whole „class‟ or „category‟ of many things. Thus the higher terms act

as an umbrella term that includes the meaning of other words in it. The concept of

superordinate is representing the group members of the relationship between

them. Particularly, people may use the term superordinate more often to refer back

to the multiple objects than to individual objects, Wisniewski & Murphy (2009)

Here the example of superordinate

17

Flowers (Superordinate) - Lily - Freesia

- Rose - Tulip

- Jasmine - Sunflower

D) General Word

Halliday and Hasan (1976) stated that general words which correspond to

the main class of lexical items as usually people say are very commonly used with

cohesive forces. General word is general meaning in the word and when these

general words occur cohesively, it can treat as an example of lexical cohesion. Not

all general words are used cohesively, a general word is only cohesive when the

general word is in the context of reference. And also when these general words

have the same references as whatever it is signaling, and when accompanied by

reference items. Check the example below:

A: Do you know Sarah? She is our new neighbor now

B: No, I do not ever know that person

From the example above, word person is a general word, because person

includes many things which can be man or women. Usually general word can be

such as person, thing, do and so on.

18

2.1.3.2 Collocation

Collocation is a word or phrase which has the most problematical part in

lexical cohesion. Halliday and Hasan (1976) stated that collocation is all of the

lexical relations which is not depends on the identity of reference and also not

reiteration form which is accompanied by demonstrative. In other meaning

collocation is a various meaning relation which is trying to classify various

relations meaning which is involved.

Lexical collocation can be simply described as “the association of lexical

items that regularly co-occur” across expanses of sentences if need be (Halliday &

Hasan, 1976). These are examples of lexical collocation which have similar

lexical environment shared by words such as wool, ewe, sheep, and lamb. In a

text, these sequences of words are referred as a cohesive chain.

2.2 Previous Studies

The writer uses two previous studies which are related to the study of the

writer made. The first is undergraduate thesis by Rekayasa (2017) entitled a study

on lexical cohesion found in Adele’s song lyrics in 25 album. In this study the

writer found the similarity on topic that Rekayasa used which is a lexical

cohesion. The other similarity also found in the object which is lyrics of the songs

in the album. And so, the focus on the study also same, which are focus on the

kinds and also the function of lexical cohesion on the lexical cohesion used by

Adele‟s songs lyrics. But here the writers found the differentiation of Rekayasa‟s

study is in the theory. To conducting the study, Rekayasa used Renkema as his

19

main theory to analyzing his study while the writer uses Halliday and Hasan

theory as the main theory of the study. In this study also Rekaya used all of the

songs of the album and there are 11 songs in Adele‟s album, while the writer here

use all songs in Demi Lovato‟s Tell Me You Love Me album which is there are 12

songs.

The second previous study is undergraduate thesis also, whose Budiati

(2016) entitle lexical cohesion found in thesis abstracts written by students of

academic year 2011 of study program of English Universitas Brawijaya. In this

study the writer found the similarity of the study which is in the topic is same that

is lexical cohesion. But in Budiati‟s study the writer found the differentiation are

in the object, the object of Budiati is focus on thesis abstracts, while the writer is

focus on the lyrics of Demi Lovato‟s songs. Budiati focused to find out lexical

categories and also the dominant type on the thesis abstracts. While the writer

focuses on the type of lexical cohesion and also the functions of lexical cohesion

in the lyrics of Demi Lovato‟s songs. Other differentiation is on the theory while

Budiati is used two theories which are Rankema‟s theory, there are six lexical

classifications and used Sumarlam‟s theory and used one type of lexical

classification on her study. While in this study the writer uses Halliday & Hasan

as the main theory to analyze the study.

20

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this chapter discusses the methods used by the writer in conducting the

study of lexical cohesion in the lyrics of Demi Lovato’s songs in tell me you love

me album. This research method consists of four sub-chapters which are research

design, data source, data collection and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

In this study the writer uses qualitative method. Qualitative method is an

approach which does not use number of statistic like in quantitative approach. In

this study the writer uses lyrics of songs and it does not use number of statistic.

According to Creshwell (2014 p. 232):

Qualitative methods demonstrate a different approach to scholarly

inquiry than methods of quantitative research. Although the processes

are similar, qualitative methods rely on text and image data, have

unique steps in data analysis and draw on diverse designs. Writing a

methods section for proposal for qualitative research partly requires

educating readers as to the intent of qualitative research, mentioning

specific designs, carefully reflecting on the role the researcher plays in

the study, drawing from an ever-expanding list of types of data sources,

using specific protocols for recording data, analyzing the information

through multiple steps of analysis, and mentioning approaches for

documenting the accuracy—or validity—of the data collected

It means that qualitative methods show the different approach scientific inquiry

rather than quantitative method. Although between qualitative and quantitative

method has similar process, qualitative method used text, picture and have unique

steps when analyzing data. Here, qualitative mentioning specific designs and

21

participation the researcher to take the sample and record it directly so it makes

the qualitative methods unique, specific and really careful to draw the data which

is always develop along the time.

Creshwell (2014) stated that qualitative method is the process of research

involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the

participant’s setting, data analysis inductively building from particulars to general

themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data,

whereas quantitative research is approach to test objective theories by examining

the relation between its variables.

3. 2 Data Source

The writer uses Demi Lovato’s songs in tell me you love me album as the

data source in this study of lexical cohesion. Then, the writer uses lyrics of Demi

Lovato’s song in tell me you love me album which are containing lexical cohesion

as the data in this studies.

3.3 Data Collection

In data collection the writer collected the data through following some steps

1. Downloading Demi Lovato’s song lyrics in tell me you me album

2. Reading and rereading the lyrics

3. Selecting the words in the song lyrics which contain lexical cohesion

22

3.4 Data Analysis

After collecting the data, the writer analyze lexical cohesion in the song

lyrics used Halliday and Hasan (1976) theory of lexical cohesion. So that the

writer conducts some process in analyzing the data which will be done as follows:

1. Categorizing some words of Demi Lovato’s song lyrics which contain lexical

cohesion

2. Analyzing each types of lexical cohesion in Demi Lovato’s song lyrics based

on Halliday & Hasan’s theory

3. Analyzing the function of lexical cohesion in Demi Lovato’s song lyrics

4. Making a discussion and conclusion based on the data analysis in the form of

table

No. Sentence

Types of

Lexical

Cohesion

Cohesive

Item

Presupposed Item

Anaphora Cataphor

23

CHAPTER VI

FINDING AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, the writer will presents the finding and discussion on this

study which already analyzed by using Halliday & Hasan‟s theory (1976). This

finding and discussion are based on the problem of the study in which the data has

already selected by the writer to answer the problem clearly.

4.1 Finding

This finding consist of lexical cohesion used in Demi Lovato‟s song lyrics

in tell me you love me album. The writer used Halliday & Hasan‟s theory (1976)

to find the types of lexical cohesion used and also the function of it.

Therefore, Demi Lovato‟s tell me you love me album consist of twelve

songs and the writer used all of the songs in the album which was contained

lexical cohesion such as reiteration (the same word or repetition, synonym or

near-synonym, superordinate, general word) and collocation. on the other hand, in

this study of lexical cohesion, the writer only focused on the lexical reiteration

used and did not analyzed lexical collocation because the writer did not found any

data of collocation used in Demi Lovato‟s songs lyrics. Specifically, all the data

that already analyzed will be presented in the appendices.

Tabel 4. 1 The Frequency of Each Type of Lexical Cohesion

Types of Lexical Cohesion Frequency Percentage (%)

24

4.1.1 Types and Functions of Lexical Cohesion Used in Demi Lovato’s Songs

Lyrics in Tell Me You Love Me Album

Halliday & Hasan (1976) stated that, the general concept of lexical

cohesion was divided into two types, the first type was called reiteration

that consist of the same word (repetition), synonym or near-synonym,

superordinate, general word, and the second type was called collocation.

Specifically here was the analysis of lexical cohesion in Demi Lovato‟s

songs lyrics to answer the problem of the study in the previous chapter by

using Halliday & Hasan (1976) theory.

4.1.1.1 Reiteration

A. The same Word (Repetition)

Song 1 Sorry not Sorry

Verse 1

(1st) Now I‟m out here lookin’ like revenge

(2nd

) Feelin‟ like a ten the best I ever been

(3rd

) And yeah, I know how bad it must hurt to see me like this

(4th

) But it gets worse (wait a minute)

(5th

) Now you‟re out here lookin’ like regret

(6th

) Ain‟t too proud to beg, second chance you‟ll never get

(7th)

And yeah I know how bad it must hurt to see me like this

(8th

) But it gets worse

According to Halliday & Hasan (1976) same word or repetition was

included in lexical cohesion, it is repeating a word, phrase or sentence that

Repetition 218 91%

Synonym/Near-synonym 12 5%

Superordinate 2 1%

General word 5 3%

Amount 238 100%

25

did or stated more than once. Actually in this verse of the song, the writer

found three statements that indicated as lexical cohesion which was

repetition. The first repetition was in the phrase “out here lookin’ like” the

second was in the sentence “I know how bad it must hurt to see me like

this”, and the third was in the phrase “but it gets worse”. The first repetition

was found in the (1st) line, “Now I‟m out here lookin’ like revenge” and also

found in the (5th

) line “Now you‟re out here lookin’ like regret”, because

this phrase was found and stated more than once, so the writer classified that

this phrase was repetition.

Then, the second repetition was found in (3rd

) line “And yeah, I know

how bad it must hurt to see me like this” the writer also found the same

sentence mentioned in (7th

) line “And yeah I know how bad it must hurt to

see me like this”. The third repetition was found in (4th

) line “But it gets

worse (wait a minute)” and also found in (8th

) line “But it gets worse”,

additionally word it in this phrase was indicated as anaphoric reference that

referred to the word bad in the previous line that already signed by using

underline. As an explanation, the first repetition in the phrase “out here

lookin’ like” was stated twice in this verse of song, the second repetition in

the sentence “I know how bad it must hurt to see me like this” was stated

twice, and the third repetition in the phrase “But it gets worse” was also

stated twice.

Therefore, the function of the same word or repetition was to make the

reader understand the idea in the song. The first function of repetition in

26

phrase “out here lookin’ like” in sentence, “Now I‟m out here lookin‟ like

revenge and now you‟re out here lookin‟ like regret”. Then, in the second

repetition was in “I know how bad it must hurt to see me like this” and in

the third repetition was in the phrase “But it gets worse” that was told that

Demi Lovato wanted to tell the reader that the emphasized of this song was

for showing like she was already achieved what she wanted in the past and

now she became a success person and she wanted to show it to some people

that hated her and said that they must be regret to see what she has achieved

now and it should be painful and embarrassing for them.

Song 2 Tell Me You Love Me

Verse 1

(1st) Oh no, here we go again

(2nd

) Fighting over what I said

(3rd

) I'm sorry, yeah I’m sorry

(4th

) Bad at love, no, I'm not good at this

(5th

) But I can't say I‟m innocent

(6th

) Not hardly, but I'm sorry

In that verse, the writer found one phrase that identified as repetition,

and it was in a phrase “I’m sorry”. Actually, the same word or repetition

happened when the word, phrase or sentence was stated or used more than

once. This repetition happened in 3rd

line “I'm sorry, yeah I’m sorry” this

repetition happened and stated three times in this verse of song, in 3rd

line

stated twice and in 6th

line stated once. Particularly the function of same word

or repetition in this verse of the song was to make Demi Lovato‟s ideas

delivered clearly. Phrase “I‟m sorry” here mentioned three times to emphasize

27

that Demi Lovato was really sorry over what she already did, she was not

good enough for getting a relationship.

Verse 3

(1st) Oh, tell me you love me

(2nd

) I need someone on days like this, I do

(3rd

) On days like this

(4th

) Oh, tell me you love me

(5th

) I need someone

(6th

) On days like this, I do

(7th

) On days like this

(8th

) Oh, can you hear my heart say

(9th

) No, you ain't nobody 'til you got somebody

(10th

) You ain't nobody 'til you got somebody

In the 3rd

verse, the writer found five same words or repetitions in

used, the first was in a sentence “tell me you love me you love me” the

second was in a sentence “I need someone”, and the third was in a phrase “on

days like this” and the fourth was in a sentence “you ain't nobody 'til you

got somebody” and the last was “I do”. A word, a phrase or a sentence can be

identified as a same word or repetition because of that word, phrase or

sentence was stated or mentioned more than once. In this song, the first

repetition was stated in 1st line “Oh, tell me you love me” and stated again in

4th

line, this repetition happened twice. Then the second repetition was in the

sentence “I need someone” in 2nd

line and stated again in 5th

line, this

repetition also happened twice. The third repetition was in a phrase “on days

like this” it happened in 2nd

line, 3rd

line, 6th

line, and 7th

line, this repetition

stated four times. The fourth repetition was found in a sentence “you ain't

nobody 'til you got somebody” in 9th

line and found again in 10th

line, this

28

repetition happened twice in this verse of song. The last repetition in this verse

of song was found in the 2nd

line “I do” and found again in 6th

line, these

words repeated twice.

In addition the function of repetition in this verse of song was to make

the reader understand the idea of the verse. In sentence of repetition “tell me

you love me you love me”, “I need someone”, in a phrase “on days like

this” in a words “I do” and in a sentence “you ain't nobody 'til you got

somebody was delivered and emphasized that she really needed someone

who loved her on the day she wanted much, actually this song was told about

Demi Lovato that she just broke up with her boyfriend and then she stressed

sentence that “you ain't nobody 'til you got somebody “ means that as long

as he did not find a new lover he was nobody an she still wanted him.

Song 3 Daddy Issues

Verse 3

(1st) Lucky for you,

(2nd

)I got all these daddy issues

(3rd

) What can I do?

(4th

) I'm going crazy when I'm with you

(5th

) Forget all the therapy that I've been through

(6th

) Lucky for you

(7th

) I got all these daddy issues

(All these daddy issues)

(8th

) Daddy issues (daddy issues, uh)

In the 3rd

verse of song, the writer found two indicated as repetition, the

first was in a phrase “lucky for you”, the second was in a sentence “I got all these

daddy issues”. The first repetition was in a phrase “lucky for you” this phrase

was mentioned in the 1st line and also found in the 6

th line, this phrase stated

29

twice. The second repetition was in the sentence “I got all these daddy issues”

this repetition found in 2nd

line and also stated again in 7th

line, this repetition

repeated twice.

Specifically the function of this repetition was to make the reader

understand the song clearly, this repetition also to stressed the situation that

happened to Demi Lovato. Actually this song was about an absent father

happened in Demi Lovato‟s life and because of that she got some issues about her

father. Phrase “lucky for you” and sentence “I got all these daddy issues”

stressed the situation that she got all the issues made by her father at the time.

Actually in this verse was illustrated that she got disappointed with her father

because he as leave her when she needed an affection from a father.

Song 4 You don’t do it for me anymore

Verse 7

(1st) I'm sorry for honesty, I could not bear

(2nd

) To lie to you

(3rd

) To lie with you

(4th

) I'm sorry for honesty, I'm well aware

(5th

) I lie to you

(6th

) When I lie with you

In this verse of the song, the writer found three statements that indicated as

repetition. The same word or repetition happened when there was a sentence or a

word or a phrase stated more than once. The first repetition in this verse of song

was in a sentence “I’m sorry for honesty” it was found in the 1st line and also

found in the 4th

line. The second repetition was in a phrase “lie to you” this phrase

was mentioned in 2nd

line and also in 5th

line. Then the third repetition was in a

phrase “lie with you” it was stated in 3rd

line and also in 6th

line. In this verse of

30

song, the first repetition in a sentence “I’m sorry for honesty” was repeated

twice, and the second repetition was in a phrase “lie to you” it repeated twice and

for the third repetition was in phrase “lie with you” it also repeated twice.

In the 4th

song, in 7th

verse, the function of this repetition was to emphasize

the situation that Demi Lovato did at that time. Word “I’m sorry for honesty” in

the lyric was mentioned twice for showing to the readers that she really regretted

her mistakes that she already did in the past. Then phrase “lie to you” and “lie

with you” also mentioned twice in this verse of song, it was showed that in this

song she wanted to tell that she was lied and did not tell the truth about her

condition at that time, then she was really regretted for telling lie to someone.

Actually this song was illustrated about someone‟s deep regret because did not

saying anything honestly.

Song 7 Lonely

Verse 4

(1st) Now I'm fucking lonely and you didn't want me

(2nd

) Trying to show me, that you didn't own me

(3rd

) But all you do is leave me fucking lonely

(4th

) Knees on the concrete, cut up and bleeding

(5th

) For no Goddamn reason

(6th

) But all you do is leave me fucking lonely

(7th

) Leave me fucking lonely

(8th

) Leave me fucking lonely

(9th

) Leave me fucking lonely

In this verse of song, the writer found three statements indicated as

repetitions which were in the statement “you didn't”, “But all you do is leave me

fucking lonely” and “Leave me fucking lonely”. Repetition was an action of

doing, writing or stating that happened or restated more than once in daily. In this

31

verse of song, the first repetition happened in the 1st line in a sentence “Now I'm

fucking lonely and you didn't want me” word “you didn’t” also restated in 2nd

line in a sentence “Trying to show me, that you didn't own me”, this repetition

happened twice. The second repetition happened in 3rd

line in a sentence “But all

you do is leave me fucking lonely” this sentence was restated identically in 6th

line, this repetition also happened twice. The last repetition in this verse of song

was in 7th

line in a sentence “Leave me fucking lonely” this sentence was

identically found in line 8th

and also in 9th

line, this sentence happened three

times.

Additionally, the function of repetition in this verse of the song in a

statement “you didn’t” in the sentence was stressed that the person who Lovato

wanted was did not wanted her and he tried to show that he did not want to make

a relationship with her. The second repetition which was in a sentence “But all

you do is leave me fucking lonely” was told about the situation at that time that

person who Lovato wanted was leaved her, did not care about her, and made her

felt lonely. The statement “Leave me fucking lonely” repeated three times in this

verse of song was made the readers felt the song, that the emphasized of this song

was in the condition of Lovato was felt really lonely. Actually this song was told

about a person that wanted someone who did not want them back, and then it

made them felt lonely.

Song 8 Cry Baby

Verse 2

(1st) Congratulations, celebration

(2nd

) 'Cause my heart is the hardest to break

32

(3rd

) Break up to make up

(4th

) Just to wake up with mascara all over my face

(5th

) And I'm no cry baby, but you make me cry lately

(6th

) I'm no cry baby, but you make me cry, baby

(7th

) I'm no cry baby, but you make me cry lately

(8th

) I'm no cry baby, but you make me cry, baby, cry, baby

In this verse of the song, there were three repetitions happened.

The first repetition happened in a sentence “I'm no cry baby” this repetition

happened in the 5th

line and it identically found in the 6th

, 7th

, and 8th

line, this

repetition happened four times in this verse of the song. The second repetition was

in the sentence “but you make me cry lately”, here repetition happened twice in

the 5th

line and also found in the 7th

line. The last repetition happened in a

sentence “but you make me cry, baby”, here repetition restated twice in the 5th

line and 7th

line.

Thus, the function of three repetitions that happened in this verse of the song

was to emphasize that in a sentence “I'm no cry baby” was for stressing that she

did not want to cry all over what already did with the relationship at that time. The

sentence “but you make me cry lately” was emphasized that lately her partner

made her cry and there were many problems happened with their relationship, this

emphasized also happened in the third repetition which was in a sentence “but

you make me cry, baby”

B. Synonym

Song 2 Tell Me You Love Me

Verse 3

33

(1st) oh, tell me you love me

(2nd

) I need someone on days like this, I do

(3rd

) on days like this

(4th

) oh, tell me you love me

(5th

) I need someone on days like this, I do

(6th

) on days like this

(7th

) oh, can you hear my heart say

(8th

) no, you ain‟t nobody

(9th

) „till you got somebody

On the verse, the writer found that there was one indicated as a synonym.

Actually, a synonym occurred when the word had the same idea and also had the

same meaning. In that verse word “someone” in (2nd

) line “I need someone on

days like this, I do” had the same idea and same meaning with the word

“somebody” in (9th

) line “till you got somebody” then, the writer classified that

those two words were identified as a kind of synonym. In this verse of the song,

the writer assumed that Demi Lovato was broke up with her boyfriend but she still

could not accept the decision yet and she still wanted him together. It proven in

(1st) line in sentence “oh, tell me you love me” and clarified in (2

nd) line in a

sentence “I need someone on days like this I do”, and in (8th

) and (9th

) line in

sentence “you ain‟t nobody” and “till you got somebody”

The used of a synonym in word “someone” and “somebody” in this verse

of the song, was emphasized that she did not want to broke up and she still need

someone beside her. In this verse of the song, Demi Lovato also said that after

broke up her ex-boyfriend also need someone beside him it proven in her lyric in

sentence “you ain‟t nobody till you got somebody” it seemed that she did not want

to broke up. The function of a synonym in the verse of the song was to repeat a

34

word by using the same meaning in a different word in order to make a song had

various words.

Song 6 Only Forever

Verse 9

(1st) What if I told you it's too late?

(2nd

) What if I say that I can't wait?

(3rd

) What if I meet somebody else who doesn't leave me on the shelf?

(4th

) I'll give you one more chance, but it only lasts

In this verse of the song, the writer found two words that indicated as a

synonym. Thus, a synonym could be identified when a word had related

occurrence with the item that also had the same meaning and idea although it was

used different words. Here, the word “told” in the 1st line in the sentence “What if

I told you it's too late?” had the same meaning with the word “say” in the 2nd

line, in a sentence “What if I say that I can't wait?”. In this verse of the song,

“told” and “say”, those two words were indicated as a synonym because it had the

same meaning.

As a result, the function of the synonym in the 6th

song, especially in the 1st

verse, was to emphasize and delivered the same idea that Demi Lovato wanted to

clarify something in the song. In this verse of song, word “told” and “say” were

had same meaning, the represent “told” and “say” in the verse was to tell the

reader that Lovato was emphasized her condition in which she was waiting for

35

someone and she hesitated with her condition even if she met somebody better

while she was waiting.

Additionally, in this verse of the song the writer found one word indicated

as an anaphora, the word “it” signaled by underline in the 4th

line in the sentence

“I'll give you one more chance, but it only lasts”, word “it” in this line was

referred to the word “change” that happened or stated in the previous. The

function of this anaphora was to repeat word change in the previous statement by

using a general word to refer back.

Song 9 games

Verse 5

(1st) I date men, but you're acting like a little boy

(2nd

) And no, I ain't your little toy

(3rd

) Honey, I don't need new friends

(4th

) Figure out just what you want, and what the hell you're

waiting on

(5th

) Before you hit my phone again

In the 9th

song, especially in the 5th

verse, the writer found one synonym

and it was in the word “men” and “boy”. A pair of words could be identifying as

a synonym when both of words had the same idea and also had the same meaning.

In that verse of the song, word “men” and word “boy” in 1st line in a sentence “I

date a men but you‟re acting like a little boy” had the same meaning, and it

referred to the gender specially “male”. So, these two words were categorized as a

synonym, because both of the word “men” and word “boy” had the same meaning

in the context. In this verse of the song, Demi Lovato illustrated contradictory

character in that synonym, she stated in the 1st line in the sentence “I date a men

36

but you‟re acting like a little boy” characteristically, man was an adult male which

had mature personality but in this song Lovato was illustrated that this man was

acted like a little boy and did not serious in having a relationship, this man in the

verse of song was illustrated as a childish man.

This function of synonym in this 9th

song, in the 5th

verse, the context of

using synonym here was to make the reader understand the emphasize of the song,

in which it was an illustration of contrasted characteristic of the male, words

“men” and word “boy” covered by using the same meaning which was a male, it

represented in the 1st line in a sentence “I date a men, but you‟re acting like a little

boy”. Here Demi Lovato felt that she had a relationship with more than one man,

but this man she had a relationship acted like a little boy and did not care about

their relationship. In this verse, Lovato told the reader that she wants her

boyfriend more mature and did not treat her like a little toy, it showed in the 2nd

line in the sentence “And no, I ain't your little toy”.

Song 10 Hitchhiker

Verse 3

(1st) I've been waitin' all night, lookin' for your headlights

(2nd

) I know that we're strangers, but I'll leave it all for you

(3rd

) Go anywhere you wanna go

(4th

) I don't really need to know, if my heart is in danger

(5th

) 'Cause as long as you're the driver

(6th

) I'm your hitchhiker, yeah

(7th

) I'm your hitchhiker, yeah, yeah mmm.

In this verse of the song, the writer found that, there one synonym and that

was in the words “want” in the 3rd

song in the sentence “Go anywhere you wanna

37

go” was had similar meaning with the word “need” in the 4th

line in sentence “I

don‟t really need to know, if my heart is in danger”. Synonym happened when

there were two words or more, had the similar or had the same meaning to refer

one another. The word “want” and “need” were interconnected because in the

context of the song both of the driver and also the passenger did not know each

other, it proved in the 2nd

line in the sentence “I know that we're strangers, but I'll

leave it all for you”.

The function of this synonym was to emphasize the situation and also the

meaning of the word that used in the song. The word “want” was to illustrated

that Demi Lovato wanted to go with someone she called “the driver” in the song it

demonstrated in the 3rd

line in a sentence “Go anywhere you wanna go” and in

the 5th

line “'Cause as long as you're the driver”. In this song, word “need” meant

that Lovato did not care with their status that they were strangers and she also did

not want to know that she could fall in love with the guy (the driver), it proved in

the 2nd

line in the sentence “I know that we're strangers, but I'll leave it all for

you” and in 4th

line “I don't really need to know, if my heart is in danger”.

Especially there was one word found in the verse of the song that included

into the kind of presupposed item which was anaphora, that word was it in the 2nd

line in the sentence “I know that we're strangers, but I'll leave it all for you”. The

word it, in this song was referred to the word stranger that already stated in the

previous statement.

Song 11 Sexy Dirty Love

38

Verse 2

(1st)You're my new obsession

(2nd

) Let go of any hesitation

(3rd

) Baby, be my new addiction

(4th

) Intoxicate me gently with your loving

In this verse of the song, the writer found two words that had a similar

meaning. The words that indicated as a synonym were “obsession” and

“addiction”. Word obsession in the 1st line in a sentence “you‟re my new

obsession” was had similar meaning with the word “addiction” in the 3rd

line in a

sentence “baby, be my new addiction”. Synonym happened when two words had

similar meaning and were interconnected.

The function of those two words was showed to the reader that in this

song, Demi Lovato emphasized that she was felt in love with someone and she got

very obsessed with the guy and addicted with him, it proved on the lyric of the

song. The interpretation of “obsession” and “addiction” was to emphasize that

she really wanted and love to the guy. Especially this lyric of the song was told

about dreamed of getting a sexy relationship.

Verse 4

(1st) Now you're teasing me and I can't help but do the same

(2nd

) Whispering through your phone, now you‟re driving me insane

(3rd

) It's like you're getting off on messing with my sanity

(4th

) Hang up, come on over

(5th

) Let's play out this fantasy

In this verse of the song, the writer found there were two words that

indicated as a near-synonym which were in the word “insane” and “messing with

sanity”. The writer assumed that it was indicated as a near-synonym because in

39

the context of the song on 2nd

line in a sentence “Whispering through your phone,

now you‟re driving me insane” and in the 3rd

line in a sentence “It's like you're

getting off on messing with my sanity” were related one another in the sentence.

“Insane” was meat crazy on the lyric of the song crazy could also be meant lose

rationality, then, “messing with sanity” meant that mess the saneness and it also

could be meant lose rationality.

The function of near-synonym on the lyric of the song was to stress the

feeling and also the condition that was happened on Demi Lovato. Lovato stressed

word “insane” and “messing with sanity” on the lyric of the song showed that

she wanted to make the reader got the point that at the time she was crazy because

of a guy that was temptation her through the telephone and the guy was really like

when he started to make Lovato mess her sanity, it proved on the lyric in 2nd

line

in a sentence “Whispering through your phone, now you‟re driving me insane”

and 3rd

line in a sentence “It's like you're getting off on messing with my sanity”.

C. Superordinate

Song 13 Concentrate

Verse 2

(1st) Make music when you're moanin'

(2nd

) From night until the morning

(3rd

) Just tell me when you're ready

(4th

) And Imma paint your body with my lips

In this verse of the song, the writer found one word that indicated as a

superordinate. Thus, superordinate was a classification of a word or an object that

could use to represent the whole class or category of many things. With this

40

intention, the word “body” in 4th

line is superordinate of a word “lips” it

happened on the 4th

line in a sentence “and Imma paint your body with my lips”.

In this verse of the song, the body was represented the whole class of the category,

because lips was a part of the body. Therefore considering the theory “body” was

the superordinate from “lips” then it was classify as a superordinate.

The function of superordinate in used on the song, Lovato wanted to

emphasize what she wanted at that time. The representation of “body” and “lips”

was identify as desire on someone that she wanted something closer but she still

had to wait that someone to be ready. It proved on the 3rd

line in a sentence “Just

tell me when you're ready” and in 4th

line in a sentence “And Imma paint your

body with my lips”

Song 7 Lonely

Verse 5

(1st) The month was June

(2nd

) The smoky sun, our fatal run

(3rd

) It ended too soon

(4th

) With tears as proof, 'cause all the carpets stained with juice

(5th

) Blood on my shoes and you know love is blind

(6th

) I can see it in your eyes

On the 7th

line of the song lyric in the 5th

verse, the writer found one

indicated as a superordinate, it was in the word “month”. Based on Halliday &

Hasan‟s theory (1976) superordinate was a classification of a word or an object

that could be used to represent the whole class or category of many things. Then

in the verse of the song, the word “month” in the 1st line was superordinate from

word “June” on the 1st line in a sentence “the month was June”. Specifically, a

41

word “month” was the whole class from a word “June”, thus, June was one of a

name of the month. Hence based on the theory the word “month” and the word

“June” was categorized as a superordinate.

Specifically the function of superordinate in the song was to emphasize to

the readers that the situation was happened in June. This superordinate used for

giving the readers clear explanation that the month was June was the situation of

Demi Lovato broke up with her boyfriend, and it full of sadness it was illustrated

by using phrase “the smoky sun” on the 2nd

line and the situation of broke up was

illustrated on the 3rd

line in sentence “it end too soon”.

D. General word

Song 5 Ruin the Friendship

Verse 3

(1st) Your body's looking good tonight

(2nd

) I'm thinking we should cross the line

(3rd

) Let's ruin the friendship, let's ruin the friendship

(4th

) Do all the things on our minds

(5th

) What's taking us all this time

(6th

) Let's ruin the friendship, let's ruin the friendship

According to the verse of the song, the writer found one word that

indicated as a general word which was “the thing” on the 4th

line in a sentence

“Do all the things on our minds”. General word happened when there was a word

that could be generalized, in which that word had the same referent to be

presupposed. Here, the writer assumed that the word “the things” was

presupposed to the word “on minds”, this word was illustrated that the word “the

things” was referred to the situation of thinking something on mind. Especially,

42

the function of this general word used by Demi Lovato on the lyric of the song

was to make the language of the song simpler and made the readers could

interpret the meaning behind the song themselves. This verse of the song was

actually for wanting a close relationship with someone which was had already be

friends it proved on the 3rd

and 6th

line that was “Let's ruin the friendship, let's ruin

the friendship”

Song 9 Games

Verse 2

(1st) Text on 'read', and it ain't no accident

(2nd

) Boy, I ain't gon' ask again

(3rd

) Now you got me in my head

(4th

) Waiting by the phone at night, that's shit that I don't do

(5th

) And I just can't explain what's happening

On the verse of the song, the writer found one general word which was

“do”. General word was a word that had a general meaning of a word which had

presupposed referent. In this verse of the song, the general word “do” on the 4th

line in a sentence “Waiting by the phone at night, that's shit that I don't do” was

referred to the word “waiting” which signed by using underline in the previous

statement on the line of the song. On the verse of the song, the writer also found

one word that indicated as a presupposed item which was “it”. the word “it” which

was signed by using underline on the 1st line in a sentence “Text on 'read', and it

ain't no accident” was referred to the phrase “text on read” also signed by using

underline on the line. Word “it which was referred to the phrase “text on read”

43

was identifying as an anaphoric reference because it referred to the previous

statement.

Moreover, the function of a general word used by Lovato on the lyric of

the song was to general the condition she felt at the time. On that time she was

waiting someone reply her text and call her on the telephone which she never did

before, it prove on the 1st line of the lyric in a sentence “Text on 'read', and it ain't

no accident” and also on the 4th

line in a sentence “Waiting by the phone at night,

that's shit that I don't do”. The used of general word in the lyric of the song was to

simplify the language of the song that made the song easy for everyone listen the

song.

Song 12 Concentrate

Verse 1

(1st) Bottles of Merlot, I can't stand up now

(2nd

) Boy, you got me feeling so weak

(3rd

) Your ocean was drowning me, arms wrapped around me

(4th

) Now I'm getting in too deep

(5th

) Not falling cause I want to

(6th

) Baby, you keep pushing me

(7th

) Don't love you cause I need to, but it's everything you doin’ to me, yeah

In the verse of the song, the writer found one word that could be

identifying as a general word. The word “doing” on the 7th

line in the sentence

“don‟t love you cause I need to, but it's everything you doin’ to me, yeah” was

had a referential situation, which was illustrated on the lyric of the song and it was

someone‟s treats and it was proved on the 2nd

line in a sentence “Boy, you got me

44

feeling so weak”, it also referred to the 3rd

line which was “arms wrapped around

me”, and 6th

line in the sentence “baby, you keep pushing me”. Those treats were

referred to the general word “doing”. Actually general word was a word that used

to generalized item in which it had referent to presuppose. Moreover, the function

of using general word on the lyric was to make the song simpler to deliver the

meaning behind the song, it also made the song nice when it heard by many

people. In the verse of the song, the writer thought that Demi Lovato was illustrate

the song and this was told about unwanted someone to fall in love with somebody

at the time.

4.2 Discussion

There were two types of lexical cohesion elaborated by Halliday & Hasan

(1976), those were reiteration and collocation. In reiteration Halliday & Hasan

(1976) mentioned some categories of reiteration and those were the same word or

repetition, synonym or near-synonym, superordinate and general word. The writer

did not found lexical collocation because this study of lexical cohesion only

focused on the lexical reiteration used in Demi Lovato‟s songs lyrics in tell me

you love me album.

Moreover in this study the writer found the types and the function of

lexical reiteration used by Demi Lovato in the song lyrics of tell me you love me

album. First type was the same word or repetition, in the song lyrics of Demi

Lovato in album tell me you love me the writer found repetition in all song lyrics

entitled sorry not sorry, tell me you love me, daddy issues, you don’t do it for me

45

anymore, ruin the friendship, only forever, lonely, cry baby, games, hitchhiker,

smoke and mirrors, sexy dirty love, and concentrate.

Here, the same words or repetition were the most dominant type in the

song lyrics, the writer found more than 100 repetitions in the song lyrics used by

Demi Lovato in tell me you love me album, according to Halliday & Hasan (1976)

repetition was a repeating a lexical item on the text or when people speak. The

function of this repetition was to stressed, reminded, advised and made the idea of

the song delivered clearly by repeating the same word in the song lyrics repeated

more than once. It proved in the song tell me you love me “fighting over what I

said I'm sorry, yeah I’m sorry” here feeling guilty was showed by interpretation

of word “I’m sorry” repeated more than once.

The second type, the writer found reiteration which was a synonym or near

synonym, Halliday & Hassan (1976), stated that a word could be identify as a

synonym where the word which had the same reference and it could use different

word, as long as the word had the same or had close meaning. In the song lyrics

which synonym/near-synonym was mentioned twelve times in tell me you love me

song, the synonym were stated twice in only forever song, it stated three times, in

lonely song it was stated once, in cry baby stated song it was stated once, in

games song it was stated once, in hitchhiker song it was stated once, and in sexy

dirty love song it was stated three times. Moreover, the writer also found the

function of the synonym or near synonym which was to emphasize the idea in the

song lyrics by using different word but still had the same meaning. Some of these

46

synonyms based on the context of the song lyrics were also to emphasize some

contrasted idea but covered by using synonym or near synonym.

The third type of reiteration which the writer found was superordinate, this

was kind of reiteration that the rarely used on the song lyrics. There were two

superordinate found in the song lyrics which was on song entitled concentrate. In

that song superordinate was stated once and in lonely song, it was also stated

once. The function of superordinate in this song was to deliver the idea by using

figurative language. Based on Halliday & Hasan (1976) superordinate was a

classification of a word or an object that could be used to represent the whole

class or category of many things. Therefore, body in the song entitled concentrate

“and Imma pain your body with my lips” was represented the whole class from

lips.

The last reiteration which the writer found regarded to the theory was

general word, Halliday & Hasan (1976) explained that general word was a general

meaning of a word that occurred cohesively. the writer found six words included

in the general word used in the song lyrics and those were once in the song tell me

you love me song once, in ruin the friendship song once, then in the lonely song

there once, then in the games song there once, in the sexy dirty love song there

once,ans in concentrate song mentioned once. Particularly, the function of these

general words in this song lyric was to generalize something that already

happened or already stated, the general word in this song also to emphasized the

situation that was happened at that time, Lovato tried to strength the situation she

47

felt it proved in song entitled lonely, “only you could make me feel the way you

do”.

Moreover, according to Halliday & Hasan (1976) lexical cohesion was

vocabulary choices that gave relation to make a function in cohesive. Thus the

writer analyzed the study of lexical cohesion to looking for the use of lexical item

in the song lyrics of Demi Lovato in the album entitled tell me you love me. The

writer analyzed the types of lexical cohesion used in the album and also analyzed

the function of lexical cohesion in used. On the other hand, the writer found two

previous studies of lexical cohesion, the first previous studies wrote by Rekayasa

Ikhsan (2017) entitled A Study on Lexical Cohesion found in Adele’s Song Lyrics

in 25 Album. In this studies the writer found some similarities, Rekayasa used

song lyrics as the object of the study as the writer did, while in analyzing the data,

Rekayasa found repetition as the most lexical cohesion in used, it same as the

writer did. He also found all the type of lexical cohesion on the Adele‟s song

lyrics in 25 album.

On the other hand, the writer also found some differentiations between

Rekayasa‟s analyzed and the writer did, Rekayasa used Rankema as his main

theory in which there were two type of lexical cohesion and those were reiteration

(repetition, synonym, antonym and hyponym) and collocation. While the writer

used Halliday & Hasan (1976) as main theory that also had the type of lexical

cohesion which were reiteration (the same word or repetition, synonym or near-

synonym, superordinate and general word) and collocation. In this study of lexical

cohesion, the writer also elaborated the analysis of referential item in the lyrics

48

that did not do by Rekayasa. In addition the writer found the interpretation of

lexical cohesion in the song was for making connectivity between one word to

another and so one sentence to another. The role of lexical cohesion in used itself

was to make the reader understand easily what the text meant.

The second previous study was written by Budiati, Rizka Ayu Rasyidah

(2016) entitled Lexical Cohesion Found in the Thesis Abstracts Written by

Students of Academic Year 2011 of Study Program of English Universitas

Brawijaya. She used mixed theory whose Rankema‟s theory and Sumarlam‟s

theory to conduct the study. The theory that used by Budiati to find the type of

lexical cohesion was repetition, synonym, antonym, hyponymy, collocation, and

equivalence, while the writer used Halliday & Hasan theory (1976) which were

reiteration (repetition, synonym (near synonym), superordinate, general word) and

collocation. When conducted the study of lexical cohesion, Budiati found that

repetition was the most used by the students in the thesis abstracts it was same as

the writer found. In this study of lexical cohesion, the writer elaborated the

analysis of referential item that did not do by Budiati.

Particularly, this study could give some references and also comparison to

other people or to the readers who interest to write and analyze of song especially

in study of cohesion. By understanding the types and the function of lexical

cohesion in used, it might be the reader could share the experience and interest to

write poem or song using lexical cohesion in there to make the poem or the song

meaning full and clearly understood by other. In addition in album entitled tell me

you love me of Demi Lovato some of those was told about her feeing of love, not

49

only for having relationship it also feeling to the friendship, and so feel

disappointed, told about heart breaking and so self-preparedness for new love. The

song emphasized what Lovato‟s experience and what she felt at the time. In some

song lyrics also can teach a lesson because some of song writer make song from

their experience and share it through song.

50

CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

This chapter consists of conclusion and suggestion of this study. The

writer will give the conclusion of finding and the suggestion for the readers.

5.1 Conclusion

The objectives of this study is to find out the kinds of lexical cohesion used

by Demi Lovato’s song lyrics in tell me you love me album and to find out the

functions of lexical cohesion used in the song lyrics by using Halliday and Hasan

(1976) theory of lexical cohesion. Based on the finding, the writer concludes that

there only one type of lexical cohesion used in Demi Lovato’s song lyrics in Tell

Me You Love Me album, it is reiteration. According to Halliday and Hasan (1976)

there are two types of lexical cohesion, which are reiteration and collocation.

Reiteration itself divided into four types; the same word or repetition, synonym or

near-synonym, superordinate and general word.

Specifically, the writer does not find all of the types of lexical cohesion in

Demi Lovato’s song lyrics in tell me you love me album. The writer finds

reiteration, which are the same word or repetition in second song entitled tell me

you love me “I’m sorry, yeah I’m sorry”, synonym or near synonym in sixth

song entitled only forever “what if I told you it's too late? What if I say that I can't

wait?”, superordinate in seventh song, entitled lonely “the month was June”, and

general word in seventh song entitled lonely “his promises were just as smooth,

51

his grip, it fit, though, I admit, that, Only you could make me feel the way you

do”.

Particularly, the function of lexical cohesion used in Demi Lovato song

lyrics in tell me you love me album is to stress, to emphasize, to illustrate, to

strengthen, to give the contribution to the two sentences that the meaning are

connect to each other, and also to tell the similarity through a synonym. But

actually the function of lexical cohesion are generally to make the reader

understand the message or the idea of the song clearly, and to make the sentences

are arrange good and enjoy to be consume.

5.2 Suggestion

In this sub chapter the writer will give some suggestions to the reader who

wants to analyze discourse analysis fields especially lexical cohesion as the writer

did. To the next writer should consider the topic and prepare the object because

analyzing song of one to another singer is different, singers or song writers have

different way to use some lexical item in their songs, and not all songs are easy to

understand in meaning and also in every lexical item in used. So that the next

writer should understanding the theory which used to analyze the object of the

study, do not use too old theory as the writer did, because some earlier theory

might be better, and the next writer should be selective to choose theory used,

because many of the theory are difficult to understand and sometimes make

misunderstanding.

Specifically in this study, the writer does not find second type of lexical

cohesion collocation, in Demi Lovato’s song lyrics in tell me you love me album.

52

So that, to the next writer can be analyzing collocation in other object, because

study of collocation is still lack. The writer does not talk about collocation

because the writer cannot be found in Demi Lovato’s songs lyrics, because the

limitation of the data that used by the writer so that the collocation cannot be

found. Therefore, it is suggested that the next writer should enlarge the data so

that the next writer can find the collocation.

Finally the writer hopes that this study of lexical cohesion will helpful to the

reader and also to the next writer who curious to analyze cohesion. Hopefully this

study can be used as comparison or reference to the next writer that might have

same or relevant topic. To the next writer can also choose another object of the

study or find another field of cohesion for example grammatical cohesion or use

both of grammatical and lexical cohesion, or focus on collocation used, and use

different theory to analyze cohesion to make the diversities in study of cohesion.

53

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