A Solution to the Band Gap Catastrophe: - 1st Directory

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Proceedings of the Second International Seminar on Theoretical Physics & National

Development, July 5 - 8, 2009, Abuja, Nigeria

Volume 2

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON THEORETICAL PHYSICS &

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Abuja, Nigeria July 5-8, 2009

Editors

Godfrey E. Akpojotor

Abebe Kebede

Alex O.E. Animalu

All papers have been peer reviewed

Contact: Abebe Kebede

email:[email protected]

Copyright©2004 African Scientificork

URL:http://www.physics.ncat.edu/michael/aj

p

Copyright ©2009 African Physical Society

http://sirius-c.ncat.edu/asn/ajp/ Contact: Abebe Kebede, e-mail: [email protected]

ISSN: PRINT: 1948-0229 CD ROM:1948-0245 ONLINE: 1948-0237

http://sirius-c.ncat.edu/asn/ajp/

mailto:[email protected]

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Copyright © 2009 by African Physical Society

All rights reserved

This book or any part thereof must not be reproduced in any form

without the written permission of the publisher

National Library of Nigeria Cataloguing in Publication Data

I. African Physical Society

II. Title: Proceedings of the 2nd

International Seminar on

Theoretical Physics and National Development, 5-8

August, 2009 .

ISSN: PRINT: 1948-0229 CD ROM:1948-0245 ONLINE: 1948-0237

Published by: African Physical Society, (Registered in U.S.A.) in

Partnership with the National Mathematical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria

and the International. Centre for Basic Research 20 Limpopo St. FHA,

Maitama, Abuja, Nigeria

Phone +234(0)803 787 9351

Emails : [email protected]; [email protected].

Printed in Nigeria by: University of Nigeria Press Ltd



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SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS

National Mathematical Centre, Abuja

National Universities Commission

Raw Materials Research and Development Council

Energy Commission of Nigeria

National Office for Technology Adaptation and Promotion

Board of Nigerian National Merit Award

University of Nigeria, Nsukka

Delta State University, Abraka

International Centre for Basic Research, Abuja

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INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF ISOTPAND

Prof A.O. E. Animalu (Nigeria)

Prof Diola Bagayoko (USA)

Prof M. L. Kulic (Germany)

Prof Amagh Nduka (Nigeria)

Prof. B.N. Onwuagba (Nigeria)

Prof T. L. Gill (USA)

Prof. A. P. Maclin (USA)

Dr Abebe Kebede (USA)

Prof J.O. Idiodi (Nigeria)

Prof Charles Ofoegbu (Nigeria)

Prof F.N. Okeke (Nigeria)

Prof. C.M.I. Okoye (Nigeria)

Prof Otete Okobiah (Nigeria)

Dr Nithaya Chetty (South Africa)

Dr Anatole Kenfack (Germany)

Dr Ezekiel Izuogu (Nigeria)

Dr B.O. Oyelami (Nigeria)

Dr. J. O. Urama (Nigeria)

Dr G. E. Akpojotor (Germany)

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Preface

This volume contains papers presented at the Second International Seminar on

Theoretical Physics and National Development (ISOTPAND09) held at the National

Mathematical Centre, Sheda (Abuja, Nigeria) from July 5 – 8, 2009. This year’s event

kicked off on Monday, July 6 at 9.00 a.m. with a welcome address by the Secretary of the

National Mathematical Centre, Mr. C. E. Adeyomo and then by the Secretary of

ISOTPAND09, Dr Godfrey Akpojotor. Thereafter, the first technical session

commenced. As in ISOTPAND08 last year, the technical sessions were richly

informative and motivational as they were a combination of both advanced and

pedagogical contents to cut across all the participants made up of senior and junior

researchers, postdocs, graduate and undergraduate students. This is in keeping with the

goal of ISOTPAND as a forum for bringing senior and eager beginners together and for a

systematic development of the African world view. The papers in this volume have also

been peer-reviewed.

The major theme of this year’s event was on mobilizing physical science-based

enterprises with special focus on solar and renewable energy. The premise for this focus

is that the Energy Commission of Nigeria was establish by government about 30 years

Group Photograph of the Participants at ISOTPAND09

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ago. Since then, there have been series of conferences, seminars and workshops and their

focuses have been on how government could kick-start investment in the solar and

renewable energy sector. However, the Nigerian Academy of Sciences after some

retrospect of the journey so far, realized that government may have laid the needed

foundation for the scientists to take the challenge of investing in the alternative energy

sector. Therefore, the new focus shifted to mobilizing the scientific community to

kickstart the investment in solar and renewable energy driven either as public-private

sector and/or private-private sectors. As part of this drive, a book edited by Professor A.

O. E. Animalu (former President of the Nigerian Academy of Science and Founding

President of the Solar Energy Society of Nigeria), Dr. E.N.C. Osakwe and Mr. U.B.

Akuru titled ‘Solar and Renewable Energy Company (Nigeria) Limited’ was presented at

a Roundtable meeting during the ISOTPAND09. In addition, a brief biography of the

late solar energy physicist and former Hon. Minister of Science and Technology, Chief

(Dr.) Laz Abaecheta Unaogu (1949-2004) was presented. The Roundtable was chaired

by the Director-General/CEO of the National Mathematical Centre (Abuja), Professor

S. O. Ale, and was attended by both scientists and the representatives of government

agencies and the private sector. The discussion was diverse and very enriching.

To motivate young female physicists and physics students, the organizers

specially invited Dr Arlene P. Maclin, a Professor of Engineering & Director of the

Center for Academic Excellence at Norfolk State University (USA). She was impressed

with the number of this group of participants invited by the organizers just as members of

the group were motivated by her scholarship. Also as part of motivating the female

physics students, a renowned psychologist and the Deputy Vice-Chancellor

(Administration) of the Delta State University, Abraka, Professor Otete Okobia, was also

invited to ISOTPAND09 to talk on the ‘The attitude of the female students towards

physics.’

We wish to acknowledge the main sponsors of ISOTPAND09 – the International

Centre for Basic Research and the National Mathematical Centre. We also acknowledge

the financial support from the following bodies: National Universities Commission,

Nigerian Energy Commission, Raw Material and Research Development Council,

National Office for Technology Acquisition and Promotion (NOTAP), Board of National

Merit award, University of Nigeria (Nsukka), Delta State University as well as individual

donors. We also acknowledge the commitment of all the participants to the success of the

event. Finally, we express our appreciation to members of the local organising committee

coordinated by Dr B. O. Oyelami at the National Mathematical Centre and the

International Scientific Committee of ISOTPAND for their various contributions.

Editors

Godfrey E. Akpojotor

Kebede Abebe

Alex O. E. Animalu

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WELCOME ADDRESS: THEORETICAL PHYSICS - A RECIPE FOR

NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

Prof. Sam O. Ale mni, OFR

The Director-General

National Mathematical Centre, Abuja

“All that is valuable in human society depends upon the opportunity for

development accorded to the individual” (Albert Einstein)

Protocol

On behalf of the management, staff and students of the National

Mathematical Centre (NMC) Abuja, I welcome all participants, from outside and

inside this country to this historic occasion of a Roundtable on mobilizing

Science-based Enterprises as part of the activities to mark the 2nd

International

Seminar on Theoretical Physics and National Development (ISOTPAND09). This

roundtable, which is being organized by the NMC and the International Centre for

Basic Rersearch(ICBR) under Public Private Partnership (PPP), will be delivered

by distinguished scientists from Nigeria and abroad, while the Theoretical

Physicists will have opportunities to present their recent or ongoing research

activities.

In our midst today are the following distinguished scholars:

Professor A.O.E.Animalu, FAS, NNOM, Chairman/CEO Ineternational Centre

for Basic Research, Abuja.

Professor Ephraim E. Okon FAS former Permanent Secretary of the Federal

Ministry of Science and Technology and representative of the Nigerian Academy

of Science.

Dr.G.E. Akpojotor, Secretary of the International Scientific Committee on the

ISOTPAND series.

Associate Professor B.O. Oyelami, Acting Coordinator of the Theoretical

Physics Programme of the NMC..

Your presence here is an eloquent demonstration of our desire to put Nigeria on

the world map of centres of excellence in science and technology. Please accept

my profound thanks. It is a great pleasure meeting our budding physicists from

across the country at this capacity building Roundtable being declared open here

in NMC Abuja today. We congratulate you all for being part of this seminar and

hope you will find the workshop intellectually stimulating and useful towards

your primary assignment in your universities. We look forward to welcoming you

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again to any of our future programmes in Abuja or in your state. I wish to also

welcome our other invited Guests, especially Professors and Researchers from

across the nation’s universities here present at this ceremony. We hope you will

also find your visit to NMC serene environment conducive to your research work

and that you will take full opportunity of the Mathematical Sciences Library and

make adequate use of them in your research work.

A cardinal objective of the National Mathematical Centre is to promote

research and capacity building in the diverse areas of the mathematical sciences

including Computer Science, Theoretical Physics, Statistics, and Mathematics.

These disciplines are known to be plagued by perennial staff shortages in the

nation’s higher education institutions. To assist in dealing with this problem, the

centre in collaboration with the ICBR has embarked on organizing and publishing

the proceedings of annual workshops and Conferences in recent times. The

activities enable large numbers in Nigerian higher education institutions to

interact right here in Nigeria with world class scholars in a cost-effective way.

They also facilitate linkages, cooperation, and partnership between Nigerian

scholars at home and Nigerian scholars in the diaspora. The NMC is glad to have

been able to collaborate with the International Centre for Basic Research in

organizing the ISOTPAND series of activities aimed at developing capacity for

Nigeria and Africa in area of Physical Science-based enterprises, as well as

catalyzing the development of Theoretical Physicists in the inter-disciplinary area

of Energy, Environment and Health practice for community development

especially in Africa. In this regard, the NMC is greatful to the Chairman/CEO,

International Centre for Basic Research Professor Alex Animalu,FAS, for making

this cooperation possible.

Experts in the mathematical sciences would readily testify that the pace of

development of these experts in the last fifty years or so, has been breathtaking, as

whole new branches of the mathematical sciences are continually being created.

The trend is generating diverse applications which have high impact on every

aspect of our lives. We have today a science landscape that is very dynamic. The

Mathematical Reviews, published by the American Mathematical society,

classifies the mathematical sciences into several distinct branches, each of which

possesses several sub branches. It is therefore apparent that no single academic

institution, Centre or other specialized outfit in the whole world, whether publicly

or privately owned, will ever be in a position to provide training in all these

branches including theoretical physics. This situation calls for cooperation and

synergy among outfits providing capacity building services in the mathematical

sciences, especially in a developing country such as Nigeria in order to minimize

duplication and waste.

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Several years ago the renowned theoretical physicist and Nobel Laureate,

Albert Einstein said, ‘He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand right in

awe, is as good as dead, his eyes are closed’. This statement is very relevant to the

situation in Africa today. We need to pause and make a stock taking of research

findings in the continent of Africa. How many findings in the theses in shelves in

the libraries have found their way into the industry for commercialization? How

many adjudged excellent theses or papers are presented for patents? To what

extent are we responding to the global changing problems like global warming

and associated entropy rise due to human activities? These are among so many

questions that are relevant to our existence as human beings and the economy of

the nation to which theoretical physics can proffer solutions. ISOTPAND 09 is an

avenue for addressing some of the questions raised above.

For Nigeria to fully realize her Vision 20:2020 and the seven-point agenda

of President Umaru Musa Yar’Adua, we need to develop a critical mass of

researchers who will develop new basic knowledge, translate into applications,

and influence policy. We need, as a nation, to invest in Research and

Development (RD) and build capacity to translate theoretical knowledge into

applications that can be commercialized. This position is inevitable as

Government is making frantic effort to place Nigeria in her rightful position in the

world of advanced technology as a vehicle for the achievement of its Vision

20:2020.

Distinguished Ladies and Gentlemen, no meaningful technological

development of any nation is possible without mathematics and its allied

discipline of computer science and the physical sciences. Currently, in Nigeria

any student that does not make at least a credit pass in mathematics finds it

difficult to get a university admission. Therefore investment in the capacity

building of mathematics and physics teachers or postgraduate students is in the

right direction. Knowledge has no boundaries: it changes with time and there is

the need to adapt to these changes by participating in workshops, seminars, and

conferences so as to update one’s knowledge. Let us continue to work harder

towards the improvement of the teaching and learning of the mathematical

sciences at all levels inasmuch as the extent we fail in developing mathematics

and physics in minds of students, to that extent we fail in national development

and progress.

We hope this 4-day meeting will be very exciting and rewarding. We also

hope that the friendship you would nurture at this forum will continue to bear

fruits for the greater glory of the promotion of science and technology education

in this country.

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I pray that when you conclude this seminar, God will grant you all

traveling mercies as you return to your various destinations.

In the coming years, the NMC will, singly or jointly with others, organize

many of this kind of capacity building workshops, seminars, conferences, as a

way of fostering and deepening a culture of cutting-adge research in the

mathematical sciences in this country.

Once again, we thank the Chairman/CEO of International Centre for Basic

Research for the collaboration and support to the centre for the hosting of the 4-

Day Seminar. We also thank the press for gracing the occasion and for

popularization of these capacity building workshops. The National Mathematical

Centre wishes all participants a rewarding scientific experience at the Seminar

and Roundtable.

Thank you and God bless you.

Professor Sam Ale, OFR, NPOM, mni

Director General

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SPONSORING ORGANISATIONS.................................................................... III

INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE OF ISOTPAND ................. IV

PREFACE .............................................................................................................. V

WELCOME ADDRESS – S.O. Ale .................................................................... VII

REVIEW OF 50 YEARS OF PSEUDOPOTENTIAL THEORY .........................1

A.O.E. Animalu, B. Ezekoye, K.E. Essien ...............................................1

GENERALIZATION OF CONVENTIONAL BCS MODEL TO ISO-

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY MODEL OF HIGH-TC

SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN THE CUPRATES AND PNICTIDES ....46

A. O. E. Animalu, G. E. Akpojotor, and P. I. Ironkwe ....................... 46

A SIMPLIFIED FORMULATION OF THE LANCZOS TECHNIQUE FOR

STRONGLY CORRELATED SYSTEMS ................................................63

S. Ehika, E.O Igbinovia, J.O.A. Idiodi .................................................. 63

SUPERCONDUCTOR ZnNNi3 IN COMPARISON WITH ZnCNi3 ..................76

C. M. I. Okoye ......................................................................................... 76

CdS THIN SOLID FILMS FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATION ..............89

S.C. Ezugwu, P.U. Asogwa, R.U. Osuji, F.I. Ezema, B.A. Ezekoye,

A.B.C. Ekwealor .......................................................................................89

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION POTASSIUM PERCHLORATE

SINGLE CRYSTAL IN SILICA GEL ....................................................100

Uchechukwu .V. Okpala ....................................................................... 100

DETERMINATION OF RADIONUCLIDES, CONCENTRATIONS, AND

DIFFERENTIATING FACTORS FOR SOME BIOLOGICAL

SAMPLES BY NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS (NAA) ...........115

S.O. Yunus, S.A. Jonah, K.J. Oyewumi ..................................... 115

OXYGEN AND HAEMOGLOBIN PAIR MODEL FOR SICKLE CELL

ANEAMIA PATIENTS...........................................................................132

B.O. Oyelami ..........................................................................................132

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NONLINEAR MAGNETO-OPTICAL EFFECTS IN DIELECTRICS

EMBEDDED WITH FERROMAGNETIC NANOPARTICLES .........149

Arlene .P. Maclin and M. M. Noel, ...................................................... 149

ANALYSIS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC BEAM PROPAGATION IN A

DIELECTRIC THIN FILM MATERIAL USING CLASSICAL

PERTURBATION TECHNIQUE ..........................................................157

A.N. Nwachukwu and J.U. Ugwuanyi. .................................................157

THE THIRD REVOLUTION IN SCIENCE AND THE GLOBAL ENERGY

CHALLENGE .........................................................................................169

Amagh Nduka.........................................................................................169

ALTERNATIVE MEANS OF ENERGY SECTOR INVESTMENTS IN

NIGERIA .................................................................................................173

Udochukwu. B. Akuru and A. O. E. Animalu .................................... 173

SUSTAINABLE APPLICATION OF SOLAR ENERGY AS SMES IN A

DEVELOPING NATION .......................................................................184

Udochukwu. B. Akuru and Ogbonnaya I. Okoro .............................. 184

SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER SYSTEM R&D INNOVATIONS ..........210

J.O. Inwelegbu and P.N. Okeke ...................................................210

EVALUATION OF SUPPLY RELIABILITY OF MICROGRIDS INCLUDING

PV AND WIND POWER ........................................................................233

G. Ofualagba, and E.U Ubeku, ............................................................233

SUNSHINE HOURS VARIABILITY AND ITS RESPONSE TO AEROSOLS

IN LAGOS STATE NIGERIA ................................................................246

T. N. Obiekezie . .................................................................................... 246

A STUDY OF THE MEASURED AERODYNAMIC DIAMETER OF

ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS IN NSUKKA, ENUGU STATE,

NIGERIA .......................................................................................................

E. C. Okoro and F. N. Okeke, .............................................................. 256

DATABASE OF CO2 EMISSION IN NIGERIA: A PRELIMINARY REPORT ..

M. O. Ofomola and G. E. Akpojotor ................................................... 267

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TECHNO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A BIOGAS PLANT FOR

AGRICULTURAL APPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF

CONCORDIA FARMS LTD, PORTHARCOURT ................................280

L.M. S. Tobira ........................................................................................280

F-LAYER PEAK ELECTRON DENSITY VARIATIONS IN THE

IONOSPHERE........................................................................................300

S.E. Onwuneme ......................................................................................300

EFFECT OF SOLAR CYCLE ON GEOMAGNETIC STORMS .....................308

F.N. Okeke and E.A. Hanson ................................................................308

SPACE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN NIGERIA: AN OVERVIEW OF

THE PROSPECTS AND PROBLEMSE ...............................................315

B. I. Okere and P. N. Okeke. ................................................................ 315

THE OYIBO’S GRAND UNIFICATION THEOREM WITH REALIZATION

OF SOME BASIC PHYSICAL PHENOMENA IN GEOMETRIC

OPTICS ...................................................................................................331

M. W. Echenim and G. E. Akpojotor .................................................. 331

THE ATTITUDE OF FEMALE NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

TOWARDS THE STUDY OF PHYSICS AND THEIR

PERFORMANCE ...................................................................................346

Anita Edi and Otete Okobiah .............................................................. 346

ENDOGENOUS ASTRONOMY OF PARTS OF NIGERIA ............................357

J.O. Urama, E.N. Urama and A.O.E. Animalu .................................. 357

ICHI LINGUISTIC GEOMETRY AND EVOLUTION....................................373

A. O.E. Animalu and C. Acholonu ...................................................... 373

A MODEL OF ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOMENT IN THE 21ST

CENTURY ...............................................................................................394

Tertsegha Tivde and A.O.E. Animalu ................................................. 394

TWO-PARTICLE CORRELATIONS IN THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL EXTENDED

HUBBARD MODEL: A GROUND-STATE PERTURBATIVE SOLUTION ..

O.R.Okanigbuan, S. Ehika, S.U. Azenobie, P.N. Okanigbaun ........... 40

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