The his Tory and archaeology of Jaffa

2

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The Jaffa culT ur al heriTage ProJec T ser ies, Volume 2

a a r o n a . B u r k e a n d m a r T i n P e i l s T ö c k e r , s e r i e s e d i T o r s

The hisTory and archaeology of Jaffa 2

e d i T e d B y a a r o n a . B u r k e , k a T h e r i n e s T r a n g e B u r k e ,

a n d m a r T i n P e i l s T ö c k e r

Monumenta Archaeologica 41

Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles

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The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press is the publishing unit of the Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLA. The Cotsen Institute is a premier research organization dedicated to the creation, dissemination, and conservation of archaeological knowledge and heri-tage. It is home to both the Interdepartmental Archaeology Graduate Program and the UCLA/Getty Master’s Program in the Conservation of Archaeological and Ethnographic Materials. The Cotsen Institute provides a forum for innovative faculty research, graduate education, and public programs at UCLA in an effort to positively impact the academic, local and global communities. Established in 1973, the Cotsen Institute is at the forefront of archaeological research, education, conservation and publication, and is an active contributor to interdisciplinary research at UCLA.

The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press specializes in producing high-quality academic volumes in nine different series, includ-ing Monumenta Archaeologica, Monographs, World Heritage and Monuments, Cotsen Advanced Seminars, and Ideas, Debates, and Perspectives. Through a generous endowment by Lloyd E. Cotsen, longtime Institute volunteer and benefactor, the Press makes the fruits of archaeological research accessible to scholars, professionals, students, and the general public. Our archaeological publications receive critical acclaim in both academic communities and the public at large.

The Cotsen Institute of Archaeology at UCLAWilleke Wendrich, DirectorAaron A. Burke, Editor-in-ChiefRandi Danforth, Publications DirectorDeidre Whitmore, Director of the Digital Archaeology Lab

Editorial Board Willeke Wendrich Africa (Ex officio member)Lothar von Falkenhausen East AsiaSarah P. Morris Mediterranean BasinJohn K. Papadopoulos Mediterranean BasinJeanne E. Arnold North America–Pacific CoastGregson Schachner North America–SouthwestCharles Stanish South America–AndesRichard G. Lesure South America–MesoamericaAaron A. Burke West Asia–Near EastRandi Danforth Ex officio member

Edited by Gillian DickensDesigned by Sally BoylanIndex by Matthew White

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The Library of Congress has catalogued this record under LCCN: 2017047201

Copyright ©2017 Regents of the University of CaliforniaAll rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America

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In memoriam

Yehoshua (Shuka) Dorfman (1950–2014)Director General of the Israel Antiquities Authority

Without whose vision, the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project would not have existed.

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Vii

conTenTs

List of Illustrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiList of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxiPreface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiiiAbbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxvIntroduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Aaron A. Burke, Katherine Strange Burke, and Martin Peilstöcker

Part I. Archaeological Research in JaffaChapter 1. The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project, 2007–2016 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Aaron A. Burke and Martin Peilstöcker

Chapter 2. Excavations of the Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project, 2008–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Aaron A. Burke and Martin Peilstöcker

Chapter 3. Salvage Excavations in Jaffa’s Lower Town, 1994–2014 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63Yoav Arbel

Chapter 4. Jaffa's Ancient Inland Harbor: Historical, Cartographic, and Geomorphological Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89Aaron A. Burke, Shelley Wachsmann, Simona Avnaim-Katav, Richard K. Dunn, Krister Kowalski, George A. Pierce, and Martin Peilstöcker

Part II. Historical and Archaeological Studies of Medieval and Ottoman Jaffa

Chapter 5. The Stone Door of a Jewish Burial Cave from Jaffa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113Yoav Arbel

Chapter 6. The Ottoman Port of Jaffa: A Port without a Harbor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121Dan Mirkin

Chapter 7. A Panoramic View of Late Ottoman Jaffa from November 1860 by Louis Vignes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .157Tzvi Shacham

Chapter 8. The Jerusalem Gate of Late Ottoman Jaffa: An Updated Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163Yoav Arbel and Lior Rauchberger

Chapter 9. The New Gate of Jaffa during the Late Ottoman Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179Or Aleksandrowicz and Samuel Giler

Chapter 10. The Anglican Cemetery of Jaffa from 1842 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191Samuel Giler

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T h e h i s T o r y a n d a r c h a e o l o g y o f J a f f a 2 Viii

Chapter 11. The Blessed Bayāra: A Bayāra and Arabic Inscription from Late Ottoman Jaffa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199Avi Sasson and Nitzan Amitai-Preiss

Chapter 12. The Jaffa-Jerusalem Road in the Late Ottoman Period: Aspects of Material Culture along the “Travelers’ Way” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .215Avi Sasson

Chapter 13. Metals from the Flea Market and Ganor Compound Excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229Kate Raphael

Chapter 14. Ottoman Clay Tobacco Pipes from the Seawall Excavations in Jaffa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249Lior Rauchberger

Part III. Excavations at the Postal Compound 2009–2011Chapter 15. The Postal Compound Excavations in Jaffa, 2009–2011: Final Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273Eriola Jakoel

Chapter 16. Ceramics from the Postal Compound Excavations, 2009–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .301Peter Gendelman and Eriola Jakoel

Chapter 17. Amphora Stamps from the Postal Compound Excavations, 2009–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .313Gerald Finkielsztejn

Chapter 18. Numismatic Finds from the Postal Compound Excavations, 2009–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .315Donald T. Ariel

Chapter 19. Human Remains from the Postal Compound Excavations, 2009–2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .317Vered Eshed

Part IV. Excavations at the Armenian Compound, 2006–2007Chapter 20. Excavations at the Armenian Compound in Jaffa, 2006–2007: Final Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .327Yoav Arbel

Chapter 21. Excavations in the Room over the Church in the Armenian Compound Excavations, 2006 . . . . . . . . .339Lior Rauchberger

Chapter 22. The Ceramics from the Armenian Compound Excavations, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345Anna de Vincenz

Chapter 23. An Abbasid Stamped Handle from the Armenian Compound Excavations, 2006–2007 . . . . . . . . .361Nitzan Amitai-Preiss

Chapter 24. An Athenian Black-Figured Krater Fragment from the Armenian Compound Excavations, 2006. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363Peter Gendelman

Part V. The Kaplan Excavations, 1955–1974Chapter 25. Excavations in Areas B, D, F, and G by Jacob Kaplan, 1959–1964: Exploration of the Northern End of Tel Yafo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369Kyle H. Keimer

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Chapter 26. The Be’eri School Excavations by Jacob Kaplan, 1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401Aaron A. Burke, Brett Kaufman, and Katherine Strange Burke

Chapter 27. Evidence for Northern European Crusader Ships at Jaffa: Steel Nails from the Be’eri School Excavations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413Davide Zori and Brett Kaufman

Chapter 28. Bronze and Iron Age Figurines and Zoomorphic Vessels from Jaffa, 1955–1974 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .429Michael D. Press

Appendixes: These four appendixes appear online at www.dig.ucla.edu/jaffa-2

Appendix 1 A Gazetteer for Jaffa: Excavation Areas, Places, and Historical MonumentsAaron A. Burke

Appendix 2 Excavations in Jaffa and Abu Kabir, 1985–2015Aaron A. Burke and Martin Peilstöcker

Appendix 3 Bibliography for Jaffa, Abu Kabir, and EnvironsAaron A. Burke

Appendix 4 Collections of Excavated Artifacts from Jaffa and Abu KabirAaron A. Burke

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .439

***Shouldn't this be Appendices? SB

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P a r t I I

Historical and arcHaeological

studies of Medieval and ottoMan Jaffa

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c H a p t e r 7

a panoraMic view of late ottoMan Jaffa froM noveMBer

1860 BY louis vignes

t z v i s H a c H a MEretz Israel Museum, Tel Aviv

L ouis Vignes (1831–1896) dedicated his entire adult life to service as an officer in the French navy, where he ultimately achieved the rank of

admiral (Aubenas and Roubert 2010:312; also see Foliot 1990:233–250; Paviot 1980; Perez 1988:229; Taillemite 1982). As part of his duties, which included organizing and managing the port of Beirut in 1860, he traveled to photograph various countries around the Mediterranean. Although his career as a photographer was short, his photo-graphs include those of various Mediterranean cities between 1859 and 1862. In 1864, the Duke of Luynes invited him to serve as the photographer of an expedition to the Dead Sea and its surroundings (Duc de Luynes 1874). That col-lection, which does not include any photos of Jaffa, is his most famous work.

In November 1860, however, Vignes took three photos of Jaffa that provide an unparalleled view of Jaffa’s late Ottoman defenses and the city, its defensive ditch, and wall along Jaffa’s eastern side (Figure 7.1). They were unknown until recently,1 when one of Vignes’s photos was published in the catalog

of an exhibition held at the Bibliothèque nationale.2 These photographs are now archived at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF) collection of photographs. Others were uploaded to the library’s digital website Gallica on April 12, 2010 (see references below).

The photographs (Figure 7.2 to Figure 7.4) that are de-scribed as a “vue panoramique de Jaffa (Porte de Jérusalem)” appear in the BnF collection in two forms: calotype nega-tives (26.5 × 20.5 cm)3 and positive prints (29.2 × 22.5 cm), which were made by the photographer himself.4 As it turns out, the three photographs can be joined, as the author did, to reveal the earliest known panoramic photo of Jaffa from the northeast (Figure 7.5). This view also corresponds with the appearance of Jaffa in British maps, notably from 1842 (Figure 7.6; see Shacham 2011:fig. 13.13) from the Jerusalem Gate (Abū Nabūt Gate) on the north looking southwest toward the southern or so-called Sydney Smith Bastion, on which the French Hospital in Jaffa was built in 1882. Although it seems likely that a fourth photo was taken that included the northern bastion (on which the Qishle was built

157

A series of three photographs of Jaffa’s eastern wall and Jerusalem Gate were recently identified, providing the most extensive photographic documentation of Jaffa’s eastern defenses during the nineteenth century. These photos were taken by the French photographer Louis Vignes in November 1860. They reveal the fosse or ditch along the city’s eastern side, the fortifications behind this fosse, and the Jerusalem Gate (Abū Nabūt Gate) that gave access to Jaffa on its northeastern corner.

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t H e H i s t o r Y a n d a r c H a e o l o g Y o f J a f f a 2 158

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a pa n o r a M i c v i e w o f l a t e o t t o M a n J a f f a 159

Figure 7.2. Photograph by Louis Vignes along Jaffa’s eastern wall and defensive ditch, 1860. View southwest. BnF collection number: Reserve EI-68-Boite Fol B, No. 34 or Vignes 34. Courtesy of the Departement des Estampes et de la photographie

(Photographie du XIXe siècle), Bibliothèque nationale de France. Paris.

Figure 7.3. Photograph by Louis Vignes of the southern half of Jerusalem Gate along the eastern fortifications of Jaffa, 1860. View west-southwest. BnF collection number: Reserve EI-68-Boite Fol B, No. 35 or Vignes 35. Courtesy of the Departement des Estampes et de la photographie (Photographie du

XIXe siècle), Bibliothèque nationale de France. Paris.

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t H e H i s t o r Y a n d a r c H a e o l o g Y o f J a f f a 2 160

Figure 7.4. Photograph by Louis Vignes of the northern half of Jaffa’s Jerusalem Gate. View west. BnF collection number: Reserve EI-68-Boite Fol B, No. 36 or Vignes 36. Courtesy of the Departement des Estampes et de la photographie (Photographie du XIXe siècle), Bibliothèque nationale de France. Paris.

Figure 7.5. Panoramic view of Jaffa in November 1860 from the northeast, created by author from Louis Vignes photo sequence (see Figure 7.2 to Figure 7.4).

in 1886–1887, which later served as the mandatory police station), it is neither included in Vignes’s list nor preserved in the collection.5

Two later photos by Félix Bonfils in the collection of the New York Public Library6 complement Vigne’s photos. These show the encampments and market outside the Jaffa Gate (dated ca. 1867–1871; see Arbel and Rauchberger 2011)7 and a cemetery of Jaffa in the vicinity of the southern bastion, looking north. In the latter picture, the fausebray and ditch in the southern bastion (dated ca. 1867–1871) can be seen.8 The importance of this panoramic view by Vignes is that for the first time, the photographer has provided precise information concerning the date for such a view of Jaffa. This is not the case, for example, with photographs by Bonfils, which are variously but usually only generally dated by the different archives that hold copies of them.

Vignes’s photos also provide a unique view of the eastern side of Jaffa’s city walls, which are rarely shown (except the northern bastion). Details include the fausebray and ditch, which also appear on the map by Lt. Skyring from 1842 (Figure 7.7) and the British naval map by Lt. Bedford from 1863 (see Figure 9.8).9 In fact, a number of comparisons can be made between the British Engineering Corps map by Lt. Skyring from 1842 and the photographs by Vignes. The following observations correspond to numbered items in the map (Figure 7.6), which can also be seen in Vignes’s photograph (Figure 7.5). In each of these depictions, the ditch (No. 1), fausebray (No. 2), and the Jerusalem Gate (No. 3) are all represented. The tower (No. 4) attached to the southern side of the Jerusalem Gate has four round and domed turrets (see Figure 7.3). The bottom portions of two of these towers and the ridge in the center of this tower’s walls

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can still be seen today (see Figure 8.5 and Figure 8.6; also Arbel 2013:138, fig. 9). In the photograph, the Abū Nabūt or Mahmudiyya Mosque and its minaret (No. 5), which is not as tall as the one that exists today, can be seen to the north of the gate’s entrance. The Sarāya (Sarāya al-‘Atiqa; ‘No. 6), which has been the Jaffa Museum of Antiquities since 1961, can also be seen. A bridge (No. 7) over the ditch can be seen in the British naval map of 1863. Remains of this bridge were discovered recently in excavations at the site (see Chapter 8; also Arbel 2013:139, fig. 11).10 The inner wall (No. 8) of the

gate through which the Jerusalem Gate gives entrance to the city as it turns to the left is evident in both.

Based on the vantage point, it is likely that the photo-graph was taken from the roof of the Khān that was located opposite the Jerusalem Gate. It is depicted in the Skyring map of 1842. A larger version of the Khān appears in the Bedford map of 1863, which was probably the result of its expansion or refurbishment in 1848 (see Lynch 1849:445). It is the only structure or place high enough to provide the perspective preserved in these photographs.

Figure 7.6. Close-up of map by Lt. G. F. Skyring, 1842 (British Library: MSS No. P.P. 40501.i. vol. 6. Folio: p. 24).

Figure 7.7. Section view of the fausebray and ditch illustrated in map by Lt. G. F. Skyring, 1842 (British Library MSS no P.P. 40501.i. vol. 6. Folio: p. 24). For full map, see Shacham (2011:153, fig. 13.13).

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Notes1. See Paviot (1980) and Foliot (1990).2. Vignes 34, Exhibition BnF 2010-11; Aubenas and

Roubert (2010:254–255, Nos. 201, 202).3. BnF collection number: Reserve EI-68-Boite Fol B, Nos.

34 to 36 (including the original list of photos). See permalinks http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b69399470, http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8458208x, and http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b6939949t, respectively. Uploaded April 12, 2010.

4. BnF collection number: EO-483 (2)-Pet Fol, Nos. 34 to 36.

5. Courtesy of Thomas Cazentre, Photography Curator of the Nineteenth Century at the French National Library, personal communication 2011.

6. The New York Public Library, Digital Gallery (NYPL).7. NYPL collection number 82653. http://digitalcollec-

tions.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-6425-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99.8. NYPL collection number 82654. http://digitalcollec-

tions.nypl.org/items/510d47d9-6426-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99. See also the Matson Collection, Library of Congress, Washington (LC-USZ62-106226), where it is dated 1870 to 1880 and is described as a view to the east.

9. Note that the schematic section e–f in the Skyring map from 1842 is that of the southern wall; a section for the eastern wall was not drawn.

10. Excavations directed by Dr. Yoav Arbel of the IAA from April to May 2011 (see Arbel 2013).

Works CitedArbel, Yoav2013 Das osmanische Jaffa. In Jaffa: Tor zum Heiligen Land,

edited by M. Peilstöcker, J. Schefzyk, and A. A. Burke, pp. 134–145. Nünnerich-Asmus, Mainz.

Arbel, Yoav, and Lior Rauchberger2011 The Fortified Gate of the Land of Israel. Et-mol 216:16–18

(Hebrew).Aubenas, Sylvie, and Paul-Louis Roubert (editors)2010 Primitifs de la photographie: le calotype en France, 1843–

1860, edited by Bibliothèque nationale de France. Gallimard, Paris.

Duc de Luynes, M. le1874 Voyage d’Exploration à la Mer Morte: à Petra et sur la

Rive Gauche Du Jourdain. Oevre posthume publiee par ses petits-fila sous la direction de M. le Comte de Vogüe. Arthus Bertrand, Paris.

Foliot, Philippe1990 Louis Vignes and Henry Sauvaire, Photographers on the

Expeditions of the Duc de Luynes. History of Photography 14(3):233–250.

Lynch, William Francis1849 Narrative of the United States’ Expedition to the River

Jordan and the Dead Sea. Lea and Blanchard, Philadelphia.Paviot, Alain1980 Le voyage du Duc de Luynes: photographies des Louis

Vignes, 6 mars–13 mai 1980: voyage d’exploration à la Mer morte, à Petra et sur la rive gauche du Jourdain, fevrier-juin 1864. Galerie Octant, Paris.

Perez, Nissan N.1988 Focus East: Early Photography in the Near East (1839–

1885). Abrams, New York and Jerusalem.Shacham, Tzvi2011 Jaffa in Historical Maps (1799–1948). In The History and

Archaeology of Jaffa 1, edited by Martin Peilstöcker and Aaron A. Burke, pp. 137–174. The Jaffa Cultural Heritage Project 1. Monumenta Archaeologica 26, Aaron A. Burke and M. Peilstöcker, eds., Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, Los Angeles.

Taillemite, Etienne1982 Vignes, Louis. In Dictionnaire des marins français.

Editions Maritimes et d’Outre-Mer, Paris.

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