A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/Munkács-Kishegy

Mikhailo Potushniak

The settlement is situated at the southern suburb of the town of Mukachevo, on the way to village Berezinka/Nyírhalom. The site of Mala Hora (Little Hill) is the northern part of a ridge of hills, the edge of the most southern end of the Carpathians spreading as long as 15 km from Mukachevo to village Drisino/ Dercén, where it transforms into the Tisza (Trans-carpathian) Lowland. The 30 m high (above the lowland surrounding it) Mala Hora has got a plain top in the form of an irregular ellipse or a show sole. According to K. Berniakovich its sizes are the following: it is about 1 km long in north-south direction, and 200-300 m wide in east-west direction. From west and east the hill has steep sides. From the north there is a stone-quarry opened probably after the war. At the western foot of the site we find Koropec, a swampy brook that used to be a relatively wide river in the ancient times. To-date the top of the Mala Hora is covered by a forest.

The site was discovered in 1877 and investigated in the following period almost each year until 1913 by T. Lehoczky. He published a series of articles on the excavations inArchaeologiai Értesítő (LEHOCZKY 1895.315, LEHOCZKY 1896.304, LEHOCZKY 1910.159). Some results of his investigations were summarized in his two-volume monograph (LEHOCZKY 1892.104-107, LEHOCZKY 1912.12-13). We find more concrete information on the investigation of the Mala Hora in Lehoczky's field notes (Régészeti jegyzeteim - "My archaeological notes"), where data on the excavations of 1877-1908 can be learned.'

T. Lehoczky considered the settlement of Mala Hora to be Neolithic. German archaeologist P. Reinecke who studied the finds from here defined it as a one belonging to the Linear Pottery ('Band-keramik'). He published some illustrations of the collection (REINECKE 1896.293, Abb. B).

In 1929 in the frames of material and methodo­logical assistance given to the new Lehoczky Museum in Mukachevo by the National Institute of Archaeology in Prague, a Czech archaeologist J. Böhm conducted

1.1 thank I. Kobal' who supplied me with the data from the diary of Lehoczky's excavation on the Mala Hora. Manuscript "My archaeological notes I—IV" is kept in the Archive of the Transcarpathian Museum of Local History under the inventory number 143-145.7356.

excavations together with I. Jankovich. The top of the Mala Hora was covered by a young oak-wood, so the settlement was investigated by test trenches in different sectors. A concentration of pottery was experienced only in one of them in a small pit filled with cultural deposit. The results of the excavations were described in a short report by J. Böhm (BÖHM 1929.).

Böhm considered the settlement on Mala Hora to be a one-level site and after the periodization of F. Tompa put it between the end of the Bükk (I, II, III) Culture and the beginning of the Lengyel (I, II) Culture and dated it to the middle of the 3rd millennium B.C.

In the opinion of J. Böhm the settlement on Mala Hora was not suitable for further scientific investi­gation because of the serious damage of the cultural layer and the secondary forestation of the territory.

According to J. Böhm the old wood was cut out in the time of the discovery of the site and it helped T. Lehoczky to find the site and begin its excavation. However, at the beginning of the 1920s the territory of the site became again covered by a wood.

Small scale test excavations were conducted in 1934 by the Zatlukal brothers. They dated the settlement to the end of the Neolithic and put it to the Tisza Culture of the NE part of the Carpathian basin (i.e. the Upper-Tisza region). The Zatlukal brothers noticed that the pottery of this settlement bears the elements character­istic for a number of other cultures, among them to the Tisza and Baden ones (ZATLUKAL-ZATLUKAL 1937.26-49.)

In 1948 the site was investigated by K. Bernia­kovich in order to define its conditions and the character of the cultural layer. There were 7 test trenches made in different parts of the settlement. On the basis of the archaeological material found here the excavator considered the site to be a one-level settlement and dated it to the transition period between the Late Neolithic and Copper Age without a clear definition of the cultural attribution (BERNIAKOVICH 1952.37-47., BERNIAKOVICH 1966.163-169.). When we studied his finds it came out that he collected material of different periods.

The survived pottery is very fragmentary. Beside the Late Neolithic pottery there are fragments of Late Hallstatt and Mediaeval ceramics which were, for some reason, considered to be Copper Age by the author (BERNIAKOVICH 1966. ris.2.2-3, 3.17-18.).

A Jósa András Múzeum Évkönyve XLI. 1999. 9-36. 9

Mikhailo Potushniak

Test excavations also have been conducted by V. Titov in 1970. We have only a short information on the results of this investigation. According to V. Titov two levels were observed in trench of 40 m2. The upper level belonged to a cremated burial in an urn(?), the lower one included a 6 m long, 3 m wide pit filled with cultural deposit. The cultural attribution of these levels has not been defined by the excavator.

Ceramic material was dated to the end of the Copper or the beginning of the Bronze Age (TITOV

1971.238-239., TITOV 1980.300.). According to the short description of the pottery, the find assemblage of the lower level, from the pit can be probably dated to the Baden Culture. The author did not say anything on the cultural attribution of the cremation grave. Anyway, we have some information according to which the urn was decorated with a corded pattern.

Finally, test excavations at the settlement have been conducted at the beginning of the 1990s by O. Dzembas (archaeological expedition of the Uzhhorod State University). We had an opportunity to study this material. This is a ceramic material belonging to different ages, but not going further than the Neolithic-Aeneolithic periods and is analogous to the ones found in the previous excavations.

To-date in the collection of the Transcarpathian Museum of Local History a small assemblage of archaeological material is stored from the excavations by J. Böhm, J. Jankovich, the Zatlukal brothers and K. Berniakovich. We have data according to which a part of the material was sent by T. Lehoczky to the National Museum in Budapest for an exhibition. A part of the material coming from the investigation by Zatlukal brothers have not been deposited in the museum. V. Titov's finds have been taken to Moscow.

In the previous publications the site was not defined properly from chronological and cultural point of view and was dated to different periods: Late Neolithic or Copper Age. To-date in the archaeological literature the settlement of Mala Hora is considered to be the site of the Tisza Culture.

We have analyzed the whole archaeological collection from the Mala Hora kept in the Transcar­pathian Museum of Local History. Judging from the literature and field reports a relatively interesting archaeological material had been collected at the site including pottery, clay objects and a rich collection of stone industry (obsidian, flint, andesite). However, the material has not been stratified and preserved only fragmentary. On the basis of the technological and typological features this pottery belongs to different ages.

From the previous publications we know that several dwelling and farm features have been

investigated at the settlement. Unfortunately, we miss the drawings from the field reports, and the descriptions are not proper to define the form, function and chronology of the features.

The analysis of the pottery material shows that the settlement is a multilevel site with at least 6-7 cultural-chronological levels. In the frames of the Neolithic -Copper Age 3 cultural-chronological levels can be more or less clearly defined (POTUSHNIAK 1990.42-43.). These levels are the following:

Mala Hora I. The early period of the site belongs to the Middle Neolithic and can be connected to the Painted Pottery Culture (PPC).

Collection of pottery belonging to this period includes about 50 fragments. It differs significantly from the rest of finds from technological and typological point of view. We can separate two technological groups: coarse ware with thick walls and fine pottery with thin walls.

The clay of the pots with thick walls contains organic ingredients, chamot and sand. Outer surfaces are smoothed, but uneven, their color is different: from dark brown to red-gray, polychrome because of the frequent being on a fire. The interior walls of the most fragments have got traces of black smoothing. The core of the fragments is black or ashy, sometimes porous because of the organic ingredients burnt out. The thickness of the walls is uneven, 1-2 cm in average, the thickness of the bottoms reaches 2.5 cm. They are well fired.

Among the forms we can separate fragments of barrel shaped pots with a narrow neck (PI. 1.4) and pots with a widening upper part (PI. 1.3), deep conical bowls (PI. 1.5) and large, thick walled amphora like pots with high, cylindrical neck. One fragment belonged to a basin shaped pan. The latter could be restored: the diameter at the rim was about 44 cm, the diameter of the bottom: 33 cm, height: 8.5 cm. The thickness of the walls increases from the rim to the bottom from 1 to 2 cm (PI. 1.1).

In the ornamentation of the coarse ware we meet mainly notches and finger imprints at the rim. Sometimes there are finger impressions on the relief ribbon under the rim (PI. 1.3). On a pot fragment there is a pattern of deeply incised zigzag lines (PI. 1.4). On the fragments of pots and bowls we find handles of practical and ornamental function. They are massive, conical or square shaped, placed symmetrically, 2 or 4 in the middle part of the body or nearer to the rim.

Thin walled pottery was made of well cleaned clay tempered mainly with small ground chamot, that appears on the exterior and interior reddish surfaces.

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A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/Munkács-Kishegy

The clay includes natural contents of talc. The surface of the majority of the thin walled pots was smoothed and slipped with a thin layer mixed also with chamot. The thoroughly polished surfaces were ornamented by painting. The core of the walls is grayish-ash colored. Most of the pottery was poorly burned, the fragments are fragile. The thickness of the walls is 0.5-0.8 cm, with a thickening at the bottom. There are many fragments the utmost thickness of which is 0.2-0.3 cm.

Judging from the fragments the group of the fine ware is represented by mainly semiglobular vessels. Among them there are pieces with a slightly profiled edge of the rim. On the most widening part of the body we sometimes see applied semi-spherical handles with a vertical hole. Anthropomorphic handles also occur in the shape of a human leg or hand (PI. II.3-5,8,9). The latter have direct analogies in the Zseliz/ Zeliezovce type of the Linear Pottery Culture ceramic from South-West Slovakia (PAVÚK 1960.43-57. tab. XVI.3.).

The second most frequent shape is represented by bowls with oviform profiled walls. There are tulip shaped bowls in the form of a "semi-open" or an "entirely open tulip", the rim shows quadrangular form as seeing from above like pieces that underlines the rhomboidal shape of the neck of the bowl (PI. II. 1, 111.2,26).

There are fragments of an amphora with a narrowing neck and semi-spherical handles applied on the transition between the neck and body (PI. II.2, III.8).

Among different forms fragments of vessels on high, bell shaped pedestals deserve a special attention. Their upper parts probably were bowls or tulip shaped cups (PI. II.7). A number of fragments probably belonged to high, drinking glass shaped vessels or cups with conical walls narrowing toward the bottom (PI. III.3,5,7). We also have a miniature vessel in the collection (PI. XIII. 1) that appears relatively frequently on the settlements of this age.

The majority of the fine ware was decorated by painted ornaments (PI. III. 1-25) and only on one fragment we observed a linear ornament consisting of short incised meandric (PL III.26).

Painted ornament was made on a thoroughly smoothed, brown, cherry red, red, rose and cream colored surface. The ornament was made exclusively with black paint. Unfortunately, the pattern remained only as a negative imprint. It came out that the color of the negative imprint depended on the original surface. That is to say, the original color of the surface had been retained better under the layer of the black

paint flaked off. That leads to the illusion of the polychrome painting. So, the concept that this pottery was ornamented by red, brown and rose paint, as it was stated by the Zatlukal brothers and K. Bernia-kovich (ZATLUKAL-ZATLUKAL 1937.41, BERNIAKOVICH

1966.166-167) proved to be a mistake. A detailed microscope study of painted pottery form Mala Hora and other settlements of the same age has shown that almost the whole of pottery was ornamented by black paint.

The motif of the ornamentation from Mala Hora is rather monotonous. The basis of the ornament is composed by a wide and a narrow band, that make mainly patterns reminding the so called "endless spiral". Wide bands were used at patterns reminding "Y" and "X", vertical and rectilinear. The space between them - depending on the form of the vessel -was filled with ranges of parallel, thin stripes. As a whole this motif is typical for the PPC.

Taking into consideration the higher than 700° Celsius temperature of firing (KOREK 1977.41-42), the painted ornament must had been applied on the surface after the firing, because in the process of firing it must had been burnt out. However, we can not exclude that the paint was "hardened" under a lower temperature.

S. Siska published interesting data considering the chemical ingredients of the paint and the techniques of painting in connection with the material from Kopcany/Kopcsány (East Slovakia). The basis of the black paint was soot mixed with casein. Casein was applied to the surface of the vessel or added into the slip to be better adhered to the surface. The vessels were painted by brush of good quality (SISKA

1989.144). The high percentage of protein in the paint can be explained by the use of casein and not by the use of animal blood, as it was stated by J. Korek (KOREK 1977.49).

There are small clay objects used in the everyday life and cults, found in the Middle Neolithic level of the settlement of Mala Hora. Among them we can mention a pyramidal loom weight with a hole made in its upper, narrow part (PL 1.6). Its connection with this layer is supported by an analogous - in its size and shape - weight in a Middle Neolithic feature 1/82 of settlement Zastavne/Zápszony-Kovadomb I.

Among the finds collected by J. Böhm a hollow clay object in the form of a bird head, shoe or a human leg is of special attention. It could be a part of an anthropomorphic or zoomorphic vessel (PL II.9).

A thin walled, possibly anthropomorphic vessel has three holes situated as angles of a triangle. Inside the triangle we see a reliefreminding a human face with

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Mikhailo Potushniak

eyes, nose and mouth (PL II. 10). It is interesting that relief depictions of human faces on vessels can be relatively frequently found at the settlements of PPC. Among others they are known from the settlement Rivne/Szernye-Kismező (POTUSHNIAK 1985.149, ris.38.3,6.), Rafailovo/Rafajnaújfalu-Kishomok, Holmec/Korláthelmec-Karan, and in Hungary in Son­kád (KOREK 1977. Abb. 17).

No doubt that the pottery group separated from the pottery collection of Mala Hora I (PL 1.1—6, II. 1 -10, III. 1-27) belongs to the Middle Neolithic and -judging from all typological and technological features - can be connected with the PPC. In our scheme of periodizat ion of PPC (POTUSHNIAK 1985.149, POTUSHNIAK 1997.37) the assemblage of finds in question can be compared the best with the Raskovce group of PPC. Chronological position of finds in the middle phase can be defined on the basis of the typological analysis of materials.

For example, basin shaped pans are typical for the coarse ware of the settlement of the early stage of the PPC. In the Transcarpathian region rich collections were collected from the settlements of Rivne-Kisme-ző II, Rafailovo-Kishomok, in Hungary from Son­kád (KOREK 1977. Abb. 20.1-7). Pans were also met on the settlements of the middle and late phases, but in much lesser number (POTUSHNIAK 1997. PL VI.= I. 35,8).

We have hardly any examples of tulip shaped cups and bowls at the settlements of the early stage, they have appeared in the middle phase and spread en masse in the late Diakovo stage of PPC (POTUSHNIAK 1979. 30. ris. 4.2, POTUSHNIAK 1997.36. PL V.7,9-10, VII. 1-2,5,11). We have to keep in mind that vessels with widening rim, especially among wide open bowls were used already at the beginning of the Late Neolithic, in the late period of the Polgár Culture (in the following: PC) (Drisino-Mala Hora II, Zastavne-Kovadomb II, Beregovo/Beregszász-Ardivska hora) and they can be also met in the middle Cicarovce/Csicser-Oborin/ Abara period of the culture, e.g. at the settlement of Cicarovce (VIZDAL 1980. tab. XI. 1, XIII.2, XVIII. 1, XXVIII. 1,LVIIL2).

Finally, the pottery with painted patterns from Mala Hora I (PL III. 1-25) beside its ornamentation pattern has close analogies on the settlements of the middle phase of the culture, e.g. Holmec-Karan, Drisino-Mala Hora I, Drisino-Baloca, Uzhhorod/Ungvár-Dravcy in the Transcarpathian region, Szamossályi, Kisvarsány (KOREK 1977. Abb. 10.1-18, KOREK 1983.3,1-7. ábra) in Hungary, Zemplinske Kopcany/ Hegyi, Michalovce/Nagymihály (SISKA 1989.91-97,135-138, obr. 13,34-37) it the East Slovakian

Lowland in Slovakia. Painted pottery of the settlements of the middle phase noticeably differs from the painted pottery of the late phase of the PPC, because there are no geometric motifs in its ornamentation. This is especially evident if we compare it with painted pottery of the Diakovo phase of the PPC: Diakovo-Man-dicstag, Zastavne-Kovadomb I (POTUSHNIAK 1979. ris. 6.1-10, POTUSHNIAK 1997. PL VIII. 1-19).

According to these data the material from the settlement Mukachevo-Mala Hora I can be well dated to the Raskovce phase of PPC. In this period the material from Mala Hora I was contemporary with the final phase. We suggest that this phase can be synchronized with the middle phase of the Zseliz group (Dvory nad Zitavou/Udvard) of the Linear Pottery Culture. Generally, the Raskovce group was contemporary with the Tiszadob group (SISKA 1989. 135-138) of the Alföld Linear Pottery.

Mala Hora II. The second period of the site belongs to the end of the Late Neolithic and culturally can be connected with the Polgár Culture (PC).

Finds of this age include also about 50 units of pottery material. According to the technological and typological features, the Late Neolithic pottery from Mala Hora II completely differs from that of the Middle Neolithic and the following Baden Culture ones. In our finds the thin walled pottery dominates, half of it was ornamented by incised patterns.

Pottery was made of clay tempered with chamot and sand. A small part of the pottery had exclusively well ground limestone in its clay added. Limestone appears both on the exterior and interior, light red, rough surfaces. In the case of most fragments, both surfaces were thoroughly smoothed, part of them polished and brownish red. The inner part of the decorated vessels, as a rule, was smoothed. The firing of the vessels was of good, but uneven quality: the core of the walls is black and only rarely has the same, red color. The thickness of the walls does not exceed 0.4-1 cm.

Among the forms of the Late Neolithic pottery we can separate the following types: a. small low dishes, b. conical and biconical bowls, c. cups, d. drinking glass shaped vessels, e. high-footed, pedestalled vessels, f. beakers, g. lids, h. miniature vessels.

a. Low dishes are represented by two pieces. The first one has got an ovoid, oblong, a little deformed shape. Its surface is brownish, black polished both in its interior and exterior. Under the rim there must have been 2 or 4 semi-spherical knobs. The restored sizes of the bowl are the following: rim - 14.5x8 cm, bottom - 11.5x5.8 cm, height - 3.5-4 cm. The rim is edged,

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A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/Munkács-Kishegy

the utmost thickness of its wall is 1 cm, that of the bottom-0.5 cm (PI. IV. 1).

The second dish has got an irregular, rectangular, also a little deformed shape. Both the interior and exterior surfaces are of light brown in color with the traces of light smoothing. On the walls, in the middle part of its height, there is a miniature knob, and on the opposite side we see an oblong handle. The upper part of the wall is narrowing and slightly everted. On the cut of the rim there are oblique cuts. The sizes of the dish are the following: rim - 13.5-14x11 cm, bottom - 8.5x5.7 cm, height - 5^4.8 cm. The utmost thickness of the wall and bottom - 1 cm (Pl. IV.3).

b. Among the bowls two variants occur: the one of conical and another one of biconical shape. Judging from the fragments, conical bowls are not deep, they had got arched walls and a pair of handles applied close to the rim (Pl. IV.4). Biconical bowls with a light break of the shoulder have walls inclining in the middle or straight in the upper part, conically narrowing towards the bottom. On the break of the shoulder a pair of oblong handles with two or three vertically perforated holes were applied (PI. IV.2,8).

c. The majority of shapes belongs to the group of the pear shaped cups. Among them two variants can be found. To the first one belong the vessels with bodies strongly widening at the belly with narrowing elongated neck. A partly restored piece have a grayish-reddish brown, engobed, slightly rough exterior surface and black polished interior one. Restored sizes of the vessel are the following: the diameter of the rim - ca. 11 cm, that of the bottom - ca. 5-6 cm, height is ca. 11 cm, the thickness of the walls - 0.5 cm (Pl. IV.5).

The second variant is represented by cups with walls narrowing at shoulders and widening rims, and, as a rule, a spherical body. Some fragmented, restored examples give us an idea of the shape of these vessels which differ mainly in their sizes.

A small, half cup with a smooth, reddish smoothed exterior and black polished interior surface. Limestone and sand temper was added into the clay. The diameter of the rim - 8 cm, that of the bottom - 4.8-5 cm, height -6 .5 cm (Pl. IV.9).

A fragment of a light brown cup with a thoroughly polished plain surface. Reconstructed sizes: diameter of the rim - ca. 9 cm, that of the bottom — 3.7^4 cm, height-9-10 cm (Pl. IV.6).

Fragment of a thin walled cup with a polished red-brown exterior and black polished interior surface andwith sharpened rim (PI. IV. 10).

Restored low cup with a narrowing neck and everted rim with a slightly biconical body breaking closer to the bottom. Its bottom is slightly profiled. Under the

rim and at the largest width of the body there are symmetrically applied half-spherical miniature knobs. The surface of the cup was decorated with incised ornament that can be poorly traced. The decorated surface of the cup seems to be separated into 6 independent panels filled with different rectilinear compositions. Its sizes are the following: diameter of the rim - 10.5-11 cm, that of the bottom - 8 cm, height-9.5 cm (Pl. VI.8).

It seems to us that the majority of ornamented fragments belonged to cups. The ornament consists of thin lines incised before the firing. There are different rectilinear compositions: rhombs, triangles, squares, hatched ribbons drawn into each other (PI. V.3-5,10-11,13-15,18-20, VI.1,5,7,10).

Sometimes we meet an ornament consisting of pa­rallel lines forming a composition reminding a chess table (PI. VI.2). Such an ornament can be met on the pottery form feature 1/86 of the Cicarovce settlement (VIZDAL 1993. obr. 15,3,7).

Rectilinear ornamented compositions sometimes were filled with roundish impressions (PL V. 15, VI.7).

On four fragments we see ornaments with the "Tordos band" in the center: a band composed by two parallel incised lines filled with rows of parallel notches. This band was used for different rectilinear compositions, sometimes it embraced only the neck of the vessel or separated its surface into different ornamented panels (PI. V.12,16, VI.3,9).

Composition with incised ornament also had plastical half-spherical knobs with a deep hollow in the center (Pl. V.l 1) or a tube shaped knob with a hole going through the wall of the vessel (Pl. V.12). At one of the fragments there are four wart shaped knobs in one line. The edge of the rim is decorated with small notches. Under the line of the knob there is a hole in the wall of the vessel (PI. V. 18).

Judging from the fragments - especially that of the cups - in the ornamentation of the vessels the panel system was used. That means that the surface was separated into some (2-4) independent panels filled in a different way. In the ornamentation of the vessels from Mala Hora II we can trace a recurring regularity which was characteristic for other settlements of the Transcarpathian region. Incised ornament is met al­most exclusively at certain forms of vessels: cups and glass shaped vessels. The ornaments from Mala Hora II are typical for the settlements of the Tisza Culture.

d. Drinking glass shaped vessels are represented by only a few fragments. These are high vessels with slightly widening walls. Their form resembles modem flower pots. Under the rim we usually find applied ovoid handles, sometimes with two vertical holes.

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Mikhailo Potushniak

Among the glass shaped vessels we have both ornamented and plain ones. The motif of the ornament is the same as on the cups - different rectilinear compositions keeping the panel system of ornamen­tation (Pl. IV.7, V. 17, VI.4,6).

e. In the collection of the Late Neolithic pottery we have some fragments ofbowls standing on high conical or cylindrical pedestals. There is a significant amount of ground limestone in the clay. Some pieces of it appear on the rough surface of brick-red or brownish color. The interior of the pedestals is gray or black, sometimes even smoothed. Judging from the analogies, the upper part of the vessels was modeled in the shape of a deep or biconical bowl. The average height of the pedestals is 8-12 cm (Pl. V.6-7).

f. A characteristic form of the Late Neolithic vessels is represented by a beaker. We have one piece of a bottom part of a beaker from the excavations by J. Böhm. These were vessels with a wide bottom. Walls are slightly narrowing from the bottom up to the middle of the body and then start to widen towards the neck. The piece from Mala Hora II was made of clay tempered with small ground limestone. The exterior is light red, the interior is black polished. The diameter of the bottom is 14 cm, the height of the remained part is 9 cm, the whole vessel could have been 25-30 cm high (PI. V.l).

Rich collections of partly preserved beakers were found at the settlements of Drisino-Mala Hora II and Zastavne-Kovadomb II. Fragments were met at the settlement Beregovo/Beregszász-Ardivska Hora (PELESHISHIN 1979. ris. 2.6; 3.8). The piece from Mala Hora II is the largest example among the ones found at the mentioned sites.

g. Among the Late Neolithic vessels there were also lids evidenced by a mushroom shaped handle, that probably belonged to a lid (PI. VI. 11).

h. Miniature vessels are represented by two restored pieces. The first one is a bowl like cup of grayish-brown color. Its sizes are the following: the diameter of the rim - 7.5 cm, that of the bottom - 3.3 cm, height- 5.8 cm (Pl. V.2). The second one is a barrow shaped cup with a smoothed brownish surface. Its wall is gray in the middle, there is a significant amount of organic temper. Its sizes are the following: the diameter of the rim - 4.5 cm, that of the bottom - 2.8 cm, height-7.5 cm (Pl. V.9).

A fragment of a female clay statuette also belonged to the Late Neolithic level of the settlement. It was probably found by the Zatlukal brothers. The surface of the statuette is smoothed, reddish brown and is covered by vertical incised lines (PI. VI. 13).

A fragment of a bowl also belonged to an

anthropomorphic vessel. On the exterior side of the bowl a part of plastical human depiction remained. The arms of the human being are bent in elbows and turned upward. The head is accented, but the features of the face were not contoured. The depiction resembles a moving man. The exterior and interior surface of the fragment and that of the figure is of reddish brown color, plain, smoothed. The clay of the vessel was tempered with limestone and chamot (PI. VI.12).

Finally we have to underline that the assemblage from Mala Hora II must be included into the circle of the PC and put to end of its early period that -according to our inner periodization of this culture -corresponds to the end of the Late Neolithic.

The settlement on Mala Hora II conditionally can be synchronized with the material from the settlement of Zemplín/Zemplén in East Slovakia. The latter must have come from the late stage, but because of its one phase character, it is earlier. Here some corrections can be made, because only a selected material from Zemplin was published and we do not get a full picture on the whole assemblage. Besides, the material from Mukachevo-Mala Hora II is represented by not stratified collection. However, it is undoubtable that the material from Zemplin is later than the settlements of the early stage: Zastavne-Kovadomb II and Beregovo-Ardivska Hora. Materials from Mala Hora II chronologically are earlier than the ones from Cicarovce.

The materials from Mala Hora II must be put after settlements of Drisino-Mala Hora II, Zastavne-Ko­vadomb II and Beregovo-Ardivska Hora.

Mala Hora III. The third period of inhabitation of the site can be put to the late Copper Age and connected from ethno-cultural point of view with the Baden Culture (POTUSHNIAK 1972.89).

Collection dated to the Baden time is represented by about 200 units of pottery, some clay objects and stone tools. According to the inventory numbers, the majority of the finds of this time come from the excavations of the Zatlukal brothers. Fragments of medium size ornamented vessels dominate. There is no rough, not decorated coarse ware in the collection.

The majority of ceramics is made of well processed clay. In the clay we find quartz sand, chamot. The surface of the fragments is smoothed, its color is black, grayish-black, brownish-red and dark brown. The interior surface is usually thoroughly smoothed, black or dark brown.

There can be separated a small group of ceramic with exclusively sand in its clay. The vessels of this

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A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/Munkács-Kishegy

group have got a rough exterior surface and slightly smoothed, plain interior one.

Another small group of pottery includes vessels with engobed exterior surface of reddish-yellowish color and with smoothed interior surface. The clay of these vessels is tempered almost exclusively by chamot. The thickness of the engobe is 1-2 mm.

Generally, this ceramics is of good quality, fired in a kiln. Its color is homogeneous from both sides.

The thickness of the walls is 0.4-1.2 cm with a significant thickening at the transition to the bottom and thinning at the widest part of the body.

Judging from the profiles of the fragments the majority of the pottery belonged to amphorae, pear shaped forms of different variants. Among them some had a slightly or strongly spherical body, a high or a low neck, straight or slightly diverging edges of the rims. The body is widening in its middle part or closer to the bottom (Pl. VII.1-2, VIII.2-5,7-8,12-13, IX.2,4,7,9-10,12,16, X.2,5,13, XI.15,17,20, XII.2-3,7,9-10,14-15). At the shoulders or on the widest part of the body the amphora shaped vessels had semi-spherical, loop handles with horizontal hole (PI. VII.6,9, IX.9).

The second group from the point of view of quantity is represented by bowls among which we can separate bowls with ovoid or S-shaped profile, and conical bowls with diverging walls. Several pieces of ovoid bowls have small loop handles attached to the rims, and a clearly profiled bottom (PI. VII.4,7, IX. 1,3,13,15, X.15). It seems to us that the majority of fragments with plain profile belonged to conical bowls.

Among the single forms we can separate small pots with a narrow neck and slightly diverging edges of the rim. Their body is widening about the middle of the height (PI. VIII. 1, IX.6). We can get an idea on their form from a large fragment on the basis of which a whole vessel was restored. The body from the shoulders down to the bottom has got a "plastered" uneven surface of brownish gray color. The interior is black polished. At the shoulders there is a pair of small loop handles with a horizontal hole. Restored sizes are the following: the diameter of the rim - ca. 15 cm, that of the bottom - 5-6 cm, height - ca. 13 cm (PI. VII. 10).

The second type is represented by a simple (restored) pot with a widely open neck, slightly, conically narrowing to the narrow bottom. The sharpening edges of the rim are everted. The bottom is clearly profiled. The exterior is smoothed, light brown, the interior is dark brown. The whole surface of the pot is covered by vertical comb imprints made without a system. There is sand in the clay. The firing

is of good quality. The sizes are the following: the diameter of the rim - 13 cm, that of the bottom - 5 cm, height- 19 cm (PI. XII. 1).

Among other forms a special attention is attracted by a fragment of a probably large, basin like deep bowl. The diameter of its rim is about 25 cm. The rounded edges of the rim are ornamented by densely cut short lines and deeply incised ribbons filled with notches. Its surface is light brown, smoothed (PI. XI. 1).

Some fragments of the collection belonged to a pear shaped scoop (PI. XI. 15, XII.3-4,15).

We have another fragment of a pear shaped vessel with a filter. Its strongly widening body is densely perforated. The fragment is grayish brown from the exterior and in its middle, rough. The rim is slightly thickening, rounded (PI. VII.2).

We have two more interesting fragments of handled vessels. The first one probably belonged to a drinking glass shaped vessel, the edges of its rim were slightly everted. Its massive loop handle was attached under the rim. There could have been a pair of such handles (Pl. VII.8).

The second one belonged to a pear shaped vessel with an anthropomorphic handle the profile of which resembles a hand holding the neck of the vessel with the finger of the hand (PI. VII.5). Such finds are frequent at the settlements of the Baden Culture.

The majority of the Baden ceramics are composed by ornamented fragments. The ornament is incised, it was made by a sharp or obtuse stamp on the rough, smooth surface before the firing.

We can separate some types of the ornamental composition:

a. Nail impressions - patterns impressed by the fingertip, miniature ovoid and rectangular imprints, notches, round imprints made with a stamp. They are placed in 2-3 rows under the rim, embracing the neck. This ornament can be met mainly on the pear shaped pots, independently (PI. VII. 1, IX.4-5,7,10,11,13,16, XI. 17) or combined with another ornament (PI. VIII.1,3,5,8, IX.7, XI.15, XII.3,7,11,12,15). Sometimes nail impressions were put onto the pot in several horizontal rows at the widest part of the vessel (PI. IX. 14) or covered the whole surface of the vessel vertically and horizontally (PI. IX.8). The edges of the rim were also decorated by notches, imprints (PI. VII.7, IX.2,7,13,16, XI.1,20).

b. Vertical combings covering the surface of the vessel without any system, from the rim down to the bottom or only the body (Pl. VIII.7, X.3, XII. 1-2).

c. Parallel, deeply incised lines situated far from each other. They were cut vertically on the surface of the pots (PI. X.7,9,11).

15

Mikhailo Potushniak

d. Web of rhombs, composed by lines crossing each other on the surface of the vessels. This ornament can be met on pots (PI. X. 13,15, XI. 15) and on bowls. In the case of the latter the rhombic net covered the exterior surface of the vessels, and the interior one -by an ornament of deeply incised, even, systematic rhombs drawn into each other- "rhomb pseudo-spiral" (PL IX. 1, XI. 19,21).

e. On one of the fragments there is an ornament composed by thin, parallel incised zigzag lines cut horizontally on the surface. They decorated only the body of the vessel. Lines sometimes connect and sometimes split, drawn in a right angle (PI. X.10,14, 17).

The third variant of this ornament was composed from similar rows of rectilinear patterns, but the rows are divided by dotted lines into rectangular panels that are situated vertically on the ornamented surface. The panels are different, there are narrow and wide ones. The pattern was put on by a sharp stamp. The lines were deeply incised, not always accurately. Zigzag lines were drawn composing a sharp angle with the rim or the bottom. The ornament resembles a parquet pattern (PI. VIII.4,8,13, X.l-2,4,16).

The fourth variant of this ornament can be observed on thin walled fragments of probably bowls. In a similar ornamental rectilinear composition we can trace an empty panel (PI. XII.6) or a panel divided one from another by a hatched ribbon which is bordered by two more thin empty ribbons. Lines are thin, densely, rather accurately cut by a sharp stamp (PI. X.6, XII.6). The surface of the fragments is brownish, smoothed.

f. A triangle is the basis of the next type's ornamental composition. The ornamented panel was divided into separate triangular panels filled with rows of lines parallel to one of the sides of the triangle. Lines, as a rule, were deeply incised by the sharp end of the stamp, but not accurately enough. They covered the whole surface of the vessel. The ornament is placed in a composition which includes impressions, holes and plastical oblong, vertically situated ribs attached to the edge of the rim (PI. VIII.1,3,10-12, X.8, XII.4,7-10). On the thin walled fragments the filled triangle was bordered by an empty, narrow ribbon (Pl. XII.4).

One more variant of this type of ornamental composition has a rectangular rhomb as its basis also filled with rows of lines parallel to one side of the rhomb. The whole surface of the vessel was covered by such rhombs connected with each other. The ornament was cut by a sharp stamp, not very accurately. On two fragments the borders of the rhomb

were accented (PI. VIII. 1, IX.3). On the third one rhombs were formed without the bordering of the form (Pl. XII.3). As a whole the ornament resembled a wicker work.

g. Finally, the last type of the incised ornamental composition had in its basis a filled ribbon made from two parallel lines. Such lines formed on the surface of the vessels rows of horizontal, zigzag figures drawn one into another (PI. XI.3-4,11), and rows of horizontal, vertical or rectilinear ribbons covering the surface (PI. XI. 1,6,12, XII. 17). The space between the rows of ribbons sometimes was combined with roundish stamped impressions (PI. XI.9,10, XII. 11-12,15). Such filled ribbons frequently form different rectilinear compositions (Pl. XI.7, XII. 13). It was noticed that zigzag patterns drawn into each other frequently were formed out of also empty ribbons, and only the space between ribbons, that is to say, the sharp triangle made by the zigzag was hatched (PI. XI.2,3,5,8).

h. In the collection fluted ornament is represented by three fragments of bowls and one fragment of an amphora shaped vessel. The ornament was made with the help of a stamp with a narrow, cut and rounded end. On two fragments of conical bowls small channels crossing each other compose an ornament of a rhomboid net (PI. IX. 1) and of different rectangular figures (Pl. X.12). On the fragment of an S-shaped bowl the ornament was made by a rounded end of a stamp. This is an arched, "soft" flute with other arched flutes growing out of it. The surface is plain, thoroughly smoothed (PI. XI. 18). And on the fourth fragment belonging to an amphora like vessel, the vertically placed row of narrow flutes cover the widening body of the vessel (PI. IX. 12).

Sometimes the incised ornament was combined with plastical applications. It could be for example a miniature rib on the shoulders of a thin walled small vessel (Pl. XII.4) or a rib divided by notches, directly under the rim of a bowl (Pl. IX.4).

The edges of the amphora like vessels and bowls were decorated by plastical, oblong ribs, situated, as a rule, in pairs at the edge of the neck. These ribs merging above the rim frequently were decorated by notches (PI. XII.7-10).

Among the interesting finds also probably connected with the Baden level of the settlement we can mention 3 fragments directly from above the bottom of the widely spread S-shaped bowl. In the interior of the bowl a wavy rib resembling a waving snake was attached. There were several similar decorations, attached to the bottom part of the bowl (PI. XIII.2a-c).

16

A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/Munkács-Kishegy

In the Baden collection of the Mala Hora III we also have 5 spindle-whorls. Two of them are rhomboid in cross-section (PL XIII.3,5), the third one is arch shaped (Pl. XIII.4), and the last two ones are ovoid in section (PL XIII.6,8). The diameter of the first pieces is 5.2-5.5 cm in average, that of the latter is 3.2-3.5 cm.

In the collection there is one more interesting object - a mushroom like solid clay object (PL XIII.9). Such pieces were decorating the loop handles of scoops and the upper part of the bowls divided inside, typical for the Baden culture.

We can put to the Aeneolithic horizon of the settlement of Mala Hora III two stone vessels made out of sandstone. The first one is ovoid, its sizes are the following: 11.8 x 8 cm, height-4.3 cm (PL XIII.9), the second one is almost trapezoid, the sizes: 9.5 x 7.5 cm, height - 3 cm (PL XIII. 10), their function is unclear. They could be used as lucernás or mortars. We have no analogies for these objects.

Finishing the analysis of the find material from Mala Hora III we have to notice that this assemblage generally has no direct analogies among the sites published to-date from the territory of the Transcar-pathian region and the neighbouring areas of East Slovakia, Hungary and Romania.

Materials of the Baden Culture are known in the Transcarpathian region also from 10 more sites (POTUSHNIAK 1996.194 - map) mostly from the stray finds and small scale test excavations at multilevel settlements. Materials are unpublished except for a small collection from Dedovo/Gyedovo (POTUSHNIAK 1996.180-182, ris. 5-6) and partly published materials from the settlements Velyki Lazy/Nagyláz-Stavlinec III (Potushniak 1958.180-203).

The sites of the culture known to-date in the Transcarpathian region obviously belong to different periods. On the basis of the ceramic material some settlements can be dated to the final phase of the Boleráz stage (Dedovo-Hompolog II, Bratovo/Batár-Vovchanskoie/Tiszafarkasfalva) and to the beginning of the middle stage, to the Post-Boleráz time (Pidgorb/ Hegyfark-Beregi/Berehi II), to the classical phase of the middle stage (Velyki Lazy-Stavlinec III, Bere-govo-Bucsa/Bulcsu), to the final stage of the Baden Culture having the features of the Cotofeni Culture (Osii-Csishanik). Here we have to remind that the imports of the early phases of the Boleráz stage are also observed in the assemblage of the Lazniany stage of the Polgár Culture, for example, at the settlement of Heiivcy/Gejőc-Egri Dinnyés III.

Among these settlements, the material of the Mala Hora III, according to all its technological and

typological features, must belong to the final phase of the middle stage of the Baden Culture. In the ceramic material of the site, in the forms of the vessels and the elements of ornamentation there are features that after a time appear in the materials of the Post-Baden cultures. We can not exclude that the Baden settlement at the Mala Hora near Mukachevo could exist during the end of the middle and beginning of the late stage of the Baden Culture.

Beside the ceramic material, a rich collection of stone tools was gathered at Mala Hora. These are mainly obsidian, andesite-basalt and flint tools. A significant collection of polished stone axes is to be mentioned. Unfortunately, the attribution of the stone tools to certain horizons of the settlement can be determined only conditionally because of the unstratified character of the material. However, judging from the analogies it seems to us that the majority of the chipped obsidian, flint and andesite-basalt tools could be connected with the Middle and Late Neolithic layers of the settlement. For example, at the Middle Neolithic PPC settlements of the Transcarpathian region, obsidian objects make almost 80 percents of the chipped products. The rich collection of chipped objects makes it necessary to publish them separately.

Let us shortly discuss the polished stone tools from Mala Hora. Axes were made out of andesite-basalt, tuffite and sandstone. There are about 50 pieces of such tools. Their ethno-cultural definition is conditional. On the basis of analogies two axes -hammers with a pierced hole (PI. XV. 10-11)- perhaps also could be connected with the Baden level of the settlement. Some small trapezoid axes and a chisel (PL XIV.5-11, XV.4-9) which are frequently met at the Middle Neolithic PPC settlements, are observed also at the settlements of the early period of the Pol­gár Culture. For example, large collections of trape­zoid axes come from the settlement of Beregovo-Ardivska Hora. A small, plain sandstone ax sharpened from both ends (PL XV. 1) can be dated to the Late Neolithic. Such rectangular spherical ax-wedges (PL XIV. 1-2) were observed at the Late Neolithic settlements of Zastavne-Kovadomb II and Beregovo-Ardivska Hora. So, the majority of the collection of the polished stone axes can be connected with the Middle and Late Neolithic horizons of the settlement.

Finally, we shortly deal with other cultural-chronological layers observed at Mala Hora.

According to T. Lehoczky's data he found at Mala Hora a group consisting of 9 barrow graves situated in a row directed from the north to the south along the ridge of the hill. The sizes of the barrows are the

17

Mikhailo Potushniak

following: diameter - 18-25 m, height - 1.5-2 m. One of them was investigated by T. Lehoczky in 1893. Under the barrow fragments of pottery and several obsidian blades had been found.

A topographic map sketch of Mala Hora made by the Zatlukal brothers has been preserved. On this map barrows were placed at the southwestern part of the site. In the 1930s barrows have been investigated by J. Jankovich and the Zatlukal brothers, and in 1946 two barrows were excavated by A. Pastor. According to the oral information of the latter they proved to be cenotaphs.

Judging from the situation of the barrows, the character of the finds of this kurgan group can be put to the East Slovakian Barrow Culture. The ethno-cultural attribution of the barrows must have been supported by a vessel with cord ornament mentioned above. K. Berniakovich dated the barrow cemetery of Mala Hora to the Early Iron Age referring to the reports by J. Böhm and A. Pastor.

According to T. Lehoczky the top of Mala Hora was fortified by mounds and ditches. Two rows of mounds with ditches were traced by him at the eastern part of the site and one row from the southern side of the site. Only the steep sides of the hill remained

Reference

BERNIAKOVICH 1952. K.B. Бернякович: Археологические исследо­вания в З а к а р п а т ь е в 1948-1949 гг. In: Научные записки Ужгородского Государст­венного Университета 6. Историко-фило­логическая серия. Ужгород 1952.37-56., табл. 1-Й.

BERNIAKOVICH 1966.

К.В. Бернякович: Енеолггичне поселения на М а л ш Topi бшя м. Мукачеве . [Энеоли-тическое поселение на Малой Горе близ г. Мукачево.] Apxeonozin 20.1966.163-170.

BÖHM 1929. Böhm, J.: Sidliste na Male Hofe u Mukaceva. Manuscript (3.5 typed pages and a table of illustrations). Field report in the Prague Archaeo­logical Archive 1929.

KOREK 1977.

József Korek: Die frühe und mittlere Phase des Neolithikums auf dem Theissrücken. AAH 29. 1977.3-52.

KOREK 1983. Korek József: Adatok a Tiszahát neolitikumához. [Beiträge zum Neolithikum auf dem Theissrücken.] NyJAMÉ 18-20.1975-1977. (1983) 8-60.

unfortified. The mounds were up to 18 m wide and 1-1.5 m high, the ditches were 8-10 wide and 6-8 m deep. According to T. Lehoczky the plateau surround­ed by mounds and ditches occupied a territory of about 18 hectares.

In his report J. Böhm wrote that during the detailed study of the top of the hill he did not find any traces of fortification, and it was only an illusion created by the natural, uneven relief of the landscape and the strong erosion of the soil - the consequence of deforestation preceding the T. Lehoczky's activities at Mala Hora.

As far as we know, the last investigator of the site did not find any traces of a fortification either. However, it is noticeable that Hallstatt pottery of the 11-10th cent. B.C. was found at Mala Hora that can refer to the existence of a Hallstatt horizon here and possibly that of a Hallstatt fortified settlement. Traces of the fortifications could be observed in the time of Lehoczky, but after a time they were leveled. A similar situation can be observed at other Transcarpathian fortified settlements.

The finds of Mediaeval pottery on Mala Hora refer to the existence of also a Mediaeval settlement level.

Translated by Valéria Kulcsár

LEHOCZKY 1892.

Lehoczky Tivadar: Adatok hazánk archaeolo-giájához különös tekintettel Beregmegyére és kör­nyékére I. Kárpát Könyvnyomda és Kiadóüzlet, Munkács 1892.

LEHOCZKY 1895.

Lehoczky Tivadar: Ásatások a munkácsi Kishe­gyen. ^ É 15.1895.315-317.

LEHOCZKY 1896.

Lehoczky Tivadar: Beregmegyei régiségek. AÉ 16.1896.304-310.

LEHOCZKY 1910.

Lehoczky Tivadar: Kőkorszaki leletek Beregme-gyében.^30.1910.154-164.

LEHOCZKY 1912. Lehoczky Tivadar: Adatok hazánk archaeolo-giájához különös tekintettel Beregmegyére és kör­nyékére II. Kárpát Könyvnyomda és Kiadóüzlet, Munkács 1912.

PAVÚK1960 .

Juraj Pavúk: Zeliezovsky typ. [Die Zeliezovce-Typus.] In: Slovensko v mladsej dobé kamennej. [Die Slowakei in der jüngeren Steinzeit.] Red. Anton Tocik. Vydavatel'srvo Slovenskej Akademie Vied, Bratislava 1960.43-56., 250-251.

PELESHISHIN 1979.

M. А. Пелешишин: Енеолггичне поселения

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A multilevel settlement on Mala Hora at Mukachevo/Munkács-Kishegy

поблизу м. Берегове на Закарпатп. [Енео-литическое поселение у г. Берегово на Закарпатье.] Apxeonozin 29.1979.83-94.

POTUSHNIAK 1958. Ф. M. Потушняк: Неолгтична стоянка Пщ-ставлшець (бшя с. Велию Лази). Науков1 записки Ужгородського Державного Уш-верситету 36. Ужгород 1958.180-203.

POTUSHNIAK 1972. M. Ф. Потушняк: Питания хронологи та культурно!' належност1 пам'яток неол1ту та енеолпу Закарпаття. In: Дослщження старо-давньо!' icTopiï Закарпаття. Ужгород 1972. 76-95.

POTUSHNIAK 1979. M. Ф. Потушняк: Неолгтичне поселения Дякове I на Закарпатп. [Неолитическое поселение Дьяково I в Закарпатье.] Архео-лог!я 30.1979.57-74.

POTUSHNIAK 1985. M. Ф. Потушняк: Неолит Закарпатья: культуры Криш и расписной керамики. Полгарская и баденская культуры Закар­патья. Археология Украинской ССР т. 1. „Наукова думка", KHÏB 1985.139-150, 291-305.

POTUSHNIAK 1990.

M. Ф. Потушняк: Культурно-хронолопчне Miene багатошарового поселения на Малш Topi бшя Мукачево. In: Тези народознавчо'1 науково-практично!' конференцн, присвя-чино*1 160-р1ччю вщ дня народження Тиво-дара Легоцького, 26-27 жовтня 1990 року. Мукачево 1990.42-44.

POTUSHNIAK 1996. M. Потушняк: Енеолгтичний виробничий комплекс бшя села Дщово в Закарпатп. In: Науковий зб1рник Закарпатського краез-навчого музею. Вип. И. Ужгород 1996.175-194.

POTUSHNIAK 1997. Mikhailo Potushniak: Some results of research on the Middle Neolithic layer from a multilevel settlement near the village of Zastavne/Zápszony-Kovadomb in the Carpathian Ukraine. [Adatok a Zasztavne/Zápszony-kovadombi többrétegű telep középső neolit rétegének kutatásához.] NyJAMÉ 37-38.1995-1996. (1997) 35-50.

REINECKE 1896. Reinecke Pál: A neolithkori szalagdíszű keramika magyarországi csoportja. AÉ 16.1896.289-294.

SISKA 1989. Stanislav Siska: Kultúra s vychodnov linearnov keramikov na Slovensku. „Veda", Bratislava 1989.

TITOV 1971. В. С. Титов: Итоги работ Закарпатской археологической экспедиции. АО 1970. года. 1971.237-239.

TITOV 1980. В. С. Титов: Поздний неолит. In: Археология Венгрии. „Наука", Москва 1980.327-417.

VlZDAL 1980. Jaroslav Vizdal: Potiská kultúra na Vychodnom Slovensku. [Резюме. Zusammenfassung. SiuTimary.] Vychodos lóvénké vydavatel'stvo, Kosice 1980.

VIZDAL 1993. Marian Vizdal: Prispevok k osidleniu Vychodo-slovenskej niziny v dobé potiskej kultúry. [Beitrag zur Besiedlung der Ostslowakischen Ebene in der Periode der Theiß-Kultur.] AR 45.1.1993.26-55.

ZATLUKAL-ZATLUKAL 1937. Zatlukal Jenő-Zatlukal Elemér: Adatok Podkar-patszka Rusz praehistoriájához. [Doklady k dëjinam pravëku Podkarpatské Rusi.] Nekudah Könyvnyomda, Mukacevo 1937.

Mikhailo POTUSHNIAK Uzhhorod Group, Archaeological Department of the I. Krip'iakevich Institute of Ukrainian Studies National Academy of Sciences of the Ukraine 294000 Ukraine, Uzhhorod, vul. Zagorska 30.

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Többrétegű telep Mukacsevo/Munkács-Kishegyen

A lelőhelyet Lehoczky Tivadar fedezte fel 1877-ben és kisebb megszakításokkal 1913-ig kutatta. Az 1930-as években J. Böhm, Jankovich J. és a Zatlukal testvérek végeztek feltárásokat a Kishegyen. 1948-ban K. Bemjakovics szondázó ásatást folytatott, 1970-ben V. Tyitov, a 90-es évek elején pedig O. Dzembasz folytatott itt ásatásokat.

A lelőhelyet a neolitikumra és a rézkorra keltezték és a régészeti szakirodalomba a Tiszai kultúra telepe­ként vonult be.

A Kishegyen folytatott ásatások kizárólag szondá­zó jellegűek voltak. Az anyagot nem választották szét rétegenként. Az ásatási dokumentáció hiányos, a le­letanyag egy része elveszett. Napjainkban az uzsgorodi Kárpátaljai Honismereti Múzeumban kb. 300 kerá­miatöredéket őriznek, valamint viszonylag gazdag kőeszköz-gyűjteményt, amelyben obszidián-, kova-, andezittárgyak találhatók, valamint néhány tucat csi­szolt kőbalta.

Tanulmányomban feldolgoztam a múzeumban őr­zött teljes kishegyi anyagot. Kiderült, hogy a Kishe­gyen lévő lelőhely többrétegű telep - hat kulturális­kronológiai rétegződéssel (POTUSHNIAK 1990.42-44.). A kerámia elemzése alapján különálló kulturális-kro­nológiai periódusokat választottam szét.

Kishegy I. A leletanyagból jól kiválasztható tech­nológiai és tipológiai jellege alapján a középső neoli­tikum kerámiája, amely a Festett Kerámia Kultúrájá­nak felel meg (FKK). A kerámiaformák között elkü­lönül a serpenyő, az egyszerű és a hordó alakú fazék, a félgömbös csésze, a tulipán alakú tál, a magas cső­talpas edény töredékei. Ugyanide tartozik a fekete fes­téssel díszített kerámia kis csoportja (I. tábla 1-6., II. tábla 1-10., III. tábla 1-27.).

A szóban forgó kerámiaegyüttes minden tipológiai jellege alapján az FKK középső, Raskovce fázisához tartozik, amelyen belül a végső fejlődési fázis jeleit hordozza.

Kishegy II. A lelőhely betelepítésének második pe­riódusa a késő neolitikum végéhez tartozik és etnokul-turális szempontból a Polgári kultúrához (a további­akban PK) kapcsolható. A kerámiát kisebb tálak-ser­penyők, csészék, poharak, csőtalpas edények, kupák, fedők, miniatűr edénykék töredékei képviselik. A dí­szítésben jellemzőek a bekarcolt ferde vonalas kom­pozíciók, az ún. Tiszai stílusban készített minták. Úgy tűnik, hogy kizárólag a csészéket és poharakat díszí­tették. A késő neolitikus anyaghoz tartozik még egy

női idol töredéke, egy antropomorf ábrázolás az egyik edény oldalán (IV. tábla 1-12., V. tábla 1-20., VI. tábla 1-13.).

Áttérve a Kishegy II. leletanyag kronológiájának kérdésére, meg kell jegyeznünk, hogy a késő neolit leletanyagot szelektált, rétegekre nem bontott anyag képviseli, ami nehezíti a telep szóban forgó horizont­jának pontosabb datálását. Egészében az adott együt­tes a késő neolit végére keltezhető. Ide kapcsoljuk még a kelet-szlovákiai Zemplín/Zemplén telep anyagát, amely kronológiailag megelőzi a Cicarovce/Csicser A telep (1/86. objektum) anyagait. A Kárpátalján is­mert késő neolit lelőhelyek között a Kishegy II. leletegyüttese a Driszino-Kishegy II., Zasztavne/ Zápszony-Kova domb II, Beregovo/Beregszász-Ardivszka hóra utáni kronológiai fázisban helyezke­dik el.

Kishegy III A lelőhely betelepítésének harmadik periódusa a késő rézkorra tehető, és etnokulturálisan a Badeni kultúrához kapcsolható.

A Badeni leletanyag 200 kerámiaegységből, vala­mint gazdasági rendeltetésű agyag- és kőtárgyból áll. A kerámia jól iszapolt agyagból készült, amelyet kvarchomokkal és samottal soványítottak. Felülete si­mított, fekete, barna, barnásvörös. Jól égetett.

A formák között megkülönböztethetők az amfora és a körte alakú edények. Előfordul egy-egy töredék a következő típusokból: kónikus és medence alakú tá­lak, egyszerű fazekak, ovális testű fazekak, amelyek vállban szűkülnek és peremük ívesen kihajlik, mericék és egyenes falú poharak (VII. tábla 2.,5.,7-8.,10., VIII. tábla l.,3-4.,7., XI. tábla l.,4.,17., XII. tábla l.,3.,15.).

Többségben vannak a bekarcolt díszítésű töredé­kek. Több típusú díszítést különböztethetünk meg a kompozíción belül egy sor variánssal (a-h. típus), a. típus: VII. tábla l.,3-4., VIII. tábla l.,3.,5.,8., IX: tábla 4-5.,7-ll.,13-14.,16., XI. tábla 17.,20., b. tí­pus: VIII. tábla 6-7., X. tábla 3., XII. tábla 1-2., c. típus: X. tábla 7.,9.,11., d. típus: X. tábla 13., 15., e. típus: VIII. tábla4.,13.,X. tábla l-2.,4-6.,10.,14.,17., XI. tábla 14., XII. tábla 6 , 1 6 , / típus: VIII. tábla 1-3.,10-12., IX. tábla 3., X. tábla 8., 16., XII. tábla 3 -4.,7-10., g. típus: XI. tábla 1-13., XII. tábla 12-13.,15-17., h. típus: IX. tábla l.,12., X. tábla 12., XI. tábla 18-19,21.

Egyes esetekben a bekarcolt díszítést különböző plasztikus díszítésekkel egészítették ki, gyakrabban

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pedig az edény pereme alatt elhelyezett rövid plaszti­kus bordapárral (IX. tábla 4-13., XI. tábla 16., XII. tábla 4.,7-10.).

A rézkori horizonthoz tartozik 5 orsógomb (XIII. tábla 3-6.,8.), valamint 2 kő mozsáredény vagy mé­cses (XIII. tábla 9., 10.).

A Kishegy III. leletanyagát a Badeni kultúra kö­zépső, fejlett szakaszához soroljuk. Egyben nem zár­hatjuk ki, hogy a telep a Badeni kultúra középső fázi­sának végén - késői fázisának az elején is létezett.

A telepen gazdag kőeszköz (obszidián, kova és an­dezit) anyagot sikerült összegyűjteni, kb. 50 csiszolt kőbaltát, amelyek külön publikációt érdemelnek (XIV. tábla 1-12., XV. tábla 1-11.).

Röviden emlékezzünk meg a Kishegyen megfigyelt egyéb kultúrrétegekről!

A lelőhely DNy-i részén található egy kilenc kur-gánból álló csoport. Ezek egy részét különböző évek­ben kutatták. A halomsírok topográfiájából, elhelyez­kedéséből és leleteiből ítélve a kelet-szlovákiai kurgá-nok kultúrájához sorolhatjuk őket (Kishegy IV.).

Lehoczky T. adatai szerint a Kishegy csúcsát sán­cokkal és árkokkal erődítették meg. A hegynek csak a meredek oldalai maradtak erődítés nélkül. A földvár mintegy 18 ha-on terült el. Ugyanakkor J. Böhm cá­folta a védművek létét. Az erődítés nyomait a lelőhe­lyen folyt utóbbi kutatások nem igazolták. Ugyanak­kor figyelemre méltó a K. Bernjakovics által a tele­pen talált X-IX. századi kerámia (amelyet tévesen réz­korinak tartottak), amely Hallstatt horizont és talán földvár létezésére utal (Kishegy V.).

A Zatlukal fivérek és K. Bernjakovics által össze­gyűjtött leletek között szerepel még IX-XIII. századi kerámia is, amely egy középkori horizont meglétére utal a Kishegyen (Kishegy VI.).

Kulcsár Valéria fordítása

Михайло ПОТУШНЯК 1нститут украшознавства ÍM. I. Крип'якевича' HAH Украши Ужгородська група вщцшу археологи 294000 Украша Закарпатська обл. м. Ужгород вул. Загорська 30.

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