A biodiversidade e os ecossistemas terrestres

111
Aboboreira património, natureza e paisagem vol. I

Transcript of A biodiversidade e os ecossistemas terrestres

Aboboreirapatrimónio,natureza epaisagem

vol. I

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É com um sentimento de dever cumprido que a AMBT – Associação de Municípios do Baixo Tâmega apresenta o Es-

tudo “Património Natural e Cultural como Fator de Desenvolvi mento e Competitiv idade do Baixo Tâmega”, que

significa o culminar de um processo iniciado em meados de 2009 e o iniciar de todo um projeto sustentável orientado

para todo este espaço territorial.

Acima de Tudo, é o resultado de um processo multidisciplinar que envolveu mais de 50 investigadores, da oscultação

dos agentes da nossa região, quer públicos, quer privados, de uma investigação atenta, aprofundada e minuciosa, mas

ACIMA DE TUDO, um documento estratégico que conduzirá à preservação da nossa identidade natural e cultural.

Não existia até à data na Serra da Aboboreira um documento científico pormenorizado, que reconhece, enquanto ele-

mento fulcral da identidade de um território, o património natural e cultural, assumindo-se atualmente como fator de

distinção, assumindo a sua preservação e valorização como um paradigma central das estratégias de desenvolvimento

do território e de incremento da sua competitividade.

Este não é mais um “Estudo”, Acima de Tudo este projeto já se visualiza e materializa em muitas áreas tais como: o

Portal dedicado unicamente à Serra da Aboboreira, os três percursos pedestres definidos com mais de 40 km´s homo-

logados e o início do processo classificação de Paisagem Regional Protegida.

Acima de Tudo, representa o trabalho e o empenho de três municípios, Amarante, Baião e Marco de Canaveses, que

pretendem dirigir os seus destinos de uma forma harmoniosa, sustentável e que promova a melhoria das condições de

atratividade e de vida dos seus cidadãos.

O sucesso deste estudo garante que o Baixo Tâmega percebe e antecipa os obstáculos que o futuro lhe reserva, pro-

curando trabalhar em conjunto e em sintonia.

Acima de Tudo, e pela primeira vez, os Municípios que agregam a Serra da Aboboreira convergem num propósito

único…

A Salvaguarda, Preservação e Valorização do Património Natural e Cultural da Serra da Aboboreira

Como Presidente da Associação de Municípios do Baixo Tâmega, é com muito gosto que disponibilizamos este instru-

mento de trabalho de uma região que merece ser conhecida e desfrutada por todos nós.

O Presidente do Conselho Diretivo da Associação de Municípios do Baixo Tâmega | Dr. Armindo José da Cunha Abreu

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2.O património natural e os recursos naturaisJ. P. Honrado (Coord.)

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2.1. A geodiversidade e o património geológico A. Lima, B. Moreira

2.1.1 Geologia e geodiversidade

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Fig. 2.1 - Exemoplo de paisagem granítica dominante na região (Serra da Aboboreira)

2.1.2 Principais valores da geodiversidade

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Fig. 2.4 - Tors no topo da Serra do Castelo.

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Fig. 2.6 - Erosão diferencial positiva dos feldspatos num bloco granítico.

Fig. 2.5 - Pias em “sillón” nas serras graníticas do território.

Fig. 2.7 - Pseudo-extratificação dos granitos devido ao fluxo magmático

Fig. 2.8 - “Pedreira de empréstimo” nas serras graníticas do território.

Fig. 2.9 - Filões na rocha granítica.

2.1.3 Património geomineiro e paleontológico

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2.1.4 Valoração do património geológico regional

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2.1.5 Conservação e valorização da geodiversidade

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Figura GEO-11. Valor do património geológico nas serras graníticas e áreas vizinhas da Serra do Marão.

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2.2. A biodiversidade e os ecossistemas terrestres P. Alves, C. Vieira, H. Hespanhol, C. Soares, J. Marques, J. M. Grosso-Silva, G. Santos, D. Gonçalves, J. Gonçalves, J. P. Honrado

2.2.1 Biodiversidade, ecossistemas e paisagem

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2.2.3 Os ecossistemas do Baixo Tâmega e a sua biodiversidade

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Fig. 2.13 - Valor bio-ecológico total na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.14 - Os carvalhais em solos de vale, pouco comuns no Baixo Tâmega devido ao uso agrícola destes espaços, proporcionam habitat a uma grande diversidade de flora e fauna.

Fig. 2.15 - O azevinho é um elemento por vezes abundante no sub-bosque dos carvalhais antigos, como é o caso da Mata da Reixela.

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Fig. 2.16 - Cogumelo-ostra (Pleurotus ostreatus), um macrofungo presente nas florestas de caducifólias na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.17 - Lobaria pulmonaria, um líquene presente nos carvalhais na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.18 - Comunidades arvenses típicas dos agroecossistemas na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.19 - Campos lavrados e cultivados típicos na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.20 - Bryum capillare, um musgo presente nos muros das áreas agrícolas na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.21 - Paisagem agro-florestal na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

Fig. 2.22 - Raspa-pernas (Picris echioides), uma planta comum nos mosaicos agro-florestais do Baixo Tâmega

Fig. 2.23 - Scrophularia herminii, uma planta endémica presente nos mosaicos agro-florestais na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.24 - Grimmia pulvinata, um musgo presente nos substratos rochosos dos mosaicos agro-florestais na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.27 - Codesso (Adenocarpus lainzii), um arbusto comum em giestais e outros matagais na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

Fig. 2.28 - Tojos (Ulex europaeus subsp. latebracteatus, Ulex minor e Genista triacanthos) nos matagais, matos e ambientes rochosos na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

Fig. 2.30 - Lameirinha (Erica ciliaris), uma planta indicadora de um habitat prioritário para conservação na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

Fig. 2.29 - Centaurea herminii subsp. lusitanica, uma planta com interesse para conservação, presente em matagais, matos e ambientes rochosos no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.31 - Sedum pruinatum, uma planta dos ambientes rochosos na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.32 - Cladonia pyxidata, uma espécie de líquene presente nos solos de matos na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.33 - Os espaços não impermeabilizados das aldeias, ricos em água e nutrientes, são colonizados por uma vegetação herbácea por vezes exuberante.

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Fig. 2.34 - Agaricus macrosporus, uma espécie de macrofungo que se pode encontrar nas áreas artificializadas (jardins, prados, lameiros, beiras de caminhos, taludes) na área estudada no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.41 - Campos de cultivo com espécies arbóreo-arbustivas em bordadura.

Fig. 2.42 - As medas são elementos habituais, com grande valor cultural e estético, nas paisagens agrícolas tradicionais do Baixo Tâmega.

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2.4. A floresta e a paisagem florestal

J. Bento, P. Ferreira, M. Magalhães, L. Roxo

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Tabela 2.2. Área florestal e de incultos na serra da Aboboreira e área envolvente no Baixo Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.45 - Composição dos espaços florestais na serra da Aboboreira e área envolvente na região do Baixo Tâmega (ano 2005).

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Fig. 2.48 - Abundância e diversidade das áreas de incultos nos espaços serranos do Baixo-Tâmega.

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Fig. 2.49 - Valoração dos espaços florestais no Baixo-Tâmega

2.4.2 Zonagem de valor dos espaços florestais

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2.4.3 Evolução do espaço florestal nas serras graníticas

Tabela 2.3 - Usos do solo em 1958 e 2006.

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2.5. Os recursos hídricos e os ecossistemas fluviais

C. Vieira, N. Formigo, J. Espinha, J. Gonçalves

2.5.1 Hidrologia, recursos hídricos e serviços de ecossistema

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Tabela 2.6 - Caracterização das unidades hidrogeológicas da região das Serras do Baixo Tâmega (n.a. não aplicável).

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Fig. 2.54 - Fonte em S. João de Ovil (Serra da Aboboreira).

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2.5.2 Valoração dos recursos hidrogeológicos e dos serviços associados

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Fig. 2.55. Valoração das unidades hidrogeológicas para a prestação de serviços nos concelhos de Amarante, Baião e Marco de Canaveses

2.5.3 Os ecossistemas fluviais: diversidade e bens e serviços associados

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Fig. 2.56 - Zonagem da infiltração potencial da água no solo segundo o Índice de Infultração (representado com quatro classes, ordenadas segundo a capacidade de provisão de serviços de ecossistema)

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Fig. 2.57 - Património natural de grande valor paisagístico e ecológico, com forte representação histórico-cultural, associado aos ecossistemas fluviais.

Fig. 2.58 - Características biofísicas e aspectos da biodiversidades dos cursos de água estudados.

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Fig. 2.61 - Valoração total dos troços fluviais para a conservação dos valores do Património Natural (à esquerda) e para a prestação de serviços ecossistémicos (à direita), na Serra da Aboboreira e áreas envolventes.

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2.6.2 A qualidade da paisagem das serras da Aboboreira, do Castelo e do Marão

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2.6. A qualidade estética da paisagem do Baixo Tâmega P. Farinha-Marques

2.6.1 Introdução

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Fig. 2.62 - Unidades de elevada e muito elevada qualidade estética de paisagem nos concelhos de Amarante, Baião e Marco de Canaveses.

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2.6.3 Avaliação da paisagem e identificação de percursos de elevada qualidade estética

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