Index

AAcalypha indica, 709Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), 94, 264Activated carbon (AC)

adsorption, 1149, 1150classification, 1147, 1148definition, 1141discovery, 1140industrial production, 1141production and activation, 1143, 1146, 1147properties, 1141, 1143, 1149, 1150sources of, 1142, 1144, 1145

Active packaging, 755, 1289, 1292–1293Acute wounds, 691Additive manufacturing, 527Adhesives, graphene, 490–492Adsorption, 1363Adulterants/toxicants

biosensing, 789carbon nanofibers, 791definition, 788nanoproducts, 790nanosensor, 789planning and delivering food, 792types, 789ultrathin nanofibers, 791

Adulteration, 754Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), 1107,

1411, 1415, 1417–1419, 1426, 1428Agriculture nanotechnology

feature, 719nanocarriers, 723nano fertilizers, 723nanoproducts, 725, 726sensors, 724

Agri-nanoproducts, 1112Agro-nanomaterials, 1213Agro-nanotechnology, 1207Airborne Nanoparticle Filtration, 150

Air pollution, 1308, 1446, 1447Air quality monitoring, 1130–1133Air remediation, 1108, 1109Alginate(s), 340, 442Alkaline fuel cells (AFC), 366Allantoin, 969Alpha-hydroxy acid (AHA), 972Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), 1483, 1490Alumina, 89

silicates, 84Aluminium, 883–884, 889, 1206

cans, 884foil, 884matrix, 455

Aluminum oxide nanoparticles(Al2O3NPs), 817

Alzheimer’s disease model of Caenorhabditiselegans, 683

Amino (NH2), 1207Ammonia (NH3) gas, 1130Ammonium glycyrrhizinate-loaded ultra

deformable liposomes, 969Amylopectin, 893Amylose, 893Analytical hierarchy process (AHP), 1161Angiosarcoma, 883Animal resources (AR), 340Antiaging creams, 1086Antiaging nanocosmetics, 969Anti-aging products, see Nanobiotechnology-

based antiaging productsAntibacterial properties, nanosilver, 579–580Anti-corrosion coating system, 491Antifungal properties, nanosilver, 580Anti-inflammatory properties, nanosilver, 581Anti-microbial nanomaterials, 1421Antimicrobial property, 893Antioxidant, 1474, 1475, 1477–1483,

1486–1491

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022S. Mallakpour, C. M. Hussain, Handbook of Consumer Nanoproducts,https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8698-6

1515

Antiperspirants, 1088Antiviral properties, nanosilver, 580–581Anti-wrinkling finishing, 919

AgNPs, 920–921chitosan nanoparticles, 922CNTs, 921SiO2 nanoparticles, 922–923TiO2 nanoparticles, 918–920ZnO nanoparticles, 921–922

Apolipoprotein E4, 681Aquatic ecosystem, NPs on, 1261–1264Aquatic nano toxicity, 1267Argentum, 1224Aros, 494Arsenic, 21, 31, 420, 430–431, 1356

contamination, 1356exposure, 1357health effects due to exposure, 1360–1362nanostructured materials for the removal of,

1368–1372occurrence and environmental mobility of,

1358–1360removal from water, 1362–1363stable and non-radioactive isotopes of, 1360

Arsenic groundwater contamination, 1248Arsenic groundwater remediation, and scientific

vision, 1423–1426Arsenicosis, 1361Arsenic risk mapping, 1424Arsenic trioxide, 1360Asahi Kasei Group, 327–329Ascorbic acid, 1483Association of Southeast Asian Nations

(ASEAN), 1398Astaxanthin, 1082, 1490Atomic force microscope (AFM), 658, 661,

662, 665–667, 669Attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR,

648–650, 668–669Attritor milling, 93Au/Ag core-shell nanoparticles, 569Au NP-poly(para-phenyleneethynylene), 569Azobenzene derivative, 623

BBackscattering, 662Bacteria, 1346–1348, 1350, 1352Bacterial cellulose, 245, 247Ball milling, 87Ball to Powder Weight Ratio (BPR), 89Basic carbonate of zinc (BCZ), 1068BaTiO3-filled composites, 169

Battery, 493, 494, 1116Battery-powered vehicles, 3613,3',4,4'-Benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid

(BPTCA), 916Bimetallic NPs, 555Bioactive agent-loaded liposomes, 565Bioavailability of nutrients, 770Bio-barcode method, 626–627Bio-based nanoformulation, 1227Bio-based nanoproducts

antimicrobials, 381fertilizers, 382food packaging, 381pesticides, 383

Bio-based polyester (BE), 301Bio-based polymers, 252, 1203Biocompatibility, 338, 341–343, 347, 349Biodegradability, 755Biodegradable films, 1203Biodegradable nanomaterials, 1207Biodegradable polyesters, 1203Biodegradable polymer, 149, 892–893, 902,

1281–1284Biofuels, 1427Biogas energy, 1427Bio-ink, 528, 530Biological environmental remediation, 1362Biologically active molecules, 531Biological sensors, 705Biomedical applications, 148Biomedicine, 527, 530, 531, 543Biomineral composition, 663Bionanocomposite materials (BM), 339, 344Bio-nanocomposites, 811, 1211

as controlled release systems foragrochemicals, 1215–1219

properties, 1208–1215Biopolymer based nanotechnology, 540Biopolymer-coated nano-imidacloprid

formulations, 1229Biopolymers, 1278, 1281–1284, 1286, 1287,

1289–1292Bioprinted three dimensional

nanomaterials, 538Bioprinted three-dimensional scaffolds, 541Biosensors, 392, 568–569Biotechnology, 1422Biozar Nano-Fertilizer®, 1224Blender, 530Blending, 232Block copolymer micelles, 1478Blood brain barrier (BBB), 1266Blow-spinning technique, 1334

1516 Index

Bone cement, 589–590, 1510Boron (B), 1221Boron nitride (BN), 92

nanotubes, 349Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), 781Britannica, 37Brownian relaxation, 629Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, 838Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique, 119Brust and Schiffrin method, 700Buckminsterfullerene, 552, 1079Buckyball, 995Bullet proof vest, 4881,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid

(BTCA), 916

CCadmium oxide nanoparticles (CdONPs), 818Calcium (Ca), 347, 1227Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), 93, 267Cancer treatment, 679(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), 1211Carbonaceous materials, 174Carbon-based nanomaterial, 39, 474–475, 559Carbon based nanoparticles, 1267–1268

carbon-based quantum dots, 553carbon nano tubes, 553–554fullerenes, 552graphenes, 552mesoporous carbon nanoparticles, 554nanodiamonds, 552

Carbon-based nanostructured materials, 1228,1365

Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs), 553Carbon black, 174Carbon dioxide barrier, 905Carbon nanodots, 1412Carbon nanofibers (CNFs), 63, 1466Carbon nanoparticles, 1459Carbon nanosensors, 790Carbon nanostructure, 109, 110Carbon nanotubes (CNTs), 38, 63, 342, 374,

410, 553–554, 921, 1039, 1079–1080,1099, 1106, 1109, 1111, 1177,1288, 1328

electronic properties of, 1328heavy metal removal, 1329larges cale applications, 1330organic water pollutant removal, 1329–1330polyvinyl alcohol, 290

Carbon-reinforced nanomaterials, 173Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS), 743

Cardiovascular implants, 586–588Carrageenans, 343Carriers antibiotics, 1507, 1508Cartilage, 536Cassia fistula, 709Catalytic chemical vapor deposition

(CCVD), 63Catheters, 588–589CATIA, 530Cation exchange capacity (CEC) of clay, 1324Cationic emulsion, 939Cationization, 900CdS nanocrystals, 620Celite, 290Cell-laden hydrogels, 533Cell loaded hydrogel bioink formulations, 531Cell search device, 632–633Cellulite, 942, 944Cellulose, 340, 341, 442

fibrils, 247Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), 1211, 1213,

1286Cellulose nanofibrils, 1286Cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs), 91Central nervous system (CNS), 349Central venous catheters (CVC), 588Ceramic(s), 81, 83, 344

chemical bonding, 83nano composites, 85nanofillers, 170nanoparticles, 345, 346raw materials, 84

Ceramic matrix composites (CMCs), 81, 458,462–463

Cerium oxide (CeO), 1040Cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs), 556,

563, 569, 818Changchun Foliaplast Bio-Tech Co., Ltd, 328Chemical digestion, 112Chemical Health Risk Assessment

(CHRA), 1160Chemically converted graphene (CCG), 375Chemically modified graphene (CMG), 374,

377, 379Chemical modification, starch

cationization, 900esterification, 900etherification, 900oxidation, 900

Chemical process engineering, 1412Chemical sunscreens, 971Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 63, 376,

402, 405, 406, 478, 1127, 1128

Index 1517

Chemiresistive single-walled carbonnanotubes, 790

Chemometric models, 780Chitin, 341, 596, 1481

nanowhiskers, 1287NPs, 1209

Chitin Nanofibril-Hyaluronan nanoparticles(CN-HA), 1491

Chitosan, 443, 922, 1103, 1106, 1207,1283, 1481

bi-carboxylic acids, 601, 602bio-medical uses, 596, 597cationic properties, 605characterization, 602, 603degree of acetylation (DA), 596degree of deacetylation (DD), 596drug loading, 605fluorescence properties, 603, 604ionic gelation technique, 600method of emulsification, 605method of micelle formation, 606NPs, 1209pH, ratio of chitosan, 600poly-electrolyte complex formation, 606reverse micelle method, 602scaffolds, 542spray-drying method, 605structures, 596, 597water soluble chitosan nano particles, 597water soluble depolymerized chitosan,

597–600zeta potential, 601

Chitosan-based nanocomposites, 1207,1214–1215, 1218–1219

Chronic wounds, 691Circulating tumour cells, 632Citric acid (CA), 916Clay, 344, 345Clay nanomaterials, 109Cleavable amplified polymorphic sequences

(CAPS), 779Climate change, 1174, 1175Climate change mitigation, 423Clustered regularly interspaced short

palindromic repeats (CRISPR), 1111CO2 sensor, 756Coacervation, 769Coagulation, 1363Coatings, graphene, 490–492Cobalt (Co), 1227Co-condensation, 622Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), 164Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), 1483

Co-Fe@hemin nanoparticles, 679Commercial nanobiotechnology products,

1008–1009Commercial nanoproducts, 181–183Composite, 80, 81

definition, 244fabrication, 454–458material, 162

Composite Technology Development, Inc.,329–330

Compton scattering, 637Computer-aided design (CAD), 260Conducting polymer, 440Conductive inks, 514–516Conductive polymers, 147, 149, 151Conductivity measurement (CDM), 1069Conjugated polymers, 146Consumer acceptability, food nanotechnology

consumer safety, 728, 729health implications, 725, 728

Consumer market, 53Consumer nanocomposites, 1304, 1305

groundwater and drinking water treatment,1312–1313

and groundwater remediation, 1313Consumer nano industry, 40, 41Consumer nanoproducts, 1172, 1242–1243,

1255, 1412characteristics, 62database/inventories, 69definition, 60, 61development/marketing regulation, 62effects/environmental safety, 64in environmental pollution control,

1248–1249expert committees, 72GHS/labelling, 71international organisations, 71marketing, 70material-based categories, 63NM, 61scientific advancements in, 1243–1245

Consumer product inventory (CPI), 4, 6, 8, 69Consumer protections

acceptance and recognition, 1384ENMs, 1383, 1384, 1388features, 1387‘goods’ and ‘products, 1385–1387history, 1383international organisations, 1398–1400nanoproducts, 1400–1402natural nanomaterials, 1382regulation, 1389

1518 Index

stakeholders and policymakers, 1387Statnano Database, 1388theoretical overview, 1389–1392UNGCP, 1392–1398

Controlled-release (CR), 1215, 1221Conventional plastics, 1279–1281Copper (Cu), 1206, 1221

nanoparticles, 697, 1506oxide, 557

Copper/copper oxide nanoparticles (CuNPs/CuONPs), 819

Coprecipitation, iron oxide basednanoparticles, 835

Cornerstone Research Group Co., 324–325Corn protein, 737Cosmeceuticals, 987–995, 997

hair care, 1036lip care, 1036nail care, 1034–1035skin care, 1036

Cosmeceuticals, nanoproducts (NPs)anti aging products, 47, 48exposure and penetration to skin and body,

49, 50haircare, 48lip and nail care, 49moisturizers, 47skin cleaning application, 48, 49sunscreens, 47

Cosmetic(s), 964hair growth and removal products, 953, 954industry, 1491liposomes, 935manufacturing details, 956nanocapsules, 937nanocrystals, 936nanodiamonds, 937nano emulsions, 934, 935nanofibers, 938nanoform anti-cellulite creams, 942,

944–946nanoform anti-wrinkle creams, 942, 943nanoform deodorants, 948, 949nanoform hair color products, 939, 940nanoform lipsticks, 953nanoform moisturizers and cleansers,

945–948nanoform nail polishes, 952–954nanoform perfumes, 951–953nanoform shampoos and conditioners, 939nanoform soaps, 948, 949nanoform sunscreens, 948–951nanoform toothpastes, 940–942

nanopigments, 937, 938nanosponges, 936NLCs, 936patents, 957preparation, 932, 933regulation, 955, 958safety assessment, 955SLN, 935, 936types, 933, 934

Cosmetic productsdeodorant, 1088hair care, 1086–1087lip care, 1088nail care, 1087–1088perfumes, 1089–1090skin, 1084–1086

Cosmetics Harmonization and InternationalCooperation (CHIC), 1491

Cotton gauze bandages, 693Coumarin molecules, 620Creams, 1086Creo, 530Cross-linking, 913, 916, 918, 920–923Cubosomes, 1078Curcumin, 1486, 1490Curcumin-based liposomes, 973Curing, 80Cyanoethyl ester of polyvinylalcohol

(CEPVA), 169Cyclin D1, 617Cycling G+ graphene aero jersey, 483Cycling helmets, 482Cyclodextrins (CDs), 624, 1478Cyfuse Biomedical, 543

D3D additive micromanufacturing, 527DAZ Studio, 530Defluoridation, 1422Dendrimers, 967, 1039–1040, 1078, 1478Dental materials, 1510, 1511Deodorants, 1088Desalination, 1419

and membrane science, 21process, 235

Design for the Environment (DfE), 1466Detonation nanodiamond (DND), 9883D hydroxyapatite hydrogel scaffold, 541Diabetic foot, 542Diagnostic magnetic resonance, 629Dielectric nanocomposites, 150Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), 1211

Index 1519

Diffusion coefficient (Dτ), 115Digital light processing (DLP) technology, 294Digital light processing stereolithography 3D

printing, 311Dihydroxydimethylolethyleneurea

(DMDHEU), 915, 9163 Dimension (3D) printing technique

additive manufacturing, 527advantage, 528applications, 535–538characteristic, 528combination of technologies, 541–542inkjet bioprinting, 529limitation, 528market and marketing, 543materials, 529–534microfabrication, 527micromanufacturing categories and

methods, 527nanotechnology and nanomedicine,

538–540oxidative stress, 528scaffolds, 528stereolithography (SL) process, 528

Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 618Dimethylurea glyoxalate (DMG), 916Directed amplification of minisatellite-region

DNA (DAMD), 779Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC), 367Disk diffusion method, 1504DNA amplification fingerprinting (DAF), 779Dose metric, 1271Double wall CNTs (DWCNTs), 1743D printing, 494Dressings, 540Drinking water crisis, 430–431Drinking water remediation, 1312–1313Drinking water treatment, 1413Drug delivery, 148, 612

Alzheimer’s disease, 613mesoporous silica nanoparticles, 620–625pH-responsive, 621site-specific, 623

Drug delivery systems (DDSs), 559–564Drug reservoir gradient-controlled TDDS, 863Dry-jet wet spinning, 4413D Slicer, 530Durability, graphene, 478, 482Durable press (DP), 913, 914, 916Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), 387Dynamic light scattering (DLS)

advantages, 115Brownian motion, 114

colored sample, 115concentration effects, 116definition, 114diffusion coefficient (Dτ), 115dimensionless constant, 114equipment handling and sample

preparation, 116geometric scattering, 114intensity fluctuations, 115Mie scattering, 114nanomaterials analysis, 116, 117Rayleigh scattering, 114salt concentration, 116sample concentration, 115signal-to-noise ratio, 115

Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), 895

EEarphones, graphene-based, 506Eco-friendly bio-nanocomposites, 1210Eco-friendly nanomaterials, 1357Ecofriendly polymer nocomposite (EPN),

244–245Ecological biodiversity, 1411Ecological hazards, 1051Eco-materials, 1411Edible coatings (ECs), 807Elastic memory composite (EMC)

materials, 304Electrical conductivity, 476, 479Electrical double layer (EDL), 385Electric double layer capacitors (EDLCs), 403Electric double layer charge (EDLC) based

supercapacitor, 493Electroactive polymer, 147Electro-active shape memory, 293Electrochemical capacitor, 1118Electrodeposition, 1127, 1129Electrolytic chromium/chromium oxide coated

steel (ECCS), 885Electrolytic tinplate (ETP), 884–885Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 153Electron beam lithography, iron oxide based

nanoparticles, 833Electronic nanoproducts

integrated circuits, 390piezoelectric materials, 388transistors, 389

Electropolymerization, 403Electrospun bio-nanocomposite mats, 1213Electrostatic tires, 512Electrostatic tires with graphene composites, 487

1520 Index

Electro-thermoacoustic (ETA) device, 505EMotion, 493EndoShape, 329Endurance time test, 369Energy conservation, 1174–1178Energy generation, 1174–1178Energy storage, 403–405

fuel storage, 386supercapacitors, 384, 385

Energy storage applicationsionic liquid-based P(VdF-HFP)-layered silicate

nanocomposite electrolytes (see Ionicliquid-based P(VdF-HFP)-layered silicatenanocomposite electrolytes)

ionic liquids, 197layered silicates, 195liquid-based polymer electrolytes, 198polymer electrolyte, 191, 192, 194P(VdF-HFP)-BMIMBr-MMT intercalated

nanocomposite electrolyte, 200rechargeable batteries, 190selected area electron diffraction pattern

(SAED), 201Energy sustainability, 22, 1427Engineered, manufactured or manmade

nanomaterials (ENMs), 1383, 1384Engineered nanomaterials, 421, 422, 431, 1310Engineered nanoparticles, 1171, 1254, 1263Engine oil product, 487Environment, 244, 249–251Environmental biotechnology, 26Environmental calamities, 1413Environmental engineering, 428, 1410–1412,

1418, 1427Environmental hazards of nanomaterials

assessment of nanoparticles in air, 1164assessment of nanoparticles in soil, 1165life cycle risk assessment, 1165risk of nanoparticles in water, 1165

Environmental Health and Safety (EHS), 65Environmental pollution, 1411, 1435Environmental pollution control, 1245–1247Environmental protection, 1412, 1415,

1417–1420, 1422–1426, 1428, 1429Environmental remediation, 1411, 1418, 1420Environmental remediation nanoparticles,

1323–1324Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA), 1164Environmental science, 1419Environmental sustainability, 22, 23, 423, 1242,

1314, 1412, 1413, 1426, 1427Envision TEC, 543Enzymatic modification, 902

Enzyme-based nanosensors, 790Enzyme immobilization, 755Epoxy-clay nanocomposites, 168Epoxy resin, 175, 440Essential oils (EOs), 799, 807Estane, 330ESTANE® thermoplastic polyurethane, 330Esterification, 900e-textile, 152Etherification, 900Ethylcellulose (EC), 442Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), 95Ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), 782Ethylhexyl dimethyl PABA (EHDP), 1490Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC), 1490European Medicines Agency (EMA), 814European Union (EU), 1050European Union Observatory for

Nanomaterials (EUON), 1059Exfoliated nanocomposite, 195Exfoliation, 477

method, 477External antioxidants, 1482Extrusion-based printers, 528Eye mask, 490

FFabrication process, 154, 444Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles, 679Fellgett advantage, 651Ferroelectric ceramics, 169FG-based bio-nanocomposite films, 1213FiiO F3 earphones, 485Fillers

CaCO3, 267carbon fibers, 270fly ash, 266montmorillonite, 267, 268

Fine particulate matter, 1333Fish gelatin (FG), 1209Fishing rods, 515Flavonoids, 1486Flexible electronics, 504Fluorescent gold nanoparticles, 562Fluoride contamination, 1422Food Adulteration/Food fraud

conventional methods, 778–780definition, 776drawbacks, conventional methods, 780health risks, 777metallic compounds, 776methods, 779

Index 1521

Food and Drug Administration (FDA),814, 1050

Food industrydefinition, 780problems, 781smart technologies/smart products, 781technological advancement, 781

Food industry, nanoproducts (Nps)silica (SiO2), 42silver-Ag nanoparticles, 42, 43titanium dioxide (TiO2), 43zinc oxide (ZnO), 43

Food nanotechnologycomponents, 720consumer safety, 728, 729feature, 719health implications, 725, 728nanoproducts, 725, 726packaging, 722, 723preservation and shelf life of

foods, 724processing, 720–722regulations, 725, 729safety, 724

Food packaging, 882, 1278active packaging, 1289, 1292–1293aluminium cans, 884aluminium foil, 884biodegradable polymers, 1281–1284bugs, 810carbon nanotubes, 1288cellulose nanocrystals/nanofibrils, 1286chitin nanowhiskers, 1287conventional plastics, 1279–1281definition, 809glass, 886–887, 890improved packaging, 1289–1291inorganic nanoparticles, 1288intelligent/smart packaging, 1293–1294lignin nanoparticles, 1287–1288nanoclay/nano-layered silicate,

1285–1286paper, 887–889, 891plastics, 885–886, 889safety issues of nanoparticles, 1294–1295starch (see Starch, food packaging)steel, 884–885strategies, 809wood, 890–891

Food pathogen detection, 756Food preservation

biobased packaging, 811conventional methods, 802

conventional strategies, 820food processing, 812indirect methods, 808, 809mechanisms, 801microorganism contamination, 801nanomaterials, 804needs, 801packaging material, 810

Food processingdefinition, 812nanoparticles, 812nanotechnology, 812techniques, 812, 813

Food-related applications, 798Formaldehyde-based reagents, 914–915Fourier transform infrared (FTIR),

647–649antimicrobial mechanisms, 650ATR–FTIR, 648–650benefits, advantages and disadvantages, 651FTIR imaging, 652–658iron oxide nanoparticles, on liver and

kidneys, 656–658micro-spectroscopy FTIR, 648, 652,

656, 657monitoring molecular changes, in

microorganisms, 650–651nano-FTIR spectroscopy, 658–668silver nanoparticles, on terrestrial isopods,

653–654synchrotron FTIR, 668–671transmittance FTIR, 648, 649tungsten oxide (WOx) nanofibers, on

digestive gland tissue of Porcellioscaber, 655

ZnO nanoparticles, on crustacean digestiveglands, 655–656

Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), 779

Freeze drying, 769Friction, 481, 487FSL, 530Fuel cell technology, 365–369, 386Fullerene(s), 10, 552, 968, 1412

based immunomodulators, 552buckyballs, 1040–1041

Full width at half maximum (FWHM), 1061Functionalized Au nanoparticles, 634–636Functionalized nanoparticles, 1171Fungi, 1346–1348Furnace graphene, 483Fused d0eposition modelling (FDM)

technique, 168

1522 Index

GGamma radiation, 901Gas sensors, 756G6E-GSTMepoxy, 492Gelatin, 341, 381, 443, 1481Gelatin-based nanocomposite films, 1211Gelatin nanoparticles (GNPs), 1490Gel formation process, 207Gemcitabine hydrochloride-loaded colloidal

gold NPs, 562Geotextiles, 494G3-fireshield technology, 495G-King, 494Glass, 890

fiber, 270food packaging, 886–887

Glass transition temperature (Tg), 1211Global climate resilience, 1413Global environmental engineering science, 1416Global warming, 1411Gluconacetobacter strains, 247Glycerin, 896Glycerol, 898Glycerol-plasticized potato starch (GPPS), 1209Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), 291, 555, 568,

624, 690, 697, 698, 799, 818,1041–1042, 1103, 1506

antibacterial properties, 706applications, 705–707bottom-up approach, 699Brust and Schiffrin method, 700green synthesis, 701–705Navarro method, 700physical methods, 700properties of, 698–699seed-based method, 701sonolysis, 700synthesis using phytochemicals, 702synthetic approaches of, 700top-down approach, 699toxicological effects, 1264–1266Turkevich method, 700

GRAFYLON 3D, 495Graphene(s), 39, 375, 402, 444, 502, 552, 1412

applications, 447audio applications, 485–486automobile application, 486–488in automobile parts, 510–512in batteries, 509–510based biosensors, 568based hydrogen storage systems, 386biotech, 489–490bottom-up approach, 477

chemical modification, 402coatings adhesives and oil and gas

industries, 490–492consumer applications, 478–479creative process, 445derivatives of, 476electrical/electronic/thermal applications,

479–481energy, 492–494fishing rods, 515Flagship project, 510future prospects of, 496–497growth of, 479isolation of, 503jacket, 515processing of, 477–478properties, 476–477, 503sensors, 484sports, safety and outdoor activities,

481–484in sports equipment, 507–509suspension/substrate, 445textiles/outfits and filtration/membranes,

488–489top-down approach, 477in touch screen displays, 504–505in wireless communication, 505–507

Graphene-based compositesin autoobile parts, 511in packaging applications, 512–514

Graphene based nanoproducts, 421description, 422scientific advances in, 424–426

Graphene-based nanostructured sensors, 1228Graphene contact enhancers (GCE), 485Graphene-enhanced antibacterial face

masks, 489Graphene-enhanced audio equipment, 486Graphene-enhanced Lacrosse gear, 482Graphene hybrid material (GHM), 441GrapheneLin conductive inks, 514–516Graphene nanocomposites

applications, 395battery-powered vehicles, 361biocompatiblity, 380electrical property, 379environmental remediation, 394, 395fuel cell technology, 365–369mechanical property, 376nanoproducts, 380preparation, 376separators, 394solar cell technology, 364–367

Index 1523

Graphene nanocomposites (cont.)supercapacitors, 362–364thermal property, 379

Graphene nanomaterial (GM), 438, 439Graphene-nanoparticle composite, 444Graphene nanoparticles, 359–361Graphene nano-ribbons (GNRs), 379Graphene oxide (GO), 374, 376, 403, 406, 440,

455–461, 463, 552, 1447Graphene oxide–reinforced poly( l-lactide-

co-ε-caprolactone) nanocomposites, 295Graphene quantum dots (GQD), 359, 552Graphene reinforcement

ceramic matrix composites and properties,462–463

metal matrix composites and properties,455–460

polymer matrix composites and properties,460–462

Graphene security (GS), 481Graphene sheets (GS), 440Graphene ultra fuel efficient tires (GUET)

tires, 482Green alternatives, 1164Green approaches

bimetallic nanoparticles, 1439, 1442, 1443monometallic nanoparticles, 1438–1441trimetallic nanoparticles, 1442

Green chemicals, 1460Green manufacturing, 1182Green nanocomposites, 1209Green nanoproducts

and green nanotechnology, 21scientific advancements in, 23–25

Green nanotechnology, 1220, 1458–1462application, 1184benefits, 1435, 1436in energy generation and conservation,

1174–1178in environmental remediation, 1179, 1180goals, 1174LCA, 1185manufacturing, 1182–1184NADPH dependent reductase enzyme, 1174nanocontact-sensors, 1181nanotoxicology, 1185, 1186nano waste management, 1190–1193optical properties, 1184phytoformulation methods, 1173pollution prevention, 1182–1184potential hazards, 1188–1190properties and issues, 1187, 1188toxic byproducts, 1173

waste reduction, 1182–1184in water treatment, 1178, 1179

Green sustainability, 23Green synthesis, 1436, 1437

iron oxide based nanoparticles, 836–837Green synthesis of nanoparticles, 701

advantages, 702–703factors affecting quality of, 704–705

Green tea polyphenols (GTP), 1107Groundwater remediation

and drinking water remediation, 1312–1313and nanocomposites, 1313

HHair care, 973–974, 1036Hair discoloration, 974Hair grease, 973Hazard assessment, for nanoproducts

dose metric, 1271nano specific risk assessment, challenges

for, 1272–1273physical chemical properties, 1272target tissue, 1272

Hazard identification and risk assessmenttechnique (HIRA)

basic mitigation measures for the workers,1161

control strategies, 1163–1164green alternatives, 1164human health risk assessment, 1161likelihood rating, 1160risk category, 1160severity rating, 1160

HEAD® Youtek Graphene Instinct JuniorTennis Racquet, 508

Health and environment safetynanotech/nanoproducts, 64NMs, 66profile judging tools, 66risk assessment, sources, 67toxicology data, NMs, 65

Health hazards, 1051–1052Heart attack, 680Heat moisture treatment, 901Heavy metal(s), 430–431, 1447

activated carbon, 1140–1143, 1146–1150,1153

adsorption capacity, 1154carbon and allotropes, 1141, 1142charcoal, 1140classification, 1150, 1151effect of, 1151–1153

1524 Index

groundwater remediation, 1247lead, chromium and copper ions, 1154properties, 1151removal of, 1153toxic symptoms, 1154

Helmet, graphene-enhanced, 484Helmets, 508Hemostasis, 692Hemp nanocrystals (HNCs), 1209Henry equation, 118Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), 172Hexamethylol melamine (HMM), 915HexaShield, 481High-density polyethylene (HDPE), 1280High energy ball milling (HEBM), 86, 90

methods, 87nanocrystalline grains, 89polymer–ceramic composite, 89polymer metal matrix composites, 94thermoplastics matrix composite, 89thermosets matrix composites, 94

Highly reduced graphene (HrGO), 374High-performance polymer nanocomposites,

164High-speed ball milling (HSM), 88High-speed vibrational ball milling (HSVM), 88Hispo-pathologic analysis, 1268Hockey sticks with graphene, 482H2O2 mediated depolymerization, 599Home fragrance products, 1089Honor’sHonor X10, 480Human health risk assessment, 1161Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), 682Hyaluronan, 1481Hyaluronic acid, 1481Hybrid nanostructured materials, 1367Hycote, 491Hydrated titanium oxides, 1366Hydrogels, 531, 967, 1075Hydrogen fuel cells, 1177Hydrogen gas sensor, 146Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), 1130Hydrophilic membranes, 229Hydrophobic compounds, 618Hydrophobic membranes, 229Hydrotalcite (HT) nanoclay, 1327Hydrothermal method, 835, 1459Hydroxyapatite-graft-poly(D,L-lactide)

nanocomposites, 307Hydroxyapatite (HAP), 347, 975Hydroxyl (OH), 1207Hydroxypropyl chitosan (HCS)

nanoparticles, 922

2-Hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), 923HyperMesh, 530

IIbuprofen, 560Imaging/spectroscopy, 779Imidacloprid-loaded chitosan-PLA

nanoformulations, 1217Immune-checkpoint inhibition (ICI), 613Immunoassay, 678Immunogenic cell death (ICD), 615Immunotherapy, 614Immunotherapy-related adverse events, 625IMPEDE Embolization Plug, 325Improved packaging, 1289–1291Incidental nanoparticles, 1171India, 1050Indium tin oxide (ITO), 504Industrial ecology, 1464Industrial wastewater treatment, 1413,

1415–1417, 1419, 1427Inflammation, 692Infrared spectroscopy, 648Inkjet bioprinting, 529Inkjet printing, 514Inks, 480, 489Innovations in nanoproducts, 38, 39Inorganic nanoparticles, 12, 1288In situ polymerization, 167Integrated water resource management and

wastewater management, 1414Intelligent/smart packaging, 1293–1294Intercalated nanocomposite, 195Interfacial polymerization process, 232International Consumer Protection

Enforcement Network (ICPEN), 1399Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR), 779InVesalius, 530Ionic liquid-based P(VdF-HFP)-layered silicate

nanocomposite electrolytesadvantages, 197amorphous hexafluoropropylene (HFP)

units, 199aprotic ionic liquids, 196bulk resistance and capacitance, 206compatibility, 210composite polymer electrolytes, 192constant phase element (CPE), 205, 206contact angle measurements, 204, 205crystalline vinylidene fluoride (VdF), 199decomposition voltage limit, 209elastic collisions, 194

Index 1525

Ionic liquid-based P(VdF-HFP)-layered silicatenanocomposite electrolytes (cont.)

electrical properties, 190electrochemical and thermal properties, 200electrochemical properties, 192electrochemical stability, 192, 209elemental analysis, 204exfoliated nanocomposite, 195gel formation process, 207gel polymer electrolytes, 192history of, 190inelastic collisions, 194in-situ polymerization, 195, 198intercalated nanocomposite electrolyte,

195, 210interfacial stability, 210ionic conductivity, 191, 192, 203, 205ionic transport and electrochemical

properties, 199–202, 204, 206,210, 211

Li-MMT/Na-MMT, 196linear sweep voltammetry plots, 209mechanical strength, 192montmorillonite (MMT), 193montmorillonite, hectorite and saponite, 194onset decomposition (Tonset) and rapidest

decomposition (Trpd), 211, 212organoclay, 195PEO16LiClO4 composites, 196phase separated, 195polymer gel electrolytes, 193properties, 193, 197protic ionic liquids, 196room temperature ionic conductivity, 207room temperature Nyquist plots, 205SAED, 201Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)

micrographs, 203solid polymer electrolytes, 192d-spacing, 202swift heavy ion irradiation effects, 212–222swift heavy ion (SHI) irradiation, 194,

198, 199temperature dependence, 208thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, 210–212total transference number, 208XRD studies, 201zwitterionic ionic liquids, 196

Iron (Fe), 1221Iron oxide based nanoparticles, 829

advantages and disadvantages of synthesismethods, 833

applications, 840–842

biological-based synthesis method,836–837

chemical and physical properties, 831–832chemical-based synthesis methods,

834–836coprecipitation, 835electron beam lithography, 833functionalization of, 838–840hydrothermal method, 835in vivo and in vitro studies, 830laser pyrolysis method, 834magnetic characterisation, 838microemulsion method, 835microscopic characterisation, 837physical-based synthesis methods, 832–834physical vapor deposition, 833sol-gel method, 834sonochemical synthesis, 836spectroscopic characterisation, 838synthesis and design of, 832–837

Iron oxide-based nanostructured materials,1366

Iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3NPs), 568,791, 820

on liver and kidneys, 656–658IR scattering scanning near-field optical

microscopy (IR s-SNOM), 658Isocyanate-modified graphene (ICG), 440Itaconic acid (ITA), 916

JJacquinot advantage, 651Job hazard analysis (JHA), 1160Job safety analysis (JSA), 1160

KKenaf seed oil-NLC (KSO-NLC), 970Kevlar fiber, 269

LLandfills, 428Langmuir and Freundlich equations, 1325Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) coating

technique, 1131Langmuir model, 1153, 1329Laser based bioprinting, 528Laser pyrolysis method, iron oxide based

nanoparticles, 834Laser scribing method, 506Lemongrass nanoemulsion, 808

1526 Index

Life cycle assessment (LCA), 1185, 1464Life Cycle Assessment and Risk Assessment

of Nanoproducts (LICARA)nanoSCAN, 68

Life cycle risk assessment (LCRA), 1165Ligand exchange method, 839Light barrier, 905Lignin nanoparticles (LNPs), 1287–1288Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE),

1280Lip care, 971–972, 1036, 1088Lipid carriers, 970Lipid nanoparticles, 14Lipo/octyl p-methoxycinnamate system

formulation, 969Lipophilic nanoencapsulated molecules, 767Liposomes, 14, 558–559, 965, 1042,

1081–1082, 1477, 1487cosmetics, 935

Liposome–scaffolds, 565Liquid phase epitaxy method, 232Li-S batteries, 509Lithium ion battery(ies), 509

cathode, 362Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries, 1175Lithium titanate spinel oxide (LTO), 1117“Little wonders: the world of nanoscience”, 37Local Exhaust Ventilation System

(LEVS), 1163Loop-mediated isothermal amplification

(LAMP) technique, 780

MMagnetic glyco-NPs, 632Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, 563Magnetic nanocrystals, 623Magnetic nanoparticles, 635, 791Magnetic NP-based DNA extraction, 791Magnetotactic bacteria, 836Maleic acid (MA), 921Malic acid (MLA), 916Manborui, 323–324Manganese (Mn), 1221Manganese-based NPs, 557Manganese oxide NPs, 557Man-made composite materials, 162Master model manufacturing technique

SL, 264three-dimensional printing, 263

Master models, 259Matrix materials, 81MeadWestvaco, 480

Mechanical alloying (MA), 86, 95, 96Mechanical Characteristics of nanosystems, 40Mechanical treatment, 901Medicine and Healthcare, 1102, 1118Medium density polyethylene (MDPE), 89MedShape Co., 325Melamine-formaldehyde resins, 915Melt intercalation, 167Membrane filtration, 1445, 1446Membrane processes, 1363Membrane science, 1418

and technology, 1311Membrane separation processes, 21Memory-foam pillow, 484Mentha piperita, 709Mercury cadmium telluride (MCT), 653MeshLab, 530Mesoporous carbon nanoparticles (MCN), 554Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs), 349,

620–625, 1046Metal, 1411–1414, 1419–1425Metalaxyl (Me), 1214Metal based nanoparticles

bimetallic NPs, 555metallic NPs, 555

Metallic nanomaterials, 991Metallic nanoparticles, 12, 109, 555Metal matrix composites, 81, 455–460Metal NPs–polymer composites, 569Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), 229

factors affecting properties of, 230–231future research, 236incorporation into polymer, 231–233

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) membranesdesalination process, 235pervaporation, 232–234

Metal oxide NPs, 556–557Methylene blue (MB), 1068Micellar nanoparticles, 993Michaelis-Menton reaction kinetics, 676Microbial polyesters, 176Microcomposite-aggregate morphology, 167Microcomposites, 85Microemulsion method, iron oxide based

nanoparticles, 835Microfibrillated cellulose (MFC), 247Microfiltration (MF), 1445Microfluidic device, 631–632Micronutrients, 767, 768Microreservoir dissolution-controlled

TDDS, 863Micro-spectroscopy FTIR, 648, 652, 656, 657Microwave irradiation, 901

Index 1527

Milling, 901Mills, types of, 88Mirabilis jalapa, 709Mixed-matrix membranes, 229Moisture treatment, 901Molecular imaging (MI), 566–567Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC), 366Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)

nanopores, 1336sponges, 1334–1335

Molybdenum (Mo), 1224Monosodium methanearsonate, 1358Mono-walled carbon nanotubes, 39Montmorillonite (MMT), 90, 165, 267MS Technology, 495Multi-attribute utility theory (MAUT), 1161Multi-criteria decision analysis

(MCDA), 1161Multidrug-resistant (MDR) microbes,

1183, 1184Multifunctional finishing, 923–924Multi-layered packaging strategies, 782Multi-layer graphene (MLG), 455Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs),

174, 342, 554MXenes, 1368Myocardial infarction, 680

NNafion, 441Nail care, 1034–1035NaNO2 mediated depolymerization, 599Nano-based consumer products, 550Nanobiotechnology, 559Nanobiotechnology-based antiaging products

benefits of, 1006commercial nanobiotechnology products,

1008–1009nano cosmetics on the skin, 1006safety and efficacy, 1006–1008

Nanobiotechnology based materials, 1006lists, 1008

Nanocapsules (NC), 754, 937, 966, 1043, 1076,1216, 1474, 1490

Nanocarriers, 1474, 1475, 1477, 1479, 1480,1488, 1489, 1492

antioxidants, 1490CoQ10, 1489quercetin, 1489vitamins, 1488

Nano catalyst, 1101, 1105, 1108, 1109Nanocellulose (NC), 178, 245–246, 442, 811

bacterial cellulose, 245, 247

industrial effluents and contaminatedwaters, 249–250

microfibrillated cellulose, 247nanocrystalline cellulose, 245, 246nanofibrillated celluloses, 245

Nanoceramics, 345–348Nano-cerium oxide, 683Nanochitin crystal particles, 1225Nanoclay/nano-layered silicate, 1285–1286Nanoclay based nanocomposites, 1305Nanoclays, 165, 754, 1324, 1366

cation exchange capacity, 1324large scale applications, 1327–1328removal of gaseous pollutants, 1326–1327removal of water pollutants, 1324–1325

Nanocolorants, 972Nanocomposite coatings

advantage, 1135advantages, 1124air quality monitoring, 1130–1133CVD, 1127, 1128electrodeposition, 1127, 1129environmental pollution, 1130feasible technologies, 1125hardness verses grain size, 1125, 1126nanocrystalline and amorphous

phases, 1125properties, 1124PVD, 1127, 1128sensor, 1130spray coatings, 1129water quality monitoring and treatment,

1133–1135wet chemical synthesis, 1129

Nanocomposite-exfoliated morphology, 168Nanocomposite hydrogel, 1218Nanocomposite-intercalated

morphology, 168Nanocomposites, 85, 1099, 1284, 1287,

1290–1292, 1295Nanocomposites of polymer matrix, 164–168Nano consumer industry

anti-fingerprint, 51antifog, 51anti-Graffiti, 50antimicrobial coating, 51anti-reflective coating, 53corrosion protection, 51easy-to-clean products, 50insulation, 52photocatalytic surfaces, 52, 53scratch resistance, 52tensile strength, 52wear and tear protection, 51

1528 Index

Nanocontact sensor, 1334Nanocontact-sensors, 1181Nano-cosmeceuticals, 1006, 1038

advantages, 1038cerium oxide, 1040CNTs, 1039dendrimers, 1039–1040ecological hazards, 1051EU regulations, 1050FDA, 1050fullerenes/buckyballs, 1041gold nanoparticles, 1041–1042health hazards, 1051–1052India, 1050liposomes, 1042nano-capsules, 1043nanocrystals, 1047nano-emulsions, 1045NLCs, 1044quantum dots, 1045–1046silica nanoparticles, 1046silver nanoparticles, 1046SLN, 1044titanium dioxide, 1046zinc oxide, 1047

Nanocosmeticsdendrimers, 967fullerenes, 968hair care, 973–974hydrogels, 967lip care, 971–972liposomes, 965nanocapsules, 966nanoemulsions, 966niosomes, 967oral care, 974–975skin care, 968–971solid lipid nanoparticles, 967toxic effect of nanotechnology,

975–976Nano cosmetics on the skin, 1006Nanocrystalline cellulose, 245, 246Nanocrystals, 936, 1047, 1075Nanocu®, 1224Nanodatabase, 69Nanodiamonds, 937, 987, 988Nanodiamonds (ND), 552Nanodimension drug delivery tools, 551Nano drug delivery approach, 559Nano-edible coatings, 758Nanoelectronics, 45

applications, 45, 46definition, 45implications, 45

Nanoemulsions, 770, 807, 934, 935, 966, 989,1044–1045, 1077, 1087, 1221, 1478

Nanoencapsulation, 721, 769, 804, 821,1089, 1474

coacervation, 769core and wall materials, 767drying methods after, 769–770emulsification, 767emulsification–solvent evaporation, 768fortification through nanoencapsulation, 770improvement of vitamin and mineral

delivery, 770inclusion complexation, 768nano approaches for improving

bioavailability of nutrients, 770nanoprecipitation/solvent

displacement, 769safety issues with nanoencapsulation, 771supercritical fluid method, 768

Nanofabrication, 1175Nanofertilizers (NFs), 1111, 1206, 1221Nanofibers, 938, 1216Nanofibers composites, 147Nanofibrillated celluloses, 245Nanofilled polymeric matrices, 1305Nanofillers, 440, 1208, 1284, 1285,

1289–1291Nanofiltration (NF), 1133, 1178, 1179, 1445Nanofluid, 1116Nano-food packaging, 753–754

active packaging, 755challenges assessment of nanomaterials,

759–760consumer acceptability in, 757–759efficient packaging, 754–755in India, 761role by stakeholders and regulatory

agencies, 760–761smart/intelligent packaging, 756–757

Nano-FTIR spectroscopy, 658–659AFM-IR spectroscopic imaging benefits and

disadvantages, 659carbonate-forming organism, 662–664chemical mapping of minerals, in biological

materials, 661–662closed-loop, 659–661probe single bacterium, 666–667subsurface chemical nano-identification,

664–666Nanogels, 1216NanoGreen®, 1224Nano Guidance for Risk Informed Deployment

(NanoGRID), 68Nano-imidacloprid, 1229

Index 1529

Nanoliposomes, 559, 767, 806Nanomaker procedures, 1462Nanomaterial-based detection, 791Nanomaterial-based electrochemical

immunosensors, 790Nanomaterials, 39, 163, 374, 377, 438, 472,

539, 656, 1099, 1101, 1412, 1413, 1415,1418, 1421, 1422, 1426, 1460

advantages, 103adverse effects, 103in anti-wrinkling finishing, 917–923applications, 105, 106BET-surface area analysis, 119carbon based, 474–475characteristic properties, 103characterization techniques, 113, 114classification of, 472in consumer products, 105, 107–111DLS, 114–117elemental compositions and crystal

structures, 103engineered, 20environmental applications, 1442,

1444–1447environmental impact, 925–926FTIR and UV-Visible spectroscopy, 120, 121green synthesis, 1436, 1437life-cycle, 1465material-based categories, 63nano-scale properties, 103one-dimension nano-structure, 103physical and chemical properties, 103plant-mediated synthesis, 1437–1443potential health risk, 110, 111products/applications, 63, 64properties, 63, 104reduction, 1461sample preparations, 111–113scanning electron microscopy (SEM),

126–128scientific advances in, 25–28sources, 63surface charge (Zeta potential (ζ)), 117–119three dimensional nanostructure, 103transmission electron microscopy (TEM),

126–130two-dimension nanostructure, 103types, 106X-ray diffraction, 122–126zero-dimensional nanostructure, 103

Nanomaterials, in biomedical fieldbimetallic NPs, 555biomedical applications, 559–569

carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs), 553carbon nano tubes, 553–554fullerenes, 552global market of nanomedicine, 569graphenes, 552liposomes, 558–559mesoporous carbon nanoparticles

(MCN), 554metallic NPs, 555metal oxide NPs, 556–557nanodiamonds (ND), 552polymeric nanoparticles, 557–558solid lipid nanoparticles, 558

Nanomaterials, in construction sitesenvironmental hazards of nanomaterials,

1164–1166evolution of nanoproducts, 1158HIRA, 1160–1164usage and improvements of, 1158

Nanomedicine, 539, 785aims, 614blood–brain barrier, 613cancer, 613–614cancer-immune, 626in market, 637–640uses, 616

Nanomicelles, 1216Nanoparticles (NPs), 10, 792, 1099, 1206,

1257, 1323–1324AgNPs, 920–921in animals and humans, 1257–1258on aquatic animals, 1264on aquatic microbes, 1263–1264on aquatic plants and algae, 1263bimetallic, 1439, 1442, 1443bio-barcode method, 626–627cell search device, 632–633chemical nose mechanism, 626chitosan, 922chitosan-encapsulated Au, 634classes, 1256containing magnetic elements, 791in cosmetics and efficacy of herbal

nanocosmeceuticals, 1090on crops, 1258–1260definition, 1254dermal routes, 1049diagnostic magnetic resonance, 629functionalized Au, 634–636hazards of, 640health, safety and environmental impacts,

1090–1091on humans and animals, 1260–1262

1530 Index

ingestion, 1049inhalation, 1048, 1049inorganic, 12lipid, 14magnetic NP relaxation sensors, 629mesoporous silica, 620–625metallic, 12microfluidic device, 631–632monometallic, 1438–1441nanomaterials, 1099opening and closing of the core-shell

structured, 621pathways for cellular internalization, 616photodynamic therapy, 636–637polymer based, 13Raman scattering with surface

enhancement, 628as sensors, 626–633SiO2, 922–923in soil and plants, 1256–1257subcellular organelles, 618–619surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 629–631therapeutics, 614TiO2, 918–920trimetallic, 1442ZnO, 921–922

Nanoparticulated nutrients, 1219Nanopesticides, 1206, 1227Nanophotonics, 45, 53, 54Nanopigments, 937, 938Nano-powders, 86Nanoproducts (NPs), 1099–1101, 1410–1412,

1422, 1456, 1501agricultural applications, 1110applications, 1426, 1428, 1509, 1510biomedical applications, 1102categories, 374challenges, 375, 1426commercialization of, 1101composition of, 6–7consumer, 782, 783in consumer industry, 41copper, 1506in cosmeceuticals, 46–50CPI growth, 8definition, 374disk diffusion method, 1504DNA destruction, 1504energy, 1112entering cell, 1503environmental sustainability,

implementation of, 1414food industry, 41–43

functions, 8–9gold nanoparticles, 1506hazard assessment for, 1271–1273indirect methods, 1504laser ablation, 1502microbial resistance, 1507nanoelectronics (see Nanoelectronics)nanoparticles, 10–14natural source of, 10polymeric nanoparticles, 1506reactive oxidative species, 1503scientific research pursuit, 1414–1416silver nanoparticles, 1505in textile industry, 44titanium dioxide, 1505uses, 6viable plate count method, 1504waste water treatment, 1104wet chemical method, 1502, 1503zinc Oxide, 1505

Nanoproducts, commercial and emerging,1220–1228

Nanoproducts, environmental protectioncarbon nanotubes, 1328–1330future research, 1337molybdenum disulfide sponges and

nanopores, 1334–1336MoS2, 1334–1336nanoclays, 1324nanocontact sensor, 1334self-cleaning glass, 1331solar active cloth, 1332–1333transparent polyurethane nanofiber air filter,

1333–1334zeolite cotton, 1336

Nanoproducts, of 3DGPNsconducting applications, 406–407energy storage, 403–405environmental protection, 409–411sensitive detection, 408–409

Nanoproducts, in cosmetic industrybucky balls, 1079carbon nanotubes, 1079–1080cubosomes, 1078dendrimers, 1078hydrogels, 1075liposomes, 1081–1082nanocapsules, 1076nanocrystals, 1075nanoemulsions, 1077niosomes, 1082polymersomes, 1083solid lipid nanoparticles, 1080

Index 1531

Nanoproducts, in cosmetic industry (cont.)titanium dioxide, 1083zinc oxide, 1083

Nano-remediation, 251, 1179, 1180NanoRiskCat, 68Nanorods, 1108Nanoscale, 1099

manufacturing, 1462membranes, 1461technology, 539

Nano-scaling, 60Nanoscience, 1098, 1099

nanotechnology, 374Nano-semiconductor catalyst, 1109Nanosensors, 756, 787, 1227Nanoshel LLC, 330Nanosilver (NS), 576–579, 587, 591

antibacterial properties, 579–580antifungal properties, 580anti-inflammatory properties, 581antiviral properties, 580–581biological method of synthesis, 583–584biomedical products and effects, 588bone cement, 589–590cardiovascular implants, 587–588catheters, 588–589chemical method of synthesis, 581–582mechanisms of biological interactions, 584physical method of synthesis, 582toxicology, 585–586wound dressing, 590–591

Nanosomes, 989, 1477Nanospheres, 1216Nanosponges, 936Nanostructure, 1099Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), 936, 970,

1044, 1488, 1489Nanostructured materials, 86, 539, 1364

for arsenic removal, 1368–1372based on minerals, 1366carbon-based, 1365classification, 1364–1365hybrid nanomaterials, 1367iron oxide-based, 1366metal-based, 1367MXenes, 1368superparamagnetic materials, 1366titanium-based, 1366

Nanostructured polymeric lipid carriers(NPLC), 970

Nanosystems, 1477–1479, 1491Nanotechnological products, 1101

carbon-based NM, 1102

composite-based NM, 1102inorganic-based NM, 1102organic-based NM, 1102

Nanotechnological techniques, 780Nanotechnology, 5, 37, 162, 577, 798, 912,

926, 964, 1037–1038, 1098, 1099, 1158,1279, 1411–1413, 1419, 1422, 1456,1457, 1460

advancements in green, 28–30advantages, 54, 55and arsenic and heavy metal groundwater

remediation, 31chemical composition, 775conventional methods, 775definition, 774disadvantages, 55, 56in environmental pollution control, 1248in food packaging, 1284–1288food preservation, 804food science, 802, 803food sector, 786, 787future recommendations, 1249future scientific directions and

recommendations, 31–32and green sustainability, 23in groundwater remediation and drinking

water treatment, 22in health products, 11human health, 799, 802instruments, 775merits, 784, 785methods, 775and nanomedicine, 538–540nanoscale, 774and nano-science, 1243properties, 774scientific research in, 1306–1309and scientific vision, 1314

Nanotechnology-based agroproductschallenges

commercial and emerging nanoproducts,1220–1228

multiple challenges, 1220nanotoxicity and environmental safety,

1228–1229public awareness and acceptance, 1232regulation and legislation, 1229–1232smart-agroformulations, 1220

Nanotechnology-based water qualitymanagement, 1416

Nanotechnology Products Database (NPD), 1104Nanotechnology Research Centre (NTRC), 1255Nanotheranostics, 679

1532 Index

Nanothinx, 1330Nanotools-based agrochemical

formulations, 1206Nanotoxicity, 1229

and environmental safety, 1228–1229Nanotoxicology, 1185, 1186Nanotubes, 443, 1478Nano wastes

consumer product applications, 1192–1194disposal procedures, 1191environmental risks, 1191production, storage, and distribution, 1190public awareness, 1191, 1192

Nanowires, 38Nanozeolites, 1106Nanozymes, 676

antibacterial effects, 683antioxidation and antinflammation therapy,

681–682applications of, 677biorthogonal chemistry and living cells, 683cardiovascular medicine, 684in diagnosis applications, 677–681factors affecting properties of, 684–685glucose and antioxidant detection, 680gold nanoparticles of therapeutic

applications, 682H2O2 detection, 681imaging, 677–678immunoassay, 678myocardial infarction, 680neuroprotection, 683status and challenges of practical

applications of, 685stem cell growth, 682superoxide anion detection, 680therapeutic applications, 681–684tumortheranostics, 679, 684

National Institute for Occupational Safety andHealth (NIOSH), 1048, 1255

National Nanotechnology Initiative(NNI), 1037

Natural adsorbents, 1444Natural antioxidants, 1483, 1484, 1487Natural hydrogels, 531Natural modes of vibration, 647Natural nanoparticles, 1171Natural polymers, 557Navarro method, 700ND-insulin system, 561Near-field spectroscopic methods, 658NeuCombi®, 1224Neurotoxicity, 1266

n-Hexylphosphonic acid (HPA), 170Niosomal carriers, 971Niosomes, 967, 1082, 1487Nitric oxide-releasing nanoparticles

(NO NPs), 1184Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), 1131Nitrogen (N), 1219Noble metal NPs, 565Non-formaldehyde-based reagents, 916–917Normal wound repair mechanism, 696NovaLand-Nano, 1224Novel separation techniques, 1418nScrypt, 543Nubiotek®, 1224Nuclear localization signal (NLS), 619Numerous methods, 778Nutraceuticals, encapsulation of, 742Nylons, 342

OOctyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), 970Oil–water separation process, 149Olive oil, 1077Optical nanoproducts

PD, 393polarizers, 393

Optical spectroscopy, 646Oral care, 974–975Organic dyes, 1107Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs), 81Organic solar cells, 364Organisation for Economic Co-operation and

Development (OECD), 72,1399, 1401

Organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT), 91Organovo Holding, 543Organ printing, 537O2 sensors, 756OsiriX, 530Osteopore, 543Oxford Performance Materials, 543Oxidation, 900Oxidative depolymerization, 599Oxidative processes, 1363Oxidative stress, 528OxSyBio, 543Oxygen barrier, 904Oxygen containing functional (OCF), 379Oxygen dispersion strengthened (ODS), 87Oxygen permeability coefficient

(OPC), 904Oxygen scavengers, 755

Index 1533

PPAA nanoshell, 622PA-6/CNT compounds, 175Paints, Ag-nanoparticle-embedded, 1347–1351Palm oil esters, 1077Paper, food packaging, 887, 891

corrugated cardboard, 888kraft paper, 888parchment/baking paper, 888

Paper towel, 1330–1331PCL based nanocomposites, 180PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism

(PCR-RFLP), 779PEEK Altera®, 325Peptide capped gold NPs, 562Permanent hair dyes, 974Peroxidase (POD), 813

nanozymes, 678Personal protective equipment (PPE), 1141, 1163Pervaporation, 232–234Petrochemical-based biopolymers, 1283Petroleum-based plastic, 882, 883pH5®, 1224Phase separated nanocomposites, 195Phase-separated polymer blends, 163Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC), 367Phosphorus (P), 1219Photocatalysis, 1415, 1416, 1422Photocatalytic approach, 1446Photocatalytic degradation, 1428Photocatalytic nanoproducts, 1415Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO), 1109, 1417Photoctalyst, 1108Photodetector (PD), 393Photoelastic modulator, 630Photoelectrochemical (PEC), 387Photoinactivation, 1415, 1416Photo-induced force microscopy (PiFM), 659Photooxidation, 1416Photopolymerized SMP, 329Photoprotective niosomes, 971Photovoltaic (PV) cell, 1113Photovoltaic (PV) devices, 1176Phyllosilicates, 165Physical modification, starch

gamma radiation, 901heat moisture treatment, 901mechanical treatment, 901microwave irradiation, 901moisture treatment, 901ultrasound treatment, 902

Physical vapor deposition (PVD), 1127, 1128iron oxide based nanoparticles, 833

Phytochemically synthesized goldnanoparticles, 701–705

wound healing applications of, 707–710Phytoformulations, 24Phytopathogens, 816Phytoremediation, 1362Pickering emulsions, 742PLA based nanocomposites, 178–180PLA-based silicate nanocomposites, 179Plant-based nanomaterials

food/deterioration, 799, 800food preservation, 801plant-derived formulations, 799

Plant-based particlesantimicrobial activity, 816food preservation, 814, 815

Plant-based products, 10Plant-mediated gold nanoparticles, 701–705Plant-mediated synthesis

bimetallic nanoparticles, 1439, 1442, 1443bio-fabricated nanomaterials, 1437characterization, 1438functional groups, 1437, 1438metal salts, 1437monometallic nanoparticles, 1438–1441trimetallic nanoparticles, 1442

Plant resources (PR), 340Plasmonic nanoparticles, 301Plastics, food packaging, 885, 889

PET, 886PP, 886PS, 886

Plastic wastes, 1203PlatDrill, 491Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), 1283Polyacrylonitrile (PAN), 175Polyamide (PA), 151, 166, 342, 443Polyamide-6 (PA-6), 175Polyaniline (PANI), 342, 403, 405, 440Polybutylene adipate terephthalate (PBAT), 1214Polybutylene succinate, 755Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT), 90, 151Poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-based

nanocompositeschitosan flakes, 3013D finger-print, 320functionalization, 302molecular scale of, 299shape memory properties of, 297voltage and flow rate, 303

Polycarbonate (PC), 175carbon nanotubes, 272, 273definition, 266

1534 Index

fillers, 266glass fiber, 270glass transition temperature, 259graphene and graphene oxide, 272Kevlar fiber, 268, 269nanocomposites, techniques, 273pinapple leaf fiber, 271polymer products, 258vacuum casting, 258, 259

Poly-carboxylic acids (PCAs), 916, 917Poly(D,L-glycolide) (PLG), 1479Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid)

(PLGA), 1479Poly(D,L-lactide) (PLA), 1479Poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL), 180, 1479

carbon nanotubes (CNT), 180Poly epoxidized soybean

oil/polycaprolactone, 296Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 96, 920, 1225Poly (ethylene oxide), 166Polyethylene (PE), 166, 175, 1202Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), 408, 440,

782, 886, 1281Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA), 1205Poly(hydroxybutyrate-cohydroxyvalerate)

(PHBV), 1479Polyimide (PI), 175Polylactic acid-graphene composite films, 513Polylactic acid (PLA), 178, 382, 1205,

1283, 1479Poly(lactide-co-gycolide) (PLGA), 1479Poly-ε-lysine, 1506Polymer/BaTiO3 nanocomposites, 169–172Polymer/BaTiO3 systems, 170Polymer/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites,

173–176Polymer/ceramic nanocomposites, 169Polymer/clay nanocomposites, 165–168Polymer/CNT compounds, 175Polymer/hexagonal boron nitride

nanocomposites, 171–173Polymer/layered silicate (PLS), 91Polymer-based hydrogels, 968Polymer blends, 300, 303, 308Polymer electrolyte, 190, 192–194, 196–199,

201–213, 215–222Polymer-graphene nanocomposites, 512Polymer hybrid nanocomposite film, 144, 146Polymer hybrid nanomembrane, 149Polymeric composite/nanocomposite

membranes, 1306Polymeric electrolyte membrane fuel cells

(PEMFC), 366

Polymeric matrix (PMMA), 93Polymeric nanocomposites, 165Polymeric nanomaterials, 251Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs), 557–558, 1478Polymeric surfactants, 171Polymer inorganic hybrid composite film, 145Polymer intercalation, 166Polymer matrices from sustainable renewable

sources, 176Polymer matrix, 339, 342Polymer matrix composites (PMC), 81, 82, 457,

460–462Polymer matrix diffusion-controlled

TDDS, 863Polymer membrane permeation-controlled

TDDS, 862Polymer nanocomposite (PNC), 82, 89, 96,

244, 402, 806EPN, 244–245WPNC, 251–252

Polymer nanoparticles, 13Polymer nanotechnology, 163Polymer packaging films, 145Polymersomes, 1083Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), 96,

175, 406Polypeptide, 341Polyphenoloxidase (PPO), 813Polyphenols, 1483, 1491Poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS), 92Polypropylene (PP), 151, 166, 175, 886Poly pyrrole (PPy), 403Polystyrene (PS), 175, 342, 440, 886Poly-styrene-co-methyl methacrylate

(PMMA/PS) NPs, 969Polystyrene-graphene based

nanocomposites, 513Polystyrene nanoparticles, 1260Polyurethane (PU), 166, 175, 440Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), 95, 166, 175, 343,

462, 1481Poly(vinyl alcohol)/organic montmorillonite

(PVA/OMMT), 91Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), 169, 440

BaTiO3nanocomposites, 170Pomegranate seed oil based cream, 971Porcine serum albumin (PSA), 791Porous structure, 402, 405, 410, 412Potassium (K), 1219PowerBooster, 480Pristine CNTs (P-CNTs), 176Pristine membranes, 231Professional dust masks, 1333

Index 1535

Project on emerging Nanotechnologies(PEN), 69

Proliposomes, 770Protein, 443

inactivation, 1504nano-bioengineering, 784

Proton sponge effect, 617Pt hollow nanodendrites, 684Public health engineering, 1416PuFF, 494Pulmonary cytotoxicity, 1268Pulmonary toxicity, 1268Pulsed laser irradiation, 988

QQuantum dot(s) (QDs), 1045–1046, 1084Quantum dot-sensitized solar cells

(QDSSC), 1113Quantum mechanical impacts, 40Quarno, 481Quenching method, 637Quercetin, 1486, 1489Quinoa seed, 895Quinoa starch, 895

RRadiation treatment, 901Radical Status Factor (RSF), 1040Raman scattering with surface

enhancement, 628Random amplified polymorphic DNA

(RAPD), 779Reactive oxygen species (ROS), 579, 650,

1058, 1259, 1273, 1481, 1503Receptor-mediated endocytosis (RME)

peptides, 619Rechargeable batteries, 190Recombinase polymerase amplification

(RPA), 790Recycling, 1203Red barberry anthocyanins (RBAs), 1294Reduced graphene oxide (rGO), 374, 406,

552, 1447effect, 306

RegenHU, 543Relative humidity (RH), 904Remodelling, wound healing, 693Renewability, 246Renewable energy, 358, 1309Renewable resources (RR), 339Resins, 913–915, 924

Resource-intensive mining, 1463Respiratory toxicity, 1267Resveratrol, 1486Reticuloendothelial system (RES), 1187Retinol, 1483Reverse micelle method, 602Reverse micelle system, 836Reversible addition-fragmentation chain

transfer (RAFT) polymerization, 622Risk assessment (RA), 1270–1273, 1465Risk management, 1269RNA interference, 616Rockwell hardness tester DXT-3, 321Rosmarinic acid, 1486Rosmarinus officinalis-nanocapsules, 1218Round silica particles, 174Rutin, 1486

SSanitary napkins, graphene-based, 489Saula®, 1221Scaffolds, 528Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),

126–128, 1061, 1068Scanning probe microscopy, 658Scanning tunnelling microscope (STM), 658Scanometric assay, 626Scattering-type scanning near-field optical

microscopy (s-SNOM), 661, 662,664–666

Science and technology, 1411, 1412Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety

(SCCS), 72, 1060Scientific Committee on Emerging and

Newly Identified Health Risks(SCENIHR), 72, 729

Scientific genesis, 1419Scientific redeeming, 1412Scientific sagacity, 1427Screening-based strategy, 65SEC-S801BT, 486Sedimentation, 1363Seed-based method, 701Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), 819Self-assembled monolayers (SAM), 660Sensors, 146

biosensors, 390, 391gas, 392properties, 390

Separation methods, 1363Shandong Yabin Medical Technology Co., Ltd.,

326–327

1536 Index

Shape fixity, 294, 295, 309Shape memory alloy nanocomposites, 288Shape memory behavior, 294, 301, 303Shape memory effect (SME), 287

acrylate-based photosensitive resins, 294in Fresnel lens, 322graphene oxide–reinforced

poly( l-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)nanocomposites, 295

heating-responsive, 293Moiré pattern based on, 317PCL-PU-Chitosan biocomposite, 302in PET lenticular lens sheet, 321in polymeric materials, 318

Shape Memory Medical, 325–327Shape memory polymer (SMP)

Changchun Foliaplast Bio-TechCo., Ltd, 328

Composite Technology Development, Inc.,329–330

Cornerstone Research Group Co.,324–325

EndoShape, 329Lubrizol Advanced Materials Co., 330Manborui, 323–324market, 287–288MedShape Co., 325nanocomposites, 289–312Nanoshel LLC, 330sensor applications, 313–323Shandong Yabin Medical Technology Co.,

Ltd., 326–327Shape Memory Medical, 325–327

Shape recoveryof composites, 309and cross linking, 300in ether–vinyl acetate copolymer, 295of gold nanoparticles filled SMP, 291kinetics, 310process, 299rate, 294test, 307, 308

Shape-retaining doll hair, 328Shear-exfoliation process, 515Shielding efficiency (SE), 153Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), 648, 651, 653Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles, 922–923, 992, 993,

1046, 1088Silicon/silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiNPs/

SiO2NPs), 819Silicone oil nanoemulsion, 973Silicon nanaoparticles, 697Silver (Ag), 8, 1206, 1224

Silver nanoparticles (SNPs), 555, 697, 799,806, 815, 920–921, 1046, 1103,1347, 1505

Ag-nanoparticle-embedded paints,1347–1351

antimicrobial uses and antimicrobialresistances, 1269

benefits, 855characterization and application, 859, 860chemical reduction, 858, 859environmental impact, 1351history, 855, 856properties, 856–858on terrestrial isopods, 653–654toxicological effects, 1267–1269types, 858

Silver oxide (Ag2O), 1206SimpleBox4Nano (SB4N) model, 1164Simple harmonic oscillator model, 647Single layer graphene (SLG), 393Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), 779Single-strand conformation polymorphism

(SSCP), 779Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs),

174, 554, 1109Single-walled nanotubes, 790Sintered tricalcium phosphate scaffold, 541SiO2 nanomaterials, 107, 108SiO2/PCL macroparticles, 290SkelMod 160V supercapacitor, 494SkelStart Engine Start Module 2.0, 493Skin

cleansers, 1086functions, 1475lightening creams, 945, 946penetration, 1475two-way barrier, 1475

Skin care, 968–971, 1036, 1479–1482, 1492commercial, 1491

SLN-safranal formulations, 970Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS)

techniques, 124, 125Smart aerial vehicles, 782Smart-agroformulations, 1220Smart/intelligent packaging, 756

freshness indicators, 757spoilage and pathogenic microbe

detection, 756time-temperature indicators, 757

SMPresin, 327Sodium hypophosphite (SHP), 916–918, 920Solar active cloth, 1332–1333Solar cells, 387, 1113, 1115, 1442, 1444, 1445

Index 1537

Solar cell technology, 364–365Solar collectors, 1116Solar protection factor (SPF), 969Sol-gel method, 834, 1069Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), 558,

563, 935, 936, 967, 994, 1044,1080, 1487

Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), 365Solid state ball milling (SSBM), 91Solid-state gas sensors (SGSs), 1181SolidWorks, 530Solution enhanced dispersion by supercritical

fluid method (SEDS), 742Solution mixing, 440Solvent displacement, 769Sonochemical synthesis, iron oxide based

nanoparticles, 836Sonolysis, 700Sophorin, 1486Soy protein isolate (SPI), 1208Sports watch, 483Sportswear, 484Spray coatings, 1129Starch, 341, 442, 1207, 1283

based nanocomposites, 177Starch, food packaging, 891–893

antimicrobial property, 893barrier property, 894, 903–905biodegradable polymer, 893, 902botanical sources, 893–894carbon dioxide barrier, 905chemical modification, 899–900edible property, 894enzymatic modification, 902light barrier, 905mechanical property, 905oxygen barrier, 904physical modification, 901–902starch-based films, 894–896thermal property, 905TPS, 897–898water barrier, 904

Starch-based nanoparticles (SNPs), 180Stratum basale, 1061Stratum corneum, 1476, 1477, 1062–1063Stratum granulosum, 1062Stratum lucidum, 1062Stratum spinosum, 1062Steel, 884–885Stereolithography (SL) process, 264, 528Sterilization, 813Stober’s method, 992Strategic controls, 1163

Strength, graphene, 488, 495Succinic acid (SA), 916Sulfonated graphene (SR), 440Sulfur dioxide (SO2), 1131Sun protection factor (SPF), 1490Supercapacitors (SC), 362–364, 384, 1118Supercritical fluid method, 768Superhydrophobic sponges, 1334Super magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles

(SPIONs), 628–629, 831Superoxide anion, 680Superoxide dismutase, 682Super paramagnetic iron oxide (SPIO)

nanoparticles, 682Super paramagnetic nanostructured materials,

1366Surface-modified gold NPs, 562Surface plasmon resonance (SPR), 629–631,

699Surfactant, 166Sustainability

and education, 1249environmental and energy, 1242

Sustainable agriculture, 1206, 1220Sustainable development goals, 1427Sustainable nanoproducts

energy conversion, 384, 386–388energy storage, 383, 384

Sustainable resource management, 431Synchrotron FTIR

macro ATR-FTIR microspectroscopicanalysis, of silica nanoparticle-embedded polyester coated steelsurfaces, 668–669

signal changes, of biofunctionalizedmagnetic nanoparticle attachment onSalmonella sp., 669–671

Synthetic adsorbents, 1444Synthetic antioxidants, 1482Synthetic hydrogels, 531Synthetic polymers, 557Synthetic skin, 706

TTailor-made nanosensors, 791Tanaka’s approach, 620Tangible user interfaces (TUIs), 781Technology revamping, 1412Terrestrial ecosystem, NPs on, 1258–1262Tetraoctylammonium bromide, 700TeVidoBioDevices, 543Textile materials, 151

1538 Index

Theranostics, 567–568Therapeutic molecules, 531Thermal barrier material, 152, 153Thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA), 266Thermal outerwear, 489Thermal paste, 490Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), 895, 1210Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), 299,

308, 440nanofiber air filters, 1333polylactide (PLA) SMP blends, 303

Thermoplastic starch (TPS), 177, 894, 897, 903,904, 1209

blends, 898composites, 898starch plasticizers, 898

The Team Group, 480Thioglycerol, 1060Three-dimensional carbon nanotube

(3D-CNT), 413Three-dimensional graphene networks

(3DGNs), 402, 406Three-dimensional graphene-polymer networks

(3DGPNs), nanoproductsconducting applications, 406–407energy storage, 403–405environmental protection, 409–411sensitive detection, 408–409

Three dimensional graphene support(BT/3DG), 1332

Time-temperature indicators, 757Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS),

658, 666Tires, 482, 487TisconSuperlinks+, 491Tissue engineering, 535, 564–565Tissue scaffolds, 552Titana nano-shells, 569Titanate nanotubes, 1105Titanium-based nanostructured materials, 1366Titanium dioxide (TiO2), 12, 941, 1046, 1083,

1206, 1505nanomaterials, 105, 107

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2NPs),556, 820, 918–920, 1266

aquatic nano toxicity, 1267neurotoxicity, 1266respiratory toxicity, 1267

α-Tocopherol, 1482Tocopherol, 1488Touchless gesture user interfaces (TGUIs), 781Touch screen(s), 480, 485

displays, 504–505

Toxicityiron oxide nanoparticles, on liver and

kidneys, 656–658silver nanoparticles, on terrestrial isopods,

653–654Toxicological effects

of AgNPs, 1267–1269of carbon-based nanoparticles, 1267–1268of gold nanoparticles, 1264–1266of titanium dioxide nanoparticles,

1266–1267Toxicology, of nanosilver, 585–586Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS)

advantages, 861backing membrane, 869characteristics, 861, 862characterization and evaluation, 871–876drug administration, 860drug characteristics, 869drug matrix, 864, 866drug reservoir, 864, 865drug reservoir gradient-controlled TDDS,

863limitation, 861microreservoir dissolution-controlled

TDDS, 863multiple layer drugs adhesive, 864, 865nanoparticles, 870, 872, 874nano-size drug, 870, 871patches, 861plasticizers, 870polymer matrix diffusion-controlled

TDDS, 863polymer membrane permeation-controlled

TDDS, 862polymers selection, 868, 869protein enhancers, 869, 870release liners, 869single layer drug adhesive, 863, 864skin loss, 860skin permeation, 865–868solvents, 870therapeutic options, 860

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM),126–130

Transmittance FTIR, 648, 649TrelliX Embolic Coil, 325Trigonella-foenum graecum, 709Trimethylol melamine (TMM), 915Triphenyl phosphonium (TPP) cation, 619Triple wall CNTs, 174Tri-stimuli sensitive delivery system, 623Tumortheranostics, 679, 684

Index 1539

Tungsten oxide (WOx) nanofibers, on digestivegland tissue of Porcellio scaber, 655

Turkevich method, 700

UUbiquinone, 1483Ultra and Nubiotek®, 1224Ultrafiltration (UF), 1445Ultra high molecular weight polyethylene

(UHMWPE), 175Ultrasonication process, 1489Ultrasonic cavitation, 988Ultrasound treatment, 902Ultra-violet (UV) attenuation, 1064–1065Ultraviolet light emitting diode (UVLED), 1109United Nations Guidelines for Consumer

Protection, 1985 (UNGCP), 1391, 1392consumer basic needs, 1392, 1393Consumers’ Right to Education, 1395, 1396Consumers’ Right to Information,

1394, 1395dispute resolution and redress mechanism,

1396–1398vulnerable consumers, 1393, 1394

United States Environmental ProtectionAgency, 1351

Urea-formaldehyde resins, 914Urucum oil, 970US National Science Foundation, 39

VVaccine carriers, 552Vacuum casting

ABS, 264, 265conventional methodologies, 274definition, 260indirect tooling methodology, 260material and mould, 260mould materials, 262, 263, 277products & application, 261vaccum pressure, 260, 262

Vapor-gas separation, 149Veriflex®, 324Vesicular delivery systems, 1477Vibrational energy characterization, 649Vibrational energy levels, 648Vision, 423, 430–433Visionary future of sustainability, 1242Vitamin A, 1483Vitamin C, 1458, 1483, 1487Vitamins, 770

Vitasoil, 1224Voice user interfaces (VUIs), 781Volatile organic compounds (VOCs),

1131, 1132Vorbeck materials, 480Vor-Power straps, 510

WWaste management, 1158Waste particles, 1171Wastewater treatment methods, 1106, 1107Water, 1104

barrier, 904crisis, 1306groundwater remediation, 31and industrial wastewater treatment, 31pollution, 25purification, 249, 1412, 1413, 1444, 1446quality monitoring, 1133–1135remediation, 424, 1312, 1357resource management, 1310shortage, 21softening, 1179treatment, 1178, 1179treatment technologies, 26and wastewater treatment, 426–429

Water vapor permeability (WVP), 1205Wearables, 488, 496Wet chemical method, 1502, 1503Wireless pressure sensor monitoring

system, 144Wood, 890

carpenter ants, 891carpenter bees, 891fungi as agent, 890marine borers, 891powder post beetles, 891termites, 890

Wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNC), 251application, 252bio-based polymers, 252

World Commission on Environment andDevelopment (WCED), 1464

World Health Organization (WHO), 1059Wound(s), 691

dressing, 565–566, 590–591, 1509types of, 691

Wound healing, 691bottom up approach, 854, 855extrinsic factors, 854gold nanoparticles, 698–710intrinsic factors, 850, 852, 853

1540 Index

mechanisms, 849metallic nanoparticles in, 696–698micro-nano, 855nano formulations in, 694–698nanoparticles, 694–695phases, 850, 852silver nanoparticles, 855–860stages of, 692–693strategies for, 693–694TDDS, 860–872top down approach, 855types, 850, 851

Wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), 918, 921, 922Wrinkle-resistant fabrics

conventional methods, 914–917multifunctional finishing, 923–924nanomaterials, in anti-wrinkling finishing,

917–919

XX-ray diffraction (XRD), 1060X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), 1068

ZZea mays, 736Zein

biodegradable films, 744, 745corn/maize, 736–738food and non-food sectors, 739, 740food and nutritional applications, 741, 742micronutrient encapsulation, 743

nano-particles, 740, 741processing, 738, 739sensor developments, 745, 746shelf life, 742, 743

Zeolite, 1347cotton, 1336

Zero dimensional materials, 473Zeta potential (ζ), 117–119Zinc (Zn), 1206, 1221Zinc oxide, 1047, 1083, 1505Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles, 556, 697,

921–922, 1206benefits, 1058cosmetic applications, 1069cosmetic products, 1058cosmetics, 1059inorganic applications, 1066–1069light interactions, human skin, 1064permeability, human skin, 1063preparation, 1060skin blockage characteristics, human,

1061–1063structure analysis, 1060–1061sunscreen, 1059, 1065, 1070synthesis technique, 1070toxicity, 1065–1066UV attenuation, 1064–1065

Zirconia, 349ZnO nanomaterials, 108, 109Zno nanoparticles (Zno), cosmetic applications,

see Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticlesZnO nanoparticles, on crustacean digestive

glands, 655–656

Index 1541