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BBeennggaalluurruu –– 556600 005522

PREFACE

M.R. Hiremath K.A.S

Executive DirectorKREIS, Bengaluru-20

Computers have become a way of life in the present day world. Everyone need to be

educated about the implications of this technology. Now the Karnataka Residential

Educational Institutions Society (KREIS) has proposed a course/textbook in this regards. The

course outlined for this textbook is an attempt to design a generally friendly course that

would not only be contemporary but also leaves sufficient scope for expansion into unknown

realms of computer activity that may emerge in future.

The National Curriculum Framework 2005 recommends that theoretical component of

Higher Secondary stage should emphasise on problem-solving methods and that the

awareness of the historical development of key concepts be judiciously integrated into the

content of a subject. It also recommends that given the pervasive impact of information and

communication technology (ICT), a course related to this, should address this infrastructure

challenge seriously and explore viable and innovative alternatives with regard to hardware,

software and connectivity technologies appropriate for rural schools.

NCF 2005 speaks about the tremendous effectiveness of the information and

communication technology in shaping modern society which has created the need for an

educated public that can utilise such technology most effectively for the betterment of society

and humankind. This book is aligned with these broad guidelines of NCF.

The book has been conscientiously designed and is the result of the renewed efforts of

the textbook team comprising of computer teachers and subject experts. Some of the

members worked at the advisory level while others worked towards the actual developmental

activity. It is hoped that the students will appreciate the beauty and logic of information and

communication technology. It has truly been a team work.

A conceptual coherence is derived with the pedagogy, the use of easily

understandable language, simple mathematical formulations in a logical fashion. This book

has some features which, we earnestly hope will enhance its usefulness to the students. Each

chapter is provided with learning outcomes in the beginning and the worksheets at the end of

each chapter.

I thank Dr. Shalini Rajanish, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Former Department of

Backward Classes and the then Vice Chairman, KREIS, Bengaluru, a National awardee on

Sakala and Panchayat Raj whose spontaneous and continuous support for initiating this work

with distinct guidelines and made it happen. We express our gratitude to Sri E.Venkataiah Retd

I.A.S, Former Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and the east while Vice

Chairman of KREIS, Bengaluru who was the path maker for KREIS. Sri Gangaram Baderiya

I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Social Welfare and Vice Chairman, KREIS,

Bengaluru. Sri Naveen Raj Singh, I.A.S, Principal Secretary, Department of Backward Classes

and Dr. S.C Sharma, Former Vice Chancellor, Tumkur University, Karnataka, Prof. Rajaram

Sharma, Joint Director, CIET, NCERT, New Delhi, Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint

Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, New Delhi and also to the Director, DSERT, for

supporting us with the task of preparing these textbooks. I thank our core team of computer

teachers who worked restlessly for formulation of these text books in the leadership of Sri.

A.T Chamaraja, Retd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education, Mr. Santosh Elemmi,

Mr. Sunil C.S and Mr. Keerthi Kumar H.M.

We welcome suggestions and comments from our valued users, especially students

and teachers. We wish our young readers a happy journey to the exciting realm of ICT-

Support Material.

(M.R. Hiremath K.A.S)

FOREWORD

A N RamachandraFormerly- Joint Commissioner Acad

Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti,Min of HRD, Govt of India

[email protected]

It is well said by Sir Winston Churchill that “Men occasionally stumble over truth,but most of them pick themselves up and hurry off as if nothing ever happened”. Computershave entered into classrooms so naturally than expected. While a decade ago teaching theschool children about the use of computers was a challenge. Now children in even remoteareas also know that a lot of fun can be understood by the touch of mobile screen. The 21st

century digital children are at par with the pace of the Technology and its multipledimensions affecting all spheres of their life.

What is planned to teach the children through this support material is to engross thechildren towards understanding the computer and its functional competency. This effortsurely enhances the learning pattern and desired outcomes. Parting computer in the schoolcurriculum brings paradigm shift from teaching to learning and also:

a. Use of computer by teacher increases their efficiency and quality of teaching.b. Integration of ICT in curricular activities makes children learning a joyful eventc. Inter-disciplinary approach in learning brings higher order conceptsd. Computer aided learning gives impetus to Multiple Intelligence such as; Creative

thinking and problem solving skills.

Let me also caution that this support material does not contain material to learnspecific software. Further, learning computers is not designed as a substitute for learning coresubjects. However, by association with the computer and with the help of this set of supportmaterial students will be able to explore the possibilities of using computer as a tool inenhancing knowledge, understanding of subjects and skills and concepts dealt in coresubjects. I am happy to be associated with the team in developing this material to assist theteachers and children in Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society (KREIS).The team involved in this work has also taken into account the constraint like availability oftime of the children in the Residential school pattern. Hence, lot of activities could beplanned to be conducted after the class hours through a formal interaction with the computerteacher and the subject teachers, using the techniques explained in this support material. Withthis material it is expected to enhance collaborative activities and interdisciplinaryapproaches. The support material in this series has links from level to level. Over a period of5 years students are expected to integrate ICT tools in their core subjects at ease. Althoughteachers can use their own methods to evaluate themselves the efficacy of use of this materialfrom time to time , learning concepts explained in this set of support material is not expectedto be evaluated through a formal set of examinations. The fun of learning the skills isincorporated in various exercises and activities recommended.

Special features maintained in series of support material are:

Minimum skills required at the age group for operation have been attempted to beincorporated

Time share of 100-120 periods (80 hrs per year) is planned Exercises and materials are designed in such a way that children Learn through

independent operation and collaborative work Play-way/Conversation /interactive approaches are adopted Brand neutrality is maintained to avoid specific alignment to any particular brand

Kannada compliant inputs are exhaustively attempted

I wish that teachers will make use of this material more informally to have fullparticipation of the students in productive manner. I thank the Karnataka ResidentialEducational Institutions Society (KREIS) for reposing confidence in our entire team indeveloping the material. Thanks are also due to the team members who have investedvaluable time and expertise.

(A N Ramachandra)

I

ICT – Support Material Level IV

CHAIRMAN:

Prof. A.N Ramachandra, Former Joint Commissioner, Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti, NewDelhi.

MEMBERS:

Sri. Sunil C.S MCA, M.Tech, M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.

Sri. Venkatesh Doddapattar MCA,M.Phil, MDRS, Nalatwad, Muddebihal Taluk, Vijayapur.

Sri. Janardhan G N M.Tech, MDRS, Badavanahally, Madhugiri Taluk, Tumkur.

Sri. Karthik R K M.Sc(CS),M.Phil, KRCRS, Balki, Balki Taluk, Bidar.

Sri. Anand Kodekall MCA, KRCRS, Kodla, Sedam Taluk, Kalaburgi.

COORDINATORS:

Sri. A.T Chamaraja, Rtd. Joint Director, Department of Public Education and Consultant,

KREIS, Bengaluru.

Sri. Santosh Elemmi S.C M.Sc(CS), M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.

Sri. Sunil C.S MCA, M.Tech, M.Phil, KREIS, Bengaluru.

Sri. Keerthi Kumar H M B.E, MDRS, Belur Town, Belur Taluk, Hassan.

TTEEXXTTBBOOOOKK CCOOMMMMIITTTTEEEE

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 9th Standard

II

HOW TO USE THIS BOOK

This book is prepared for teaching about the computer to children. The teachers’ role is

primarily that of a facilitator encouraging active learning. Specific guidelines can be found in the

Teachers’ Corner at the end of the book. The teachers’ should read all the books in a series before

starting any class and understand the flow of content to ensure that the contents are comfortably

transacted inside the classroom. Ensure that the conceptual understanding is mastered before

proceeding to the skills. Use the Group Activities and Projects to stimulate creativity and knowledge

sharing. The book can easily be covered in one year, with four classes (40 minutes) per week. See the

table below for an overview of the concepts, objectives covered in each lesson along with periods.

SlNo

Topic Name Concepts Objectives Periods

01Overview of

Level III

1. Classification of computer2. Block diagram of computer3. Computer memory4. Word Processor5. Spreadsheet

Recall and apply what was learnt in Level III.12

(4+8)

02More on word

processor

1. Tables, Picture ,clipart, and shapes2. Word art and textbox3. Header and footer4. Page Layout, Setup, Background

Work with tables. Insert pictures, clipart and word art. Set Pages, color, and border.

16(3+13)

03More on

spreadsheet

1. Filtering and sorting2. Charts3. Functions and formula

Perform filtering and sorting on records. Create charts for analysis of data. Use more functions and formulas.

16(3+13)

04Introduction to

Presentation

1. Introduction2. Creating a Presentation3. Formatting toolbar4. Saving the Presentation5. Insert Picture/Clip Art6. Insert Movie/Sounds7. Animations

Create a Presentation. Enter content into the presentation application. Use design options. Print the presentation.

22(4+18)

05Introduction to

Internet

1. Introduction2. History of Internet3. Browsing in internet4. Searching the information

Define Internet. Open websites using a browser. Use a search engine tool. Use keywords to search for information.

16(4+12)

06 Electronic Mail

1. About E-Mail2. Creation of E-Mail Account3. How to send E-Mail4. Attaching files to E-Mail

Define e-mail. Create an e-mail account. Send and receive e-mail. Send attachments with e-mail.

10(2+8)

07 Online Services1. E-Governance2. E-Commerce3. Social Networking

Define E-governance and E-Commerce. List the advantages and disadvantage of E-Commerce. Use social networking.

10(5+5)

08ComputerNetworks

1. Introduction2. Types of Network3. Network Topologies4. Network and Data Security5. Advantages of Networks

Define computer network. List types of network. Identify network components. List the advantages of the network.

16(14+2)

09 HTML

1. Introduction to HTML2. Document Structure3. Basic Tags, Formatting4. Images, Tables, Lists

Define HTML. Write the structure of HTML. Use the HTML tags. Design a basic HTML web page.

22(10+12)


II










SlNo


01Overview of

Level III



(4+8)

02More on word

processor



16(3+13)

03More on

spreadsheet



16(3+13)

04Introduction to

Presentation



22(4+18)

05Introduction to

Internet



16(4+12)

06 Electronic Mail



10(2+8)



10(5+5)

08ComputerNetworks



16(14+2)

09 HTML



22(10+12)


II










SlNo


01Overview of

Level III



(4+8)

02More on word

processor



16(3+13)

03More on

spreadsheet



16(3+13)

04Introduction to

Presentation



22(4+18)

05Introduction to

Internet



16(4+12)

06 Electronic Mail



10(2+8)



10(5+5)

08ComputerNetworks



16(14+2)

09 HTML



22(10+12)


III

CONTENTS

SL.NO NAME OF THE LESSON PAGE NO

01 Overview of Level III 01

02 More on Word Processor 13

03 More on Spreadsheet 26

04 Introduction to Presentation 34

05 Introduction to Internet 48

06 Electronic-Mail 56

07 Online Services 62

08 Computer Networks 72

09 HTML 83


IV

BUS

RING

STAR

MESH

HYBRID

LAN

WAN

MAN

Wireless

NetworkTopologies

Types ofNetwork 9th Standard

Level 4

Networking

Software

Usage Skills

Safety and Security

HardwareNetworkHardware

Cable

Hub

Switch

Router

Modem

Helpline

Word Processor

Spread Sheet

Presentation

HTML

Word Processor Inserting Tables, Charts, Word Art

Spread Sheet

Creating Charts Applying Formulae

Presentation

Creating Simple Presentation Inserting Images, Charts, Sounds Animations

E-Mail Creating an E-mail Account

Sending an E-mail Receiving an E-mail

Online Services

Applying an Online Application Searching & Browsing Using Social Networks

HTML Designing a Simple Web Pages

Using HTML tags

Network Security

Data Security

Internet Safety

Presentation

Websites

HTML

Chapter 1: Overview of Level III

Revise the topics learned in the previous class.

Classification of computer

Block diagram of computer

Computer memory

Word Processor

Spreadsheet

Learning Objectives:

After you have studied this lesson you will be able to:

Recall and apply what was learnt in Level III.

Inside

Chapter 1: Overview of Level III 9th Standard

Karnataka Residential Educational Institutions Society 2 | P a g e

Classification of Computer

Computers differ based on their data processing abilities. They are classified according

to purpose and data handling.

According to purpose, computers are either general purpose or specific

purpose. General purpose computers are designed to perform a range of tasks. They have

the ability to store numerous programs but lack in speed and efficiency. Specific purpose

computers are designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a specific task.

According to data handling, computers are classified into three types

1. Analog Computer:

Analog computers work upon continuous data.

Computations are carried out with the physical quantities, such as voltages,

length, current, temperature etc.

The device that measures such quantities is analog devices.

The main advantage of analog computers is that all calculations take place in

parallel and hence these are faster.

2. Digital Computer

The digital computer works upon discontinuous data.

They convert the data into digits (Binary Digit 0 and 1) and all operations

carried out on these digits at extremely fast rates.

Digital Computers are much faster than an analog computer and far more

accurate. Computers used for business and scientific applications are digital

computers.

Digital computer can be classified into four types:

Mini Computers: This type of computers is usually designed for real-time

dedicated applications or as high performance, multiple user applications.

Example: Digital Alpha, IBM RS/6000, IBM 8000 series, Sun Ultra and

PDP 11

Micro Computers: Also know as PC (Personal Computer), this is the most

prevalent form of computers. Sitting on a standard desktop(or laptop),

today PC’s are single/Multiprocessor systems which can perform simple

tasks such as word processing or spreadsheet calculations or demanding



task such as graphic. Example: Desktops (PC, Macintosh), Laptops,

Notebooks, Tablets, Palmtops, Smart Phones, etc.

Mainframe: Applications which require high performance and/or generate

and process large numbers of truncations are generally hosted on the

mainframe. Most major banks rely heavily on mainframes. Example: CDC

6600, IBM ES000 series, IBM S/390 etc.

Supercomputers: Supercomputers are designed for ultra-high performance

tasks such as weather analysis, encryption cracking, and the creation of

animation. Supercomputers are large, expensive, massively parallel-

processing machines usually owned by government agencies or large

corporations. Example: IBM Roadrunner, IBM Blue Gene, PARAM

Padma, etc.

3. Hybrid Computer

Hybrid computers incorporate the measuring feature of an

analog computer and counting feature of a digital computer.

For computational purposes, these computers use analog components and for

storage, digital memories are used.

Block diagram of a computer

Fig: Block Diagram of Computer

Memory Unit

CPU

Control Unit

Arithmetic &Logic Unit

Input Unit Output Unit



Input Unit

a) It accepts the instructions and data from the user.

b) Converts those instructions and data into computer understandable format.

c) Supplies the converted instructions and data to CPU for further processing.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

It is the main part of a computer system like the heart of a human being. The function of

the CPU is to interpret the instructions in the program and execute them one by one. It

consists of two major units.

1. Control Unit: It controls and directs the transfer of program instructions and data

between various units. The main activity of the control unit is to maintain order and

direct the operations of the entire system.

2. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU): Arithmetic and Logic Unit performs arithmetic

and logical operations and controls the speed of these operations.

Memory Unit

The data and the instructions required for processing has to be stored in the memory unit

before the actual processing starts. In a similar manner, the results generated from processing

has to be preserved before it is displayed. The memory units thus provide space to store input

data, intermediate results and the final output generated.

Output Unit

a) It receives the results from the CPU.

b) Converts those results into the human understandable format.

c) Supplies the converted result to the user.

Computer Memory

Memory is an essential component of any digital computer. It is storing device. It stores

programs and data, which is required by the CPU, and the results generated after processing.

There are two kinds of memory are commonly used in computers.

1. Primary Memory (Semi-Conductor Memory)

2. Secondary Memory ( Magnetic Memory)



Word Processor

Word processing is an application program that allows you to create letters, reports,

newsletters, tables, form letters, brochures, and Web pages. Using this application program

you can add pictures, tables, and charts to your documents. You can also check spelling and

grammar. There are many flavors of Word Processing programs like Microsoft Word, Open

Office Writer, Libre Writer etc,

Starting with Word Processor

Step 1: Click the Start Button - then Start Menu appears

Step 2: Select All Programs

Step 3: Go to Microsoft Office

Step 4: Select Microsoft Office Word

Structure of Word Processor Window

Computer Memory

Primary Memory Secondary Memory

RAM ROM HDD CD/DVDD

Pen Drive



Word Processor












Computer Memory


RAM ROM HDD CD/DVDD

Pen Drive



Word Processor












Computer Memory


RAM ROM HDD CD/DVDD

Pen Drive



Operations on Word Processor document

The Word Processor basic operations are

Creating a New Document

1. Click the Office button

2. Click the New option and then select Blank Document.

Saving New Document

1. Click the Save button on the title bar. (Or)


3. Select the Save option

Open the Existing Document


2. Select the Open option

3. Select the drive that contains the document. The list of folders and files are

displayed. Select the document name.

4. Click on Open button. Then selected document will be opened.

Closing/ Exit From Word


2. Select the Close option

Exit from Word


2. Select the Exit word option

Clipboard

The clipboard is a temporary holding area for information. It

contains:

Cut the selection from the document and put it on clipboard

Copy the selection and put it on clipboard

Paste the contents of the clipboard.

Format Painter: copy formatting from one place and apply to another.

Formatting Text

Formatting means changing the style and design of text and objects in the document in a

proper way and this can be achieved using the formatting toolbar.








Saving New Document













Exit from Word



Clipboard


contains:





Formatting Text










Saving New Document













Exit from Word



Clipboard


contains:





Formatting Text





Font: It is a style to change the appearance of character/text. Font clipboard is

located in home ribbon tab.

Font Face: Selecting a different font is called changing the font type. Some of the

commonly used fonts are Calibri, Times New Roman, Arial and Dejavu sans.

Font Size: It is used to change the size of the text .

Font style: Bold, Italic, and Underline

for Bold (Keyboard shortcut Ctrl + B)

for Italic (Keyboard shortcut Ctrl + I)

for Underline (Keyboard shortcut Ctrl + U)

Superscript and Subscript:

Superscript refers to numbers that are positioned slightly higher than the text on

the line. Example: 23, (a+b)2 etc.

Subscript refers to numbers that are positioned slightly lower than the text on the

line. Example: 10(2), H2O etc.

Change case: This option changes all the selected text to uppercase, lowercase or

other common capitalization.

Change the text color:

Aligning the Text

Alignment is a way of arranging text and objects in the document. We can arrange text

and objects in four ways.

Align Text Left

Center

Align Text Right

Bullets and Numbering

1. Click the Bulleted List button (or) Numbered List button from the

paragraph tab.

2. Type the first entry and press ENTER key. This will create a new bullet or a number

on the next line.




















Aligning the Text



Align Text Left

Center

Align Text Right



paragraph tab.


on the next line.




















Aligning the Text



Align Text Left

Center

Align Text Right



paragraph tab.


on the next line.



Find and Replace

Find: It is used to quickly search for every occurrence of a specific

word or phrase.

Replace: It is used to automatically replace a word or phrase with

another.

Spreadsheet

Spreadsheets are designed to record and analyze numbers and data. Spreadsheets are

very widely used for accounting and financial purposes. A spreadsheet is a grid of rows and

columns and is also called as a worksheet. There are many spreadsheet programs available

like Open Office Calc, Microsoft Excel, Libre Calc, etc.

Starting with Spreadsheet

1. Click the Start Button

2. Select All Programs

3. Go to Microsoft Office

4. Select Microsoft Office Excel

Structure of Spreadsheet Window



Find and Replace


word or phrase.


another.

Spreadsheet













Find and Replace


word or phrase.


another.

Spreadsheet













Creating a Workbook

Spreadsheet creates documents as workbooks. Each workbook can contain many

spreadsheets. Each spreadsheet has a tab on the bottom marked Sheet1, Sheet2, etc. These

sheets can be added, deleted, rearranged, and the tabs renamed.

To create a new workbook, you can open a blank workbook. The steps involved in creating a

new document are

1. Click the Office Button

2. Click the New option and then select Blank Workbook.

Worksheet Modification

Insert a Worksheet

By default, Spreadsheet provides 3 worksheets Sheet1, Sheet2, and Sheet3.To insert

a new worksheet in front of an existing worksheet do the following steps

1. Select the worksheet, then on the Home tab Cells group.

2. Click Insert and select Insert Sheet.

Rename a Worksheet

To give a worksheet a more specific name, execute the

following steps.

1 Right-click on the sheet tab of any sheet you want to

rename.

2 Choose Rename. Then type a name and Press Enter.

Delete a Worksheet

To delete a worksheet, right click on a sheet tab and choose Delete.

Inserting Rows and Columns

When you insert a row, the new row will be positioned above the row containing the

active cell.

1. Select a cell in the row above which you want to insert a new row.2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Insert followed by Insert Sheet

Rows.



Creating a Workbook





new document are




Insert a Worksheet





Rename a Worksheet


following steps.


rename.


Delete a Worksheet




active cell.


Rows.



Creating a Workbook





new document are




Insert a Worksheet





Rename a Worksheet


following steps.


rename.


Delete a Worksheet




active cell.


Rows.



3. A new row will be inserted above the current row.

When you insert a column, the new column will be positioned to the left of the column

containing the active cell.

1. Select a cell in the column to the left of which you want to insert a new column.

2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Insert followed by Insert Sheet

Columns.

3. A new column will be inserted to the left of the current column.

Deleting Rows and Columns

To delete a row, do as follows:

1. Select a cell in the row that you want to delete.

2. On the Home ribbon, find the Cells group and click Delete followed by Delete

Sheet Rows.

3. The row containing the active cell will be deleted. All the rows below it

will move up by one.

To delete a column, do as follows:

1. Select a cell in the column that you want to delete.


Sheet Columns.

3. The column containing the active cell will be deleted. All the columns on its right

will move left by one.

Wrapping Text within a Cell

1. Select the cell or range of cells you wish to format

2. Locate the Alignment area of the Home ribbon

3. Click on the button labeled Wrap Text

Merge Cells

Merging joins the selected cells into one larger cell. To merge several cells










Columns.






Sheet Rows.






Sheet Columns.







Merge Cells











Columns.






Sheet Rows.






Sheet Columns.







Merge Cells






3. Click on the down-facing arrow located next to the button labeled Merge & Centre

4. From the list that appears, select the formatting you wish to apply (example Merge

and Centre)

Calculation Operators

Operators specify the type of calculation that you want to perform on the elements of a

formula. There are four different types of calculation operators: arithmetic, comparison, text

concatenation, and reference.

Arithmetic operators

To perform basic mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, or

multiplication, combine numbers and produce numeric results, use the following arithmetic

operators.

Arithmetic operator Meaning Example

+ (plus sign) Addition =3+3

– (minus sign) Subtraction =3–1

* (asterisk) Multiplication =3*3

/ (forward slash) Division =3/3

% (percent sign) Percent 20%

Basic functions

Some of the most commonly used functions include:

Functions Name Description

SUM( ) To calculate the sum(total) of a set of numbers

AVERAGE( ) To calculate the average of a set of numbers

MAX( ) To calculate the maximum value within a set of numbers

MIN( ) To calculate the minimum value within a set of numbers

COUNT( ) To count the number of cells selected



SUM( ): The SUM function adds all the numbers that you specify as arguments.

Each argument can be a range.

The general form of Sum function is

Use this function to add the numbers in selected cells

1. Type ‘=’ sign.

2. Type SUM and open the left bracket ‘(‘.

3. Select the range of cells for which you want to add.

4. Close the right bracket ‘)’.

5. Press Enter key to get the result.

AVERAGE( ): This function gives you the average of series of numbers.

The general form of this function is

Type the formula as shown and press enter key. You will get the average of series of

numbers.

COUNT( ): This function counts the number of selected cells that contain data.


MAX( ): This function is used for finding the largest value from a given series of

numbers.


MIN( ): This function gives the smallest value from a set of values.


=SUM (Starting Cell: Ending Cell)

=AVERAGE (Starting Cell: Ending Cell)

=MAX (Starting Cell: Ending Cell)

=MIN (Starting Cell: Ending Cell)

=COUNT (Starting Cell: Ending Cell)

Chapter 2: More on Word Processor

Tables

Picture, Clipart, and Shapes

Word art and Textbox

Symbols

Header and Footer

Page Layout

Page Setup

Page Background

Learning Outcomes:


Work with Tables.

Insert Pictures, clipart, and Word art.

Set Pages, color, and border.

Inside


Tables



Symbols

Header and Footer

Page Layout

Page Setup

Page Background

Learning Outcomes:


Work with Tables.



Inside


Tables



Symbols

Header and Footer

Page Layout

Page Setup

Page Background

Learning Outcomes:


Work with Tables.



Inside

Chapter 2: More on Word Processor 9th Standard


Tables

A combination of rows and columns is called a table.

It is used to display data in rows and columnar format.

Tables make the data look simple and are used in the design of calendars, report

cards and school timetables.

Inserting table

There are two ways to add a table to the document.

Step 1:

1. Place the cursor in the document where you would

like to add a table.

2. Click on the Insert ribbon tab.

3. Select the Table button just on the Insert tab. A blank

table grid will appear.

4. Position the mouse pointer on the top left a square of

the table grid.

5. Click the left button, and hold it down while dragging the mouse down and to the

right.

6. Release the left mouse button, and the required table is included in the document.

Step 2:

1. Click where you want to insert a table.

2. On the Insert tab, in the Tables group, click

Table, and then click Insert Table.

3. Under Table size, enter the number of columns

and rows.

Adding text to table

1. After the table is created, the cursor will be blinking in the first cell. You can begin

typing here.

2. To move on to the next cell, press the [TAB] key on the keyboard.

3. To move on to the above or below cells, use direction keys (Arrow keys).



Tables





Inserting table


Step 1:







the table grid.


right.


Step 2:





and rows.



typing here.





Tables





Inserting table


Step 1:







the table grid.


right.


Step 2:





and rows.



typing here.





Inserting rows and columns

In the Layout ribbon tab can perform following operation.

1. Place the cursor in the row or column on the table.

2. Click Layout ribbon tab and Select one of the Rows & Columns options.

3. The new row or column will be included in your table.

Deleting rows and columns

1. Place the cursor in the row or column that you want to get rid

of.

2. Click on the Layout ribbon tab.

3. Click on the Delete button, and a drop-down menu will appear.

4. Select an option to delete cells, columns, rows, or even the entire table.

Merge Cells

Merge Cells option is used to combine two or more cells into

one cell.

1. Select two or more cells to be merged.


3. Click on the Merge Cells button.

Splitting Cell

Split Cells option is used to split the cell(s) into two or more rows or columns.

1. Select the cell to be divided.


3. Click on the Split Cells button and enter the number

of rows and columns to split the cell into.










of.




Merge Cells


one cell.




Splitting Cell















of.




Merge Cells


one cell.




Splitting Cell








Formatting Cells

For formatting; select the cells of a table that you want to

format.

To Change the Text Alignment in a Cell

1. Place the cursor in a cell or select multiple cells or select the whole table.

2. Select the appropriate text alignment from the Layout ribbon tab.

Auto Fit

To fit the cell automatically in a table

1. Select the table.


3. Select AutoFit button and a drop-down menu will appear.

4. Select any option to entire table

Converting existing text to a table

Convert the existing text to a table format without drawing a table and entering the data

again.

1. Select the text to convert it to a table.

2. Select Table Convert to table option.

3. Choose the number of columns and number of rows to be divided

4. Choose OK

Example:

Organism Lifespan

Lion 20-25 yrs

Horse 25-30 yrs

Converting a table to ordinary text

You can convert an existing table to ordinary text without having to re-type the data.

1. Select the entire table

2. Select Convert to text option on Layout.

3. Choose OK.

Organism Lifespan

Lion 20-25 yrs

Horse 25-30 yrs



Formatting Cells


format.




Auto Fit








again.




4. Choose OK

Example:

Organism Lifespan

Lion 20-25 yrs

Horse 25-30 yrs





3. Choose OK.

Organism Lifespan

Lion 20-25 yrs

Horse 25-30 yrs



Formatting Cells


format.




Auto Fit








again.




4. Choose OK

Example:

Organism Lifespan

Lion 20-25 yrs

Horse 25-30 yrs





3. Choose OK.

Organism Lifespan

Lion 20-25 yrs

Horse 25-30 yrs



Design the table

After you create a table, you can format the entire table by using Table Styles. By

resting your pointer over each of the preformatted table styles, you can preview what the table

will look like.

1. Click in the table that you want to format.

2. Under Table Tools, click the Design tab.

3. In the Table Styles group, rest the pointer over each table style. To see more styles,

click the More arrow .

4. Click the style to apply it to the table.

5. In the Table Style Options group, select or clear the check box; to apply or remove

the selected style.

Add or remove borders

You can add or remove borders to format a table the way that you want.

Add table borders

1. Under Table Tools, click the Layout tab.

2. In the Table group, click Select, and then click Select Table.


4. In the Table Styles group, click Borders

5. Click one of the predefined border sets. Or Click Borders and Shading, click the

Borders tab, and then choose the options that you want.

Remove table borders




4. In the Table Styles group, click Borders, and then click No Border.



Design the table



will look like.







the selected style.



Add table borders














Design the table



will look like.







the selected style.



Add table borders














Picture and ClipArt

Pictures and clip art can be inserted or copied into

a document from many different sources, including

downloaded from a clip art or inserted from a file where

you save pictures.

Inserting Images


2. In the Illustrations group, select the Picture button.

3. Locate the picture that you want to insert.

4. Double-click the picture that you want to insert or Click insert button

Inserting ClipArt


2. Select the ClipArt button.

3. A ClipArt pane will open on the right side of

the document.

4. Type a descriptive term in the Search for

field. For example Sports.

5. Then click Go or press ENTER key.

6. The ClipArt Gallery will show you all the available graphics related to this theme.

7. Clicking on a picture you want.

Shapes

You can add a variety of shapes to your document, including

arrows, callouts, squares, stars, and flow chart symbols. For

inserting Shapes:

1. Select the Insert tab.

2. Click the Shape command.

3. Left-click a shape from the menu. Your cursor now

becomes cross-shaped.

4. Left-click your mouse and while holding it down, drag



Picture and ClipArt




you save pictures.

Inserting Images





Inserting ClipArt




the document.






Shapes



inserting Shapes:








Picture and ClipArt




you save pictures.

Inserting Images





Inserting ClipArt




the document.






Shapes



inserting Shapes:








your mouse until the shape is the desired size.

5. Release the mouse button.

To change the shapes fill color

1. Select the shape. A new Format tab appears with Drawing

Tools.

2. Click the Shape Fill command to display a drop-down list.

3. Choose the color.

To change the shape outline:

1. Select the shape. A new Format tab appears with Drawing Tools.

2. Click the Shape Outline command to display a drop-down list.

3. Select a color from the list, choose No Outline, or choose one of the other options.

To change shadow effects:

1. Select the Format tab.

2. Left-click the Shadow Effects command.

3. Select any shadow options.

To change 3D effects:


2. Left-click the 3-D Effects command.

3. Move your mouse over the menu options.

Know This!

The Shapes are used to draw many geometrical shapes,

arrows, flowcharts symbols, stars and banners on the

document.







Tools.















Know This!



document.







Tools.















Know This!



document.



Word Art

The WordArt feature helps to create artistic text

that makes the document look attractive. It is very useful

in creating posters and greeting cards.

1. Click the WordArt button on the Insert ribbon.

2. A selection of WordArt design options will

appear.

3. Click on a Design option to select it.

4. The Edit WordArt Text dialog box allows you to change the font style and size.

5. Click OK to accept the settings.

Textbox


2. Click on the Textbox button.

3. A selection of TextBox design options

will appear.

4. Click on a design option to select it.

5. Edit the text in TextBox and you can

position the TextBox anywhere in the

document.

Symbols

At some point or other, you will need to insert symbols or special characters in your

word document. Symbols and characters like foreign currency symbols, some mathematical

and scientific symbols don't appear on a computer keyboard.



Word Art






appear.




Textbox




will appear.




document.

Symbols






Word Art






appear.




Textbox




will appear.




document.

Symbols






Symbols group contains two options. They are Equations and Symbols

Equation

You can type an equation in your document or insert an equation in the following ways:

1. On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group

2. Click the arrow next to Equations, and then select the Built-in Equations.

Insert a symbol

1. On the Insert tab, in the Symbols group, click Symbol.

2. Do one of the following:

Click the symbol that you want in the drop-down list.

If the symbol that you want to insert is not in the list, click

More Symbols.

Select the symbol and click Insert.

3. Click Close.

Header and footer

A header is a text that is added to the top margin of every page.

The footer is the text added to the bottom margin of every page.

The header or footer can include text or graphics. For example Page number, Date, a

company logo, the document title or file name or the author’s name.

Steps to Insert or edit the Header and Footer in the document.

1. On the Insert Ribbon, click the Header/Footer button.

2. The Header/Footer menu will drop down.

3. Select a layout by clicking on it.

4. The Header/Footer area will appear

above/below document.

5. A text placeholder in the Header/Footer area

will be seen. Click on it and then type the text

that you want to appear in the Header/Footer.




Equation




Insert a symbol





More Symbols.


3. Click Close.

Header and footer

















Equation




Insert a symbol





More Symbols.


3. Click Close.

Header and footer
















To edit an existing header, just double-click anywhere in the header area, To remove the

header, Click the Header/Footer button and then select Remove Header/Footer from the

bottom of the drop-down menu.

Page number

1. On the Insert tab, in the Header & Footer group, click

Page Number.

2. Click Top of Page or Bottom of Page, depending on

where you want page numbers to appear in your

document.

3. Choose a page number design from the gallery of designs

Page Layout

You can use section breaks to change the layout or formatting of a page or pages in your

document. For example, you can lay out part of a single-column page as two columns. You

can also create a different watermark or page color and page border for a section of your

document.

The Page Layout Tab controls the look and feel of the document.

It helps to apply design to the document by using available themes and color

schemes.

It also helps in changing the document orientation, page size, margins,

indentation, line spacing and paragraph settings.

Page setup:

The page setup group consists of margins, orientation, size and columns options.

Page margin: Page margins are the blank space around the edges of the page.

In general, you can insert text and graphics in the printable area between the

margins.

Some text and objects can be inserted in the margins like header and footer.






Page number


Page Number.



document.


Page Layout




document.



schemes.



Page setup:




margins.







Page number


Page Number.



document.


Page Layout




document.



schemes.



Page setup:




margins.




To Change or set page margins

1. Select Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click Margins.

2. Select the Margins type that you want.

For common margin width, click Normal.

When you click the margin type that you want, your

entire document automatically changes to the margin

type that you have selected.

3. You can also specify your own margin settings. Click

Margins, click Custom Margins, and then in the Top,

Bottom, Left, and Right boxes, enter new values.

Page Orientation

You can choose either portrait (vertical) or landscape (horizontal) orientation for all or

part of your document.

1. Select the Page Layout ribbon tab

2. Select the Orientation

3. Choose the Portrait or Landscape

Page Size

You can change the Page Size of the document.


2. Select the Size option

3. Choose the Paper size in the list or

4. Click More Paper size option.

Page Columns

Page columns option splits text into two or more columns. To set the Page Columns.

1. Select Page Layout tab, in the Page Setup group, click

Columns.

2. Click One, Two, Three, Left, Right etc.













Page Orientation






Page Size






Page Columns



Columns.














Page Orientation






Page Size






Page Columns



Columns.




Page Background

Page Background group consists of the watermark, Page

color and Page borders options for the document.

Watermark

Watermarks are text or pictures that appear behind document text. You can type

your own text or insert pictures.

Adding a Watermark to document

1. Select Page Layout tab, in the Page

Background group, click Watermark.


Choose a predesigned Watermark, such as

Confidential or Urgent, in the gallery of

watermarks.

If you want to add your own watermark,

then Select Custom Watermark, choose

Text/Picture watermark

You can also format the text of the

watermark.

Page Color

You can apply a different color, apply a texture or picture a page of the document.

1. On the Page Layout tab, in the Page Background group, click Page Color.


Select Theme Colors/Standard Colors/More Colors.

Select Fill Effects to change or add special effects, such

as gradients, textures or patterns.

Note

To view a watermark as it will appear on the

printed page, use Print Layout view.



Page Background



Watermark









watermarks.





watermark.

Page Color







Note





Page Background



Watermark









watermarks.





watermark.

Page Color







Note





Page Borders

A page border can serve as a graphic enhancement for a variety of documents, such as

letters, flyers, notices, and signs.

Borders can be added to pages, text, tables and table cells, graphic objects, and

pictures.

Borders are applied to any or all sides of each page in a document, to pages in a

section, to the first page only, or to all pages except the first.

Border Style, Color, Width, Setting, and Options can be changed.

Shading

Using the Shading tab, you can select a background color

and/or pattern. The Apply To field lets you specify whether this

should be applied to the whole paragraph or to selected text. Click

OK to see the effect.



Page Borders




pictures.




Shading







Page Borders




pictures.




Shading





Chapter 3: More on Spreadsheet

Filtering and Sorting

Charts

Functions and Formula



Perform filtering and sorting on records.

Create charts for analysis of data.

Use more functions and formulas.

Inside



Charts







Inside



Charts







Inside

Chapter 3: More on Spreadsheet 9th Standard



A filter is a list of conditions that each entry has to meet in order

to be displayed

Sorting rearranges the visible cells on the sheet. . Sorts are handy

when you are searching for a particular item, and become even more

powerful after you have filtered data.

In addition, sorting is often useful when you add new information. When a list is long, it

is usually easier to add new information at the bottom of the sheet, rather than inserting rows

in the proper places. After you have added the information, you can sort it to update the sheet.

Filtering

The filtering command is used to filter and view only the required data.

Steps to Filter:

1. Select the entire data.

2. Click on the On the Home ribbon, select Sort & Filter

3. Select the Filter option.

4. In the first row of your data table, a drop-down arrow

will appear on the right of each column heading.

5. When you click on a drop-down arrow, you will see a

list of all the values occurring in that column.

6. If you want to view records with a particular value only,click to uncheck the Select All option, and then checkone or more values that you want to view. Click the OKbutton.

7. All rows that do not contain the value(s) you checkedwill be hidden from view. A column that has beenfiltered will show a funnel icon next to the drop-downarrow on the heading.

8. Repeat the filtering process for as many columns as youneed. You can remove a column filter by checking itsSelect All option.





to be displayed







Filtering


Steps to Filter:















to be displayed







Filtering


Steps to Filter:













Removing Filter

To clear your previous filter settings,

1. Select Sort & Filter, and then Clear.

2. To turn off filtering, select Sort & Filter, and then Filter.

Sorting

Sorting means arranging the data in a given order. You can sort either numeric data

(1,2,3,4….) or character data (A,B,C,D,…).

Text, Numbers or dates either in ascending or descending order. Blank cells are always

placed last in a sort.

Steps to Sort:

If you want to sort an entire data table:

1. Select the data to sort.

2. On the Home ribbon, select Sort & Filter.

3. Choose either Sort A to Z (Ascending) or Sort Z to A (Descending) order.

Your data will be sorted based on the value in the column that you initially clicked on.

If you want to sort on two or more criteria (columns), or if you want to sort a range of

cells, then you need to do a custom sort:

1. Click in the data table, or

select the cells to be sorted.

2. On the Home ribbon, select

Sort & Filter, and choose

Custom Sort. The Sort

Window will open.

3. In the Sort By field, use the drop-down arrows to select the column that you want to

sort by and the order (ascending or descending) to be used.

4. If you want to add another sort criterion, then click the Add Level button, and a

second details row will appear in the window. Again, choose the sort column and

sort order.

5. Add or delete levels as required.

6. Click the OK.



Removing Filter




Sorting





Steps to Sort:













Window will open.





sort order.


6. Click the OK.



Removing Filter




Sorting





Steps to Sort:













Window will open.





sort order.


6. Click the OK.



0102030405060

6th 7th 8th 9th 10th

Strength

Charts

Charts and graphs can be powerful ways to convey information to the reader. Using a

spreadsheet, you can customize charts and graphs to a considerable extent. Many of these

options enable you to present your information in the best and clearest manner.

The graphical representation of data is called chart. Charts allow you to present

information contained in the worksheet in a graphic format. Excel offers many types of charts

including Column, Line, Pie, Bar, Area, Scatter and more.

Creating a Chart:

To create a chart

1. Select all the cells containing data including labels.

2. Click the Insert tab. Select any type of the Charts

group. A list of chart sub-types appears.

3. Click any Chart option.

The chart will be created depending upon your choice.


A Function is a pre-defined formula for performing a particular task. Spreadsheet

programs provide a wide range of built-in functions that can be included in formulas to avoid

detailed calculations.

Formulas are equations using numbers and variables to get a result. In a spreadsheet, the

variables are cell locations that hold the data needed for the equation to be completed. A



10th

Strength

Strength

Strength

Charts







Creating a Chart:

To create a chart














Strength

6th

7th

8th

9th

10th

Charts







Creating a Chart:

To create a chart














function is a predefined calculation entered in a cell to help you analyze or manipulate data in

a spreadsheet. All you have to do is add the arguments, and the calculation is automatically

made for you.

Examples:

‘+’ this operator adds two numbers together for a result. SUM() on the other hand adds

groups of contiguous ranges of numbers together.

‘*’ this operator multiplies two numbers together as a result. PRODUCT() does the

same for multiplying that SUM() does for adding.

Each function has a number of arguments used in the calculations. These arguments

may or may not have their own name. Your task is to enter the arguments needed to run the

function.

Mathematical Functions

PRODUCT(): The product function is used to multiply all the numbers given as

arguments and returns the product.

Syntax

Arguments:

number1, number2, ... are numbers that you want to multiply. The number can be text

strings, numbers, or single-cell references

MOD(): The Mod function returns the remainder after a number is divided by the

divisor. The result has the same sign as divisor.

Syntax

Arguments:

number, is the number for which you want to find the remainder.

divisor, is the number by which you want to divide number.

ROUND(): The round function rounds a number to a specified number of digits.

Syntax

Arguments:

number, is the number you want to round.

count (optional) is the number of the places to which the value is to be rounded. If the

count parameter is negative, only the whole number portion is rounded

=PRODUCT(number1,number2,...)

= MOD(number, divisor)

= ROUND(number, count)



SQRT(): It is used to find the square root of the given value.

Syntax

Arguments:

number, is the number for which you want the square root.

FACT(): It returns the factorial of a given number. The factorial of a number is equal to

1*2*3*...* number.

Syntax

Arguments:

number, is the nonnegative number for which you want the factorial. If the number is

not an integer, it is truncated.

Date and Time Functions

TODAY(): It returns the serial number of the current date.

Syntax

NOW(): It returns the serial number of the current date and time.

Syntax

String/Text Functions

UPPER(): It is used to converts the string to all upper case letters.

Syntax

Argument: Text is the text you want to be converted to uppercase.

LOWER(): It is used to converts the string to all lower case letters.

Syntax

Argument: Text is the text you want to convert to lowercase. LOWER does not change

characters in the text that are not letters.

Logical Functions

IF()

Syntax

= SQRT (number)

= FACT(number)

= TODAY()

= NOW( )

= UPPER(text)

= LOWER (text)

= IF( [logical_test], [if_value_is_true],[if_value_is_false])



The IF function checks whether a logical_test is met

and returns one value if TRUE and another value if FALSE.

Select the cell and enter the following function. The Marks is

greater than 30 IF function returns pass otherwise NC (Not

Completed).

AND()

Syntax

The AND Function returns TRUE if all logical conditions are true and returns FALSE if

any of the conditions are false.

OR()

Syntax

The OR function returns TRUE if any of the logical conditions are TRUE and returns

FALSE if all conditions are false.

Note

The AND and OR function can check up to 255conditions.

Remember

Important Functions

Logical FunctionsAND Returns TRUE if all its arguments are TRUE

IF Specifies a logical test to perform

NOT Reverses the logic of its argument

OR Returns TRUE if any argument is TRUE

Date and Time FunctionsDATE Returns the serial number of a particular date

DATEDIF Calculates the difference between two dates.

DAY Converts a serial number to a day of the month

HOUR Converts a serial number to an hour

= AND(logical1,logical2,….)

= OR(logical1,logical2,….)







Completed).

AND()

Syntax



OR()

Syntax



Note


Remember

Important Functions

















Completed).

AND()

Syntax



OR()

Syntax



Note


Remember

Important Functions













MINUTE Converts a serial number to a minute

MONTH Converts a serial number to a month

NOW Returns the serial number of the current date and time

TIME Returns the serial number of a particular time

TODAY Returns the serial number of today's date

WEEKDAY Converts a serial number to a day of the week

YEAR Converts a serial number to a year

Mathematical FunctionsEVEN Rounds a number up to the nearest even integer

FACT Returns the factorial of a number

GCD Returns the greatest common divisor

INT Rounds a number down to the nearest integer

LCM Returns the least common multiple

MMULT Returns the matrix product of two arrays

MOD Returns the remainder from division

ODD Rounds a number up to the nearest odd integer

PI Returns the value of Pi

POWER Returns the result of a number raised to a power

PRODUCT Multiplies its arguments

QUOTIENT Returns the integer portion of a division

ROUND Rounds a number to a specified number of digits

SUM Adds its arguments

Text FunctionsCONCATENATE Joins several text items into one text item

EXACT Checks to see if two text values are identical

FIND Finds one text value within another (case-sensitive)

LEFT Returns the leftmost characters from a text value

LEN Returns the number of characters in a text string

LOWER Converts text to lowercase

REPLACE Replaces characters within text

RIGHT Returns the rightmost characters from a text value

TRIM Removes spaces from text

UPPER Converts text to uppercase

Chapter 4: Introduction to Presentation

Introduction

Creating a Presentation

Creating a New Slide

Text Box

Formatting toolbar

Saving the Presentation

View Presentation

Insert Picture/Clip Art

Insert Movie/Sounds

Animations

Printing the Presentation

Learning Outcomes:


Create a presentation.

Enter content into the presentation application.

Use design options.

Print the presentation.

Inside


Introduction



Text Box

Formatting toolbar


View Presentation


Insert Movie/Sounds

Animations


Learning Outcomes:




Use design options.


Inside


Introduction



Text Box

Formatting toolbar


View Presentation


Insert Movie/Sounds

Animations


Learning Outcomes:




Use design options.


Inside

Chapter 4: Introduction to Presentation 9th Standard


Introduction

A presentation program is a software used to perform computer-based presentations.

There are various situations in which a presentation is made, for example, a student can make

it for a class seminar, a teacher can use it for being more interesting and persons working in a

company can use it for routine meetings or talk with regular clients. A presentation is made up

of slides. Individual pages of a presentation are called Slides.

Some of the presentation programs available are OpenOffice.org Impress, Microsoft

PowerPoint, LibreOffice Impress, etc.

Steps to open Presentation

Click on Start Button on taskbar

Click on All Programs

Click on Microsoft Office then select Microsoft Office PowerPoint

This will open the PowerPoint window.


Presentation involves the creation of a series of slides with text, images, charts, graph,

tables, audio and video displayed on them. You can create a new presentation using several

options. A dialog box that appears when you start presentation offers four options:



Introduction



















Introduction



















1. Using the Auto Content Wizard

2. Using a Design Template

3. Using a Blank Presentation

4. Open an Existing Presentation

The Auto Content Wizard

The Auto Content Wizard provides templates and ideas for a variety of presentation

types. You will be walked through a series of questions about the presentation you are

making, including a category for the type of information being presented and the method of

delivery. The Wizard then applies a background and text as well as an outline of text you may

use as a guide. This is the preferred method for creating a presentation in the least of the

amount of time.

1. Click on the Office Button

and click New.

2. A new window will appear

with several categories of

templates to choose from.

Click on the Installed

templates style that you wish

to use and click the Create

button. This will allow us to easily a consistent background and style to our

presentation.

3. Slides will be added automatically to your slide presentation. Instructions will be

included on each slide explaining how to add content to your slideshow.

Design Template

The presentation provides many templates or predefined options with different

backgrounds and text formatting to begin your presentation.

Design templates contain color schemes, slide and title masters with custom formatting

to give a particular look to a presentation. When you apply a design template replaces the slide

master, title master, and color scheme of the original presentation. After you apply a design

template, each slide has the some look. Since you will be applying only the background using

the design template, you can the design of a presentation at any time.













amount of time.


and click New.








presentation.



Design Template




















amount of time.


and click New.








presentation.



Design Template










1. Click on the Office Button and click New.



themes to choose from. Click

on the Installed Themes that

you wish to use and click the

Create button. This will allow

us to easily a consistent

background and style to our

presentation.

3. Slides will be added

automatically to your slide presentation.

Blank Presentation

Select this option to open a presentation to build the presentation with no preset graphics

or formatting. The user can use this option to develop a presentation using his imagination.

This method gives you the most freedom, but also requires the most amount of time to

complete.


and click New.

2. A new window will appear in

that click on Blank and

Recent option.

3. Select the Blank Presentation

and then click on Create

button.

Open an existing presentation

Select this option to open a presentation that already exists. Select the folder where the

file is located in from the look in the drop-down menu and highlight the file on the list. Click

Open to open the presentation.












presentation.



Blank Presentation




complete.


and click New.



Recent option.



button.
















presentation.



Blank Presentation




complete.


and click New.



Recent option.



button.







Creating a new slide

Once you have opened a new presentation, the next step is to add and format the content.

The presentation provides a selection of pre-defined slide layouts based on different types of

content that you can use to quickly add content to the slides. For each of the 9 Slide Layouts

provided, Presentation combines the four types of placeholders in different combinations; each

placeholder will be replaced with the following type of content:

Placeholder: Replaced with:

Title A title

Subtitle A subtitle

Text A bulleted list

Content +Slide Layout Placeholders

Using a Slide Layout ensures that the text and other elements you enter into the

placeholders will have consistent spacing and be optimally arranged.

Inserting a New Slide

1. Click the New Slide button on the Home Ribbon Tab.

2. From the list of Slide Layouts, select the layout you want to apply to the new slide.

3. You may now begin adding content using the placeholders in the layout.

Changing the layout of an existing slide:

1. Select the slide you want to change.

2. Click the Layout button on the Home tab. A

menu appears with your options.

3. Click an option to select it. The slide will

change in the presentation.

Note

Placeholders are boxes with dotted borders that are part of allslide layouts. These boxes hold title and body text or objectssuch as Smart Art graphics, charts, tables, and pictures.










Title A title

Subtitle A subtitle















Note











Title A title

Subtitle A subtitle















Note




Text Box

Text boxes are the basic slide elements necessary for creating a professional looking

presentation. Your template has provided you with these basic design elements for each slide,

but you will need to change them or add more of them to create your presentation.

Adding and editing text

1. Click on the text area of the slide.

2. Start typing.

3. When typing in a bulleted list area, press the Enter key on your keyboard to create

another bulleted line.

Inserting additional text boxes

1. On the Insert Ribbon tab, in the Text group click on Text Box.

2. The cursor will turn into what looks like an upside down. Click on the slide and drag

the mouse diagonally on the slide to create a new text box of whatever size and

shape you need and release the mouse button.

3. Click on the new text box to begin typing text into it.

Formatting Tool Bar

Format Text

You can change the appearance of text by changing its font, size, style, and color. You

can format text in the Outline tab or the Slide pane. To format text:

1. Select the text you want to format.

2. To change the font, select a new font from the Font drop-down list on the Home



Text Box






2. Start typing.









Formatting Tool Bar

Format Text







Text Box






2. Start typing.









Formatting Tool Bar

Format Text







Ribbon Tab.

3. To change the size, select a new size from the Size drop-down list on the Home

Ribbon Tab.

4. To change the style, click the Bold, Italic, or Underline button on the Home Ribbon

Tab.

5. To change the color, select a new color from the Font Color button's drop-down

palette. (The Font Color button is on the Drawing toolbar).

Align Text

Alignment determines the position of the text within its text object box on a slide. Text

can be left-aligned, right-aligned, centered, or justified as follows:

1. Select the text you want to align.

2. Click on Home Ribbon Tab

3. Select the alignment option you want:

Align Left - Aligns text at the left edge of the text object box.

Center - Aligns text between the left and right edges of the text object box.

Align Right - Aligns text at the right edge of the text object box.

Justify - Begins text at the left edge and ends the text at the right edge of the text

object box.

Deleting a Slide

As you look at your presentation you may find that there is a slide you really don’t need.

The presentation allows you to delete any unnecessary slide.

1. Select the slide you want to delete.

2. Press the Delete button

OR

1. Right-click on the slide you want to delete from slide list.

2. Click on delete slide option


If you are saving a document for the first time, you will need to use the Save As

command; however, if you have already saved a presentation, you can use the Save command.



To use the Save As command:

1. Click the Office Button.

2. Select Save As. A menu will appear. Select the type of file you want to save the

presentation.

3. The Save As dialog box will appear. Select the location where you want to save the

document using the drop-down menu.

4. Enter a name for the document.

5. Click the Save button.

To use the Save command:


2. Select Save from the menu.

View presentation

A view is simply a way of managing and representing your slide. Since in presentation

you are writing text, inserting objects and creating layouts for slides, you may want to look

closely at specific aspects of a presentation to see the effect. The presentation comes with

different views to help you to create your presentation better. It offers different types of views.

1. Normal View

2. Slide Sorter View

3. Slide Show View

Normal view

Normal view is the main editing view, where you write and design your presentation.

This view has four working areas:

1. Outline tab: This is a great place to start writing your content — to capture your ideas, plan

how you want to present them, and move slides and text around. The Outline tab shows your

slide text in outline form.

Know This!

Some of the presentation file extension are“.odp”, “.ppt”, “.sdd”






presentation.








View presentation





1. Normal View


3. Slide Show View

Normal view






Know This!







presentation.








View presentation





1. Normal View


3. Slide Show View

Normal view






Know This!




2. Slides tab: This is a great

place to view the slides in your

presentation as thumbnail-sized

images while you edit. The

thumbnails make it easy for you

to navigate through your

presentation and to see the

effects of any design changes.

You can also easily rearrange,

add, or delete slides here.

3. Slide pane: In the upper-

right section of the window, the

Slide pane displays a large view of the current slide. With the current slide shown in this view,

you can add text and insert pictures, tables, Smart Art graphics, charts, drawing objects, text

boxes, movies, sounds, hyperlinks, and animations.

4. Notes pane: In the Notes pane below the Slide pane, you can type notes that apply to the

current slide. Later, you can print your notes and refer to them when you give your

presentation. You can also print notes to hand out to your audience or include the notes in a

presentation that you send to the audience or post on a Web page.

Slide sorter view

A small image of each slide is

displayed in Slide Sorter View. In

Slide Sorter view, you see the

thumbnail representations of the

slides comprising your slide show.

This is a great way to see the whole

presentation at once, in the order in

which they will appear in the slide

show. After you are finished

creating and editing your

presentation, you can come to Slide






















Slide sorter view

































Slide sorter view














Sorter view to shuffle slides around, and copy, delete, or hide slides until you've got it right.

Slide Sorter view also allows you to set up special effects to the slides in the presentation.

As you look through your slides in Slide Sorter view and find a slide that you need to

further edit, just double-click on that slide and it will be displayed in the Normal view.

Rearranging Slides in Slide Sorter View

You can often make a presentation better by playing with the order in which the slides

appear. Sometimes, you may wish to entirely hide a slide that doesn't apply to your audience.

All of this happens in Slide Sorter view. To rearrange slides in Slide Sorter view:

1. Click on the Slide Sorter view button (or choose View/Slide Sorter).

2. Click on the slide you wish to move, copy, delete or hide to select it.

3. Now move, copy, delete, or hide the slide:

To move a slide, press and hold the mouse button, drag the slide to where you

want it to go, and release the mouse button.

To copy a slide, press and hold the [Ctrl] key and drag the slide to where you

want it to go.

To delete a slide, press [Delete] or [Backspace].

To hide a slide, right-click in the slide thumbnail and choose Hide Slide.

Slideshow view

Use the Slide Show view to see the slide show on your computer screen one slide at a

time, using the full screen, as you will when actually presenting the show. You can move the

subsequent slides by either clicking your mouse button, clicking the [Page Up] and [Page

Down] buttons, or by using the left and right arrow keys on your keyboard.

To view the Slide Show:

1. When you use the Slide Show view button, Presentation starts the show at the

currently selected slide. So, go to the first slide in your presentation.

2. Click the Slide Show view button.(Or Press F5)

3. To move to the next slide, click the mouse button or push the right arrow key. At the

end of the show, PowerPoint will display, "End of slide show, click to exit".

4. You can exit a slide show at any point by pressing the [Esc] key.



Insert Picture/ Clip Art

Effective visuals emphasize the key content points in a presentation. It provides a

selection of professionally designed pictures, or clip art, that you can use in your

presentations. These clip art images include many different themes such as animals, people,

buildings, food, holidays, business, and more.

To Insert a Picture/Clip Art Image:

1. Move to the slide on which you want to place clip art.

2. Apply a Slide Layout that includes content or clip art placeholder.

3. Open the Select a Picture dialog box by:

Clicking on the Clip Art button on the content placeholder (OR)

Double-clicking on the clip art placeholder

4. In the Search box, type a word or phrase that describes the clip you want.

5. Click Search. It displays the search results in the Select Picture List.

6. Click on the clip art image you want and click OK.

To Resize a Clip Art Image

Once you have added a clip art object to your slide, you can resize it to make it fit better

into your presentation.

1. Click on the Clip Art object to select it.

2. Put the arrow on one of the resize handles at the corner of the picture until the cursor

changes to a double-headed arrow.

3. Press the mouse button and drag the handle toward or away from the center to make

the image larger or smaller.

Insert a Movie/ Sound

1. Select the slide where you want to insert the movie.


3. Click the drop-down arrow on the Movie/Sound button in the

Media Clips group.

4. Select Insert a Movie/Sound from File from the menu. The Insert Movie/Sound

dialog box will appear.





























Media Clips group.































Media Clips group.





Animations

Animations refer to the manner in which individual text or other objects appear as they

enter or exit a slide. Normally, all objects on a slide appear at the same time when you display

the slide. However, you can have different objects appear and exit at different times under

your control as the show proceeds.

Applying Transition

Transitions affect the way one slide goes to the next slide. Transitions add interest to

your slide show.

1. Select the slide you want to modify.

2. Select the Animations tab.

3. Locate the Transition to This Slide group. By default, No Transition is applied to

each slide.

4. Click the More drop-down arrow to display all available transition effects.

5. Click a slide transition effect to apply it to the selected slide.

If you want to apply the transition to all slides in presentation click Apply to All

Setting slide Transition Speed/Sound:

1. Apply a slide transition effect to a slide.

2. Click the Transition Speed/Sound drop-down menu in the Transition to This Slide

group on the Animations tab.

3. Select a menu option transition speed/sound to apply it to the selected slide.


1. You may want to print copies of your slides for the people who view your

presentation or for yourself.

2. There are three print options available from the Office button menu: Print, Quick

Print, and Print Preview.



Animations





Applying Transition


your slide show.




each slide.
















Animations





Applying Transition


your slide show.




each slide.
















OpenOffice.org Impress

Impress is OpenOffice.org presentations component. You can create slides that contain

many different elements, including text, bulleted and numbered lists, tables, charts, clip art,

and a wide range of graphic objects. Impress, in common with the other components of

OpenOffice.org, has access to the spelling checker and thesaurus and comes with pre-

packaged text styles, background styles, and a handy online help.

The main Impress window has three parts: the Slides pane, the Workspace, and the

Tasks pane. Additionally, several toolbars can be displayed or hidden during the creation of a

presentation.

Slides pane

The Slides pane contains thumbnail pictures of the slides in your presentation; in the

order, they will be shown. Clicking a slide in this pane selects it and places it in the

Workspace. While it is there, you can apply any changes desired to that particular slide.

Tasks pane

The Tasks pane has five sections: Master Pages, Layout, Table Design, Custom

Animation, and Slide Transition.











presentation.

Slides pane




Tasks pane













presentation.

Slides pane




Tasks pane





Workspace

The Workspace has five tabs: Normal, Outline, Notes, Handout, and Slide Sorter. These

five tabs are called View Buttons. There are also many toolbars that can be used during slide

creation; they are revealed by selecting them with View > Toolbars.

Toolbars

The various Impress toolbars can be displayed or hidden by clicking View > Toolbars

and selecting from the menu. You can also select the icons that you wish to appear on each

toolbar.

Status Bar

The status bar, positioned at the bottom of the Impress window, contains information

that you may find useful when working on a presentation.

Remember

Keyboard Shortcut Keys

Ctrl + D Insert a Duplicate Slide

Ctrl + KOpen the Insert/Edit Hyperlink

dialog box

Save Ctrl + S

Print Ctrl + P

F5 Start Slide Show

Esc End the Slide Show



Workspace




Toolbars



toolbar.

Status Bar



Remember




dialog box

Save Ctrl + S

Print Ctrl + P

F5 Start Slide Show




Workspace




Toolbars



toolbar.

Status Bar



Remember




dialog box

Save Ctrl + S

Print Ctrl + P

F5 Start Slide Show


Chapter 5: Introduction to Internet

Introduction

History of Internet

Browsing the internet

Searching the information



Define Internet.

Open websites using a browser.

Use a search engine tool.

Use keywords to search for information.

Follow safety rules while browsing and searching.

Inside


Introduction

History of Internet





Define Internet.





Inside


Introduction

History of Internet





Define Internet.





Inside

Chapter 5: Introduction to Internet 9th Standard


Introduction

The term internet is derived from two words Interconnection and Network. The

Internet is a combined collection of many interconnected computer networks around the

world. Each network consists of multiple numbers of computers connected through cables,

wireless or any other media. Using these computers people can share and exchange

information. A connection to the Internet is needed to access the Internet.

History of Internet

The foundation of internet laid in 1969 when the Department of Defense (DOD) of the

United States of America started a network called ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects

Agency Network). The basic aim behind ARPANET was to develop a network that could

continue to function efficiently even during a nuclear attack.

Later in 1980, the ARPANET project was assigned to National Science Foundation

(NSF) created a new network of computers based on ARPANET called NSFNET which

turned out to be more efficient and capable. Over time, it expanded to include sites for

business, universities, government and so on, and finally became a network consisting of

millions of computers now known as Internet

Know This!

A computer network is a set of computers connectedtogether for the purpose of sharing resources.

The most common resource shared today is a connectionto the Internet.

Other shared resources can include a printer or a fileserver. The Internet itself can be considered as acomputer network.



Introduction






History of Internet










Know This!






Introduction






History of Internet










Know This!







Browser: A web browser, or simply "browser," is an application used to access and

view websites. It enables the user to view web pages, navigates websites, and move

from one website to another. Popular Web browsers are Internet explorer, Mozilla

Firefox, Google Chrome, Netscape navigator, Opera etc.

WWW: The World Wide Web is also called as “WWW”, it allows computer users

to locate and access any information over the internet. The Web is a collection of

millions of pages of information. The information can include text, pictures,

animations, sound and video. We can usually find information about any topic on

the Internet.

Web site: The location where the information is available on the web is called a

website. A website is a collection of web pages. The Web pages are organized on a

website like the pages of a book. Each Website is owned and updated by an

individual, company or organization.












the Internet.
















the Internet.







Web page: The documents available on WWW are known as web pages. A web

page is a file containing information in text, graphics, Audio and Video.

HTTP: The internal structure of the World Wide Web is built on a set of rules

called Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP).

URL: A website is accessed by using the website address called the URL (Uniform

resource locator). HTTP uses internet addresses in a URL format.

URLs look like this: type://address/path/

Example: http://www.karnataka.gov.in or http://www.kreis.kar.nic.in

Hyperlink: A hyperlink is a connection that allows you to move easily from one

web page to another related web page. Text, images can be made into hyperlinks.

A hyperlink is usually underlined. Clicking on the hyperlink takes you to a

different page.

We can browse the information on any subjects. For example, enter the URL

www.wikipedia.org in the address bar. This is a website where you can find the information

on many subjects.

Know This!

Web server: The WebPages on the internet are stored on thecomputers that are connected to the internet these computers areknown as web servers. Any computer that has a server softwareinstalled on it and is connected to the internet can act as a webserver.














different page.



on many subjects.

Know This!















different page.



on many subjects.

Know This!




Advantages of Internet / Internet Services

Sharing information & resources E-Mail Audio /Video Conferencing Video on Demand Real-time broadcasting

Playing On-line games Newsgroups Enhanced learning Chat groups On-line shopping

Disadvantages of Internet / Internet services

Misuse of resources Hackers Uploading virus to network through the Internet

Hint

Information on the web is created by manypeople. Anyone can create the information andshare it on the web.

RememberDomain Name Meaning

.com Commercial

.gov Government

.mil Military

.ac Academic

.in Country (India)

.org Organization

.edu Education

Know This!

Homepage: On our computer, you can choose a web page thatopens immediately when you launch your web browser by using acommand in your web browser, which is known as a homepage.








Hint



.com Commercial

.gov Government

.mil Military

.ac Academic

.in Country (India)

.org Organization

.edu Education

Know This!









Hint



.com Commercial

.gov Government

.mil Military

.ac Academic

.in Country (India)

.org Organization

.edu Education

Know This!



Karnataka Residential Educational Institutional Society 53 | P a g e


A web search engine is a software system

that is designed to search for any information on

the World Wide Web. The information may be a

web page, images, and other types of files.

A web search engine uses three tools for

searching namely a spider or a crawler, an indexer and a search algorithm. A crawler searches

the internet for new terms and stores the searched terms in a database. An Indexer then

indexes all the terms in the database to make the searching process fast. A search algorithm is

simply a method by which the search engine performs a search based on the keywords entered

by the user. Some of the popular search engines are Google, Yahoo, Msn, and Alta Vista.

Searching

1. Open the Browser and go to the search engine website.

2. Enter the word, phrase or sentence related to the information that you want to search

for.

3. Click on the hyperlinks that the search engine shows results.

4. Usually, the most relevant sites are provided in the first few pages.














Searching



for.
















Searching



for.





Tips to search the web

Use specific words.

Use many words to get relevant sites.

Example: “Respiratory systems in humans” gives information on only human

Respiratory systems.

To include the complete phrase in the search use double quotes (“ ”)around the

phrase. Example: “Air and water pollution” gives websites which contain the phrase

air and water pollution.

If you want a word to be included in the search then add + before the word.

If you want a word to be excluded from the search then add – before the word.




Use specific words.












Use specific words.











Safety Measures for Internet Browsing and Searching

Seek permission of your teachers before using The Internet.

Don’t give your real identity to anyone you meet online. This includes your real

name, address, school information, e-mail address, password, and bank account

information.

Don’t fill out any survey, membership, or application forms asking for your personal

information from an unsecured site.

Do close the web browser immediately if you see any images of violence, nudity,

and any other contents that aren’t right for your age.

Close the pop-up. Do not perform any action requested by the pop-up. This may

cause the applications on your computer to stop working.

Chapter 6: Electronic-Mail

About E-Mail

Creation of E-Mail Account

How to send E-Mail

Attaching files to E-Mail



Define e-mail.

Create an e-mail account.

Send and receive e-mail.

Send attachments with e-mail.

Inside


About E-Mail


How to send E-Mail




Define e-mail.




Inside


About E-Mail


How to send E-Mail




Define e-mail.




Inside

Chapter 6: E-Mail 9th Standard


About E-Mail

Electronic mail (also known as email or e-mail) is one of the most commonly used

services on the Internet, allowing people to send messages to one or more recipients. The

email was invented by V.A Shiva Ayyadurai in 1972.

Why use E-Mail?

The operating principle behind email is relatively simple, which has quickly made it the

most popular service used on the Internet.

As with a traditional postal service, for your message to reach your recipient, all you

need to know is their address. Its two main advantages over "paper mail" are the speed at

which the email is sent (practically instantaneous) and the lower cost (included with the cost

of an Internet connection).

Email addresses

Email addresses (both for senders and recipients) are two strings separated by the

character "@" (" at sign"): user@domain

The right-hand part describes the domain name involved, and the left-hand part refers to

the user who belongs to that domain.

An email address can be up to 255 characters long and can include the following

characters:

Lowercase letters from a to z;

Digits

The characters ".","_" and "-" (full stop, underscore, and hyphen)

In practice, an email address often looks something like this:

[email protected]

Free E-Mail service providers

A number of websites provide e-mail service. No fee is charged from the users until they

are using advanced features. Some of the websites that provide e-mail service are as listed

here.



http://www.gmail.com

http://www.yahoo.com

http://www.rediffmail.com

http://www.hotmail.com


To avail e-mail service of any website a user must have an e-mail account on that

website. To create an e-mail account follows these steps:

Step 1: Start web browsers like (Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, and Google Chrome

etc).

Step 2: Type the address of any e-mail service

provider. For example “www.gmail.com” in the

address bar of web browser and press Enter key.

Step 3:

Click Sign In:

A web page appears which allows the new users to

create their mail accounts and the existing users to login

into their accounts.

Step 4:

If you a new user, Click on Create an account for

registration.

Step 5:

Fill up all necessary details in the given text boxes.

Some of the entries are compulsory (indicated by a * sign)

and some optional. It is necessary to fill up all the

compulsory entries.











etc).




Step 3:

Click Sign In:




Step 4:


registration.

Step 5:




compulsory entries.











etc).




Step 3:

Click Sign In:




Step 4:


registration.

Step 5:




compulsory entries.



Step 6:

Click on next button to complete the process of registration.

The confirmation page appears displaying your e-mail ID. Now you can send or

receive e-mail using this e-mail ID.

Step 7:

Click on next button to complete the process of

registration.

Step 8:

To check the emails click on inbox, a list of received e-mails is displayed along with

the information: Sender’s name, Subject of the message, date/time on which it is received.

How to Send E-Mail

You can send the E-mail; you must know the recipient's e-mail address. To send an E-

Mail follows these steps.

Step 1: Click on Compose button the new window will appear where we can enter the To

address, Cc (Carbon Copy), BCC (Blind Carbon Copy), subject and message box.

To: Type the recipient email id

Cc: (Carbon Copy) -If you are sending the same message to multiple recipients

Bcc: (Blind Carbon Copy) -If you are sending them a Copy and you don't wish

the other recipients to see that you sent it to this contact



Step 6:




Step 7:


registration.

Step 8:



How to Send E-Mail











Step 6:




Step 7:


registration.

Step 8:



How to Send E-Mail











Subject: Subject of the message.

Message box: The message to be sent.

Step 2: Click on the send button, you can see the sent successful message.


Along with text message, if you want to send files, you have the option that is an

attachment. To attach files follow these steps:

1. Open your e-mail account

2. Compose your e-mail

3. Click on attach option; select the file to be sent.

4. After all attached file appears along with the message click on send button



























Do’s and Don’ts of e-mail

Do not give out any of your passwords to friends or

anyone you meet online.

Check your emails regularly.

While sending emails make sure the subject field accurately portrays the content of

your email.

Be courteous. Remember you are not talking to the screen of a computer but with a

human being. For example, if you are angry with a mail received, do not reply

immediately. Cool down and relax first.

Avoid writing a sentence in CAPs in your email except where it is synthetically

correct.

Do not send emails to multiple addresses if it is not required.

Don’t open, reply or download attachments from spam or from unknown senders.

These may contain viruses or other threats that can harm your computer.

Don’t reply to or start a conversation with people you don’t know. Don’t accept gift

offerings from them.

Don’t download any files that are given to you by people you’ve met online. Don’t

download any files from your e-mail unless they are solicited.

Do avoid posting your personal profile on the web. This may be used by online

predators against you.








your email.





correct.

















your email.





correct.










Chapter 7: Online Services

E-Governance

E-Commerce

Social Networking



Define E-governance and E-Commerce.

List the advantages and disadvantage of E-Commerce.

Use social networking.

Inside


E-Governance

E-Commerce

Social Networking






Inside


E-Governance

E-Commerce

Social Networking






Inside

Chapter 7: Online Services 9th Standard


Introduction to E-Governance

E-Governance also called Electronic Governance means using Information and

Communications Technology (ICT) to transform functioning of the Government.

It differs from E-Government as Governance is wider than Government. E-governance

may refer to governance of a Country, or the governance of an institution and also governance

of a Household by a housewife.

What is E-Government?

E-Government i.e. Electronic Government is the use of Information and

Communications Technology (ICT) to run or carry on the business of the Government of a

Country.

A Government is a group of people responsible for the administration and control of a

Country/State. It involves people like the Heads of States, Ministers, Government Employees,

etc. It also involves public participation.












Country.















Country.






Objectives of E-Governance

Following are the objectives/aims of E-Governance:

1. To build an informed society

2. To increase Government and Citizen Interaction

3. To encourage citizen participation

4. To bring transparency in the governing process

5. To make the Government accountable

6. To reduce the cost of Governance

7. To reduce the reaction time of the Government

Categories in E-Governance

• Government to Citizen (G2C) initiatives

• Government to Business (G2B) initiatives

• Government to Employee (G2E) initiatives

• Government to Government (G2G) initiatives

G2C G2B G2E G2G

Government to Citizen (G2C) initiatives

• Communication link between a government and private individuals or residents.

• G2C can take place at the central, state and local levels. Examples: India.gov.in

• Computerization of Land Records (Department of Land Resources, Government of

India)

Examples: Online Delivery of Land Records

Bhoomi Project in Karnataka

Gyandoot in Madhya Pradesh

Project FRIENDS in Kerala

Jan Mitra Project in Rajasthan

e-Seva (Andhra Pradesh)

















G2C G2B G2E G2G





India)























G2C G2B G2E G2G





India)









Government to Business (G2B) initiatives

• Encompasses all activities of government which imposes upon business

organizations.

• Includes registrations under different statutes, licenses under different laws and

exchange of information between government and business.

• The objective of bringing these activities under e-Governance is

To provide a friendly environment to business.

Speed up various processes .

Provide relevant information to the business.

Example: Business.gov.in

e-Procurement Project in Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat

Government to Employee (G2E) initiatives

G2E is a transaction between government and Employee. It Includes,

Online training and conference for the employee.

Employee information.

Example: The example of Government to Employee is that e-training for employees

www.egovonline.net.

Government to Government (G2G) initiatives

The electronic sharing of data and/or information systems between government

agencies, departments or organizations.

The goal of G2G is to support e-government initiatives by improving

communication, data access, and data sharing.

G2G initiatives help in making the internal government processes more efficient.

Many a time G2C and G2B processes necessitate the improvements in G2G

processes.

Examples: http://egovstandards.gov.in

• Khajane Project ( Karnataka)

• SmartGov (Andhra Pradesh)



Advantages of E-Governance

1. Speed: Technology makes communication speedier. Internet, Phones, Cell Phones

have reduced the time taken in normal communication.

2. Cost Reduction: Internet and Phones make communication cheaper saving valuable

money for the Government.

3. Transparency: All the information of the Government would be made available on

the internet. The citizens can see the information whenever they want to see.

4. Accountability: Accountability is answerability of the Government to the people. It

is the responsibility for the activities of the Government.

E-Commerce

E-Commerce (or electric commerce) refers to the

buying and selling of goods and services using

electronic channels, primarily the Internet. E-Commerce

is a division of trade or production which deals with the

exchange of goods and services from producer to final

consumer. E-Commerce is commonly known as

electronic marketing.












E-Commerce



















E-Commerce










E-commerce vs. E-business

We use the term e-business to refer primarily to the digital enablement of

transactions and processes within a firm, involving information systems under the

control of the firm.

E-commerce includes commercial transactions involving an exchange of value

across organizational boundaries

E-Commerce Process

A consumer uses a Web browser to connect to the home page of a merchant's Web

site on the Internet.

The consumer browses the catalog of products featured on the site and selects items

to purchase. The selected items are placed in the electronic equivalent of a shopping

cart.

When the consumer is ready to complete the purchase of selected items, it provides a

bill to and ship to address for purchase and delivery

When the credit card number is validated and the order is completed at the

Commerce Server site, the merchant's site displays a receipt confirming the

customer's purchase.

The Commerce Server site then forwards the order to a Processing Network for

payment processing and fulfillment.









E-Commerce Process





cart.
















E-Commerce Process





cart.










Different types of E-Commerce

Business-to-Business (B2B)

Business-to-Consumer (B2C)

Business-to-Government (B2G)

Business-to-Consumer (C2C)

Business-to-Business: B2B e-commerce is simply defined as e-commerce between

companies. About 80% of e-commerce is of this type.

Examples: Intel selling microprocessor to Dell

Business-to-Consumer: B2C e-commerce is between companies and consumers, it

involves customers gathering information; purchasing physical goods or receiving

products over an electronic network.

Example: Dell selling me a laptop

Business-to-Government: B2G e-commerce is generally defined as commerce between

companies and the public sector. It refers to the use of the Internet for public

procurement, licensing procedures, and other government-related operations

Example: Business pays taxes, file reports, or sell goods and services to Govt. agencies.

Consumer-to-consumer: C2C e-commerce is simply commerce between private

individuals or consumers.

Example: Ram buying smartphone from Sam using OLX

Advantages of e-commerce

Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to find products.

More reach to customers, there is no theoretical geographic limitations.

Low operational costs and better quality of services.

Customers can easily select products from different providers without moving

around physically.

Disadvantages of e-commerce

Unable to examine products personally and not everyone is connected to the Internet

There is the possibility of credit card number theft.

Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on the total processes.



Social Networking

A social Networking Sites (SNS) is an online platform that allows users to create a

public profile and interacts with other users on the website.

SNS lets you stay connected to friends and family. You can also find old friends with

whom you may have lost touch. SNS are popular because they are very easy to use. All the

SNS provide some basic features like profile creation, content uploading, and content sharing.

Some Social Networking Sites

For example

Flicker has photo sharing as the main focus

YouTube has audio and video file sharing as the main focus.

Google+ provides photo upload, video upload, chat room, instant messaging and

email.

Category name and examples

Reference websites: Reference websites are an online encyclopedia,

where users or subject matter experts create content on any topic.



Social Networking







For example




email.






Social Networking







For example




email.






Video sharing: Video sharing sites allow users to upload video

files. Other users can watch, share and comment on these files.

Networking with friends: Friends’ sites allow users to create profiles,

belong to groups, list friends. A user can create content and keeps in

touch with family and friends.

Basic features of Social Networking Sites(SNS)

Register/Create profile:

Each user fills in information in a given form with data on age, education, location,

likes, dislikes and hobbies. The user can add friends, categorize them into groups, decide how

his/her profile is viewed and by whom it is viewed.

Security settings:

The user can configure settings where he/she decides which content on his/her page is

public or private. The user can block content from being viewed by a list of users, can report

SPAM and flag content.

Other activities that the user can perform with SNS:

Chat with other users.

Instant messaging with other online users.

Upload photos, videos so that they can be viewed by others.

Play games.

Enter comments on content generated by other users.

Send email.

Safety Measures and Guidelines for Online Services

Never buy anything over the Internet without your parent or guardian's approval.

On the Internet, people can pretend to be who they are not, and they may go to great

lengths to sound convincing.

Internet friendships, relationships, and conversations can never be as true, personal,

and rewarding as they are in person. If you really need to talk to someone, find a

friend, family member, or adult you trust.













Security settings:








Play games.


Send email.




















Security settings:








Play games.


Send email.










Be wary of anyone who wants to know personal information about you.

Sometimes when you are on the Internet, you may accidentally meet bad people or

see things that are bad, but it's not your fault! If something you read or look at is

upsetting, stop looking at it, and go tell an adult, you trust or parent.

Ensure privacy settings on activated on all of the social media websites you use. If

you are using instant messaging or entering chat rooms, don’t allow others to harass

you or put you in an uncomfortable situation.

Always be kind to others online. Do not do anything that may hurt others including

joining in conversations discussing other people’s problems.

With access to information at the click of a button, people are increasingly spending

more and more time on SNS. Spending time on activities like writing comments and

playing games are not always productive.

As SNS content is not strictly monitored; it might prove harmful if young adults

have access to inappropriate content.



Chapter 8: Computer Networks

Introduction

Types of Network

Network Topologies

Network and Data Security

Advantages of Networks



Define computer network.

List types of network.

Identify network components.

List the advantages of the network.

Inside


Introduction

Types of Network

Network Topologies









Inside


Introduction

Types of Network

Network Topologies









Inside

Chapter 8: Computer Networks 9th Standard


Introduction

A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources

(such as printers and CD-ROMs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The

computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites,

or infrared light beams.

Basic Communication Model

Communication model is used for exchanging data between two parties. For example,

the communication between a computer server and telephone (through a modem).

Source: Data to be transmitted is generated by this device. For example Telephones,

Personal Computers etc.

Transmitter: The transmitter transforms and encodes the information in such a form

to produce electromagnetic waves or signals.

Transmission System: A transmission system can be a single transmission line or a

complex network connecting source and destination.

Receiver: Receiver accepts the signal from the transmission system and converts it

to a form which is easily managed by the destination device.

Destination: Destination receives the incoming data from the receiver.

Data Communication

The exchange of data between two devices through a transmission medium is Data

Communication. The data is exchanged in the form of 0’s and 1’s. The transmission medium

used is the cable. For data communication to occur, the communication device must be part of

a communication system. Data Communication has two types Local and Remote.

Local: Local communication takes place when the communicating devices are in the

same geographical area, same building, face-to-face between individuals etc.

Remote: Remote communication takes place over a distance i.e. the devices are

farther.



Effectiveness of a Data Communication can be measured through the following features:

1. Delivery: Delivery should be done to the correct destination.

2. Timeliness: Delivery should be on time.

3. Accuracy: Data delivered should be accurate.

Components of Data Communication

Message: It is the information to be delivered.

Sender: Sender is the person who is sending the message.

Receiver: Receiver is the person to him the message is to be delivered.

Medium: It is the medium through which message is to be sent for example modem.

Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communications between

computers on a network. The most common protocols are:

1. Ethernet

2. Token Ring

Types of Networks

The network is classified into the following categories:

1. Local Area Network (LAN)

2. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

3. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Local Area Network (LAN)

A network is said to be Local Area Network (LAN) if

it is confined relatively to a small area. It is generally

limited to building or a geographical area, expanding not

more than a mile apart to other computers.

Know This!

Protocol rules are guidelines that regulate the access method,

allowed physical topologies, types of cabling, and speed of data

transfer.














1. Ethernet

2. Token Ring

Types of Networks










Know This!



transfer.














1. Ethernet

2. Token Ring

Types of Networks










Know This!



transfer.



LAN Configuration consists of:

A File Server: Stores all of the software that controls the network, as well as the

software that can be shared by the computers attached to the network.

A Workstation: Computers connected to the file server. These are less powerful

than the file server.

Cables: Used to connect the network interface cards on each computer.

Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)

It is the fastest growing segment of the

computer. They are becoming very important in our

daily life because wired connections are not

possible in cars or airplane. We can access the

Internet at any place avoiding wire related troubles.

These can be used also when the telephone systems

get destroyed due to some calamity/disaster.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) covers larger

geographic areas, such as cities. Frequently used by, local

libraries and government agencies connect to citizens and

private industries.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

Wide Area Network (WAN) connects larger geographic

areas, like the connection between India and America or the world.

In this type of network dedicated transoceanic cabling or satellite

uplinks may be used.

Know This!

LAN networks are also widely used to share resources

like printers, shared hard-drive etc.





















private industries.






Know This!























private industries.






Know This!





Network Topologies

Network Topology is the schematic description of a network arrangement, connecting

various devices (sender and receiver) through lines of connection. Network topologies can be

classified as follows:

1. Bus Topology

2. Ring Topology

3. Star Topology

4. Mesh Topology

5. Hybrid Topology

Bus Topology

Bus topology is a network type in where every computer

and the network device is connected to single cable. It is

cost effective and used in small networks.

Ring Topology

It is called ring topology because it forms a ring as each

computer is connected to another computer, with the last one

connected to the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device and it

is cheap to install. The Failure of one computer disturbs the whole

network

Star Topology

In this type of topology, all the computers are connected to a

single hub through a cable. This hub is the central node and all

others nodes are connected to the central node.

Mesh Topology

It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or devices.

Traffic is carried only between two devices or nodes to which it is

connected. This topology is robust, provides security and privacy.



Network Topologies




1. Bus Topology

2. Ring Topology

3. Star Topology

4. Mesh Topology

5. Hybrid Topology

Bus Topology




Ring Topology





network

Star Topology




Mesh Topology






Network Topologies




1. Bus Topology

2. Ring Topology

3. Star Topology

4. Mesh Topology

5. Hybrid Topology

Bus Topology




Ring Topology





network

Star Topology




Mesh Topology






Tree Topology

It has a root node and all other nodes are connected to

it forming a hierarchy. It is also called hierarchical

topology. It should, at least have three levels of the

hierarchy.

Hybrid Topology

It is two different types of topologies which are a

mixture of two or more topologies. For example, if one

office is using bus topology and another office is using

star topology then connecting these topologies will result

in Hybrid Topology.

Client and Server

Computers connected together to create a network fall into two categories: Client and

Servers. The client-server connection is established through a network or the Internet.

Client: A “client” is a program that runs on the computer which you access in the first

place. For example Desktop computer, laptops, tablets, and mobile phone.

Server: Each client provides an interface to each of the “services” (databases, online

files, e-mail etc.) that are made available by other systems, which are called “servers.”

Servers are built to be reliable. They are much more expensive than clients.

For example Mail servers like Gmail,

information servers like Wikipedia, Online commerce

servers like Flipkart, online banking servers, and

online travel management servers like IRCTC.

Network Hardware

Networking cables

They are used to connect one network device to other network devices or to connect two

or more computers to share printer, scanner etc. Different types of network cables



Tree Topology




hierarchy.

Hybrid Topology





in Hybrid Topology.

Client and Server












Network Hardware

Networking cables





Tree Topology




hierarchy.

Hybrid Topology





in Hybrid Topology.

Client and Server












Network Hardware

Networking cables





like Twisted Pair cables, Coaxial cable, Optical fiber cable, are used depending on the

network's topology, protocol and size.

.Twisted cable Coaxial cable Optical fiber cable

Hubs

Hub is a device that splits a network connection into multiple

computers. It is a distribution center. When a computer requests

information from a network or a specific computer, it sends the request to

the hub through a cable. The hub will receive the request and transmit it

to the entire network.

Switch

The switch is a telecommunication device grouped as one of computer network

components. The switch is like Hub but built in with advanced features.The switch connects

the source and destination directly which increases the speed of the network.

Router

A router is a network device that connects together two or

more networks. A common use of a router is to join home or

business network (LAN) to the internet (WAN). The routers

have the internet cable plugged into it, as well as a cable, or

cable to computer or switch on the LAN.

Modem

MOdulator/DEModulator is a device that converts digital

signals into an analog signal and analog signals into digital

signals for transmission over telephone lines.






Hubs






Switch




Router






Modem









Hubs






Switch




Router






Modem






Network and data security

Network Security

Firewall: A firewall is a system designed to prevent

unauthorized access to or from a private network.

Firewalls can be implemented in both hardware and software, or a combination of both.

Software Firewall: The software firewall is monitors the applications that access the

internet and allows only those that are approved by the user.




Network Security









Network Security








Hardware Firewall: The hardware firewall is protecting the whole LAN from people

on the Internet, a hardware firewall device (similar to a router) is placed between the LAN and

the Internet connection.

Data Security

Data security is protecting data from the destructive force and from unwanted actions of

the unauthorized user.

Encryption: It is the process of converting to plain text into a form that cannot be

easily understood by the unauthorized user.

Decryption: It is the process of converting ciphertext back into its original form, so

it can be understood by the user.

Cipher: Cipher is the code or the algorithm used in the encryption and decryption of

data.

Key: Key is the secret of the cipher known only to the authorized people.

Encryption ExamplePlain: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZKey: Replace each letter by 3th afterCipher: CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABClear text: Hello good morningCipher text: JGNNQ IQQF OQTPKPI

Decryption ExampleCipher: CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABKey: Replace each letter by 3th previousPlain: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZCipher text: JGNNQ IQQF OQTPKPIClear text: Hello good morning






Data Security








data.









Data Security








data.







Speed: Sharing and transferring files within networks are very rapid. Thus, saving

time while maintaining the integrity of the file.

Cost: Individually licensed copies of many popular software programs can be costly.

Networkable versions are available at considerable savings. Shared programs, on a

network, allows for easier upgrading of the program on one single file server, instead

of upgrading individual workstations

Security: Sensitive files and programs on a network are passwords protected or

designed as “copy inhibit” so that you do not have to worry about illegal copying of

programs.

Centralized Software Management: Software can be loaded on one computer (the

file server) eliminating that need to spend time and energy installing updates and

tracking files on independent computers throughout the building.

Resource Sharing: Resources such as Printers, Fax machines and Modems can be

shared.

Flexible Access: Access their files from computers throughout the firm.

Workgroup Computing: Workgroup software allows many users to work on a

document or project concurrently.


Explore!

CELLULAR NETWORKS

Mobile telephony is the provision of telephone services to phones which may move

around freely rather than stay fixed in one location. Mobile phones connect to a

terrestrial cellular network of base stations (cell sites), whereas satellite phones connect to

orbiting satellites. Both networks are interconnected to the public switched telephone

network (PSTN) to allow any phone in the world to be dialed.

0G Mobile radio telephone (also known as “0G”). Mobile radio telephone systemspreceded modern cellular mobile telephony technology.

1G refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobiletelecommunications. The main difference between two succeeding mobile telephone systems,1G and 2G is that the radio signals that 1G networks use are analog while 2G networks aredigital.2G is short for second-generation wireless telephone technology.

Second generation 2G cellular telecom networks were commercially launched on theGSM standard in Finland by Radiolinja (now part of Elisa Oyj) in 1991. 2G technologiesenabled the various mobile phone networks to provide the services such as text messages,picture messages and MMS (multimedia messages). All text messages sent over 2G aredigitally encrypted, allowing for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intendedreceiver can receive and read it. These digital signals consume less battery power, so it helpsin saving the battery of mobiles.

3G stands for third-generation and refers to technology that allows mobile phones toaccess the internet – from surfing web pages to making video calls and downloading music. Itwas first used in Japan in the year 2001. 3G telecommunication networks support servicesthat provide an information transfer rate of at least 200kbit/s. 3G finds an application inwireless voice telephony, mobile Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calls,and mobile TV. General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile dataservice on the 2G and 3G cellular communication system’s global system for mobilecommunications (GSM). GPRS provides data rates of 56-114 kbit/second.

4G is the fourth generation of mobile phone mobilecommunication technology standards. A 4G system providesmobile ultra-broadband Internet access. Conceivable applicationsinclude amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gamingservices, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3Dtelevision, and cloud computing.

5G (5th generation mobile networks or ess systems) projects to denote the next majorphase of mobile telecommunications standards beyond the current 4G/IMT-Advancedstandards. 5G is also referred to as beyond 2020 mobile communications technologies.


Explore!

CELLULAR NETWORKS













Explore!

CELLULAR NETWORKS












Chapter 9: HTML

Introduction to HTML

Document Structure

Basic Tags

Formatting

Images

Tables

Lists

Learning Outcomes:


Define HTML.

Write the structure of HTML.

Use the HTML tags.

Design a basic HTML web page.

Inside

Chapter 9: HTML


Document Structure

Basic Tags

Formatting

Images

Tables

Lists

Learning Outcomes:


Define HTML.


Use the HTML tags.


Inside

Chapter 9: HTML


Document Structure

Basic Tags

Formatting

Images

Tables

Lists

Learning Outcomes:


Define HTML.


Use the HTML tags.


Inside

Chapter 9: HTML 9th Standard



HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used

Language to write Web Pages. Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML

documents) are linked together. Thus, the link available on a web page is called Hypertext.

As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to

simply "mark up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure it to

display.

Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents

like headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information

between researchers. Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of

different tags available in HTML.

HTML Document Structure

A typical HTML document will have following structure: Document declaration tag

HTML Tags

As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the

content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most of

the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example <html> has its closing tag

</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.

Tags Description

<html>This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises

of document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and

<html><head>

Document header related tags</head>

<body>Document body related tags

</body></html>



document body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.

<head>This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML

tags like <title>, <link> etc.

<title>The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the document

title.

<body>This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags

like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.

Executing an HTML program

The first step in creating an HTML document is to write code in the text editor. The

commonly used text editor is notepad. The notepad can be opened in the following sequence.

Click on Start Button

Type Notepad in search programs and files and

press Enter.

Notepad window will appear. Type your HTML

program and save it with the filename.htm (html)

extension.

Open the web browser, type the address of the

HTML file in address bar press Enter.

The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration

The <!DOCTYPE> declaration tag is used by the web browser to understand the version

of the HTML used in the document. Current version of HTML is 5 and it makes use of the

following declaration

<!DOCTYPE html>







title.








press Enter.



extension.







<!DOCTYPE html>







title.








press Enter.



extension.







<!DOCTYPE html>



Basic HTML Document

In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:

Let's save it in an HTML file test.htm using your favorite text editor. Finally, open it

using a web browser like Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, or Firefox etc. It shows the

following output:

HTML Basic Tags

Heading Tags

Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings.

HTML also has six levels of headings, which use the elements <h1>, <h2>, <h3>, <h4>,

<h5>, and <h6>. While displaying any heading, the browser adds one line before and one

line after that heading.

Example

<!DOCTYPE html><html><head>

<title>This is document title</title></head><body>

<h1>This is a heading</h1><p>Document content goes here.....</p>

</body></html>

<body><h1>This is heading 1</h1><h2>This is heading 2</h2><h3>This is heading 3</h3><h4>This is heading 4</h4><h5>This is heading 5</h5><h6>This is heading 6</h6>

</body>



Basic HTML Document




following output:

HTML Basic Tags

Heading Tags





Example




</body></html>


</body>



Basic HTML Document




following output:

HTML Basic Tags

Heading Tags





Example




</body></html>


</body>



This will produce the following result:

Paragraph Tag

The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each

paragraph of text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown

below in the example:

Example


Line Break Tag

Whenever you use the <br /> element, anything following it starts from the next line.

This tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags,

as there is nothing to go in between them. The <br /> tag has a space between the characters

br and the forward slash.

Example


<body><p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p><p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p><p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>

</body>

<body><p>Hello<br />You delivered your assignment on time.<br /> Thanks<br />Mahnaz</p>

</body>



Horizontal Lines

Horizontal lines are used to visually break up sections of a document. The <hr> tag

creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line

accordingly.

For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given

example below:

Example


Generic Attributes

Here's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML

tags.

Attribute Options Function

Align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags

Valign top, middle, bottomVertically aligns tags within

an HTML element.

Bgcolor numeric, hexadecimal, RGBvalues Place a background

color behind an element

Background URLPlaces a background image

behind an element

HTML Formatting

Bold Text: Anything that appears within <b>...</b> element is displayed in bold as

shown below:

Example

<body><p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p><hr /><p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p>

</body>

<body><p>The following word uses a <b>bold</b> typeface.</p>

</body>




Italic Text: Anything that appears within <i>...</i> element is displayed in italicized as

shown below:

Example


Text Formatting Tags

Tag Description

<b> Defines bold text

<big> Defines big text

<em> Defines emphasized text

<i> Defines italic text

<strong> Defines strong text

<small> Defines small text

<sub> Defines subscripted text

<sup> Defines superscripted text

<ins> Defines inserted text

<del> Defines deleted text

<u> Underline

HTML Images

Images are very important to beautify as well as to depict many complex concepts in a

simple way on your web page. This will take you through simple steps to use images in your

web pages.

Insert Image

You can insert any image in your web page by using <img> tag. Following is the

simple syntax to use this tag. <img src="Image URL" ... attributes-list/>

<body><p>The following word uses a <i>italicized</i> typeface.</p>

</body>




You can use PNG, JPEG or GIF image file based on your comfort but make sure you

specify correct image file name in src attribute. Image name is always case sensitive.

The alt attribute is a mandatory attribute which specifies an alternate text for an image,

if the image cannot be displayed.

HTML Tables

The HTML tables allow web authors to arrange data like text, images, links, other

tables, etc. into rows and columns of cells.

The HTML tables are created using the <table> tag in which the <tr> tag is used to

create table rows and the <td> tag is used to create data cells.

Example

<body><p>Simple Image Insert</p><img src="test.png" alt="Test Image" />

</body>

<body> <table border="1"><tr>

<th>Name</th><th>Salary</th>

</tr><tr>

<td>Ramesh Raman</td><td>5000</td>

</tr><tr>

<td>Shabbir Hussein</td><td>7000</td>

</tr></table></body>




Table Tags

Tag Description

<table> Defines a table

<th> Defines a table header

<tr> Defines a table row

<td> Defines a table cell

<caption> Defines a table caption

<colgroup> Defines groups of table columns

<col> Defines the attribute values for one or more columns in a table

<thead> Defines a table head

<tbody> Defines a table body

<tfoot> Defines a table footer

HTML Lists

HTML offers web authors three ways for specifying lists of information. All lists must

contain one or more list elements. Lists may contain:

1. <ul> - An unordered list. This will list items using plain bullets.

2. <ol> - An ordered list. This will use different schemes of numbers to list your items.

3. <dl> - A definition list. This arranges your items in the same way as they are

arranged in a dictionary.

Unordered Lists

An unordered list is a collection of related items that have no special order or sequence.

This list is created by using HTML <ul> tag. Each item in the list is marked with a bullet.

Example <ul><li>Beetroot</li><li>Ginger</li><li>Potato</li><li>Radish</li>

</ul>



This will produce following result:

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ul> tag to specify the type of bullet you like. By default

it is a disc. Following are the possible options:

1. <ul type="square">

2. <ul type="disc">

3. <ul type="circle">

Example: Following is an example where we used <ul type="square">


Ordered Lists

If you are required to put your items in a numbered list instead of bulleted list then

HTML ordered list will be used. This list is created by using <ol> tag.

The numbering starts at one and is incremented by one for each successive ordered list

element tagged with <li>.

Example

<body><ul type="square">

<li>Beetroot</li><li>Ginger</li><li>Potato</li><li>Radish</li>

</ul></body>

<ol><li>Beetroot</li><li>Ginger</li><li>Potato</li><li>Radish</li>

</ol>



This will produce following result:

The type Attribute

You can use type attribute for <ol> tag to specify the type of numbering you like. By

default it is a number. Following are the possible options:

1. <ol type="1"> - Default-Case Numerals.

2. <ol type="I"> - Upper-Case Roman Numerals.

3. <ol type="i"> - Lower-Case Roman Numerals.

4. <ol type="a"> - Lower-Case Letters.

5. <ol type="A"> - Upper-Case Letters.

Example: Following is an example where we used <ol type="1">

This will produce the following result

List Tags

Tag Description

<ol> Defines an ordered list

<ul> Defines an unordered list

<li> Defines a list item

<dl> Defines a definition list

<dt> Defines a definition term

<dd> Defines a definition description

<menu> Deprecated. Use <ul> instead

<body><ol type="1">

<li>Beetroot</li><li>Ginger</li><li>Potato</li><li>Radish</li>

</ol></body>



HTML Hyper Links

A web page can contain various links that take you directly to other pages and even

specific parts of a given page. These links are known as hyperlinks.

Hyperlinks allow visitors to navigate between Web sites by clicking on words, phrases,

and images. Thus you can create hyperlinks using text or images available on a web page.

<A href=”filename.html” title=”Next page”> Next page</A>

Anchor element allows you to link various WebPages or different sections on the

same page. The syntax of Anchor element is given below:

<A>………</A>

The various attributes of the Anchor element are HREF, NAME, TITLE, TARGET

and ALT

Href: The href (hyperlink reference) attribute specifies the location of the file or

resource that you want to provide a link to.

Name: The name attribute specifies a location within the current or the existing

document.

Title: The title attribute specifies a title for the file which you are providing a link.

Target: The target attribute specifies a position in the web page where the browser

displays a file.

Alt: The alt attribute specifies the alternative text which is displayed when an

image used as a hyperlink is not displayed.

Tools used to create HTML files:

The following are the tools used to create HTML files.

1. Notepad

2. Edit Plus

3. FrontPage

4. Textpad

5. Dreamviewer


Teachers’Corner

The objective of the spreadsheet is to teach features for organizing data,

performing calculations using functions, and representing data in multiple ways.

You can follow the examples to teach the concept and skill of sorting, performing

calculations and drawing graphs.

Students already know how to calculate sum and percentage. Revise this and teach

them the new skills included. Students need to understand what kind of graph is

suitable for a given example. You can encourage them to try alternate graphic

representations, and ask questions on which kind of graph is more suitable than

the other. Teach students how to draw a pie chart. For this, you can take an

example of how the government spending the amount on various items.

While discussing presentation ask students if they have seen presentations on the

computer. Show them the icon of the presentation application. Tell the students

that just as word processor consists of pages, presentation software consists of

slides. Ask them to note the similarities and differences in the options under the

menu and toolbar of a word processor, spreadsheet, presentation applications.

Tell the students that they will learn how to make their presentations more

interesting by adding sounds, video, and audio. Demonstrate how to insert a sound

file into the presentation. Inform the students, that similar steps would be followed

to insert video files.

Ask students to explore how they can view all the slides at a glance. You can give

hints on where to look for the icon. Demonstrate the use of slide sorter view to the

class. Teach the students how to print the slides. Inform them about the different

views and a number of slides they can print on each page.

The purpose of Internet is to teach about how Internet applications work. Students

should develop an understanding of how the Internet works to provide vast

amounts of information conveniently. In addition, students should know how to

use a web browser for information search.


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Explain how the Internet facilitates sharing of information. Summarize the

discussion and tell the students about what is the web. Open an Internet

application and teach them about the browser, URL, website, web page. You can

open Wikipedia and teach them about hyperlinks. This will give them an

opportunity for exploratory learning.

Give a demonstration on the computer of using a typical search engine. You can

ask students to suggest the topic for searching information and enter it as a

keyword. Now click on the different options such as images, video, map, to show

the different search results. Tell them that not all the information on the Internet is

authentic and they should take the assistance of an adult before trusting any

information. Emphasize that young students need to be cautious while surfing the

Internet.

Explain the purpose of the email. You can mention that it is a quick, convenient

and low-cost way of keeping in touch with others.

Begin with a free web-based email account like those provided by Google’s Gmail

or Yahoo! or another local service provider. Demonstrate the steps to create an

email account. Familiarize them with the email interface and the jargon such as

compose, entering an email address, inbox, sent mail box and so on.

Tell the students that it is important to safeguard the secrecy of password in order

to avoid misuse. At the same time, mention that it is inappropriate to look at the

keyboard when another person is entering a password.

The present generation of students is already aware of social networking. The

objective of social networking is to inform the students about correct practices

associated with the use of social networking. Begin by discussing various means

of communications. You can specifically focus on mass media communication

and discuss tools that are used to communicate with several people

simultaneously.

The objective networks are to teach students about how the Internet connection is

set up. The students have been enjoying seamless Internet connectivity without

realizing how it works. These bring out the technical details of what it takes to be

able to access the Internet.

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