Session 3-4

1. Urban Systems and Growth of Cities2. Urban Planning Responses to the City Growth and Development

1. Urban Systems and Growth of Cities2. Urban Planning Responses to the City Growth and Development

Urban Systems(Defined)

Urban settlements of different hierarchies that exist within different levels regional, national, transnational, global.

Display interdependence amongst the hierarchy and regions.

FLOWS

• People• Goods• Information• Investments• Ideas• innovation

Urban Systems through course of History

Dominant Civilization

/ Era

Age/character

Character

Mesopotamian Ancient Cities Hydraulic City Systems

Indus Classic Cities Mercantile CitiesNile Medieval

CitiesEarly Industrial

Greek Neoclassic City

Mature Industrial

Roman Industrial Cities

Advanced Industrial

Medieval City of Contrasts

Cyber/network cities

Renaissance Urban Utopia Industrial

Mesopotomian Cities ( 5000 B.C)

TECHNICAL ADVANCES IN CITY BUILDING

INCREASE IN SIZE OF TOWNS

MONUMENTAL TEMPLES, PALACES, MASSIVE WALLS AND GATES

IMPOSING TEMPLES AT ERIDU AND URUK- RAISED PLATFORMS,COLUMNS,RECT&SQUARE SHAPES

ZIGGURAT PYRAMIDAL TEMPLE MOUNDS

CITY CENTRE- TEMPLE AND PALACE

CITADELS& PUBLIC SQUARES

CROWDED HOUSE WITH UNPAVED ALLEYS/CULDE SACS

COMMON COURTYARDS

URBAN AGRICULTURE

Dur-Untash, built in 13th century BC and located near Susa, Iran is one of the world's best preserved ziggurats

City of Ur

Babylon The city itself was built upon the Euphrates, and divided in equal parts along its left and right banks, with steep embankments to contain the river's seasonal floods.

It has been estimated that Babylon was the largest city in the world from 1770 to 1670 BC, and again between 612 and 320 BC.

It was perhaps the first city to reach a population above 200,000

Nile Civilization (3000B.C.)

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• Fourth level– Fifth level

Cities as ceremonial centersPyramid CitiesMonumental Avenues, Colossal temple plazasCompact city, high order of sanitationTown classifications- sacred Towns, Trading Towns, Capitals,

INDUS Valley Civilization(2600 B.C.)

• Use of raised platform 50’ high citadel.

• Lower town• North south streets crossed

by right angled streets• No openings from main

street.• Absence of doors, windows

and balcony• Use of pipe water supply.• Connection of baths with

drainage channels.• Great Bath; 270’x78’.

Based upon distinctive and evolved principles of urban planning.

Use of grid iron pattern Chessboard pattern of

layout Urban design; Remarkable

use of symmetry and harmony Municipal engineering;

sense of hygiene, efficient drainage and sewer.

Community participation; management of drains by residents.

Almost every house unit at Mohenjo-daro was equipped with a private bathing area with drains to take the dirty water out into a larger drain that emptied into a sewage drain.

The great Bath in Harappa

Axumite Civilization(700 BC-700AD• The modern city of Aksum

is located in the northeastern portion of Ethiopia.

• During the first century AD, Aksum began a rapid rise to prominence, trading its agricultural resources and its gold and ivory through the Red Sea trade network.

• Monumental Buildings, elite tombs and some administrative artifacts.

• The settlement pattern also speaks to the societal complexity, with a large elite cemetery located on the hilltop, and small scattered settlements below.

• Monumental Buildings

• Settlements began to include towns, villages and isolated hamlets. After Christianity was introduced by 350 AD, monasteries and churches were added to the settlement pattern.

Ancient Greek City States (8 B.C.-3B.C.)

City Characteristics• DEMOCRACY

• DEVELOPMENT OF LOGIC FREEDOM AND CREATIVITY

• PROMINENT CITIES ATHENS, MILETUS, PRIENE

• CITY FOR THE PEOPLE

• DOMINANT LANDUSES ACROPOLIS, AGORA, PYNX,

• RECREATION PLACES, ADMINISTRATIVE USES

• INTENSE USE OF GRID

• CONCEPT OF PUBLIC SPACE

• COMMON OPEN SPACES

• USE OF BUILDING REGULATIONS

• FUNCTIONAL USE OF BUILDING AND PUBLIC SPACES

• HUMAN SCALE Vs MONUMENTAL SCALE

• SENSE OF FINITE

Acropolis

ACROPOLIS the Acropolis was the city itself and the center of public life, but when the city grew and democracy replaced kingship, public life move to the Agora and Pnyx and the Acropolis was restricted to a mostly religious role. AGORA That part of Athens which was both the market-place and the center of public life ".

Roman Cities (3B.C-5A.D )

Salient City Characteristics

Flourished between 3 BC to 5AD Very skilled builders – dev of w/s, drainagesystems,underground sewers , great stone paved highways, baths, heating systems, Public toilet facilities, aqueducts, bridgesUse of Monumental scale primarily to depict glories eg Forum Augustas, Forum of Julius CeaserLanduses- institutions of pleasure rather than culture to divert attention from social and economic inequalities Not a plan but a series of monuments with development all around Cities grew congested- ht of buildings 6-8 floors

Forum Romanum was the central area around which ancient Rome developed, in which commerce, business, prostitution, cult and the administration of justice took place.

Houses of the rich and poor

Roman Infrastructure

Medieval Cities( 12A.D.-14 A.D.)

• Dominance of church and clergy• Church and monasteries as dominant nucleus• Site selection- rugged topography• Irregular and zigzag streets with dead ends• Compact town within walls• Growth of builds-market plazas• Informal layouts• High density• Pedestrian Scale, vistas• Beauty by informality??

Medieval Reflectionstoday

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• Fourth level– Fifth level

Medieval Reflections in contemporary

urbanity

Renaissance Cities ( 14-17A.D.) Beauty is the product of reason and human will' and 'order means

geometry‘

St Peters Piazza, RomePiazza Del Campidoglio,Rome

The Renaissance Urban OrderStreetsStraightening and widening existing streets.Cutting new straight thoroughfares especially through

slum areas.

Piazza and the Monument• Introduction and design of urban spaces and their

monuments i.e. the principal buildings, elements of street furniture which are regarded as parts of the one architectural composition and which relate to each other.

• The piazza and its associated elements: monuments and fountain, enclosing facades, pavements, towers, columns, gates - become the principal theme of urban design.

Landscape Design • Trees, lawn, flowers, into public places and streets.

Industrial Revolution and Impact on City (1700 A.D. onwards)

Innovations Textile Industry Horse car Omnibus 1840s.

Railroad development 1844 onwards.

Electric Power 1873

Electric Streetcar 1890

Telegraph 1871 Telephone 1876 Automobile age Aviation development

Rapid Urbanization

The rise of great cities• Industrialization required concentration of a work force and factories were often located where coal or some other essential material was available.

• Marketing finished goods created urban centers where there was access to water or railways.

• Established political centers such as London, Paris, and Berlin to become centers for the banking and marketing functions of industrialization.

Between 1800 and 1950 most large European cities exhibited spectacular growth.By 1800 only 24 cities in Europe with a population of 100,000.By 1900 there were more than 150 cities of this size.

Industrial Revolution Transformation of the City…• Radical Transformation of urban space• Economies of Scale• New Products & Mass Consumption• Modern Infrastructure networks• Mass housing requirements• Agglomeration economies & Peripheral spillovers

• Cities as machines (Electropolis)• Suburban Development and Rapid Transit

London Paris Berlin N.York0

0.51

1.52

2.53

3.54

4.5

19th Century Population in Cities

Post Industrialization City Structures

Multiple nucleiSeveral low

hierarchy centers surrounded by residential uses

Sector: Lateral extension of

cities in wedge shape pattern

Dispersed patternUrban explosive

growth as islands separated by agricultural areas.

Historical Trajectory of Urban Systems

indegeneous

CoalSteamsteel

Automobileelectricity Electronics

Aviation

Digital,Nano,biotech

Mercantile

EarlyIndustria

l

MatureIndustria

l

AdvancedIndustria

l

Cyber/network cities

Sanitation

water

Sanitation

WaterAir

Sanitation

Water air, waste,

transport

SanitationWater air,

waste,Transport, toxics,climate change,

food

SanitationWater air, waste,

transport, toxics, climate change,

food, global terrorism

Urban Technology

CityType

Urban Issues

1800 2000195019001850

Derivations Planned Cities have existed since the dawn of civilization.

The basic purpose has not changed – enhancing quality of life and human productivity.

Basic elements of urban planning and design have similar essence.

Prominent landuses have evolved and diversified with time.

Contemporary relevance of the use of urban space.

Urban Systems have evolved, remodelled and reinvented and widened to accommodate change.

Reflections by studentsHistory Built the City……The past has a bearing on the future…..The roots of the contemporary urbanism lies in history of

urban space…...

• What lessons do you think can be learnt from history of City Planning?

• Compare and contrast the contemporary and the city in history.

References and Suggested Readings

• Eisner,S,Gallion,A,Eisner,S, 1996, Urban Pattern,Sixth Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold,New York

• ECSU, 2011, MUPD 611 Urban Planning and Development Reader-I, Complied by Kiran Sandhu.

• Knox,P.L, McCarthy,L, 2005, Urbanization, Upper saddle River, New Jersey.

• Legates,R. and Stout, F,1996,The City Reader, Routledge, New York.

• Kostof,S, 1992, The City Assembled; The Elements of Urban Form through History, Boston.

Urban Planning Responses to the City GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Post Industrial Revolution City

Mass immigration from rural to urban

Excessive densities and intensityPoor Tenement housingOvercrowding and slum conditions.Poor sanitation and water supplyIncompatible land use &scarcityLax land use controlsNo mass space relationshipsAreas of darkness and despairCrime in industrial towns.PollutionConcentration of Urban Poverty

Poor Quality of Life

Factory Towns

• Royal sanitary Commission Act 1859

• British Housing Law 1890• Tenement Housing Act 1901(in US)

Move towards Utopians, reforms and model town movement as a response to environment and liveability degradation.

inhumanity of factory towns

Capital and Labor DividesA City of Islands…

The 19th cen industrial cityReflections of shabbiness,

poverty and grime

Model and New Factory Town Movement 1800 ...

New Lanark, Manchester, 1816

Sir Robert Owen

3 Pillars of Utopian

socialismPeople are products of their environment

Cottage system instead of factory system

opposition to Religion

New Lanark Model Town Characteristics

• Communities of about twelve hundred persons- landspace 1000 to 1500 acres, all living in one large building• Each family should have its own private apartments.• Communal care.• Work, and the enjoyment.• Public Buildings, Education and factory reforms

initiated.

1829- The new World of Industry and Society, Francois FourierConcept of Phalanstery-Communal Palace Living!!

J.S. Buckingum’s Plan, 1849National Evils and Practical Remedies

• A 1000 houses, 20’wide• B Workshop Arcade• C 560 houses, 28’Wide• D Retail Shopping• E 296 houses,38’W• F Winter promenade arcade• G 120 houses, 54’w• H Schools, baths, dining halls• J Public buildings, churches• K 24 mansions,80’w• L Central square

A

FEDCB

H G

J K L

Industries be located ½mile away.

Bourneville, 1879 Saltaire, 1853,Issues with model towns- very few in number to make a mark in living conditions . However lead to the origin of modern Industrial towns, industrial zones, landuse segregations.

Christopher Wren’s London Plan

Redevelopment of Paris- 1853• Broad Stroke Planning• Urban Redevelopment and re-

densification• Broad streets, tree-lined avenues and

vistas• Creation of new plazas, revitalize old

spaces.• Decongestion of older parts.

ObjectivesEconomic: Promote industrialization by enabling goods and services to be transported efficientlySanitary: Improve the state of healthAesthetic: Impose a measure of unifying order and opening up space to allow light &ventilation.Military: Eliminate the threats of proletariats uprising

Garden Cities• Click to edit Master text styles– Second level– Third level

• Fourth level– Fifth levelConcept by Ebenezer Howard, 1898 in the Book, ‘ Tomorrow:

A Peaceful Path to Social Reforms. Forming workable and liveable towns within capitalist framework.Garden City Association- 1899. City of Letchworth, WelwynGenerated the garden city wave around the globe.Co-operative land ownershipGenerous working and living spaces in harmony with natureSocial mix and good community facilitiesLimits to garden city growthCommunity decisions about garden city development

Welwyn Garden City, 1919

Letchworth Garden City, 1903

Radburn, New Jersey,1928

The flexibility of the garden city conceptCity decentralizationUrban and Regional Economic Growth in tandemUrban and Rural Consolidations

New Towns Movement Post WW II

• Variants of the Garden City

Urban Residential Villages

Satellite Towns

Self-Sustaining new towns

Mass Suburbia

The City Beautiful Movement Origin in the U.S. 1890s

Planning response to the ugliness of the urban environment.

Consequence of International Expositions and world fairs.

1893- The Columbian Exposition-white city. Daniel Burnham- ‘Make no small plans’. City beautification to promote a harmonious social order.

Chicago, Detroit, Washington

Areas of Improvement– Sanitation– Aesthetics– Civic Improvements– Building Design– Civic Spirit

Chicago Plan

• Civic Centre plans• Formal arrangements• Monumental design• Imposing urbanscape

• Revival of the classic forms and monumentalism

Washington by Pierre L’Enfant,1791

McMillan Commission 1902Grand Boroque PlanCeremonial SpacesGrand radiating avenuesMonuments, vista s

Parks and Conservation Movements

• George Perkins Marsh- 1862 ‘Man and Nature’.

• Assailed the myth of super abundance.• F.L.Olmsted, 1870 ‘Public parks and Enlargement of Towns’.

• Conservation of natural ecosystems and wild life habitats.

• Urban Park systems- an aid to social reform

• Regional Park systems.

• Central Park, New York City• Boston Metropolitan Park System.• Regents park, London• Yellowstone National park.• Sanctuaries and game parks

• “A park was never an ornamental addition to a city but an integral part of its fabric and a force for future growth on several levels: economic, social and cultural.”

Frederick Law Olmsted, Sr.

Urban Renewal• A planning response to urban blight, obsolence, decay, deterioration, dilapidation

• Applicable in areas afflicted with structural and economic blight.

• The Housing Act 1949 in the US and the predominantly housing concept.

• Mass demolitions and redevelopment programms.

A critiqueDestruction of businesses.The demolition of priceless historic structures.

Disruption of social fabric.Forced relocations(usually low income neighborhoods).

Redlining the use of eminent domain as a legal instrument to take private property for city-initiated development projects.

Renewal has often added to urban sprawl and vast areas of cities have been demolished and replaced by freeways and expressways, housing projects.

The Death and Life of Great American Cities, Jane Jacobs

Urban Regeneration Modern day variant of Urban Renewal

Socially cohesive

cities

Economically Vibrant CitiesEnvironmentally

conducive cities

International tourist

destinations by cultural/historic

revival

Inclusive and

equitable cities

Brown fields development

Cosmopolitan centers

Urban Regenaration

Before

After

The Concept of Intervention/Urban Regeneration

“Meaning”:- • “To intervene" (v.) means to become involved, intentionally, in a difficult situation in order to improve it or prevent from getting worse.

• To cite an exemplary statement, “At first we were just watching events rather than intervening to shape their course”; or like, "We could not feel we could intervene in a family dispute".

• "Intervention“ (n.) Can thus be expressed as in the sentence. All the statements clearly show the nature of the word "to intervene" and “intervention" to show the deliberate attempt to meddle (interfere) in to an affair that requires help.

• Further, cities are organic in nature. Like any other "organic" phenomenon, they are born, they grow, get old and they decay.

• The root word of the term "organic" is organism.

• And the organism essentially undergoes the stated cycle of birth, growth, getting old and decay, hence at various stages the requirement of an organism changes.

• At birth the organism needs to be nursed. You need nurse a helpless baby. As it gets a bit older you protect from any danger.

• You protect the child. And finally when it is mature enough, full-grown organism, it is set free.

• It is now strong enough to go on with life, reproduce, and begin life over again.

• This can be the simplified life cycle of an organism.

• This analogy can be applied to that of cities that have a similar life pattern.

• Now fusing the two terms thematically, intervention and organic nature, when do we have to intervene in cities?

• One common and unmentioned thing about organisms is that they get sick too.

• Unless they are prevented and cured, they either die or decay too early, or lead a poor handicapped life.

• So what do we do when humans get sick? We take them to the doctor. First they are diagnosed for the sickness.

• They may need to take x-rays or C.T. (Computed Tomography (imaging technique)) scans to discern the disease.

• They may need operations too must it be necessary, in order to remove the ailment. The same is true for cities.

• They are x-rayed by the planner to cure ailments, with surgical intervention-becoming a necessity to get this big organism called the city-to go on healthful.

• Le Corbusier designed Chandigarh - a city beautiful, in mid of 20th century - a town of modem times and one of the best example of designed cities of the world.

• He symbolized Chandigarh with human body - capitol complex government seat and administration being head - sector 1, city center as heart in the center - sector 17. industrial area and university complex - sector F, G and 14 as limbs or arms; open spaces as lungs and street pattern he symbolized with human arteries and veins and thus named the hierarchy of the system as V1, V2, V3, ... and V8.

• The maintenance and the control of the city is kept safe in the hands of seasoned planners, administrators, architects and bureaucrats so unwanted shanty development within and around the city beautiful, which may later require any intervention, like Urban Regeneration

• Sir Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) the famous surgeon converted town planner introduced this beautiful illustration of treating a city, with a synthetic study of the organic relationship of its components.

• He brought this enlightenment out of a similar experience of dealing with patients in his surgical ward as a surgeon, after which he introduced this perspective in to the realm of planning.

• In the sixteenth century theorist and architect John Shute likens the city to the human figure: "A city ought to be like the human body and for this reason it should be full of all that gives life to man".

• The city is an element of people's spiritual and physical culture and, indeed, it is one of the highest expressions of that culture. 

The concept of urban regenerationSix interlinked themes are identified as

constituting the practice of urban regeneration

• Physical conditions and the social-political response

• Housing and health• Social welfare and economic progress• Urban containment• Changing role and nature of urban

policy; and• Sustainable development

Roberts et al (2000)

What is spatial context of the regeneration activities?

• The contexts of the distressed area in the urban system can be characterized by the functional and physical dimensions, determined by location in the city organism functions of the area size in relation to the whole system historical development, impact of the existence of urban distress

area on the city (barrier effect, negative city image effect, source of the negative social impacts like crime).

What are crucial specifics of urban regeneration as the task of urban development

• Re-establishment of urban development sustainability

• Integration of social, economic, environmental and cultural aspects in new synergic quality of spatial urban socio-ecosystem

What is the precondition for sustainable urban regeneration strategy

• Implementation of the combination of regeneration strategies based on the understanding of dialectic relationships between Economic recession Physical strcuture decline Social destress

• What is decision making factor for the choice of appropriate urban regeneration strategies pragmatic orientation with broad variety of

approaches depending on framework preconditions

decision making factor = economic aspects

What are regeneration approaches, methods, techniques influenced by?

The chosen approaches, methods and techniques are influenced mostly by

the procedures and steps required by the granting schemes

the different legally defined planning models in certain countries,

chosen processual strategy choosen substantial strategy existence of superior strategic and planning documents

set of internal and external determinants in the structure:

legal environment, economic environment, physic-structural environment, social environment, problem situation.

Benefits of Place

Planning Interventions Comprehensive /Master Plans Regional Plans Neighborhood Plans Site Plans Core/downtown Plans Corridor Plans Transportation Plans Housing Plans Economic Development Plans Socio-Economic Regeneration Plans Special Area Plans Utility Plans Infrastructure Plans Slum Redevelopment/Slum Networking Plans Disaster Management Plan

Zoning

Height

Density

Use

PlansRegulations

Legislation

Landuse , height and density zoningSub-division RegulationsLanduse StandardsLanduse conformityBuilding Byelaws

Derivations• The pillars of a sustainable city rests upon sound planning foundations.• Planning interventions should be

– carefully framed to suit the space and time.• The prime objective of planning interventions is

quality of life enhancement at any point of time and space.