ABSTRACT

The world has always been a stage of drama for a woman. Where herstatus in society has always been in dilemma, where one side ofthe play depicts the glorifying image of women where in the vedicera they are worshiped as goddess, they had been treatedequivalent to men and were given the equal status like men, allthe privileges and the glorious status of being a queen duringthe mughals rule and the freedom the women have achieved afterfacing all the hardships of the society, the freedom to work theparticipation in the decision and their achievements in variousareas and the grim side of the story depicts her helplessness inthis male dominated society where she was made to live themiserable life as the servants of their husbands, a place wheredeprived of her freedom to speak in decisions, to stand shoulderto shoulder with men, the problems that she faced like sati,child marriage, female infanticide, Domestic violence sexualharassments, rape attempts, , and as like a climax of the playmany social reformers stood for the rights of the women andfought for them. Attitude of people towards woman is like thetable of chess where they had been white people who are in thefavor of the rights of the women and encouraged the movements forthe women and supported them to step out in the world outside thefour walls of the family and there had been blacks, who alwaysbelieved on their old rituals of keeping their women into thefour walls and where they consider the women as the machine forgiving birth to boy child, though Era changed Time changed butthe world has remained the same for a woman, Despite the cruelrituals of the society they have made it to achieve successdespite the cruel rituals of the society. The well knownpersonalities exemplifying these areas are like Indira Gandhi,Mari kom , Kalpna chawla who have inspired people to step aheadbreak the boundaries and reach the sky.

INTRODUCTION

Women are considered as the “better half” because without them

the family cannot be formed. Thus, this respectable capitation is

given to them. But is this true? Do they enjoy this position in

families and society?

Earlier, the Indian women were admired and her birth was

reflected to mark the arrival of Goddess Lakshmi. She has been

perceived as ‘Jannani’ who is a forerunner and ‘Ardhangini’ who

creates half of the body.

But it not portrays the entire story. The Indian womanhood can be

seen from the days of the Ramayan and the Mahabharat, where Sita

and Draupati are two evident examples. One was sentenced to ‘Agni

Pariksha’ and the other was lost to the rival as ‘pawn of the

dice’.

A woman is considered as gift of god. She is created with an

ability of care and love. She is born to nurture her family right

from her childhood. As a daughter she serve her father, as a

sister to her brother, then as a life partner to her husband, as

a mother to her children and as a grandmother to her

grandchildren. She plays a role of making a home throughout her

life.

In ancient times, the women enjoyed identical prestige with men.

Few kingdoms in that India had traditions like Nagarvadhu. Later,

the women status began to decay with Smritis. And then the things

continuously deteriorated in medieval times with problems like

Sati, Purdah, female infanticide and many more.

India is always been a male dominated society, where home has

been a rightful place for women and the four walls is considered

as their area of functioning. The constitutions have provided

reservation of 33 percent in the Panchayati Raj System, but the

figures and results are still negligible. Even after more than

sixty years of Independence, women are still oppressed. There are

numerous problems faced by women in modern society, be it dowry

killing, incidents of rape, forced prostitution, or human

trafficking; all has led to make women lives worse than ever.

Almost 50% of Indian population constitutes of women. The total

population of India is 1,210,569,573 from which 48.5 % are

females i.e. 587,447,730 – as per 2011 census. This means that

there are 940 females for every 1000 males.

The Indian Constitution has conferred equal rights on women.

There have also been several movements and legislations for the

rights of women. The national policy and programs for women

empowerment is seen as agents and beneficiaries for the

development process. Year 1995 was acknowledged as the

International Year for Women throughout the world and 8 March is

eminent as the International Women’s Day.

Women must contribute themselves and come forward for protecting

their rights and improving their status. Every woman must draw

motivations from those who have written their names in the

history and have done remarkable for the nation and have set

examples for future like Rani Lakshmi Bai, Ahilya Bai, Indira

Gandhi, Kalpana Chawla, Kiran Bedi, Pratibha Devsingh Patel and

others.

Evils for the women in Indian civilization

In Ancient and Medieval India, women always faced discrimination

and have paid a cost of being born as a female. Few problems

prevalent in the country in different centuries are mentioned

here,

Sati, the first and a serious problem for females also regarded

as ’Widow Immolation”. Under this, widows in Hindu families were

forcibly climbed to the funeral pyre of their husbands. It was

believed that doing this, the widow remove all sins of her

husband. It was a challenge for the reformers to abolish this

from the society. It was first eradicated in Calcutta in 1798,

Also Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Lord William Bentrinck fought against

this.

Dowry Killing is a sin to our society where a woman is physically

and mentally tortured by her in laws and husbands for dowry.

Husbands take their wives as a source of money. The traditional

background reflects that the father of the bride is obliged to

give the groom generous amount and assets. The problem has its

roots throughout the country, in all sections and in all

communities. The Dowry Prohibition Act is formulated since 1961,

with the aim to prohibit the evil from all the sections of the

society.

Child Marriage was another serious problem in our country.

Children born are tied in the knots of marriage. Girls at an age

of playing their dolls are asked to get married. This had

affected the growth of the nation. Females who are married at an

early age are immature to handle the domestic issues, which

creates health and mental problems for them. Mahatma Gandhi took

a step against this, resulting in Child marriage Restraint Act,

1929.

Female Infanticide was another sinful act where gild child is

considered as burden to the family and results in her death when

she is womb or she is just born. People who commit this believe

that girl would waste their resources in her upbringing, then

wedding and dowry. The first effort to abolish this was made in

Kutch and Kathiawar. Infanticide was declared as murder in 1795,

in Bengal Regulation XXI.

Domestic Violence is a shameful act committed on the wives by her

husbands, fathers or brothers in her home. The abuser gives

physical or mental torture to the victim by threats and physical

violence. Globally, one out of three women faces this. This has

shattering repercussions on the families where a mother is unable

to look after her children due to trauma she faced in her home.

This is violation of human rights and strong steps by government

are still needed to protect women in their homes.

Women Trafficking is the most offensive abuse of human rights and

to exploit women and children. It is an offence against the

dignity and rights where she faces the torture, cruelty and

inhumane treatment. This includes forced prostitution, slavery,

trade of human organs and forced labor. Trafficking of women and

children forced to live a life of indignity, debt oppression and

host of infirmities like HIV/AIDS.

Literature Review

Hazarika Dhruba (2011) has stressed on women empowerment and

problems in the development of women in Indian society. She

concluded that despite of different schemes and programmes by

Central and State government, still women are discriminated in

various areas like political and economic participation, and

others. It has stressed on few contributors for improvement of

status such as need for economic power to stand independently,

need for increasing education among woman and also improvement

from the health point of view. It is been concluded that to

empower woman, there must be elimination of violence and she must

be self-aware to step out their homes and fight for her rights.

Deshpande Sunil, Sethi Sunita (2010) have concluded that there is

need to develop a sociological approach

Bhardwaj Nath Gurendra, Parashar Swati, Pandey Dr. Babita, Sahu

Puspamita have conducted a study to identify the reasons for

involvement of women in entrepreneurial activities and challenges

faced by them. The study focused on finding out the factors which

create opportunities for women entrepreneurship and obstacles in

their development like access to capital, lack of managerial and

technical skills, work and family balance, lack of training,

restricted mobility, etc. The study also included the measures to

curb these obstacles; few are programs for providing training,

designing a curriculum to impart knowledge and practical

implication, and focus on imparting awareness on profitability,

marketability and various management lessons. The study also

suggested that programs must be organized where successful women

can turn as advisors for budding entrepreneurs.

Kollan Bharti, Parikh J. Indira (2005) has focused on the Indian

women in entrepreneurial world. It has included that with the

increasing education, there is a revolutionary change in status

of women in centuries. Women have moved from kitchen and cottage

industries to higher levels contributing in the development of

nation. Government is emphasizing on conducting special programs

for entrepreneurship. It also focused on few problems faced by

women entrepreneurs like lack of confidence, social and cultural

barriers, lack of working capital and many. It has concluded that

women role is changing and will envisage a new horizon to make

tough decisions.

Misra Kumar Navneet mentioned on the violence against women. The

paper has focused on various

Improvements throughout the centuries in the lives of women

Case 1: Voice against Pestering: Discontinue the Never-Ending Web

Eras have past, amendments and legislations have been introduced,

but women always have to give proof of her sacrifices. Though the

problem of sexual harassment and assaults are not new but today

people are identifying the growing need of battle against rights

of women and her security, more people are speaking for women

realizing their value as a human, playing roles of daughter,

sister, wife and others. Also women, who are victims stepping out

of four walls to report the trauma they are facing and raising

their voice for justice.

Past few years is an evidence of scenario where people are

getting aware and breaking the silence. One such case is of 16

December, 2012 which shaken the souls throughout the world.

‘Nirbhaya’ case of gang rape with a 23 year girl in Delhi lead to

anti-rape protests on a mass scale broke out to give justice to

victim. She died with the injuries that were given during

assault. Protestors who were at roads asking justice for the girl

and punishment for the rapists were not even stopped by security

forces, who used water cannons, tear gas and other tools to

control the crowd. In early February, 2013, Government in India

passed a sexual violence law where the new maximum sentence for

rape is increased to 20 years, and where the victim dies or goes

in coma, the guilty person will be sentenced to death.

Bhopal city recently launched the Nirbhaya Patrolling Mobile

Service. The female patrol is named after the gang rape case in

December, 2012. Also S.T.O.P is an initiative by few students of

St. Andrew’s college to fight against crimes with women.

A case on 1 February this year reported that a sexually harassed

23 year old B.Com student by her brother-in-law- speared him to

death with other students in Telephone Colony near Madhavaram.

Case 2: Role of Government and NGO’s

The Indian Government has taken efforts to eradicate the

differences between men and women and taken steps to change the

status of women in society. According to the constitution, equal

rights are given to both males and females. More emphasis is

given on the education of girls, to improve their performance and

increase their visibility at workplaces.

Isme abhi thoda ana hai………

Case 3: Rising Opportunities of Women

Women’s have came the long way, in this unabashedly male-centric

culture women have strived hard and made themselves amongst these

male dominated people who have always been reluctant in the

acceptance of the fact that women are better than men in every

fields and aspects of hard work intelligence and leadership

traits. Women’s have stayed ahead of men not only in one but many

sectors from social work to visiting space in an upbeat manner.

Today’s woman has overcome all the negative notions and has

proved their capabilities of becoming successful in each and

every arena be it politics Social work Sports or the corporate

world. Here are some success stories of bold and fearless women’s

of India who have marked for themselves within the country and

overseas.

In the Corporate world

Indra nooyi CEO of the largest beverage company, has conferred with

the prestigious Padma bhushan for her achievements in business.

Chanda kochar currently holding the position of MD & CEO of ICICI

bank has received the Wockhardt Gold Medal for Excellence in

Management Studies and the J. N. Bose Gold Medal in Cost

Accountancy.

Ekta kapoor the JMD & Creative director of the Balaji Telefilms

famous for her ‘k’ serials and movies like Kyunki saas.. ,

kasauti zindagi kii and the dirty picture, is highly recognized

in the entertainment world

Shahnaz Hussain is popular for her herbal products in the cosmetic

industry. She was the one to set the trend of herbal cosmetics in

the industry. Her pioneering work got recognition from Govt of

India when she was conferred with prestigious Padma Shri award in

2006

Kiran Mazumdar Shaw spearheaded its evolution bio-pharmaceutical

company. Today Biocon under her leadership has established itself

as a leading player in biomedicine research with a focus on

diabetes and oncology. She has received the prestigious Padma

Shri (1989) and the Padma Bhushan (2005) from the government of

India.

In Political world

These are ordinary women’s with extraordinary lives. Gone are the

days when women were not involved in the matters of country and

they were deprived of their voting rights. Today these are the

country’s most powerful women decision makers

Indira Gandhi was the third prime minister of Independent India,

who served long as the prime minister of the nation. She was the

first and only woman to hold the office then until her

assassination in 1984.

Sonia Gandhi is one of the powerful politicians in our country.

Despite of being from Italian origin she made herself survive in

the Indian culture understanding the culture and governing the

country.

Pratibha Patil is first woman president of the large democracy in

the world. She has also involved in helping out the working women

by setting up the hostels and educational institute like vidya

bharati shikshan prasarak mandal.

Meira Kumar is the first woman speaker of the Lok sabha. She is an

Indian poiliticial and five times Member of Parliament. She was

elected as an unopposed speaker.

In the world of sports

There were medals, and there were misses. But it is their

struggle and hardships that made them stars. They gladdened

Indian hearts with their lion-hearted performances. India is

blessed with the prominent players like,

Mary Kom; her phenomenal struggle made her to win against all

odds and secured third rank. Her bronze is worth a gold .she

fought the elements in the society and made her country proud in

boxing.

Saina nehwal, she stood where she is today because of the entire

struggle done by her and her parents. She worked really hard and

thus has made it to the Olympics.

Manisha malhotra, famous tennis player is an inspiration to all and

role model too many. Even after her retirement she has

contributed a lot to sports.

In the World of technology

Sunita Williams the renowned astronaut is the first women register

her name into the space. She stayed there in space for 195 long

days and landed back on earth on June 22, 2007.

Kalpana Chawala the first Indian woman to reach the space, she

was first Indian-American astronaut in 1997. she is an

inspiration to many woman astraunats.

In the world of social services

Arundhiti Roy puts the Indian writing on the world radar. An

activist who has been fighting against globalization, she won the

coveted Booker Prize in 1997 for her first novel The God of Small

Things.

Kiran bedi is the first female IPS officer of India. She served

as Inspector General of Prisons, Tihar Jail.

Mother Teresa was the founder of the Order of the Missionaries of

Charity, a Roman Catholic congregation of women dedicated to

helping the poor.

Case 4: Inclining Facets of Women’s

Women have conquered it all by breaking all the barriers of the

societal norms she has made herself to earn a respectable

position in her family society and the world. In this male-

bastion realm she has maintained to improve her situation

removing all the social constraints. The improvement in Literacy

rate, improving sex ratio, improvement in the health conditions of

women, increased employment of women in recent days, and the

decreasing female infanticide rates have shown that women are coming

up in all the spheres of life, they have came a long way if we

see from past

Sex ratio is a term that defines number of females per 1000 males

it depicts the equality of males and females in the society for

the given period. In India the sex ratio is improving from past

10 years which was at deteriorating rate after Independence.

Current situation

Current Sex Ratio of India2013

940 females for every1,000 males

Sex Ratio of India in 2012 940 females for every1,000 males

Total Male Population in India2012

628,800,000 (628.8million)

Total Female Population inIndia 2012

591,400,000 (591.4million)

Source: http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/sex-ratio-of-

india.html

Sex ratio varies from region to region and from state to state,

below is the state wise ratio in India:

State wise Sex ratios in India:Sex Ratio of India 2013State / Union Territory (U.T.) Sex RatioUttar Pradesh 908Maharashtra 946Bihar 916West Bengal 947Andhra Pradesh 992Madhya Pradesh 930Tamil Nadu 995Rajasthan 926Karnataka 968Gujarat 918Odisha 978Kerala 1,084Jharkhand 947Assam 954Punjab 893Haryana 877Chhattisgarh 991Jammu and Kashmir 883Uttarakhand 963

Himachal Pradesh 974Tripura 961Meghalaya 986Manipur 987Nagaland 931Goa 968Arunachal Pradesh 920Mizoram 975Sikkim 889Delhi 866Puducherry 1,038Chandigarh 818Andaman and Nicobar Islands 878Dadra and Nagar Haveli 775Daman and Diu 618Lakshadweep 946India 940

Source: http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/sex-ratio-of-

india.html

Where today Delhi has the lowest sex ratio with 866/100 males and

Puducherry is at the highest with 1038 females over 1000 males.

Sex ratio has gone up where it was 933 in 2001 to 940 in 2013

census.

Literacy rate determines the how much educated are people getting

with increasing time over a period.

“As per Population Census of India 2011, the Literacy rate of

India has shown as improvement of almost 9 percent. It has gone

up to 74.04% in 2011 from 65.38% in 2001, thus showing an

increase of 9 percent in the last 10 years. It consists of male

literacy rate 82.14% and female literacy rate is 65.46%. Kerala

with 93.9% literacy rate is the top state in India. Lakshadweep

and Mizoram are at second and third position with 92.3% and

91.06% literacy rate respectively. Bihar with 63.08% literacy

rate is the last in terms of literacy rate in India”

Source: http://www.indiaonlinepages.com/population/literacy-rate-

in-india.html

Though the literacy rate of women are quite low than the males

but still it is improving with the faster pace than past.

Improvement in the literacy rate can be seen from the table below

that shows the improvement in literacy rates of women from 1951

to 2011:

Source: censusindia.gov.in

Work Participation rate is the rate that determines the increasing

involvement of different gender in work which is increasing year

by year of women as with increasing education they are getting

more involved in the work practices.

Source: censusindia.gov.in

The above graph shows the work participation rate of total male

and female and their bifurcated sections as well; here we can see

that from the past years women’s participation rate is increasing

with time.

S.No.

Census Year

Total (%)

Male (%)

Female (%)

1 1901 5.35 9.83 0.602 1911 5.92 10.56 1.053 1921 7.16 12.21 1.814 1931 9.50 15.59 2.935 1941 16.10 24.90 7.306 1951 16.67 24.95 9.457 1961 24.02 34.44 12.958 1971 29.45 39.45 18.699 1981 36.23 46.89 24.8210 1991 42.84 52.74 32.1711 2001 64.83 75.26 53.6712 2011 74.04 82.14 65.46

Source: censusindia.gov.in

The above table shows the figures of census in different years of

increasing work participation as per gender year by year. This

shows that as per 2011 census, the women employment rate has

increased to 65.46 per cent.

The workforce participation rate of females in rural sector

was 26.1 in 2009‐10 (NSS 64th Round) while that for males

was 54.7. In Urban sector, it was 13.8 for females and 54.3

for males. Among the States/UTs, workforce participation

rate of females in the rural sector was the highest in

Himachal Pradesh at 46.8% and in the urban sector, it was

the highest in Mizoram at 28.8%.

In the rural sector, 55.7% females were self‐employed, 4.4%

females had regular wage/salaried employment and 39.9%

females were casual labours compared with 53.5%, 8.5% and

38.0% males in the same categories respectively.

A total of 20.4% women were employed in the organized sector

in 2010 with 17.9% working in the public sector and 24.5% in

the private.

The labour force participation rate of women across all age‐

groups was 20.8 in rural sector and 12.8 in urban sector

compared with 54.8 and 55.6 for men in the rural and urban

sectors respectively in 2009‐10 (NSS 64th Round).

The unemployment rate for women of all ages was 2.4 compared

with 2.0 for men in the rural areas in 2009‐10. It was 7.0

for women and 3.1 for men in urban areas during the same

period. Among the States/UTs, the highest unemployment rate

for women in rural sector was observed in Chandigarh (51.1%)

and in the urban sector in Dadra and Nagar Haveli (60.0%) in

2009‐10.

Of the total job seekers registered with employed exchanges,

women constituted 32.5% in 2009

The health and welfare rate depicts the health conditions of women in

the society.

The maternal mortality ratio has com down from 254 during

2004-06 to 212 during 2007-09

The share of women receiving ante natal care was 76.9%

during 2007-08.

The share of deliveries in hospitals, maternity/ nursing

homes, health centers, etc. is 40.8% while the deliveries

assisted by doctors, trained ‘dais’, trained midwives,

trained nurses, etc. constitute another 48.8%.

DARKER SIDE OF THE COIN

India is considered as the most dangerous place in the world to

live for women, as demonstrated by the shocking increased trend

of countless abuses on women including burning, kicking, hair

pulling, kidnapping, rapes, and others.

Crimes against women

Various new provisions, legislations, and amendments have been

bought in the laws to protect women from crimes, which are

classified in following categories:

1. The crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC):

a. Rape (Sec. 376 IPC)

b. Torture (Sec. 498- A IPC)

c. Assault on women with intent to outrage her modesty (Sec.

354 IPC)

d. Kidnapping and Abduction for specific purposes (Sec.

302/304-B IPC)

e. Homicide for Dowry, dowry deaths or their attempts (Sec.

301/304-B IPC)

2. The crimes under the Special and Local laws (SLL): all laws

are not gender specific but few are specific for women:

a. Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956

b. Indecent Representation of Women (Prohibition) Act, 1986

c. Commission of Sati Prevention Act, 1987

d. Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961

In spite of several laws in favor of women, there is an

increasing graph of incidents and rate of reported crime against

them. The incidents of crime reported in 2012 is 2, 44,270 which

was 2, 28,650 in 2011, an increase of 6.4% in year 2012.

Incidents of Crime state wise in 2012

Source: ncrb.gov.in

The following table shows increasing number of incidents of crime

under IPC and SLL from year 2008 to 2012, and percentage change

from 2011 to 2012.

Source: ncrb.gov.in

The following figure is about the increasing trend of incidents

and rate of crimes reported in India in past years. The trend is

increasing year after year and is highest in 2012.

Incidents and rate of crime against women percentage change from

2002

Source: ncrb.gov.in

Sexual Assault in India

Despite intensifying outcry against rape, there is an increase in

rape cases from 15% over 2007. It has been reported that every 22

minutes, a woman is raped in India. Cities which are highest in

rape incidents in 2012 are Delhi (5194 incidents), Bangalore

(2263), Kolkata (2073), Hyderabad (1899), Vijayawada (1898

incidents), (Source: National Crimes Records Bureau).

It has been recorded that there are rapists by relationship/

someone who know to victim, where the figures depict that parents

or close family members are involved in 2% cases, relatives in 6

% of rapes, Neighbors in 35% of rape cases and other known

persons are 57% of rapes.

Over 23,000 rape cases are pending in High courts as per sources

by Economic times.

It is found that around 37% of woman in India are abused by their

husbands. Over one-third of women in our country are suffering

from domestic violence and physical abuse. UNICEF conducted a

research where it was reported that 52% of adolescent females and

57% of adolescent males felt that it is justifiable to engage in

spousal abuse.

Recommendations

The sex ratio is declining with time that is a situation of

major concern, the decline of sex ratio is attributed to the

increasing female infanticide percentage. The ratio of sex

ratio is 9.4 in urban in comparison to rural that is 8.4.

Set up various educational institutes and training centre

for training the women to aid them in getting self-employed.

As the work participation percentage of women as comparison

to men is quite low, where Men’s participation percent is

82.14% whereas it is quite low for females 65.46%.

Making the women economically independent so that they can

become self-dependent and can become self-stand, this can be

done my making them educated. So there are need for special

education program for women’s.

Men and women both are the two pillars on whom the future of

the nation stands For the growth of the nation it is

required to develop not only boys but also girls. As we can

see the literacy rate of female is lower than that of the

men where the literacy percent of female is 62% the percent

for males is 82% approximately and that is why more schools

for girls are required to be set up for the girls, so as to

educate them for the betterment of the nation.

Our Nation is becoming dangerous day by day for girls with

increasing crime rate, An immediate requirement is there for

making the women feel more safe so that they can work

without any fear in mind. Law for the women needs to be

reassessed and a strong and special law courts should be

made for the dealing of cases of women so that speedy and

right judgment could be made. A strong law will help in

bringing down the crimes against women.

The rights for women are not properly exercised and

regulated in their favor, which must be given due care and

used in their growth.

 There is Poor preparation and lack of encouragement of

girls to get educated in the families where boys are given

more attention. There’s a requirement for the counseling

programs of such families so as to widen their thought

process.

Self-Affirmation classes should be conducted for the women

by the NGO’s so that women’s who have been traumatized in

some way or the other, they can gain their confidence back

and are able to stand for themselves.

In India nearly 10 million baby girls have been killed in

last twenty years, though it has been announced that killing

the girl child is an offence but still in many hospitals

such practices are on. They should be heavily penalized and

the law for cancelling their license must be enacted.

India is a country where there are temples are at every

street and corner, but more than that there is a requirement

for schools and working organizations to promote the all

around development of women.

People in India are hardly aware of the law protection

available to them by the government there is a great need to

educate women on the protection available to them.

Law’s like The Afghanistan Law on the Elimination of

Violence against Women (LEVAW) must also be enforced in our

country to safeguard the interest of the women’s against the

domestic violence who are into the home jobs.

Links & References

Deshpande Sunil, Sethi Sunita “Role and Position of women

empowerment in Indian society”, International Referred

Research Journal, Vol.1, 2010, pp.24-27

Tilak Anjali Geet, “Women Empowerment in India”, 2011

http://www.studymode.com/essays/Women-Empowerment-In-India-

689620.html

http://www.factsninfo.com/2013/06/interesting-facts-

information-india-census-2011.html

http://www.shareyouressays.com/84121/essay-on-the-status-of-

women-in-india

http://www.publishyourarticles.net/knowledge-hub/essay/an-

powerful-essay-on-the-status-of-women-in-india.html

http://www.crowdvoice.org/sexual-assault-in-india?

gclid=CIfQ5LX7uLwCFbBV4god3QsAhQ

http://www.crowdvoice.org/sexual-assault-in-india/?

infoboxId=64&tags=Rape,Assault

Kollan Bharti, Parikh J. Indira, “a reflection of the Indian

Women in Entrepreneurial World”, Indian Institute of

Management, Ahmedabad, W.P.2005

http://www.iimahd.ernet.in/publications/data/2005-08-

07indirap.pdf

Hazarika Dhruba, “Women Empowerment in India: A brief

discussion”, International Journal of Education Planning &

Administration, Vol.1, 2011, pp.199-202

http://www.preservearticles.com/201104306065/essay-on-

status-of-women-in-india.html

Bhardwaj Nath Gurendra et al., “Women Entrepreneurship in

India: Opportunities and Challenges”

http://www.chimc.in/Volume2.1/Volume2Issue1/

GurendraNathBhardwaj.pdf

C.Gasquoine Hartley (Mrs. Walter M. Gallichan), “position of

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