105. Ryumkin A.I. Formation of an Innovative Cluster of Subsoil Usage // Studies on Russian Economic...

ISSN 1075�7007, Studies on Russian Economic Development, 2011, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 56–64. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2011.Original Russian Text © A.I. Ryumkin, 2011.

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In the 21st century, humanity actively relate theirfuture with new technologies. A priority is also given tothe innovative model of economic development in Rus�sia; the innovative way of a country’s development isusually opposed to the primary way (as negative). Suchestimates are not surprising, because there is almost nodetailed research on the problems of the economic pol�icy in Russia based on wide and reasonable usage of nat�ural resources [1]. Meanwhile, the level of usage of newtechnologies in geological prospecting, geophysics, andthe oil and gas industry is much higher than in otherindustries. For example, complex mathematical modelsfor describing layer structures during prospecting andextraction monitoring are actively used in oil and gasproduction. In the world, oil and gas objects are thelargest consumers of highly productive computer equip�ment and software [2]. Since in the nearest decades,world demand for energy resources will steadilyincrease because of the population and economicgrowth, their deliveries are economically perspective forRussia, and, in addition, they guarantee the necessarymeasures of “energy diplomacy.” Therefore, the devel�opment of innovations in the country’s main industry,which provides about 45% of the budget incomes and55% of currency earnings, is the main problem. Its solv�ing will allow for modernizing other segments of theproduction complex of the country along the chain ofindustrial interrelations.

Nowadays, Russia does not reach the levels of devel�oped countries in production efficiency, having thelargest mineral raw�materials base in the world. Mean�while, the aggravating competition between countriesdictates the necessity of a significant reduction inexpenses and usage of new technologies of prospecting,extraction, and processing of minerals, which is impos�sible without “forced” development of innovative

methods in subsoil usage. Basically, it is possible toreach a double effect, that is, increase in the efficiencyof the production sector of subsoil usage and develop�ment of a domestic innovative complex to solve thisproblem.

Since subsoil usage is always spatially localized, con�ducting an active cluster policy with a motivation for thedevelopment of prospective clusters is most construc�tive. According to the official definition, territorial andproduction clusters are associations of companies; sup�pliers of equipment, components, specialized produc�tion, and services; scientific research and educationalorganizations related on the basis of territorial closenessand functional dependence in the sphere of productionand realization of goods and services. At the same time,clusters can be both on the territory of one and severalsubjects of the Russian Federation [3]. Generally speak�ing, the perspective of clusters creation is confirmed inmany federal documents, although the number of suc�cessful initiatives is not large.

From the perspective of the above�mentioned prob�lem, the position of the Tomsk city is unique, because ithas one of the strongest scientific and educational com�plexes in the country and is situated on the territory ofregions with resource of world significance, such as theWest Siberian oil and gas province and the KuznetskBasin. From the point of view of administrative andeconomic considerations, it is reasonable to limit thespatial structure to the territory of Tomsk oblast (TO)and Kuzbass. At the same time, there is an opportunityof extraction of solid and liquid minerals, considerationof the special features of local oil generated from car�bonaceous organic matter [4], production of methanefrom coal deposits, compensation for the deficit in rawmaterials of metallurgy of the Kuznetsk Basin by meansof Bakcharsk iron�ore deposits of TO, and also incorpo�

Formation of an Innovative Cluster of Subsoil UsageA. I. Ryumkin

Tomsk State UniversityReceived April 25, 2011

Abstract—The content of one of the most prospective variants of transition of the Russian economy to aninnovative way of development on the basis of the leading sector of energy supply in the economy of Russia isstated in this article. Objectively, it is one of the most science�intensive areas, differing by the uniqueness ofeach of its objects, the prospecting and development of which are related to research and analytic activity inspecifying the features of deposits, characteristics and qualities of layers, and the parameters of boreholes. Theconcept of the formation of an innovative cluster of effective subsoil usage in Pritom’e, which is created withallowance to the unique position of the Tomsk scientific and educational complex at the periphery of the twobiggest territorial provinces of energy resources, such as western Siberian oil and gas and Kuznetsk coal,located not far from the greatest deposits of rare metals.

DOI: 10.1134/S1075700711060086

INDUSTRIES AND INTERINDUSTRY COMPLEXES

STUDIES ON RUSSIAN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Vol. 22 No. 6 2011

FORMATION OF AN INNOVATIVE CLUSTER OF SUBSOIL USAGE 57

ration of unique technologies of the Siberian chemicalfactory (SChF) in the enrichment process and mineralprocessing (rare metals). Many of these opportunities,which can only be realized by usage of innovative tech�nologies, resulting in a significant strengthening ofinternal relations in the region and appearance of trans�port streams, for which infrastructural development isnecessary. According to some elements (the existence ofsolid and liquid energy sources and atomic power at thesame time), this region is unique.

It is known that strong competitive clusters devel�oped due to the capacity of generation of innovations,which allowed them to be ahead of competitors. In thiscase, there is an opportunity for formation, on the basisof clusters, innovations in the field of effective subsoilusage, its sustainable development, and, on its example,development of the most important mechanisms ofmotivation of the country’s innovative development.

Condition and opportunities of cluster development. Adetailed description of the production base of the regionis in the works of some authors [5–7]. At present, inTomsk, Kemerovo, and regions adjacent to them, alongwith the biggest universities and NII, there is a prettydeveloped complex of interactive production, project,research, and service enterprises, which is a prototypeof strong clusters of subsoil usage, such as oil and gasproductions, as well as coal mining and metallurgy. Ahigh level of technologies is used in many enterprises ofthe region, although there are many unclaimed long�term developments. A special program (SO RAN) wassupposed to implement them in the Kuznetsk Basin [8],but its realization depends on the level of financing andorganization of target management.

According to the usual scheme of production devel�opment, the formation of several clusters is possible inthe region, for example, oil and gas in the Tomsk regionand in the north of the Kuznetsk Basin and coal andmetallurgy in the Kuznetsk Basin. However, theregional specificity—generality of many problems andtasks of the organization of production processes, needin new technologies to realize long�term projects, andthe existence of a strong education and research com�plex—lead to the necessity of new variants of develop�ment, which would fully realize the idea of innovativeclusters of subsoil usage of in Pritom’e.

At present, it is possible to isolate two mainapproaches to the organization of innovative develop�ment in Russia:

–The innovative approach, in fact, importing west�ern forms of organization of innovative systems andrelated creation of incubators of innovations, techno�parks, and venture capital firms, is unproductivebecause of the lack of internal demand for innovations;

–The corporative approach, differing by theunavoidable narrowing of the subject of long�termresearches, lack of fundamental ideas, traditional pre�sentation of objects, absence of the necessary flexibility,corporative secrecy, and orientation towards using and

copying import technologies, leads to the reproductionof technological lag behind world analogues (withautonomous organization of corporative centers).

Approaches, taking into account the specificity ofthe country’s conditions and the peculiarities of theobjects, are necessary for effective innovative develop�ment.

Now target�oriented programs of local cluster devel�opment are successfully realized in different regions ofthe world. There are some similar projects (car cluster ofthe Samara region, Omsk petrochemical, St. Petersburgshipbuilding, and others) in Russia. In the context ofthe cluster policy of the Russian Federation, it is sup�posed that the executive authorities of the subjects of theRussian Federation will be initiators of the formation oforganizations of cluster development. At the same time,the financing of cluster development can be supportedby means of the federal budget, including innovativefunds of the Russian Federation and government sup�port of small and medium�size enterprises (SMEs) [11].

Conducting a supporting cluster policy [12] is morereasonable if the government takes part in the organiza�tion of cooperation between the participants in a clus�ter; fulfills partial financing of projects; and invests inthe development of infrastructure, education, market�ing, and motivating cluster development. Taking intoaccount the specificities of the functionality and loca�tion of the innovative cluster in Pritom’e, it is possible toisolate the following main tasks of development:

–Qualitative increase in the work efficiency of clus�ter structures on the basis of innovative technologies;

–More advanced processing of primary raw materi�als;

–Expansion of the directions of subsoil usage,involving other minerals in processing, except profileenergy resources;

–Complex development of the territory with allow�ances for more efficient usage of the infrastructure;

–Increase the incomes of federal and regional bud�gets;

–Conservation of the ecology of the region.The sector of subsoil usage differs in its specificity

from other sectors of the economy; that is, each of itsobjects is unique. It requires monitoring and individualdecisions at each stage—from conducting regional andexploration works to operations in separate borehole—but they should not be typical and common decisions incontrast to, for example, the machine�building andelectronic industries or the energy industry. This definesthe great research potential of the cluster and the effi�ciency of usage of innovative approaches at all levels andstages of the subsoil usage process.

The specificities of the cluster are indicated in ananalysis of the regional problems of subsoil usage andlong�term projects related to them at the regional level.By measures of rational structural policy within thecluster, it is possible to significantly increase cross�clus�

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ter communication, dramatically reduce expenses ontransportation, and increase VRP, realizing the follow�ing long�term projects (Fig. 1):

–Forcing of prospecting of the long�term oil and gasindustry of Pravoberezh’e on the basis of new technolo�gies;

–Organization of extraction and processing of coalmethane and production of liquefied gas on the basis ofnew technologies;

–Absorption of the biggest Bakcharsk deposits ofiron as a raw�material base of metallurgy of the Kuz�netsk Basin and Ural in Russia;

–Exploitation of polymetals in the southeast of theTomsk region to produce alloy additives in the steelindustry;

–Formation of centers of innovative technologiesfor subsoil usage in Tomsk and Kemerovo;

–Processing of dumps and waste materials of someenterprises in the region to elicit noble and rare metals;

–Capacity utilization of the biggest Siberian chemi�cal plants of the Seversk city on the basis of processingand enriching products of primary subsoil usage andextracting valuable metals;

–Establishment of a transport connection betweenthe Kuznetsk Basin, Tomsk region, and the West Sibe�rian oil and gas complex (WSOGC);

–Formation of a modern base for production ofmining and field equipment for the WSOGC and east�ern regions of the country on the basis of the strongmechanical�engineering plant in Yugra;

–Creation of a modern interregional logistics centerin the Yashkino region, which will include a big storageterminal, international airport, river port, and a railwayterminal.

All these projects have the most important goal, buttheir realization is impossible or difficult on the basis ofthe previous technologies. For a long time, the territoryof the right bank of the middle reach of the Ob River wasunpromising for producing oil and gas and was notalmost researched. In recent years, works on prospect�ing poorly studied areas have started upon the initiativeof the administration of the Tomsk region. The results ofdeep drilling and regional geophysical works allow forhope concerning the high perspective of the Paiduginskand Predeniseisk oil and gas regions. At the same time,the hugely bad knowledge and the vast area of the terri�tory do not allow for obtaining results within a reason�able time frame on the base of traditional technologies.It is necessary to use innovative methods of exploration

@

@

@

Pritom’e cluster structure

1

2

3

4 5

6

Right�bank oil

Complex deposits

Bakcharsk

Transport

Coal of

Commercial production of

methane from coal clusters

and gas region

iron�ore New highway from Tomsk to Kemerovo

corridor

zone

@

@

the north

center

Fig. 1. New projects in the region and the spatial structure of the cluster.



geophysics, structural and formational interpretation ofthe data on seismic works, aggregation of the data ofhigh�precession magnetic measurements, gammaspectometry to create verifiable and interpretationalmodels, and informational technologies to preparegeopictures, as well as to create three�dimensional geo�logical and geophysical models.

It is also necessary to have new technologies of finalreconnaissance, extraction, and enrichment to developthe biggest Bakcharsk iron�ore deposit. Here, in recentyears, more than 1000 t of iron ore with a high concen�tration of iron were recovered on the basis of a technol�ogy of hydraulic mining of boreholes. A new technologyof metal enrichment on the basis of nanotechnologies,which allows for getting ultraclean ingots with a con�centration of iron of more than 98% and including alloyadditives, was developed. At production volumes of upto 100 mln t per year, the necessities of the metallurgycomplex of the Kuznetsk Basin and Ural are providedand the delivery of raw materials for export becomespossible.

This project includes some potential production inthe area of polymetal deposit development in the region[13, 14], which need complex processing and substan�dard technologies related to the structure of the rawmaterials and their location. It is possible to receive acomplex of noble and rare metals (platinum, gold, sil�ver, titanium, zircon, lanthanide, and others) from theprocessing residues of some productions of coloredmetals in Siberia on the basis of ecologically clean fluo�ride technologies of the SChF. It would allow for gettinga guaranteed resource base of solid�state productionand creation of new�generation nanomaterials and sen�sors. At the same time, the conversion and long�termloading of the SChF and also its inclusion in the tech�nological chains of the cluster and possible further usageof its high�tech potential are provided.

Organization of modern production of miningequipment on adjacent territories is reasonable becauseof the formation of a resource base in the eastern regionsof the country. The specialization of the mechanical�engineering plant in Yugra, where production of miningequipment has been started, can be advanced.

The organization of direct express tracks fromTomsk to the Kuznetsk Basin and the creation of amodern logistic center in the region from Taiga to Yash�kino are reasonable to transport goods between theenterprises of the West Siberian oil and gas complex,Tomsk region, and the Kuznetsk Basin; provide trans�shipment from one type of transport to another; tostore; and group.

At the level of digging, the main problem associatedwith projecting and deposit processing is to get full andtrue information about the spatial structure and physi�cal and chemical parameters of layers, the characteris�tics of which are changeable. It is proposed to use two�and three�dimensional geological models of deposits asan instrument for object description. Basic geological

and geophysical data are not enough and the attemptsof creation of detailed mathematical models and carto�graphic pictures are not successful. The lack of informa�tion should be compensated for at the stage of exploita�tion under careful supervision during the process ofextraction in almost every borehole. Technologies pro�cessing, which provides the necessary informationcheaper than expensive drilling or additional works, areextremely important.

The structuring of geophysical researches in bore�holes, vertical profile shooting, and seismic works onthe surface to study productive layers; usage high�reso�lution seismic to plan geological exploration works [15];and continuous support of geological models [16] anddeposit monitoring are necessary here.

To project and develop deposits in such conditions,V. D. Lysenko suggested an adaptive system of develop�ment [17], allowing for rebuilding project decisions,taking into account new data (changing the network ofboreholes, combination of injection and productionáîðåhole, etc.).

Despite the certain importance of innovativeapproaches to the decision�making process at somestages of the process of projecting and developinghydrocarbon deposits (HDs), a complex innovative sys�tem of development, which combines different compo�nents, has a significant value. In this case, a similardetermination system is used by domestic enterprises,such as OAO TsGE (a complex description of the pro�cesses of study and development of HDs [18]), RITEK(projecting and developing), and Rosneft’ (a systemapproach to the organization of scientific and projectworks).

Organization of the innovative infrastructure of thecluster. In our opinion, the organization of a cluster willallow for the addressing of some existing disadvantagesof the national innovative system (NIS) of the country[19]. Officially, there are all elements of the NIS in thecountry. In particular, based on these, the Tomsk regiontakes a leading position among the regions of Russia,having offices for commercialization in all universitiesand big research institutes (RIs), some business incuba�tors, venture capital funds, and a center for technologi�cal transfer. Neverthless, the efficiency of RIs is far frombeing perfect. At the same time, officials evaluate thesituation with cautious optimism, and politicians andexperts evaluate the situation as unsatisfactory. Theorganization of an innovative cluster on the basis ofclosely cooperating scientific and educational com�plexes and a strong sector of subsoil usage will signifi�cantly accelerate the problem�solving process. Let usconsider some key tasks at different stages of the inno�vative chain.

First of all, it is required to motivate the demand ofproduction for innovations in every possible way. Withina cluster, this is reached through the formation of overalland corporate programs of technical modernization,the contents of which can be increased if specialists of

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leading universities, RIs, and the Siberian Branch, Rus�sian Academy of Sciences, participate within councilsin the coordination of the scientific and technical policyof the cluster. At the same time, really great tasks ofleadership achievement should be determined in inter�national competition to avoid the trap of technologicalborrowings and, at the same time, limitation of autono�mous technological development [21]. Since state cor�poration are leading developers in the sector of subsoilusage in the Tomsk region, such a task is quite achiev�able. It is necessary to provide motivation for the estab�lishment of departments of the corporate scientific andtechnological centers of large enterprises in the cluster.It is evident that the potential of the Russian Academyof Sciences, special scientific RIs, and, in particular,principally new ones in innovative works is significantlyhigher than that of the industrial economy, and bothsides have won from cooperation. Big service compa�nies are interested in the presence in perspective seg�ments of the market of their services. Since there areperspective regions of energy resources located close toeach other, such interest should be long�term. Partici�pation in such programs, usage of common centers ofservices, and technological transfers are very useful forSMEs.

It is reasonable to use the created cluster as a poly�gon to implement and approve legal and normative ini�tiatives (a type of organizational and administrative ini�tiatives). For example, to give enterprises economic ini�tiatives in the area of innovations, it is necessary topartially reduced profit taxes, which could be directedto create and buy new products; to motivate the explo�ration of hard�to�recover reserves of raw hydrocarbons,as well as small and developed deposits, by means of aspecial tax policy; to use rent deductions and evaluatereservoirs and resources; to form license programs, etc.[1, 22].

It is necessary to carefully elaborate and constantlyimprove the education system and intellectual�propertyrights (including intellectual property created throughbudgetary financing) to support the interest of universi�ties, RIs, SMEs, and developers. It is easier to create anefficient patent system, which will guarantee the patentholder with a high status, in the clusters of certain spe�cializations.

The most important problem of RIs is the financingof innovations, which is closely related to the problemof direct investments. Unfortunately, the Russian finan�cial system is of little use for long�term productionfinancing. In such conditions, earlier created venturecapital funds, corporations, and special�purpose fundshave to work under severe competition from usualfinancial institutions, certainly losing in commercialefficiency. That results in the disinterest of employees,corruption, and, finally, re�profiling of these structures.All the main institutions participating in the country’sdevelopment should be in a cluster. It is necessary tocreate a modern financial infrastructure, providing the

existence of the main elements of intergovernmentalfinancial institutions, if a project with international par�ticipation should be undertaken. Creating a cluster ofnatural�resource orientation, such purposes are real inview of foreign capital, which is actively invested intothese fields in Russia. It is desirable to establish regionaloffices of international financial structures (MIGA,Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency; EBRD,Asian Bank of Reconstruction and Development) thatwill need intergovernmental agreements with the activeparticipation of famous consulting structures to reducerisks and to provide heavy guarantees.

It is also necessary to form an active Russian systemof venture investments, probably, on the basis of creat�ing mutual funds or agencies. Probably, it is necessary toinvite foreign venture investors who have an experiencein clusters of close profiles, for example, Houston,Aberdeen, and Stavanger [23].

The government’s participation in innovative pro�cesses is so called by the necessity for the creation ofmotivations to generate innovations, which are not rea�sonably generated by the market environment. Suchmarket failures [24] are compensated for by the forma�tion of structures supporting innovations [19]. It is rea�sonable to create such new structures for supportinginnovations, taking into account their production spec�ificity. Along with that, it is reasonable to organize a spe�cial agency of long�term development (such asDARPA, United States), the strategic goal of whichwould be to provide the technological superiory of Rus�sia in the sphere of prospecting, development, and pro�cessing of energy resources. The main task is to providethe transfer of long�term fundamental research intoproduction technologies. Many tasks to be solved arerelated to a complex theme, which covers the depart�mental directions of the Ministry of Natural Resources,Ministry of Industrial Policy, and the Ministry ofEnergy of Russia. It is necessary to have exceptionallyqualified people for this.

There are many opportunities to achieve a new qual�ity level for organizing work with the help of innovativecenters of new technologies created within public andprivate partnerships with the participation of companiesin the area of subsoil usage in the oil and gas sector of theregion. Such centers should work on behalf of the pro�ductivity of all participants in the cluster, providingdevelopment of prospective technologies.

First of all, it is necessary to create an analytic centerof subsoil usage with a huge database on the geology,geochemistry, and geophysics of the region; on naturalresources; and on processes and technologies of subsoilusage. Such a center, which would be equipped withmodern instrumentation and equipment, shouldbecome a base for making and coordinating moreresponsible (probably, collective) management deci�sions. It is necessary to conduct a complex analysis ofthe data on geology, geochemistry, oilfield geophysics,and Earth remote probing because of the final recon�



naissance of potentially the largest oil and gas provincein the Ob–Eniseisk interstream area. It is necessary touse the newest methods of creation of depth images andwave tomography, developed in recent years on thebases of supercomputer centers [25] for their interpreta�tion. It is reasonable to organize these works in createdcenter of geophysical researches, which will allow forsignificantly reducing the time and cost of prospectingworks. Specialized centers with supercomputers, theprocessing power of which is important to organize dis�tributed systems, conduct extremely labor�intensivecalculations during modeling hydrodynamic processes,process seismic data and the data of Earth remote prob�ing, solve reverse problems of geophysics, and recoveryof geoimages, should closely cooperate with the men�tioned structures and production. These centers shouldbecome general�purpose and collective�access centers.

A significant number of multipurpose developmentsis not used in the sector of subsoil usage or does not cor�respond to its needs. For example, this is the major partof developments in the area of nanotechnologies(including the creation of nanocovers), usage of nano�material�creating equipment, usage of nanopowders,nanofilters, etc. Many developments in the area of rein�forcement materials and working surfaces; magnetronionic and plasmatic vacuum systems; vacuum electron�optical weld deposition; thermo� and waterproof, anti�corrosive, and antifriction protective coverings on thebasis of inorganic polymers need to be constructivelyimproved. Purposeful improvement of famous technol�ogies, such as gel�forming compositions of oil recoveryfactor improvement and oil�pushed mixtures is justi�fied. Methods of electronic introscopy can find wide�spread acceptance. Systems and hardware and softwarecomplexes of supervisory control and management,telemetry for the oil and gas industry, management ofhydraulic units and electric power supply, and systemsof management and diagnostics of equipment modeshave a significant demand.

Many of the theoretical workings of other applica�tions can be successfully developed for subsoil usage.For example, mathematical tools of mechanics of liquidand gas, which were widely used to model the processesof special subjects at the Tomsk State University, areused in modeling of deposits. Usage of supercomputersfor oil and gas applications is limited, although they arewidely used abroad for processing seismic data, reser�voir modeling, and analysis of geoimages. New modelsand solution methods of certain equations and develop�ment perspectives in related directions can be a base forhigher efficiency of software replacing imports in thesphere of systems for modeling deposits and monitoringextraction, creation of arrangement projects, geoinfor�mative systems, and SAPR.

On the basis of the mentioned workings and takinginto account the need to develop clusters, it is necessaryto create some organizational structures or innovativeenterprises, which will become the heart of the complex

of applied research of innovative infrastructure of thecluster. They include the following:

–Analytical center of effective subsoil usage;–Center of geophysical researches;–Supercomputer center;–Center for technologies for increasing oil recovery;–Experimental center, that is, a factory of nanoma�

terials;–Development center of borehole equipment of

high accuracy;–Center of modern hardening and recovery tech�

nologies;–Development center of new technologies for

extraction of rare materials;–Development center of sensors and control equip�

ment.In our opinion, this project has to be realized with

significant organizational and financial governmentparticipation in the creation of a cluster, formation of itscontent and development program, productive infra�structure and a complex of innovative centers of newgeneral�purpose technologies.

To attract foreign investment into subsoil usage ofthe region, it is necessary to define some (medium andsmall) deposits, transferred to MSEs for prospectingand development, which are innovatively more active incomparison with big enterprises and corporationsabroad. It is possible to provide the conditions forattracting financing for innovative developments withinspecial programs in the case of implementing projects atthe level of intergovernmental agreements. Since it ishard for SMEs to create their own expensive base forprospecting and monitoring of deposits, they are mostlyinterested in the using of the shared resources of thecluster, services of the center of geophysical researches,and supercomputer and other centers for reasonablecharges, which will finally contribute to the strengthen�ing of cooperation within the cluster and compensationof initial expenses.

It is necessary to provide a modern investmentdescription of the territory, for example, with the help ofgeoinformational systems and channels of distributionof geodata, which are familiar to investors [26–27], forproviding investors with the maximum amount of infor�mation about the region and opportunities of a pre�project analysis of variants, which would be suitable forestablishing a business.

Distribution and Territorial�Planning Problems. Theanalysis made by us confirms the viability of the forma�tion of an innovative cluster of effective subsoil usage inthe region. At the same time, there arise problemsrelated to the spatial organization of production and thecorresponding infrastructure for productive projects inthe sphere of subsoil usage on the territory of the Tomskand Kemerovo regions (the external belt of the cluster isthe use of innovative technologies) and also to theproper organization of the territory for establishing

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innovative centers (the inner core is the generation ofinnovations). Their solution within the existing norma�tive base is conducted during the development and cor�rection of territorial (space) plans.

Problems related to the placement of new produc�tive enterprises of subsoil usage near their resource base(Fig. 1) and organization of a general energy and trans�port infrastructure of the cluster are solved in the pro�cess of territorial planning of the external belt.

The inner core of the cluster, related to the place�ment of centers for the development of innovations, isconnected to the existence education and researchcomplex of Tomsk and Kemerovo, between which it isnecessary to install operational communications. Thisterritory includes two service corridors, that is, from theWest Siberian oil and gas complex to Tomsk toKemerovo and a corridor along Transsib in the regionfrom Yurga to Anzhero�Sudzhensk (Figs. 2, 3).

Examples of the creation of such distribution andinnovative clusters are known in the world, for example,the so�called “research triangle” of the United States,which is supported by three centers in the state NorthCarolina (North Carolina State University, Duke Uni�versity, University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill).The research triangle ELAt (Eindhoven–Leuven–Aachen) and also the project “Oxford to CambridgeArch” for the creation of a zone of an innovative econ�omy between two recognized research centers [28] have asimilar structure in Europe. Usually, the whole territoryrapidly develops under the influence of such centers.

Considering the territory between Tomsk andKemerovo, let us notice its exceptionally favorable eco�nomic and geographic location. Here is the corridor ofthe trans�Siberian railroad, connecting the Yurga cityand semiurban cities (such as Yashkino, Taiga,Anzhero�Sudzhensk, Mariinsk) and crossing the TomRiver in the Yurga region. The machine�building plantof Yurga, the cement plant in Yashkino, railroad center(that is, exit to Tomsk from the Taiga station), anddeposits of coal in the Anzhero�Sudzhensk region areon this line. Factors, such as the main traffic artery, traf�fic center (that is, river–railway), closeness of industrialcenters, and natural resources are more favorable to bedeveloped. For example, they stipulated rapid earlygrowth in Novosibirsk and Krasnoyarsk. It appears thatonly the remoteness of the territory from regional cen�ters did not stipulate enough economic development inthis region in the period of the planned economy.

At present, such obstacles are easily overcome in acentury of freeways. The distance between the Tomskand Kemerovo cities on a straight line is about 100 km,which allows for providing access to the centers (withinan hour) even within the agglomeration. The accessibil�ity of territories along the railroad is only about half anhour. Taking all of this into account, it is reasonable toplan the creation of a big interregional logistic center inthis region within a special economic area, which wouldbe focused on servicing transport streams in the WestSiberian oil and gas complex, that is, Transsib, from theKuznetsk Basin to Transsib, and from the WSOGC to

Symbols Existing highways

Northern lateral roadVariants of the projected highway

Projected section Kargasok–Nizhnevartovsk

Projected section Tomsk��Kemerovo

Existing section of the highway

N

S

EW

Fig. 2. Northern lateral road with an exit to the Kuznetsk Basin.



the Kuznetsk Basin. Within such a zone, it is reasonableto build an international airport, which would serviceTomsk, Kemerovo, and the surrounding area; railwaycenter; and a river port. Here, it is also a reasonablelocation for many enterprises in the cluster’s profile, forexample, a production plant of liquefied gas, which isplanned by Vostokgazprom; storage terminal; and pro�ductive bases and piers on the bank of Tom.

Land in Tomsk and Kemerovo should be allocated inorder to place the main innovative enterprises and cen�ters of the innovative infrastructure. Good land for theplacement of innovative centers is situated next to thebiggest universities of in Tomsk [29]. The grounds oftech parks, which are situated on the right bank of theTom river, on the territory of KuzNIIShakhtostroi, andLenaya Polyana (Forest Park), are allocated inKemerovo. The location of the above�mentioned spe�cialized centers, project institutions, laboratories forresearch in the field of prospecting of specific and min�eral raw materials, are considered perspective on thesegrounds (in addition to the existing RIs and universi�ties). Taking into account the concentration of thecountry’s oil and gas complex on the easterly directionand the high oil and gas perspective of the right bank ofthe Ob river, it is reasonable to place the headquarters ofbig corporations and organize the necessary infrastruc�ture of management here. At least, within this project,all the objective factors exist, which usually motivate asimilar choice of business structures [30].

The formation of this cluster is a continuation of theprocess of creation the Tomsk economic and innovationzone (TEIZ).

Thus, for the formation of an innovative cluster ofthe effective natural resource use in the region, the fol�lowing is necessary:

–Creation of centers of innovative technologies ofsubsoil usage in Tomsk and Kemerovo, interconnectedwith the functioning scientific complex;

–Reservation of land to establish related objects,such as offices, financial structures, hotels, and residen�tial properties;

–Public support of new projects;

–Creation of an engineering infrastructure toremove the transport and energetic limitations of theproduction;

–Training and arrangement of territories to establishproduction and logistics.

The results of the conducted analysis allow for mak�ing conclusions that it is necessary to correctly developterritorial plans for the development of Tomsk,Kemerovo, and related regions, as well as to develop acommon scheme for the territorial planning of theregion, which is possible under the Town�PlanningCode (articles 10 and 14).

Further questions related to the development of thecluster are contained in [31].

Asino

Zyryanskoe

Tomsk

Mariinsk

Anzhero�Sudzhensk

Yurga

Kemerovo

Fig. 3. Communication corridors between Tomsk and Kemerovo.

64


RYUMKIN

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Ryumkin, Aleksandr Ivanovich Dr. Sci. (Tech.), professor

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