mipexg`e mipey`x

onqexb mdxa`l miyben l`xyi zecleza mixwgn

mikxer

oltw sqei ,xcw f"a ,xwd sqei

l`xyi zeclezl xfy onlf fkxn

milyexi

mipiiprd okez

dncwd9

xbxa cec:miipiad inia zifpky`d zeigiynde zicxtqd zeigiynd

zitxbeixehqidd zwelgnd zpiga11

odk inx'bmiicedid eixywe qehqixkÎihp`d zeawra29

oeyyÎoa mgpnzevx`a myd yeciw lr :zecny ly dgkye oexkif

mincwend miipiad inia m`lq`d zevx`ae zexvpd47

i`nyÎoa ibg`xwnd zepyxta ,`xwnd ixtq jxer ,'oEcn' lrª©¦

zicedidÎziaxrd73

xcw f"aux` ztnitxbehxkd drwxe i"yx xiivy orpk111

l`epnr dgnyzldwle xzq`l i"yx ickp ly mdiyexitn129

litpea oae`xinia dlitzd aekir cqen lr dxrd :dwrvd zekfmiipiad145

oncixt `aiwr ikcxneced xgqe dyi`d157

lbetxpw mixt`zxin` :'dt lr oxne`l i`yx dz` i` azkay mixac'cxtqae fpky`a zepiixe`d zcine dlitzay miweqtd

miipiad inia187

xpiihyÎmdy mixt`axrnl gxfn oia :dietixe onrp zrxv lr213

lci` dyndnly oa dingp 'xl mixetikd meil reci `l heit`iapd237

xwd sqeizicedi zixeaiv diixtq - icxtqd 'yxcn'd263

qenihtq ac'xl daeyz :zizeaxz dipenbde zipeyl dibele`ci`dizeklyde dizexewn ,dpicn ic l`eny293

cec mdxa`fpky` icedi :dxyr yyd d`na gxfnl fpky` oia

zixidwd dfipbd ly dxe`l mixvnae l`xyi ux`a309

lbity l`eny awrimicgein micrena miypl mixab oia micba itelig329

oltw sqeidlind zixa - 'zixwir xzeide dpey`xd deevnd'

dycgd zra zecdil exfgy miqep`d ly mnlerazncwend353

w`nÎoenly xnzoia :dycgd zrd ziy`xa zepnl` ly zenliciigl deewzd oial xard xkfle miclil zepn`p

miycg dgtyn391

onqexb mdxa`mineqxt zniyx427

gztn439

uaewa mitzzynd zniyx455

157

eced xgqe dyi`d

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

xac gzt .`

did ,oekizd mid zevx` oial wegxd gxfnd zevx`e eced oia xgqnd xnelk ,eced xgqep`y itk .hxta m`lq`d zevx` zlklkae llka miipiad ini zlklka aeyg ceqi

dxyr yelyd d`nl dxyr zg`d d`nd oia ,zixidwd dfipbd zecerzn micnlcre dxyr zg`d d`nd seqn cegiiae ,dlirt zetzzyd df xgqa micedid etzzyd

itk dyi`d cnrn lr rcina o`k eppiipr .dxyr mizyd d`nd ly miyiyd zepyoaexa zeaezke eced xgqa zewqerd xzeie zecerz ze`n rax` ly qetxewn dlery

- x`iae mbxz s` odn zeaxe - wizrde ddif xy` ,('eced xtq' :oldl) zicediÎziaxrxwgn zkixra xakn wqer elld mixehd azek .l"f oiihieb ac dnly xeqtextd x"en

.eznlydae df1

*on miknqn ,oncixt r"ne oiihieb c"y) 'eced xtq'a izcearn `vei lret `ed mkiptly xwgndx"en gipdy 'eced xtq'l zexiipa izxfrp xwgnd zaizka .(eceda micedid xgq lr dfipbd(1-815/02 'qn) df xwgna .ely 'dfipbd zcarn'ae epeafira l"f oiihieb ac dnly xeqtextdxfiin liqe sqei my lr m`lq`d zevx`a micedid zeaxzl dxczwde rcnl zine`ld oxwd eknz,izknqp ozeyxay cid iazk lry ,odicaere zeixtqd ildpnl izcez .aia` lz zhiqxaipe`ay,milyexi ,i`hiqxaipe`de ine`ld mixtqd zia ci lry miixard cid iazk inelvzl oeknl:cid iazk ly mitqe`l mixeviw zniyx dpd .mreiq lr xey` xin` x"cle cec mdxa` x"cleBL = British Library; Bodl. = Bodleian Library; CAJS = University of Pennsylvania,Center for Advanced Judaic Studies, Cairo Geniza Collection, Halper (formerlyDropsie); CUL = Cambridge University Library; DK = David Kaufmann Collection,Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest; ENA = E.N. Adler Collection, JewishTheological Seminary of America; PER = Papyrussammlung Erzherzog Rainer,Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Vienna; RNL = Russian National Library, St.Petersburg; SPIOS = St. Petersburg Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academyof Sciences (formerly Institut Naradov Azii [INA]); TS = Taylor-Schechter

Collection, CUL;= lxeeÎliidhebR. Gottheil & W.H. Worrell, Fragments from theCairo Genizah in the Freer Collection, New York 1927.

.oihiyd oia aezk = < > ;xewna xqg = [ ] :mnebxza e` mihqwhd zwzrda miynynd mipniqd1:eiykr e`xe ,dray jezn mipey`xd miwlgd zrax` enlyed dry itlS.D. Goitein & M.A.

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

158

qetxewd ,df xgql zicegii dnexz enxz micedid mixgeqdy xnel oi`y it lr s`

Îzilklk drtez xwga epina cigi `ed mzelirta miwqer xy`e eazky miazkn lygxfnd zlklk xwgl s` `l` l`xyi zeclezl wx `l `et` zeaiyg el yi .ef zizxag

daexn dcinae ,dzlklke zinlqend dxagd xwgl ,icedd qepiiwe`d zevx`e wegxdeidy micedid mixgeqd lk hrnk .axrnae gxfna miipiad inia dxagd xwgl s`

.mixvna eayiizde dwixt` oetvn - mdizea` e` md - e`a dfd ixgqnd spra milirtebiltd dpnn .oniza dxar odil` erqpy wegxd gxfnd zevx` x`yle ecedl jxcde`aeiy wegxd gxfnde eced zexegq .exfg dil`e wegxd gxfnl icedd qepiiwe`a zeip`d

ixgeq .axrna mitqep micril eglyp mixvnne ,zexg` zeip`a mixvnl eglyp onizlmixgeqd zeaexw mizrl .df xgqa milirt mitzey eid ,micedid dixgeq mllkae ,oniz

ixywe xgqn ixyw exywe zenieqn zetewzl oniza edy wegxd gxfnl erqpy miccepd.wegxd gxfna edyy zra my mixgeqd z` ebvii s` oniz ipae ,oniz ipa mr dxag

xwgl s` jxr xwi xewn zeynyn eced xgqa zewqerd dfipbd zecerzy `et` dnz oi`.oniza zicedid dxagd2erqp mixg` ,wegxd gxfna zekex` zetewz edyy mixgeq eid

oekizd mid zevx`n ,xefge jeld ,xtqn minrt erqpy in eide ,ziqgi zexvw zetewzlzexegqa xegql ekiynd axrna mzedy zra .wegxd gxfnd zevx` x`yle ecedl

.cxtq cr eribd mdirqnae ,ecedÎe`bd zeleabd z` ce`n aigxn ,wdaena xgqa wx `le ,mnvr mixgeqa weqird

mwxn jeza mixgeq mze` iig z` oekp l` oiadl ick .qetxewd ly miizxagd miit`xb- mdizegtyn ipaa zewqerd zecerzd z` mb qetxewa oiihieb llk ,agxd miigdep` cere df lkn .zibelepexk dagxd meyn mb dfa yie - mdi`v`ve mdig` ,mdizea`

dxagd iign zwzepn drtez did `l dfipbd zecerza x`eznd eced xgqy micnlcxtp izla wlg did `l` (oekizd mid zevx`a mfkxn xy`) m`lq`d zevx`a zicedid

.mdn3yicwd `l oiihieb .izxag xywd eze`a oezp did eced xgqa dyi`d cnrn mb

Friedman, India Traders of the Middle Ages: Documents from the Cairo Geniza(‘India Book’), Leiden and Boston 2008mixg`d miwlgd ly mznlyde mceair xg`l .

oldl `aend xnega minieqn miiepiye zetqed epkzii qetxewd ly.2:gexd iig ,dxag ixcq ,dixehqid ± mipnizd ,oiihieb c"y ly extq z` cegiia dry itl e`x

.b"nyz milyexi ,oeyyÎoa 'n zkixra ,mixwgn xgan3zevx`a dxagd xwgl xqnzdle eced xtqa xwgnd z` gipdl oiihieb z` d`iady `id ef dpwqn

:lecbd exeaig z` ciledy xwgn ,oekizd midS.D. Goitein, A Mediterranean Society –The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the

Cairo Geniza, I–VI, Berkeley–London–Los Angeles, 1967–1993; VI, indicesb jxk ,dyi`d cnrna oeic mye ,dgtynd iigl ycwen.

eced xgqe dyi`d

159

oze` bx`e oekizd mid lr exwgn jeza eilr zerici aliy `l` df `yepl cgein xwgn

.zg` zkqnlmipeit`d ly d`vez ilqwecxt ote`a `ed oekizd mid xwga odd zericid aeliy

mid xgqa dgtynd iig ly mnewn .icedd qepiiwe`a xgqd ly micgeind miizxagderibd oekizd mid xef`a .icedd qepiiwe`d xgqay dfn ixnbl dpey did oekizd

ayiizdl elki md .zeqqean zeicedi zelidw mda eidy zenewnl micedid mixgeqd`l .dgtyn miwdle mewnd zepan dyi` z`yl e` mdizegtyn z` myl wizrdle mymy e`vn `l md ,epl recid lkk .wegxd gxfnd zevx`l eribdy micedid mixgeqd ok

zetewzl wegxd gxfna edy minrt .mirqep mixgeq cinz eid jkitle zeicedi zelidwzaiyi cinz dziid mzaiyi la` ,zeax mipy ly zetewzl minrt ,zecg` mipy ly

on .ziaa `et` exzep mdizegtyna miypd .raw zaiyi dziidp `l mlerne i`xrmicgein mipeit` mb eyry myk ,dyi`d cnrna eizeze` z` ozp df lecb ipey mzqd

xnel didi oekp .icedd qepiiwe`a dbltda zekexkd zelecbd zepkqd oebk ,mixg`xnege ,eced xgql cgeind ,eply `yepa oiipr ax xneg dlbn elld zecerza oeirdy

.oekizd mid xgql szeynd oiipr ax

driwynd dyi`d .a

xgqna dtzzydy dyi` ly cg` dxwn ele dry itl dlrd `l dfipbd zecerza oeird,efn dxzi .my xegql ick onizl e` wegxd gxfnl d`viy xnelk ,lirt ote`a dfds` ,dfk rqna xg` dgtyn oa e` dlra z` dzeeily dyi` ly dxwn mey izi`x `l

mle` .onizl zeriqpa cgeina xiaq xacde ,dl`k mixwn e`vnii cery okziiy it lrwx ldpzd `l eced xgq .`edd xgqna etzzydy miyp eid `ly xnel oekp didi `l

eid xnelk ,zeiwqr zeietzey jxc exgqy eid .cala mpeda exgqy miyp` ici lrepenna epzpe e`ype jxcl e`vi eitzey eli`e ,eziaa xzep riwynd oday zeietzey

mdizerwyd `lae ,dl`k zeietzeya mpenn z` eriwyd miax .ztzeynd mpxwa e`,eig`y xg`l eced irqep lv` oenn riwyd m"anxd mb .miiwzn df ilklk spr did `l

ixyw lr epl reci .wegxd gxfnl ekxca icedd qepiiwe`a rah ,oenin 'x oa ciec 'xz`y dgtyn dze` ,ih`Wn`l` oa` zgtynn eced xgeq mr m"anxd xviy xgqnd©§©¦

.m"anxd oa mdxa` 'x okn xg`l dyi`l `yp dizepan zg`4

xtq' zecerza odn zecg`a miybet ep` .dfipbd zxaga oenn zelra miyp eid

4'nr ,(c"qyz) hq ,oeiv ,'m"anxd ipzegn zia ,ih`Wn`l` oa` zgtyn' ,oncixt r"n e`x©§©¦297±271.

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

160

mb eidy miyp`l mze` exikyd e` mze` exkn ode iciip `lc iqkp ozeyxa eid ;'eced

.eced xgqa zeietzeya eriwyd el`k miypy xryl jxten `l .`edd xgqa milirt mdreciy dnk cre ,uxtp `l oefg i`ceea eid ixnbl i`nvr ote`a jk eyry zexiab mle`

.jk lr zeiecr e`vnp `l ilmixg` mixab iwqr e` odilra iwqr zeawra dfd megza elrty miyp eid ,df mr

d`nd zligz e` dxyr zg`d d`nd seqn mkqda jkl dti dnbec .odizegtynaeci zgzn e`viy zecerz) ilr oa lld h`hqta oicd zia xteq azky dxyr mizydª¥

dn` ezy`l epeafir yily deeiv gepnd dlW ipelt .(1108-1066 oiaezn`') xc`wl` ¥¨©è©¦erited bxegd dpae dpnl`d .zti (zxg` dyi`n) epal miyilyd ipye ('leki lekd lygipdl yi .oic zia eyniyy miyp` dyely iptl ,sqei oa qExr ,reci eced xgeq mr©did j` ,oecipl eznkqd z` xy`l enr oiipw eyr ixdy ,zeevn libl ribd ztiyzrvanl dze` dpin gepnd dlra .enya dxaic zbxegd en`e ,xzeia xirv i`ceea

mipiiprd lr gewit epiid ,'dcle zti x"nl g`lvl` da ceri `n it xhpl`' lre ez`eev÷znd dlra mr qExr ly ezetzey oiba .epa zti [epa]x [epx]n ly eavn glvi mdny©miiz`n - mixpic ze`n yely ly lecb mekq ecia dciwtde ,aeg lkn eze` dxht `idjxca ,'onil` wixh rinbl`a' ,mda xegqiy ick - dly dpennn d`ne zti ly epennn÷.(llka cre oniz cre mixvnn ,xgqna oda miwqery zepgzd lka epiid) dlek oniz

dn` ,xg` oeylxgeq mr dycg zetzeya bxegd dpa myae dnya driwyd xc`wl` ©è©¦mkeq elld zeietzeya laewnk .gepnd dlra oial epia dziidy zetzeyd mewna eceddn` ,mixg`d mitzeyd ipye ,ezgxh xky oiba migeexd on cg` yily lawi qExry©©èxeriy itl mdipia mze` ewlgie mixzepd miyilyd ipy z` elawi ,ztie xc`wl`©¦mday mivn`n mze`ae xyei eze`a mpenna wqrzdl eilr laiw qExr .mdizerwyd©dpnl`l cg`e qExrl cg` ,midf miwzer ipya azkp mkqdd .ely epenna wqrzn `ed©,xhyd lr oey`xd mzegd .dfipba ecxy zecerzd izyn milecb mirhwe ,mezilely eig` did `nye ,qenlewa jeynl libx did `l ,[yt]p [ge]p zti xa odkd dypn

.oeafira yeniyl eznkqd z` jka riadl ick cr xeza mzgy gepnd5

5i"kTS 16.23;TS 10 J 5.2.(oldl a"eik oke ,5 'qn dcerz ,iyiy wxt ,eced xtq =) [5e 'qn]Îini ly zicedidÎziaxrd wecwc ,e`la 'i :e`x ,'onil` wixh rinbl`a' iehiaa xiagzl÷

miipiad2zexrd 482 ,253 'nr ,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb e`x .158±157 'nr ,m"yz milyexi ,mdiwqr z` eyr icedd qepiiwe`d zexegqa mixgeqd on miax ,24 dxrda aezkd itl) 24±22dxrda e`x j` ,wegxd gxfnl jxca ekiynd my egilvd `l m` wxe ,ocr cr erqp md ;oniza,eizepa lecibl zi`xg` ezy` z` dpin `ed axbnl zxg` driqpa qExr rqpy drya .(d`ad©

;252 'nr ,my e`x ,dipecp zwtq` zeaxlS.D. Goitein, ‘Portrait of a Medieval IndiaTrader: Three Letters from the Cairo Geniza’, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and

eced xgqe dyi`d

161

dypn 'xia ield oetlg azk xy` ,jxra dtewz dze`n zxg` dcerz ly rhw

ea` gepnd dlra xy` dpnl` lr xtqn ,(1138-1100 oia eci zgzn e`viy zecerz)el miaiig eidy sqk ly lecb mekq dzab dpnl`d .eyekx lk z` dl deeiv `vxl`¦©÷riwydy oenna miwqrzne (h`hqta ile`e) mixvna mixbd mixgeqe aeg ilralr dfd oenna dpzpe d`yp `id .myl eribdy mirqep mixgeq oke mdnr zeietzeya

ldpl cvik drci i`ceeay ,dpnl`d .ez`eeva gepnd dlra zeigpd itdipiipr z`miaiig eidy z` dnya my dabiy ick ,onizl rqepd xgeq ,dyxen dzpin ,miitqkdz` x`zn rhwd .epenna epzpe e`ype oniza edzydy mirqep mixgeq mze` dlral

.iepind z` xy`l dzywae oicd zial dziipt6

zy` ly miipebqqd diig .ixnbl xg` xetiq `ed 'zkeeznd' dWgel` ly dxetiqª§©.oiihieb lv` zwzxn dxiwql ekf mde ,dfipba zecerz dnkn mixken ef miwqr7zpya

xirl melya ribd icAll` .lecb eced xgeq ,icAll` sqei z` htynl draz `id 1104¤§¦¤§¦ly (dpitqa `yn zecigi) ze`yn mipeny ly dxic` zenk mr A`cir zip`ceqd lnpd©§©÷ea` ,mixg` mixgeq ipy icAll` sziy ef dwqra .eceda dpwy ztqep dxegqe dMl©¨¤§¦,h`hqtl z`vl micwd ,xikad szeyd ,icAll` .cg` gxte ,dWgel` ly dig` ,xvp©§ª§©©©¤§¦ªdfa ,miphw migelyna dMld z` gelyl elgde A`cira ex`yp mixhefd eitzey ipye©§©÷©¨

African Studies, L (1987), p. 450xnr ea` `ed gepnd dlyy okzii .qExr lr cer mye ,©i"k) 1098 x`exata 22 meia h`hqta dazkpy dcerza xkfpy ,zti oa dlyCUL Add. ª

3420co`kn .aqd my lr `xwp zti epay xiaq .xg` eced xgeql xywa ,(6 dxey ,[15` 'qn]e`x ,mdiypl mpeafirn wlg eeivy miyp`l xy` .dly ly eig` did oey`xd mzegdy xyt`y

79±73 'nr ,h"pyz ob znx ,ixard htyna d`eevde dyexid ,oilaix 'i :mb.6ixven i"kVII, 77iazk inelvzl oeknd zkixra ,ixven w`'f sqe` ly belhw :e`x) [16f 'qn]

` miax micneln mr seziya miixard cid,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x .(o"yz milyexi ,mixgwegxd gxfna zevx`l mb fnex df jnqna 'oniz' ,my aezkd itle ,53 dxrd 484 ,258 'nr ,b

zncewd dxrda e`x j` ,eced xgqa oda ewqry.7:e`xS.D. Goitein, ‘A Jewish Business Woman of the Eleventh Century’, The

Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Volume of the Jewish Quarterly Review, Philadelphia1967, pp. 225–242jxra ,123 'nr ,e ,(3 dxrd lirl) l"pd ;Wuhsha,b ,my :cgeinae , ×

;352±346 'nrJ.L. Kraemer, ‘Women Speak for Themselves’, The CambridgeGenizah Collections: Their Contents and Significance, S.C. Reif (ed.), Cambridge

2002, p. 192mirbrbzny ef ,zecica miyibxn dicrlay ef :dWgel` myd z` x`an oiihieb .ª§©on dicedi dy` zenc - dygEe' ,l"pd ;200 'nr ,miwqr zy` ,oiihieb :e`x ,ztqkpd ,dilr'nr ,[d"nyz oeeiq ] [61] i ,lenÎzr =) 10 'nr ,e"kyz elqka 'a ,ux`d ,'dxyr zg`d d`nd,dWgel` mb myd z` cwpl did xyt`y il dncp .346 'nr ,b ,(3 dxrd ,lirl) l"pd ;(21±19©§©xzei il zi`xp j` ,zxrekn ,zexixw ,xekip :mb ex`al 'yge' ly zeiernynd zyw it lre

lbq ,xiafl` oa` 'n :e`x ,Wge myd z` jk x`an xiafl` oa` mb .mc` `xt :zernynd`nq` ©§÷û2593 'nr ,1991 o`nr ,axrl`. ª

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

162

mitzeyd ipye ,dyazyd zipkzd mle` .zg` zaa weyd z` sivdl `ly ick ,df xg`

miyxeil xkf oi`e ,dig` ly zyxeik xfgeynd wiza zxkfp dWgel` .A`cira egvxp©§©÷ª§©.(!zeig` izye g` cer dl eidy reciy it lr s`) mixg`8z` raz dzpiny dyxend¤

miakxen zexzeqd zeprhde driazd ihxt .zetzeyd itqka dwlg lr icAll`¤§¦,xg` mkg .icAll` zaehl wqt oica ayiy oiicd .o`k mda wqr epl oi`e mikaeqne¤§¦ilra .dWgel`a cciv ,('daiyid a` ozp iaxa mdxa`' ile` ,y`xd) 'qiix'd `xwpdª§©,mdizehiy zwcv lr oiiprn izextqÎihtyn axw eldip ,'qiix'de oiicd ,elld oiqixzdgikedl 'qiix'd azky oiiprne jex` daeyz xn`nn mitc xyr drax` e`vnp dfipbae

.dWgel`a zknezd ezcnr zepekp z`9 ª§©

zepe fne hb :xgeqd zy` .b

onizl `et` e`vi ,zexg`d oekizd mid zevx`e mixvn iayez ,micedid eced ixgeqmz`ivi .miyp elld mixgeql eid aexl .mtba - wegxd gxfnd zevx`l myne

oi`eyipd iiga mixkip minyx dxized dreci `l dtewzl zepkeqn mikxca miwgxnle`vnp .excrid zrya ezia zqpxtl be`cl jixv did jxcl `veid .dyi`d cnrnae

oiyexib mkqd oial zepefnd mkqd oia dwif dpyi odn dnkae ,jk lr zecg` zeiecr,jynda d`xp cery itk .mieqn onf wxt xeark lrad xefgi `l m` legiy ,i`pz lr

.mid zepicnn mdizeypl hb eglyy mixgeq eidozgd .oi`eyipd iptl cer clepd z` e`x dzgtyn e` rqepd xgeqd zy` minrtlaezki mxha miwgxnl rqii `ly oiqexi`d e` oikeciyd mkqda aiigzdl yxcp xak

8ix`d zeig`d izye g`di"k) dz`eeva exkfpe dWgel` ixg` mini ekTS Arabic 4.5:e`x ; ª§©`id wxy `et` denz .(349 'nr ,b ,[3 dxrd lirl] l"pd ;[7 dxrd lirl] miwqr zy` ,oiihiebicAll` z` oicl drazy `id miwqra dpeiqip lyay ile` xnel jixve ,htyna zyxeik drited¤§¦jixv did ipyd dig` ixdy ,zxg` dpigan oicd cvn `iltn xacd mle` .miyxeid x`y myaznicw oic oi`y it lr s`e .dyexia zekf lk dziid `l dizeig`le dle ,icrlad yxeid zeidlmy epiire ,b ,` ,zelgp zekld ,m"anxd :e`x .dweqt dkld `ed ,cenlza yxetn zeg`l g`ddeeiv xvp ea`y ,oaenk ,xyt` .'yxie' :d"c ,zetqez ,a"r biw `xza `aaa oke eilk i`yepa©§.oeir jixve ,z`fk d`eevl epiptly zecerza xkf lk oi` mle` .dWgel` ezeg`l eyekx lk z`ª§©ly otecd z`veie zi`nvrd dzeiyi`l wdaen iehia cer df oezpay wtq oi` jk oiae jk oia.leke lekn ef zexyt` lhal oi`y it lr s` ,xaecn dWgel` izyay gipdl dyw) .dWgel`ª§©ª§©l"pd ;[7 dxrd ,lirl] dygEe ,oiihieb :e`x dilr zexg` zecerzn rcin mi`zdl iyewd lr

(156 dxrd ,504 'nr ,my :e`x zxg` dWge lr .348±347 'nr ,b ,[3 dxrd lirl]. ª§©9i"kTS 8 J 5.5b–c;[26` 'qn]TS Arabic 43.272;[27` 'qn]ENA 2855.16, 15'qn]

;[`27`TS Arabic 47.245;[28` 'qn]TS G 2.60;[`28` 'qn]TS Arabic 49.33.[a28`]mitc dnk elld mipniqd aexa.

eced xgqe dyi`d

163

a did reci ('mixgeqd x`t') zx`g oa ield mdxa` .onf hb ezy`lxgeq ezeid ©¦÷oikeciyd mkqd d`xpd lkk `edy rhwa .cxtq cre ecedn jxca `vnpd ine`lÎoia

zq mr ely'xia ield oetlg xkfpd oicd zia xteq azk xy` ,(miqxtd zxiab) qxtl` ¦ûª§ila (rehw jyndd) mixg` zenewnle dixcpqkl`l rqii `ly ozgd aiigzd ,dypn`edye ez` reqpl dvxz `idy zeiexyt`d jnqna exkfp cer .'onf [hb]' dl aezkiy

.ztqep dyi` z`yl jxhvi10'xia ield oetlg azk eze` s`y ,xg` oiqexi` xhyaoniz' l` e` ('m`[y]') dixeql e` l`xyi ux`l rqii `ly l`ppg ozgd aiigzd ,dypnhb aezkiy ila - wegxd gxfnd zevx` x`yle ecedl rnyn - 'miwegxd zenewnde

.edylk qpw mlyi - ok dyri `l m`e ,onf11

epicil ribd `l eced xgqa onizl e`viy mipey`xd mixgeqd cg` ly eizelert lr

dpin jxcl ez`v iptly dcirnd 1087 zpyn dcerz ly dziy`xn ueg xac dry itljixv did mdn dxicd xky z`y ,h`hqta el eidy zexic iza ipy lr gwtl dyxenª

.rqepd ly ezy` zepefna `ivedl dyxend12rhwa d`xpk mi`xew ep` dnec xcqd lroa z`MxAl` ea` z` dpin ,rcep eced xgeq ,sElkn xa iqEtpl` wgq` .1124 zpyn¦§©©¦©§÷©©©xky z` ezy`l zzle h`hqta ezia lr gwtl ,eced xgeq oa eced xgeq ,icAll` sqei¤§¦ª

.zirvn`d dnewd ly dxicd13zedyn cg` ip`rnl` ea` ayy xg`l ;sqep dxwna jk©©¦z` `lin `edy ,o`xnr ea` ,eig` rayp ,jxrl 1230 zpya eceda e` oniza dkex`¦§©zxenzne ,xcrpd ly ezy`l epiid ,'ezial' ozp `ed ezxic xkyn mitqk .eize`xed lk

ze`vede rqepd g`d ly zleblebd qn z` mixvnay g`d mliy zexegq ly gelyn.'ezia'14

mirhw ipya xaecn .xwgnd zeclez cvne dpkez cvn oiipr yi zxg` dcerzl

,ixven sqe`n ,oey`xd z` .dypn 'xia ield oetlg icia dazkpy jnqn ly dheihnzeixg` lkn ezy` z` xht driqp zryay yi` lr `exwl xyt` rhwa .oiihieb ddif

,'[...] dabe` icl` oewizl` ilr' hb dl azk `ed .cala zg` dpyl zepefn dl xi`yde

10i"kTS 10 J 28.9zfipbn miycg zexewn :l`xyia miyp ieaix ,oncixt r"n lv` eneqxt .91±88 'nr ,e"nyz aia` lz±milyexi ,xidw.

11i"kTS NS 224.52,zixidwd dfipbd on zecerz itÎlr oiqexi`e oikeciy ,xey` '` lv` qtcp .230-228 'nr ,f"pyz aia`Îlz zhiqxaipe` ,diteqelitl xehwec x`ezd zlaw myl xeaig.

12i"kBL Or. 5542, f. 4[2f 'qn].13i"kTS Arabic 54.20[29e 'qn].14i"kTS Arabic 30.258oniq ,` ,m"anxd zeaeyza .miiley ,a"r ,19-18 dxey ,[34f 'qn]

gipde eceda zny xgeq lr xteqn ,37±36 'nr ,e"nyz±g"iyz milyexi ,e`la 'i zxecdn ,ckeci zgz eide ,mipy ryzl xcrpd ly zleblebd qn z` mliy g`d .zae dyi` ,g` mixvnaqn inc z` zeabl g`d i`kf zernd ony dxed m"anxd .zexegq ly gelyne xhtpd on zern

znd eig`n daezk d`xed ila gelynd on zgwl zeyx el oi` la` ,zleblebd.

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

164

xg`l ezriqpn aeyi `l m` swezl qpkiiy ,(rexw jyndd) aiigy oewizd it lr ,epiid¦ly mal zneyz z` jyn ,'oewizd it lr' ,dfd onfd hb recn oiadl lw .mipy rax`dpwzl fnx jka e`x ,elld mixehd azeke odk wxn eizeawrae ,oiihieb .mixwegd

hb aezkl aiig miwgxnl rqepdy ,dxyr mizyd d`nd zligza mixvn inkg epwizy.mipy rax` xeark aeyi `l m` legiy ezy`l onf

oixyina xagznd ,xhkyÎxeliih sqe`n ,ipyd rhwd z` iz`vn mipy dnk iptldpyne dxidan ef ztqez ,lecb xqga dwel oiicr dcerzdy it lr s` .oey`xd rhwlekxca xnelk ,onizl rqepd ,Al`b ipelt ,mc`a xaecnd ,lek mcew .dpenzd z`©¦epiid ,'drixyl` zabe` icl` oewizl` ilr' :aezk ,onfd hb ly 'oewiz'l xy` .ecedl

) dxezd daiigy oewizd it lreze`y xne`d inzq iehia dfy okzii .(oicd aiigy :e`¦iptl onf hb aezkl mieqn bdepl zecr `et` epiptl .`l eze ,oicke zck azkp xhylrad xqny ,hbl .mixvn inkg epwizy zcgein dpwz lr `l la` ,miwgxnl driqp

jnqn lre ,swz didi eay onfd i`pz z` hxtnd jnqn sxiv ,driqpd zrya ezy`ldyxbzd Al`b ly ezy`e ,hbd ynen mipyd rax` meza .('oic zia') oiicd mzg df©¦ly zepefn inc dzr draz ,rqpy xg`l dzqpxtl melk dl gly `ly xg`n .epnn.1120 zpy (xanvca 23) hay yceg y`xa dlgdy dtewz ,zencewd mipyd yely

'xia ield oetlg azky xg` jnqn ly dheih dpyi mirhw ipy mze` ly ipyd cvaxgeq .'` cenray jnqnl xeyw df jnqn oi`y xxazn ,szeynd oiiprd sxg .dypn

ezpnl` lawz ,driqpa ezzin z` 'd xefbi m`y dxed - o`l yxetn `l - jxcl `veidzq ezy` gek z` yi`d dtii ,ezriqp jx`z m` ok enk .etzey icin epenn z`lMl` ¦ûªû

on yexcl ('dxetiv oa' eiepika recid) 'dxEtvr oa ricic' mdxa` za (lekd zxiab)ª§©ezy` z` dpin lrad ik ,mdicli ikxevae dikxva `ivezy mitqk szeyd.h`hqta `le xidwa azkp jnqnd .mitqkd z`veda zpn`pe miclid lr ziqetexhet`ª,sqep mkqdl jiiy dpiipry okzii la` ,dlinb mya zxg` dyi` zxkfp d`xpd itk©÷¦©

.o`kl xeyw `ly15

15ixven i"kVII.40.2,TS Arabic 50.73,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x .[eced xtqa epi`];143 dxrd 466 ,190 'nrM.R. Cohen, Jewish Self-Government in Medieval Egypt,

Princeton 1980, p. 259, n. 162owizy `ed ,dicrq oa jxean ,micedid y`xy xriy my)xwgnd zceara qtcp mirhwd ipy ly '` cenr .206 'nr ,(10 dxrd lirl) oncixt ;(df 'oewiz','mixg` zexewne dfipbd zecerz it lr micedid axwa oiyexibd' ,cec 'i ,xaryl icinlz lylr .(mihxt dnka izipiy o`ke) 280±278 'nr ,q"yz ,aia` lz zhiqxaipe` ,xehwec zcear'nr ,my ,oiihieb lv` cer e`x mdizeypl i`pz hb e` onf hb miazeke jxcl mi`veid miyp`inia dtexi`a zeicedi miyp :zFcxene zFciqg ,onqexb '` ;jli`e 273 'nr ,my ,cec ;jli`e 189

415 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,miipiad.

eced xgqe dyi`d

165

miax miqkp zlra dziid ezy`e cin` mc` did gepnd eingy xgeq lr xetiqd

milydl dywe ,ce`n rehw j` hxetn rcin mda yi .miknqn dnka crezn dlyndyi`l zepefnd mkqd z` azk ,m"anxd ly epn`pe oiic ,ozp xa jxean .xqgd z`

gihad ('on`pd qpxtd' `xwpe ,zn xak zti) zti oa dyn .onizl lrad rqpy dryazq ezy`ldyinge xpic dyinge mixyr jqa melyz diaeh za (x`td zxiab) xktl` ¦û©§÷

Acx`Acx`) mize`xwpd) mdizepa izy zepefnl ,dizepefnl dhig (xhil miryzk - ¦§©û¦§©ûziad xky caln df lk .oze` zzxynd dzgty zepefnle ('eizepa' mrte 'dizepa' mrt

zq epnn dzpwy h`hqta uteynddpyl eid i`ceea mixkfpd minelyzd .xktl` ª¦û©§÷cenra .excrida zepefn mlyl dyn mikqd y`xn mipy dnkl zrcl oi` la` ,zg`

zq .jxean oiicd ly eci azka `ed s` ,xzei xge`ne rehw meyix epyi 'axktl` ¦û©§÷'dycgd daezka' dl aiig didy dnn ,dlran sqk inekq dzaby micr iptl dxidvdmixpic dyinge miying ,d`xpd itk ,ellk elld minekqd .1157 zpy ly a` ycegn

dabpd xdend wlg epiid ,(dxqg ef dlin) 'xge`nd' xdend itqkn mixpic miyiy jeznxpic 400 cere ,dxzid mdy - mixpic dying dl aiig x`yp dlra .oiyexib zrya

dgty ieey xpic mixyr jezn xpic xyr dying oke ,dziipecp ieey mdy - zegtlcer ziad on ('dca`') dgxa `idy `l` ,daezkay dipecpd on wlg `id mb dziidy

xyt` i`y mixg` minekq s` exkfp .(zxg` dgty ef ile`e) dyn ly ezriqp iptldaezkd' zaizk zeaiqp eid dn reawl lkep `l .dry itl mdihxt z` gprtl

- 'dycgdycgn oi`eyip ,zxg` driqp e` ef driqp lbxl dpial epia cgein mkqddzab dn meyn xexa `l ok enk .zexg` zeaiqp e` oiyexib xg`lzqz` xktl` ¦û©§÷

.mifnxpd mitqkd

10) a`a f"h ,oey`x mei ekix`zy ,bef eze` ly hbd `ed envr ipta wzxn oiiprxa ield l`eny icia mezge oiicd jxean ly eci azka aezk `ed mb .1169 (hqebe`a

ozip `edd hbdy dxrydd dxkfp xwgnd zextqa .m"anxd ly xg` on`pe oiic ,dicrqjihb df ixd epipta dl xn` jke') scl xarn aezkd gqepdn mle` ,jxcl d`ivid iptl

dfy dler ('hb `di `l izn `l m`e hb `di izn m`e hb `di `l izn `l m`y zpn lrswezl qpkiiye iieec yxr lr eakya dlra dl azky hb epiid ,rxn aiky hb did

ezy` z` xehtl ick rxn aiky hb mc` azk llk jxca .zeniy xg`l wx rxtnlzqe dyn ly mdizepa izy ezn melk .rxf `la zn m` meaiindziid jkitle xktl` ¦û©§÷

melyzn mze` xehtl dvxe mincew oi`eyipn mipa mb el eid `ny e` ?meaiil dwewf.od dn mircei ep` oi`e zexg` zeaiqp eid ile`e ?dpnl`l xecne zepefn inc16

lld azky cg` rhw .mdipae mdizeyp zqpxtl miwgxnn mb eb`c miax mixgeq

16i"kTS 12.585;TS 8 J 5.23lv` ,mihxt dnka dpeyd ,mxe`iz z` e`x .[28f ,27f 'qn]

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

166

.onizn dlra glyy mitqk dlaiwy dyi` lr cirn ilr oa17oicd ziaa xidvza ¥:e`) mpale xg` eced xgeq zy`l micakp minekq xiardy mc` cirn 1101 zpyn

.(mzal18.oxknl mikixv eidy zexegq `l` sqk dziad egly `l mixgeqd ,libxk

xaprd zeki` lr wegxd gxfna dkex` dtewzl xcrpd dlral dppelzd zg` dyi`mzrci eli` ,mipkqn' :(eipale) dl aiyde ,dpelzd on zewenr rbtp `ed .dl glyy¦oi` :mixne`e daxd il micen mziid ,xaprd mkil` ribiy ick izvn`zde izgxh dnk

.'epnlera dfk19

eqpxtiy odizegtyn lr eknqe dqpxt ila odizeyp z` egipde ecedl erqp mixg`

dze` lklk ecedl biltd myne onizl mixvnn rqp dlray dyi` ly dia` .oze`ozgdy 1156 zpya ocray oicd zia dxedy cr mipy dnk jyna ozgd zriqp zryn

.drahy eziip`a eiig z` gtiw20

mipy dnke dnkl excrpy it lr s` mdizeypl xac egly `ly milra lr zepelz

dlray dyi`a zwqer m"anxd ztewzn zizkld dl`y .zeax zecerza `evnl xyt`ezial xfg lrad .dig`e dn`n i`xy`a dhig zepwl dkixv dziide mid zpicna did¤zeprhd .dze` dpnine dzxeawa dltih dzgtyne dzn dpkqnd ezy`y xg`l wx

.dl`yd oiipr od dyi`d zgtyn cvn od lrad cvn od mifnxpd mitqkl zexzeqd21

xcrpy mipyd dxyr yng jynay dyi` lr xteqn m"anxd oa mdxa` 'xl dl`yamdizepa izy z`e dnvr z` dqpxt `ide ,xac epnn ribd `l wegxd gxfna dlra

.dici dyrna22

onnl ick mixg`ne dgtyn iaexwn mitqk zeell jixv xgeq did zeaexw mizrliptly ,ipelt lr xteqn m"anxd oa mdxa` 'xl dzptedy dl`ya .ecedl ezriqp z`

cren .ezeyxa didy zia mdl okyne ,eig`ne en`n xpic miiz`n deel ecedl `viy¨¦

,hba `le oey`xd jnqna dziid zepad itlk zeaiigzdd) 192 'nr ,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieba"r dr oihib ,ilaa :e`x rxn aiky hb gqepl .150 dxrd 467 ,(my ,oiihieb lv` aezky itk.

17i"kENA 2727.15cxn`p ,54 dxrd 484 ,258 'nr ,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb lv` .[17f]dpnl` dziid dyi`dy zerha.

18i"kENA 2594.89±7 dxey ,a"r ,[21`].19i"kENA 2739.17lv` zilbp`l mebxz .48±43 dxey mebxz ,[60f]S.D. Goitein, Letters

of Medieval Jewish Traders, Princeton 1973, p. 223jynda df azknl aeyp ..20i"kPER H 16127±26 dxey ,[71a].21i"kCUL Or. 1080 J 38jxcl rqp lrady dl`ya yxetn `l .jli`e 12 dxey ,[55b 'qn]

eced.22i"kENA 4020.41 + TS Misc. 27.3.2:e`x .[33f 'qn]M.A. Friedman, ‘Responsa of R.

Abraham Maimonides from the Cairo Geniza – A Preliminary Review’, Proceedingsof the American Academy for Jewish Research, LVI (1990), p. 48o`k oldle ,.

eced xgqe dyi`d

167

ick ziad z` xeknl g`de m`d eywia onfd ribdyk .mipy xyrl rawp oerxitd

.ziad zxikn z` akrl zekf xgeqd zy`l m` dziid dl`yd .maeg z` zeablmipyd jyna rqepd xgeqd on erny m` zrcl oi`e ,dl`ya mitqep mihxt oi`

.gxfnd on aexwd eaeyl oniq did `ly gipdl xyt` dwizyd on j` ,e`l m` elld`la elld mipyd lk dayiy ,dyi`l mb itqk oeghia yniy i`ceea okyennd ziad

on j` ,epicil dribd `l daeyzd .ynn dpebr `l m` 'dig dpnl`' dzyrpe dlramkqdd yenin z` akrl did xyt` cvik ze`xl dyw dl`ya miritend mihxtd

.fnxpd23

ezy`l xgeqd o ia zeazkzd .c

miwqer miazkndy it lr s` ,xgqn ipiipra dwqr eced ixgeq ly zeazkzdd aex

dziid miypd mr zeazkzddy dnz oi` .dgtynd ipiipr mllkae ,mixg` mi`yepa mbmiypd herin meyn ode ,hren did xgqna miypd ly owlgy meyn od ,znvnevn

dziid dyi`l azknd zxard mvr ,cere z`f .aezke `exw erciy dfipbd iyp` zxagadyi`d l` miazkny xnel didi oekp `l .milaewnd zeripvd iqenip cvn ziziira

dyi`d mr zeazkzdd llk jxca .mixicp eid hlgda md mle` ,llk e`vnp `l dpnne.micici mixgeqe zia ipa jxc dziid24

,eny xnr EA oa ilr ea` ,zilird mixvnn ixvn icedi xgeq azk jxrl 1167 zpya©¦ª©mle` ,oq`gnl` ea` ,epa did ornpd .h`hqta i`ceel aexw dxxebzdy ezgtynlª©©¦ea`y gipdl yi .epal jk xg` wxe ezy`l azekd ly ezrc dziid dpezp daizkd zra

epepbqae eazka ,zeiaxr zeize`a aezk azknd ik ,daizkd zk`lna oiihvd `l ilr©¦ilr ea` .mewna did `l i`ceea xg` icedi xgeq e` xteq .irevwn iaxr xteq ly©¦xnb ,lek xqega x`ype ccypyn .cala zilird mixvna xgqna weqrl y`xn oeekzdezy` iiyw z` gky `l ik s` .xqgd z` aiydl deewz jezn ecedl reqpl eala

ezial aeyi izne m` rcei in .elxebl cxge eavn lr xwira opelzd `ed ,ezgtyneoeyla azknd ilawnl okn xg`le ,oal diipta gztp azknd .xn` ,ezy` mr cg`zie

.oixyina dil` diipt seqale ,ezy`l xexiaa dpeekd xy`k ,miax

23i"kCUL Or. 1080 J 32mdxa` 'x l` eptedy zel`y' ,xaehy 'y lv` meqxtd .[31f 'qn]'nr ,(h"nyz±g"nyz) eh±ci ,ixard htynd oezpy ,'dfipbd on ycg xneg ± m"anxd oae`xe ,eig` mewn z` df meqxta qtez rqepd ia` ,lynl) minieqn mipewizl wewf ,262±261

48 'nr ,(my) oncixt :e`x zilbp`l dnebxze dl`yd xe`iz .(e dwqt seqa oldl.24my dpievy zextqde ,(7 dxrd lirl) xnxw :e`x dfipbd zecerza df `yepl.

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

168

`le ,xtqn miazkn mkl izazky ,[dlrzi l`d ja jen]zi ,xwid ipa ,jl ricen ip`e

mdilr rney ip` oi` mle` ,mkiyrn z` rcei ip` mpn` .mkn daeyz iil` dribd

oi` ixd ,yekxd herin ,epiid ,ea iexy ip`y avnd xy` .mirqepd mixgeqd on `l`

izrnyy dn lkne [...] .icia hrn dnke ald za`c llba ex`zl xyt`y xac `ed

.mkilr ial zwevn dlcb ,mkavn lre ea miiexy mz`y rxd lr25ipnn erpnz l`

cr zg` xira didpy dvex iziid .wegx mewna xwan ip` ik ,mkiyrn lr zerici

aevwd uwd z` l`d xefbi xy`26z` ipnn irpnz l` !al eniy .mkilr e` iilr

znlyend ax mely zkxa ilaw .l`d dvxi ok m` `l` cer ybtip `l .jiiazkn

.xzeia27

.mixvnay zipenl`d ezy`l ipenl` xgeq ly jex`d eazkn `ed epina cgein jnqnoia drap gxfna ezedzyd .ecedl ocr oia zeriqpa mipy dnk xak akrzd xgeqd

azknd mebxz z` `iadl ie`x did mpn` .zexegq oda el eidy zeip` zriahn xzideay oiiprd zngn e`elnamebxz mqxt xak oiihieby xg`ne ,drixid dxvw mle` ,

azknd z` gzt azekd .epnn mixgap mirhwa wtzqp azknd aex ly (zilbp`l)

rnzyn o`kn xak .eilr minegpzae dypn 'x oiicd zen lr lecbd exrv xe`izaipal ce`n aexw did - m"anxd ly epic ziaa xag ,sqei xa dypn 'x - oiicdy

ozeg oiicd did ok`y ,izrcl ,wiqdl xyt` azknd ly ekyndn .miprnpd dgtyndick jk lr xirn ip` .'oiicd' `xwp `ed mgd ly eiazkn exkfpy drya ik ,azekd

azk oiicd dyrnl .dlran hb yexczy dyi`d ia` ly ezvr z` oekp l` jixrpymipy dnk xak dayiy iptn d`xpd lkk ,dze` yxbiy epnn ywiae envra epzgl

dyw ilklkd davn dyrp jyennd excrida .dlra dil` aeyi izn zrcl ila dpebrkyi`d oia zkyenn zeazkzd dziid xak .ecedl `veid xgeqn mitqk zeell dwwfpe

.eze` zgwl `ly da xivtd j` ,hb dl gly seqal .oiyexibd oiipra ezy`l,eipal dpt azekd xnelk ,'mdia`' z`n glyp ,jxra 1204 zpya azkpy ,azknd

diipta eazkn z` gzt `ed dyrnl .oixyina ezy` l` xaic mb `edy it lr s`:zgkepd zxeva jiynde migkepd zxevl xar ,mixzqpd zxeva

did ,zr lka ipe`vny mdl miteqikde mdilr mirebrbd xeriy z` x`zl iziqip ele

ezreyi z` axwl leki zexzqpd z` rceid mle` .x`zln iicn axe hxtln iicn jex`

25p `ed ,jxca eze` ecwty zeaxd zexvd lr law azekdy xg`l,eazkn seq z`xwl ,xkflrad ly ezy` zepelz lr .excrid zrya dywd mavn lr ezgtyne ezy` zxva szzydl

195±193 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) xnxw :e`x dfipbd iazkna eizeaebze miwgxnay.26zeend xnelk.27i"kTS Arabic 40.564 dxey a"r ±2 dxey ,miiley ,16±12 dxey mebxz ,[64a 'qn].

eced xgqe dyi`d

169

mkiazkn z` izlaiw :cere .zegnyn zeaiqpa cg`zpy jka epz`n cg` lkl

mkze`ixa lr mday zericid lr izgnye mpiipr lr izcnre mze` iz`xwe mipievnd

[...] aehd mknelye

iil` mzxaice oibexiql ize` mzyiiae oibexiql ize` mzalrde oibexiql ia mztfp f`

.dfn xac mey il ribn `l ,ip` izrcl ,ip`e .mdl ie`x ipi`y mixaca zeyw28raype

zvexn sxg ,cinz didi ezgtynn rqpy in lk ly ealy oin`n ipi`y midel`a ip`

dligzn didy itk (ial enk) ,elld zexeyd zaizk zry cre mipyd zekix`e onfd

z` wtql leki epi`y xrhvne mkilr rbrbzne mkilr ayeg ,<mkn dcxtd llba>¥

,bge zay lka mkl ribnd29dn lk ,lk`n cr zeqkn ,ohwe lecb ,utg lke ,dvexy

itl> mzxn`y dna ize` mzny`d `lele !?mkz` izgky eli`k mkipira ip`e .jixvy

iziid `l ,ize` mivinyn (mirqepd mixgeqd :e`) zeixady mzxn` `lele <mkzprh

[...] iil` dze` eqgiiz l`e mkzrcn z`f elhA !?mkilr ayeg30 ©

ly eiazkn e`a f` .yxb`y ize` miriayn mz`y mkiazknn cg`a ribd dzre

jiyd31.df oebka ÷

bcl` oa ip`rn inr ybtpeib`32.reqpl cnry drya dziad eil` z`a z`y il xn`e ©©¦©¦©û¦÷

oeaxr elv` jl dide33df m` .mdxc mixyr lr mkl xzie `ed mdne ,mdxc d`n lr

.el mze` mly`e ,ipericed ,oekp34mgxi ,jia`y miazkn jl oziiy epnn zywiae

,gly ,'d eilr35z` jl xifgiy epnn zywia z` ike ,jze` yxb`y ywia `ed mday

,'<diip`l> mze` izilrd xak' :xn` `ede ,miazknd36lr z`f oi`' :el zxn` ike

,'izrc37ile`y izxn`y `lnl`' :ip`rn il xn`e .mze` xeqni `ly epnn zywia ike©©¦

28mdd miazknd z` dazk dyi`dy o`k fnxp ,4 dxrd 222 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) oiihieb ixacljk lk dzpelza dkix`n dziid `l ,xg`l mixacd z` daizkd eli` ik ,dci azka.

29mkg cinlz zy` zper zfnxp o`k ,6 dxrd 222 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) oiihieb ixack.30mve iezy cinz `ed mirebrb aexny xn`e glyy xaprd lr zepelz azekd dgc jynda

yigkd `ed .oiyexibd oiipr lr xacl ligzd okn xg`l .oldle lirl mixacd e`aede ,lltznehqwhd z` gprtl dyw dry itl .cer jk orhz `ly dpnn ywiae ezy`n cxtidl ywia `edy

o`k e`elna.31(16 dxrd 224 'nr ,[19 dxrd lirl] oiihieb) ezy` ly gepnd dia`l dpeekd.32oldl d`xpy itk ,dgty `ypy eced xgeq eze`.3319 dxrd 224 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) oiihieb `xwy itk 'odc' `le xewna 'odx' ip` `xew.34pd exag zgtynl riiqy cg` xgeq epl ixdxfry in ixacl oin`d `l miwgxnay df j` ,xcr

oiiprd z` xy`z `idy oiznde ezy`l.35eceda ozgl mze` ozii `edy ick ip`rnl mze` xqn ,xnelk. ©©¦36dil` mze` xeqnl leki `l okle ,diip`a eprhna mifex` miazknd eid xak ,epiid.37dzrc lr dziid `l - dze` yxbi dlray ,miizpia xhtpy ,dia` zriaz.

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

170

jiyd l` dywa mda oiicd gly38.'mze` `ian iziid `l ,zlrezl el didiy xacl ÷

,jzrc z`f m` dzre39`xead m` rcei ipi`e ,dkex` dpzndd ik ,jl gleq ip` ixd

rq`> ,riiqn epi` m`e .jx`zi wqrdy e` dziad rq`e xzeia aexwd onfa riyei

!?melk `la <dziad40.jze` xxgyiy dn jl aezkl izrca dlr xake41dvtg m` okl

lr ef oi` m`e .diiyteg iidz xake ,hbd z` ilawz .jcia xacd ixd ,cxtidl z`

.ef dtewza jzpznd z` iciqtz l` ,jpevx `le jzrc42,daexw dreyidy okzii

.jl lirez `l dhxgdy drya ihxgzze

`l il erxi`y mixac mze` iilr exfbpy onfd on ixd .ize` miy`dl itiqez l`e

.iceak cbp xacny inn invr z` xxgyle jze` xxgyl izivxe .javna izlflf43

df m` rcei ipi` [...] dzre .icvn `l jcvn dziid zerpnidd44zrc lr e` jzrc lr

epxky df :z`fd mrtd xg`l ,xnel xg` edyinn e` jnn [xeaic `vi l`] .xg` edyin

,eze` ynnl ivxz .jicia zxqnp idixd dhlgdde ,zxgead z` [...] !?epnn eplenbe

lr oiipra ilrtz l` mle` .eze` igipd ,`edy zenk eze` gipdl ivxz .eze` iynn

.aehd `edy jl d`xiiy dn iyre xyei iyp` mr ivriizd .dpey`xd daygnd it

.oekpd xacd z` zeyrl ez`xyd z` 'd jl ozii i`eele45

di`eyip e dgtyd .d

ecnr zekex` zetewzl my edye wegxd gxfnd zevx` x`yle ecedl erqpy mixgeqiptl oekizd mid zevx`a mzian e`viy mixirvd .mavnl micgeind miiywe zepeiqipazeicedi zelidw lr eprny `l .oind iign xfpidl `le dgtyn miwdl evx dyi` e`ypy

dxxa zilca .miypl mixgeqd egwl odizepa z`y zexg`d gxfnd zevx`ae eceda,oaenk ,zeicedi `l) zegty eykx mdn dnk :mpenna oexzt elld mixabd e`vn

xxazn .mdikxev lka odipec` z` eyniyy ,(zeiprpk zegty :icenlzd gepinaemc` oicd itl ixd .dkldd itl xyk hrnk e` xyk mdn dnk ipira aygp df xcqdy

38azekd epiid.39ipnn yxbzdl z` dvex m`.4081 dxrd ,oldl e`x .'bxk`' :xewna ,dziad rq` .geex lk `la aeyl i`ck `l ,xnelk. ÷÷41hb epiid.42mpigl dkex`d dpzndd ztewz rxtnl didz `ly xnelk.43jzgpfd lr zeny`dd on xhtidle jze` yxbl oken iziid ,xnelk.44yxbzdl dywad.45i"kENA 2739.17'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) oiihieb lv` aexd ly zilbp`l mebxz ;60f 'qn]

52±25 dxey a"r ,38±24 ,20±14 dxey mebxz ,[16 scd xtqn mye ,226±220.

eced xgqe dyi`d

171

cnrn dilr dlaiw `id jkae ,zEgty myl dze` liahn did diicediÎ`l dgty dpwy

ynyl elkeiy ick ,ozecipl elahy zegty eid .zenieqn zeevna daiigzd s`e cgein- zerha - exaq mixab dnke ,(oda ebdpy zexneg itl) zelabn `ll zia zexfer

.dhind yinyzl mb odilral od zexzen jk meyny46

dpenyl aexw (onizae) eceda dyry mkg cinlz did ,diqipez yi` ,Ebi oa` mdxa`¦÷dnye dgty dpw ecedl eribd xg`l cala mihren miyceg ,d`xpd itk .dpy dxyrdgtyd e` card ly micedid mdipec`y drya ,dkldd it lr .dxxgye d`pw ,ey`§itk .xac lkl oixeg ipa micedil miktdp dgtyde card ,mze` mixxgyn micediÎ`ld

myd dl ozip dxexgy zra ,ezgtyl envra Ebi oa` azky xexgyd xhy cirny¦÷l `a dzr dfy xirv icedi xgeqy zrcd lr zelrdl oi` .dkxacin dpew did eced

df dyrna e`xy el` zrc lr) miny myl wxe j` dxxgyne 'etqk ahina' dgtylr xzei zlawzn - dyi`l d`yp dxxgye d`pw Ebi oa`y xg`ly dxrydde ,(deevn¦Ÿ§§

.dligzn ezpeek dziid efy xxazne ,zrcd47

daeyzn wlg olek ile`e - zeizkld zeaeyz rax`a oeir jezn zwfgzn ef dxryd

dgty yciwy ,ipelt epiid ,oae`xa zewqer eizeaeyz .Ebi oa` azky - dkex` zg`¦÷lr dze` yciw dxexgy iptle ,zxxgeyn dgtXn zae oa ciledy inae ,eced ux`a¦oa` `l` epi` df oae`xy gipdl xiaq .'ixxgzyzy xg`l il zycewn z` ixd' :i`pzmicwten mnvr e`xy in eprh ,mixvnl ekxca ,onizl ecedn xfg xy`ky ,envr Ebi¦÷dz`yl lkeiy ila ezy` z` yxbl eilrye mitwz mpi` ei`eyipy ,xeaiva xqend lrj` ,zepiiprn zeicegii zeizkld zehiy zefnxpd zeaeyzl .mileqt eicliye zipyaz` egce mixedhe mixyk miclid z` e`vne oi`eyipd cnrna exikd ody xwird

.mdilr dgznpy zxewiad48

ip`rnly mi`xew ep` zg` oiqgei zniyxabcl`ib`oa ip`rn `ed ,bcl`ib`,xkfpd ©©¦©¦©û¦÷©©¦©

¦©û¦÷

- df xcqa ,jk - oae za el dcliy) zxxgeyn dgty dpey`xd :miyp izy eid(mipenl`lr mihxt lk epl oi` .(enya xkfpd ,oa el dcliy) en` ig` za diipyde

46.ziad ilka dcipd drbp `l zexzi zexneg llba .299±296 'nr ,(10 dxrd lirl) oncixt e`xi"kaTS 8 J 37.1oa oEnvn oniz icedi cibp glyy zizkld dl`y ,8±5 dxey ,f"r ,[33a]©§÷

dpiqxg ilka rebpl dzqe zrya dyi`l xzen m` ,mixvna daiyid y`x ,odkd gilvnl oqg©©lr mdxa` 'x epae m"anxd ,mipe`bd lv` zepinde dcipd zwgxd' ,oncixt r"n e`x .miipiqit

,'xidw zfipb iazkMaimonidean Studies, I (1990)zexnegd lr .[ixard wlgd] 20 'nr ,cere 51±48 'nr ,(15 dxrd lirl) onqexb mb e`x ,odd.

47i"kSPIOS D55.10dxrd lirl) l"pd ;20 'nr ,a ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb e`x .[17b 'qn]202 'nr ,(19.

48i"kTS G 2.59;`"r ,TS K 25.285'nr ,(10 dxrd lirl) oncixt e`x .[b±a29b 'qn]309±299.

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

172

ezeida ecedl `vi ip`rn s` eiptl Ebi oa` enky xazqn j` ,elld oi`eyipd zeaiqp¦÷©©¦gwl mixvna ezial dnr ayy xg`l .dyi`l d`ype ,dxxgy ,dgty dpw ,weexjyna el dpiznde dligzn el zcrein daygp ile`y ,ecec za z` mb my dyi`l

llk jxca mle` ,dfipbd iyp` zxaga xicp oefg eid `l miinbilet oi`eyip .excridieyr eced xgq cvik ztyeg z`fd dniyxd .diipy dyi` zgiwll zecgein zeaiqp eid

`id ,zxxgeynd dgtyd ly dicliy dcaerd mvr .dl`k oi`eyipl fxf ynyl didenya xkfp diipyd dyi`d ly dpa eli`e ,mzeipenl`a exzep ,dpey`xd dyi`ddid dxiabd oay oke ,dpey`xd dlra zy` lr dxiab dzyrp cecd zay lr driavn

.eced xgeqk `ed mb reci enya aewpy oad .zxxgeynd dgtyd iclin xzei qgein49

geprtl enxby od zegty e`ypy eced ixgeq lr dfipba zeritend zericidy xyt`

miqpznd mixwegd z` xidfdl ick jk lr xirn ip` .elld zecerzd zg`a iebyz` xewna `evnl zirahd diihpd iptn elld miyhyehnde milad mihqwhd geprta

dix`b befn `ede' :mc` lr xn`p ,dnqxety itk ,mdxa` oa mdxa` 'xl dl`ya .ietvd÷÷.'eced ux`l [?rqpe] dgtyl ieyp `ed (dpde)' :mbxez df oeyle ,'cpdl` c`la il`

,ieyp `ede :enebxzy ,'cpdl` c`la il` dbz`t befn ede' :jk aezk cid azka mle`÷.eced ux` l` jxcl `vie50eqy dgtyddziid `l xwgnd zextq itl `yp df eced xg

.d`xap `le

zepfde dgtyd .e

zgty z` xizn m`lq`d ,dgtyd mr oin iqgi meiw zxqe`d zicedid dkldl cebipa

,mi`eyp mb miweex mb ,micedi mixab lr dcirn dfipbd .drnynk dheyt ,oindmr zexwtda ebdpe minlqend mdipky xg` exxbp ,dkldd zelabdn enlrzdy

exarzd ody xg`l mdizegty z` exxgy elld mixwtend on dnky xazqn .dgtydmi`ven ep` eced ixgeq oia z`fk zebdpzdl fnx .oicke zck oze` e`yp f`e ,mdn

.Ebi oa` ly mixreynd eiyrna e` mixkfpd eiyrna¦÷dxagd .dzxdy xg`l mb dgtyd z` exiwtdy mixab eid micedid eced ixgeq oia

xtqn A`cir lnpd xirn epina cgein zecr oexkif .sixg iepib ef zebdpzd dzpib©§©÷,mixvna (`qec oa ryedi `ed) daiyid y`x cirq ea` ly (ecar =) exrp ,it`vy©¦©¦

49i"kTS Arabic 6.28'nr ,(10 dxrd lirl) oncixt lv` dnqxet dniyxd ly ef dwqt .'nr ,(15 dxrd lirl) onqexb :e`x dinbiletd oial ine`lÎoiad xgqnd oia xywd lr .296±294

129±128.50i"kCUL Or. 1080 J 32e`x .262±261 'nr ,(23 dxrd lirl) xaehy lv` mqxet .[31f 'qn]

b dwqt seq ,lirl.

eced xgqe dyi`d

173

oa` (ield dixny oa oetlg `ed) hEtgn oa cirq ea` ,cg`a zetixg zeny`d gihd©©§÷dze` yhp dcli `id xy`ke ,epnn dxarzd `ide dgty wifgd fld ,eixacl .xd`nb©÷©¦`ly ,dcerza dazkp `l dyrnd zpy .dilneqay dxAxAl mze` yxibe dpa z`e¤§©©xgeq did xd`nb oa` hEtgn oa cirq ea` .1144 zpy dziid efy xazqn j` ,dnlyed©©§÷©÷©¦gipde ,'ipnizd mia' rah okn xg`l miizpyk .zeax zecerza xkfpy caekn eced

yigkde dny`dd on zeyw rbtp `ed .'dpnl`e zenezi izye ohw oa' mixvna eixg`.xq`nae zewlna xird lyen icia it`v yprp ezyixc it lr .leke lekn dze`lra ly aehd enya rebtl dlki z`fk dreny dnk cr zecirn zevxnpd eizeygkd

.zn` xaec did oicd ilran in reawl jxc epl oi` mewnde onfd wgxna .dgtyn51

lrwegxd gxfnl ez`v iptl ocrn azk ,xkfpd qExr eced xgeq ly ezeg` oa ,o` ©©û©ly eig` oa) ecec oa sqei ly zxwtend ezebdpzd lr opelzd azknd seqa .ecec l`- 'zepefl`') 'zepef'd mr ,ocr xird on wgexn `l mewn ,dAkla dlan didy ,(qExr©©©÷©

.owf `la xirv mre 'mixagd' mr ,(icedidÎiaxrd xewna jk daezk zixard dlind52

z` znieqn d`ilta oiiv oiihieb ,daxc` .zexicp eid dl`k miyrn lr zeiecr

zeyixt iig zeigl ,minkg icinlz mb eid mdn miaxy ,elld mixgeqd zglvd.zekex` zetewzl53azk ,lirl xkfp xakye eceda zeax mipyl akrzdy cg` xgeq

zernyne ,xzeia die`xd zebdpzdd epiid ,'dxiq oqg`' lr citwn `edy ezy`lgilvd `ed eixacl .zepefne zegtyn wgxzd xgeqdy ,oiihieb xriyy itk ,mixacd

igex z` `txn ip`' j` ,(zezyl 'izivxy iptn `l') onfd lk iezy did ik ok zeyrl.'dlila dlitzae meia zeneva54

myk .ce`n cr xicp oefg eid i`ceea odilra xcrida onvr z` exiwtdy miyp

wtq `ll jk ,ziaa egipdy odizeypl mipen` aexl exny miwgxnay eced ixgeqy

51i"kTS 12.582a`cir ipwixt`d lnpd on dcerz' ,oiihieb c"y lv` xe`l `vi ,[23f 'qn]÷daiyid y`x ztewznowezn mebxz ;191±185 'nr ,(i"yz) `k ,uiaxz ,'`qec oa ryedi

driiq xgeq eze` xfity dwcvdy okzii .338±335 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) l"pd lv` zilbp`lzepy zligzn micakp zniyxa ixdy ,dpeilrd lr eci xy`k `idd dyxtd on z`vl eciai"k) 'miaicpd zxhr iel ipa xcd xdiinb oa' :xeza xkfp `ed dxyr mizyd d`nd ly mirax`d÷

TS NS 246.26.12,'a"id d`na mixvna mdix`ze micakp zniyx' ,ipel` 'p lv` xe`l `vi ,i"ka xteqn xd`nb oa` ly ezriah lr .(blw 'nr ,[c"kyz] g ,zepetqTS 13 J 8.17'qn] ©÷©¦

[70a.52i"kTS 10 J 16.1,oiihieb lv` zilbp`l mebxzae zeiaxr zeize`l wizrza qtcp ,[11e 'qn]

:`xew ip` ,'da`gvl`e' mewna ,21 dxey ,'mixagd') 458-454 'nr ,(5 dxrd lirl) oweic'`agvl`e'.

53322 'nr ,d ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x.54i"kENA 2739.17l"pd ;224±223 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x .miiley ,[60f 'qn]

218 'nr ,d ,(3 dxrd lirl).

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

174

e lw meyn jka did .odilral mipen` miyp oze` exny`l zinbilet dxaga .xneg

z`fk zebdpzd .diept dyi` mr ieypd xabd zexywzda hlgen leqte xeng xeqi` didixnbl dpey did ziaa dx`ypy dyi`d ly davn .miaxl drcep `l mb wegxd gxfna

zy` m` .diyrn lr aexwn dgibyd s`y ,dxagd zeitiv cvn mb dkldd cvn mb.miwgxnl bixgd dxwnd icd ernyp ,dt`p xgeq

,oiihieb yibcdy itky ,eceda xgeql dixcpqkl`n glypy jex` izgtyn azknasxg .odilran dkex` dcxt xg`l ecliy miyp lr zerici opyi ,mrd iheytn didmelya l`yze' :feae zellw ly oeziw ,ornpd ig` ,azekd odilr jty ,lzdnd epepbq

xyrÎdrax`a clepy df ,eilr l`ey ycgd sqei eig`y ,el riceze .xExql` ea` jiyd÷ª'd ?yceg xyrÎdrax` [en` oeixd =] epeixd jx`edy mc` mlern zi`x izn .yceg

dpeekd) '[...] in` ig`a dzyry dn [dilr] cewtie diyrn z` dilr cewti dlrziazekd ly mn` ig`l oa zcled lr drici dtqep azknd seqa .(d`ad dricil d`xpk

:(ezen lr drci `l ezy`y `l` ,zne ecedl rqp cecd) ornpde

lr epze` deeiv `ed ,dlrzd ciÎlr epnn epcxtpe in` ig` rqpy meia .xac cere

f` .melk dcli `l `ide ,miyceg dryz el epipn f` .oeixda `id ixd :xn`e ,[ezy`]

,miyp`d lk lv` dnedn dziide .oa dcliy cr mixg` miyceg dryz aey epipn

xacd lr ;z`fd diicedid enk dzyry in mlern eprny `l :exn` minlqend elit`e

dxyrk etq`y cr ,da eknz [...] mExd icedi zvwne !dtxyl wx die`x `id dfd¥

.eilr ekxia `le ofg `le oiic `l myl `a `l la` eze` eln md .micedi55

ezy`y y`xn rci `edy dxe`kl rnzyn mixvn z` ezaifr zrya cecd ixacn

iptly xyt` .mixyka micyeg ep`y okzii mle` .el ztk` did `l ile`ye ,ea cebazrzteiy dzvx `le se`pl dpeekzd `id ik ,oeixda `idy ezy` el driced ezriqp

dryz xak exary xg`l mb z`fk dxeya lawl elki zeixad .oa el clepy rnyiykcleed ,yceg xyr mipyl dclie mid zpicna dlray dyi` ,cenlzd itl .miyceg

55) 9 lxeeÎliidheb i"k1908.44ijli`e 30 dxey ,miiley ,a"rl miiepiya mebxz ,[41e 'qn] (yhyehn hqwhd .ztqez ,a"re ,('dlag `wa[`] xn` hw zp` zxva` izn' :`exwl yi d`xpk).zixvepd dtexi`n epiid ,mExd icedi .izgprty geprta ze`ce oi`e minieqn zenewna ce`nxira dkenpd xqend znx lr dxrd mye) 314 'nr ,d ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x ef dcerz lrlxeeÎliidheb lv` dxecdna mebxzde hqwhd geprty xird my) 19 dxrd 592 ,(dixcpqkl`

i"kl mb dptde ,miyaeynTS G 1.61eae ,ornp eze`l a`d on 1176 zpyn azkn ,[42e 'qn]pkeyn ippi` .(['`pf'] zepfa `ed mb d`xpk my`p (2 dxey)izyl azkna dpeekdy ixnbl r

xyr dpeny xg`l dcliy ,cecd zy` ,zxg`de xyr drax`d ycega dcliy zg`d ,miypcr mixg` miyceg dryz aey epipn f`' milinde ,dyi` dze`l dpeekdy rpnpd on `le ,yceg

oeir jixve .'eke 'mixg` miyceg dryz zepnl eplgzd' oyexit ,'oa dcliy.

eced xgqe dyi`d

175

.en` irna ddzyd xaerdy mixne`e ,xyk56jynidl ieyr oeixddy raw qhxwetid

mlerd xiee`l z`vl ieyr xaerdy exn` m`lq`a zenieqn zehiya .yceg xyr cg`.okn xzei elit`e miizpyk xg`l57mze` ly dixcpqkl`ay xexa dfipbay df azknn

dpeny ly oeixd mr milydl elki `l ,minlqene micedi ,mray mininzd s` minidexfr mixfd micedid wxe ,xfnn aygp i`ceea wepizd .yceg (xyr drax` e`) xyr

did elld micedil m` xexa `le ,xfnn zlin lr mikxan oe`b zaeyz itl .zcleil.zrc xqegn e` mnvr zrc lr dkxad on erpnpy e` jxal `ly bdpn58

dpebrd .f

lceb z` ahid exikd wegxd gxfnd zevx` x`yle ecedl erqpy micedid mixgeqd.icedd qepiiwe`a dbltda dkexkd dpkqd cegiiae jxcay zepkqd59etxhp zeax zeip`

migeexdy oeeikn dpkqd on erzxp `l mixgeqd .yekxae ytpa zecak zeca` eide ,miayekxa zetekzd zeca`de xgqay zexenzd .ce`n milecb zeidl elki glven rqnn

- elld zeaiqpd lya .xzeia zekex` zetewzl gxfna zedyl mirqepd on miaxl enxbmiyp eyrp - mikex` onf iwxtl miwgxna diidyde ziad on wezipd ,mia zeriahd

ilra mr xywd z` ecai` m` oia .zepebr zeaxerah odilray odl rcep m` oia odzepebrd ly oavn .dkldk xacd z` zn`l jixv did - zxg` jxca ezn e` mia

zeibeqd on md odilakn oxizdle odl riiql dicakpe dlidwd iy`x ly zepeiqipde.eced xgqa zewqerd zecerza zehlead

mxnr azky dxyr zg`d d`nd ly oexg`d xeyrd on miazkn dyiy epil` eribd

ea` ,eqiby xetnw ly zenk oiipra dixcpqkl`n 'l"f cibpd ly eig` oa' sqei xaeze` yekxl milibx eide ,xwi xneg did xetnw .gxfnd on ocrl gly ,miqp bxtl`©©÷

56cleed z` exiykdy miwqet eid .hi ,eh d`ia ixeqi` zekld ,m"anxd ;a"r t zenai ,ilaa :e`xdictelwivp` ,'qgi' :epiire ;ci ,c xfr oa` ,jexr ogley :e`x .yceg xyr mipy xg`l mb

crw xeh ,ck ,zicenlz.57:e`xO.V.R. Kruk, Rakid, EI2, VIII, p. 407e`x zillkd d`etxd zecleza `yepd lr . ×

G.M. Gould & W.L. Pyle, Anomalies and Curiosities of Medicine, New York 1956,ipy wxt.

58:mye ,fhz oniq ,137 'nr ,zeaeyzd wlg ,zay ,u"xz milyexi ,mipe`bd xve` ,oiel n"a :e`x'`l mingx eilr ywal la` ,zixad zxek cr dlin zkxa eilr oikxan''micedi dxyrk' xaca .

i"k e`x zixal etq`pyTS Misc. 35.105)L. Ginzberg, Geonica, II, New York 1909,p. 70miln miyp` dnk zegkepa ,xfnn clep xy`k =) 'q`pl` on ozki mk it xfnn cle `c`' :(

.(?eze`59.164±157 'nr ,(1 dxrd ,lirl) oncixte oiihieb :e`x

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

176

,epiid) 'mixgeqd ciwt' ,x`cpA oa oqg l` dxegqd z` gly bxtl` ea` .difpecpi`a©©÷©©ª§©ezy`l dzxenz z` xiarie dze` xekni oqgy ywia bxtl` ea` .ocra (mdilr dpennd©©÷©©eid d`xpd itk ik ,elv` xetnwd z` akir oqg mle` ,dixcpqkl`ay bxtl` ea` ly©©÷©©.mipy dnk exar miizpia .bxtl` ea` oial mixg` oia e` epia mixenb izla miwqr©©÷e`le dlran dwezip llba gipdl yi - 'dpebr' daygp xak bxtl` ea` ly ezy`©©÷dlaq `id .(eizeriqp lr zenieqn zerici eid) ezen lr idylk drici llba `weec.cearl mb oaenke ,`eale z`vln drpnp jkitle dilbxae dicia dyw miwxt zlgnnmr el eidy mixyw lirtd `ed .mxnr dig` lr eltp dzqpxte xwid i`etxd letihd

opelzd mxnr .dicrq oa jxean ,cibpl mb ept mde ,mixvnay micedid icakpn dnkoeer' ipcrd mixgeqd ciwt ly yrnd xqegay orhe ,(elxebe) ezeg` lxeb lr zexn

oqgl azk cibpd .(zicediÎziaxray azkna zixara daezk 'oer' dlind) 'lecb©©.dixcpqkl`l dze` glye dxegqd z` xxgy `ed seqale ,ugl eilr lirtde60

,d`xpd itk ,epnn rnyp `l mipy xyr jynae ecedl rqpy xgeq lr ep`xw xakziaxr daezk ,dxfen dl`y dfipba dxnyp .mixicp eid `l dl`k mixwn .xac

ywia dpy xg`le mlq`zdy icedi oiipra inlqen iztenl dglypy ,zeiaxr zeize`a,jxcl ez`v iptl dze` yxbiy epnn dyxc ,dnlq`zd `ly ,ezy` .ecedl reqpl

`ly mipy xyr xg`l m` dziid dl`yd .cala dxvw didz ezriqpy aiyd `ed mle`itk ,okzii .dzqpxt iiyw lya ,aey `ypidl dl xzen ,drici lk epnn drnyp

dx`yp dyi`dy oeeik ,icedi oiicl dl`yd z` gly iztendy ,oiihieb xriyy.diicedi61

.dpebirl mexbl dlki ,ezy` dnlq`zdy ila ,cala yi`d ly ezenlq`zdy oaenk

`ed ,ecedl ezriqp iptl zilird mixvnn xnr EA oa ilr ea` azky xkfpd azkna©¦ª©ocra d`yipy eizeaexwn zg` e` eza d`xpd itk ,'dphwd' ly dpiipr lr mb xtiq

o`xnr ea` .zeinlqen ze`kxra oecp oiiprd .dti elr `l oi`eyipd j` ,o`xnr ea`l¦§©¦§©dxrpd .dze` yxib `l` dpebr ezy` z` gipd `l `ed mle` ,m`lq`l ezc z` xind

60i"kTS 13 J 23.10,('lecb oeer' :22 dxey ,a"r ,my)Bodl. MS. Heb. d. 75, fol. 19;ENA 2805.22;CAJS 394;DK 230/3 h–j;TS 10 J 16.2zexyt`l xywa .[7±2a 'qn]

i"k e`x ,dlibxd zihtynd zernyna zynyn 'dpebr' oi` o`kyTS 13 J 19.23,[70c 'qn]ield dcedi ,xyiilt 're lib 'n lv` mqxet) z`fd dpebrd epiid 'dpebrl` dcd' ,2 dxey ,a"rdze` lr d`xpke ,(22 dxrd 498 'nr ,my :e`xe ,500±495 'nr ,`"qyz milyexi ,ebeg ipae

i"ka xn`p dyi`TS 13 J 15.20`p`e dnebrl` jic `lke xt`qe' ,12 dxey ,a"r ,[68c 'qn]lv` mqxet) 'mikeap dig`e ip`e ,z`fd dnebrd z` gipde rqp `ede' ,epiid ,(jk) 'oixi`g `dek`e¦jixv ,46 dcerz mewnae ,qetc zerh yi 18 dxrd 425 'nra .426±420 'nr ,my ,xyiilte lib

(55 :zeidl.61i"kTS Arabic 40.96264 'nr ,b ,my ;301 'nr ,a ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x .[30f 'qn].

eced xgqe dyi`d

177

mb ezeaxrzdy gipdl xiaqe ,oEnvn oa oetlg ,oniz icedi cibp ly ezeqga dxzep©§÷.hbd ozna driiq62

zecner od m` dl`yae ecedl jxca mc` ly ezen lr zeiecra miwqer miknqn dnk

cygpy ,xd`nb oa` oetlg ,xekfk .dpebirn ezy` z` xizdl dkldd zeyixca©÷©¦xac .jxrl 1146 zpya ,'ocr ly dlnpa' ,'ipnizd mia' rah ,dgty mr zekazqda

.oitih oitih mixvnl eribd jk lr zericid j` ,ocra mqxetn i`ceea did ezenipir xi`dl eci lr zekf lblbzp' xy` ,mixvna cibpd l`eny ayena ecrep mipiicdxd`nb oa` 'oeafr wqr lr cewyle lczydl' ick ,'dpnl`e minezi ytp gwtle mikyg©÷©¦izye ohw oa gipd ik' ,mixvnl znd iqkp z` `iaie ocrl rqiiy dyxen zepnle©

dqpxtle zepefnl zekixv ode dpnl`e zenezi63dricid .'owxtl jenq o`i[ydl]

mieb ixgeq itn eprny dreny - cwzy`' mixvnl dribd xgeqd zriah lr dpey`xdhlt xd`nb oa` ly 'ezpitq dxazyp'y ixg`y extiq elld .'mlerd zene` ilkexe©÷©¦on wlg dpitqd on mipllev elrd mini dnk xg`l .'ocr zpicna xawpe' mid eze`sxh x`yd z` .oqg oa oEnvn oniz icedi cibp icil dribd dzvwne ,ely dxegqd©§÷©©zia .xf xgeq dtqpy drya zexg` zecerza mb eilr mi`xew ep`y bdep ,o`hleqd.dyxend iepin z` akire miiebd ly mzecr lr jnzqdl `ly hilgd mixvnay oicd

okzii `ly exn` `l` ,`idd zecrd on zebiizqda mzhlgd z` ewnip `l mipiicdick mb jkl oizndl evx mde ,driahd lr drici mdl glyi `l oniz icedi cibpy

dnk zegtl `et` aker minezile dpnl`l creind oeafira letihd .eze` 'cakl'ilewiy meyn wtq (fnxp `l xen`ky xac) zizkld zexidf meyn wtq ,miycegdyely e`a s` okn xg`l xvw onf .ocrn zlgeind zxbi`d dribd seqal .dxwei

`paxe `pxn lr dnily dxkd lr oiwfgen ep` :xn`l epiptl ecirde' ,myn micediezpenzae ezxeva edepxkde edepi`x mid on dlryke ,daxd ea oi`iwa ep`e eiiga oetlg

,mhegd mr mipt sevxte ed`xn dpzyp `le64epcnre ,slgzp `l ,epwzk mly `vi.zniewne dxenb zecrk mzecr z` laiw mixvnay oicd zia .'ezxeaw lr65

62i"kTS Arabic 40.56,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x .1 dxey ,miiley±23 dxey ,[64a 'qn]264 'nr.

63:e`x .dipecpd `id ef 'dqpxt'M.A. Friedman, Jewish Marriage in Palestine – A CairoGeniza Study, I, Tel Aviv–New York 1980–1981, p. 378

64oipniq yiy it lr s` ,mheg mr mipt sevxt lr `l` oicirn oi`' :b ,fh zenai ,dpyn e`xala ezpitq drahy icedi lr 1175 zpyn dixcpqkl`n dl`ya l`yp m"anxd .'eilkae etebaz`e dxwnd z` x`iz okn xg`le exawe e`vn icediÎ`l glne ,segl sgqp etebe oekizd midezy` eixac it lre ,enez itl giqn aygp iebdy ezaeyza wqt m"anxd .znd ipt ipniq'nr ,[14 dxrd lirl] e`la zxecdn ,`lx oniq ,a ,m"anxd zeaeyz) `ypidl zxzen

(414-412.

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

178

z` ocra oicd zia raw mdit lry miizkldd milewiyd lr akxene hxetn oeic

zpyn myn jex` azkn ly epiipr `ed ecedl jxca mia erahy micedi ly mzenzn`l ywiae mixvna ayiy ,zepaxwd cg` ly eing ly eziiptl daeyz idef .1156

- ozgd zriqp zryn eilr dltp ,lirl xen`k ,dzqpxty - ezay ick epzg zen z`liaya elivdl ick ,znd oeafir lr mihxt xxal ywia ok enke ,aey `ypidl lkez

dywad oiipra eli`e ,cala oey`xd oiiprl dkex`d zxbi`d z` yicwd azekd .eza.oeafird lk z` gwl jlndy ,seqa zeneyxd milin yng za drced xqn ,diipydwx eid dirqep oiae ,oEnvn oa oetlg ,oniz icedi cibpl zkiiy dziid drahy diip`d©§÷

ozgd :micedi drax`ocr iyp`n miipye 'odekd etzey' ,crq ea` oa dAd enye fnxpd¦©©§.my miyp mdly

xeviwa mixacd z` xtql lkep o`k mle` ,xzeia mipiiprn da oeicde driahd ihxtiyingd meil iriaxd meid oiay dlila .zxg` diip` mr drqp ef diip` .cala uxnp

z` (micediÎ`l mlek eid d`xpd itky) deelnd diip`d irqep erny ocrn driqpldl x`yp `l xweaa .mind mze` etivdy drya zraehd diip`d irqep ly mdizewrv

ly inexcd segd lr dpitqn miycg milke ur zekizg e`vnp okn xg`l .cixy lkzriah lr zecigid zeiecrd dyrnl eid dl` .dpitqd ly dzriah mewn len ,axr

dbiltdy zxg` dycg diip` mey dziid `l :eid zexg`d zei`xd xwir .dpitqderny `ly exn` ocrl eribdy mirqepd lk okn xg`ly miizpya ;ocrn dper dze`a

mdd milkde urd iwlgy xne`d xn`i m` mb ;dirqep lr e` dcea`d diip`d lr xacdiip`d dca`y mewna drahy diip` lky reci ixd ,dwixt`n d`ad dycg diip`n eidmiievnd miyixkde miwfgd milbd llba lvpidl leki dirqepn yi` oi` - oetlg ly

mbe ,fnxpd segd on ueg xg` mewnl mc` mey elrd milbdy xnel xyt` i` ;mia.onf eze`ae mewn eze`a gexde mid i`pz llba ixyt` izla did myl

itl ieb lk zgiy' lr jenql ocra oicd zia hilgd zewcwecn dxiwge dwica ixg`'enez66mirqepdy exed md jkitl .mixkfpd zenewna mil mignende oeiqipd ilrae

dlwd oicd zia lwdy wtq oi` jka .`ypidl zexzen mdizeype mizn mdd micedidit lry - xwirde ,cala zeizaiqp eid driahl zei`xde zeiecrd lk ik ,zblten

dxeq` ezy` seq mdl oi`y mina rahy in (`"r `kw zenai) zicenlzd dklddzrc lr d`yipe dyi`d dkld m` ,carica wx elld oi`eyipa xikdl ozipe ,`ypidl

65i"kTS 13 J 8.17,sq` 'y lv` ,milw miiepiya ,oey`x meqxt .zixara xewnd ,[70a 'qn]l`xyiÎux` zxiwgl dxagd zerici ,'mixvepd zxitql a"id d`na ocrl mixvn oia mixyw'

119±116 'nr ,(e"yz) ai ,dizewizre.66cere `"r hk ,my ;a"r dk oihib ,ilaa ;a"r `kw zenai ,ilaa :e`x.

eced xgqe dyi`d

179

cnrn el mieeyn mewn eze`a micgeind mid i`pzy raw oicd zia ,dyrnl .dnvr

mixvna oicd zia mle` ,ocra mixen md jky mirhd azekd .seq mdl yiy min ly.e`l m` fnxpd icedid ly ezy` z` xizdl m` envr zrc lr rixkdl jixv67

f`ne ecedl rqp dlray dyi` lr m"anxd oa mdxa` 'xl dl`yd z` epxkfd xakybt dig` .gelyn e` azkn mey epnn dlaiw `l ,dpy dxyr yng jyna ,rqpy

mixg` micedi dyely ly mzegkepa .qibd lr edyn rci m` eze` l`ye ocrn icedio`hleqde ,difpecpi` `id ,xEvpta xhtp qibdy cg` xgeqn ocra erny ik dld xtiq©§.icedi did `l `edy gipdl xyt` ,xgeq eze` did in xkfp `ly oeeik .eyekx z` qtz

.dzaezk z` zeable `ypidl dyi`d zxzen ef zecr it lry dxed mdxa` 'x68

xgeqd m` .g

dbltdde jxcd zepkq iptn elxebl dcxgd ,mid zpicnl xirvd xgeqd `vi xy`k,mze` eaivrde eixed z` ecixgd ezcxt lr avrde (oekizd mia e`) icedd qepiiwe`a¥

.zeiprza dlitzd gek z` dnivrde dpa melyl dlltzd `id .en` z` cegiiae69jn`'

itk (daexn onf ixg` `l` :e`) miiga [`id] `l` meid lk ziprzd z` dwiqtn dpi`.'dvex dlrzi l`dy70mig`l dxyr mizyd d`nd ly miyingd zepyn xg` azknae

mkilr mirebrbd zngn ,`id in mircei mziid `l ,dze` mzi`x eli` ,in`e' :erqpy.'ikade71

67i"kPER H 161rqn' ,(xezy`) qiexhy '` lv` ,milw miiepiya ,oey`x meqxt .[71a 'qn],xen`k .231±217 'nr ,(h"vxz) c ,oeiv ,'(p"dtql 1153 zpya mixvnl ocrn azkn) ecedl,mixvna oicd zia hilgd dn ze`ceea zrcl oi` .(1153 zpya `le) 1156 zpya azkp azknd

i"k itl my aeg dzab zfnxpd 'dpnl`d' mle`TS 12.527a 'qn]72[.68i"kENA 4020.41 + TS Misc. 27.3.2.48 'nr ,(22 dxrd lirl) oncixt :e`x .[33f 'qn]

i"ka wegxd gxfna icedi xgeq zxiht z` m"anxd oa mdxa` 'x xyi`y lr zxg` zecrTS Arabic 30.42228±227 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x .[32f 'qn].

69lirl) oiihieb :e`x ,zpkeqn jxcl mi`veid ly mnelyl micicie miaexw ly mziprze mzlitz lr158 'nr ,(1 dxrd lirl) oncixte oiihieb :e`xe .157 'nr ,c ,my ;346 'nr ,` ,(3 dxrd.

70i"kTS 8.32dll` `y `nk xnr it `l`') `tiqd ly mebxzd .8±7 dxey mebxz ,[38f 'qn]'dll` `y `nk' iehiad .wtqd lr eciri miixbeqa mipeyd minebxzde ,i`ce epi` ± ('il`rzzexyt`d itl ,opc dxwna .dipexi` ly zelrtzdl mixg` miknqna ynyn ,(dvex l`dy itk)ly eig` did ile`y ,azekd ly ziaxra .diig mirexb dnk cr riavn `edy okzii ,zg`d- z"iad ;[ziprzd z` dwiqtn] 'xhtz' = 'xhtha' df htyna ,lynl) zexfen ze`iby ,ornpd`ven lr ile` zeriavn ode ,(xzeia dbixg - e"izd mewna z"ihd la` ,dreci zinnr dxev

dtewz efi`n xexa `le ,itexi`.71i"kBodl. MS. Heb. b. 11 (Cat. 2874), fol. 15azkn .4±3 dxey ,a"r mebxz ,[48b 'qn]

mixvnl diliviqn Ebi oa` mdxa` ly eig` ipa zriqp epiipre ,eced xgq ly zegelya wqer df. ¨÷

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

180

d `l en` oial rqepd xgeqd oia wgxnd m`mixvn oia wgxnd oebk ,icn lecb di

ocr yi` ,awri oa fExgn ly en` .mikxvne zepzn dfl df migley eid ,onizl©§ur eay hewli eil` dgly ,onizl eced oia drqpy diip` lrae mixvna ayiizdy

xg`de el cg`d ,miazkn ipye (iced mec` iyn) 'ql`l' zgthn eay xg` hewlie myea©©.h`hqtay 'mixgeqdÎciwt' ,odk ixMf ea` rcepd eced xgeq zy` ,ezeg`l72iptl ¦§¦ª

bnl` oa` mdxa` oa l`eny ,cg` xirv xgeq gly ecedl ocrn biltdy,diqipezn ip` ©¦©û¦

ipal' mitqk cere mixpic ipy en`l xeqnl ywia `ed .odk ixMf ea` eze`l azkn¦§¦.'ziad73.ocra en`l mixvnn xg` xirv xgeq glyy dlnyd lr `xwp jynda

en`e xhtp xak xirvd xgeqd ly eia`y mixwna .oen` iqgi eid dpal m`d oiaeiqkpl zi`xg` dze` zepnl ieyr did `ed ,ledipe mitqk ipiipra oeiqip zlra dziid

zpnl` ,en` z` icAll` sqei oa z`MxAl` ea` dpin dl`k zeaiqpay okzii .excrida©©©¤§¦.eiqkp lr dyxEn ,eia`74(zxiab)' ,rinb dpnl` dze` ly dzial ipelt `ay drya ¨©÷¦

mle` ,(creind ozgd) epnn xwi iipira oi`' :daiyd `id ,dza z` z`yl ywiae ,'lekd.'(mid zpicnn) dig` ribiy cr dp`iy` `l75

(mdizeig`le) mdizen`l aezkl jxcl e`viy mixgeqd eid milibx oiihieb ixacl.mdizeypl xy`n xzei76en`l xgeqd oia cala zehren zeieazkzd e`vnp dry itl

zilird mixvna uEwn azkn gly cg` xirv xgeq .eced xgqa zewqerd zecerzd oias` ,zilird mixvna epl rceezd xaky xg` xgeq enky xxazn .dixcpqkl`ay en`l

lr en`l riced xgeqd .iaxr xteql eazkn z` aizkd `ede ,daizka miiyw eid elj` uEwa eybtl mikixv eidy eipcec ly mnely lre A`cirl dnexc reqpl eizeipkz©§©÷

.oniza mieqn mewna edy77

,eced xgq ly eizegelyn zg`a wqer ,jxrl 1228-1226 mipyd on ,xg` azkn(daizkd xnelk) dazky wzxn azkn edf .mixvna onizn xirv xgeq ly eiwqr epiid

dlnyd lre dzgpfd lr zexnd dizepelz .mzia z` eafry dipa ipyn cg`l m``edy ,xwirde ,dziad dxdna aeyl epnn dzyixce ,dpznl dl gly oady dyiand

mipnfae zenewna s` odipal zeax zedn` ly oxywl zeipiite` - xab enk bdpzi:xikdl ieyr `xewdy

72i"kTS Arabic 5.27±4 dxey ,[b"r ,34a].73i"kBodl. MS. Heb. d. 66 (Cat. 2878), fol. 1089±7 dxey ,[8d 'qn].74i"kTS AS 165.190mixqg mihxtde ,rexw cid azk .[a31` 'qn].75i"kTS NS 184.58+62+50+71+70+74+72+98oldl e`x .13±12 dxey mebxz ,[`34` 'qn]

ef dcerz lr.7648 'nr ,(2 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x.77i"kTS Arabic 39.480hqwhd lk z` izgprt mxh .[2e 'qn].

eced xgqe dyi`d

181

cexh dz`y deewn ip` .dribd `l mdilr daeyz meye ,miazkn dryz jl izazk

zazk .dlile mnei jxcrid lya ip` dkea ;iavn lr l`yz l`e !miaeh mipiipra

lekdy xac ,z`fk dlny il gelyl yiiazn jpi` .dribd ,ok .dlny il zglyy

mkn z`ven ip`y dn lk [...] xzei aeh did ,jlv` df z` zgpd el !?eilr miwgev

izpkyn .mkly zleblebd qn liaya ize` eqpw .xg` edyinl aehd la` ,rxd wx `ed

dz`e .jig` liayae jliaya zleblebd qn z` iznliyy cr xpic miyelya ziad z`

en .dfa dkxa oi` - miniae zevx`a lblbzdl ,rc ,ipa,dzre [...] jxira ayzy ah

.jnelya yxec epi`e jade` epi`y inl mely ozz l` [...] mkegne yi`l did ,ipa

.ea utgz l` ja utg epi`y in ?dfle jl dnmelye.78

dpey eil` dqgiy ,dpa l` m` ixac lr mi`xew ep` xef` eze`ne dtewz dze`n jxraxirv l` glypy ziaxra azknl ztqeza .dt eilr ep`xwy dfn iepiyd zilkza

mixvna sEq mi segly lnpd xir ,xivwa `vnpy ,icedd qepiiwe`a xgqa wqerdª©§xy` dxecdnd itl ,(zeixar zeize`l wizrza) elld mixacd z` mi`xew ep` ,zilirddb`gl` riaz jpn fr` icpr `n icle `i zl`we (?) `dag jn`' :dpexg`l dnqxtzd÷,ipa" :dxn` `id .dzad` z` [z`han] jn`' :enebxze .'ca lk xexq bxk` jrn izl`÷÷

"mewn lkn ,bprzde `v .jl yiy dxegqd z` xekn .jnn iilr xwi xac oi`.'79

m`d oia cixtnd ,dvwd l` dvwd on ,lecbd wgxnl ezrc z` `xewd ozii i`ceeaxeknl dpaa dxivtnd diiaxrd m`d oial ,dxdn dil` aeyi dpay zyxecd diicedid

epze` mi`ian milewiy dyely mle` !eibeprzl sqk el didiy calae ezxegq z`diknqny ,dfipbd xwga oiihiebn epcnly ceqid zgpd ,oey`xd .mixaca wtwtl

eigy ziaxrd dxagd ly ef s` `l` zicedid dxagd ly ze`ivnd z` wx `l mitwyneazkp llk jxcay xivwn zecerzd geprta ihppni`d iyewd ,ipyd .dkeza micedidª©§,dzxagl dnec zg` ze` eay ,hedxe yhyehn azka ,zepigan zecewp `ll ziaxra.milecbe miax geprt iyeaiy elld mihqwhd ly zexecdnl eqpkpy lilra gkene

mdd mixgeqd ly mztya did ,'`vi' ilelind dyexity ,'bxk daizl ,iyilyde÷÷.'dziad aeyl ick ,icedd qepiiwe`d on `vi' :`ide ,zcgein zernyn80ip` o`kn

78i"kBodl. MS. Heb. d. 66 (Cat. 2878), fol. 21,19 ,14±11 ,9±5 dxey mebxz ,[58f 'qn],(2 dxrd lirl) oiihieb lv` (milw miiepiya) mebxze `ln meqxt .2±1 dxey ,miiley ,a"rdxrd lirl) xnxw ;19 dxrd 568 ,223±222 'nr ,d ,(3 dxrd lirl) l"pd :e`x ;52±48 'nr

210±209 'nr ,(7.79L. Guo, Commerce, Culture, and Community in a Red Sea Port in the Thirteenth

Century: The Arabic Documents from Quseir, Leiden–Boston 2004, pp. 208–20980:e`xS.D. Goitein, Studies in Islamic History and Institutions, Leiden 1966, p. 354

n. 4.18 dxrd 215 'nr ,(19 dxrd lirl) l"pd ;

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

182

,'ca lk xexq bxk`' mewna ,cid azk melvz ila mqxety ,dfd hqwhay xryn÷÷rq' ,epiid ,'ca lk [on] rixq bxk`' :`exwl yi ,'bprzde `v' xicdnd eze` mbxzy÷÷

,'xyt`y dnk ,xdn dziad81.`ed cg `rx`c `pcqe

xgeqd za .h

iptl ,jxrl 1100 zpya .mzena odl eb`c mdiiga mdizepal eb`cy eced ixgeqepal azk `ed ,d`lde onizl dnexc zilird mixvna uEwn ekxca xgeq jiyndy

zpkqn yyg riad `ed .(dl`k mitzeyn miazkn lirl epiev xak) ezy`le lecbdyelyn zg` lkl ozpii dn oiiv eazkna .aexwa 'zeni `edy rci eli`k' azke jxcd

,Jldcn ez`va gvxp `ede ,ezn`zd eizeyyg .eipa zyelyn cg` lk gwii dne eizepa©§©ywia ipelt .dtwzed da biltdy dpitqdy gipdl yi .onizl ,seq miay lnpd xir

.eia` yekx z` xifgdl lecbd oal riiql jxean oa dyn mixvna micedid cibpn82ea`dipecpl xpic miiz`n jqe mixpic ipy ly iyceg melyz eizepa izyl deeiv odk ixMf¦§¦zedn` eid eizeig` izyle ely ,(eced xgeq `ed mb) o`nilq epa .iciip `lc iqkpeª©§©

.xpic ivg cer iycegd melyzl siqed ,zepey83

lr xenyl dfipbd iyp` zxaga zelaewnd mikxcd on eid dcec oa mr zad i`eyipdpigan zebixg eid `l eced irqep ly mdizegtyne ,zagxend dgtynd ly dpqeg

.ef84,dza z` `iydl daxiq ,icAll` sqei eced xgeq ly ezpnl` ,rinby epi`x xak©÷¦¤§¦zq z`xwpd.mid zpicna did z`MxAl` ea` dpa cer lk ,(dgtynd zxiab) ld`l` ¦û©§©©©

itl zad z` el ycwl rinb z` rpky `ed .dlkd ia` ly ezeg` oa did creind ozgd©÷¦qwh ly oiiprn xe`iz yi elld mixaca zwqerd 1118 zpyny dcerza .dryzerah izye mixpic dying dlaiw `id ,dnikqde dxrpa eklnpy xg`l .oiyeciwd

.'eykrn jka invr z` izyciw ixd' :dxn`e85,oeivl die`x i`ceea ef zyxetn dxin`

81i"k :eeydBodl. MS. Heb. c. 28 (cat. 2876), fol. 22lk on bxk`e' :16 dxey ,[2d 'qn]¦.40 dxrd ,lirl ztqep dnbec .mixvnl xefgle onizn aekir ilae xdn z`vl epiipry ,'ca

:e`xeM.A. Friedman, ‘Qusayr and Geniza Documents on the Indian Ocean Trade’,×Journal of the American Oriental Society, 106 (2006), pp. 407–408

82i"kTS 16.262,d ,my ;97 dxrd 477 ,238 'nr ,a ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x .[17e 'qn]30 dxrd 542 ,133 'nr.

83i"kRNL Yevr.-Arab. I (Firkovitch II) 1700.3, 5, 19, 29[47d±44d 'qn].8433±27 'nr ,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x.85i"kTS NS 184.58+62+50+71+70+74+72+98.27±26 dxey ,[`34` 'qn]

eced xgqe dyi`d

183

dzwizye ,dwizya diyeciw z` zlawn dlkd mixikn ep`y bdpnd it lr ixdy

.d`cedkzq ly diqexi`ep` oi` .epnn dyxbzd onf xg`le ,dti elr `l dzcec oal ld`l` ¦û©§

zpicnn xfg z`MxAl` ea` dig` ile`y xryl xyt` mle` ,jkl daiqd z` mircei©©©zq 1124 zpya jk oiae jk oia .ycgd eqibn dvexn did `le mid`zkxzn' ld`l` ¦û©§

.oinipa oa ield digxt xExql` ea` ,xg` ozgl dqx`zd 'oiqexi`d on (dyexbd)86ea` ªly xirvd dig` ly ezegkepa dkxrp dipecpd zneye mid zpicna aey did z`MxAl`©©©¨

zqdidy ,ozgl dlkd oia zizgtyn daxw lk lr reci `l .('hiykz') oif ,ld`l` ¦û©§©§hr') mVAmirecid miyp` dnk ,eced mr xgqd oial minUA oia xywd llba .('x` ©¨©©û§

hr'kzq mb dkczyd ,1146 zpya) .eced xgqa mb ewqr 'oix`v`kl`zxiab] d ©©û¦¦û©÷©û,(mVA ly epal z`MxAl` ea` za [zilird87ea`y mi`xew ep` zxg` dcerza ,ok`e ©©©©¨

mzqd one ,h`hqtl ocrn rqp (iel didy my oiev `l ;oinipa =) m`ipA oa xExql`ª¦§©ªxgeq za ly dnbec `et` epiptl .eced xgqa ,d`xpd lkke ,ine`lÎoiad xgqna wqrdf exywzp jke ,icnl giky xac eid dl`k oi`eyip .xg` eced xgeql d`yipy eced

.df xgqna zewqerd zerecid zegtynd on dnk dflxy`k cgeina wfg did zagxend dgtynd oal eza z` `iydl eced xgeq ly epevx

gieexdy miqkpd lk z` zyxl dcizr dziid dcal zade ,mixg` micli el eid `l,xgeqd zeg`l ieyp didy ,mixvnay ezcec oal eced xgeq ly xfen azkna .ax lnra

oia elit` xac myl eidy ,qibd ly mizgyend eiyrn z` i`pbl azekd xikfdz` `yiiy ick epa z` eil` glyiy eqibn ywia xgeqd ,df mr .eceday minlqend- dnly Fpiry df - lecbd ,irvn`d jpa xaca jz` izxaic' .ely ezcigi eza¥izxn`e .dziad rqiie dze` gwii ,`eai .dphw za il yi ixdy ,iil` eze` glyzylk`i `l [...] .aiig `edy dn mly` ip`e ,iil` ribi ,ipeayg lr sqk deeli `edy ,jl

.'zncew jzekf ,xf ize`88

ay ,eipa ipyn cg` eilr zn my ,eceda Ebi oa` mdxa` ly dkex`d ezedy xg`l¦÷zq dxirvd eza z` jciye onizlzegtynd zg` ly dpal (ziad zxiab) x`cl` ¦û©

epa eilr zn okn xg`l ax `l onf mle` .eced xgqa myn dwqry ,ocra zex`etnd

eig`l azke oikeciyd mkqd z` xtd Ebi oa` .zad wx dxzepe ,ipyd aed`d¦÷¨

86i"kTS NS J 460+TS NS J 112+TS NS 211.8+TS NS 323.11+TS 8.138+TSAS 152.19dti dlr `l df beeif mb .[a34` 'qn].

87i"kBodl. MS. Heb. d. 66 (Cat. 2878), fols. 48 and 47[36` 'qn].88i"kTS 10 J 18.1035 'nr ,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x .20±15 dxey mebxz ,[62f 'qn]

lk`i `l' oeyld z` oian ip` jk j` ,xgeqd ly dcigid zyxeid dziid zady my xkfp `l)(oldl e`x ,'zncew jzekf ,xf ize`.

oncixt `aiwr ikcxn

184

.'mixf miyp`n xzei ie`x ig` oa' :ixdy ,dze` `yiie epa z` glyiy diliviqay89

`ype mixvnl mixg` dgtyn ipa mr rqp ,Ebi oa` sqei oa digxt xExql` ea` ,ozgdª¦÷ly zilklkÎzizxagd drteza mieqn mevnve iepiy onzqn mdi`eyipa .ecec za z`

mipiice minkg icinlz eid `l` xgqna ewqr `l eipae digxt .icedid eced xgq.(jeciyd on ea xefgl dvx Ebi oa` mdxa`e)90 ¦÷

digxt eze` azky azknn d`aena epzxiwq z` miiqp fnxpd iepiyd oniqaezy` l` (sqk hrn jka gieexdle dlidwl dyxc yexcl ick rqp dil`) h`hqtnª

lgnl` zixvnd dcyd xira mziaa dx`ypylr qrka mieEln eid dil` mirebrbd .d ©©©û:mieqn mei` siqed `ed eil` sxhvzy eizepigz lr .ez` drqp `ly

.epl ixqgz l` mlerl ,epceake epy`x zxhr ,iilr dxwid epzxab ied ,jiil` iazkn¦

.wegxd z` axwie dywy dn lr lwi dlrzi `xead .jiilr epirebrb lr il`yz l`e

lke`y dnn xzei dl`d minia elcb ia yiy mirebrbde .iala dn rceid dlrzi `ede

.z`fa jizrced .z`yl91ea oeghia jezn ilrz inewe dlrzi 'dn dkxcd iywa dzre

.cala92s`e ,ize` aefri `l `edy dlrzi 'da ghea ip` ik ,xg` xac dfa iaxrz l`e

`ealn ixg`z l` .jenk lig zy` ,zwcv mr did` xy`k xnege lw .cal ip`y it lr

iil`93ade` `edye 'dn cgtn `edye miny `xi `edy zrceie lra dl yiy ine .`et`

jl xikfdln jnn jeqg` dfn xzei .el riiql dkxc ,dze`94ipy iyp` eld[wzd ...]

wxe ,aeh my il `vie ,ily ('y`xc') dyxcd z` renyl ick eicgi zqpkd iza

89i"kTS 12.337zeclezl cer' ,lib 'ne oeqpeniq 'y lv` mqxet .24±23 dxey mebxz ,[41b 'qn]l`ipcl laei xtq ,(mikxer) `xity '`e ofex 'n ,zxet 'c ,'zip`nxepd dtewza diliviqa micedid

hl-el 'nr ,e"pyz aia` lz ,itx`w.90'nr ,(h"pyz) eh ,dcerz ,'eceda icedi xgeq Ebi oa mdxa`' ,oncixt r"ne oiihieb c"y :e`x¦Ÿ

287±286.91ezy`l azekd ly mirebrbd zrad ,201 ,197 ,188 'nr ,(7 dxrd lirl) xnxw mirhdy itk

.cala dipirl crein did azknde ,`exwl drci dyi`dy dgiken `ide ,df azkna otec z`veiazknd xqnii in icil oeiv oi` .'oiicd zia l`' `ed orndy oiivl yi ,ok`e.

92d z`n dkxcdd zywa ,ef 'dx`kzq`' on mby okziilirl] oiihieb lv` e`x) jxcl d`ivid iptl ' ÷daexiq lr .eil` ezy` zetxhvdl digxt qgiiy zeaiygd lr cenll yi ,(331 'nr ,d ,[3 dxrdmye ,178 'nr ,b ,my ,oiihieb :e`x dxiad xirl reqpl ,dcy xir iigl dlibxd ,dyi`d ly

'diilr' d`xwp qelipd dlrna driqpd .o`k aEzMl yxcp. ©¨93ipnn iwngzz l` ,ipnn irpniz l` :mb mbxzl xyt`.94,ilaa e`x) `hg `la jxka zedyl miny `xi mc` ly miiywl fnx digxt ixacay xyt`

miyw dyi` ila xidwa miigd' :(mebxza) ezy`l azky mc` ixacke ,(`"r seq biw migqtixven i"k) 'mirepve mixykl ce`nII.195lv` xe`l `vi ,S.D. Goitein, ‘A Maghrebi

Living in Cairo Implores his Karaite Wife to Return to Him’, Jewish QuarterlyReview, LXXIII (1982), pp. 138–14592 'nr ,(10 dxrd lirl) oncixt :e`xe .(.

eced xgqe dyi`d

185

.zgkep ziid `l z`y ,izxrhvd95,epzxab ied ,ize` ade`y in il x`yp `le [...]¦

.dpnn rq`e ,dpicnd z` jllba yeh` ,`l m`e .ahen ,i`eaz m`e .jnn ueg96

melye.97

95zexewn :m"anxd ziae mipe`bd inia jepig ixcq ,oiihieb c"y lv` mbxez oexg`d htyndoeiqip od zepexg`d milnd' :151 dxrd mye ,`lw 'nr ,a"kyz milyexi ,dfipbd on miycg

it lr .'dxevga jl zvbpze :mbxzlR. Dozy, Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes, II,Leiden–Paris 1967 [reprint], p. 693did (aehd iny=) `edy dryae' :oirn mbxzl xyt` ,

(aehd iny) ellba iz`pd' :oirn ,ixiyrd oiipal my dnbecd it lre .'jpexqga cexh iziid ,mymiicediÎmiiaxr mihqwhl oelin ,e`la 'i :e`xe .'(dxqg z`y) jiilr izaygn llba ,dlwlwzdzqpk zia :eid zqpkd iza ipy .ipinyd oiipaa 705 'nr ,e"qyz milyexi ,miipiad inin

milaad zqpk ziae minlyexid.96204 'nr ,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) oiihieb :e`x ezy` z` yehple gexal yi`d inei` lr.97i"kCUL Or. 1080 J 23;`lw 'nr ,(94 dxrd lirl) oiihieb lv` iwlg mebxz .[56b 'qn]

it lr milw miiepiya o`k .220±218 'nr ,b ,(3 dxrd lirl) l"pd lv` zilbp`l mbxez aexdmilin dnka dpey d`ixw.