中国横断山的地衣研究 ( 6) : 灰梅属地衣修订

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中国横断山的地衣研究 ( ): 灰梅属地衣修订 王欣宇 李建文 钱子刚 王立松 2∗∗ (1 云南中医学院云南 昆明 650500ꎻ 2 中国科学院昆明植物研究所生物多样性 与生物地理学重点实验室云南 昆明 650201) 摘要: 通过对灰梅属 ( Canoparmelia) 表型与基因型相结合的研究澄清了云南南部报道的珊瑚大叶梅 ( Parmotrema conformatum) 是裂芽灰梅 ( ecaperata) 的错误鉴定由于珊瑚大叶梅和裂芽灰梅在经典分 类鉴别上容易混淆通过 rDNA ITS 序列的系统发育分析证明了裂芽灰梅与粉芽灰梅 ( texana) 及同 心灰梅 ( concrescens) 有较近的亲缘关系首次记录了粉芽灰梅在云南的分布范围文中对两个新记录 种进行了详细描述和讨论并给出了中国已知灰梅属的检索表关键词: 灰梅属新记录地理分布分子系统学 中图分类号: Q 949 34 文献标识码: 文章编号: 2095-0845(2014)06-781-07 Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan MountainsChina ( ): Revisional Study of the Genus Canoparmelia ( Lichenized AscomycotaParmeliacaea) LIU Dong 1ꎬ2 ꎬ WANG Xin ̄Yu ꎬ LI Jian ̄Wen 1ꎬ2 ꎬ QIAN Zi ̄Gang ꎬ WANG Li ̄Song 2∗∗ (1 Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicineꎬ Kunming 650500ꎬ Chinaꎻ 2 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and BiogeographyKunming Institute of BotanyChinese Academy of Sciencesꎬ Kunming 650201ꎬ China) Abstract: A revision of Canoparmelia from the Hengduan Mountains ( Yunnanꎬ China) revealed the occurrence of ecaperataꎬ based on specimens previously identified as Parmotrema conformatum. ecaperata is hereby reported as new to the flora of China. The study also led to the identification of texana as a component of the flora of Yun ̄ nan. In order to make sure the systematic position of these speciesꎬ a phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS sequence was also carried out in this paperꎬ indicating that ecaperata is closely related to texana and concrescens. De ̄ tailed information and discussion of these two new records are providedꎬ together with a key to all the known taxa of Canoparmelia recorded from China. Following our revisionꎬ Parmotrema conformatum should be excluded from the flora of China. Key words: Canoparmeliaꎻ New recordꎻ Geographic distributionꎻ Molecular phylogeny Canoparmelia Elix & Hale (Parmeliaceaeꎬ Le ̄ canoralesꎬ Ascomycota ) comprises ca. 40 species ( Hawksworth et al.ꎬ 1995ꎻ Thell et al.ꎬ 2012) and is typified by texana (Tuck.) Elix & Hale. It was segregated by Elix and Hale from Pseudoparmelia on the basis of morphologicalꎬ geographicꎬ ecologicalꎬ and chemical characters ( Elix et al.ꎬ 1986). Four species of Canoparmelia were previously known from 201436 ( ): 781 ~ 787 Plant Diversity and Resources DOI: 10.7677 / ynzwyj201413154 Funding: The National Natural Science Foundation of China ( No. 31170023ꎬ Y3216111W1) ꎬ Foundation of Key Laboratoryꎬ CAS ( KLBB ̄ 201210) and Flora Lichenum Sinicorum ( KSCX2 ̄EW ̄Z ̄9) Author for correspondenceꎻ E ̄mail: wanglisong@ mail kib ac cn Received date: 2013-07-22ꎬ Accepted date: 2013-08-05 作者简介: (1988-) 硕士主要从事地衣分类学研究ꎮ E ̄mail: liudong@ mail kib ac cn

Transcript of 中国横断山的地衣研究 ( 6) : 灰梅属地衣修订

中国横断山的地衣研究 (6) 灰梅属地衣修订lowast

刘  栋1ꎬ2ꎬ 王欣宇2ꎬ 李建文1ꎬ2ꎬ 钱子刚1ꎬ 王立松2lowastlowast

(1 云南中医学院ꎬ 云南 昆明  650500ꎻ 2 中国科学院昆明植物研究所生物多样性

与生物地理学重点实验室ꎬ 云南 昆明  650201)

摘要 通过对灰梅属 (Canoparmelia) 表型与基因型相结合的研究ꎬ 澄清了云南南部报道的珊瑚大叶梅

(Parmotrema conformatum) 是裂芽灰梅 (C1049008 ecaperata) 的错误鉴定ꎮ 由于珊瑚大叶梅和裂芽灰梅在经典分

类鉴别上容易混淆ꎬ 通过 rDNA ITS 序列的系统发育分析ꎬ 证明了裂芽灰梅与粉芽灰梅 (C1049008 texana) 及同

心灰梅 (C1049008 concrescens) 有较近的亲缘关系ꎻ 首次记录了粉芽灰梅在云南的分布范围ꎻ 文中对两个新记录

种进行了详细描述和讨论ꎬ 并给出了中国已知灰梅属的检索表ꎮ关键词 灰梅属ꎻ 新记录ꎻ 地理分布ꎻ 分子系统学

中图分类号 Q 9491049008 34            文献标识码 A            文章编号 2095-0845(2014)06-781-07

Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan MountainsꎬChina (6) Revisional Study of the Genus Canoparmelia

(Lichenized Ascomycotaꎬ Parmeliacaea)lowast

LIU Dong1ꎬ2ꎬ WANG Xin ̄Yu2ꎬ LI Jian ̄Wen1ꎬ2ꎬ QIAN Zi ̄Gang1ꎬ WANG Li ̄Song2lowastlowast

(1 Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicineꎬ Kunming 650500ꎬ Chinaꎻ 2 Key Laboratory of Biodiversity andBiogeographyꎬ Kunming Institute of Botanyꎬ Chinese Academy of Sciencesꎬ Kunming 650201ꎬ China)

Abstract A revision of Canoparmelia from the Hengduan Mountains (Yunnanꎬ China) revealed the occurrence ofC1049008 ecaperataꎬ based on specimens previously identified as Parmotrema conformatum C1049008 ecaperata is hereby reportedas new to the flora of China The study also led to the identification of C1049008 texana as a component of the flora of Yun ̄nan In order to make sure the systematic position of these speciesꎬ a phylogenetic analysis of rDNA ITS sequencewas also carried out in this paperꎬ indicating that C1049008 ecaperata is closely related to C1049008 texana and C1049008 concrescens De ̄tailed information and discussion of these two new records are providedꎬ together with a key to all the known taxa ofCanoparmelia recorded from China Following our revisionꎬ Parmotrema conformatum should be excluded from theflora of ChinaKey words Canoparmeliaꎻ New recordꎻ Geographic distributionꎻ Molecular phylogeny

  Canoparmelia Elix Hale (Parmeliaceaeꎬ Le ̄canoralesꎬ Ascomycota) comprises ca 40 species(Hawksworth et alꎬ 1995ꎻ Thell et alꎬ 2012) andis typified by C1049008 texana (Tuck) Elix Hale It was

segregated by Elix and Hale from Pseudoparmelia onthe basis of morphologicalꎬ geographicꎬ ecologicalꎬand chemical characters (Elix et alꎬ 1986) Fourspecies of Canoparmelia were previously known from

植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报  2014ꎬ 36 (6) 781~787Plant Diversity and Resources                                    DOI 107677 ynzwyj201413154

lowast

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Funding The National Natural Science Foundation of China (No 31170023ꎬ Y3216111W1)ꎬ Foundation of Key Laboratoryꎬ CAS (KLBB ̄201210) and Flora Lichenum Sinicorum (KSCX2 ̄EW ̄Z ̄9)

Author for correspondenceꎻ E ̄mail wanglisongmail1049008 kib1049008 ac1049008 cnReceived date 2013-07-22ꎬ Accepted date 2013-08-05作者简介 刘  栋 (1988-) 男ꎬ 硕士ꎬ 主要从事地衣分类学研究ꎮ E ̄mail liudongmail1049008 kib1049008 ac1049008 cn

China two from Taiwan (Weiꎬ 1991ꎻ Laiꎬ 2000)ꎬand three from mainland China ( Jia et alꎬ 2008)As part of an inventory of the lichen flora of theHengduan Mountains (Yunnanꎬ China) several spe ̄cimens of Canoparmelia were collected These be ̄long to C1049008 ecaperata Elix Haleꎬ which is a new re ̄cord to the flora of Chinaꎬ and to C1049008 texanaꎬ whichis new to Yunnan Province All specimens of Par ̄motrema conformatumꎬ previously reported from Yun ̄nan were misidentified and belong to C1049008 ecaperata

1  Materials and MethodsThe specimens were mainly collected from Yun ̄

nan Provinceꎬ and were deposited in KUN (Herbar ̄ium of Kunming Institute of Botany) External mor ̄phological descriptions were based on air ̄dried ma ̄terialsꎬ and observation under stereomicroscopy (Don ̄gwon OSM ̄1) Chemical characteristics were exami ̄ned by medullary color reactionꎬ with the solutionfor the color reaction following the methods describedby Yoshimura (1974) K (10 aqueous KOH so ̄lution)ꎬ C (NaClO solution)ꎬ KC (10 KOH fol ̄lowed by C solution)ꎬ P (5 alcoholic P ̄pheny ̄lenediamine) Thin layer chromatography (TLC) ofacetone extracts was also carried out to further char ̄acterize the chemical profile of the specimensꎬ usingsolvent systems C and G ( Culberson and Houmlr ̄Durꎬ1970ꎻ Orange et alꎬ 2001) and Lethariella cla ̄donioides (Nyl) Krog as control sample

DNA was extracted from freshly collected andfrozen herbarium specimens grinded to a fine pow ̄derꎬ using Axyprep Multisource Genomic DNA Mini ̄prep Kit following the manufacturerrsquo s instructionsThe nuclear ITS (rDNA repeat) was amplified usingprimers ITS1 and ITS4 (Whiteꎬ 1990ꎻ Gardes andBrunsꎬ 1993) in 25 μL reaction volume composed of2 μL DNAꎬ 1 μL of each primerꎬ 121049008 5 μL 2 times TaqPCR Mastermix (Aidlab) (contain Taq DNA Polymer ̄ase 01049008 1 unit1048944μL-1ꎻ MgCl2 4 mmol1048944L-1ꎻ dNTPs01049008 4 mmol1048944L-1)ꎬ 81049008 5 μL dH2O Amplifications werecarried out in an automatic thermocycler (C 1000TM)ꎬwith the following profile initial denaturation at 94

for 5 minꎬ followed by 30 cyclesꎬ each of three steps(94 for 1 minꎬ 56 for 1 minꎬ 72 for 11049008 5 min)ꎬand a final extension at 72 for 7 min    Twenty ̄seven sequences (18 retrieved from Gen ̄Bank and 9 obtained by authorsꎬ Table 1) were as ̄sembled into a matrix for phylogenetic analyses Thesequence database was subjected to automated align ̄ment and then manually inspected in BioEdit Hypo ̄trachynia adducta was set as the outgroup Ambigu ̄ous regions were deleted Bayesian inference of phy ̄logeny was performed with in MrBayes v31049008 11049008 2 Mod ̄elTest 31049008 7 was used to estimate separate best ̄fitmodels of evolution for ITS Bayesian analyses werecarried out using the Metropoliscoupled Markovchain Monte Carlo method (MCMCMC) Analyseswere run under the GTR model using a gamma ̄dis ̄tributed rate parameter and a proportion of invariablesites Two parallel MCMCMC runs were performedꎬeach using four chains and 1 million generationsꎬsampling trees of every 100th generation The initialburn ̄in was set to 50 A 50 majority ̄rule con ̄sensus cladogram was computed from the remainingtreesꎻ the proportions of this tree correspond toBayesian posterior probabilities (BPP)ꎬ and cladeswith PPge01049008 95 were considered to be significantlysupported The phylogenic trees are shown in Fig1049008 1

2  Result21049008 1  Key to the species of known Canoparmelia

in China

1 Thallus without soredia or isidia C1049008 subtiliacea10490181049018104901810490181 Thallus sorediate or isidiate2 Thallus sorediate  3 Medulla P+ yellowꎬ containing stictic and constictic acid

acid C1049008 crozalsiana10490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018  3 Medulla P-ꎬ containing divaricatic acid

C1049008 texana104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490182 Thallus isidiate    4 Medulla P+ redꎬ containing protocetraric acid

C1049008 amazonica104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018    4 Medulla P-ꎬ containing divaricatic and usnic acid

C1049008 ecaperata10490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018

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Table 1  Species and specimens of Parmeliaceae analyzed

Species name AccessionNO Location Source Species name Accession

NO Location Source

Canoparmelia concrescens GU994543 Kenya GenBank F1049008 papillosa HM010936 Uruguay GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978843 China 10 ̄31934 F1049008 soredians AY586562 Spain GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978844 China 12 ̄33440 F1049008 springtonensis EF042907 Australia GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978845 China 12 ̄33611 F1049008 subambigua GU994551 Argentina GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978846 China 12 ̄34474 F1049008 subambigua JN943839 Argentina GenBankC1049008 nairobiensis GU994545 Kenya GenBank Hypotrachynia adducta KC978855 China 12 ̄34288C1049008 texana KC978847 China 12 ̄37655 Parmotrema subtinctorium KC978853 China 12 ̄35202C1049008 texana KC978848 China 12 ̄37665 P1049008 norsticticatum GU994577 South Africa GenBankC1049008 texana GU994547 Kenya GenBank P1049008 reticulatum AY586579 Portugal GenBankFlavoparmelia baltimorensis AY586559 USA GenBank P1049008 subcaperatum AY586557 Australia GenBankF1049008 caperata AY581059 Spain GenBank P1049008 subtinctorium GU593037 China GenBankF1049008 citrinescens GU994550 Argentina GenBank P1049008 tinctorum AY586570 Australia GenBankF1049008 haywardiana HM010933 New Zealand GenBank P1049008 tinctorun KC978854 China 12 ̄33444F1049008 marchantii JN943840 mdash GenBank

Fig1049008 1  Phylogenic construction of the systematic position of C1049008 ecaperata based on rDNA sequence date Sequences obtained by author

3876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

21049008 2  TaxonomyCanoparmelia ecaperata Elix Hale in Mycotaxon27 277ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia ecaperata Muumlll Arg inFloraꎬ Jena 74 378 1891 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia ecape ̄rata (Muumlll Arg) Hale in Phytologia 29 190ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus folioseꎬ adnateon barkꎬ grayish yellow to yellow ̄greenꎬ 4-14 cm indiamꎻ lobes irregularly sublinearꎬ 1 - 3 mm wideꎬwithout ciliaꎻ upper surface planeꎬ continuousꎬ some ̄times cracked on the old partꎻ covered with denseisidiaꎬ simple and shortꎬ 01049008 1-1 mm longꎬ cylindri ̄cal or clavateꎬ mature ones with brown to black tipsꎻmedulla whiteꎬ 621049008 5 - 75 μm thickꎻ lower surface

blackꎬ turning brownish near the marginꎬ rhizinesrareꎬ simple and blackꎬ 01049008 5 - 11049008 5 mm longꎻ lowercortex 25-75 μm thickꎬ Apothecia not seen (Fig1049008 2)

Chemistry Cortex K ̄ꎬ medulla K ̄ꎬ C ̄ (pink)ꎬKC ̄ꎬ P ̄ꎻ atranorinꎬ divaricatic acidꎬ usnic acid and anunknown compound (Rf value between classes 4 and 5)

Distribution China Yunnan Provinceꎬ NanjianCo (Fig1049008 3)ꎻ Africaꎬ Nepalꎬ Indiaꎬ Thailand (Haleand Masonꎬ 1976ꎻ Singh and Sinhaꎬ 2010ꎻ Swins ̄cow et alꎬ 1988ꎻ Wolseley et alꎬ 2002)

Habitat and ecology This species grows on thebark of Pinus yunnanensis from 1 300 m to 2 100 min Nanjian Coꎬ Yunnan

Fig1049008 2  Canoparmelia ecaperata A Habitatꎻ B Cylindrical laminal isidia C Narrow and sublinear lobes(All based on Li S Wang 12-37823)

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Fig1049008 3  Distribution map of C1049008 ecaperata (left) and C1049008 texana (right) from Hengduan Mountains

    Remarks Canoparmelia ecaperata is similar toParmotrema conformatum and Flavoparmelia caperataThe former differs from C1049008 ecaperata in the presenceof fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids ( P +red)ꎬ ciliate lobes (Chen et alꎬ 2005ꎻ Benatti andMarcelliꎬ 2009) Moreoverꎬ C1049008 ecaperata occurs mainlyin the tropical area of the Southern Hemisphere (El ̄ix and McCarthyꎬ 1998ꎻ Noumlske and Sipmanꎬ 2004)ꎬwhereas C1049008 ecaperata has been reported from Indiaand Thailand (Haleꎬ 1976) Flavoparmelia caperatadiffers in the sorediate rather than isidiate lobesꎬ andthe presence of protocetraric acid rather than atra ̄norin as the main compound Canoparmelia concres ̄cens might be confused with C1049008 ecaperata but is dis ̄tinguished by the bright yellow thallus ( containingusnic acid in the cortex)ꎬ and its distribution only inAfrica Finally C1049008 amazonicaꎬ which also has isidiacan be easily distinguished by the lack of usnic acidand spare rhizines

Specimens examined Yunnan Province Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Villageꎬ N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬWang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37814ꎬ 12-37820ꎬ12- 37822ꎬ 12 - 37823ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ GonglangVillageꎬ N 24deg431049008 103primeꎬ E 100deg251049008 514primeꎬ alt 1 840mꎬon Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33611ꎬ 25 March 2012 Longling Coꎬ SongshanMtꎬ N 24deg441049008 672primeꎬ E 98deg541049008 281primeꎬ alt 2 000 mꎬ

on Pinusꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33440ꎬ 30 March2012ꎻ Langcang Coꎬ Mengla Villageꎬ on Pinusꎬalt 1 100 mꎬ Wang Lisong 10 - 31934ꎬ 11 Dec2010ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ Ningrsquoer Coꎬ nearby road 213ꎬN 22deg53prime551049008 44Primeꎬ E 101deg02prime281049008 41Primeꎬ alt 1 334 mꎬon barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12 - 34474ꎬ 21 June2012ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ N 221049008 48degꎬ E 1001049008 58degꎬ ZhaoJi ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 2942ꎬ HMAS 100308ꎬ 18Nov 1960ꎻ Kunming Cityꎬ Heilongtanꎬ N 251049008 04degꎬE 1021049008 42degꎬ Zhao Ji ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 4748ꎬHMAS 100307ꎬ 16 Dec 1960

Canoparmelia texana (Tuck) Elix Hale in Myco ̄taxon 27 278ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia texana Tucker ̄man in American Journal of Science and Arts series2 (253) 424ꎬ 1858 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia texana(Tuckerman) Hale in Phytologia 28 191ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus grayꎬ upper sur ̄face covered with dense soraliaꎬ punctiform or capi ̄tateꎻ lower surface blackꎻ moderately rhizinateꎬ rhiz ̄ines simpleꎻ containing atranorin and divaricatic acid

Distribution Pantemperate outside of Europeand pantropical at higher elevations Shandong andTaiwan Province in China (Jiaꎬ 2008ꎻ Laiꎬ 2000)ꎻNew to Yunnan Province (Fig1049008 3)

Specimens examined Yunnan Provinceꎬ Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Village N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ

5876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37805ꎬ 12-37810ꎬ12-37889ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ Wuliang Medicine ValleyꎬN 24deg52prime21049008 76Primeꎻ E 100deg34prime511049008 39Primeꎬ alt 2 345 mꎬon Pinus amandii barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu12-37655ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Hongxing Villageꎬ Wu ̄liang Medicine Valleyꎬ N 24deg50prime401049008 41Primeꎬ E 100deg38prime41049008 52Primeꎬ alt 2 341 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12 - 36923ꎬ 16 Oct 2012ꎻ GonglangCountryꎬ Jinguo Villageꎬ N 24deg481049008 557primeꎬ E 100deg241049008 839primeꎬ alt 2 270 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al12- 33742ꎬ 25 March 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N24deg46prime101049008 55Primeꎻ E 100deg25prime081049008 13Primeꎬ alt 1 640 mꎬ onbarkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37674ꎬ 19Dec 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N 24deg47prime211049008 60Primeꎻ E100deg25prime071049008 78Primeꎬ alt 1 740 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Li ̄song Wang Xinyu 12-37665ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Da ̄dianshan Mtꎬ N 24deg51prime48Primeꎬ E 100deg34prime39Primeꎬ alt2 543 mꎬ on branchꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-32957ꎬ21 March 2012

Canoparmelia amazonica ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface covered with rarebranched isidiaꎬ rhizines dense Containing atranorinand protocetraric acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia crozalsiana (Bouly de Lesdain) Elix Hale in Mycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greenish or grayꎬ sorediateꎬ moderatelyrhizinate Containing atranorinꎬ stictic acidꎬ constic ̄tic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia subtiliacea ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 279ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface without soredia orisidiaꎬ rhizines rare Containing atranorin and caper ̄atic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

3  DiscussionSince the genera Flavoparmeliaꎬ Pamotremaꎬ

and Canoparmelia are similar in external morphology(Table 2) and therefore hard to distinguish fromeach otherꎬ the phylogenetic method was applied inthis study to verify the systematic position of thesetaxa and validate the morphological identificationThe genus Parmotrema is characterized by broadlobes (usually more than 5 mm) and rareꎬ simplerhizines in the central part of the lower surfaceꎬ up ̄per surface grayish greenꎬ without usnic acid (Chenet alꎬ 2005)ꎻ Flavoparmelia is characterized bybroad and roundish lobesꎬ containing usnic acid onthe upper surface so that the color is yellow ̄green(Haleꎬ 1986 )ꎻ Canoparmelia has sublinear andrather narrow lobesꎬ closely attached to the sub ̄strateꎬ has a subtropical to tropical distributionꎬ andalways contains atranorin as the main compound(Elix et alꎬ 1986)

Parmotrema conformatum was previously repor ̄ted from Yunnan Province by Zhao et al (1982)ꎬbasedꎬ howeverꎬ on two specimens (HMAS 100307100308) that lacked cilia and had P ̄ medullary re ̄action Careful examination of the two specimens re ̄vealed that they belong to C1049008 ecaperata according tomorphologicalꎬ chemicalꎬ and distributional charac ̄ters This is further supported by inferences from mo ̄lecular data whereby both specimens belong to Cano ̄parmelia and to C1049008 ecaperata in particular

Table 2  Key differences among Canoparmeliaꎬ Flavoparmelia and Parmotrema

Flavoparmelia Parmotrema CanoparmeliaThallus color Yellowish ̄green Grey to greenish Grey to yellowishLobes Broad (2-6 mm) Rather broad (5-10 mm) Medium (01049008 5-5 mm)

Lower surface Blackꎬ with a narrowꎬ brownꎬnaked marginal zone

Brown to blackꎬ with broadnaked zone

Blackꎬ narrowꎬ brownꎬ marginalzone (lt1 mm)

Rhizines Sparse to moderateꎬ simple orbranched

Sparse and simpleꎬ in thethallus center

Moderate to denseꎬ Simple ortufted

Characteristic compounds Usnic acid Atranorin Atranorinꎬ usnic acidDistribution Temperate Temperate to tropical Subtropical to tropical

687                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

    The phylogenetic tree showed a final alignmentconsisting of 480 charactersꎬ of which 281 charactersare constantꎬ 31 variable parsimony ̄uninformativeꎬand 168 parsimony ̄informative All characters haveequal weight Gaps are treated as missing The GCcontent of C1049008 ecaperata is 541049008 7ꎬ lower than C1049008 texana(561049008 2) The molecular data showed that the phy ̄logenetic relationship of C1049008 ecaperata is closer toCanoparmeliaꎬ which is in accord with our morpho ̄logical identification The final result confirms theplacement of this species in the Canoparmelia clade Inthis analysisꎬ C1049008 ecaperata is recovered as sister groupof C1049008 texana and C1049008 concrescens with high support

In conclusionꎬ the presence of two taxa of Canop ̄armelia has been confirmed from the HengduanMountains based on morphologicalꎬ chemical and phy ̄logenetic study C1049008 ecaperata is reported as new to Chi ̄na and C1049008 texana as new to Yunnan The previous re ̄cord of Parmotrema conformatum from China is basedon misidentification ( = C1049008 ecaperata) which impliesthat the species should be deleted from the flora ofChina The study added to the lichen biodiversity of theHengduan Mountainsꎬ and also showed that there isstill a high potential for new discoveries in this region

Acknowledgment We are grateful to Prof Bernard Goffinet(University of Connecticutꎬ USA) and Prof Schmidt ̄Vogt Di ̄etrich (KIB) for reviewing the manuscriptꎬ Ms Deng Hong forhelping with the original specimens studyꎬ Dr Li GuodongꎬDr Yu Wenbinꎬ Tang Kemin and Liang Mengmeng for theirhelp with the molecular analysisꎬ Dr Ma Wenzhang for his as ̄sistance during our field workꎬ Prof Du Zhizhi and ZhangHongxia for their support with the chemical analysis We wouldalso like to thank Yunnan Wei ̄he Pharmaceutical Coꎬ Ltd(云南维和药业股份有限公司) for the financial support

ReferencesBenatti MNꎬ Marcelli MPꎬ 2009 Species of Parmotrema ( Parmeli ̄

aceaeꎬ Ascomycota) of the central ̄southern coast of Satildeo PauloEtateꎬ Brazil I Gyrophoric and lecanoric chemical group [ J] Acta Botanica Brasilicaꎬ 23 (4) 1013mdash1026

Chen JBꎬ Wang SLꎬ Elix JAꎬ 2005 Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) li ̄chens in Chinaprimes mainland III The genus Parmotrema [J] My ̄cotaxonꎬ 91 93mdash114

Culberson CFꎬ Houmlr ̄Dur Kꎬ 1970 A standardized method for the iden ̄

tification of lichen products [ J] Journal of Chromatography Aꎬ46 85mdash93

Elix JAꎬ Johnston Jꎬ Verdon Dꎬ 1986 Canoparmeliaꎬ Paraparmeliaand Relicinopsisꎬ three new genera in the Parmeliaceae ( lichen ̄ized Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 27 271mdash282

Elix JAꎬ McCarthy PMꎬ 1998 Catalogue of the Lichens of the SmallerPacific Islands [M] Bibliotheca Lichenologicaꎬ 70ꎬ J CramerꎬStuttgartꎬ 361

Gardes Mꎬ Bruns Tꎬ 1993 ITS primers with enhanced specificity forbasidiomycetes ̄application to the identification of mycorrhizae andrusts [J] Molecular Ecologyꎬ 2 (2) 113mdash118

Hale MEꎬ 1976 A monograph of the lichen genus PseudoparmeliaLynge (Parmeliaceae) [ J] Smithsonian Contributions to Bota ̄nyꎬ 31 1mdash62

Hale MEꎬ 1986 Flavoparmeliaꎬ a new genus in the lichen family Parmeli ̄aceae (Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 25 (2) 603mdash605

Hawksworth DLꎬ Kirk PMꎬ Cannon PF et alꎬ 1995 Ainsworth Bis ̄byrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi [M]ꎬ 8th ed Wallingfored CABInternationalꎬ 1mdash616

Jia ZFꎬ Li YLꎬ Hou J et alꎬ 2008 A study of lichen genus Canoparme ̄lia from Taishan Mountain [J] Mycosystemaꎬ 27 (3) 461mdash463

Lai MZꎬ 2000 Illustrated Macrolichens of Taiwan I [M] TaipeiCouncil of Agricultureꎬ 106mdash107

Noumlske NMꎬ Sipman HJMꎬ 2004 Cryptogams of the reserva bioloacutegicasan francisco ( Province Zamora ̄Chinchipeꎬ Southern Ecuador)II Lichens [J] Cryptogamieꎬ Mycologieꎬ 25 (1) 91mdash100

Orange Aꎬ James PWꎬ White FJ et alꎬ 2001 Microchemical Methodsfor the Identification of Lichens [M] London British Lichen So ̄cietyꎬ 1mdash101

Singh Kꎬ Sinha Gꎬ 2010 Indian Lichens an Annotated Checklist[M] India Botanical Survey of Indiaꎬ 1mdash572

Swinscow Tꎬ Douglas Vꎬ Krog Hꎬ 1988 Macrolichens of East Africa[M] London British Museum (Natural History)ꎬ 1mdash383

Thell Aꎬ Crespo Aꎬ Pradeep K et alꎬ 2012 A review of the lichenfamily Parmeliaceae ̄historyꎬ phylogeny and current taxonomy[J] Nordic Journal of Botanyꎬ 30 641mdash664

Wei JCꎬ 1991 An Enumeration of Lichens in China [M] BeijingInternational Academic Publishers Ltdꎬ 1mdash278

White TJꎬ 1990 Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal riboso ̄mal RNA genes for phylogenetics [A] In Innis MAꎬ GelfandDHꎬ Sninsky JJ et al (eds)ꎬ PCR Protocols [M] San DiegoAcademic Pressꎬ 315mdash322

Wolseley Yꎬ Patricia Aꎬ Aguirre ̄Hudson B et alꎬ 2002 Catalogue ofthe lichens of Thailand [J] Bulletin of the Natural History Muse ̄um Botanyꎬ 32 (01) 13mdash59

Yoshimura Iꎬ 1974 Lichen Flora of Japan in Color [M] OsakaHoikusha Publishing Coꎬ Ltdꎬ 124mdash159

Zhao JD (赵继鼎)ꎬ Xu LW (徐连旺)ꎬ Sun ZM (孙曾美)ꎬ 1982The Preliminary of Lichen in China (中国地衣初编) [M]Beijing Science Pressꎬ 41mdash43

7876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

China two from Taiwan (Weiꎬ 1991ꎻ Laiꎬ 2000)ꎬand three from mainland China ( Jia et alꎬ 2008)As part of an inventory of the lichen flora of theHengduan Mountains (Yunnanꎬ China) several spe ̄cimens of Canoparmelia were collected These be ̄long to C1049008 ecaperata Elix Haleꎬ which is a new re ̄cord to the flora of Chinaꎬ and to C1049008 texanaꎬ whichis new to Yunnan Province All specimens of Par ̄motrema conformatumꎬ previously reported from Yun ̄nan were misidentified and belong to C1049008 ecaperata

1  Materials and MethodsThe specimens were mainly collected from Yun ̄

nan Provinceꎬ and were deposited in KUN (Herbar ̄ium of Kunming Institute of Botany) External mor ̄phological descriptions were based on air ̄dried ma ̄terialsꎬ and observation under stereomicroscopy (Don ̄gwon OSM ̄1) Chemical characteristics were exami ̄ned by medullary color reactionꎬ with the solutionfor the color reaction following the methods describedby Yoshimura (1974) K (10 aqueous KOH so ̄lution)ꎬ C (NaClO solution)ꎬ KC (10 KOH fol ̄lowed by C solution)ꎬ P (5 alcoholic P ̄pheny ̄lenediamine) Thin layer chromatography (TLC) ofacetone extracts was also carried out to further char ̄acterize the chemical profile of the specimensꎬ usingsolvent systems C and G ( Culberson and Houmlr ̄Durꎬ1970ꎻ Orange et alꎬ 2001) and Lethariella cla ̄donioides (Nyl) Krog as control sample

DNA was extracted from freshly collected andfrozen herbarium specimens grinded to a fine pow ̄derꎬ using Axyprep Multisource Genomic DNA Mini ̄prep Kit following the manufacturerrsquo s instructionsThe nuclear ITS (rDNA repeat) was amplified usingprimers ITS1 and ITS4 (Whiteꎬ 1990ꎻ Gardes andBrunsꎬ 1993) in 25 μL reaction volume composed of2 μL DNAꎬ 1 μL of each primerꎬ 121049008 5 μL 2 times TaqPCR Mastermix (Aidlab) (contain Taq DNA Polymer ̄ase 01049008 1 unit1048944μL-1ꎻ MgCl2 4 mmol1048944L-1ꎻ dNTPs01049008 4 mmol1048944L-1)ꎬ 81049008 5 μL dH2O Amplifications werecarried out in an automatic thermocycler (C 1000TM)ꎬwith the following profile initial denaturation at 94

for 5 minꎬ followed by 30 cyclesꎬ each of three steps(94 for 1 minꎬ 56 for 1 minꎬ 72 for 11049008 5 min)ꎬand a final extension at 72 for 7 min    Twenty ̄seven sequences (18 retrieved from Gen ̄Bank and 9 obtained by authorsꎬ Table 1) were as ̄sembled into a matrix for phylogenetic analyses Thesequence database was subjected to automated align ̄ment and then manually inspected in BioEdit Hypo ̄trachynia adducta was set as the outgroup Ambigu ̄ous regions were deleted Bayesian inference of phy ̄logeny was performed with in MrBayes v31049008 11049008 2 Mod ̄elTest 31049008 7 was used to estimate separate best ̄fitmodels of evolution for ITS Bayesian analyses werecarried out using the Metropoliscoupled Markovchain Monte Carlo method (MCMCMC) Analyseswere run under the GTR model using a gamma ̄dis ̄tributed rate parameter and a proportion of invariablesites Two parallel MCMCMC runs were performedꎬeach using four chains and 1 million generationsꎬsampling trees of every 100th generation The initialburn ̄in was set to 50 A 50 majority ̄rule con ̄sensus cladogram was computed from the remainingtreesꎻ the proportions of this tree correspond toBayesian posterior probabilities (BPP)ꎬ and cladeswith PPge01049008 95 were considered to be significantlysupported The phylogenic trees are shown in Fig1049008 1

2  Result21049008 1  Key to the species of known Canoparmelia

in China

1 Thallus without soredia or isidia C1049008 subtiliacea10490181049018104901810490181 Thallus sorediate or isidiate2 Thallus sorediate  3 Medulla P+ yellowꎬ containing stictic and constictic acid

acid C1049008 crozalsiana10490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018  3 Medulla P-ꎬ containing divaricatic acid

C1049008 texana104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490182 Thallus isidiate    4 Medulla P+ redꎬ containing protocetraric acid

C1049008 amazonica104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018    4 Medulla P-ꎬ containing divaricatic and usnic acid

C1049008 ecaperata10490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018104901810490181049018

287                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

Table 1  Species and specimens of Parmeliaceae analyzed

Species name AccessionNO Location Source Species name Accession

NO Location Source

Canoparmelia concrescens GU994543 Kenya GenBank F1049008 papillosa HM010936 Uruguay GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978843 China 10 ̄31934 F1049008 soredians AY586562 Spain GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978844 China 12 ̄33440 F1049008 springtonensis EF042907 Australia GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978845 China 12 ̄33611 F1049008 subambigua GU994551 Argentina GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978846 China 12 ̄34474 F1049008 subambigua JN943839 Argentina GenBankC1049008 nairobiensis GU994545 Kenya GenBank Hypotrachynia adducta KC978855 China 12 ̄34288C1049008 texana KC978847 China 12 ̄37655 Parmotrema subtinctorium KC978853 China 12 ̄35202C1049008 texana KC978848 China 12 ̄37665 P1049008 norsticticatum GU994577 South Africa GenBankC1049008 texana GU994547 Kenya GenBank P1049008 reticulatum AY586579 Portugal GenBankFlavoparmelia baltimorensis AY586559 USA GenBank P1049008 subcaperatum AY586557 Australia GenBankF1049008 caperata AY581059 Spain GenBank P1049008 subtinctorium GU593037 China GenBankF1049008 citrinescens GU994550 Argentina GenBank P1049008 tinctorum AY586570 Australia GenBankF1049008 haywardiana HM010933 New Zealand GenBank P1049008 tinctorun KC978854 China 12 ̄33444F1049008 marchantii JN943840 mdash GenBank

Fig1049008 1  Phylogenic construction of the systematic position of C1049008 ecaperata based on rDNA sequence date Sequences obtained by author

3876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

21049008 2  TaxonomyCanoparmelia ecaperata Elix Hale in Mycotaxon27 277ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia ecaperata Muumlll Arg inFloraꎬ Jena 74 378 1891 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia ecape ̄rata (Muumlll Arg) Hale in Phytologia 29 190ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus folioseꎬ adnateon barkꎬ grayish yellow to yellow ̄greenꎬ 4-14 cm indiamꎻ lobes irregularly sublinearꎬ 1 - 3 mm wideꎬwithout ciliaꎻ upper surface planeꎬ continuousꎬ some ̄times cracked on the old partꎻ covered with denseisidiaꎬ simple and shortꎬ 01049008 1-1 mm longꎬ cylindri ̄cal or clavateꎬ mature ones with brown to black tipsꎻmedulla whiteꎬ 621049008 5 - 75 μm thickꎻ lower surface

blackꎬ turning brownish near the marginꎬ rhizinesrareꎬ simple and blackꎬ 01049008 5 - 11049008 5 mm longꎻ lowercortex 25-75 μm thickꎬ Apothecia not seen (Fig1049008 2)

Chemistry Cortex K ̄ꎬ medulla K ̄ꎬ C ̄ (pink)ꎬKC ̄ꎬ P ̄ꎻ atranorinꎬ divaricatic acidꎬ usnic acid and anunknown compound (Rf value between classes 4 and 5)

Distribution China Yunnan Provinceꎬ NanjianCo (Fig1049008 3)ꎻ Africaꎬ Nepalꎬ Indiaꎬ Thailand (Haleand Masonꎬ 1976ꎻ Singh and Sinhaꎬ 2010ꎻ Swins ̄cow et alꎬ 1988ꎻ Wolseley et alꎬ 2002)

Habitat and ecology This species grows on thebark of Pinus yunnanensis from 1 300 m to 2 100 min Nanjian Coꎬ Yunnan

Fig1049008 2  Canoparmelia ecaperata A Habitatꎻ B Cylindrical laminal isidia C Narrow and sublinear lobes(All based on Li S Wang 12-37823)

487                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

Fig1049008 3  Distribution map of C1049008 ecaperata (left) and C1049008 texana (right) from Hengduan Mountains

    Remarks Canoparmelia ecaperata is similar toParmotrema conformatum and Flavoparmelia caperataThe former differs from C1049008 ecaperata in the presenceof fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids ( P +red)ꎬ ciliate lobes (Chen et alꎬ 2005ꎻ Benatti andMarcelliꎬ 2009) Moreoverꎬ C1049008 ecaperata occurs mainlyin the tropical area of the Southern Hemisphere (El ̄ix and McCarthyꎬ 1998ꎻ Noumlske and Sipmanꎬ 2004)ꎬwhereas C1049008 ecaperata has been reported from Indiaand Thailand (Haleꎬ 1976) Flavoparmelia caperatadiffers in the sorediate rather than isidiate lobesꎬ andthe presence of protocetraric acid rather than atra ̄norin as the main compound Canoparmelia concres ̄cens might be confused with C1049008 ecaperata but is dis ̄tinguished by the bright yellow thallus ( containingusnic acid in the cortex)ꎬ and its distribution only inAfrica Finally C1049008 amazonicaꎬ which also has isidiacan be easily distinguished by the lack of usnic acidand spare rhizines

Specimens examined Yunnan Province Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Villageꎬ N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬWang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37814ꎬ 12-37820ꎬ12- 37822ꎬ 12 - 37823ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ GonglangVillageꎬ N 24deg431049008 103primeꎬ E 100deg251049008 514primeꎬ alt 1 840mꎬon Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33611ꎬ 25 March 2012 Longling Coꎬ SongshanMtꎬ N 24deg441049008 672primeꎬ E 98deg541049008 281primeꎬ alt 2 000 mꎬ

on Pinusꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33440ꎬ 30 March2012ꎻ Langcang Coꎬ Mengla Villageꎬ on Pinusꎬalt 1 100 mꎬ Wang Lisong 10 - 31934ꎬ 11 Dec2010ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ Ningrsquoer Coꎬ nearby road 213ꎬN 22deg53prime551049008 44Primeꎬ E 101deg02prime281049008 41Primeꎬ alt 1 334 mꎬon barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12 - 34474ꎬ 21 June2012ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ N 221049008 48degꎬ E 1001049008 58degꎬ ZhaoJi ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 2942ꎬ HMAS 100308ꎬ 18Nov 1960ꎻ Kunming Cityꎬ Heilongtanꎬ N 251049008 04degꎬE 1021049008 42degꎬ Zhao Ji ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 4748ꎬHMAS 100307ꎬ 16 Dec 1960

Canoparmelia texana (Tuck) Elix Hale in Myco ̄taxon 27 278ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia texana Tucker ̄man in American Journal of Science and Arts series2 (253) 424ꎬ 1858 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia texana(Tuckerman) Hale in Phytologia 28 191ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus grayꎬ upper sur ̄face covered with dense soraliaꎬ punctiform or capi ̄tateꎻ lower surface blackꎻ moderately rhizinateꎬ rhiz ̄ines simpleꎻ containing atranorin and divaricatic acid

Distribution Pantemperate outside of Europeand pantropical at higher elevations Shandong andTaiwan Province in China (Jiaꎬ 2008ꎻ Laiꎬ 2000)ꎻNew to Yunnan Province (Fig1049008 3)

Specimens examined Yunnan Provinceꎬ Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Village N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ

5876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37805ꎬ 12-37810ꎬ12-37889ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ Wuliang Medicine ValleyꎬN 24deg52prime21049008 76Primeꎻ E 100deg34prime511049008 39Primeꎬ alt 2 345 mꎬon Pinus amandii barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu12-37655ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Hongxing Villageꎬ Wu ̄liang Medicine Valleyꎬ N 24deg50prime401049008 41Primeꎬ E 100deg38prime41049008 52Primeꎬ alt 2 341 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12 - 36923ꎬ 16 Oct 2012ꎻ GonglangCountryꎬ Jinguo Villageꎬ N 24deg481049008 557primeꎬ E 100deg241049008 839primeꎬ alt 2 270 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al12- 33742ꎬ 25 March 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N24deg46prime101049008 55Primeꎻ E 100deg25prime081049008 13Primeꎬ alt 1 640 mꎬ onbarkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37674ꎬ 19Dec 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N 24deg47prime211049008 60Primeꎻ E100deg25prime071049008 78Primeꎬ alt 1 740 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Li ̄song Wang Xinyu 12-37665ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Da ̄dianshan Mtꎬ N 24deg51prime48Primeꎬ E 100deg34prime39Primeꎬ alt2 543 mꎬ on branchꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-32957ꎬ21 March 2012

Canoparmelia amazonica ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface covered with rarebranched isidiaꎬ rhizines dense Containing atranorinand protocetraric acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia crozalsiana (Bouly de Lesdain) Elix Hale in Mycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greenish or grayꎬ sorediateꎬ moderatelyrhizinate Containing atranorinꎬ stictic acidꎬ constic ̄tic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia subtiliacea ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 279ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface without soredia orisidiaꎬ rhizines rare Containing atranorin and caper ̄atic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

3  DiscussionSince the genera Flavoparmeliaꎬ Pamotremaꎬ

and Canoparmelia are similar in external morphology(Table 2) and therefore hard to distinguish fromeach otherꎬ the phylogenetic method was applied inthis study to verify the systematic position of thesetaxa and validate the morphological identificationThe genus Parmotrema is characterized by broadlobes (usually more than 5 mm) and rareꎬ simplerhizines in the central part of the lower surfaceꎬ up ̄per surface grayish greenꎬ without usnic acid (Chenet alꎬ 2005)ꎻ Flavoparmelia is characterized bybroad and roundish lobesꎬ containing usnic acid onthe upper surface so that the color is yellow ̄green(Haleꎬ 1986 )ꎻ Canoparmelia has sublinear andrather narrow lobesꎬ closely attached to the sub ̄strateꎬ has a subtropical to tropical distributionꎬ andalways contains atranorin as the main compound(Elix et alꎬ 1986)

Parmotrema conformatum was previously repor ̄ted from Yunnan Province by Zhao et al (1982)ꎬbasedꎬ howeverꎬ on two specimens (HMAS 100307100308) that lacked cilia and had P ̄ medullary re ̄action Careful examination of the two specimens re ̄vealed that they belong to C1049008 ecaperata according tomorphologicalꎬ chemicalꎬ and distributional charac ̄ters This is further supported by inferences from mo ̄lecular data whereby both specimens belong to Cano ̄parmelia and to C1049008 ecaperata in particular

Table 2  Key differences among Canoparmeliaꎬ Flavoparmelia and Parmotrema

Flavoparmelia Parmotrema CanoparmeliaThallus color Yellowish ̄green Grey to greenish Grey to yellowishLobes Broad (2-6 mm) Rather broad (5-10 mm) Medium (01049008 5-5 mm)

Lower surface Blackꎬ with a narrowꎬ brownꎬnaked marginal zone

Brown to blackꎬ with broadnaked zone

Blackꎬ narrowꎬ brownꎬ marginalzone (lt1 mm)

Rhizines Sparse to moderateꎬ simple orbranched

Sparse and simpleꎬ in thethallus center

Moderate to denseꎬ Simple ortufted

Characteristic compounds Usnic acid Atranorin Atranorinꎬ usnic acidDistribution Temperate Temperate to tropical Subtropical to tropical

687                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

    The phylogenetic tree showed a final alignmentconsisting of 480 charactersꎬ of which 281 charactersare constantꎬ 31 variable parsimony ̄uninformativeꎬand 168 parsimony ̄informative All characters haveequal weight Gaps are treated as missing The GCcontent of C1049008 ecaperata is 541049008 7ꎬ lower than C1049008 texana(561049008 2) The molecular data showed that the phy ̄logenetic relationship of C1049008 ecaperata is closer toCanoparmeliaꎬ which is in accord with our morpho ̄logical identification The final result confirms theplacement of this species in the Canoparmelia clade Inthis analysisꎬ C1049008 ecaperata is recovered as sister groupof C1049008 texana and C1049008 concrescens with high support

In conclusionꎬ the presence of two taxa of Canop ̄armelia has been confirmed from the HengduanMountains based on morphologicalꎬ chemical and phy ̄logenetic study C1049008 ecaperata is reported as new to Chi ̄na and C1049008 texana as new to Yunnan The previous re ̄cord of Parmotrema conformatum from China is basedon misidentification ( = C1049008 ecaperata) which impliesthat the species should be deleted from the flora ofChina The study added to the lichen biodiversity of theHengduan Mountainsꎬ and also showed that there isstill a high potential for new discoveries in this region

Acknowledgment We are grateful to Prof Bernard Goffinet(University of Connecticutꎬ USA) and Prof Schmidt ̄Vogt Di ̄etrich (KIB) for reviewing the manuscriptꎬ Ms Deng Hong forhelping with the original specimens studyꎬ Dr Li GuodongꎬDr Yu Wenbinꎬ Tang Kemin and Liang Mengmeng for theirhelp with the molecular analysisꎬ Dr Ma Wenzhang for his as ̄sistance during our field workꎬ Prof Du Zhizhi and ZhangHongxia for their support with the chemical analysis We wouldalso like to thank Yunnan Wei ̄he Pharmaceutical Coꎬ Ltd(云南维和药业股份有限公司) for the financial support

ReferencesBenatti MNꎬ Marcelli MPꎬ 2009 Species of Parmotrema ( Parmeli ̄

aceaeꎬ Ascomycota) of the central ̄southern coast of Satildeo PauloEtateꎬ Brazil I Gyrophoric and lecanoric chemical group [ J] Acta Botanica Brasilicaꎬ 23 (4) 1013mdash1026

Chen JBꎬ Wang SLꎬ Elix JAꎬ 2005 Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) li ̄chens in Chinaprimes mainland III The genus Parmotrema [J] My ̄cotaxonꎬ 91 93mdash114

Culberson CFꎬ Houmlr ̄Dur Kꎬ 1970 A standardized method for the iden ̄

tification of lichen products [ J] Journal of Chromatography Aꎬ46 85mdash93

Elix JAꎬ Johnston Jꎬ Verdon Dꎬ 1986 Canoparmeliaꎬ Paraparmeliaand Relicinopsisꎬ three new genera in the Parmeliaceae ( lichen ̄ized Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 27 271mdash282

Elix JAꎬ McCarthy PMꎬ 1998 Catalogue of the Lichens of the SmallerPacific Islands [M] Bibliotheca Lichenologicaꎬ 70ꎬ J CramerꎬStuttgartꎬ 361

Gardes Mꎬ Bruns Tꎬ 1993 ITS primers with enhanced specificity forbasidiomycetes ̄application to the identification of mycorrhizae andrusts [J] Molecular Ecologyꎬ 2 (2) 113mdash118

Hale MEꎬ 1976 A monograph of the lichen genus PseudoparmeliaLynge (Parmeliaceae) [ J] Smithsonian Contributions to Bota ̄nyꎬ 31 1mdash62

Hale MEꎬ 1986 Flavoparmeliaꎬ a new genus in the lichen family Parmeli ̄aceae (Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 25 (2) 603mdash605

Hawksworth DLꎬ Kirk PMꎬ Cannon PF et alꎬ 1995 Ainsworth Bis ̄byrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi [M]ꎬ 8th ed Wallingfored CABInternationalꎬ 1mdash616

Jia ZFꎬ Li YLꎬ Hou J et alꎬ 2008 A study of lichen genus Canoparme ̄lia from Taishan Mountain [J] Mycosystemaꎬ 27 (3) 461mdash463

Lai MZꎬ 2000 Illustrated Macrolichens of Taiwan I [M] TaipeiCouncil of Agricultureꎬ 106mdash107

Noumlske NMꎬ Sipman HJMꎬ 2004 Cryptogams of the reserva bioloacutegicasan francisco ( Province Zamora ̄Chinchipeꎬ Southern Ecuador)II Lichens [J] Cryptogamieꎬ Mycologieꎬ 25 (1) 91mdash100

Orange Aꎬ James PWꎬ White FJ et alꎬ 2001 Microchemical Methodsfor the Identification of Lichens [M] London British Lichen So ̄cietyꎬ 1mdash101

Singh Kꎬ Sinha Gꎬ 2010 Indian Lichens an Annotated Checklist[M] India Botanical Survey of Indiaꎬ 1mdash572

Swinscow Tꎬ Douglas Vꎬ Krog Hꎬ 1988 Macrolichens of East Africa[M] London British Museum (Natural History)ꎬ 1mdash383

Thell Aꎬ Crespo Aꎬ Pradeep K et alꎬ 2012 A review of the lichenfamily Parmeliaceae ̄historyꎬ phylogeny and current taxonomy[J] Nordic Journal of Botanyꎬ 30 641mdash664

Wei JCꎬ 1991 An Enumeration of Lichens in China [M] BeijingInternational Academic Publishers Ltdꎬ 1mdash278

White TJꎬ 1990 Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal riboso ̄mal RNA genes for phylogenetics [A] In Innis MAꎬ GelfandDHꎬ Sninsky JJ et al (eds)ꎬ PCR Protocols [M] San DiegoAcademic Pressꎬ 315mdash322

Wolseley Yꎬ Patricia Aꎬ Aguirre ̄Hudson B et alꎬ 2002 Catalogue ofthe lichens of Thailand [J] Bulletin of the Natural History Muse ̄um Botanyꎬ 32 (01) 13mdash59

Yoshimura Iꎬ 1974 Lichen Flora of Japan in Color [M] OsakaHoikusha Publishing Coꎬ Ltdꎬ 124mdash159

Zhao JD (赵继鼎)ꎬ Xu LW (徐连旺)ꎬ Sun ZM (孙曾美)ꎬ 1982The Preliminary of Lichen in China (中国地衣初编) [M]Beijing Science Pressꎬ 41mdash43

7876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

Table 1  Species and specimens of Parmeliaceae analyzed

Species name AccessionNO Location Source Species name Accession

NO Location Source

Canoparmelia concrescens GU994543 Kenya GenBank F1049008 papillosa HM010936 Uruguay GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978843 China 10 ̄31934 F1049008 soredians AY586562 Spain GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978844 China 12 ̄33440 F1049008 springtonensis EF042907 Australia GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978845 China 12 ̄33611 F1049008 subambigua GU994551 Argentina GenBankC1049008 ecaperata KC978846 China 12 ̄34474 F1049008 subambigua JN943839 Argentina GenBankC1049008 nairobiensis GU994545 Kenya GenBank Hypotrachynia adducta KC978855 China 12 ̄34288C1049008 texana KC978847 China 12 ̄37655 Parmotrema subtinctorium KC978853 China 12 ̄35202C1049008 texana KC978848 China 12 ̄37665 P1049008 norsticticatum GU994577 South Africa GenBankC1049008 texana GU994547 Kenya GenBank P1049008 reticulatum AY586579 Portugal GenBankFlavoparmelia baltimorensis AY586559 USA GenBank P1049008 subcaperatum AY586557 Australia GenBankF1049008 caperata AY581059 Spain GenBank P1049008 subtinctorium GU593037 China GenBankF1049008 citrinescens GU994550 Argentina GenBank P1049008 tinctorum AY586570 Australia GenBankF1049008 haywardiana HM010933 New Zealand GenBank P1049008 tinctorun KC978854 China 12 ̄33444F1049008 marchantii JN943840 mdash GenBank

Fig1049008 1  Phylogenic construction of the systematic position of C1049008 ecaperata based on rDNA sequence date Sequences obtained by author

3876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

21049008 2  TaxonomyCanoparmelia ecaperata Elix Hale in Mycotaxon27 277ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia ecaperata Muumlll Arg inFloraꎬ Jena 74 378 1891 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia ecape ̄rata (Muumlll Arg) Hale in Phytologia 29 190ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus folioseꎬ adnateon barkꎬ grayish yellow to yellow ̄greenꎬ 4-14 cm indiamꎻ lobes irregularly sublinearꎬ 1 - 3 mm wideꎬwithout ciliaꎻ upper surface planeꎬ continuousꎬ some ̄times cracked on the old partꎻ covered with denseisidiaꎬ simple and shortꎬ 01049008 1-1 mm longꎬ cylindri ̄cal or clavateꎬ mature ones with brown to black tipsꎻmedulla whiteꎬ 621049008 5 - 75 μm thickꎻ lower surface

blackꎬ turning brownish near the marginꎬ rhizinesrareꎬ simple and blackꎬ 01049008 5 - 11049008 5 mm longꎻ lowercortex 25-75 μm thickꎬ Apothecia not seen (Fig1049008 2)

Chemistry Cortex K ̄ꎬ medulla K ̄ꎬ C ̄ (pink)ꎬKC ̄ꎬ P ̄ꎻ atranorinꎬ divaricatic acidꎬ usnic acid and anunknown compound (Rf value between classes 4 and 5)

Distribution China Yunnan Provinceꎬ NanjianCo (Fig1049008 3)ꎻ Africaꎬ Nepalꎬ Indiaꎬ Thailand (Haleand Masonꎬ 1976ꎻ Singh and Sinhaꎬ 2010ꎻ Swins ̄cow et alꎬ 1988ꎻ Wolseley et alꎬ 2002)

Habitat and ecology This species grows on thebark of Pinus yunnanensis from 1 300 m to 2 100 min Nanjian Coꎬ Yunnan

Fig1049008 2  Canoparmelia ecaperata A Habitatꎻ B Cylindrical laminal isidia C Narrow and sublinear lobes(All based on Li S Wang 12-37823)

487                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

Fig1049008 3  Distribution map of C1049008 ecaperata (left) and C1049008 texana (right) from Hengduan Mountains

    Remarks Canoparmelia ecaperata is similar toParmotrema conformatum and Flavoparmelia caperataThe former differs from C1049008 ecaperata in the presenceof fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids ( P +red)ꎬ ciliate lobes (Chen et alꎬ 2005ꎻ Benatti andMarcelliꎬ 2009) Moreoverꎬ C1049008 ecaperata occurs mainlyin the tropical area of the Southern Hemisphere (El ̄ix and McCarthyꎬ 1998ꎻ Noumlske and Sipmanꎬ 2004)ꎬwhereas C1049008 ecaperata has been reported from Indiaand Thailand (Haleꎬ 1976) Flavoparmelia caperatadiffers in the sorediate rather than isidiate lobesꎬ andthe presence of protocetraric acid rather than atra ̄norin as the main compound Canoparmelia concres ̄cens might be confused with C1049008 ecaperata but is dis ̄tinguished by the bright yellow thallus ( containingusnic acid in the cortex)ꎬ and its distribution only inAfrica Finally C1049008 amazonicaꎬ which also has isidiacan be easily distinguished by the lack of usnic acidand spare rhizines

Specimens examined Yunnan Province Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Villageꎬ N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬWang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37814ꎬ 12-37820ꎬ12- 37822ꎬ 12 - 37823ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ GonglangVillageꎬ N 24deg431049008 103primeꎬ E 100deg251049008 514primeꎬ alt 1 840mꎬon Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33611ꎬ 25 March 2012 Longling Coꎬ SongshanMtꎬ N 24deg441049008 672primeꎬ E 98deg541049008 281primeꎬ alt 2 000 mꎬ

on Pinusꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33440ꎬ 30 March2012ꎻ Langcang Coꎬ Mengla Villageꎬ on Pinusꎬalt 1 100 mꎬ Wang Lisong 10 - 31934ꎬ 11 Dec2010ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ Ningrsquoer Coꎬ nearby road 213ꎬN 22deg53prime551049008 44Primeꎬ E 101deg02prime281049008 41Primeꎬ alt 1 334 mꎬon barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12 - 34474ꎬ 21 June2012ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ N 221049008 48degꎬ E 1001049008 58degꎬ ZhaoJi ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 2942ꎬ HMAS 100308ꎬ 18Nov 1960ꎻ Kunming Cityꎬ Heilongtanꎬ N 251049008 04degꎬE 1021049008 42degꎬ Zhao Ji ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 4748ꎬHMAS 100307ꎬ 16 Dec 1960

Canoparmelia texana (Tuck) Elix Hale in Myco ̄taxon 27 278ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia texana Tucker ̄man in American Journal of Science and Arts series2 (253) 424ꎬ 1858 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia texana(Tuckerman) Hale in Phytologia 28 191ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus grayꎬ upper sur ̄face covered with dense soraliaꎬ punctiform or capi ̄tateꎻ lower surface blackꎻ moderately rhizinateꎬ rhiz ̄ines simpleꎻ containing atranorin and divaricatic acid

Distribution Pantemperate outside of Europeand pantropical at higher elevations Shandong andTaiwan Province in China (Jiaꎬ 2008ꎻ Laiꎬ 2000)ꎻNew to Yunnan Province (Fig1049008 3)

Specimens examined Yunnan Provinceꎬ Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Village N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ

5876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37805ꎬ 12-37810ꎬ12-37889ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ Wuliang Medicine ValleyꎬN 24deg52prime21049008 76Primeꎻ E 100deg34prime511049008 39Primeꎬ alt 2 345 mꎬon Pinus amandii barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu12-37655ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Hongxing Villageꎬ Wu ̄liang Medicine Valleyꎬ N 24deg50prime401049008 41Primeꎬ E 100deg38prime41049008 52Primeꎬ alt 2 341 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12 - 36923ꎬ 16 Oct 2012ꎻ GonglangCountryꎬ Jinguo Villageꎬ N 24deg481049008 557primeꎬ E 100deg241049008 839primeꎬ alt 2 270 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al12- 33742ꎬ 25 March 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N24deg46prime101049008 55Primeꎻ E 100deg25prime081049008 13Primeꎬ alt 1 640 mꎬ onbarkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37674ꎬ 19Dec 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N 24deg47prime211049008 60Primeꎻ E100deg25prime071049008 78Primeꎬ alt 1 740 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Li ̄song Wang Xinyu 12-37665ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Da ̄dianshan Mtꎬ N 24deg51prime48Primeꎬ E 100deg34prime39Primeꎬ alt2 543 mꎬ on branchꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-32957ꎬ21 March 2012

Canoparmelia amazonica ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface covered with rarebranched isidiaꎬ rhizines dense Containing atranorinand protocetraric acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia crozalsiana (Bouly de Lesdain) Elix Hale in Mycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greenish or grayꎬ sorediateꎬ moderatelyrhizinate Containing atranorinꎬ stictic acidꎬ constic ̄tic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia subtiliacea ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 279ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface without soredia orisidiaꎬ rhizines rare Containing atranorin and caper ̄atic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

3  DiscussionSince the genera Flavoparmeliaꎬ Pamotremaꎬ

and Canoparmelia are similar in external morphology(Table 2) and therefore hard to distinguish fromeach otherꎬ the phylogenetic method was applied inthis study to verify the systematic position of thesetaxa and validate the morphological identificationThe genus Parmotrema is characterized by broadlobes (usually more than 5 mm) and rareꎬ simplerhizines in the central part of the lower surfaceꎬ up ̄per surface grayish greenꎬ without usnic acid (Chenet alꎬ 2005)ꎻ Flavoparmelia is characterized bybroad and roundish lobesꎬ containing usnic acid onthe upper surface so that the color is yellow ̄green(Haleꎬ 1986 )ꎻ Canoparmelia has sublinear andrather narrow lobesꎬ closely attached to the sub ̄strateꎬ has a subtropical to tropical distributionꎬ andalways contains atranorin as the main compound(Elix et alꎬ 1986)

Parmotrema conformatum was previously repor ̄ted from Yunnan Province by Zhao et al (1982)ꎬbasedꎬ howeverꎬ on two specimens (HMAS 100307100308) that lacked cilia and had P ̄ medullary re ̄action Careful examination of the two specimens re ̄vealed that they belong to C1049008 ecaperata according tomorphologicalꎬ chemicalꎬ and distributional charac ̄ters This is further supported by inferences from mo ̄lecular data whereby both specimens belong to Cano ̄parmelia and to C1049008 ecaperata in particular

Table 2  Key differences among Canoparmeliaꎬ Flavoparmelia and Parmotrema

Flavoparmelia Parmotrema CanoparmeliaThallus color Yellowish ̄green Grey to greenish Grey to yellowishLobes Broad (2-6 mm) Rather broad (5-10 mm) Medium (01049008 5-5 mm)

Lower surface Blackꎬ with a narrowꎬ brownꎬnaked marginal zone

Brown to blackꎬ with broadnaked zone

Blackꎬ narrowꎬ brownꎬ marginalzone (lt1 mm)

Rhizines Sparse to moderateꎬ simple orbranched

Sparse and simpleꎬ in thethallus center

Moderate to denseꎬ Simple ortufted

Characteristic compounds Usnic acid Atranorin Atranorinꎬ usnic acidDistribution Temperate Temperate to tropical Subtropical to tropical

687                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

    The phylogenetic tree showed a final alignmentconsisting of 480 charactersꎬ of which 281 charactersare constantꎬ 31 variable parsimony ̄uninformativeꎬand 168 parsimony ̄informative All characters haveequal weight Gaps are treated as missing The GCcontent of C1049008 ecaperata is 541049008 7ꎬ lower than C1049008 texana(561049008 2) The molecular data showed that the phy ̄logenetic relationship of C1049008 ecaperata is closer toCanoparmeliaꎬ which is in accord with our morpho ̄logical identification The final result confirms theplacement of this species in the Canoparmelia clade Inthis analysisꎬ C1049008 ecaperata is recovered as sister groupof C1049008 texana and C1049008 concrescens with high support

In conclusionꎬ the presence of two taxa of Canop ̄armelia has been confirmed from the HengduanMountains based on morphologicalꎬ chemical and phy ̄logenetic study C1049008 ecaperata is reported as new to Chi ̄na and C1049008 texana as new to Yunnan The previous re ̄cord of Parmotrema conformatum from China is basedon misidentification ( = C1049008 ecaperata) which impliesthat the species should be deleted from the flora ofChina The study added to the lichen biodiversity of theHengduan Mountainsꎬ and also showed that there isstill a high potential for new discoveries in this region

Acknowledgment We are grateful to Prof Bernard Goffinet(University of Connecticutꎬ USA) and Prof Schmidt ̄Vogt Di ̄etrich (KIB) for reviewing the manuscriptꎬ Ms Deng Hong forhelping with the original specimens studyꎬ Dr Li GuodongꎬDr Yu Wenbinꎬ Tang Kemin and Liang Mengmeng for theirhelp with the molecular analysisꎬ Dr Ma Wenzhang for his as ̄sistance during our field workꎬ Prof Du Zhizhi and ZhangHongxia for their support with the chemical analysis We wouldalso like to thank Yunnan Wei ̄he Pharmaceutical Coꎬ Ltd(云南维和药业股份有限公司) for the financial support

ReferencesBenatti MNꎬ Marcelli MPꎬ 2009 Species of Parmotrema ( Parmeli ̄

aceaeꎬ Ascomycota) of the central ̄southern coast of Satildeo PauloEtateꎬ Brazil I Gyrophoric and lecanoric chemical group [ J] Acta Botanica Brasilicaꎬ 23 (4) 1013mdash1026

Chen JBꎬ Wang SLꎬ Elix JAꎬ 2005 Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) li ̄chens in Chinaprimes mainland III The genus Parmotrema [J] My ̄cotaxonꎬ 91 93mdash114

Culberson CFꎬ Houmlr ̄Dur Kꎬ 1970 A standardized method for the iden ̄

tification of lichen products [ J] Journal of Chromatography Aꎬ46 85mdash93

Elix JAꎬ Johnston Jꎬ Verdon Dꎬ 1986 Canoparmeliaꎬ Paraparmeliaand Relicinopsisꎬ three new genera in the Parmeliaceae ( lichen ̄ized Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 27 271mdash282

Elix JAꎬ McCarthy PMꎬ 1998 Catalogue of the Lichens of the SmallerPacific Islands [M] Bibliotheca Lichenologicaꎬ 70ꎬ J CramerꎬStuttgartꎬ 361

Gardes Mꎬ Bruns Tꎬ 1993 ITS primers with enhanced specificity forbasidiomycetes ̄application to the identification of mycorrhizae andrusts [J] Molecular Ecologyꎬ 2 (2) 113mdash118

Hale MEꎬ 1976 A monograph of the lichen genus PseudoparmeliaLynge (Parmeliaceae) [ J] Smithsonian Contributions to Bota ̄nyꎬ 31 1mdash62

Hale MEꎬ 1986 Flavoparmeliaꎬ a new genus in the lichen family Parmeli ̄aceae (Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 25 (2) 603mdash605

Hawksworth DLꎬ Kirk PMꎬ Cannon PF et alꎬ 1995 Ainsworth Bis ̄byrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi [M]ꎬ 8th ed Wallingfored CABInternationalꎬ 1mdash616

Jia ZFꎬ Li YLꎬ Hou J et alꎬ 2008 A study of lichen genus Canoparme ̄lia from Taishan Mountain [J] Mycosystemaꎬ 27 (3) 461mdash463

Lai MZꎬ 2000 Illustrated Macrolichens of Taiwan I [M] TaipeiCouncil of Agricultureꎬ 106mdash107

Noumlske NMꎬ Sipman HJMꎬ 2004 Cryptogams of the reserva bioloacutegicasan francisco ( Province Zamora ̄Chinchipeꎬ Southern Ecuador)II Lichens [J] Cryptogamieꎬ Mycologieꎬ 25 (1) 91mdash100

Orange Aꎬ James PWꎬ White FJ et alꎬ 2001 Microchemical Methodsfor the Identification of Lichens [M] London British Lichen So ̄cietyꎬ 1mdash101

Singh Kꎬ Sinha Gꎬ 2010 Indian Lichens an Annotated Checklist[M] India Botanical Survey of Indiaꎬ 1mdash572

Swinscow Tꎬ Douglas Vꎬ Krog Hꎬ 1988 Macrolichens of East Africa[M] London British Museum (Natural History)ꎬ 1mdash383

Thell Aꎬ Crespo Aꎬ Pradeep K et alꎬ 2012 A review of the lichenfamily Parmeliaceae ̄historyꎬ phylogeny and current taxonomy[J] Nordic Journal of Botanyꎬ 30 641mdash664

Wei JCꎬ 1991 An Enumeration of Lichens in China [M] BeijingInternational Academic Publishers Ltdꎬ 1mdash278

White TJꎬ 1990 Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal riboso ̄mal RNA genes for phylogenetics [A] In Innis MAꎬ GelfandDHꎬ Sninsky JJ et al (eds)ꎬ PCR Protocols [M] San DiegoAcademic Pressꎬ 315mdash322

Wolseley Yꎬ Patricia Aꎬ Aguirre ̄Hudson B et alꎬ 2002 Catalogue ofthe lichens of Thailand [J] Bulletin of the Natural History Muse ̄um Botanyꎬ 32 (01) 13mdash59

Yoshimura Iꎬ 1974 Lichen Flora of Japan in Color [M] OsakaHoikusha Publishing Coꎬ Ltdꎬ 124mdash159

Zhao JD (赵继鼎)ꎬ Xu LW (徐连旺)ꎬ Sun ZM (孙曾美)ꎬ 1982The Preliminary of Lichen in China (中国地衣初编) [M]Beijing Science Pressꎬ 41mdash43

7876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

21049008 2  TaxonomyCanoparmelia ecaperata Elix Hale in Mycotaxon27 277ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia ecaperata Muumlll Arg inFloraꎬ Jena 74 378 1891 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia ecape ̄rata (Muumlll Arg) Hale in Phytologia 29 190ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus folioseꎬ adnateon barkꎬ grayish yellow to yellow ̄greenꎬ 4-14 cm indiamꎻ lobes irregularly sublinearꎬ 1 - 3 mm wideꎬwithout ciliaꎻ upper surface planeꎬ continuousꎬ some ̄times cracked on the old partꎻ covered with denseisidiaꎬ simple and shortꎬ 01049008 1-1 mm longꎬ cylindri ̄cal or clavateꎬ mature ones with brown to black tipsꎻmedulla whiteꎬ 621049008 5 - 75 μm thickꎻ lower surface

blackꎬ turning brownish near the marginꎬ rhizinesrareꎬ simple and blackꎬ 01049008 5 - 11049008 5 mm longꎻ lowercortex 25-75 μm thickꎬ Apothecia not seen (Fig1049008 2)

Chemistry Cortex K ̄ꎬ medulla K ̄ꎬ C ̄ (pink)ꎬKC ̄ꎬ P ̄ꎻ atranorinꎬ divaricatic acidꎬ usnic acid and anunknown compound (Rf value between classes 4 and 5)

Distribution China Yunnan Provinceꎬ NanjianCo (Fig1049008 3)ꎻ Africaꎬ Nepalꎬ Indiaꎬ Thailand (Haleand Masonꎬ 1976ꎻ Singh and Sinhaꎬ 2010ꎻ Swins ̄cow et alꎬ 1988ꎻ Wolseley et alꎬ 2002)

Habitat and ecology This species grows on thebark of Pinus yunnanensis from 1 300 m to 2 100 min Nanjian Coꎬ Yunnan

Fig1049008 2  Canoparmelia ecaperata A Habitatꎻ B Cylindrical laminal isidia C Narrow and sublinear lobes(All based on Li S Wang 12-37823)

487                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

Fig1049008 3  Distribution map of C1049008 ecaperata (left) and C1049008 texana (right) from Hengduan Mountains

    Remarks Canoparmelia ecaperata is similar toParmotrema conformatum and Flavoparmelia caperataThe former differs from C1049008 ecaperata in the presenceof fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids ( P +red)ꎬ ciliate lobes (Chen et alꎬ 2005ꎻ Benatti andMarcelliꎬ 2009) Moreoverꎬ C1049008 ecaperata occurs mainlyin the tropical area of the Southern Hemisphere (El ̄ix and McCarthyꎬ 1998ꎻ Noumlske and Sipmanꎬ 2004)ꎬwhereas C1049008 ecaperata has been reported from Indiaand Thailand (Haleꎬ 1976) Flavoparmelia caperatadiffers in the sorediate rather than isidiate lobesꎬ andthe presence of protocetraric acid rather than atra ̄norin as the main compound Canoparmelia concres ̄cens might be confused with C1049008 ecaperata but is dis ̄tinguished by the bright yellow thallus ( containingusnic acid in the cortex)ꎬ and its distribution only inAfrica Finally C1049008 amazonicaꎬ which also has isidiacan be easily distinguished by the lack of usnic acidand spare rhizines

Specimens examined Yunnan Province Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Villageꎬ N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬWang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37814ꎬ 12-37820ꎬ12- 37822ꎬ 12 - 37823ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ GonglangVillageꎬ N 24deg431049008 103primeꎬ E 100deg251049008 514primeꎬ alt 1 840mꎬon Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33611ꎬ 25 March 2012 Longling Coꎬ SongshanMtꎬ N 24deg441049008 672primeꎬ E 98deg541049008 281primeꎬ alt 2 000 mꎬ

on Pinusꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33440ꎬ 30 March2012ꎻ Langcang Coꎬ Mengla Villageꎬ on Pinusꎬalt 1 100 mꎬ Wang Lisong 10 - 31934ꎬ 11 Dec2010ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ Ningrsquoer Coꎬ nearby road 213ꎬN 22deg53prime551049008 44Primeꎬ E 101deg02prime281049008 41Primeꎬ alt 1 334 mꎬon barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12 - 34474ꎬ 21 June2012ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ N 221049008 48degꎬ E 1001049008 58degꎬ ZhaoJi ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 2942ꎬ HMAS 100308ꎬ 18Nov 1960ꎻ Kunming Cityꎬ Heilongtanꎬ N 251049008 04degꎬE 1021049008 42degꎬ Zhao Ji ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 4748ꎬHMAS 100307ꎬ 16 Dec 1960

Canoparmelia texana (Tuck) Elix Hale in Myco ̄taxon 27 278ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia texana Tucker ̄man in American Journal of Science and Arts series2 (253) 424ꎬ 1858 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia texana(Tuckerman) Hale in Phytologia 28 191ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus grayꎬ upper sur ̄face covered with dense soraliaꎬ punctiform or capi ̄tateꎻ lower surface blackꎻ moderately rhizinateꎬ rhiz ̄ines simpleꎻ containing atranorin and divaricatic acid

Distribution Pantemperate outside of Europeand pantropical at higher elevations Shandong andTaiwan Province in China (Jiaꎬ 2008ꎻ Laiꎬ 2000)ꎻNew to Yunnan Province (Fig1049008 3)

Specimens examined Yunnan Provinceꎬ Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Village N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ

5876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37805ꎬ 12-37810ꎬ12-37889ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ Wuliang Medicine ValleyꎬN 24deg52prime21049008 76Primeꎻ E 100deg34prime511049008 39Primeꎬ alt 2 345 mꎬon Pinus amandii barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu12-37655ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Hongxing Villageꎬ Wu ̄liang Medicine Valleyꎬ N 24deg50prime401049008 41Primeꎬ E 100deg38prime41049008 52Primeꎬ alt 2 341 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12 - 36923ꎬ 16 Oct 2012ꎻ GonglangCountryꎬ Jinguo Villageꎬ N 24deg481049008 557primeꎬ E 100deg241049008 839primeꎬ alt 2 270 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al12- 33742ꎬ 25 March 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N24deg46prime101049008 55Primeꎻ E 100deg25prime081049008 13Primeꎬ alt 1 640 mꎬ onbarkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37674ꎬ 19Dec 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N 24deg47prime211049008 60Primeꎻ E100deg25prime071049008 78Primeꎬ alt 1 740 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Li ̄song Wang Xinyu 12-37665ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Da ̄dianshan Mtꎬ N 24deg51prime48Primeꎬ E 100deg34prime39Primeꎬ alt2 543 mꎬ on branchꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-32957ꎬ21 March 2012

Canoparmelia amazonica ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface covered with rarebranched isidiaꎬ rhizines dense Containing atranorinand protocetraric acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia crozalsiana (Bouly de Lesdain) Elix Hale in Mycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greenish or grayꎬ sorediateꎬ moderatelyrhizinate Containing atranorinꎬ stictic acidꎬ constic ̄tic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia subtiliacea ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 279ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface without soredia orisidiaꎬ rhizines rare Containing atranorin and caper ̄atic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

3  DiscussionSince the genera Flavoparmeliaꎬ Pamotremaꎬ

and Canoparmelia are similar in external morphology(Table 2) and therefore hard to distinguish fromeach otherꎬ the phylogenetic method was applied inthis study to verify the systematic position of thesetaxa and validate the morphological identificationThe genus Parmotrema is characterized by broadlobes (usually more than 5 mm) and rareꎬ simplerhizines in the central part of the lower surfaceꎬ up ̄per surface grayish greenꎬ without usnic acid (Chenet alꎬ 2005)ꎻ Flavoparmelia is characterized bybroad and roundish lobesꎬ containing usnic acid onthe upper surface so that the color is yellow ̄green(Haleꎬ 1986 )ꎻ Canoparmelia has sublinear andrather narrow lobesꎬ closely attached to the sub ̄strateꎬ has a subtropical to tropical distributionꎬ andalways contains atranorin as the main compound(Elix et alꎬ 1986)

Parmotrema conformatum was previously repor ̄ted from Yunnan Province by Zhao et al (1982)ꎬbasedꎬ howeverꎬ on two specimens (HMAS 100307100308) that lacked cilia and had P ̄ medullary re ̄action Careful examination of the two specimens re ̄vealed that they belong to C1049008 ecaperata according tomorphologicalꎬ chemicalꎬ and distributional charac ̄ters This is further supported by inferences from mo ̄lecular data whereby both specimens belong to Cano ̄parmelia and to C1049008 ecaperata in particular

Table 2  Key differences among Canoparmeliaꎬ Flavoparmelia and Parmotrema

Flavoparmelia Parmotrema CanoparmeliaThallus color Yellowish ̄green Grey to greenish Grey to yellowishLobes Broad (2-6 mm) Rather broad (5-10 mm) Medium (01049008 5-5 mm)

Lower surface Blackꎬ with a narrowꎬ brownꎬnaked marginal zone

Brown to blackꎬ with broadnaked zone

Blackꎬ narrowꎬ brownꎬ marginalzone (lt1 mm)

Rhizines Sparse to moderateꎬ simple orbranched

Sparse and simpleꎬ in thethallus center

Moderate to denseꎬ Simple ortufted

Characteristic compounds Usnic acid Atranorin Atranorinꎬ usnic acidDistribution Temperate Temperate to tropical Subtropical to tropical

687                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

    The phylogenetic tree showed a final alignmentconsisting of 480 charactersꎬ of which 281 charactersare constantꎬ 31 variable parsimony ̄uninformativeꎬand 168 parsimony ̄informative All characters haveequal weight Gaps are treated as missing The GCcontent of C1049008 ecaperata is 541049008 7ꎬ lower than C1049008 texana(561049008 2) The molecular data showed that the phy ̄logenetic relationship of C1049008 ecaperata is closer toCanoparmeliaꎬ which is in accord with our morpho ̄logical identification The final result confirms theplacement of this species in the Canoparmelia clade Inthis analysisꎬ C1049008 ecaperata is recovered as sister groupof C1049008 texana and C1049008 concrescens with high support

In conclusionꎬ the presence of two taxa of Canop ̄armelia has been confirmed from the HengduanMountains based on morphologicalꎬ chemical and phy ̄logenetic study C1049008 ecaperata is reported as new to Chi ̄na and C1049008 texana as new to Yunnan The previous re ̄cord of Parmotrema conformatum from China is basedon misidentification ( = C1049008 ecaperata) which impliesthat the species should be deleted from the flora ofChina The study added to the lichen biodiversity of theHengduan Mountainsꎬ and also showed that there isstill a high potential for new discoveries in this region

Acknowledgment We are grateful to Prof Bernard Goffinet(University of Connecticutꎬ USA) and Prof Schmidt ̄Vogt Di ̄etrich (KIB) for reviewing the manuscriptꎬ Ms Deng Hong forhelping with the original specimens studyꎬ Dr Li GuodongꎬDr Yu Wenbinꎬ Tang Kemin and Liang Mengmeng for theirhelp with the molecular analysisꎬ Dr Ma Wenzhang for his as ̄sistance during our field workꎬ Prof Du Zhizhi and ZhangHongxia for their support with the chemical analysis We wouldalso like to thank Yunnan Wei ̄he Pharmaceutical Coꎬ Ltd(云南维和药业股份有限公司) for the financial support

ReferencesBenatti MNꎬ Marcelli MPꎬ 2009 Species of Parmotrema ( Parmeli ̄

aceaeꎬ Ascomycota) of the central ̄southern coast of Satildeo PauloEtateꎬ Brazil I Gyrophoric and lecanoric chemical group [ J] Acta Botanica Brasilicaꎬ 23 (4) 1013mdash1026

Chen JBꎬ Wang SLꎬ Elix JAꎬ 2005 Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) li ̄chens in Chinaprimes mainland III The genus Parmotrema [J] My ̄cotaxonꎬ 91 93mdash114

Culberson CFꎬ Houmlr ̄Dur Kꎬ 1970 A standardized method for the iden ̄

tification of lichen products [ J] Journal of Chromatography Aꎬ46 85mdash93

Elix JAꎬ Johnston Jꎬ Verdon Dꎬ 1986 Canoparmeliaꎬ Paraparmeliaand Relicinopsisꎬ three new genera in the Parmeliaceae ( lichen ̄ized Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 27 271mdash282

Elix JAꎬ McCarthy PMꎬ 1998 Catalogue of the Lichens of the SmallerPacific Islands [M] Bibliotheca Lichenologicaꎬ 70ꎬ J CramerꎬStuttgartꎬ 361

Gardes Mꎬ Bruns Tꎬ 1993 ITS primers with enhanced specificity forbasidiomycetes ̄application to the identification of mycorrhizae andrusts [J] Molecular Ecologyꎬ 2 (2) 113mdash118

Hale MEꎬ 1976 A monograph of the lichen genus PseudoparmeliaLynge (Parmeliaceae) [ J] Smithsonian Contributions to Bota ̄nyꎬ 31 1mdash62

Hale MEꎬ 1986 Flavoparmeliaꎬ a new genus in the lichen family Parmeli ̄aceae (Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 25 (2) 603mdash605

Hawksworth DLꎬ Kirk PMꎬ Cannon PF et alꎬ 1995 Ainsworth Bis ̄byrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi [M]ꎬ 8th ed Wallingfored CABInternationalꎬ 1mdash616

Jia ZFꎬ Li YLꎬ Hou J et alꎬ 2008 A study of lichen genus Canoparme ̄lia from Taishan Mountain [J] Mycosystemaꎬ 27 (3) 461mdash463

Lai MZꎬ 2000 Illustrated Macrolichens of Taiwan I [M] TaipeiCouncil of Agricultureꎬ 106mdash107

Noumlske NMꎬ Sipman HJMꎬ 2004 Cryptogams of the reserva bioloacutegicasan francisco ( Province Zamora ̄Chinchipeꎬ Southern Ecuador)II Lichens [J] Cryptogamieꎬ Mycologieꎬ 25 (1) 91mdash100

Orange Aꎬ James PWꎬ White FJ et alꎬ 2001 Microchemical Methodsfor the Identification of Lichens [M] London British Lichen So ̄cietyꎬ 1mdash101

Singh Kꎬ Sinha Gꎬ 2010 Indian Lichens an Annotated Checklist[M] India Botanical Survey of Indiaꎬ 1mdash572

Swinscow Tꎬ Douglas Vꎬ Krog Hꎬ 1988 Macrolichens of East Africa[M] London British Museum (Natural History)ꎬ 1mdash383

Thell Aꎬ Crespo Aꎬ Pradeep K et alꎬ 2012 A review of the lichenfamily Parmeliaceae ̄historyꎬ phylogeny and current taxonomy[J] Nordic Journal of Botanyꎬ 30 641mdash664

Wei JCꎬ 1991 An Enumeration of Lichens in China [M] BeijingInternational Academic Publishers Ltdꎬ 1mdash278

White TJꎬ 1990 Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal riboso ̄mal RNA genes for phylogenetics [A] In Innis MAꎬ GelfandDHꎬ Sninsky JJ et al (eds)ꎬ PCR Protocols [M] San DiegoAcademic Pressꎬ 315mdash322

Wolseley Yꎬ Patricia Aꎬ Aguirre ̄Hudson B et alꎬ 2002 Catalogue ofthe lichens of Thailand [J] Bulletin of the Natural History Muse ̄um Botanyꎬ 32 (01) 13mdash59

Yoshimura Iꎬ 1974 Lichen Flora of Japan in Color [M] OsakaHoikusha Publishing Coꎬ Ltdꎬ 124mdash159

Zhao JD (赵继鼎)ꎬ Xu LW (徐连旺)ꎬ Sun ZM (孙曾美)ꎬ 1982The Preliminary of Lichen in China (中国地衣初编) [M]Beijing Science Pressꎬ 41mdash43

7876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

Fig1049008 3  Distribution map of C1049008 ecaperata (left) and C1049008 texana (right) from Hengduan Mountains

    Remarks Canoparmelia ecaperata is similar toParmotrema conformatum and Flavoparmelia caperataThe former differs from C1049008 ecaperata in the presenceof fumarprotocetraric and protocetraric acids ( P +red)ꎬ ciliate lobes (Chen et alꎬ 2005ꎻ Benatti andMarcelliꎬ 2009) Moreoverꎬ C1049008 ecaperata occurs mainlyin the tropical area of the Southern Hemisphere (El ̄ix and McCarthyꎬ 1998ꎻ Noumlske and Sipmanꎬ 2004)ꎬwhereas C1049008 ecaperata has been reported from Indiaand Thailand (Haleꎬ 1976) Flavoparmelia caperatadiffers in the sorediate rather than isidiate lobesꎬ andthe presence of protocetraric acid rather than atra ̄norin as the main compound Canoparmelia concres ̄cens might be confused with C1049008 ecaperata but is dis ̄tinguished by the bright yellow thallus ( containingusnic acid in the cortex)ꎬ and its distribution only inAfrica Finally C1049008 amazonicaꎬ which also has isidiacan be easily distinguished by the lack of usnic acidand spare rhizines

Specimens examined Yunnan Province Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Villageꎬ N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬWang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37814ꎬ 12-37820ꎬ12- 37822ꎬ 12 - 37823ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ GonglangVillageꎬ N 24deg431049008 103primeꎬ E 100deg251049008 514primeꎬ alt 1 840mꎬon Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33611ꎬ 25 March 2012 Longling Coꎬ SongshanMtꎬ N 24deg441049008 672primeꎬ E 98deg541049008 281primeꎬ alt 2 000 mꎬ

on Pinusꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-33440ꎬ 30 March2012ꎻ Langcang Coꎬ Mengla Villageꎬ on Pinusꎬalt 1 100 mꎬ Wang Lisong 10 - 31934ꎬ 11 Dec2010ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ Ningrsquoer Coꎬ nearby road 213ꎬN 22deg53prime551049008 44Primeꎬ E 101deg02prime281049008 41Primeꎬ alt 1 334 mꎬon barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12 - 34474ꎬ 21 June2012ꎻ Pursquoer Cityꎬ N 221049008 48degꎬ E 1001049008 58degꎬ ZhaoJi ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 2942ꎬ HMAS 100308ꎬ 18Nov 1960ꎻ Kunming Cityꎬ Heilongtanꎬ N 251049008 04degꎬE 1021049008 42degꎬ Zhao Ji ̄ding Chen Yu ̄ben 4748ꎬHMAS 100307ꎬ 16 Dec 1960

Canoparmelia texana (Tuck) Elix Hale in Myco ̄taxon 27 278ꎬ 1986 mdashmdashmdashParmelia texana Tucker ̄man in American Journal of Science and Arts series2 (253) 424ꎬ 1858 mdashmdashmdashPseudoparmelia texana(Tuckerman) Hale in Phytologia 28 191ꎬ 1974

Diagnostic characters Thallus grayꎬ upper sur ̄face covered with dense soraliaꎬ punctiform or capi ̄tateꎻ lower surface blackꎻ moderately rhizinateꎬ rhiz ̄ines simpleꎻ containing atranorin and divaricatic acid

Distribution Pantemperate outside of Europeand pantropical at higher elevations Shandong andTaiwan Province in China (Jiaꎬ 2008ꎻ Laiꎬ 2000)ꎻNew to Yunnan Province (Fig1049008 3)

Specimens examined Yunnan Provinceꎬ Nan ̄jian Co Leqiu Village N 25deg00prime251049008 29Primeꎬ E 100deg21prime431049008 50Primeꎬ alt 2 060 mꎬ on Pinus yunnanensis barkꎬ

5876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37805ꎬ 12-37810ꎬ12-37889ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ Wuliang Medicine ValleyꎬN 24deg52prime21049008 76Primeꎻ E 100deg34prime511049008 39Primeꎬ alt 2 345 mꎬon Pinus amandii barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu12-37655ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Hongxing Villageꎬ Wu ̄liang Medicine Valleyꎬ N 24deg50prime401049008 41Primeꎬ E 100deg38prime41049008 52Primeꎬ alt 2 341 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12 - 36923ꎬ 16 Oct 2012ꎻ GonglangCountryꎬ Jinguo Villageꎬ N 24deg481049008 557primeꎬ E 100deg241049008 839primeꎬ alt 2 270 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al12- 33742ꎬ 25 March 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N24deg46prime101049008 55Primeꎻ E 100deg25prime081049008 13Primeꎬ alt 1 640 mꎬ onbarkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37674ꎬ 19Dec 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N 24deg47prime211049008 60Primeꎻ E100deg25prime071049008 78Primeꎬ alt 1 740 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Li ̄song Wang Xinyu 12-37665ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Da ̄dianshan Mtꎬ N 24deg51prime48Primeꎬ E 100deg34prime39Primeꎬ alt2 543 mꎬ on branchꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-32957ꎬ21 March 2012

Canoparmelia amazonica ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface covered with rarebranched isidiaꎬ rhizines dense Containing atranorinand protocetraric acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia crozalsiana (Bouly de Lesdain) Elix Hale in Mycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greenish or grayꎬ sorediateꎬ moderatelyrhizinate Containing atranorinꎬ stictic acidꎬ constic ̄tic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia subtiliacea ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 279ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface without soredia orisidiaꎬ rhizines rare Containing atranorin and caper ̄atic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

3  DiscussionSince the genera Flavoparmeliaꎬ Pamotremaꎬ

and Canoparmelia are similar in external morphology(Table 2) and therefore hard to distinguish fromeach otherꎬ the phylogenetic method was applied inthis study to verify the systematic position of thesetaxa and validate the morphological identificationThe genus Parmotrema is characterized by broadlobes (usually more than 5 mm) and rareꎬ simplerhizines in the central part of the lower surfaceꎬ up ̄per surface grayish greenꎬ without usnic acid (Chenet alꎬ 2005)ꎻ Flavoparmelia is characterized bybroad and roundish lobesꎬ containing usnic acid onthe upper surface so that the color is yellow ̄green(Haleꎬ 1986 )ꎻ Canoparmelia has sublinear andrather narrow lobesꎬ closely attached to the sub ̄strateꎬ has a subtropical to tropical distributionꎬ andalways contains atranorin as the main compound(Elix et alꎬ 1986)

Parmotrema conformatum was previously repor ̄ted from Yunnan Province by Zhao et al (1982)ꎬbasedꎬ howeverꎬ on two specimens (HMAS 100307100308) that lacked cilia and had P ̄ medullary re ̄action Careful examination of the two specimens re ̄vealed that they belong to C1049008 ecaperata according tomorphologicalꎬ chemicalꎬ and distributional charac ̄ters This is further supported by inferences from mo ̄lecular data whereby both specimens belong to Cano ̄parmelia and to C1049008 ecaperata in particular

Table 2  Key differences among Canoparmeliaꎬ Flavoparmelia and Parmotrema

Flavoparmelia Parmotrema CanoparmeliaThallus color Yellowish ̄green Grey to greenish Grey to yellowishLobes Broad (2-6 mm) Rather broad (5-10 mm) Medium (01049008 5-5 mm)

Lower surface Blackꎬ with a narrowꎬ brownꎬnaked marginal zone

Brown to blackꎬ with broadnaked zone

Blackꎬ narrowꎬ brownꎬ marginalzone (lt1 mm)

Rhizines Sparse to moderateꎬ simple orbranched

Sparse and simpleꎬ in thethallus center

Moderate to denseꎬ Simple ortufted

Characteristic compounds Usnic acid Atranorin Atranorinꎬ usnic acidDistribution Temperate Temperate to tropical Subtropical to tropical

687                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

    The phylogenetic tree showed a final alignmentconsisting of 480 charactersꎬ of which 281 charactersare constantꎬ 31 variable parsimony ̄uninformativeꎬand 168 parsimony ̄informative All characters haveequal weight Gaps are treated as missing The GCcontent of C1049008 ecaperata is 541049008 7ꎬ lower than C1049008 texana(561049008 2) The molecular data showed that the phy ̄logenetic relationship of C1049008 ecaperata is closer toCanoparmeliaꎬ which is in accord with our morpho ̄logical identification The final result confirms theplacement of this species in the Canoparmelia clade Inthis analysisꎬ C1049008 ecaperata is recovered as sister groupof C1049008 texana and C1049008 concrescens with high support

In conclusionꎬ the presence of two taxa of Canop ̄armelia has been confirmed from the HengduanMountains based on morphologicalꎬ chemical and phy ̄logenetic study C1049008 ecaperata is reported as new to Chi ̄na and C1049008 texana as new to Yunnan The previous re ̄cord of Parmotrema conformatum from China is basedon misidentification ( = C1049008 ecaperata) which impliesthat the species should be deleted from the flora ofChina The study added to the lichen biodiversity of theHengduan Mountainsꎬ and also showed that there isstill a high potential for new discoveries in this region

Acknowledgment We are grateful to Prof Bernard Goffinet(University of Connecticutꎬ USA) and Prof Schmidt ̄Vogt Di ̄etrich (KIB) for reviewing the manuscriptꎬ Ms Deng Hong forhelping with the original specimens studyꎬ Dr Li GuodongꎬDr Yu Wenbinꎬ Tang Kemin and Liang Mengmeng for theirhelp with the molecular analysisꎬ Dr Ma Wenzhang for his as ̄sistance during our field workꎬ Prof Du Zhizhi and ZhangHongxia for their support with the chemical analysis We wouldalso like to thank Yunnan Wei ̄he Pharmaceutical Coꎬ Ltd(云南维和药业股份有限公司) for the financial support

ReferencesBenatti MNꎬ Marcelli MPꎬ 2009 Species of Parmotrema ( Parmeli ̄

aceaeꎬ Ascomycota) of the central ̄southern coast of Satildeo PauloEtateꎬ Brazil I Gyrophoric and lecanoric chemical group [ J] Acta Botanica Brasilicaꎬ 23 (4) 1013mdash1026

Chen JBꎬ Wang SLꎬ Elix JAꎬ 2005 Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) li ̄chens in Chinaprimes mainland III The genus Parmotrema [J] My ̄cotaxonꎬ 91 93mdash114

Culberson CFꎬ Houmlr ̄Dur Kꎬ 1970 A standardized method for the iden ̄

tification of lichen products [ J] Journal of Chromatography Aꎬ46 85mdash93

Elix JAꎬ Johnston Jꎬ Verdon Dꎬ 1986 Canoparmeliaꎬ Paraparmeliaand Relicinopsisꎬ three new genera in the Parmeliaceae ( lichen ̄ized Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 27 271mdash282

Elix JAꎬ McCarthy PMꎬ 1998 Catalogue of the Lichens of the SmallerPacific Islands [M] Bibliotheca Lichenologicaꎬ 70ꎬ J CramerꎬStuttgartꎬ 361

Gardes Mꎬ Bruns Tꎬ 1993 ITS primers with enhanced specificity forbasidiomycetes ̄application to the identification of mycorrhizae andrusts [J] Molecular Ecologyꎬ 2 (2) 113mdash118

Hale MEꎬ 1976 A monograph of the lichen genus PseudoparmeliaLynge (Parmeliaceae) [ J] Smithsonian Contributions to Bota ̄nyꎬ 31 1mdash62

Hale MEꎬ 1986 Flavoparmeliaꎬ a new genus in the lichen family Parmeli ̄aceae (Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 25 (2) 603mdash605

Hawksworth DLꎬ Kirk PMꎬ Cannon PF et alꎬ 1995 Ainsworth Bis ̄byrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi [M]ꎬ 8th ed Wallingfored CABInternationalꎬ 1mdash616

Jia ZFꎬ Li YLꎬ Hou J et alꎬ 2008 A study of lichen genus Canoparme ̄lia from Taishan Mountain [J] Mycosystemaꎬ 27 (3) 461mdash463

Lai MZꎬ 2000 Illustrated Macrolichens of Taiwan I [M] TaipeiCouncil of Agricultureꎬ 106mdash107

Noumlske NMꎬ Sipman HJMꎬ 2004 Cryptogams of the reserva bioloacutegicasan francisco ( Province Zamora ̄Chinchipeꎬ Southern Ecuador)II Lichens [J] Cryptogamieꎬ Mycologieꎬ 25 (1) 91mdash100

Orange Aꎬ James PWꎬ White FJ et alꎬ 2001 Microchemical Methodsfor the Identification of Lichens [M] London British Lichen So ̄cietyꎬ 1mdash101

Singh Kꎬ Sinha Gꎬ 2010 Indian Lichens an Annotated Checklist[M] India Botanical Survey of Indiaꎬ 1mdash572

Swinscow Tꎬ Douglas Vꎬ Krog Hꎬ 1988 Macrolichens of East Africa[M] London British Museum (Natural History)ꎬ 1mdash383

Thell Aꎬ Crespo Aꎬ Pradeep K et alꎬ 2012 A review of the lichenfamily Parmeliaceae ̄historyꎬ phylogeny and current taxonomy[J] Nordic Journal of Botanyꎬ 30 641mdash664

Wei JCꎬ 1991 An Enumeration of Lichens in China [M] BeijingInternational Academic Publishers Ltdꎬ 1mdash278

White TJꎬ 1990 Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal riboso ̄mal RNA genes for phylogenetics [A] In Innis MAꎬ GelfandDHꎬ Sninsky JJ et al (eds)ꎬ PCR Protocols [M] San DiegoAcademic Pressꎬ 315mdash322

Wolseley Yꎬ Patricia Aꎬ Aguirre ̄Hudson B et alꎬ 2002 Catalogue ofthe lichens of Thailand [J] Bulletin of the Natural History Muse ̄um Botanyꎬ 32 (01) 13mdash59

Yoshimura Iꎬ 1974 Lichen Flora of Japan in Color [M] OsakaHoikusha Publishing Coꎬ Ltdꎬ 124mdash159

Zhao JD (赵继鼎)ꎬ Xu LW (徐连旺)ꎬ Sun ZM (孙曾美)ꎬ 1982The Preliminary of Lichen in China (中国地衣初编) [M]Beijing Science Pressꎬ 41mdash43

7876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37805ꎬ 12-37810ꎬ12-37889ꎬ 21 Dec 2012ꎻ Wuliang Medicine ValleyꎬN 24deg52prime21049008 76Primeꎻ E 100deg34prime511049008 39Primeꎬ alt 2 345 mꎬon Pinus amandii barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu12-37655ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Hongxing Villageꎬ Wu ̄liang Medicine Valleyꎬ N 24deg50prime401049008 41Primeꎬ E 100deg38prime41049008 52Primeꎬ alt 2 341 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12 - 36923ꎬ 16 Oct 2012ꎻ GonglangCountryꎬ Jinguo Villageꎬ N 24deg481049008 557primeꎬ E 100deg241049008 839primeꎬ alt 2 270 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Lisong et al12- 33742ꎬ 25 March 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N24deg46prime101049008 55Primeꎻ E 100deg25prime081049008 13Primeꎬ alt 1 640 mꎬ onbarkꎬ Wang Lisong Wang Xinyu 12-37674ꎬ 19Dec 2012ꎻ Ziqiang Villageꎬ N 24deg47prime211049008 60Primeꎻ E100deg25prime071049008 78Primeꎬ alt 1 740 mꎬ on barkꎬ Wang Li ̄song Wang Xinyu 12-37665ꎬ 19 Dec 2012ꎻ Da ̄dianshan Mtꎬ N 24deg51prime48Primeꎬ E 100deg34prime39Primeꎬ alt2 543 mꎬ on branchꎬ Wang Lisong et al 12-32957ꎬ21 March 2012

Canoparmelia amazonica ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface covered with rarebranched isidiaꎬ rhizines dense Containing atranorinand protocetraric acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia crozalsiana (Bouly de Lesdain) Elix Hale in Mycotaxon 27 278ꎬ 1986

Thallus greenish or grayꎬ sorediateꎬ moderatelyrhizinate Containing atranorinꎬ stictic acidꎬ constic ̄tic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

Canoparmelia subtiliacea ( Nyl) Elix Hale inMycotaxon 27 279ꎬ 1986

Thallus greyꎬ upper surface without soredia orisidiaꎬ rhizines rare Containing atranorin and caper ̄atic acid (Haleꎬ 1976)

3  DiscussionSince the genera Flavoparmeliaꎬ Pamotremaꎬ

and Canoparmelia are similar in external morphology(Table 2) and therefore hard to distinguish fromeach otherꎬ the phylogenetic method was applied inthis study to verify the systematic position of thesetaxa and validate the morphological identificationThe genus Parmotrema is characterized by broadlobes (usually more than 5 mm) and rareꎬ simplerhizines in the central part of the lower surfaceꎬ up ̄per surface grayish greenꎬ without usnic acid (Chenet alꎬ 2005)ꎻ Flavoparmelia is characterized bybroad and roundish lobesꎬ containing usnic acid onthe upper surface so that the color is yellow ̄green(Haleꎬ 1986 )ꎻ Canoparmelia has sublinear andrather narrow lobesꎬ closely attached to the sub ̄strateꎬ has a subtropical to tropical distributionꎬ andalways contains atranorin as the main compound(Elix et alꎬ 1986)

Parmotrema conformatum was previously repor ̄ted from Yunnan Province by Zhao et al (1982)ꎬbasedꎬ howeverꎬ on two specimens (HMAS 100307100308) that lacked cilia and had P ̄ medullary re ̄action Careful examination of the two specimens re ̄vealed that they belong to C1049008 ecaperata according tomorphologicalꎬ chemicalꎬ and distributional charac ̄ters This is further supported by inferences from mo ̄lecular data whereby both specimens belong to Cano ̄parmelia and to C1049008 ecaperata in particular

Table 2  Key differences among Canoparmeliaꎬ Flavoparmelia and Parmotrema

Flavoparmelia Parmotrema CanoparmeliaThallus color Yellowish ̄green Grey to greenish Grey to yellowishLobes Broad (2-6 mm) Rather broad (5-10 mm) Medium (01049008 5-5 mm)

Lower surface Blackꎬ with a narrowꎬ brownꎬnaked marginal zone

Brown to blackꎬ with broadnaked zone

Blackꎬ narrowꎬ brownꎬ marginalzone (lt1 mm)

Rhizines Sparse to moderateꎬ simple orbranched

Sparse and simpleꎬ in thethallus center

Moderate to denseꎬ Simple ortufted

Characteristic compounds Usnic acid Atranorin Atranorinꎬ usnic acidDistribution Temperate Temperate to tropical Subtropical to tropical

687                                  植 物 分 类 与 资 源 学 报                            第 36 卷

    The phylogenetic tree showed a final alignmentconsisting of 480 charactersꎬ of which 281 charactersare constantꎬ 31 variable parsimony ̄uninformativeꎬand 168 parsimony ̄informative All characters haveequal weight Gaps are treated as missing The GCcontent of C1049008 ecaperata is 541049008 7ꎬ lower than C1049008 texana(561049008 2) The molecular data showed that the phy ̄logenetic relationship of C1049008 ecaperata is closer toCanoparmeliaꎬ which is in accord with our morpho ̄logical identification The final result confirms theplacement of this species in the Canoparmelia clade Inthis analysisꎬ C1049008 ecaperata is recovered as sister groupof C1049008 texana and C1049008 concrescens with high support

In conclusionꎬ the presence of two taxa of Canop ̄armelia has been confirmed from the HengduanMountains based on morphologicalꎬ chemical and phy ̄logenetic study C1049008 ecaperata is reported as new to Chi ̄na and C1049008 texana as new to Yunnan The previous re ̄cord of Parmotrema conformatum from China is basedon misidentification ( = C1049008 ecaperata) which impliesthat the species should be deleted from the flora ofChina The study added to the lichen biodiversity of theHengduan Mountainsꎬ and also showed that there isstill a high potential for new discoveries in this region

Acknowledgment We are grateful to Prof Bernard Goffinet(University of Connecticutꎬ USA) and Prof Schmidt ̄Vogt Di ̄etrich (KIB) for reviewing the manuscriptꎬ Ms Deng Hong forhelping with the original specimens studyꎬ Dr Li GuodongꎬDr Yu Wenbinꎬ Tang Kemin and Liang Mengmeng for theirhelp with the molecular analysisꎬ Dr Ma Wenzhang for his as ̄sistance during our field workꎬ Prof Du Zhizhi and ZhangHongxia for their support with the chemical analysis We wouldalso like to thank Yunnan Wei ̄he Pharmaceutical Coꎬ Ltd(云南维和药业股份有限公司) for the financial support

ReferencesBenatti MNꎬ Marcelli MPꎬ 2009 Species of Parmotrema ( Parmeli ̄

aceaeꎬ Ascomycota) of the central ̄southern coast of Satildeo PauloEtateꎬ Brazil I Gyrophoric and lecanoric chemical group [ J] Acta Botanica Brasilicaꎬ 23 (4) 1013mdash1026

Chen JBꎬ Wang SLꎬ Elix JAꎬ 2005 Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) li ̄chens in Chinaprimes mainland III The genus Parmotrema [J] My ̄cotaxonꎬ 91 93mdash114

Culberson CFꎬ Houmlr ̄Dur Kꎬ 1970 A standardized method for the iden ̄

tification of lichen products [ J] Journal of Chromatography Aꎬ46 85mdash93

Elix JAꎬ Johnston Jꎬ Verdon Dꎬ 1986 Canoparmeliaꎬ Paraparmeliaand Relicinopsisꎬ three new genera in the Parmeliaceae ( lichen ̄ized Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 27 271mdash282

Elix JAꎬ McCarthy PMꎬ 1998 Catalogue of the Lichens of the SmallerPacific Islands [M] Bibliotheca Lichenologicaꎬ 70ꎬ J CramerꎬStuttgartꎬ 361

Gardes Mꎬ Bruns Tꎬ 1993 ITS primers with enhanced specificity forbasidiomycetes ̄application to the identification of mycorrhizae andrusts [J] Molecular Ecologyꎬ 2 (2) 113mdash118

Hale MEꎬ 1976 A monograph of the lichen genus PseudoparmeliaLynge (Parmeliaceae) [ J] Smithsonian Contributions to Bota ̄nyꎬ 31 1mdash62

Hale MEꎬ 1986 Flavoparmeliaꎬ a new genus in the lichen family Parmeli ̄aceae (Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 25 (2) 603mdash605

Hawksworth DLꎬ Kirk PMꎬ Cannon PF et alꎬ 1995 Ainsworth Bis ̄byrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi [M]ꎬ 8th ed Wallingfored CABInternationalꎬ 1mdash616

Jia ZFꎬ Li YLꎬ Hou J et alꎬ 2008 A study of lichen genus Canoparme ̄lia from Taishan Mountain [J] Mycosystemaꎬ 27 (3) 461mdash463

Lai MZꎬ 2000 Illustrated Macrolichens of Taiwan I [M] TaipeiCouncil of Agricultureꎬ 106mdash107

Noumlske NMꎬ Sipman HJMꎬ 2004 Cryptogams of the reserva bioloacutegicasan francisco ( Province Zamora ̄Chinchipeꎬ Southern Ecuador)II Lichens [J] Cryptogamieꎬ Mycologieꎬ 25 (1) 91mdash100

Orange Aꎬ James PWꎬ White FJ et alꎬ 2001 Microchemical Methodsfor the Identification of Lichens [M] London British Lichen So ̄cietyꎬ 1mdash101

Singh Kꎬ Sinha Gꎬ 2010 Indian Lichens an Annotated Checklist[M] India Botanical Survey of Indiaꎬ 1mdash572

Swinscow Tꎬ Douglas Vꎬ Krog Hꎬ 1988 Macrolichens of East Africa[M] London British Museum (Natural History)ꎬ 1mdash383

Thell Aꎬ Crespo Aꎬ Pradeep K et alꎬ 2012 A review of the lichenfamily Parmeliaceae ̄historyꎬ phylogeny and current taxonomy[J] Nordic Journal of Botanyꎬ 30 641mdash664

Wei JCꎬ 1991 An Enumeration of Lichens in China [M] BeijingInternational Academic Publishers Ltdꎬ 1mdash278

White TJꎬ 1990 Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal riboso ̄mal RNA genes for phylogenetics [A] In Innis MAꎬ GelfandDHꎬ Sninsky JJ et al (eds)ꎬ PCR Protocols [M] San DiegoAcademic Pressꎬ 315mdash322

Wolseley Yꎬ Patricia Aꎬ Aguirre ̄Hudson B et alꎬ 2002 Catalogue ofthe lichens of Thailand [J] Bulletin of the Natural History Muse ̄um Botanyꎬ 32 (01) 13mdash59

Yoshimura Iꎬ 1974 Lichen Flora of Japan in Color [M] OsakaHoikusha Publishing Coꎬ Ltdꎬ 124mdash159

Zhao JD (赵继鼎)ꎬ Xu LW (徐连旺)ꎬ Sun ZM (孙曾美)ꎬ 1982The Preliminary of Lichen in China (中国地衣初编) [M]Beijing Science Pressꎬ 41mdash43

7876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018     

    The phylogenetic tree showed a final alignmentconsisting of 480 charactersꎬ of which 281 charactersare constantꎬ 31 variable parsimony ̄uninformativeꎬand 168 parsimony ̄informative All characters haveequal weight Gaps are treated as missing The GCcontent of C1049008 ecaperata is 541049008 7ꎬ lower than C1049008 texana(561049008 2) The molecular data showed that the phy ̄logenetic relationship of C1049008 ecaperata is closer toCanoparmeliaꎬ which is in accord with our morpho ̄logical identification The final result confirms theplacement of this species in the Canoparmelia clade Inthis analysisꎬ C1049008 ecaperata is recovered as sister groupof C1049008 texana and C1049008 concrescens with high support

In conclusionꎬ the presence of two taxa of Canop ̄armelia has been confirmed from the HengduanMountains based on morphologicalꎬ chemical and phy ̄logenetic study C1049008 ecaperata is reported as new to Chi ̄na and C1049008 texana as new to Yunnan The previous re ̄cord of Parmotrema conformatum from China is basedon misidentification ( = C1049008 ecaperata) which impliesthat the species should be deleted from the flora ofChina The study added to the lichen biodiversity of theHengduan Mountainsꎬ and also showed that there isstill a high potential for new discoveries in this region

Acknowledgment We are grateful to Prof Bernard Goffinet(University of Connecticutꎬ USA) and Prof Schmidt ̄Vogt Di ̄etrich (KIB) for reviewing the manuscriptꎬ Ms Deng Hong forhelping with the original specimens studyꎬ Dr Li GuodongꎬDr Yu Wenbinꎬ Tang Kemin and Liang Mengmeng for theirhelp with the molecular analysisꎬ Dr Ma Wenzhang for his as ̄sistance during our field workꎬ Prof Du Zhizhi and ZhangHongxia for their support with the chemical analysis We wouldalso like to thank Yunnan Wei ̄he Pharmaceutical Coꎬ Ltd(云南维和药业股份有限公司) for the financial support

ReferencesBenatti MNꎬ Marcelli MPꎬ 2009 Species of Parmotrema ( Parmeli ̄

aceaeꎬ Ascomycota) of the central ̄southern coast of Satildeo PauloEtateꎬ Brazil I Gyrophoric and lecanoric chemical group [ J] Acta Botanica Brasilicaꎬ 23 (4) 1013mdash1026

Chen JBꎬ Wang SLꎬ Elix JAꎬ 2005 Parmeliaceae (Ascomycota) li ̄chens in Chinaprimes mainland III The genus Parmotrema [J] My ̄cotaxonꎬ 91 93mdash114

Culberson CFꎬ Houmlr ̄Dur Kꎬ 1970 A standardized method for the iden ̄

tification of lichen products [ J] Journal of Chromatography Aꎬ46 85mdash93

Elix JAꎬ Johnston Jꎬ Verdon Dꎬ 1986 Canoparmeliaꎬ Paraparmeliaand Relicinopsisꎬ three new genera in the Parmeliaceae ( lichen ̄ized Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 27 271mdash282

Elix JAꎬ McCarthy PMꎬ 1998 Catalogue of the Lichens of the SmallerPacific Islands [M] Bibliotheca Lichenologicaꎬ 70ꎬ J CramerꎬStuttgartꎬ 361

Gardes Mꎬ Bruns Tꎬ 1993 ITS primers with enhanced specificity forbasidiomycetes ̄application to the identification of mycorrhizae andrusts [J] Molecular Ecologyꎬ 2 (2) 113mdash118

Hale MEꎬ 1976 A monograph of the lichen genus PseudoparmeliaLynge (Parmeliaceae) [ J] Smithsonian Contributions to Bota ̄nyꎬ 31 1mdash62

Hale MEꎬ 1986 Flavoparmeliaꎬ a new genus in the lichen family Parmeli ̄aceae (Ascomycotina) [J] Mycotaxonꎬ 25 (2) 603mdash605

Hawksworth DLꎬ Kirk PMꎬ Cannon PF et alꎬ 1995 Ainsworth Bis ̄byrsquos Dictionary of the Fungi [M]ꎬ 8th ed Wallingfored CABInternationalꎬ 1mdash616

Jia ZFꎬ Li YLꎬ Hou J et alꎬ 2008 A study of lichen genus Canoparme ̄lia from Taishan Mountain [J] Mycosystemaꎬ 27 (3) 461mdash463

Lai MZꎬ 2000 Illustrated Macrolichens of Taiwan I [M] TaipeiCouncil of Agricultureꎬ 106mdash107

Noumlske NMꎬ Sipman HJMꎬ 2004 Cryptogams of the reserva bioloacutegicasan francisco ( Province Zamora ̄Chinchipeꎬ Southern Ecuador)II Lichens [J] Cryptogamieꎬ Mycologieꎬ 25 (1) 91mdash100

Orange Aꎬ James PWꎬ White FJ et alꎬ 2001 Microchemical Methodsfor the Identification of Lichens [M] London British Lichen So ̄cietyꎬ 1mdash101

Singh Kꎬ Sinha Gꎬ 2010 Indian Lichens an Annotated Checklist[M] India Botanical Survey of Indiaꎬ 1mdash572

Swinscow Tꎬ Douglas Vꎬ Krog Hꎬ 1988 Macrolichens of East Africa[M] London British Museum (Natural History)ꎬ 1mdash383

Thell Aꎬ Crespo Aꎬ Pradeep K et alꎬ 2012 A review of the lichenfamily Parmeliaceae ̄historyꎬ phylogeny and current taxonomy[J] Nordic Journal of Botanyꎬ 30 641mdash664

Wei JCꎬ 1991 An Enumeration of Lichens in China [M] BeijingInternational Academic Publishers Ltdꎬ 1mdash278

White TJꎬ 1990 Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal riboso ̄mal RNA genes for phylogenetics [A] In Innis MAꎬ GelfandDHꎬ Sninsky JJ et al (eds)ꎬ PCR Protocols [M] San DiegoAcademic Pressꎬ 315mdash322

Wolseley Yꎬ Patricia Aꎬ Aguirre ̄Hudson B et alꎬ 2002 Catalogue ofthe lichens of Thailand [J] Bulletin of the Natural History Muse ̄um Botanyꎬ 32 (01) 13mdash59

Yoshimura Iꎬ 1974 Lichen Flora of Japan in Color [M] OsakaHoikusha Publishing Coꎬ Ltdꎬ 124mdash159

Zhao JD (赵继鼎)ꎬ Xu LW (徐连旺)ꎬ Sun ZM (孙曾美)ꎬ 1982The Preliminary of Lichen in China (中国地衣初编) [M]Beijing Science Pressꎬ 41mdash43

7876 期    LIU Dong et al Contributions to the Lichen Flora of the Hengduan Mountainsꎬ China (6) Revisional 1049018