Department of English and Comparative Literature, American University in Cairo

Department of English and Comparative Literature, American University in Cairo and AmericanUniversity in Cairo Press

http://www.jstor.org/stable/521935 .

Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at .http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unlessyou have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and youmay use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.

Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at .http://www.jstor.org/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=cairo. .

Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printedpage of such transmission.

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range ofcontent in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new formsof scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org.

Department of English and Comparative Literature, American University in Cairo and American University inCairo Press and Department of English and Comparative Literature, American University in Cairo arecollaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics.

http://www.jstor.org

d~JJI4J1~

(~J~a)

iijl LLbj j~L4tl IS-M~ ~qqh L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~L~~ j ~Ljf jcL~iLL( ~L c~C

~r"L~ 0~L;ill j-LOCN iSj 1YI u~tl yj v' D~L~jhlJ r r r

~ ;.wr,, (irLjl 3LL3Lg Clr~c~ j41J 31d kl~~ j(;L~,;Cc-u? ~L~I ie-ol

~1,Slkll~o Cg;;~CL;i4 p L~i~fl cS~LB~ L~59?? ?c~X!~L,~dl~TYU~tL) ~lr ;i3~L1 i~l cb;J-JI "p~pl( LS~M ~L~ i~dLgtl iP icj~ -L~4 I Lo 3iL~ j i~j~il;l(~ C C

r ke 1 "b~kt ~11 c51M 21~-~*Y' I d,; s Ls; I'dlt~:, (crS~3" C3 ( C~QC~~ ~k;

1II(Al -? ~-' ILlg; 4~~ul~Z~I~?~5JLi11 IxY ~119 ;L; ~Y1 k;UL c~'dl;ios k-~ ~jo

C C

c~lS ~dl T"61~1 LL~ c~Lc crlI'9 c~Lok~bl 3 cI ,J~I c~fl ijlskjL1 Lo 3r:

i~e~aju~ ~ji4 .;i4Lii~fl c~ ~ 1 s i;3~L~ ;iS~L~C~dl c~L"Llk d r I ,,I 6~8CiifIcP ;icS; digIIL1 ~lkr ir03 ~BCiif 1 ;iko L CP LS-j~ ~Y1 ~~jflC ?? ??

~~J~ C~Y 1 ire) ~plh?109 ~jC4;j~9 c?-J 19 ih,

?I~1I ~jc ;ilLr~ c~-~c~Sj ~I ~La~S ~q~bliitl kraL cp ol~p~JJ c~J~yl,~ c~C-~YI .k(zll k'C~a~i Igkl~ ;L~atl i4~-I cs~t ~L~11 k~tWI ~-IPI~L~~JJ1;L~C)rl ;P j(S ig~it iili~riJ JSL! cSJ~L 3r c~Lj~ c~8j ~i~s~ r~t~g: c~Y3 YsLI~L! b~Mj

TL~L~L~I ,Lcl ~ru~ ~I~~ CI r r I Icrk;? I .d cr~k b11?1 bl-~L! C~O k-~bl sL_13J k_~ 3gYJI ~o ~ :5~Laf( c~~L

r r r r r * LP9~ I ~A;S b C~f91~~ c~f ~l?~t~Fi;l r r r

d ;iSC~~( -""" ~~ ?' cP L~ L '' '"I I~ht I DiQ ito ddAl ;1L~' pt j I ~tl r r

" d

u~;M j? ii L~~j 3! ~~~1 -? I LOc ."P~j~t( C~3 c9lk; P ?r ~c~c~ul L~L~J, L~L~ J~JJ ~Yi i431 IL 4 ic~ .jIrZrYIYc

c !YI LJjrl i4 ?i~l ~ ijKJ( lis i~tS;cl; I c~C;S;f1 I~M LS~JLjit19 ~i; s cij tYlu~~lk~~~

i~dj~ j~CilJ UJL~J j ~FIC! iij~ I~L~PJ L5IJ)if 'L~WIJ ~k;tUI ~j1~4 r r r r

;f ~sil ~' I ~L~i UL;UIUI .5 ~il dill ~P;zll I IC

~ L~4W ;C~-r;tl! IL ~ C~c;c~, slliKJI k_~ P ~J~ LS~L~I J'9~J(9 representations ;i~41~11 sl~-J1

r r

b g ?i ~ri ,~LI~l oL ~i-i I;iJ jYI,

(\999) \9~kfi

C~O CS?)lak~bl P 'br~L~LcPr z,~t~ brYLuO ("b)-~~7~r

I,.. 'dl,~a, SLCLL;1r I I ILC;S~ -tj~f ~d~hrIji~ )3'r~Y ~ I ?= s~l citf 1 51~

I~ r 3L~ 1 ~

ZLf?CL;t ~JO~L"cust( k;3J1P ~9131 ?c: L~tl (sL~1 sl~Lfl ,L4 ~~L;uc~d A31

JPIL~1 ;i303;C;vcti ~k;UJg ~1 ~SJ~L~JI 91 ;.~~~dll ;iccktl ~1 I dr,~LI j~bll . hs~~ r r r

~?LJ cS~Lt?a;t) LSS;UI 4L~t-J( 1~M ?~i?3' P Lg;? drQ~( lrs~19~19 -~111? h~99 fr rr~ r c~t I f.i~ii~f Is Ir -4fi?I

L~ IclJjr ate 12ii? ~E531 91

J~I ~c~ w15~ w.31 LzJ~J u~jll kul;r c~l ,~ 9h ? i; Ija jlS r r c r r

t, r I ?IsUI~s ~S~b~ sL;fl a~.~f 3 C~a 1 i+O " c~C;S;t sl19s I~u lal bL~?(

~L~Y~liJC crt i;?hj ri bl~r~l ~L~~ 3e J~t t F19 ~rgfl b jlJI: iro h9 P 51 1751J;5331sL-3irji;f I

r tsl~ ~I? lp~J-L;I " " " c c F Cj51 slp?134 ;i4 ~ii~f I~ic ~-c~t~L"Jf r~k 1 ~?B,,C;tcL 4a ,,

*^ U.~4~i~fl cs~U? sC; s LI~S~I~LL~I;S ~s ~1~4; ~E~~ o~ r u~ j;JI ~L~ lj - kIJ; 33 cit~J~i klL~ ~ ~.,.s L~3~I ~p~s;

r r P?, iii, E~ktl! IL)r ~f7L~ ~1 &46~ Ijf~ ~I b~iC~a~a at t~, ~ kd?;JI ~JL~-11 31~L-;S~I~ ;i4lii~lf ~s ~LUY ~

C C

~,L~ ~l.a3 ;L~jLJ~)1( ~k;3JL ;Ll~b sk~IM1S Cec I L?31,3~~9 I~M C~3 r r r

~i3c~ 3X; .;L; 546 I ~JJL L~CL4 3 Cec I be I ;i~P ~t C~ ,csj I

jlqc;*.! ~Ksl piPI~)I ;4-~4j ;iL~co rslp ~;k;ritl ~ CSk~LLI~L?U3_9;~K~js C;~;rc~jC?;? r ' Lp; cit? ;P C L~~dl srr Llii. ~ .+C, ipj isp~Lo ?"~o, s ~i ;p UkJS;- j~~ .LYLI i~ t,

~LII1~1*1)~~ ;s~31 ?--~i~4s ~I;M1 ;L~4tl ~Cccgtl!r ;Ce~jfl ~JgyD 1~5~5 Igi;l j? 3~jl r r r

;p~C~ Cgl ~51i 3;1 plijljtl ;ikaU?l ;i;S;e P ~s~ LSd"f L~P~a~i ;iC)e~La 3( P r r r r ~

91 ,ri r

"L~c; qk ci~-~c?l=;;;? 19 ,L4

Isr ~MI ~~ ilLs ~~ b 111~ 3~31 ih! ;is"U1JIp ate~SL-t I iro l~jk99 ~r ( b~krLY31 ;it?k~~tl kcjLrUL~ ~ti; ;ig~J ~jc ~.cZL~.' nA\C??. r. 1

t~b. fit r"' ha?la 4 ~6) C~~E~'Lgj~i g 14 ~psiitl iro ;icg~a c5j~( ;3~4Lj(" Il I a " ~~. all ~ ~Lt? "v y

'~~"' ' tlc'Kj ks~l s,~Ls~ y~U Idj 301fl ir0 jlg;t;I ~ \99r pieb ;ilcE, .;-?-??-?

c c r j'dIs, cS~L??l crle i;9 L~(LI ~Lt t?~ (g Idle 19. r-t~r ~ Iju L~IL~JC, O .... ..I

c c c

i-p; LijlJ ~k;ll ~ jj 3LS ~4231~~~L ;11 ~cl~ ,Lg;s r;51 ijjCt. i' ,. ::? sY3 ~19 sl~l ~Lc c145~511,;it;Jf ~sl~k-,l, ~11;1I r ioai iSL jlk;YIJ (caCh;ll ip ~Wls ~lj ~h~l~ y~ yl~JIC;i b;r ig~S ili~a

O ~tl 3r~tl~ (~;tg;rr! S~CC~1r r~srb irt~ I;f-e~LP p itl Lgg~l ..

9 ,,, 1 ,7. a~1 Z~co ~s

;Li lj! t~Li Yr .cSLj~fIs S(~k~1 ;rt 'I ~*L~u O I . r r t? r

~?;--lc~J~tlJI jCf;tl c~iiltl ~I tIt;l ;ic a~ 1~S;iUlcur~ ~??l?LIII ~(~) Ult 3~( C~ ( -?.. C C C

* Ir-; CA3'u 3~j 1 j;S;ZI .Alr p"l Ig) L;Z;I OiiiL I.r

r ,, l'r ~?CU

(\999) \91~41i

C C ~ ;to cD 3sc~l ~k~j~ crle UtI Igl j~;Ltl I

Dc~P O~Lt! ~-bh;o ;- pk4;1 ;i~ ~~ ,;I1I ~i;;ig;rJ iiO c~L~IJI jChttl iuC;tl ' .~;it d~.FiL~S ito kk ~jpkt )(-LtZIJc r?s-? L~L~ iri~cS CL-;J l;ro kc~a 3!\99tY

~yat Ic P crt c ~:'?;"s ~C_~ ~SZY~L~~ ~I

r b-

~~, ~~cJI rL~ bg~J ~J~iJ( Lf~O~L~ Ct~9ku ~p?-! jLf3~ j1~0 3cht" " C~h;Lc~

- ~i~l ?IJJ Lj~Lgll j~ .iDL C~ 'i t!TZ 3L Yi ~s Ilis ,jjiCI FL~J(I;L~ 5( ~? ;ir 7t( it'Ir! P ~i3I CA~C~CJ;1r ? ~~tl c~U~ ci~j~u&1( ~Lc cl~g;;) ~P ~i~Lr? ?? ?? cL~ ~~4~LI ~k;sl c5rdlrcS~ po1~1 ~i~ ~sl.LiJJI pjB J)C; ir.~S~?r c~rjht(~~L-C?-;IJ ~i i~~l iP LJ~ ii(~ Y~JCLI C C

c~L? al.;, S~C 1~"1( p~b, jJ (," tL~x~tl Ic~sL;rll gI ~b~tl ~Lktl ~a 3;~ ~~Le -at a a P )btl ~ttj 3rklC, 3~ juWI jl ;t~ ~i3lc~Le csllj I _rr 13-?l~t crle ?lsS ~kJI ~Pti L"~CCi;r ~lc~L? ~~ij~ S~C3Ju"g ;j14L~I 3st;

1L(~k P 3~1 Lg~S~ ~ ddl fi~ ~' C~t!c9 ~f L~ - ~ (s 31 ?~?~: " " " " " " " " ~ Dzl0 39 I ,iQ;s;- IJ jl ~S;r_ S19 ~~I CBI?~~L ~s~ 3-0 I .

~~ "s 3~k; ~SC~ Lg~ c Iw; ~Y iyo ~Zg~0 iroC~i ~L;ij~ r~(gjl) ~L;it dd . I D

ISIsjtlC3i C~~CLj C~C C~4~JJ C~ C~ 3J( ~Jt;C~c dd.( ~lk r " a d. AC...J rjg

~L;il ~~14; jl ~--11 ~ C~L icCrj( iS)JWI 4 i~J;jl ~il ~i?;5; $J ?~j~wl dllk a J~ kaUI ~j~jJI 4 ~1~11 ~yL r,, 9K~I ~Ls ~LD~ ~5 ~I~W(J

~J .Lgr J~i4 jiiJljpJij.ijl p~ Y jjui ,jiJIL~ry;pk;~s~ C C sl jl ~pt~ Igoal ~i" ,-~~k~Lc c~j(~1?o 3! 0-~:~-???~ fi~-~l kbLrl ;Lkr iaU ljlb " " ~II pj4 IjlJ ?;iLrt p~Blka cslt ;i~L*os kiC;i~ll yle ~-, ~~j~js c~YI k(~;lj~rtl c c

jl ~e ,~L~JI ~jptl rlk! ~Lt4 tcrirjlc~ ~;L~?1I~U~,Wlcrl" cs;jj 63 P ~s r' I ?. ?? .. ~g~lB;I ~? ~JI ,Jji 3~0 P if(f9 . .~ffr iro ksl~tl ~3 ~1~ ;r.7t(CljLyS~J iro 4-c~ii j(J~( it CI J?tl ;*? ?Is ~;~I ;iiw ,I! w~31 ~X-S j;ll irLlk;LI c~LS~; I~is i9' ~'' g

j~ ?rCS J~ ?~J~-1~ z,~JI qj~- ;JI ij~l i;e~gll 3~i~Jij ;ro L~i~ 9j a L" ~19~ .Lk LC-~L; c~Lc ~JI ;L~t .. ~L, ~Lt~L~1 ;Le ~15 c

,rr

~I j gender studies r~rl ~sLIJ ~sL~I 4-1~;rSI~ LkS .~~L " " ?? r "o crlrJ I ;~ck;~?'dl ~sl ??? ?Y c~-ll J~C~?! c~

~ Lg~c~ ~S;r_ ~II ~L~~311 Los r IPI)J3V iyOJ cSLbgh( c~Ui Cog '" " p ~~U~J ihc;J 134 ir0 ;itLcjs d.bd~ ~br I - -

a _ ~. ~Cho ~ti ~I cC~3WlijLds cP; t crleI il ?*~~~AJ

~I Lg~4 ciJ~iL~J_ ;iLJp=uuac pjg~ ,irL~ghl ~4~f 4 ~1 dJ iP it~k" *dSP

(\999) \9 cdfl

?;ul IL $ ,' ' L Igte LL2YI 3~ Yr~g~lJ kl~LI ;p J;Ce ,*e r L~L~L~ c c

Ig;L;1 W iity 4c~ J! icC;;(I i~-+l?(;slk;r;p 1~3?1 I.iB CS r~?j( Jljl I r- ~sl,' .YI pie J~J i~;i~l~J;isv a~jt~i Lgl, I igs -LYI J~~ JJI C C

~L~CL3~( Ij-L~J~( II;J~JSJUJJ iJ~LI L~J~.I i:~~1~ )~lj Il~y~LYI Jj~ C~J ~ L~JJ) .gender studies fl ~ iS ~ ~U ~gtO C~CIC~ ~131PLhtt P c c * ~ ? C;~g, ~ ? L;11 JJ~e, 3L~L~ 4 3lkc?t;tl-) 3L~WI ;p ;Cs)e~Lo I~L ILuh;l 32u jLi4fl ~tS~11,L~cUlj JL;LSi~;p ~JI jliitfl ZSL~Wlj CSL~flj -~j~ 3??s! jlii~ ulke ~tSL;- j ~5,~1 ~i ~i.~U4 gender ~Jjl ~L~?J~

C~YI?II j Lghjr i~ jJri~g p~lJ YbUI j 01~1 ~-) r~C~j-~ ~O~I i~ilS " " ~jLI, ji ~Li ~ SW I~jWllkg.~~-~ .pL211C~L jLgl~UI 5 5

~-J j*g~~L~ I, ~CL. ~e~L. CSI ~L~ ;p II~L~3~ 'd .% ~UI 6, W I cfWI ~I 'P't? L- ~4"j- 15'J' ~1;1I ~gk? " " " ;LCI ~ts'' Irll Ls ~a 4C~JI t~WI .~hi ~I ~UI ~ ~?ifl

"" ~YIP Y Ip bk9ti~JI irLktl ~ L~4~s cp?? Aca 4j I ~i,,LOg C~q 1~ i;W L~LeL~ iSIJls ;c~ll ~f Y ~5~1 ~LJWI C! .~1~JC~e~L~I I - ~ ~~' ;y~j lj~~ pUI i~ pill ~4 3S?Z Y ci t~i ~p~ji .i, '-

;P PSLi CSLS CI~ ~I C~iij~4 jj-(.Uri) ~D~Zi iP ~J~~U~ ji _L~i .I~V~L- J-L! Igt 5 5 5

LCc3UW sl~fljI ~ lj?~ WI -1~3Lll p LI ?1 ~?~~UI ?? 3! ?-- ij? ~--; ~sL~ic p'Y' ~IJ 4 islkl ,I L" I-, r

5

r

5 'L;yf ~c~L~t I~~ ~7UI;ro 51~ 91 fl~kl ,L&h-,l ;ilke jl

5 5 "I;U - as~ktl LL~L;ill ~o d ._~9 CS~LO C~t r"' 91 ~I p )~kra g~M17 ~~ r"

~lc irt LP?P;ill ~C3~r"' dc3U L" I, I . I ~k j! ~'Sc~ .LWI ~L~

5 5 1' rr bc~ ~31~1 91 D~~JLR L~J~S;"9 IrL13 Lo 91 Lo 4f;9

r ~ irO;i19lo ~ .-??-- ,L4 VI

I sCcs~tl 3e LI *~ I j~i ~gs d~t L~tlIr~hc Lg! L.j~g~Lj ~t I~kc~ I

IjBU)J CI ?Il;yC i4L~I bCi~~ isl~ll~i; IZJJ pgjpJ ci~ PP j j~c;,, ikC;~,. k~;YJL~ 31i4 4~LLL-r C~W (refl IL iP ~Lj)lk;lJ .p~JI ti~ll ,~uj, bjlkzt~ zik~YI bli~l, ypiill;u!u4~~,;l;i cb 5 5

L6?stfL' cilj;kj 3?1 ir09 6~-~1 dLI ;i~ihLLc;- 1 91 id -~3u L- 3 L~ 3~1 1 ~ c~-t IpLe;BljS~I .Lg~L~j ~SC~ ?d ?II; j;ljiz Ir~l;sl! Lg;LL~-Xj i~Yglh~

* jz;i" p?LY;f z"L3~r 3rSC~~; slJ I c~ ?"~3Lr ~JI, ~r~tJI ~jiJI P ?LY;tll~Y ~ ;L! I~M cr"k~l jiiLs (3LtLJI

s sr k( ~Ltl~3WI ;rg! tl

~u I .I...:it ;ia I~ ~,?y CPI3-PI~

- '" I;ic LI ~, d if d. A IL1 L~~r~ IIs .cLjl r'W's ~-? cP '5 ,,,,

~j? ~J~;i" Le(p .~YLZWI L l~s r?;;ct ~O~-tl ~j~;ill jl~l P ~?4-0 c~? ;i--;~"fl Ir a r 5 ~I C~3~' -?- i~L) L" 6,l~k L~4?9~ Igt 7~b ~PI! c; j;kc" j~ CL~U; ~I? IB1,

I .

(~999) ~9 L4fl

i "h ~r?Yar ?? ?cSz'~;;l c~b-zf~ c'~C ~' 1~31 a;LC~, r-lfio ~4;~;~L~~

a r ~ ~9 ?irg, ICb lp ;i~tl! cL;f I ~iKc ~, ~Ls) 351; ;ro ~5;611 oW

~pl Lol .~~ ;ro kLreo olpl! ~j~c~L; csYl~s, ~L~I ~1~ ~ LI~ LL;S;ro c Lg;;?dl - r t . ~lltl ~-~J L~r*i ~II slz~rY~k~f 19 C I~'sf IP csO)LyV I rU~wl P i;c~Lc~g

OL3 C~Lt ~f~lZ;t( CfUj jig -L~( CPlf~to i~ JjB Ltoy_ 3! "D~tJ(;LJ~lll;ro t~jJ ~P c~-WljUL Lg;iKc~ ',Cii;ll.';C~jYJL- ic~ thli 4 ;SjJ ~1~9WI .L;tl ~JI ????.tll ijLIS;111 L~5 -~,lcY ~Ct~Lo C~ 3loS;itLb 'LS~I ---St19 ~k-~'d19 5 5 5 sLil s~L~L;yi ~kO .~lkZSrr ~J-~;tI I~Mp .. X~ 3$4I L~9~ug b 1111~ ae~?~ iro ~-r d t;y-i i~LII~ CiJI i~JI -L~ L;IJ Clf? ;C-~l ~jBjLLi;BIJ ~jg;LetJt; i~gJ

1~L49d .;CcBL~ ~ry C~-Jg ~~k(g k~g 4~M c~t cPi;j~j~ ~??~1 ;e ?LQSL~ I~ J-P; I;Y~k;J CSj ?? c~~ I 91 I ) la srlp ~JULL-YI ~ ji tkli iii

~ . "c.l

;14s Itl;Ck; r's to ~jo cs~ I:; "P~gjrgt( SljSI~Y(S

~JI 4.L~L"CLJL-;JL~I~L; ;-g~ ~Z" ~Li, j LL~s~JI pri C..Y~54 ~t~ r tLjf C~j-? ri ~II ijlslgjfl La '2);5 C~LL~ rr ~,cd I " "

rid Lit ;jz;t 1 ;i~u~3~11~

iuL- "olr~l ~i;;cg~ i~ ;io~b kbJ3( CJ;1?? I LLh;i3 r*_l-Al ?? V'

~sL~II slsll Ig;lJls 41 LChhLI ~~b~L! i4i ~~irl ~JI j.L;II it~LYo L~JI;B jjf (~ctrif( ~-sl; j15 ~j C~LL) ~Sli 3-(L~14 e~29 k6L-3ra ijULur

7~k ~t~;iSZ"~;O 1 r P P-P k?, 'Y' ~ 1 46p (~CtO""

.cP~ht;ll, LS~I "Y 19 ~~JI, ~k~Stl ~5~-~l ~Le "o~tl sl~k-JI

I 7U~L" ~P C~LJ (~I sLI~L! ;;~ixt ~I~L~b IclL; kS c~l;o ?? " rehj- ~ (~M ~g .ircrLJI j~iill P kcrY! iJs ''~II c L;tl S~jix,;iltrtl i-~J ~;sjl ~g~l;w t~ ~ i*sl jlti ~i.L~I ~L~ $ ~f~JI " " ~Lo~zS ,;i~ ~11 ;jikt '~o 3? I, b OIel cP~p 3LpY;11 3Lf~C?( s c

~ ~c s~.t;~tl c L~J Isl; ~Lc ~ b~j~ 13,Icb~j~ 3[r^"~l(_))(/LOq3 ~-p9 CrY~3J b~3~r iuJ Wt P?Co~iJr ~ .. ~jJ~ igill3LiSCS? LC~Z 31 Lt~J( LZW L1B ?~i-Trt( L~ZLb rLr;lJ ~j L~L-r ~Lt~~( sllLJJ1S sl~hll ~Le c~btl ~f~ o~i~l ij~- ?ifLY;CI if~ ~C~ISC;fl r~i sls"SWI~ ~Wl,~cbLr~l ~S'cdl ~~II c ~JI ~i ~ ;kfi;o 5~1g~a 5~ jttl ~L~ju~3WI

LI r C~CIO 5

J crf! ~-W3 ;i;C lul ~kh( L" sl irc~ L~39 ~ lbz~S c~L~ c~l;B ic~a ,;ioWI ~

r r I ..r it4 C~L~LIO bC~I ~JJ)?FI~J I ~;rc k~ka c~s~;it Cf b

~~~ ?? tL s c I-~ ? 3 c~ J~B LO ~L; ~I 4bg LS~Y;tJ c~t3( P ;i-?YLYI ;S5LO

j g ;ikj ~p S12~ Lbhp~ LpLjt(S r c5~L;ll C~LZLJ P ;b161( F LUSC~I i~49 1\ ?L --r ~ ~31

WI ih! jl~J( ~Lh-JIP cS~LS~11 t t. ?3p'j''J r

;p J;ls i~~~.L;;I ~i isC~,jtl~ iiLs;ll irlt~WI icz~? r>C;;L~1133;,~. (\999) \9 Ldflc

I~ r LLs" iro 6~k~Lc c>UL, ye pfliJI IL .CL;I ( ~4~Lt I V' r ~ L r b~,Cg~ji ifCiio pg .4k Lo Ic_~c~L~ P ~SC?a4 .oC~'dl I~LQ

r? ..

cjL~fl sLL21?1 cslj~! L~L! Lg~a C~11L-~w~ Gerda Lerner j~f l~r~ ;i,:-lt ?~si~ cs-l ~IL;U csL~JI rsl~l Lg;a~u~ ~I rSL~x;ll

t (~c~ 3~jl( 3CXPr r P C~c~Q$3g ~c~b J~I! C~;1;UL- ~L;Ur ji(~bfi ~J irgtki I~s~ ,WI ir~~ Ik S(z~ sC3"L(

pL~) Clk)L(

?I (~L;U ? 51 ? -CLt I jl;Z5 r j?d (9 .lali~-c .ecc~ ikiC pjg~ cijL~( uLS C~JJ L~CI C~C C~ ~--J ~8~ ~~L~W( 4L~Sii rL~I ~p~ inY~rclt'd~ pL;i~fl b$14 t, ~ r

?? " b~s~,P LC~S C-~ ~ I~WC;r

b 1~)i;s ,~L~c~l W I bepg P q.l.lp ~ ?T1-) .. -- " "

~'lp;, ~~11 3! C~C~~L; jl ItL LL~s CP~r khi ~L~~1~L~e ZL~ LI~J ~B 9?LgJJ r r ??

L~3U~3L;II Ll~tl (jl 3I C=sc~bj c~LuaCj?r Cf~ ,L??-YI P -i; 6rl ;i~L JC;btL .Lg9 ~i~l iLc! ~ ~g4tcbJ JL2I11 sl;V! w~ ce~L jL;ll

;_1,Cdl~ ?tl ~jL;rliiYI ;cc~ ;i~~f c ~J;irl scJl;~cl c~L iJljL~ i~s~t~ trJI gift IL ci ?

3 ~s 1~9 Cj" Cc~cu csi 1 ;I;i t;yi C~L;B ?i~hl j~ll LLr;~J L-P I-r r'wl~~ jl-J~ irO ~jL~I iri~C: ta Jrl ' 'J ~g~ ~k~ LLSZ;I ~t~LLO j i3c~l ~/ - ?tt I ~si~JI ;p Jls JIj Lgl jl~lr ~I "c~JWI Icr - ~t ~ i,,;l-olgll sl~C~4dl ~ Lpl

Ig~ 3! ~1~ Ig;S;ls .3*klC: ~I~ ~gluhl;;JI.L-t~L~j sJlj~~s~i; ?r r irL- JI~ irLaLTI ~ .~J1 rtWI j r5~hl LL vis Cg~- g~l jrS~J ~3 r

c'~' ~C~ L .3P rb Lc~ Igto-~L~R ~ l.~C46(r P 5 5

iS)I~I~I Lg! issrl ~LLLI ~ ?c~c~wlLL;S~L aj-l, JL~GYJ 'ilitl c51. cSI 3! ,41;J?I~L411~jl~L CgbL; IrjL~x;ll ~~;c~WIL'L;JI j " "

r_ t I(t.- cC~LJ 3~-h"3s sLlsYI p ;cl;C~J(,I 3;LyJI sie ~1,;L~b Cji~LS" s

3LCI rr I r (jl ~-(L9 crLe ';CLJu~ll ~L~I c 9 ul ~! crVJ' plWI 4~ 3 r

c~;Ct ? 4 ~7 rr r

jli ,IL t;4 3! .~iJI j I! 91;;s4dl L5~Y. La~e ?I! ~JI 4 jliitll ~Ls`YI ~p (e Lu;lr I~jr c~U;~wlrsLIJlg jL;LLl~i;tlJL;~!

s s

-- (? r

r .. r (LLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLLb~ g b ;L~) Lf?)9 b -- irJulti~i ?LVzfl~\g~uL-J ljly f. 3??

irS;L_ ~C irO~f((jjJI P ~ldl ?J~k ~ C~3C! ;L w, (~31 3~3~9 ~lr/U ;fk~ e.0 r 3 r ~t? crt! L' ~jC~lpia~1 C~I+Ch4 C~t ~LI ~Y ~5~1~ 3! 3~pjL;-~?l (jl 3SLLo 1 .7. 9

~u~ ~L~LU ~-gi jfl ;i~l ~sL~I u~L~i, ~1 prWI 4 ~1 ~ .i~~btl c 1~46 k;lpt 1 ?99 Bll ~31 "sJ~I-L~ p ~s3 djlxt( oja cSLt t.

s "

r;C~LulJi 3p, ~j~rl ;ro crtk~4dl ~' ' '19 c~LI ih! ~sKrfl

t~\o (\sss, \s Lkti

.3)lf jljU 4 djl L~l~til jr~ 4j(??Lr)

~dj ~L?;r'l r~p~lJ gender Jt.~i yJrgjs L.I,, ~iSi ck~ yitr ir, I~lir, kgj, S; JCr;sl!~b(l(~ Lbi~ll ig~ ~J; cc;JI ;c~t?l~l Jsl ~ilJ

b j~ j i9~ ihP~ jlJII i~-;j ~b i~-kS Y~Jrbp yLi c~JI ;S;j idl LblL r r r r 4 gender ~Li~ yl~~ .L~JWI tlWI ~slre;ur JI c~L~J4 ~o~ Y irl~r~

b '-fl ~br? ~k; b~ltC;ro ~1101I;rO ih?! 6)

.. t. b b jJ13;ul zll b~a ?"-?-???li .r;icC; rW' Ij-~J1 .'-1' ?~;* i"~' Cd 5 5 r r r r r ~t~Ltl J( kuopiitl gl k$ljirjl 91 ~lbl~tt jsS~ 'CfZ) ~d . ~s ~ke~'Is~ P b d._~9 rLdl;J c-ht5~ "Lf4" kDJS LsYY, Co4 .~kr;YI ip

r U (1 yYS~ 4 L~j~ L.p~L~ ~k;p ~ ,~L~yl;f~ cF-Cjy~ cf-r) i-JS lj? ,Ipl lw ~si;l ~I! ~e51c. c~L~CoL. 781 CP-P 3 CC1CIY3 dSQ

F J~z-C;f ) b

j,.Cdl j cktb~JI 5WI jpl Ji .c~l j~ p, Lj ~I~~ ~l~ij1.4 ~Lb ii4 ill"' L~ilJL~ i-blj Jfl ;JWI ~WI 3~,;prl~L~S~~c~J ,;ri~fll jjJ( ~jg~ JI ~jB~j L~L5 '~l~tj~ IL 3LSl~ljk;D *;L;iJ (~I?-L;rY( 154

~I ~L Ih~C;CI "" '" " 5 rr r c~Qs hcC29 lg; I cS~Pt~L1 ~"~c" P c~fg94~4~4~4~4~ kJ l~nll c~i~?~e~ a;L;I

~as irg9.pl?121jc? ~u~l 4 t~i ~ptl 3" ? ~tl,~! ~ ....

s I ;~1 P 3~ i. ~4~11 ILc~ 3C~it;J .~e~l br"F

?^ ifs j3~1 .. t; ~sLza C~Y)PJ I JK~YI sb~o~liLtl ;i(r) P SLjll S~y~f

.Lz! jLLkJ i~L~iTI c~-~k?c~ i~?;lt;~;s lp ir~J~_~"cbS P ~zli;fl 3~L- c~Lc ~3t9 199 ;Lj~iS ktl'; 4 ~t4 it~~ ~je--k;i s~ ~~-Llcj, J~j iP;c~ck) jCl;;cllx! JKii~YI %L'IX;X;ji~~rja~sWJ~I~.jl .~ I,,lj~fl~ 31~WI -~lslp~ ~tjlto " " ~o cL;t ~ps-~CI I~M

Pr~ - ~e ~s4~5 c~J~s 1~1 3 l;i I cP (I~?cg3Ic....C~

.al~tl CSLc-~4t~ ~J~M~tl s s 1( 91 3L~I Lb;CS~ i~ ? L~Y;f( c9~a3r~ ~t ~tzt I jl 3bi;L~? ~L~Z, i CSt~iJ )1) r?~g""

~Jrgh. Ijp~ pLg~l LI1~ ?~; q Lg I~~Af( LCUC~UI c99u~c*r 3W4 YCI ,j, ji, 3~r31 aLL4 ~Lb s s

CP '~~IJ?~J(JK~ljizLM ~il~ jl L51. cs~kL ~gk. rc~tL .I ;bi; cSpP, cr*C ?d SLyL;f I c99~ ;ifltrtl j!?;rs~i~

;P cr"WI crlc .J~U IP'.S+;J'I LJTCI JLyx;l ~clr: ~j~s_ 1.% ~L;f( LgL.~5~ii JJJ

~~I ;i(ZlljL S~tr~i4dJ ~c~ 'd ckltl?3?11 ~4;J .ilUI, 3~LJI,,~CI IfL ;ifClrdt ~-tI ;i(rjl irL~,LI L~L~Lt

5 s

~JjJI Ig~ kz~ i~~u;;4.cl-;t'dl it~l ;p iZ~L3_ 'd c% b~J r;i;t3 5

i"" Ze~11 r~ ~s,~ ~~L;, dr3 5 5 ~?

t.r sl~s~s;tl ,~lp cs~;k;t19 z~fYlf(13 Is~lJs~ r~ ~J3 tbr~

(\999) \9 cdfi f*\~

C~LS C~J L?4 kjWJ~151 ';1~ ~L( ~i~i-.i~Lt y~4 igj ti;JL~sejl cCo~ful Ps c L;tl ~;, J~Z ;;II c~~l,,keU cS~J~;tl jl ~;r; Il;i~~ ~f WLS 1 ~al~L;;;II~ ~jlll cSt;wo

.qL~CI ~ yWI jL-~ 14jlJ yltts~ GY;~bZII ~L~ Lg~col, Ubi~l j*ol ;p ~t~ i;t~~sl yJ~k.~r tL9 ~cp gender ~k. jl

rJ?g~ 3-~!. Lc~X!t. O

il~, ~sYY~ ~r.,i;cYI 4 3L Y gender JI ~eh? jK~;I~J~ ~j~l ;ibl~l " ?~wl 31;JI ~s LG'dl;L, j u~bJ Ls~l L? 4~ ,gender r~

~t? ir 4L~l ~9`?r ~L kjW ~ ;i~i IPL~ LL~! irS~ Jb :Cj;t i~ C C

j3ul il~l C-bJ ~ IpCjLI ~caz&d-4 ol(jUI csLrjl ~t~l ~t gender r~gk. ?;ir~f;ccL~j~ at LIY~ d~ ~~d, C

~yLlk;~j .gender~Lt~.CI*;~,lj~~J~~ idl~gu c c c

c~Lc ~fthuuJ b;l C~fllrtQ (j" L1~9~ 31~r3 r,

P i~ g; ?,A; ?4. t 13I,,~I 391'i~ pts i~JJ~s~~tB~ ~plill~argkc J'. 151JI ~sJI p~f I O

;hsll, ~sl~zUI 3~Ljbl ~gUj gender JI r~ek( lgl ijKe u ~l~i~ ?LI ~5 c c

13 19Y I jsl'Cdi lf3 ( cP crLrJ I r'W' P 'II tb~ ifb;gt r "t. a c :LhP*Z, gi 3~JJg i. AIC..I O

c?? ?? ??

C at ~ s dg~ j ?k j Y JjUg gender ~-~L~o

;Us J--e ~jl, ircl ~II ~LIJI;L?-e ;p gender ~LL~-P-. ~i o Lb j~ ;jtl ~4 ~ t i, k~xl ~dll ~L, ,~it; L49 ~jts~ j~01 ~sL~1 ~s~zWI

ss s

,I ,al~tl sLY~~ sL~ t~~s o-?--f;~ r?"l? Ps .kS~~e'dl c~h31 s'dL~ P?Ly;f

~ ~lspp ~hjl $ Lg~JJ lg;U,~ Ig;LL;B~ illJ;p irj;jl CSiJI 3LJJJJ - 94~ at? ii~U~ i5-ill -

r r

k( .td~11 L~-C C~S 1 1~ ~ ~L~II ~C~ I~Li db si ~lijl ~s iL;Sj( ~I 'L~J~fl SL~lilll sLe;

" ~Lr; ~LJbS. ~sL~II i~lPrll rsLt;l~ (igt cSI1?e"JI c c

?wl L5~t CS~t C]~j 3G9iLtl pie Py r rl( IP~SJL;fl~ I ,,1 ~L;i;ulcl 1 -II

dvlC Cj~k~lg (4~ZCLJ L c c

a ~rjC~c*L) 2'-c~' jl 3! b~k3c, iSISt?d ~ r

ri r r P ~LJU , L" 61~L~P ~sJJl,;i~irl ~slhs ji Iho SLY~~ C~tt 51;?4;?

P lg4~1L; LQ~ LYL;~'( CS?LL c I; ~ I"_"~R"' b~B~j jl, '2) 1 3! (p~ ;P r r

" .C~IG7~Ctl LS~t a1O1~ 91 1141 ~Sb~j L=-ucj d~it3JL( ijCILQ~r~Ltl -L" ; ~"-r i""s

5 " fL-~9~*~J ~ ~cL, ~L;if ?c~F~9J~f ~ cSc~U b Lc~La ;LLipoltl li~3~b~PIC? I ~g~klJ Cf94?k SL;f f

Ls CC;iLi L(?it(j--~-e;Jl;li C~J jL~JPj/( LCt? Ci ~JZ) TL-bJ ~2LS gender JI ~6i. rr ~L~ ?;~o* J c514;11~ Cil,.L;U;i~3~JI iL~kll ?JLL~I a~ ~ Y IL;tl

1;LLIILYYq ~CJ;C0~19 ;ii~lii~ CSI~YJIL,

?sYY, j shfl ~i~ 'cj~l~lJ lil if WscliiY. gender if a a bkt 19

?? ??

cs~wl -: t- J;it4 .~JJI, ;L" 'jrl .. c I;iS~t~f?dl;i~lLYf( P " 1, a a 1, i~b~s~ cl~Qgi crt! c5~ ~ irgr~l

(~999) ~9 ck)i 't"\V

~tw~ ~I~ ;sS ~-I-~t u9 b ~L;WI ~iill csCIi~Kc ~jp o~srbf L 21~.?SUI il SI*y~fr irc 9 LS! LS s-1' ~-L;?;1,6rl 3r_3u" Cr

~I~J~ tJJi dill ~ULuhl~tdJ~j ~(j?8 L?3 3! r? ~?

ciill ~d*LI p ~j~YI jJ ~Lz. ib jrti cii 'jL~C~ 3l.,jt ip16? ~~! $ tttz c~f,3Lt~JI, ~ s ~; ~t~~CI~I ba~j~c;S~~ irt DJ??~LR Cg;5;1~ Lg;l ~L~Le ~gJ ?-~- ~c~b~Liui SrJlr -? ~~jiil l;\s ~ ei~t .JLLI i~k:?~1;113r ~

tr I (VIJY CZL~~f~r

r" alcS;I ,,LYLI IjBCClt, -p;~Jirti'rJ r y

,~u; 3! h9tbuL .~LLar SlrCY;3 IJ JCrll' yei ~i~ur gender fl JI~ iro ~hl Z~,~CU- Jf I;. dr .11 CStOLi;Byl ClcLdr r P irgf Lk;BI ~5~~ ijL3Y~JI ij~wi 3 5 r

i~'JJ~ d,,~,, I P

r3?-ll r" ictChl;i~~jil ~I ~W1~ ~BL~I ir" ;p gender ~d~ig

~J~s? ;trtt irtegt zl;-k~ gender r~ " t 5 13~iti 3~p?' cP C~;J~Ur 'Is~~ ~ gBJ .;Lr jfJ islxJ(r b~6tl p 3rk14 ii r 5 rC r 5 bjr~JI ~c~l h4

~,Let ,-~4(LS2il I)~tD~Bf 3C~b '3! _f~LYr~ ~4 ?J19L jLS lj! LDI ?e yL~itl I;je c~l~ dI 3--Jl ;r? 45% ;G-A .~I) 3~CF~( cj~ tS~ 3-?-l-lc?t

c 3~jJ I ; .~J..Ltl 3 Is)jtl C;ir pL~P~YJ yl!t~~t L ~s-P~t I dW-Ztl~Cwc;t( ;iSIZI1 jl! " " 5 gender JI r~g4( 3UI rL;aYI plJ ,Lg;~ ~i;o ~zb~31 IL ~iL IPJrgt it~ csk-~gll ~a ~o tgte ~JLtl 3C~OCQ;PLY(9 -(_fl LL;Jif Jlr;' 1 ,~!I,, ~P ' IJLs4 13L;h4

r c r ~I ;rS;CI L I, sl ~5~4 ;ij it pt Cr~ k %.~A~t,~ atr ,~g:

. is~ 51 ~~ 38 JI;J~ PS~ ;b_,., ~_ ~~yJ 3~Lll )jB CSLt eL)114 (gendeT fl ~i~ ~ ~i~l c>Lok-~BI ~s~L; ~-bkto;p (I( LLbii icd8(9 ~jiJI lj~ 3;lsl LYI~Z; ;ijl(C514rjr53~1d .f. t~~~4d(

?~ 3LflCt1334 '.^1. .-... 11 II ?UCI; L~kZ cSU4 J9~LI +16;l.~tas d~ IJjrlt pgt ~,I ~i"s ~dJfl J;e ija Lilfjf ~,~4 jlop LSI : ~~c(s;kSI i~ ,~~I c .u. ct;i~e itx;p

rr;i~fp;lt ~~L~ p 'L;yf 39~?(ii7 .'lul~S' A, j IJ9 b Lgf I d.llrrC~f 1 cfS t~k~d I ~4 ~4 U LkR9~1( Cg~P"ULL3_:l~j~c ~o cr(ll r. r???C

C 5 C C C C "b IJfr P;Lo 1\ 9\ crf, I '6~?C~'~11 ,c~L;! -??ttl) jl "L;rt L'I z"

( \ To - \ ~ tJ~ , , \ 9 9 h ,"D~JSlit ~ ~

;r? 3,r~-a ~t~ki~ P ~c I, ~?c*dl f~L~ Jr~t ~krLc~ j Lu Lc~o cf , _U--

,~? ,Lg~;;;'dl IjB .Ig-ll~ CZlC ~;~b~JJ;LP ;^L~OL! CjL~g 4;;_c~jJrL?IZO P C~~ i- ~

tLJL-Y' .gender ~l~~k~i??d~pl;i~ttl 3.jL~t;t I , - E~t(L" ~-? 5 A, r ,,JI ?cslrt ~'s;P ~j r~B4f?I I~M j L eC~cuW ij~itL .. CC3

5 c

'U"~'' cr'-L- ;it~sf! ~I ~J~tj~t; ~ ~cSL-JJ -k;i~ ?r-'W' ~P '1-~ ~Lol P ~Jr_

5 5

Y It;l 'd! rcrcrJ1 ptWI ;p ~i;'d, 3L4cJI ~iifl P ~ll,;jL$ittl, ~slx~tzatl ~J ~~bl~~ ,iblpi~~ll ~F.~tLJkas ri~L;irl~ UL~LL~J ii ilbj^hi ~i~ ~sLz~ar ~ri ~1 ~ij 16U ?ccrJ' ~hl ~~ip~2jv~ plr ~4i IJ i~LcLtra.

(\999) 19 L~Lifi Y\A

5 5 a 1~ ~L"~~ irUs9 Lg;e ~I g ~~[7~9 ~g~ifl;p O , ?C a

O l~ll~tb3) c~ La~r a;U ~br;l J~L~ 1;~9" Ij~ r~egh; 31 L;~i L 1I~:~;11 I;Jy JjLL~ r- ?(~f ,;r Id *-~ 'd ~L~i ibl~JI) ~.I J ~

~jL;- ~I! ci~fl ~iil;tl r CU J~ 3! 31;11 IL 3r i5~ jL ii rt~i ~s~?s c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~ .,~(L-,461 ;r0 ckl ?? ?? ?? ?? Xe kit 6;1 CSjrg c LYY;1 d r,~3ij 39 S~SC~L?O it~ cp~it 1,Ch;t 1 ih!a~32o ~s~t. ~P;19; iP ;i~sge; crt! f~ h~lJ ~P ~-~yJI~ ~, L;11 ~Le r~gtl ~l;,;i~o~jJI ~s~

cihtlr~r c~t (JW' cp~'' 1,Ch;t I ~s" rkC~ .~L4-L"uUW ;L;?lbl;tI irll~o~iitl a r

IJ19 ~-'9~ 3~PC"Y9 iro c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~C;t 1 SLhkf L c~S~c;! La 3( 3~f;L~ CS)UJ Lol .j~931~ r r ?+ ?? 5 5 .L~3~1r L pg4~ (j~s)13c~l Lo 1 tb9 kc~ LJ~Sj3 I ,, I 3Lc~ ~P~'9~$~;5;"

r r 9

i--it j jc*11 Ij,;i~ ~ .WL~I L~bll Z~I pllztl ~s ~s~z~s 3jWI ~Lt -5 b;L ~?"~" ',~M C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~C~LZ7 I h~,."oJ~tJ p~uf"rg

kg~ ;r" r~C;ill 91 ~jJI ~C) 3aLi;ll U4 d,~ 9 Lt;a ~L~ra 3 5*dl .. " " IcS~ '-" "L;j,,,~,L'YI IL ~Ls,.Lg;~J~i ~;11 rsljl -II ~;~u, ~~ Lr-hl ~j~) I(~OLYJ ~-t~?L)

r r ~ pWlJ L~I~WI ~i~jl j~SI E~e~ p-kil ,t~LbLI ii. ~LuJ irl~hl ihYLiJ~ iL~J~ ~Lo~L~'dl cp ~~31 sL~tl t~,Lx;l~ ,rslUil, csljlktl ?~l;rl;PtlL;~~J;L'-4kiC~:~CC~-Z~Lif u41C~I~ LS, ~ - " ~h;s " " "

ar .~WIO ~L~L~~ k?:t7Jl,;t~41 d ,,;3 9 ~CU u, 13Lq;L~utJ (r_~-o;r Cslt 02*L3s ?9 ~-!Lrtl ;i;s yoitlLkl~u r~bL'. " C~Oh?. JLXi ? J~jbjl.kSbl?.L;"~.?;5?'?

~c k-;'dl~ ;-:~dl LLbs" d .7, 9 ~~L-p ~L~YI (FL5 4??

~ri~u~ ,jptl Prie i~J if. IgJL;jJ LiJZtl jJY 1YJ j~j j~j si LC~LZijill~L r r 4?? j~kU_;ro gJ c~LI I- ???:~L: ~L~1191 c~l;ttl ,Lc~v. 46 dd.6~s ~c~scr~ 3;1-19 ;r? ~Z_-is

c~L~SL-~ Y irLrJ61,LS~fl oj8 3~-s~i rf~L~L_ LkcS "- r OJ~Jlp O il.l j-~-Jlo" 3~c; ;p 'a r JI r r r o I~tl D~g~cP cl~SC=j 'dS o ~ssc~c! ~jCcYI

C~Ltr ~tl 1 ~5~ jl loS r Lg! ~jCc~trg ,LIi;j~l at cP~LrC ii;JIJLSiilj i~l ;ijc;J1"3 ;tw~l~-;;p~S )~IL ~?r;f irlUI cC~ ~Obl" SS irju~ U;ul

3-p;K1~, sL~s~tl SICy;fr (?ftlr ~o ~L~ IDL;LI ~j~ ~illj j Ir , kkiittl rr, / lil~ o Clb~u"191 ,,, 1 jttl s~r;t) La . (%V? c~l! ;rg~ Irc-- ?;'

~II LLh~lL ~1~4 ;r~-~gtl j~C;c:,~CI iyo _I ~~Le c~l~Jg cii"CUI 3d '~;9~7

Ki ~v4?~ JI; ~jsC1; 4 dir 3,'ul 31;11~~ ~5iill ~8~ 3,ir ~gji pi :~I~I ~U W ) ~c~ Ig~P) rWI 'jWI ;f,,,"; ;iLole 91 ~co 91 L

I '1 ;ilL-;YY1 cj?g! lg~1,19 ~cblSC~1 cCc4 ~tiucfl! -~IJ r r I ~s"~ 91 LO ~kt ~j~j46 'bC) ~3 r

lsi ~b;Lb j ~kL Ig;i ~s~Lt~ ~J1, it~l ~sYY, ~s.~Lb~;kir ~I YI .L. ?;1~1 ~JrbJ~ csf! 1;9"~k; klj o ~I~JI ~Ls ~Zj j--x;f l,'WLc

Y\4 (\999) \9 c411

ir! UPljll jWI Jliull j? Ip~~si o~t I ckxlcru

;p51 "CII L~Jr~c~jlq~ hru?eJi' ihil~31 ~i .~L,, ~L-L; ~j~ IJ ~ ksl~ ~u I SCCYI;1r ~j~ ~i? J~4h;YLJ br o~c~l L I-,Lo ~g;l LL~l g~iiJL! iL~CQlcgt( C LI~

~ a j~19 .~jgt "~jl;irll" ~s~LI ~Lc i~rz, C~ ~o,- 35~ Y r-' ri"J ~-SC~ Yjlj~ Y pi 3,jl ~s~~L, i tjJ.1U , ~~L: bLrk C~.~t~' ~s~LcJI s~ ~ ~b1ll 4 a;l

s s L:~- 4,/9r :a, ~Lc ~Lu a;J 'dl II

d ;i3c;l I ~jSCcg ;clS~Lo j ~akCC: 4 - 31;p C~3u 'i' Is 3s~ 4liitl 30JI iSJI~Fs

" br~u C(bJL; I,

lg;~ yl, ~5~ 3L JL;2~s)l~p~ I~ii; buo461 ;iLS?CI~Pa .~i Jsl d,.;AQ ~afC! 3L- 7 dllCj. '~ LI~I,-~illic~-h~~ (jJ~4i (jj~lJ~)l;p %t?) i,' Ir Ji Jchl 3~L~1( i-IJI~JJ LIL;MI I~yi 131JI? CL~I 3t b*i~WI ~jCZ~JI ?? J~L~o j c~LS~-~s I ap ~t.~ ;ialt ~,.;AQIs I 'rtl 'cf s t4~JL! C~i~a h4 s " " " " " 38~ ct-~I~ Lo LL=9 Igz kS 5 L~fl Css~L~h! ;rwS c pJ Jjrs 3 ~x; " " ILg ;ioCe ;L3~14a r-C;" jl 46 ;ilSC~tIv~h;t b I ~~I ~sLslJI

i ,7, 9 .cbLi gl i-js ~jl,'d L.r*gl r~gll kLJ ii! JI;LLtl ~ ;~L, 4 ~J~L~I ~? ~?

4L~Pa~iLtJ c~jLj ~L;Lrg ~p c~sl~i ~ ~

C~3U~L) L~ II~~; 1~( (jZ ~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~c~ ;s~ c~c( cSI 1J9LjlI~) L L~iif L c~l~ii~f rrr

~U I cC~fIJj 91Icsi c~ (k( u14 ~t~htl;p ih;L~ C~N*r " " " " r-

;r? ~bUI j ~-II ~iJ-~ k4Bl j ~btl ~5~ j ~.~???? JI;JI, 9~~ ~Ck~l, " " " C~t L 6)~J?l I r,,~c~ s ~JaWl~i.! ~J;? Lt13~1 L? r L e

~-r i~Ls.L~I pu~ ~3 ~g~ jl CLjs ~I~I jj,'YI ~J1 L.~sl tCtLe?-~i.iSLS 3 " b " - ,ull~L, ~iLsl. ~J ,I- rCj irXoWI~ ihL~WIJ k~ll 34ur i ~~d~l J1~4) - pli41 ~Le ~ ~cB~ ~L,' ~? ~? - r " " ?? r r r " "

iP ~I uP ~Lu dl 461 ihui~ ;iS?Lj Lo,-, 1 be,~k: ?uj ~ ,Pli~YI J~M i~ls LLe cft ~ ccle JaJI ~cr~99 ~s;- u ~~ ~46) ~,:"t CA3

a

r r C~c~Lc~ I, ,~. "rt II )-ie~p 3i' " a " Lc! ~C;ra ,jPI .~sil rsL~Uo

" " ~9 c+Lt ~, I.~,yl L- CS~r,(;,:71L Cro~?L3_ IC Cj~Cj" b~t ~C I "~ C~b ~ I ~ C;a t .... I ~ cb~c~l ~L~I y~c=Y! 3+ jfl ;ic~CiidJI~lp?JI chL, 3! ...... !* " " "" 6~9,"t L cS~- ?d i~JL;" cP C~3klr I ~ .bil~l~y~, bj~L-d9I ~k11~9 jL~4dJr ?~ " r Ilr r d9L~t(" j(r c ~I~W' jL ~51"' 4 ~ijr~tl

" " " " " " '6,,413,Jls I;it;U ZC;U ~Lkrlrk e I cslok;al 4 b~LZJL~

r r r -t ~ lii~fLaf ~i~Cc 46 k"cS; ?dr ;ro jlrt ;ifLytJr ~.....;

" " " " "

~~Lr~l 31;4~k~,jCS&~~~i"~Di44 - " 6~2 bektl ~*?L~; rr r r b 63 ink~ct 1 3,jl ai~ C~F) I a, ~iLLf IliS "

J~I Ipjl3!,~Li, ??;ll~j-g~l~L~k; ;ij C~Jt I 43;3~-~ TIOIU3 r'j1Ps 3;;0 ~Lc~ ~lkl-juo "ultC~ c~C~

" 91 _ _ " ~? L " .ato a,9~9 d~Ls191 ??~~?1,9 C~CLL-J ~I ~~rl J CA;S;fr (dC;Z

(\999) \9 ckli t*f~,

~ - a - .brc~.~29 huo cI b cI,46 t)C~ea tr63UWI ~psjifl ~s 3~ d ,7, O t ~c~ L4~L;C ~LYCI~ I

~ 3;Lu9 cp ~r~L ?-~ g L~pjif I jl t~ iJ~ Lo ~ b, wlf I, be IJ~

s I144 crJ~ ~US .....,; k~S;fl 3~c; ;p ~*c3 46 ;i~CiiLt I I~ I~e~f lj " " - ~c~ul i' ?

.~CibLg qJ~~~; ~i kJUJ~RS 6?klLC b "

r e r r ~il~ t~ (FLI r3 I~?LL;irr(L~ rI -tl c~~?dl jl L9~21 r LSSCV3C! 3

~ * ~ ~

a ldl CP L~tY~j CjV31;1J C-~3LI ji! j3s;i-;rifl ~~i;tl 4; C~~-~PIZL"' Lo .c~k;,46(

~-JI;r? L-kl"jU~ 31tll 33~W C3~C d;i~ ~LcZ;f( i~ a ~1 dr3 C;~d Id's hcC I* -~'rf 19 I s*d Lcfl cP i~ jl ;icC~; cSJfi ;icl~i ~,Lt :ihtl LS~u

c c ?r lj itc ;LLYI 3 9~ 91 d ~ a. a~ a3

CjV~) Lg ~I;s " 2; ??"

~CJtl_-~J?4dl btfL;tl ;i~ 1~)9 ~t b~t;ijIsP 6~"'IsP bit,~JI~ k"cr3 jls k4d ihko

isL11II J~hll ~j~ ~htJ slUI ~I, wl ~ jUb~l ~Ls ~LbCY~ ~i Y ~~L~yi ,I ;-~VIYLY ~j ~j ihl c~j~ptl ~g~b Lo .c~L- ~461 ~1 3! ;i4,Cgtl kcck-~'dl slbLf;ztf ~P c c

r r r

rr 16~ ~Ltl L~t~ Un~i~ll o~L~aL Ji ct *k;sl .~11 JIS~IJ ~I~JL~YI i~L;u~ ??

,,L a tL4 cSjls drrr~gtl, CT*ktlr Lj~O ~c-cleC; )J~a C~f! 64131, ~Szll L-~c~t

I d~kf 19 C;Y6t ( L L II- d~ ?I-t?l ih! ~LL ~ (iWl~~~bj~ht;CLSi ~L~L, tk;zl jk ~li keUS~ ~, jW~ ~'YI ~5~-~ i~L. "Li~jl

~,LHt~ ~kju~ 9

r r r. ttr lr

b~lit I, 1~1 Uii"~~ dr"13L?9 CSf ;i~Y~fl! ~1 ;rt Lkl~u~ ~L! ~a, ~ih;4 o

35~ LCL*jjt 1 sC~ t;: t( ih! ~Ccpl~t~?Y~scdl;Ltljl~l ~kjl Lk~z'dl irSrll JBL~i;JI ~jl 4 i~~ itj ~~ ~gCI ~S~J irL~itl I;ke .~~l,;rL~aa~tl, it~dc~l;t( ;ro 3rkt4 "D~gcJ 5~tgoLa ~Lj; ir*; ?"b-Liirtl

I r :- iLCI! ~p ~e9 SC;1LS pLtl L~ ~ ~i~ ~ ~~l~i~ ~k;rYI ~~I! r;gs cP t51jL~VI,,L, cP ,s31315CSip c~J I ~B IL~-~WI cP CS~cSCIr I s! ~d . a -jJ

c c r r r;?sU-l L1Y~ ;ilfc~'(~bg cb9z~ I-9 bpjif in! ~iKJ1 ~p Li~J3btI;rtg Ltyk;l ~ C~l~llp?4j

t r Ltirj JL~t 3;-C?o sB ~f i ...:tl!? r ilS11~)wt ~p LcxJ 14 .U1 ~;r? Lgl C~SLLJ9

.~ck~brl ~L~t~119 c~h;fl r;'"' -kL?" d.~,,, t b

s s

igtL~S L;k-~a P -~pgii4 LSZ;( cSlt~e~ io Iis~ 'd c~i~ all.l s! .~C~j;tl zL. 3Pj ~;iblPS~ ~tr;i.i 3! ?wi,~sjl ~j~S;L~Ii~ ~e ~ah~ Y Ig;iLr ~I ;p

CSCo ~FhY?:! Cs~L"SU ~L~5~,~,~L;~?Lj?? Ijl 3a . ~?IN.(j~l~-O? C~JIWI Iti; AoJ 1~ ii rcSY itr;ap' s~ c ~j131 IPJI L+LS L~UJ it~iiii~: Lkcs; (rc";! clls tl Clcr

~?,;JI;1LblijYI ~r! ~jsJlirJI ILirt~lp~g CS?3 s '1.~~7tl a~Lsl(cCU

b 1~1 (j L 3 ~~iC s5

-I . L. Ld j( ;roJ .~hlrtJ ~L~i ~e ?'

(\QQ9)\9~kll

5 C 5

L~?li? ?crk"*l c~L~'J' tIti; 3rj P 163.~~ j19 ~k'~31;L;3 jl jikttl

3-JIJ;ts~l ~r~ ~II~ isil csL?r~r? irt Dj~Z ~11 ~ "bl~l ~pbd .LP'P;L;11

- ,?1 .5

~IU~ ;lgll C~L~oll r~i ~if :C*LUWI 1?1)

~s~b P "b~c~ LSZ;( cSLt~yO d~j j( p1519 - C~3jJ P1WJ ~4 ~PI; - "b(~J jV3C~ rt t. ? rr

.L~c~ ~9LL1( O(_rl( ~4(~ ~c~ j( C~UJ WL 3( clii;kll;S;c_ LkcS tL~L~IJ p r .t7~1

'c~l?~~

r. ?;; k-L~c, c~L~uLI ~ ~Lp ~L~I ~si ~~L c~l~ 4 ?jlSj k( .~L.rll CC.LL

~L;NJ iS~1( CC-J~ I~d Dl~i ~i;t( 3~i ;P bl+ubl JL~co ~P L~JI .~fk~`dl ~j131

~sLc~lll kp~LI csCc~tlli. ~Lc ku~ ~5;1~ ~L~9r" itS~ Y ?3~b "c~Y~-" 3! J9-L! 30-JI j4 ~Lp~ 5L'lr_! ;roji ~ui ~!;c4Lb114 .Lo;i~hl kc;-~' 3(C~J?I ~o 3el+S ~II

~c ~5~11k~WI s~ll lj! d;l ~ 'L~brl ~ZIL! C5jjg ';iSC~~L;jO S~iiL CP

k~p Lgkx;?dsLri'dl I~M il~l Crjs ,lji4 cPWI Ci-c~LI J~O C~ clkJI

I~e~-~ C~j) P ^P1I4iiO ~U~ Y(glftl,~l ~g,~! C~c)L?( (~M ~L5' i~9gi

,,wl 3-Jls ~jcl ;t~ 399 ;Ljij~LJ C~rO-U~ C~1( ij~-LC-8-1(9 3W1( C21! ~ji-~h; i~h; ?IC6ju~ iP ~51 3L~l~l~yQ L~D~ ~B;P Jf~ I~ -~~Ct 3~1?)J ~I?(J

iJg~ ~8~7~( J~Lg! It"P~SljflJ lal/tl cp-~Lc" I~he P~3 ,c~Lli ~,~I

4 ~K~L~ C~( L;i~l .c~ 35~ r Ly;ll ;ro ~Si ~le 3! 3~sd( ;t4~ 4 ~Xk;ll I ~(

IJ ~j~ai~i~tl r3 C*bl;c! Cj~ i~ji;l( Clbl3v ?d c~c~L;S r~o

"' .s4L~ll, k,

~' iii CZhy ut~z;U kC~Y~S ilgw ktjuJL- rj~o~LLo r~~Lhi r~4 3JL~ s;tl r~8Lhll~ ?~~ ;c~s~l;L ;c~4liii- irL~i ~Lk? I;i~r ~tbti .. L;II ;~;L 31~~ ~4 ~zllcsL- c~P r?~j~;"~

?~ictll ;r? ~sl ~rLt ~P C~9~1) 3Jt~c~i C~ Igto jJgtl ,iSC~I L~3f 9) ~SLt~po

r~j crLrJI irb31 ~P~ ~Lill 4 i~le ~ J~~J j(lr09 3L~-Lo~ c~JI~ :JI: JLj

'd JLrLI ~ yLe Lga cts~rtl C~P c5JL--~CI J~-e;llJ t;l~tl ~~J ii~fl 41 ;ut " ""bl~l i~rit LS~t~tJ jS~JI' '~~~LLO" L

,,, II .11 (1~CSPJ~1L~ CS~M ~L~t b~k ~3?1 b 1~ 111

~,1 ~ ~~ 3?J r;tl~L~i;tlJ;51~1 P~g! "~P~IUl,;l~fl Jc;Lo~~ ~9~Ke La .i~! I;iLPk;O -~j~ 30U~ IgLa ~klJ 3( j( Ifl JJ~~I

jJgtl ~e 3C431 ~Le ;i~o cS L~p9~ s~iKc cillte~ :i~Latl c~?U 1 ~ir_ I

;p J~L9" ~LLy~f L~JC;B I CSr L~b~c;ll ~ csl~JI~~c~ s~Kc ~Lc,

~L~~ll 3a ,~s" (0~0~9~1~4 IciJL~c~ jC~ ~~ ,LPr! ;rt I d_.~ it SLro~itll ~S_ L~e;i;ll

)g~J r?LS iPJ ." ULL-t iP F4itl c~C"C~t! 3pJ(C;IY~COJ ;ck~j;dl ~P tbCh;llJ

"~M )~hr4~ Fat ~-j k~i~il;i~i, c~C;g4 ctWLs L~1~L?( L~LL! ~(~) it?-l~? L;~s

C;+r.???;L~~JL~JL~JL 11I)1~I. i?;L(j c5~1 v;jf ~,~I I~M 4 ~L'lhzo ~L~pjc~ L.i .1Y(~-~I

(\999) \9 Lkll

civil, socity p.... Uit iy9J ?0 LTP~i ;.1 uS-"- IgL !U~

a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~" ti lat LaL-0. la u31sy>J >;IC.L .)1 O1 b~po~JZr!-?-?? ,1 00 bl.,O rt 4.0

,ycii soiey 1Ct OL....:. ally c12l 2.0 3,11 y, ... 3 inraaiona ,4.)I unL"h;~itar "end ou uptoy , ucas of c1 }}btios - " e"d

... gtz.; (4. . 5,. I .,..11 Lg-J Ia .A.Jgrl,a.11

~,pl a~ ,~ s*. .; i.. . Aioaa Ahme t.. - Is o.<.. s va~lb ~Cu.

.i~ii 31 .il pl t 1 L> ,a l9 CP b J, top1.4 crJ MI "u f .d

(144 14J1

j...3-, "governance" , "gender" , "civil society" , "globalization" ~a~ta~tata~tc-~Ly ~;~4(,JI;LJ ~JIkb3 klJ~I p~Alit~ z gu l yi value-free Ch

?i 4Y #JIf~ ~g5J1g i~LI c~J I j JWtlL .i ~~~J~k ~i k3J ~_,Jl a. ~ J~~.L Al~W (

~5) (~%* J~4z1 3,i ;~JI JI ~ ~k .c NJ~o .~~l c~~ 4aJ1~ kJ~J p.J

ii ar~~i~~~~wA ~~ sl4LYI ~e ~dl Uc~ ~-k ~~j U~? ;iu jI c~a Y 4W~ 0P?1~1~~I

ii-~ ~s1 J cS~;c ;St ,l C1hW 4 ~ 7i J ,JLLL Lp it~I4 ~iz ,~

i~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 4ulU (-b ~Yic ~UlL~es ik jstI?ce lLr

d. ,7 Qi

c~~kuCjtl~j cI crle Lgjl -?ruS9P iP ~

"Lg~ ~ s~~Cc ~c~Ip i~La ~fZ? 3Lj Lo c~lr) 3?-h~l IS~ c IJL~b r r I r i?;lo~i~~pJ~;?;.1~19iillj .~~Jli~is~ ?,Ly~Lu~j~L3

J-?tl LL3 iyO Li31~11~3e; 5 * ?3~Jl c5~J3 'L~C~LJI ~i

~C ~kj ~L;yl .~ ~ jr ,LCI ~J~JU ,~j~zll 4~Ls, - rLkll c;jl~ll ~ssll Lol lj~ ~-;j J;rl ;p JcJI ccJLI~ jrgl~ PLI"YI ~ CLLLjyl ci j-LLJIJ i~jC~JI

.g~L~fl

rr (L Lo Tait jlr5'dlc ;tkeb~- ~~J1 ~I~J~ b 11?1 4;Lo" j(~MJ ic~l 1. L~ISt34

C JLrll ~i, ~Ls irl~ ~ JX; j 4~Ji~ i~i- c5UI

,~ ~LST~ sL~iil 3" 5~ L ~ji ip jl~Bi i~ 5J~j jj IL)( Y .iLntl cbLI SLyl;f ?)Cc'dl ~ Lgryp~ L 1,~9;1 ,-~1~1 LL;2;i! csk;gl~ itk-~gt

LrCL CY P~YO ~J~ I~l)ih;L1-i cS-ill ~ ~ 3Lh- ?i~:IIJ ~L~LI.L~Jl;p ks~p 3! jk~l c~k;o ;p 4~1 .jX~y~ r re, /b-r) I~tlji-3A 4 .eL;f 1 jJY 34~ b fS s~p" ~tp~cl0

)1

r 1L,...9 b

;P 3~j LS~ .p~cllci I~JI ~bJ Yi~ill LjC~JI ~sL~M~ jCbtll f~JWI V~ " " "

1L j~ liurWI ~o ~ct,3~1~1 P S~y;f I dUI ylgll ~Jf a SL~f t 3e kul-??tl;i,4l;i;tl sl~a;fl L~e ~I at . I.,.:it

9~g)l ~I tie y~-! ~L;II ~J ~c~L;I LICI ~l~bjl jcu~ is~~ J1~ c c

?? ?? irL;" L- cl I~?L~ ~t~

st cLA~l chr~r ;LolP, sla-l~~ r lp L~ I Lg;L~ ~ U;llLiilfl s~ Isls'd I ~""9 C~ "BI L ~A:~LY'st I crCe SL~fIc~jp; P r ?? "

i~g,,l ;CICI~L;-. ~ L~2)1 ;C~1;LLO ~j~i;- i~L. ~L~1 $ i~L;I[1 F C?;1S(J 31_r~C ??lsill i~,Ji ~ce LL~ ~j~M J~I~ll

I rrr JJlit' ..i;Lljejccl!,,' ~~~~~sl~t~,jslu~S~L~ ~-cL1

P ~,,*;ijj~-~iaWli~a~~L: ~iYliiltlp~_iSrsCikII ijkllit~J~~i;~S ;ic k~ LL~ d .7. OL;t sWlttfl ; .It~tl ir! J P

t O " "

Cr a t. ?k ~t I ~rJb S~LLlipbLb'L;J~u pg~J j~Jis ~~Lcr 31~ C1~3~3 LI".~ g gtjc?

c~3 1 Icb~) L~S. 2*LI~'' Lg~ P 'ls;JI pgk3l~s .... ?? c klStZLI 3SC ~j ~pllill! ~ls Ir CCL3? ) '< I-".

j~ sl3jc;tl b~M Sdj k~L~u (jj3L! c cJ~~- c

,I ~Wlhll ~s~-~ LkCI;3 P J c~3L?(;;i1~L S'd~'dl ~I ,'~P~JL)r ?

'IS;J~~J~p~l ~sCqrLrtl ;c~f ;rg~ ~ ~sL~lttl 4 ~~i;L; jl ;yl,, ~C r u krrJ C~3 I S)C~t1~Lkh~u bj-, Ip JX;;p 14k~-w-!

( Lj ~~rl~klC; .kkt C C r

3,er~ c~'~3;"j 3~)I (jt~Y i~O CS?LU19 SC~y~f Ij 1 .-~ irP fS 3(\;~ -4) J(i~l!

YYo

LJae3ij C~J_!39~k (~L~zt cI t~k-~ ~IJ,~' r=-iL' C5~C r ;b13i;p cfYJlj;j ;iaYt I f..~.l, ;it~O 19 a3U

h;~,;il~t31Lol .~WI jZiitl ~ldl ~ Cjpl"L~j 4d~ b

ijliL~JI j ?Lf: YJ ~e~ 4 Lg~hi~ ip pc~i Yii;ll ~s~a;l~ LCJLirS~I iP J;j~ " " "

~~L;il $ *1JI ~~2; i~lJI~Plrt~ .Islb ir~JU' t;xj ?'9;i: ip ~b~l r~ ;t~ t;L? Id"b.Lis 3b ~ck~l i;J ,,atl b ~Lt, I t. I ? (, ? s~ I ~4J~iL~I.~Cc~ I 9

e~ ubL3 C~SjiJ: 9; (b~kWp ~b?? Ik~??tt JI;LYIJ ~5~tLZ i~5 C~*hU Ct~i

~1 k~4Lk~l ,1~1, ijL4~JLtl cslflktl c~djef P~jx sl cs~- ~tlt? J~ cs;C"I .a~l~o ?C~L~C;U iygL~ul $ ir83;Ljs iyg69p0 ~ck~

b c? bZ~ 1~J 19 b I~lji;Lo"yk;81,ug! cPi : ~F\Y~ (SU1 crLrJ I iu3WI 4 cl?~L ,,, /

b ,~ha yl~L;i~l ~fJ~ca Jlt~! ~Ps 'LS~Qtl~ ;u! r~ '?Pzitl ligl ' P~M J~L~ ~i ,il jrZ dl 1C5-~t. ~plk;o ;p ~IJI IL i~Lko ysr! ksle ~LIJI Lgto khllj. 3~-s~ re ~tsi jLre~ ~ljp~ "oill 3~N~ JSLe!,,JI l~M ~ L~! ~sLYIJI

~JI;C~-LJCO~S( L~bUI ~ iP -~ C L3! iS~lk; iS~ Cii~S ?~9~1~U CrO;j~ Y -~f2ri) r r f ~WI (~M ip c5~U1 k~t c~s~i "~1? I cS~! L b.~A;

r ) ~\r*3 fr ~lj e4k~l he f;gi. r. t13~u ~.?+" cP~'~'9 ZL9~L! ;il Ir a 3 Is~ ii,, ~i\hrr b(j Ir~L 19 I Lg~~?~( ~Cc ~pzJ~I lj~ .~Jbl;tf;JI, ;i~-~UI ,,~LJI I I, ~c,,..,YI sCI~ ~t ;*o s~tl ~UL- ij1~4 rS~ c~c c L;fl Ig;a ij'Le lu;ll ~ "

f~ P ~SJI a It ~1,~ ~jc ~1?U- LP~r _c~4 ~U; 3 !;i~Lb)fI5 ? ?? *( r II Al"e ~

cS)Jpaj ...Ln~l

pj, ?3C~-LrJ( C L;fl ~jC Dk~WI csl_?~a;tl C-o ~_~~1;~110 ~( ;C~~L;LO JJ ;Jak ;c~C;Z~ 6~LYa ~C~gg L~ C~5L~CI jl~atl ~t~ ~- a~pe;tl 91 Itlz ~k;tL?Jl;nclp~ KtYI3;~'t";M(p CsJ~I~4.~J~LJk? ~rl~9 c~jLbl~4'dl ~a ~c~-;ul ~g-~J~ p 3?0~ 31~p4~JI plid, .~jgS~ jl c~u~ ?~kc(, ~r; ckcJ

c s s s

cs1~9-?L;tl bjB T~t~LtlJ ?I~Lo(l!L~ 91 r ll~L, 91 csrt sJlch 61j~ I, Ij Lcxj~ I~ 9 .~~JI ,I c3K~YI! Tf~ Y ;i~ri ~jCf. ~fl iJ~ ljl ~3; ;i~lii~ttl

c~Lbl~4'dl ~12! 3L ~ ij~J~zjl ? L;fl "o~ ~ &~ " L~I;Y' ~gr~Lt ~fjl (,i(b ~LPr IrO j~pS~ rr19 b~L~J1?I J~t-I?I &I-~ j! , Lglpl Is~c~itti;f ( LL~ L;tl IJWL! Lg3~~Ce ~kJIJ:~ cslit~ pflu, uL~u~ P c~f"l c;331 I~i~ p~M ,g I~~LCCV ;i2~9~CI SkbC~4d ~d(~r5 ~bo ?I : ?r~ 4~ju~u3L" 3~~4 P 2_UY11 ~~ ~-II j! ~~L;C; .~4 L~~fir~f( "DW?l ~Y( PW~~ 3~LUr;l( dr-rriJ 3L-JI?gll C~S~j 3! s s s CrYI~ICQI~ r

3s h; ( ("w ~- ~, at ir-,w I cP I ,,,I~'dI zsCstl 3p ~ kole ;i~i~sr! .~JI k;ikrtl ~ ir49 IJWI ~bl?co flLLa P;C~t;V3WJ cljSC~L~uJI P F Lu;ll ~9~

Jcf~i;rO ;ro 2~-JW I ;L L;S ~Lc-l 1 ;~M ~?-p I

YYT

LL;S iJ~ --;JI ~ iifl C~b~ it~e~gtl is~CIJ it~-cljl ~Lii*b cLr;)I LbLr. cjLolgU! jLZ;N IJWljl~L, ;p ~xll ~P ~i~s~bll ~JI pBI ~j??L;ll,"o~k;~ Als~ ( ~3 1 Ib'dl 3 1. ., P i ,,, ~,tt~ Lg!UL~L;11, c ~t ,MPs .ir " " ;i3uL" c~L~o ~e 31~LLZJf L~i~ C;uu-J ~~C~-Q;re ~1 31 ~~t3?I j~i~jll

2: *r

j~o~Y 3i;l) "kccl-~'dl ~lill ?- 3~LU ~LL~rQ L~JL~II ;ii~2 C~P) ~WI 12'*Y ki~ 5 5

ht Iq;L:;p ~II i~?i~l kJ' ? YI ~sCWI C~t jC, ,i~Uj J! ijl~lll! (Simon 5 5 ??? rr t

csl,,ch;tl JI ~c~ill;P k03i;p?-r cSI? cSsk~ Lo I--1~tJi L4 b~f;9 91 Lo d , ~13 ~ ., t r fr II??diCc~-~4dl ;ils~f ~(~?~L~pJ;~: .~,, cj;t I 'r irOJ

rk. ~e;jl (is P~i~ U t~~(~:p 1"4j ~i~ctJ 4 d: . a a ks~r~ Ji h

" " s s

~L~IJ ~p~FLI ~L;il Jy 3~1jLj ~j~ ;)) L;~;p Lg~t?L! ~j' ' ' t. ? - U~ "L;5; ~~4

cs~Cttl ~s~Efl C L;tl ;CL3,4L;SL1--L~ L~JI~ ~i CSj 'LlyLyrYI (~j~b C~ " cL;f L L~S;-rr

'd ~t,;wl ~u! l;oLol ~b; .~sL~11l1~ ~gro ~--Vo~ r" .. b ~-:~: U;LuJ~;L~bls irlk, ~u~ ~9~9 ~71~41 her-L~J ( 111 4" ir0)

j, t s 3i*SL=j P ~r*;i3 ckc( 3 I~YJ 1 ~LrLL))?;iLJ3-JI b131;r? k~~ktl ~c . L k~J~1 ~c~L;, essentialist cS~s~-l ~jl;r;fl ~59 p L9?drYljs~i~L~J ~1I~L;U r" ??c 5

)tC?;, ~.~t I" ;i~ sJI b 13?1 *U csS--? ~iM, ~~~1~~ 4~ ~P; ~S~j ~I ~iul i~f~ ~( slxlk4a 4kj _ r~ij~ i5-ill c"U1,L~Ui?LI IL ~tr..~Wlulk;tl j ~Ls ci -Lt leLL~Y. it ~Lrtl crLrJI pfW14 LiCkr;li ~1 J1 ;i41~J;ll ;L~gtl 3~0 " " " " " " ;isl3 ~sLJxU 1~StP id If;r n CSle LN~J jlJ ;iCO~ ci~t;2;10 ~S~C3i;J kLL~i l"q~31jll

.h9 ~I_,r4,jLtl;p j wt ~JI Lot ?;I~U ~4 Acllr Lu;f ( ;L b3LC! 51~

???je ~i? "~-;t" 'I CQL? - tt: c LY;f rr? r e brL9 bXkb b I~ I" L. b~t/i; 1Cjj~Ju

?- _le s'dq~l~ * b~kl~ J~_~3~ ?jx;;?, i~!lj ii r jJ!. ?i;il ih! ili~CLUI 3U5C~CYI J~fr - .~ ~c~tl I! 3~ki~ll k~ 4 L~S~ P: iP~ 3LLJ?h~(J TI1LP1(

b ;t L ~1~ ~ ~09 ~.9-?~;0 , j~3U ,FS4 '31~YJ(p as=~l , jt~J 1~ Lol sl; ci ?-tl, c9L~SI ~ic I ~ 36;;jL! p csLL~ll s ~e WI Lg! s~ j;tl

ii ;,~?~_rll ~I$L~,tl cg~~~tt ~?Li J! ~J~u, ~>lji~i~?lil DL Icliu~ tLf( 7~j~) r r? ~1~LLt;SU ij; rs?~rJ I? eisi j keg.wlS ~r;ll c~Jl;p i~l at .3Lrrll

?' ." ~zpJ yls u, ~-? I-sul ~Lrl;z~l ~J ij3(~Uj j;L;L;II ~I ~ trg r LSrir ;i~j~2~0 LSSYC;1(C~C3~1J 3;~ ( I~B ~k! I~ ;iolgtl 3 C~ l,(p~( C9Y"' ~ ~Uu~wl

b ~Lj LY3 ( CSt;3~j?4?dJ c~cS~d; ;;t)ro ~b9 jpog rCBl' ~g~ (aL ~ufg~S(11 ~ r

~-~h;tllia~ "*' "" (~M crlc rrrl9"" L~t~tt- a~isl ir'dJLxlo 31*Ll k~-c~l( 3Li41( rL ~jXhr ~Lfl i~

(\999) \9 c4fl YYV

;L~JI P j~to irS~L~- IJ irt c5jl bro 3e I ?

lc~blLS ~t~e~U ~llills yWI vsLe~UI 3eJI j ~I j~LYGJI ~WI"b 1~1 L~k

crle 3~s)l~ 1Zu3WI ~ ?L;JJ;iY;LoS~SI "~411 ~~~d;;ic~BI c~t ~Jlra LP~J

~i~-?" le-~i; ̂ Pgk~ crl! ~B Z~( '1639~ ~Lull ~i% L=. ~t( (CI~C~I; j~t ci~U, LS~j c L~`d \ QQh ,Js~S I cP? )(~b~1j119 t b " "

.. ~o L~P

I ? jl I;tL ?C~,p Lgl~~L~L~. Lg~~cS c~Uo Js~ ;re b~-lr "n 51 aS

sLIS;tl LL~ b~LcY ~;i~S ~I~Lcc4 "~ r r

b~IJJIP b131 jc;La" yCj :C~WI LIJ rb Iztl~t i, ~LiC" ;..,.*t .~ILjlL?09 ~LI;! ~( ~i;;i~9 ~O ^?

I ? 4dl ~Slr_ ~Jrb ~jc, pLg;O ~UI pj, ~ L~COLL~J C~fUJ cf43~ LkcS~ " " " " " ~~ r c~S?9 Kf'd I -~;s~ I 3s~ ~II b~k ~~~I alSjl, ~drll~i ig~J i' .. Lj~ (g 11?1 ~,~ ;r? ~I~ r-L~lke Ig~-J iL-iJ I d ~tp ~) ~fi~2;f ( b

*~ lcco~ e4 csJZkkL3)

3k( ;il~ ?s~; ~I, ~p, CoS rJ~J J~M i~Ls I ji"' i~atl c~~U ~ J~~ ~La; aXj ;r?~4?LI ;Sk~j~g ? b~ljf19 b 1~1 cii;Jlo" sl~re

cCC~;1(~3 r b b ~Lc ~11

~I ~s ~LLMl;p~l *iuJ ?te~l 4 i~eL~-) ~S k;iS~!;p L~ic;llJ r ~? -

~~J pC"J LsP ~k;l, Szrlu .~L;1~ 3C~I ;f ~ki ~jli ~ ~Ls ,I ~u. ~I iijL. iP ~~LJ r~Ltl yJli . VY-r

66,~,;3 -~)11(9 ~s~ttl~ .Ig: , 4 ~d r

id ~C~ rc5- (slc~LLtl s C~ W I ~o ~-jL~ ~3c~ ldlL4 C~Jzc~c~2 L~QC 5LS J ~G ~Le -k;r? f. bC " "

r ~~ J" ~,~CL~ c~L~aiitl d .7, 9 I;o iyo 5 L6;;?dl Ilrug ?;LO~jLI1;4Y11 ;ijLL1(9 ;Lttf ~ 312?) sl~.pg C~)33Ld(

b~p~ I,~LiC" ~rl ;cS~s;r? 91 IQ~i;;c~S;r? ~ tQ;L~tJ ~ Legt ~k?~JI ~.~:711 ;re ?~;II L;~L! 3~ )P (~gLf ~L;t ~L~ b " "

I-ILIS~tl la ( , , LC;S;11 P ;i~L3 Lg;l ~Le s( bjB iro ~'23U ~t I ~u1~3? I ?

b

- cs ~~k) ~Jq~9 csL;1SCo! cc~~.*J ~~ ~Lok-~l? ~-~ l~j, ~ .~JI t. 3aW~ I ri r .I"-, L ~-~J~ Lc) I ?( L~ ~U" it~'3 W ( ;j~WI L~? ? I;U" Ycl~e;if~' L~~ltll ;r0

~~dl ;r? ~I~-,c~L~---o ~Le 3~j9 ~ILL~LL( ~IYLl;i-CC~J(~P~L~ ~ (j~ ~-;~ crf! Al~rc ~r .( C9Ifrl I;" Ccz ~c~- ~JI ~ta LgLeu;C~1J irL_~t~

rcrc?c? 46 ~lp~l cSjll~l Cj~U- ,jgt ~c~I 'C~Ljw L"~k" ir0 " " " ??

,CYo C~ ~-t~( J( '(6~4 c L~c;fl ~ tLrJJ JL~L~- ,'dl ~! ~bgl 'dS t. eF~! L~C) C~J I ~ .-~;.*. 11 3 ~3r; CSS~f " "

.~iLt~ JIZIJ Igl~ jib;! j pBL- J-! c51Jek~iil Jkl ~ 3C LpK;LI

(~999) ~9 Lkll t*t*h

~5~ ~ --~~I ~p ;tSL~ i;U "~IDI, "pl~l ji;Lo~~ ~! ;i9~Lb)rl! JI; JL~j w j~tk~- 1 ~5, ~1 oJM SL~ LkcS .6)1( ~1~ p ;iclLJ$j Djrz~o;i~J~o ju~i~ ;icuC~

~z.l.~l...tl ~LLO LoJ I Igje pjj~ ~tl ijlhlll LoJ Igf

jcs;JI ~~irl ~Lc;~5~1~ rSlill ~h;3! 3=col ~~ ;te ~~I Lo~L;e :~hf( LCU ~ir4 ~;;Si ;~;3;~ 'd cdS ~5~,,1 Y" ~j;e k;i~~s 3 iJL~, jl ~~! .Lg~!,Lh;;rS;dl ;rP

bj~jLg 4~1 ;h-a,

~s~l ~~x3 c;j)32jr ir09 cS~ ' (J~s. LIJ;;~~ 0111 LLbs" Cf 3alr;! ~k c~PL9J -~?tQ

;N~L114 (CS~CIJ it~-~WI 3! ( L;19 LS~S?UI (I;e;r~ ?---L? ???'~;Lt~ktl c~jlg~s;llg I;ak~l I~Jsi .krlk~l 3khl~ 6luhl, csY~L: Iso ~i~LficoU pB1~S~Ls 3~CrL?~

5 1 C

-? -- c ~1 L~, LSjfl ~-kj~J 3' L~ .Igra cPi~ cSil9 ' IgkO 'L ''

~j~l .,jr 31j iP ~fJIJ ? I;g;UUL, IC~1L?( 3g iyO rle;lbulJ C~Zi;ll:'-(~LJI ;P tU~1990.f 3~ SaajJI 3! 3~314 ~Q~ It~ ?it~Y J~ifl crtW;U ,IrLc~l

5 C~UI ~Ill?LJ ~~ ~i?9 .~IP~r;L~t~,~,Lg-93i;ll 2-;?l~jill ~'dWill3!~4lsi

~tr Jlt~s~ koC~ k~SCt if~,~ ~ljlu ~L~i ~Y~ i~z~3?~trl'Pb(o~eiit(

I;~rcLY~ ~,J ~Koj~ csK-; aXkL1 ~ .bi~fl;i~J~i ~p~ r~3~ ;p ~C~lz cs~L: Lgl ~S ,~lr ;p ~I -~ 3,i ~~s LoJ;s .j~x;Lt ~jslL~g pB~LLCL: . I, ,AIU?Ktl 3llltblJP I;ra I~oBLug ~kf (s~Le*e) I,~ce4r;;lsc;~ j~LJ ~-~;; I;s -IsJI 4 .~J-I ~KI - Y ~711~1Zi 1 C

1111111111111111111111111111111111111111 cjsSC" j'

J~Lj" (~. o) ~iil ,kJI .~Jf L;1 r~Lh; ks~o itL?~! ~4; pj~ Jkro ~txa;p

.t d~lL J~L;~ ;L~ko ~5 - I ' - '"5 f~lL;fJ kr~i C~CCgb~p L~Jl~b .?Y&L;rQ Cj

Irrr Lst'YIP -" ? A jl~f( )JI-JI p io ~ ;1~~ ~biSL( -~fi;;ig~ ir011;5;119 "pr I~htl ~ i~ls ?k~ 4 L~J;~SLal r~e~jls ~L~LI~ ilcCI~ pfWI be 14-lr ~I :i~ ~ "pji4 C;P, 3~91 ,~L~11 c~U~ a~cte ~1 ,~sj?fl I~LsLF ~L1;S;tl ~I , be Iptl c~UI 3s c~ C49~Q jliU"I I11 ii;; d~ P ~O

,, ~IJid c~F~C~LI rtWI ~! ~it~ ~lglls~ bi~4 "o~Le I~u~ ~~JI c~ll~k ~ ;? Ipll j! ?t~J?IJ iUJwl CS~I~D ~lj- cP pj~ ir09 (~iil ~La; 4 JL~L~9 C5~c~ ~CL~ C~1) ~-1~~114~( "pc~iitl lg;! ,"o ~WI ~=c~L"tl cs~: c;~-U" ~-~;C?"j~ ""J pgs ~js pj

~II I~i~ .;i~11 kk 4LCLi ~l(jLfrO ~4? ~1 j ~( D~1~~ iP ;S~~i~( lg?4 br IjJI ig;! .J~L~( jLL~t cP~ 'd~ yLU?bl ~it WLjs ifktJ.I ~rzij~ ;~ I~jJI ~i"

crt! ~9"131 ~t~ 4 r"L~ dill ~L~U~I ~tkll ,I 4L;M13! ~JL: ~~ ~11 .(\9 ~4 ,f~ ~lr "("p 511I Si; ~L~-i~s irP k! w;tl, :aR~Laa

I~ .;iJLks'l kL~ j ~I* ~P ;3L;a c~h"uutl P Ltg~l& LS;fJ L~fLki;tJ i~ iyC CS'd~pS C~F~ (~t+ct;fl jl) j! (C~k;6/1 L~f~ C~S;JI ;CLS iP JIILSI ;WJ( ~(-L?O!

iro L?~'~~ 19;1 ~(r fLi~r?1 Chafl 304 .clk;hl L r:~f ;its Ixas ~/~c;t (~"7t jJ3L;fl 6: ~Lt

J-~ i~i~Z LgL~ ICD-J( j~S~ ~; ~p Ji ;'." Ji k6;r~ cSi irt ~i~~ ~'"Ii-rs b3 D~--~3L3)

t~t~4 (t 999) \9 chfl

Ig~l ;p ~~Lbrl ~L at wlS;IU IbLlp ?- JSL~B ~I~ r~J jlS .a I s

f(9 '~c31! ? Cj31 sl ,Ip~'dl ~e o,~itl r~e ;p csC~s3us ,Iji;Y" rrlU rC5

4;Lr~.s-~li;L~i ~5~ ,Ig-~~I~~J~~lx;JJs~~Ip~L~!9, .clk;hl~r~tbt s s

~- kLs ~I ~t 3~i---~ ~ct?~ 71)9 3L~ Lo "- ~QlrYI) ;iLro 5

.~g?!~k;;j(j138'dl ~-~L~3 ~ss^--ll "P~g~3 ;L3J~O;Llbl(

Ahmed, Ahjaz. "Jameson's Rhetoric of Otherness and the 'National Allegory.'" Social Text 17. Fall, 1987. 3-25. A Reply to Frederic Jameson's "Third World Literature in the Era of Multinational Capitalism." Social Text 15. Fall, 1986. 65-88.

Chatterjee, Partha. The Nation and its Fragments: Colonial and Post-Colonial Histories. Princeton & New Jersey: Princeton UP. 1993. 6, 120.

Lerner, Gerda. "Priorities and Challenges in Women's History Research." Perspectives: Newsletter of the American Association. April, 1988. 17-20.

Simon, Roger. "Forms of Imagery in the Production of Popular Memories and the Pedagogy of Counter-Commemoration." Between Borders:Pedagogy and the Politics of Cultural Studies. Eds. Henry Giroux and Peter Maclaren. New York and London: Routledge, 1994. 130.

(\999)\9 c~l tyr.