Ն. Մինասյան, Թուրքիայի քաղաքականությունը Կենտրոնական...

Ð²Ú²êî²ÜÆ Ð²Üð²äºîàôÂÚ²Ü ¶ÆîàôÂÚàôÜÜºðÆ ²¼¶²ÚÆÜ ²Î²¸ºØÆ²

²ðºìºÈ²¶ÆîàôÂÚ²Ü ÆÜêîÆîàôî

ÜºÈÈÆ ²ðî²ÞºêÆ ØÆÜ²êÚ²Ü

ÂàôðøÆ²ÚÆ ø²Ô²ø²Î²ÜàôÂÚàôÜÀ ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü ²êÆ²ÚàôØ

(1991-2007 ÃÃ.)

ºñ¨³Ý §Èáõë³μ³ó Ññ³ï³ñ³Ïã³ïáõÝ¦

2013

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF THE REPUBLIC OF THE ARMENIA INSTITUTE OF ORIENTAL STUDIES

NELLY A. MINASYAN

TURKISH POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIA (BETWEEN 1991 AND 2007)

The book is recommended for publication by the Scientific Council of the Institute of Oriental Studies, National Academy of

Sciences, Republic of Armenia

Yerevan “Lusabatc Publishing House”

2013

ՀՏԴ 94 (560): 32.001

ԳՄԴ 63.3 (5 Թու): 66.01

Մ 710

Ðð²î²ð²ÎìàôØ ¾ ÐÐ ¶²² ²ðºìºÈ²¶ÆîàôÂÚ²Ü ÆÜêîÆîàôîÆ ¶Æî²Î²Ü ÊàðÐð¸Æ àðàÞØ²Ø´

ä³ï³ëË³Ý³ïáõ ËÙµ³·Çñ` å. ·. ¹áÏïáñ, åñáý»ëáñ, ÐÐ ¶²² ÃÕÃ³ÏÇó ³Ý¹³Ù èáõµ»Ý ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³Ý

¶ñ³Ëáë` å. ·. Ã., ¹áó»Ýï ¶³·ÇÏ Ð³ñáõÃÛáõÝÛ³Ý

Մինասյան Ն.

Մ 710 Թուրքիայի քաղաքականությունը կենտրոնական

Ասիայում: 1991-2007 թթ/ Ն. Մինասյան.- Եր.:

Լուսաբաց, 2013.- 240 էջ:

²ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ùÝÝ³ñÏíáõÙ ¿ 1991 Ã. ÙÇÝã¨ 2007 Ã. ÁÝÏ³Í Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³-

Ñ³ïí³ÍÇ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ: ²Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³-Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ Éáõë³µ³ÝíáõÙ »Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ áõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³ëï³ïí³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ, ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ¹ñ³Ýó ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ:

Ü³Ë³ï»ëíáõÙ ¿ Ãáõñù³·»ïÝ»ñÇ, ù³Õ³ù³·»ïÝ»ñÇ, å³ïÙ³µ³ÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñáí Ñ»ï³ùñùñíáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ:

ՀՏԴ 94 (560): 32.001

ԳՄԴ 63.3 (5 Թու): 66.01

ISBN 979-9939-69-049-0

© Ü»ÉÉÇ ØÇÝ³ëÛ³Ý, 2013

5

´àì²Ü¸²ÎàôÂÚàôÜ

Üºð²ÌàôÂÚàôÜ ........................................................................................................6

¶ÈàôÊ 1 . ÂàôðøÆ²ÚÆ ø²Ô²ø²Î²ÜàôÂÚàôÜÀ ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü

²êÆ²ÚàôØ 1990-²Î²Ü Âì²Î²ÜÜºðÆ êÎ¼´ÜºðÆÜ......................20

1.1. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³Ó¨áõÙÁ

ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñç³ÝáõÙ.........................20

1.2. ²é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÁ

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ

ÙÇç¨ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ................................................................67

1.3. §Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Ç¦ ÏÇñ³éáõÙÁ

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ....................................91

¶ÈàôÊ 2. ÂàôðøÆ²ÚÆ ø²Ô²ø²Î²ÜàôÂÚàôÜÀ ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü

²êÆ²ÚàôØ 1990-²Î²Ü ÂÂ. ºðÎðàð¸ ÎºêÆÜ..................................111

2.1. ²é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý

²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇÝ ...........................111

2.2. ÎñÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ..............................137

2.3. ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ Ýñ³ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ............154

¶ÈàôÊ 3. ÂàôðøÆ²ÚÆ ø²Ô²ø²Î²ÜàôÂÚàôÜÀ ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü

²êÆ²ÚàôØ §²ð¸²ðàôÂÚàôÜ ºì ¼²ð¶²òàôØ¦

Îàôê²ÎòàôÂÚ²Ü Î²è²ì²ðØ²Ü Þðæ²ÜàôØ

(2002-2007 ÂÂ.) ........................................................................................170

3.1. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýáñ

Ý³Ë³å³ïíáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ..............................................................................170

3.2. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ

2002-2007 ÃÃ ...............................................................................................178

3.3. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ

áñå»ë Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³ËáëáõÃÛ³Ý

³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÙ ............................................................................................196

ìºðæ²´²Ü ................................................................................................................212

Summery ......................................................................................................................................217

ú¶î²¶àðÌì²Ì ²Ô´ÚàôðÜºðÆ ºì ¶ð²Î²ÜàôÂÚ²Ü ò²ÜÎ ...........................221

6

Üºð²ÌàôÂÚàôÜ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³-

Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Éáõë³µ³ÝáõÙÝ áõ-ÝÇ ·Çï³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ³ñ¹Ç³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ: ÊáñÑñ-¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ` Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ùáï »ñÏáõ ï³ëÝ³ÙÛ³ÏÝ»ñÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ³-·áõÛÝ áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ áõ ³é³ÝÓÝ³Ñ³ïÏáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ µ³ó³Ñ³ÛïáõÙÁ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñíáÕ Ã»Ù³Ý ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ ¿ ³ñ-¹Ç³Ï³Ý: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ÙÇßï ¿É Ñ»-ï³ùñùñ»É »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ: âå»ïù ¿ Ùáé³Ý³É, áñ ¹»é¨ë úëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³ÛëñáõÃÛ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ»ñÇó ëÏë³Í` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇó Ù»-ÏÁ »Õ»É ¿ Çñ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ý»ñùá ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»ñÇÝ Ñ³-Ù³ËÙµ»ÉÁ: ê³ Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ý³ËÏÇÝ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³-÷³ñÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³Ùß³Ïí³Í ¹ñë¨áñáõÙ ¿ñ, áñÁ Ý»ñÏ³ ÷áõÉáõÙ ³ñï³-Ñ³Ûïí»ó ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý, ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ÏñÃ³Ùß³Ïáõ-Ã³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ùñ³åÝ¹Ù³Ùµ:

²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ Ãáõñù áñáß Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ»ñ ³é³ç ù³ß»-óÇÝ ³ÛÝ ï»ë³Ï»ïÁ, áñ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ïáñóñ»ó Çñ Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ï³ñ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¨ Ï³Ý·-Ý»ó ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ù»Ïáõë³óÙ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý íï³Ý·Ç ³éç¨: Æñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ù»Ý³·ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ÝÙ³Ý Ùáï»óáõÙÁ Ñ»ñùíáõÙ ¿, ¨ ÑÇÙÝ³íáñíáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝ ï»ë³Ï»ïÁ, áñ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëï»ÕÍí»ó ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ýå³ëï³íáñ Çñ³íÇ-×³Ï Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ é³½Ù³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹»Éáõ ·áñÍáõÙ, ÇÝãÇÝ Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ñ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ í»ñáÝßÛ³É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛ³Ý é³½Ù³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¹Çñù»ñÇ ÃáõÉ³óáõÙÁ: ÜÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ëï³ï»ó µ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí áñá-ß³ÏÇ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³å³Ñáí»Éáí Çñ Ý»ñ-Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

7

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ³é¨ïñ³ïÝ-ï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÝ áõ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ ¿: ²Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ Ñ³ñáõëï ¿, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç å³-ß³ñÝ»ñáí, áñáÝóáí Ñ»ï³ùñùñíáõÙ »Ý ÇÝãå»ë ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É ÙÛáõë Ëáßáñ ï»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É Ýáñ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»éù µ»ñ»ó Ï³éáõóíáÕ ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ å³Ûù³ñÁ, áñÇ Ù³ëÝ³ÏÇóÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ ¹³ñÓ³í ÂáõñùÇ³Ý` ÷áñÓ»Éáí ¹³éÝ³É ï³-ñ³ÝóÇÏ »ñÏÇñ ¨ ¹ñ³Ýáí µ³ñÓñ³óÝ»É Çñ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ Ýáñ ·áïÇ ¿ñ, áñï»Õ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ·áñ-ÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ Í³í³É»É Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ïÝï»ë³-Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí ³ÛÝ Ýí³×»É: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ñ µ³Å³Ý»É ÷áõÉ»ñÇ, »ñµ ÝÏ³ïíáõÙ ¿ñ Ýñ³ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÏïÇí³óáõÙ Ï³Ù ¹³Ý¹³ÕáõÙ, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ` áñáß Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³Ù Ñ³Ï³é³ÏÁ` ¿³Ï³Ý Ó»éùµ»-ñáõÙÝ»ñ ã¿ñ ·ñ³ÝóáõÙ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³ÏïÇí ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ Í³í³É»ó Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó, á-ñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÇÝ ³í»É³ó³Ý ¨ ³å³Ñáí»óÇÝ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÛáõë Ï³ñ¨áñ µ³Õ³¹ñÇãÁ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÝ áõ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ ¿ñ, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Ó¨³íáñ»É Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ áõ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ³ëÝ³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ³ó³í áñáß³ÏÇ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý³É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÏñÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ, »ñµ ëï»ÕÍí»óÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñ, ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÝ»ñ ¨ ¹åñáóÝ»ñ: ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ¨ë ß³Ñ³·ñ·é-í³Í ¿ÇÝ ³Û¹ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³Ó»éÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ß³ï »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõ Ýå³-

8

ï³Ïáí ·Ý³óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³: ²í»ÉÇÝ, ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ µ³óí»-óÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³í³· ¹åñáóÝ»ñ, ÉÇó»ÛÝ»ñ ¨ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñ: ÎñÃ³Ï³Ý É³ÛÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ Í³í³É»óÇÝ ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ß³ñ-ÅáõÙÝ áõ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍ³-Ï³ÉáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦: ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇÝ í»ñ³µ»ñáÕ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ-çáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ñí»ë-ïÇ Ñ³ÙÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Ï³é³í³ñáõÙ¦ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÎñÃ³Ùß³-ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³-·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ÁÝÓ»é»ó ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ý³Ë³·Í»ñ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ó¨³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ Çñ Ï³ñ¨áñ ¹»ñ³Ï³ï³ñáõÙÝ áõÝÇ Ýñ³ Ü²îú-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù ÉÇÝ»Éáõ ÇñáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÜÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ¹Çï³ñÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ áñå»ë Ï³Ùáõñç: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, áñ-å»ë Ü²îú-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù, Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ¹³éÝ³É ³Ýí-ï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë 2001 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»-ñÇ 11-ÇÝ ²ØÜ-áõÙ Ï³ï³ñí³Í ³Ñ³µ»ÏãáõÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá ¨ Ñ³ëï³-ï»É Çñ é³½Ù³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ, ÇÝãå»ë Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ, ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨ ÁÝÃ³óáÕ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ áõñáõÛÝ ï»ÕÝ áõÝ»ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³-Ý³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç` Ñ³ñÏ³¹ñ»Éáí ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ë³ÑÙ³-Ý³÷³Ï»É Çñ Ñ³í³ÏÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ:

2002 Ã. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Ý áñáß³ÏÇ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, »ñµ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉáõË »Ï³í ÇëÉ³Ù³Ù»ï §²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ½³ñ·³óáõÙ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ (³Ûëáõ-Ñ»ï¨` ²¼Î): ²¼Î-Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáÕ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ Ý³Ëáñ¹ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³Í` ÷áñÓ»ó ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³ÏïÇí³óÝ»É Çñ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ:

êáõÛÝ Ù»Ý³·ñáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ùÝÝ³ñÏíáÕ ÝÛáõÃÝ áõÕÕ³ÏÇáñ»Ý ³éÝã-íáõÙ ¿ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÇ

9

Ñ»ï, ¨ Ýñ³ Ñ³Ù³ÉÇñ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ û·ï³Ï³ñ ÉÇÝ»É Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý á-ñáß áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ` Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ: Â»Ù³ÛÇ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇ-ñáõÙÁ Ï³ñ¨áñíáõÙ ¿ Ý³¨ Ýñ³Ýáí, áñ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ï³ÉÇë Ñ³ëÏ³Ý³Éáõ Ù»ñ Ñ³ñ¨³Ý å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÁ, ¹ñ³Ýó ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»é³ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇÝ ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñáõÙ:

²ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ Éáõë³µ³ÝíáõÙ »Ý Ñ»ï¨Û³É ÑÇÙÝ³Ñ³ñó»ñÁ. Ñ»ï³½áï»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÊêÐØ ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ý

Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí ëï»ÕÍí³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÇñáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»-ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ç Ñ³Ûï »Ï³Í ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ýáñ Ñ»é³ÝÏ³ñÝ»ñÁ

í»ñÉáõÍ»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ³ÏïÇí³óáõÙÝ áõ ¹ñ³ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ý³Ë³¹ñÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ

å³ñ½³µ³Ý»É ³Û¹ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³Ý ¹Çñù»ñÇ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹Ù³ÝÝ áõÕÕí³Í ù³ÛÉ»ñÝ áõ ¹ñ³Ý Ýå³ëïáÕ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÁ

í»ñÉáõÍ»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Æñ³ÝÇ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ, èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ Ãáõñù-ãÇ-Ý³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Ýñ³ ³é³ÝÓÝ³Ñ³ïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ

µ³ó³Ñ³Ûï»É ³ÛÝ µáÉáñ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù Ýå³ëï»-óÇÝ §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Ç¦ ·ñ³íÇã ¹³éÝ³ÉáõÝ, ³-å³ Ý³¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ýñ³ Ù»ñÅÙ³ÝÁ

óáõÛó ï³É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Í³í³É³Í ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ¹ñ³ Ñ»ï¨³ÝùÝ»ñÁ

Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óñ³Í ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñÁ, Í³í³É³Í ÏñÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ ³Ù»ñÇÏ³µÝ³Ï ü. ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÁ, á-ñáÝó ³ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ,

10

µ³ó³Ñ³Ûï»É ²¼Î-Ç Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃ-Û³Ý Ýáñ ÙÇïáõÙÝ»ñÁ, Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»É Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í Íñ³·ñ»ñÝ áõ ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÝ ³Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ

µ³ó³Ñ³Ûï»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ: Ü»ñÏ³Û³ó-Ý»É §Âáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍ³Ï³-ÉáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ·áñÍáõ-Ý»áõÃÛáõÝÁ áñå»ë Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ¹ñë¨áñáõÙÝ»ñ áõ ¹ñ³Ýó ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ:

²ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ã»Ù³Ý áõ Ýñ³ÝáõÙ ³éÏ³ Ñ³ñó³¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ñ³Ûñ»Ý³Ï³Ý Ãáõñù³·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ¹»é¨ë ã»Ý ³ñÅ³Ý³ó»É ³é³Ý-ÓÇÝ ¨ Ñ³Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛ³Ý: ²Ûë ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ Çñ µá-í³Ý¹³ÏáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨ Ñ³ñó³¹ñáõÙÝ»ñáí ÁÝ¹³ñÓ³Ï ÷³ëï³Ï³Ý ÝÛáõ-ÃÇ, ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý å»ï³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ, å»ï³Ï³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ ½»ÏáõÛóÝ»ñÇ, Ñ³ßí»ïíáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ·Çï³Ï³Ý ³ßË³-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛ³Ùµ, ÷áñÓ ¿ Ñ³Ù³ÉÇñ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»Éáõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ýå³ï³Ï-Ý»ñÝ áõ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ñ³í³ÏÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»é³ÝÏ³ñÝ»ñÁ:

Ä³Ù³Ý³Ï³·ñ³Ï³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÁÝ¹·ñ-ÏáõÙ ¿ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³Ë³óáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ÙÇÝã¨ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ ï³ëÝ³ÙÛ³ÏÝ ÁÝÏ³Í Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ï-í³ÍÁ (20-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ 90-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇó ÙÇÝã¨ §²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ½³ñ·³óáõÙ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý ³é³çÇÝ ßñç³ÝÁ` 2002-2007 ÃÃ.): ÜÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³·ñ³Ï³Ý ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ Ýñ³Ýáí, áñ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ëï»ÕÍí»É ¿ÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ýáñ ÇñáÕáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñ: Ð»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ³é³çÇÝ ï³ëÝ³ÙÛ³ÏáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Ï-ïÇíáñ»Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó` Ý»ñÃ³÷³Ýó»Éáõ Ñ»ï-ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý: ú·ïí»Éáí 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ó¨³íáñ³Í ë»ñï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹»É Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ, ³ÛÉ¨ Ñ³Ý¹»ë ·³É áñå»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ Ñ³Ï³ÏßéáÕ ·áñÍáÝ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` 2002 Ã. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ÇßË³ÝáõÃ-

11

Û³Ý ·ÉáõË »Ï³í ÇëÉ³Ù³Ù»ï ²¼Î-Ý ¨ ëÏë»ó Ùß³Ï»É ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýáñ Ïáõñë, áñáõÙ ¹³ñÓÛ³É Ï³ñ¨áñí»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

êáõÛÝ ³ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý ß³ñ³¹ñÙ³Ý ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ û·ïí»É »Ýù µ³½Ù³µÝáõÛÃ ëÏ½µÝ³ÕµÛáõñÝ»ñÇó, ÇÝãåÇëÇù »Ý Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³-í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÝ áõ áñáßáõÙÝ»ñÁ, å»ï³Ï³Ý ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÇ áõ ¹Çí³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ³Ù»-Ý³ÙÛ³ Ñ³ßí»ïíáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, å»ï³Ï³Ý áõ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»-ñÇ ½»Ïáõó³·ñ»ñÁ, µ³½Ù³É»½áõ Ù³ÙáõÉÁ, ÷³ëï³ÃÕÃ»ñÇ ÅáÕáí³-ÍáõÝ»ñÁ ¨ ÑÇÙÝ³ËÝ¹ñÇ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ Ñ³ñó»ñÇ Ñ»ï ³éÝãíáÕ Ñ³ñáõëï ·ñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ý»ñ³é»É »Ýù Ý³¨ ·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñá¹í³ÍÝ»ñÝ áõ Ñ»-ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ö³ëï³Ï³Ý ÝÛáõÃ»ñ »Ýù ù³Õ»É Ñ³Ù³ó³ÝóÇó, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë û·ï³·áñÍ»É »Ýù Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ï³Ï³Ý ·»ñ³-ï»ëãáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ï³Ûù¿ç»ñÁ (www.ekutup.dpt.gov.tr, www.meb.gov.tr, www.deik.org.tr, www.tika.gov.tr, www.basbakanlik.gov.tr, www.dtm.gov.tr, www.byegm.gov.tr, www.mfa.gov.tr ):

²ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ùÝÝ³ñÏíáÕ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ëÏ½µÝ³ÕµÛáõñÝ»ñÝ »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ä»-ï³Ï³Ý åÉ³Ý³íáñÙ³Ý ËáñÑñ¹Ç ÑÇÝ·³ÙÛ³ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»-ñÁ1, ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ²½·³ÛÇÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý2, §²ñï³ùÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í³ñãáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ¨ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍ³Ï³ÉáõÃÛ³Ý¦ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Ï³ï³ñ³Í ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É ³Ù»-Ý³ÙÛ³ Ñ³ßí»ïíáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ½»ÏáõÛóÝ»ñÁ: ¸ñ³ÝóáõÙ å³ñáõÝ³Ï-íáõÙ »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³ñ³-

1 Altıncı Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1990-1994), http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/plan6.pdf, Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1996-2000), http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/vii/plan7.pdf, T. C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı, Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Dünyada Küreseleşme ve Bölgesel Entegrasyonlar (AT, NAFTA, PASİFİK) ve Türkiye (AT, EFTA, KEİ, Türk Cumhuriyetleri, İslam Ülkeleri, ECO) İlişkileri Özel İhtisas Komisyonu, Türkiye-Türk Cumhuriyetleri İlişkileri Raporu Özeti, Kitap 5, Ağustos 1995, http://ekutup.dpt.tr/kuresell/oik471.pdf, Türkiye ile Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Bölge Ülkeleri İlişkileri Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, T. C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı, Yayın No. DPT:2511-ÖİK:528, Ankara, 2000, T. C., http://www.ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/disekona/oik528.pdf, Eigth Five-Year Devolopment Plan 2001-2005, Ankara, 2001, http://ekutup.dtp.gov.tr/plan/viii/plan8.pdf 2 Turkish Ministry of Educational Statistics, http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/ist97/MYHTML45.htm.

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µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý, Ý³¨ ï³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É ÷³ëï³·ñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³-ñáõëï ÝÛáõÃ»ñ: Ð³ïÏ³å»ë Ï³ñ¨áñ »Ý §²ñï³ùÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í³ñãáõÃÛ³Ý¦ Ñ³ßí»ïíáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ½»ÏáõÛó-Ý»ñÁ, áñáÝóáõÙ Ãí³Ï³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñáí Ý»ñÏ³Û³óíáõÙ ¿ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³-å»ë ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ3:

§ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍ³Ï³-ÉáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ½»ÏáõÛóÝ»ñáõÙ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í »Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñ-Ý»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÝ ³Ûë »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý, ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ ¨ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³é-Ý»ñáõÙ4: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ç-ñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ ëÏ½µÝ³ÕµÛáõñÝ»ñ »Ý Ý³¨ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ, áñáÝóáõÙ ÝßíáõÙ ¿ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï µ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ5:

3 Bilateral Relation with Uzbekistan. DEIK, http://www.deik.org.tr/Pages/TR/IK_TicariIliskiler.Detay.aspx?tiDetId=23&IKID=34, Trade Statistics, Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade of Turkey, 2006, Ankara and Country Reports of Turkish Foreign Economic Relations Board (DEIK) Istanbul, www.dtm.gov.tr/ead/ulkegos/ulkegos.htm and deik.org, Kazakistan Ülke Bülteni, DEIK, Şubat 2007, http://www.deik.org.tr/Lists/Bulten/Attachments/101/kazakistan%20bulten%20subat%202007_TR.pdf, Kırgızistan Ülke Bülteni, DEİK, Mayıs 2009, http://www.deik.org.tr/Lists/Bulten/Attachments/147/Kirgizistan-bulten-Mayis%202009_TR.doc, Türkiye-Özbekistan Ticari ve Ekonomik İlişkileri, DEİK, Mayıs 2006, http://www.deik.org.tr/Lists/TicariIliskiler/Attachments/23/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Ozbekistan-ikiliiliskiler-mart2006_TR.pdf, Tacikistan Ülke Bülteni, DEİK, Haziran 2009, http://www.deik.org.tr/Lists/Bulten/Attachments/173/Tacikistan%20ulke%20bulteni_mayis_2009_TR.pdf 4 TICA. Kazakhstan, http://tika.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=326, TICA. Projects in Kyrgyzstan, http://www.tika.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=331, TICA. Projects in Kazakhstan, http://www.tika.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=330, Türkmenistan Ülke Raporu, TİKA, 2009, http://www.tika.gov.tr/yukle/dosyalar/ULKERAPORLARI/Turkmenistan_UlkeRaporu.pdf, Özbekistan Ülke Raporu, TİKA, 2009, http://www.tika.gov.tr/yukle/dosyalar/ULKERAPORLARI/Özbekistanraporu_2007.pdf, Ozdenoğlu Selda, Kirgiz Cumhuriyeti (Kirgiz Republic), TİKA, Ankara, 2005, http://www.tika.gov.tr/Dosyalar/Kırgızistan.doc 5 Başbakan Abdullah Gül Tarafından TBMM'ne sunulan 58'inci Hükümet Programı, Ankara, 23 Kasım 2002, T. C. 60. Hükümet Programı, Eylem Planı, 10 Ocak 2008, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/ep2008.pdf, 59. Hükümet Programı, http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/docs/hukumetprgtr.doc

13

Â»Ù³ÛÇ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ áõ-Ý»Ý Ãáõñù Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ»ñ ´³ëÏÁÝ úñ³ÝÇ6, ØáõëÃ³ý³ ²Û¹ÁÝÇ7, ²ÑÙ»¹ ¸³íáõÃûÕÉáõÇ8, ´ÛáõÉ»ÝÃ ²ñ³ëÇ9, Æ¹ñÇë ´³ÉÇ10, ¼ÇÛ³ úÝÇßÇ11, ø³-ñ³ Ø»ÑÙ»¹Ç12, ¾ñÃ³Ý ¾ý»·ÇÉÇ13, Ø»ÑÙ»¹ ú·ÛáõÃãÛáõÇ14 ³ßË³ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Üñ³ÝóáõÙ ³éÏ³ »Ý ÙÇ ß³ñù Ï³ñ¨áñ ÷³ëï»ñ áõ í»ñÉáõ- 6 Oran Baskın, Türk Dış Politikası, Cilt II. 1980-2001, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001. 7 Aydın Mustafa, New Geopolitics of Central Asia and the Caucasus: Causes of Instability and Predicament. SAM Papers, 2/2000, http://www.sam.gov.tr/sampapers/NewGeopoliticsofCentralAsiaandtheCascasus.pdf, Aydın Mustafa, Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea and the Role of Institutions, Perseption- Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 10, Autumn 2005, p. 57-83, Aydın Mustafa, Foucault’s Pendulum: Turkey in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Turkish Stadies, 5:2, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title˜content=t713636933, Aydın Mustafa, Turkish Foreign Policy: Framework and Analysis, Ankara, Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, December, SAM-PAPER, 1/ 2004, Aydın Mustafa, Geopolitica of Central Asia and the Caucasus; Continuity and Change Since the End of the Cold War, The Turkish Yearbook, Vol. XXXII, p. 167-216. 8 Davutoğlu Ahmet, Stratejik Derinlik, Istanbul, 2001, Davutoğlu Ahmet, Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007, Insight Turkey, Cilt 10, Sayi 1, 2008, s. 77-96. 9 Aras Bülent, US-Central Asia Relations: A View From Turkey, MERIA, Vol. 1, No. 1-January, 1997, http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1997/issue1/jv1n1a4.html, Aras Bülent, Turkey’s Policy in the Former Soviet South: Assets and Options, Turkish Studies, 1:1, 2000, p. 36-58, Aras Bülent, Turkish Foreign Policy Towards Iran: Idelogy and Foreign Policy in Flux, Journal of Third World Studies, Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring 2001, p. 105-124, Aras Bülent and Omer Caha, Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal “Turkish Islam” Movement, The Middle East Review of International Affairs-MERIA, Vol. 4, No. 4, December 2000, p. 30-42, http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2000/issue4/aras-caha.pdf 10 Bal Idris, The Turkish Model And The Turkic Republics.-Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 3, September-November 1998, http://sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume3/September-November1998/bal.PDF, Bal Idris, Turkey’s Relations with the West and Turkic Republics. Rise and Fall of the Turkish Model, England, Ashgate Publishing, Bal Idris, Turkish Model as a Foreign Policy Instrument in Post Cold War Era: The Cases of Turkic Republics and the Post September 11th Attacks Era, http://www.idrisbal.com.homepage. 11 Oniş Ziya, Turkey and Post-Soviet States: Potential and Limits of Regional Power Influence, MERIA, Vol. 5, No. 2, June, 2001, p. 66-74, Öniş Z. & Yılmaz S., Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey During the AKP Era, Turkish Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, March 2009, p. 7-24, Öniş Ziya, The New Wave of Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey, Drifting Away From Europanization?, Danish Institute For International Studies (DIIS) Report, 2009:05, January 2009, Öniş Ziya, Multiple Face of the “New” Turkish Foreign Policy: Underlying Dynamics and a Critique, Insight Turkey Vol. 13, No. 1, 2011, p. 47-65. 12 Kara Mehmet, Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Otuz Dört Harfli Ortak Latin Alfabesi, Turkish Studies, International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Vol. 4/3, Spring 2009, p. 1301-1310. 13 Efegil Ertan, Russian Policy in Central Asia, Central Asian and the Caucasus, No. 5, 2000, p. 98-105. 14 Öğütçü Mehmet, TURKEY AND CHINA, http://egemenlikulusundur.org/ustat/ulastra/ogutcu1.html, Öğütçü Mehmet, Caspian Energy ''Poker Game'' And Turkey: Prospects for a New Approach, the CEPMLP Internet Journal, Vol. 8, Abstract 5, April 2001, www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmip/journal/html/vol8/vol8-5.html.

14

ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ÇÝãå»ë 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ., ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÝ»-ñÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³-µ»ñÛ³É: Ü»ñÏ³Û³óíáõÙ ¿ ³Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ éáõë-Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ¨ Ãáõñù-Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ å³ï-×³éÝ»ñÁ ¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³¹ñÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ: Ø»½ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáÕ ÑÇÙÝ³Ñ³ñóÇ ³éáõÙáí ³é³í»É Ï³ñ¨áñ »Ý ØáõëÃ³ý³ ²Û¹ÁÝÇ ³ßË³-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: êñ³ÝóáõÙ Ã»¨ ³éÏ³ »Ý áñáß Ï³ÝË³Ï³É Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ ß³ñù ËÝ¹Çñ-Ý»ñáõÙ, ³ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí å»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ Ýñ³ ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ù»Í Ù³ë³Ùµ ûµÛ»ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ³ñï³óáÉáõÙ »Ý ïíÛ³É Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñç³-ÝÇ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·»-ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Ü³ Çñ §Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÎáíÏ³ëÇ Ýáñ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ. ³ÝÏ³ÛáõÝáõÃÛ³Ý å³ï×³éÝ»ñÁ ¨ ¹Åí³ñÇÝ Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÝ»ñ¦ Ñá¹í³ÍáõÙ Ñëï³Ïáñ»Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ³ÏÝÏ³ÉÇùÝ»-ñÁ: ØÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³Ý¹ñ³¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÏáÝý-ÉÇÏïÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ ÝßáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¹»ñÁ ¹ñ³Ýó Ï³ñ·³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñ-ÍáõÙ: Ü»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ Ýáñ »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇ, Æñ³ÝÇ, âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ, ²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ºíñáå³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ áõ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ` Ù»Í ï»Õ Ñ³ïÏ³óÝ»Éáí í»ñçÇÝÇ ³ß-Ë³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¹»ñÇÝ: ²ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÁ ³Ý³ã³é Ï»ñåáí ãÇ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áñ¹»·ñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÁ15:

§²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ½³ñ·³óáõÙ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý, Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í ¿ ²ÑÙ»¹ ¸³íáõÃûÕÉáõÇ §è³½Ù³í³ñ³-Ï³Ý ËáñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ: Ð»ÕÇÝ³ÏÁ åÝ¹áõÙ ¿, áñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý å»ïù ¿ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ³ÏïÇí ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝÇ

15 Aydın Mustafa, New Geopolitics of Central Asia and the Caucasus: Causes of Instability and Predicament. SAM Papers, 2/2000 http://www.sam.gov.tr/sampapers/NewGeopoliticsofCentralAsiaandtheCascasus.pdf

15

Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ²ñ¨»ÉùáõÙ, ´³ÉÏ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ê¨ ¨ ØÇç»ñÏñ³Ï³Ý Íáí»ñÇ ³-í³½³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ: Ü³ Ù»Í ï»Õ ¿ Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ³ßË³ñÑ³Ùß³Ïáõ-Ã³ÛÇÝ áõ ³ßË³ñÑ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛ³ÝÁ` ÷áñÓ»Éáí Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇÝ í»ñ³Í»É §Ï»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý¦16: Ð»ÕÇÝ³ÏÁ ÙÇ³ÏáÕ-Ù³ÝÇ ¿ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ÷³ëï»ñÁ` ÷áñÓ»Éáí ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ã³-÷³½³ÝóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëóÝ»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¹»ñÁ:

Ð³ñÏ ¿ ³é³ÝÓÝ³óÝ»É Ãáõñù Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ»ñ Ú³½·ÁÝ Âáõñ³-ÝÇ17, ´³Ûñ³Ù ´³ÉçÁÇ18, Øáõëï³ý³ ê»ÝÇ (Þ»ÝÇ)19, Ú³ß³ñ ê³ÛÁ-ÝÇ20 ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ³Ý¹ñ³¹³ñÓ»É »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ÏñÃ³Ùß³-ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶Ûáõ-É»ÝÇ ß³ñÅÙ³ÝÝ áõ ·ñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³ÝÁ: Ð³ïÏ³Ýß³Ï³Ý ¿ ´³Ûñ³Ù ´³ÉçÁÇ §ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ÙÇëÇáÝ»ñ³Ï³Ý ¹åñáóÝ»ñÁ Î»Ýï-ñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ ¹ñ³Ýó ¹»ñÁ ÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ áõ ÇëÉ³ÙÇ ï³-ñ³ÍÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ¦ Ñá¹í³ÍÁ: Ð»ÕÇÝ³ÏÁ »Õ»É ¿ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ ³ÝÓ³Ùµ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñ»É ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ: Ü³ ³Ý³ã³é Ï»ñåáí Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÁ, ß³ñÅÙ³Ý Ï³éáõóí³ÍùÝ áõ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ: ²ß-Ë³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ùÝÝ³ñÏíáÕ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³ñó»ñÇ Éáõë³µ³ÝÙ³ÝÁ ¨ ×Çßï ÁÝÏ³ÉÙ³ÝÁ Ù»Í³å»ë Ýå³ëï»É »Ý è. ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³ÝÇ21,

16 Davutoğlu Ahmet, Stratejik Derinlik, Istanbul, 2001. 17 Yazgan Turan, Türkiyenin Türk Dünyasındaki Eğitim-Öğretim Faliyetleri, Kamu-İş, Cilt 7, Sayı 2, 2003, s. 2-21. 18 Balcı Bayram, Fethullah Gülen’s Missionary Schools in Central Asia and their Role in the Spreading of Turkism and Islam, Religion, State & Society, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2003, p. 151-177. 19 Mustafa Sen, Turkish Islamist Entrepreneurs in Central Asia in Prospect for Democracy in Central Asia, ed. Birgit N. Schylter, Istanbul, Swedish Research Institute, 2005. 20 Yaşar Sayı, Turkish Schools and Universities in Kyrgyzstan. The Times of Central Asia, June 2006, http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=2134 21 ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³Ý è., èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ. ³ßË³ñÑ³-é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ½ÇÝ³¹³¹³ñ, §21-ñ¹ ¹³ñ¦, ÃÇí 4 (10), 2005, է ջ 34-46, ê³ýñ³ëï-Û³Ý è., ÐÝ³ñ³íáñ ã¿ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñáõÙ å³ïÝ»ßÝ»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É Ñ³ñ¨³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨…, ºñ¨³Ý, 2003, ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³Ý è., ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 11-Ç áÕµ»ñ·áõÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá (2001 Ã.), Âáõñù³·Çï³Ï³Ý ¨ ûëÙ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½á-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, Ñ. 1, ºñ., 2002, ¿ç 89-103, Ñàôðàñòÿí Ð., Îá èäåîëîãè÷åñêîì îáîñ-íîâàíèè ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîëèòèêè Òóðöèè: Êîíöåïöèÿ Åâðàçèè-Þæíûé Êàâêàç: ðå-ãèîíàëüíàÿ áåçàïàñíîñòü è ñòàáèëíîñòü. Ìàòåðèàëû êîíôåðåíöèè ïîä îáùåé

16

ì. î»ñ-Ø³Ã¨áëÛ³ÝÇ22, ¶. ²ñß³ÏÛ³ÝÇ23, È. Ðáíë»÷Û³ÝÇ24, Ð. ¸»-ÙáÛ³ÝÇ25, Æ. Øáõñ³¹Û³ÝÇ26 ³ñÅ»ù³íáñ ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, á-ñáÝù û·ï³Ï³ñ »Ý »Õ»É 20-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ í»ñçÇÝ ¨ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇ (³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý) ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³Ý áõëáõÙÝ³-ëÇñÙ³Ý ¨ ¹ñ³Ýó Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ: úñÇÝ³Ï` èáõµ»Ý ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³ÝÝ Çñ §ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 11-Ç áÕµ»ñ·áõÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá (2001 Ã.)¦ Ñá¹í³ÍáõÙ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³Ýáñ»Ý ³Ý¹ñ³¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇÝ, ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ¹ñ³Ýó ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïÙ³ÝÝ áõ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇÝ, ³ÛÉ¨ í»ñÉáõÍáõÙ ¿ ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 11-Ç ¹»åù»ñÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-

ðåäàêöèåé Ãàÿíý Íîâèêîâîé: Ðåäàêòîðû À. Ìåëüÿí, Ñ. Ñàðêèñÿí. Ïåðåâîä À. Ìåëüÿí, Åðåâàí, 2004, ñ. 70-77. 22î»ñ-Ø³Ã¨áëÛ³Ý ì., ÆëÉ³ÙÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý-ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùáõÙ (1970-2001 ÃÃ.), ºñ., 2008, Ter-Matevosyan V., Islamic Socio-Political Movements in Turkey in The 1970-1990s, ÂÛáõñù³·Çï³Ï³Ý ¨ ûëÙ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, Ñ. 7, ºñ., 2011, ¿ç 205-220: 23 ²ñß³ÏÛ³Ý ¶., ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ 1991-2001 ÃÃ., ºñ¨³Ý, 2009: 24 Ðáíë»÷Û³Ý È., ÂáõñùÇ³-âÇÝ³ëï³Ý ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç, ÂáõñùÇ³. ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ³Ý ¨ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÁ, ÃáÕ³ñÏáõÙ 2, ø³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÇÝëïÇïáõï, ºñ., 2008, ¿ç 157-167, Ðáíë»÷Û³Ý È., ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. áñå»ë »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝ. Ó»éùµ»ñá±õÙ, Ã»± Ó³-ËáÕáõÙ, ÂÛáõñù³·Çï³Ï³Ý ¨ ûëÙ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, Ñ. 5, ºñ¨³Ý, 2008, ¿ç 158-176, Îâñåïÿí Ë., Òóðåöêàÿ ìîäåëü è îáóñëîâëåííîñòü âíåøíåé ïîëèòè-êè Àíêàðû â ñòðàíàõ Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè ñòðàòåãè÷åñêèìè èíòåðåñàìè Çàïàäà, Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Àçèÿ è Êàâêàç, No. 2 (62), 2009, с. 130-137, Îâñåïÿí Ë., Èâàíîâ Â., Âîåííî-ïîëèòè÷åñêèå àñïåêòû ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâà Òóðöèè ñî ñòðàíàìè Þæíîãî Êàâêàçà (Àçåðáàéäæàí, Ãðóçèÿ) è Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, Åðåâàí, 2010. 25 ¸»ÙáÛ³Ý Ð., ²é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÝ áõ Ëáñ³óáõÙÁ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ²äÐ-Ç Ãáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨, ÂáõñùÇ³. ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ³Ý ¨ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÁ, ø³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÇÝëïÇ-ïáõï, ÃáÕ³ñÏáõÙ 2, ºñ., 2008, ¿ç 168-187, Äåìîÿí Ã., Òóðöèÿ è Êàðàáàõñêèé êîíô-ëèêò, Åð., 2006. 26 Ìóðàäÿí È., Ðåãèîíàëüíûå ïðîáëåìû òóðåöêî-àìåðèêàíñêèõ îòíîøåíèé, Åð., 2004, Øáõñ³¹Û³Ý Æ., Âáõñù-³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÁ, §²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ Ù³ï»Ý³ß³ñ-ÃÇí 2, º., 2004, ¿ç 205:

17

ÝáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³27: È¨áÝ Ðáíë»÷Û³ÝÝ Çñ §Âáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùá¹»ÉÁ ¨ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ëïñ³ï»·Ç³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí å³ÛÙ³-Ý³íáñí³Í ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ¦ Ñá¹í³ÍáõÙ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ³Ý¹ñ³¹³ñÓ»É ¿ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, áñÝ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûï-í»ó §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùá¹»ÉÇ¦ ³é³ç³¹ñÙ³Ùµ: Ð»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ Çñ³í³óÇáñ»Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿, áñ ³ÛÝ ³é³ç³¹ñí»É ¿ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó` Ýå³-ï³Ï áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÃáõÉ³óÝ»É èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³½¹»-óáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇëÏ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³ÛÝ û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ:

èáõë Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ»ñ º. àõé³½áí³ÛÇ, ú. è»½ÝÇÏáí³ÛÇ, ¶. êï³éã»ÝÏáíÇ, ¼. â³ï³¨Ç, ¶. âáõýñÇÝÇ, Ü. ÎÇñÇ¨Ç ¨ ³ÛÉáó ³ß-Ë³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ë Ù»Í ¹»ñ »Ý Ë³ÕáõÙ Ã»Ù³ÛÇ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃ-Û³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ³ëå»ÏïÝ»ñÇ å³ñ½³µ³ÝÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ28: ²Ûë ³ßË³-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ³éÏ³ »Ý Ýß³Ý³Ï³ÉÇó µ³½Ù³ÃÇí ÷³ëï»ñ, áñáÝù ¿³å»ë Ýå³ëïáõÙ »Ý Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ¨ Ù³ë-Ý³íáñ³å»ë Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, éáõë-Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç Ñ³-Ù³ñ Ùñó³å³Ûù³ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ñëï³Ï å³ïÏ»ñ³óÝ»ÉáõÝ:

20-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ í»ñçÇÝ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÇÝ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³-ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ í³ñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ Î»Ýïñá-

27 ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³Ý è., ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 11-Ç áÕµ»ñ·áõ-ÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá (2001 Ã.), Âáõñù³·Çï³Ï³Ý ¨ ûëÙ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, Ñ. 1, ºñ., 2002, ¿ç 89-103: 28 Êèðååâ Í. È., Èñòîðèÿ ýòàòèçìà â Òóðöèè, Ì., 1991, ñ. 341, Kireev Nikolai, Turkey in Search of National Strategy of Eurasian Cooperation, Central Asia and The Caucasus, N 1(13) 2002, p. 18-26, Ðåçíèêîâà Î., Ðîññèÿ, Òóðöèÿ è Èðàí â Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, Ìèðîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà è ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, íî. 1, Ì., 1997, ñ. 54-65, Ñòàð÷åíêîâ Ã. È., Íåôòü è ãàç â ýêîíîìèêå è ïîëèòèêå Òóðöèè (XIX-íà÷àëî XXI ââ.), Ì., ÈÂÐÀÍ, 2003, ×óôðèí Ã. È., Î ïîëèòèêå Èðàíà è Òóðöèè â îòíîøåíèè ñòðàí Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, Íîâàÿ Åâðàçèÿ. Îòíîøåíèÿ Ðîññèè ñî ñòðàíàìè Áëèæíåãî Çàðóáåæüÿ, Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé 2, Ì., 1994, ñ. 23-48, Óðàçîâà Å., Åêîíîìè÷åñêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî Òóðöèè è òþðñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ ÑÍÃ, Ì. Èíñòèòóò èçó÷åíèÿ Èçðàèëå è Áëèæíåãî Âîñòîêà, 2003, Chotoev Zakir, The Turkish Factor in the Evolution of the Central Asian Republics, Central Asia and the Caucasus, No. 2 (20), 2003, p. 73-80.

18

Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ, ³é¨ïñÇ, ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³-·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ í»ñÉáõÍ»Éáõ ¨ ×Çßï ÁÙµéÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù»Í³å»ë Ýå³ëï»É »Ý ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý Ñ»ÕÇÝ³Ï-Ý»ñÇ` ¼. ´Å»½ÇÝëÏáõ, ¶. ìÇÝñááõÇ, ¶. üáõÉÉ»ñÇ, È. æáÝëáÝÇ, ². Ø³Ý-·áÇ, Ð. öá÷Ç, è. ì»ÇÃ½Ç, ê. øáñÝ»ÉÇ, ¾. Ð»ñ½ÇÝ·Ç, ö. èáµÇÝëÇ, Ð. øñ³Ù»ñÇ, ê. È³ññ³µ»Ç áõ Æ. È»ëë»ñÇ, ³ñÅ»ù³íáñ ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÁ29: ²Ûëå»ë` ¶³ñ»Ã ìÇÝñááõÝ Çñ ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ù»Í Ù³-ë³Ùµ Ñëï³Ïáñ»Ý ¨ ûµÛ»ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ÁÝ¹·ÍáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Å³-Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëï»ÕÍí³Í ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý µ³ñ»Ýå³ëï Ýáñ Çñá-ÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ¹ñ³ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ýñ³ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í ß³Ñ»ñÝ áõ Ýå³-ï³ÏÝ»ñÁ: úñÇÝ³Ï` §ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý¦ Ñá¹í³-

29 Áæåçèíñêèé Ç., Âåëèêàÿ øàõìàòíàÿ äîñêà, Ì., Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, 2005, Fuller Graham E. and Lesser Ian O., with Paul B. Henze and J. F. Brown, Turkey’s New Geopolitics From the Balkans to Western China, Westview Press, By RAND, 1993, Edmund Herzing, Iran and Central Asia, Central Asian Security, Editors Roy Alison, Lena Jonson, Royal institute of International Affairs, Brooking Institution Press, London-Washington, 2001, p. 171-198, Jonson Lena, Russia and Central Asia, Central Asia Security: the new international context, editors Roy Allison and Lena Jonson, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Brooking Institution Press, London-Washington, 2001, p. 95-126, Larrabe F. Stephen, Lesser O. Ian, Turkish Policy in an Age of Uncertainty, Center for Middle East Public Policy National Security Research Division. RAND, 2003, Larrabe F. Stephen, Turkey’s Eurasian Agenda, The Washington Quarterly, Winter 2011, p. 103-120, Mango Andrew, The Turkish Model, Middle Eastern Studies, Cilt 29 (4), Ekim 1993, ss. 706-757, Robins Philip, Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan, Survival, Vol. 39, No. 2, Summer 1997, p. 82-100, Winrow Gareth M., Turkey’s Relations With The Transcaucasus and The Central Asian Republics, Perseption-Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 1, March-May, 1996, p. 128-145, Winrow Gareth M., Turkey and The Newly Independent States of Central Asia and The Transcaucasus, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 2, July 1997, http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1997/issue2/jv1n2a5.html, Winrow Gareth M., Turkey and Central Asia. Central Asian Security. The New International Context/ Ed. By R. Allison, L. Jonson. London –Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2001, p. 199-218, Weitz Richard, Towards a New Turkey-NATO Partnership in Central Asia, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2006, http://ep.hudson.org/files/publications/Turkey_NATO_Partnership.pdf, Pope Huge, Sons of The Conquerors. The Rise of the Turkic World, New York. Washington. London, 2005, Cornell Svante E., Geopolitics and Strategic Alignments in the Caucasus and Central Asia, Perception. Journal of International Affeirs, Vol. 4, No. 2, June-Agust 1999, http://sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume4/June-August1999/cornell.pdf, Kramer Heinz, Will Central Asia Become Turkey’s Sphere of Influence.- Perception: Journal of International Affairs, March-May, 1996, http://www.sam.gov.tr/perception/Volume1/March-May, 1996/ WILLCENTRALASIABECOMETURKEY.pdf Kramer Heinz, AKP's "now" foreign policy between vision and pragmatism, Working Paper, FG 2, 2010/01, SWP Berlin June, 2010, p. 41, http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/Krm_WP_Neu_ks.pdf.

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ÍáõÙ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í »Ý ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ùáï ³é³ç³ó³Í å³ÝÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Ð»ÕÇÝ³ÏÁ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ µÝ³-·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ó¨³íáñí³Í Ï³å»ñÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ³Ýí-ï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Ûë ³Ù»ÝÁ Ý³ í»ñÉáõÍáõÙ ¿ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ï»ùë-ïáõÙ` óáõÛó ï³Éáí ÂáõñùÇ³-èáõë³ëï³Ý, ÂáõñùÇ³-Æñ³Ý, Âáõñ-ùÇ³-âÇÝ³ëï³Ý Ñ³Ï³ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ å³Ûù³ñÁ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ë-Ý»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ:

²ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç É³ÛÝáñ»Ý û·ï³·áñÍí»É ¿ Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý, ³ñ-ï³ë³ÑÙ³ÝÛ³Ý ¨ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ù³ÙáõÉÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ÙÇ ß³ñù å³ß-ïáÝ³Ï³Ý ¨ í»ñÉáõÍ³Ï³Ý Ï³Ûù»ñ:

* * * Ð»ÕÇÝ³ÏÁ, û·ïí»Éáí ³éÇÃÇó, Çñ »ñ³Ëï³·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿

Ñ³ÛïÝáõÙ ÐÐ ¶²² ²ñ¨»É³·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý ÇÝëïÇïáõïÇ ïÝûñ»Ý, å³ï-Ù³Ï³Ý ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¹áÏïáñ, åñáý»ëáñ, ÐÐ ¶²² ÃÕÃ³ÏÇó ³Ý-¹³Ù èáõµ»Ý ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³ÝÇÝ, ÝáõÛÝ ÇÝëïÇïáõïÇ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ µ³ÅÝÇ ·Çï³ßË³ïáÕÝ»ñÇÝ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ã»ÏÝ³Íáõ ì³Ññ³Ù î»ñ-Ø³Ã¨áëÛ³ÝÇÝ, ÐäØÐ Ð³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ å³ïÙáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ýñ³ ¹³ë³í³Ý¹Ù³Ý Ù»Ãá¹ÇÏ³ÛÇ ³ÙµÇáÝÇÝ ¨ µáÉáñ Ýñ³Ýó, áíù»ñ ³ç³Ïó»É »Ý ³ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ:

20

¶ÈàôÊ l.

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ

1. 1. ÂàôðøÆ²ÚÆ ²ðî²øÆÜ ø²Ô²ø²Î²ÜàôÂÚ²Ü

ìºð²ÒºìàôØÀ ÊàðÐð¸²ÚÆÜ ØÆàôÂÚ²Ü öÈàô¼Ø²Ü Ä²Ø²Ü²Î²Þðæ²ÜàôØ

20-ñ¹ ¹³ñÁ ÉÇ ¿ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí` »ñÏáõ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÝ»ñÁ, ³ßË³ñÑÁ ëáóÇ³ÉÇëï³-Ï³Ý ¨ Ï³åÇï³ÉÇëï³Ï³Ý ×³Ùµ³ñÝ»ñÇ µ³Å³Ýí»ÉÁ, ë³éÁ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÁ ¨ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÁ: ²Ûë Ëáßáñ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ µ»Ù³Ñ³ñÃ³ÏáõÙ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»ñ Çñ ï»ÕÝ áõ ¹»ñÁ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý: ÜÙ³Ý ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý-Ý»ñ, áñáÝó ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙÇßï ¿É »Õ»É ¿ ³ñ-¹Ç³Ï³Ý, »ñµ ï³ñµ»ñ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ùñó³Ïó»É »Ý Çñ»Ýó ³½-¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ÜÙ³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÝ»-ñÇó ¿ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³ÝÁ, áñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Ñ³í³ÏÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõÝÇ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý:

21

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý Çñ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¹Çñ-ùáí, µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñáí ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÙÇßï ¿É Ù»Í Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óñ»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³-Ù³ñ: 1993 Ã. ÑáõÝí³ñÇÝ î³ßù»Ý¹áõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í µ³ñÓ-ñ³ëïÇ×³Ý Ñ³Ý¹ÇåÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ, î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ, Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ áñÇ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ Ï³½ÙáõÙ »Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝÁ30: ²Ûë Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñáí Ó¨³íáñí³Í Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ` í»ñáÝßÛ³É ÑÇÝ· Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñáí, ¹³ñÓ»É ¿ Ù»ñ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛ³Ý Ã»Ù³Ý:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñáõÙ Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»ñÁ Ï³ñ¨áñ ï»Õ ¿ÇÝ ·ñ³íáõÙ, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` ³Û¹ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ å³ï-Ù³Ï³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³ÝÁ, áñÝ ¿É å»ïù ¿ Ý»ñ³éÝí»ñ Ø»Í Âáõñ³-ÝÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ: 19-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇó ëÏë³Í` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÑÇÙ-Ý³Ï³ÝáõÙ å³Ûù³ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ò³ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ Ø»Í ´ñÇï³ÝÇ³Ý: ²Û¹ å³Ûù³ñÁ å³ïÙáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç Ñ³ÛïÝÇ ¿ Ø»Í Ë³Õ ³ÝáõÝáí31:

ØÇÝã¨ 19-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ í»ñçÁ ò³ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ Ñ³-çáÕí»ó ·ñ³í»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³ÍùáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ Ë³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûëå»ë` î³ßù»Ý¹Ç Ë³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ò³ñ³Ï³Ý

30 Ñàèäàçèìîâà Ã., Èíòåãðàöèÿ â Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: ðåàëèè, âûçîâû, âîçìîæíîñòè, Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Àçèÿ è Êàâêàç, 2000, íî. 3 (9), http://www.ca-c.org/journal/cac-09-2000/10.Saidazim.shtml 31 19-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ Ï»ëÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ë³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ïÇñáÕ Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÇ ¨ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ûï³ñ»ñÏñÛ³ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ å³Ûù³ñÇ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ò³-ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë Õàëôèí Í. À., Ðîññèÿ è õàíñòâî Ñðåäíåé Àçèè (ïåðâàÿ ïîëîâèíà ХIХ â.), Ì., 1974.

22

èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ·ñ³í»ó 1865 Ã.32, ´áõË³ñ³ÛÇ Ë³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ` 1868 Ã., ÊÇí³ÛÇ Ë³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ` 1873 Ã.33, ÇëÏ ü»ñ·³Ý³ÛÇ Ñá-íÇïÁ` 1876 Ã.34: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ³Ûë ÑëÏ³ ï³ñ³ÍùÁ Ýí³×í»ó ò³ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ¨ ¹³ñÓ³í Ýñ³ Í³Ûñ³Ù³ë³-ÛÇÝ Ý³Ñ³Ý·Ý»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ:

ä³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇ ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý Çñ³-Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ëï»ÕÍí»-óÇÝ ²é³çÇÝ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ÐáÏï»Ùµ»ñÛ³Ý Ñ»Õ³÷áËáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÎáíÏ³-ëÇ, Æñ³ÝÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹-Ý»ñÇ ÙÇ³íáñÙ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ëï»ÕÍí»ó Ãáõñ-ù³Ï³Ý µ³Ý³ÏÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ³Ûë ï³ñ³ÍùÝ»ñÁ ½³íÃ»Éáõ ÙÇçá-óáí35: Ð»Ýó ë³ ¿É ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É »ñÇïÃáõñù»ñÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ²é³çÇÝ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ úëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³ÛëñáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ñïí»ó ¨ ÷Éáõ½í»ó, Ó³ËáÕí»óÇÝ Ý³¨ »ñÇïÃáõñù»ñÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ: ºñÇï-Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³é³çÝáñ¹Ý»ñÇó ¾Ýí»ñ ÷³ß³Ý ÷³Ë³í Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ ¨ ³Ûëï»Õ ëÏë»ó Í³í³É»É Ñ³Ï³éáõë³Ï³Ý ·áñ-ÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ` ·ÉË³íáñ»Éáí µ³ëÙ³çÇÝ»ñÇ ß³ñÅáõÙÁ: 1920-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇÝ ³Ûë ß³ñÅáõÙÁ ¨ ¾Ýí»ñÇ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ Ç í»ñçá ï³å³Éí»óÇÝ, »ñµ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝÁ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÝ³óí»ó ¨ µ³Å³Ýí»ó ³½·³ÛÇÝ ßñç³ÝÝ»-ñÇ, áñáÝù ¿É áñå»ë ëáóÇ³ÉÇëï³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ùï³Ý ÊêÐØ-Ç Ï³½ÙÇ Ù»ç36: àñù³Ý ¿É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³-

32 Õàëôèí Í. À., Ïðèñîåäèíåíèå Ñðåäíåé Àçèè ê Ðîññèè, (60-90-å ãîäû ХIХ â.), Ì. 1965, c. 195. 33 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 307: 34 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 325: 35 Hostler Ch., Turkism and Soviets, London, 1957, pp. 146-148. 36 Èñòîðèÿ Ñîâåòñêîé Êîíñòèòóòöèè â äåêðåòàõ è ïîñòàíàâ-ëåíèÿõ Ñîâåòñêîãî ïðàâèòåëüñòâà 1917-1936 ãã., Ì., 1936, ñ. 270.

23

Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Ñ³í³ÏÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»Ý³ñ ËáñÑñ-¹³ÛÇÝ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ý³ áñ¨¿ Ó¨áí ã¿ñ Ï³ñáÕ Ã³÷³Ýó»É ³Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáß³ÏÇáñ»Ý ³ÏïÇí³ó-ñ»ó ºñÏñáñ¹ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, »ñµ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÇÝ Ïáõï³Ï»É ¿ñ Ù»Ï ÙÇÉÇá-Ý³Ýáó µ³Ý³Ï ¨ ëå³ëáõÙ ¿ñ êï³ÉÇÝ·ñ³¹Ç ×³Ï³ï³Ù³ñïÇ »ÉùÇÝ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ·ñ³í»É áÕç ÎáíÏ³-ëÁ, ³ÛÉ¨ Ñ³ëï³ïí»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»-½áõ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùáõÙ Ï³ñ¨áñ ¹»ñ Ë³-Õ³É37, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` Çñ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É Ø»Í Âáõñ³ÝÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áñ¨¿ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ý ãÑ³ë³í, ¨ ËáñÑñ¹³-Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ë³ÑÙ³ÝÁ 70 ï³ñÇ ÙÝ³ó ³Ý÷á÷áË:

ºñÏñáñ¹ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇó Ñ»ïá Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý³å»ë ÏáÕÙÝáñáßí»ó ¹»åÇ ²ñ¨Ùáõïù: êÏëí»ó §ë³éÁ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÁ¦, ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý 1952 Ã. ³åñÇÉ 2-ÇÝ ¹³ñÓ³í Ü²îú-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù, ÇëÏ ÊêÐØ-Ç Ñ»ï ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÇ ³éÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÝÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ù»Í³å»ë µ³ñÓñ³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ³-Ù³ñ: Ð»Ýó ³Ûë Ñ³Ý·³Ù³Ýùáí ¿ñ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ²ñ¨Ùáõï-ùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Ó¨³íáñí³Í Ñ³ïáõÏ í»ñ³-µ»ñÙáõÝùÁ: ÆëÏ 1980-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñç»ñÇÝ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ý Ý³Ë³Ýß³Ý»ñÇ Ç Ñ³Ûï ·³Éáí` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëï³-Ý³É, áñ áñå»ë Ü²îú-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù ÏÏáñóÝÇ Çñ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ÏÑ³ÛïÝíÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ³ÝáñáßáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç38: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, §ë³éÁ å³ï»ñ³½-

37 Charles W. Hostley, The Turks and Soviet Central Asia, Middle East Journal, No. 12, 1958, p. 262. 38 Ðáíë»÷Û³Ý È., ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. áñå»ë »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝ. Ó»éùµ»ñá±õÙ, Ã»± Ó³ËáÕáõÙ, ÂÛáõñù³-

24

Ùáí¦ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í` ²ñ¨»Éù-²ñ¨Ùáõïù Ñ³Ï³Ù³ñïáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ¨ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ»Ý³Ï»ïª ²ñ¨»ÉùÇó ëå³éÝ³óáÕ íï³Ý·Ý»ñÇÝ ¹ÇÙ³·ñ³í»-Éáõ Ñ³ñóáõÙ39: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ¿ñ Ü²îú-Ç Ñ³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ Ã¨Á` ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ íï³Ý·Çó ºíñáå³Ý å³ßïå³Ý»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³-Ï³ñ·áõÙ:

ÊêÐØ-²ñ¨Ùáõïù Ñ³Ï³Ù³ñïáõÃÛ³Ý ÃáõÉ³óÙ³Ý å³Û-Ù³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ Ùï³í³ËáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»ÇÝ, áñ ÏÏáñóÝ»Ý Çñ»Ýó Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ï³ñ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³é³ç³ó³Ý ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý µ³ñ»Ýå³ëï å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ, ¨ Ý³ Çñ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ë¨»é»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³: ²ñ¹»Ý 1980-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñç»ñÇÝ ³ÏÝÑ³Ûï ¿ñ, áñ ÊêÐØ-Á ·ÝáõÙ ¿ ¹»åÇ ÷Éáõ½áõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ³Ûë ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ØáëÏí³ÛÇ Ñ»ï ß³ñáõÝ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ç»ñÙ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ³ïÏ³-å»ë ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ: Ø. ¶áñµ³ãáíÇ í»ñ³Ï³-éáõóÙ³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í` 1988 Ã. ÊáñÑñ-¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ³½·³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ ÏñÏÇÝ ³é³ç ù³ßí»-óÇÝ, áñáÝù å³Ñ³ÝçáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÉáõÍáõÙ: ÜÙ³Ý ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇó ëÏëí»ó ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÁ40: ê³ ³ñ¹»Ý

·Çï³Ï³Ý ¨ ûëÙ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, Ñ. 5, ºñ¨³Ý, 2008, ¿ç 158£ 39 Aydın Mustafa, Turkish Foreign Policy: Framework and Analysis, Ankara, Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi, December, 2004, p. 56. 40 ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½áõÙ³Ùµ ëÏëí»ó ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÁ ¨ Ý³Ë-ÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ³Û-ï³ñ³ñ»óÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ. àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÁ` 1990 Ã. ÑáõÝÇëÇ 20-ÇÝ, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ` 1990 Ã. û·áëïáëÇ 22-ÇÝ, î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ` 1990 Ã. û·áëïáëÇ 24-ÇÝ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÁ` 1990 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇ 12-ÇÝ ¨ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ` 1990 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇ 25-ÇÝ:

25

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ÁÝÓ»é»ó ³ëïÇ×³Ý³µ³ñ Ý»ñ-Ã³÷³Ýó»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñÝ»ñ:

²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Âáõñ·áõÃ ú½³ÉÁ 1991 Ã. Ù³ñïÇÝ ³Ûó»É»ó èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛáõÝ, ²¹ñµ»-ç³Ý, Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý áõ àõÏñ³ÇÝ³: Üñ³Ý áõÕ»ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ ·áñÍ³-ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ Ù»Í ËáõÙµ: Üå³ï³ÏÁ, ³Ýßáõßï, Ýáñ Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ¹³ßÝ³Ïó»Éáõ ØáëÏí³ÛÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÇ ëïáõ·áõÙÝ ¿ñ41: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý §ÐÛáõññÇÛ»Ã¦ Ã»ñÃÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñáí, Ý³ËÝ³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ, ú½³ÉÇ ³ÛóÁ ë³ÑÙÝ³÷³Ï-íáõÙ ¿ñ ØáëÏí³Ûáí: ØÇ³ÛÝ í»ñçÇÝ å³ÑÇÝ ¿ Íñ³·ÇñÁ ÁÝ¹³ñ-Ó³ÏíáõÙ ¨ Çñ Ù»ç ÁÝ¹·ñÏáõÙ ´³ùáõÝ, ÎÇ¨Ý áõ ²ÉÙ³-²Ã³Ý: ²Ûë ÁÝïñáõÃÛáõÝÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ·ñ³íÇã ¿ñ, ù³ÝÇ áñ í»ñçÇÝ ßñç³-ÝÇ Çñ »ÉáõÛÃÝ»ñáõÙ ú½³ÉÝ ³Ù»Ý¨ÇÝ ã¿ñ Ã³ùóÝáõÙ Çñ ³×áÕ Ñ»-ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ï-Ù³Ùµ42: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É ØáëÏí³Ý ÙÇßï ½·³ÛáõÝ ¿ »Õ»É ³Ûë Ñ³ñó»ñáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³Û¹ å³ÑÇÝ Ñ³Ý¹áõñÅáÕ³Ï³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñ-ÙáõÝù ¿ óáõó³µ»ñáõÙ:

1991 Ã. ÊêÐØ-áõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í û·áëïáëÛ³Ý Ñ»Õ³ßñç-Ù³Ý ³ÝÑ³çáÕ ÷áñÓÇó Ñ»ïá, »ñµ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ »ñÏñáõÙ ³éÏ³ ³Ýç³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ³ñ³·³ó³Ý, Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³ó³í ³í»ÉÇ ³ÏïÇí³óÝ»Éáõ Çñ Ï³å»ñÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï: 1991 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý »ñÏáõ å³ïíÇñ³-ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõÕ³ñÏ»ó ÊêÐØ: ä³ïíÇñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ, áñÁ ·ÉË³íáñáõÙ ¿ñ ÷áñÓ³éáõ ¹Çí³Ý³·»ï ¨ ×³Ý³ãí³Í å³ïÙ³µ³Ý ´ÇÉ³É ÞÇÙßÇñÝ, ³Ûó»É»ó ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³É»-½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ä³ïíÇñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÝ ¿ñ å³ñ½»É ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨

41 ²½·, 13.03.1991: 42 Hürriyet, 01.03.1991.

26

Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ»é³ÝÏ³ñÝ»ñÁ, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ Ýñ³Ýó ÏáÕÙÝáñáßáõÙÁ` ÂáõñùÇ³ Ã»± Æñ³Ý43: ØÛáõë å³ïíÇñ³ÏáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ` ÊêÐØ-áõÙ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ÉÇ³½áñ ¹»ëå³Ý ÆëÙ»Ã ´Çñë»ÉÇ ·ÉË³íáñáõÃÛ³Ùµ, ³Ûó»É»ó ÙÇáõÃ»Ý³Ï³Ý ùñÇëïáÝÛ³ Ñ³Ýñ³-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ Ð³Û³ëï³Ý44:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ ³ÛóÁ óáõÛó ïí»ó, áñ 1990 Ã. ³Ý-Ï³ËáõÃÛ³Ý áõÕÇÝ µéÝ³Í ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñ-Ý»ñÁ Ù»Í ³ÏÝ³Í³Ýùáí »Ý í»ñ³µ»ñíáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ45: ²Û-ëÇÝùÝ` ØáëÏí³ÛÇ ÷áË³ñ»Ý Ýñ³Ýù Ï³ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ ¹³ßÝ³Ïó»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï:

²Û¹ å³ÑÇó ëÏë³Í, §ë³éÁ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ¦ ³í³ñïáí ¨ ÊêÐØ ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç Ï³ï³ñí»óÇÝ Éáõñç ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñ: Ð³ïÏ³å»ë í»ñ³Ý³Ûí»ó Ýñ³ ï»ÕÝ áõ ¹»ñÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñ-ç³ÝáõÙ, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ë-Ý»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ: Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ³Ûë Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñÁ å³ï³Ñ³-Ï³Ý ã¿ÇÝ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëï³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ §ë³éÁ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ¦ ³í³ñïÇ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ÏáñóÝ»É ²ñ¨»Éù-²ñ¨Ùáõïù Ñ³Ï³Ù³ñïáõÃÛ³Ùµ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í Çñ Ûáõñ³Ñ³ïáõÏ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñå»ë ºíñáå³Ý ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ íï³Ý·Çó å³ßïå³ÝáÕ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ñ»-Ý³Ï»ïÇ: ê³ µÝ³Ï³Ý³µ³ñ ÏÑ³Ý·»óÝ»ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ïñí»-ÉÇù ÝÛáõÃ³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Í³í³É-Ý»ñÇ Ïñ×³ïÙ³ÝÁ: ²é³çÇÝ ¹ñë¨áñáõÙÁ 1989 Ã. ºíñáå³Ï³Ý

43 Hürriyet, 25.09.1991. 44 ²½·, 05.10.1991: 45 Kramer Heinz, Will Central Asia Become Turkey’s Sphere of Influence.- Perception: Journal of International Affairs, March-May, 1996, http://www.sam.gov.tr/perception/Volume1/March-May1996/ WILLCENTRALASIABECOMETURKEY.pdf

27

Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ÛïÇ Ù»ñ-ÅáõÙÝ ¿ñ46: ²ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨` 1990 Ã. ²ØÜ ÎáÝ·ñ»ëÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ïÏ³óíáÕ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ã³÷»ñÁ Ïñ×³ï»-Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ áñáßáõÙÁ47: ê³ ³í»É³óñ»ó Ãáõñù»ñÇ Ùï³Ñá·áõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ, áñ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ³ßË³ñÑ³Ï³ñ·áõÙ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï³ñÇùÝ ³ÛÉ¨ë ãáõÝÇ áñå»ë ÊêÐØ-Ç ¹»Ù å³Ûù³ñÇ Ñ»Ý³ñ³ÝÇ48: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ³Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ ¿ñ ³Ý¹³Ù³Ïó»É ºíñáå³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇÝ, áñÝ ¿É Ù»ñÅí»ó: Ð»ï¨³µ³ñ, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ Ñ³Û³óùÝ áõÕÕ»ó ¹»åÇ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý` ÷áñÓ»Éáí Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ Îáí-Ï³ëáõÙ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³½¹»-óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ó»éù Ïµ»ñ»ñ ³ßË³ñÑ³-ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝ, áõëïÇ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ÏÏ³ñ¨áñ»ñ Ýñ³ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ïµ³ñÓñ³Ý³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ, Ýáñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óáõÙÝ»-ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í, ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ¨ »ñÏñÇ Ñ³-ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý-ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý É³ÛÝ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ ³Ï-ïÇíáñ»Ý ùÝÝ³ñÏ»É ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ýáñ Ïáõñë Ùß³Ï»-Éáõ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛ³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÁ: ²Ûë Ñ³ñóáõÙ ³éÏ³ ¿ÇÝ áñáß ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ²Ûëå»ë` ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÏáõñëÇ Ùß³ÏÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ýáñ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»-ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¹»ñ³Ï³ï³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É Ï³-ÛÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÝ»ñ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·»ñ³Ï³-ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÁÝïñáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óáõÙ Ñ»ï³·³ ½³ñ·³ó-

46 Aydın Mustafa, Turkish Foreign Policy: Framework and Analysis, …………….. p. 62. 47 Ãàäæèåâ Ê. Ñ., Ãåîïîëèòèêà Êàâêàçà, Ì., 2001, ñ. 346. 48 Onis Ziya, Turkey and Post-Soviet States: Potential and Limits of Regional Power Influence, MERIA, Vol. 5, No. 2, June, 2001, p. 67.

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Ù³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ áõÝ»ñ »ñ»ù ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝ: ²ñ¹Ç³Ï³-Ý³óÙ³Ý ÏáÕÙÝ³ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ï»ëÝ»É áñå»ë »íñáå³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ Ý³ÛáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ¹»åÇ ²ñ¨Ùáõïù: Ì³Ûñ³Ñ»Õ ÇëÉ³ÙÇëïÝ»ñÁ Ñ³Ïí³Í ¿ÇÝ ¹»åÇ Ø»ñ-Ó³íáñ ²ñ¨»Éù ¨ ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áõëïÇ Ý³ÛáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ¹»åÇ Ð³ñ³í: ²½·³ÛÝ³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ, íÏ³Û³Ïáã»Éáí å³ï-ÙáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÃÛáõñù ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»ñÇ Ýáñ ¹»ñ³Ï³ï³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï»ëÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Î³ëåÇ³Ï³ÝÇ ³í³½³ÝÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ` Ý³Û»Éáí ¹»åÇ ²ñ¨»Éù: ²Ûë áõÕÕáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ µ³ËáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³Ý·»óÝ»É ³Ýíëï³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ¹»ñÇ Ñ³ñóáõÙ: ²í»ÉÇÝ` Ý³ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ¹³éÝ³É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ¿ÃÝÇÏ µ³ËáõÙÝ»ñÇ ½áÑÁ49:

Üß»Ýù, áñ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³-ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·»ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ùß³ÏÙ³Ý ·áñ-ÍÁÝÃ³óáõÙ ³ÏïÇí³ó³Ý §ºíñ³ëÇ³¦ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ý ÏáÕÙÝ³ÏÇó-Ý»ñÁ50, áñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ §ºíñ³ëÇ³ÛÇ¦ é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ùÝÝ³ñÏáõÙÝ»ñáõÙ Ï³ñ¨áñ ï»Õ ¿ñ ·ñ³íáõÙ` ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûï»Éáí ³½·³ÛÇÝ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ51: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ §ºíñ³ëÇ³¦ ï»ñÙÇÝÁ Ù»-Í³å»ë ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý³óí³Í ¿ ¨ ·Çï³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí` ³Ýáñáß

49 Áæåçèíñêèé Ç., Âåëèêàÿ øàõìàòíàÿ äîñêà, Ì., Ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, 2005, ññ. 161-162, Brzezinski Z., A Geostrategy for Eurasia, Foreign Affairs, September/October, Vol. 76, No. 5, 1997, pp. 50-64. 50 ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ êáõÉ»ÛÙ³Ý ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÁ í»ñáÑÇßÛ³É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ µ³ÕÏ³óáõóÇã Ù³ëÝ ¿ñ Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ ´³ÉÏ³ÝÝ»ñÁ, ÎáíÏ³ëÁ, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý, Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ²ñ¨»ÉùÁ, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, Æñ³ÝÝ áõ Æñ³ùÁ, ÇëÏ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ÷áËí³ññã³å»ï ¨ ²½·³ÛÝ³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ¸¨É»Ã ´³Ñã»ÉÇÝ §ºíñ³ëÇ³ÛÇ¦ Ï³½ÙáõÙ Ý»ñ³éáõÙ ¿ ´³ÉÏ³ÝÝ»ñÁ, ÎáíÏ³ëÁ ¨ Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ²ñ¨»ÉùÁ: 51 ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³Ý è., ÐÝ³ñ³íáñ ã¿ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñáõÙ å³ïÝ»ßÝ»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É Ñ³ñ¨³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨…, ºñ¨³Ý, 2003, ¿ç 5:

29

ë³ÑÙ³Ýí³Í: àñáß ù³Õ³ù³·»ïÝ»ñ ¨ ·ÇïÝ³Ï³ÝÝ»ñ ºíñ³-ëÇ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ »Ý ·ÉË³íáñ³å»ë ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»-ñáí µÝ³Ï»óí³Í ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý, áñÇ Ù»ç »Ý ÙïÝáõÙ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý, ´³ÉÏ³ÝÝ»ñÇ áõ ÎáíÏ³ëÇ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇ ìáÉ·³ÛÇ ßñç³ÝÁ ¨ ÐÛáõëÇë³ÛÇÝ ²ýÕ³Ýëï³ÝÁ: ÜÙ³Ý Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù, Áëï ¿áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ »Ý å³ÝÃ-ÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³ËáëáõÃÛ³Ý §³ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óí³Í¦ ËÙµ³·ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, É³ÛÝ ï³ñ³ÍáõÙ ·ï³Ý Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý í»ñ-Ý³Ë³íÇ ³Ù»Ý³ï³ñµ»ñ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ: ¸ñ³Ýó ïáõñù ïí»ó ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ½·áõß³íáñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇã, ÇÝã-åÇëÇÝ êáõÉ»ÛÙ³Ý ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÝ ¿ñ52:

Âáõñù Ñ»ï³½áïáÕÝ»ñÁ §ºíñ³ëÇ³ÛÇ¦ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É Ï³½Ù»É »Ý ë»÷³Ï³Ý é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûëå»ë` Ø³ñ-Ù³ñ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÇ åñáý»ëáñ è³Ù½³Ý ú½»ÛÁ Ý³Ë³-å³ïñ³ëï»É ¿ §Âáõñù»ñÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ·»ñÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ÏáÝó»åóÇ³Ý` Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ áñÇ §²Ý³ïáÉÇ³Ý (ÝÏ³ïÇ áõÝ»ñ Ý³¨ ²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÁ) Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ §²ßË³ñÑÇ ³Ù-ñáó¦, áõëïÇ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, ïÇñ³å»ï»Éáí ²Ý³ïáÉÇ³ÛÇÝ, ÑÝ³-ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï³ÝáõÙ í»ñ³ÑëÏ»Éáõ ´³ÉÏ³ÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ºíñ³-ëÇ³Ý¦: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ú½»ÛÝ ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·»-ñÇßË³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ´³ÉÏ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ¨ ºíñ³ëÇ³ÛáõÙ53:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ùÝÝ³ñÏáõÙÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ³ÏïÇí³ó³Ý 1991 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í, áñÁ, Ù»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí,

52 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ: 53 Ñàôðàñòÿí Ð., Îá èäåîëîãè÷åñêîì îáîñíîâàíèè ðåãèîíàëüíîé ïîëèòèêè Òóðöèè: êîíöåïöèÿ Åâðàçèÿ-Þæíûé Êàâêàç. Ðåãèî-íàëüíàÿ áåçîïàñíîñòü è ñòàáèëíîñòü. Ìàòåðèàëû êîíôåðåíöèè ïîä îáùåé ðåäàêöèåé Ãàÿíý Íîâèêîâîé: Ðåäàêòîðè À. Ìåëüÿí, Ñ. Ñàðêèñÿí. Ïåðåâîä À. Ìåëüÿí, Åð., 2004, ñ. 72.

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ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ·áñÍ»Éáõ Ýáñ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ÁÝÓ»é»ó: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ç Ñ³Ûï ·³ÉÝ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëï»ÕÍ»ó µ³-ñ»Ýå³ëï å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ: Ð³ÛïÝÇ ·ÇïÝ³Ï³Ý ê³Ùáõ»É Ð³Ý-ÃÇÝ·ïáÝÇ Ëáëù»ñáí §Ð»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ³ßË³ñÑ³Ï³ñ·Á ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ýáñ ³ßË³ñÑ µ³ó»ó, ÇëÏ ¹ñ³ Ñ»ï Ù»Ï-ï»Õ` ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ` ¹áõñë ·³Éáõ »ñÏ³ÏÇ Ù»Ïáõë³óáõ-ÙÇó. ÙÇ ÏáÕÙÇó` ºíñáå³ÛÇó, áñÝ Çñ»Ý Ù»ñÅ»É ¿ñ, ÙÛáõë ÏáÕ-ÙÇó` ³ñ³µ³Ï³Ý ²ñ¨»ÉùÇó, áñÝ Çñ»Ý ã¿ñ ÁÝ¹áõÝáõÙ¦54:

Âáõñù Ñ»ï³½áïáÕ ê»¹³Ã È³ãÇÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñÍÇùáí Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Âáõñ·áõÃ ú½³ÉÁ ¹³ñÓ³í ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñ-ï³ùÇÝ Ýáñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ áõ ·áñÍ³¹ñáÕÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙù»ñÁ Ýñ³ ÏáÕÙÇó ¹ñí»óÇÝ¦55: ÆëÏ êáõÉ»ÛÙ³Ý ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÁ, 1991 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ½µ³Õ»óÝ»Éáí í³ñã³å»ïÇ å³ßïáÝÁ, ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë Ñ»ïá ³½¹³-ñ³ñ»ó §ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ¦ ÍÝáõÝ¹Á, áñÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ, Áëï Ýñ³, Ó·íáõÙ »Ý ²¹ñÇ³ïÇÏ ÍáíÇó ÙÇÝã¨ âÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ù»Í å³ïÁ56:

²ÛëåÇëáí, ÊêÐØ ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ Ó¨³íáñí»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñ-ï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýáñ Ñ³Û»ó³Ï³ñ·Á, áñáõÙ Ù»Í ï»Õ Ñ³ïÏ³óí»ó ºíñ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë Ï³ñ¨áñí»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ: Ø»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³ó³í

54 Õàíòèíãòîí Ñ., Ñòîëêíîâåíèå öèâèëèçàöèè, Ì., 2003, ñ. 91; Êîäæàìàí Î., Þæíûé Êàâêàç â ïîëèòèêå Òóðöèè è Ðîññèè â ïîñòñîâåòñêèé ïåðèîä, Ì., 2004, ñ. 85. 55 Laçiner Sedat, Orta Asya ve Turkiye: http://www.usakgundem.com/yorum/257/türkiye-türk-dünyası- İlişkileri- 1991-2009.html 56 Cumhuriyet, 23.01.1992.

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¹áõñë ·³Éáõ Ù»Ïáõë³óáõÙÇó` ÷áñÓ»Éáí Ñ³Ù³ËÙµ»É ÃÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÁ:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³ÏïÇí ù³ÛÉ»ñ Ó»éÝ³ñÏ»ó ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷³ëï³-óÇ ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá: Ü³ ³é³çÇÝÁ ×³Ý³ã»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ (ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ 9-ÇÝ` ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇÝÁ, ÇëÏ ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇ 16-ÇÝ` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝÁ): êñ³ÝÇó ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë Ñ»ïá ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÝ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ËÝ¹ñ³Ýùáí ³Ûó»É»óÇÝ ²ÝÏ³-ñ³57: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Ûë Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ÏÝù»ó ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ, áñáÝù ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñ-ÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»óÇÝ58:

1992 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñÇ 28-Çó Ù³ñïÇ 6-Á ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï-·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñ ÐÇùÙ»Ã â»ÃÇÝÝ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»ó ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ59: êñ³ÝÇó Ñ»ïá ³ñï-·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ÏÇó Ó¨³íáñí»ó Ýáñ µ³ÅÇÝ, áñÁ Ý»-ñ³éáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ ë»ÏóÇ³Ý60: ÆëÏ 1993 Ã. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ÊêÐØ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ñó»ñáí Ñ³-ïáõÏ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ÑÇÙÝí»ó61: Ð. â»ÃÇÝÇ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇó »ñÏáõ ³ÙÇë Ñ»ïá í³ñã³å»ï êáõÉ»ÛÙ³Ý ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÝ ëÏë»ó Çñ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: Üñ³Ý áõÕ»ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ, ·Çï-Ý³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ï³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñÇó

57 http://www.byegm.gov.tr/ayıntarihidetay.aspx?Id=220&Yıl=1991&Ay=12 58 Aydın Mustafa, Foucault’s Pendulum: Turkey in Central Asia and the Caucasus, Turkish Stadies, 5:2, http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/title˜content=t713636933 59 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ: 60 Fuller E. Graham and Lesser O. Ian, with Henze B. Paul and Brown F. J., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 68. 61 Ñâàðàíö À., Ïàíòþðêèçì â ãåîñòðàòåãèè Òóðöèè íà Êàâêàçå, Ì. 2002, ñ.170.

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Ï³½Ùí³Í 220 Ñá·³Ýáó å³ïíÇñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ62: ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÇ Ý»ñ-Ï³Û³óÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ ¹»ñ Ë³Õ³É Î»Ýï-ñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, Ý³Ë µÝ³-Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ, ³å³ Ïû·Ý»ñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ·ïÝ»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ÇÝùÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

Î³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É, áñ ³Ûë ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ëÏëí»ó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ` Ý»ñ³é»Éáí ï³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³-í³éÝ»ñÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ×³Ý³ã»ó î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ýñ³ Ñ»ï ë»ñï Ñ³ñ³µ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ãÑ³ëï³ï»ó: ²í»ÉÇÝ` ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý Ãáõñù å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÇ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ ã¿ñ Ý»ñ³é-íáõÙ:

ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ³é³ç³ó³Ý 15 ³ÝÏ³Ë å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ ÑÇÝ· Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ (²¹ñµ»ç³Ý, Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý, ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý, àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³Ý) ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÎáíÏ³ëÇ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ý»ñ³éí»óÇÝ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áõÙ, áñï»Õ Ýñ³Ýó ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Ù»Í Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ µ³ó³ïñíáõÙ ¿ñ ³Ûë ï³ñ³ÍùÝ»ñáõÙ ³éÏ³ µÝ³Ï³Ý ¿-Ý»ñ·³ÏÇñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ñáõëï å³ß³ñÝ»ñáí, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë` Ý³íÃáí áõ ·³½áí: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ËÇëï Ï³ñ¨áñíáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¹ÇñùÁ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ³½¹»-óáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ å³Ûù³ñ ëÏëí»ó ï³ñµ»ñ å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ËÙµ³íáñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨, áñÝ ¿É Ïáãí»ó Ýáñ §Ø»Í Ë³Õ¦: ²Ûë Ë³ÕÇÝ Ù³ëÝ³ÏÇó ¿ÇÝ Ù»Í Ãíáí å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñ` èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, Æñ³ÝÁ, ²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ºíñáå³ÛÇ 62 Milliyet, 25.04.1992.

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»ñÏñÝ»ñÁ, ²ØÜ-Ý, âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ, ê³áõ¹Û³Ý ²ñ³µÇ³Ý, ä³ÏÇë-ï³ÝÁ, Æëñ³Û»ÉÁ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: ºÃ» Ý³ËÏÇÝáõÙ §Ø»Í Ë³ÕÁ¦ í»ñ³-µ»ñáõÙ ¿ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ ¨ Ø»Í ´ñÇï³ÝÇ³ÛÇÝ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝáõÙ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ·»ñÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ, ³å³ ³ÛÅÙ Ýáñ §Ø»Í Ë³ÕÁ¦ Çñ»ÝÇó Ý»ñÏ³-Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ` Ýáñ ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³-ñ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóáõÙ ¨ Ýáñ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñÇ Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙ63: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÏÇó »Ý Ëáßáñ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ (èáõë³ëï³Ý, ²ýÕ³Ýëï³Ý, âÇÝ³ëï³Ý, Æ-ñ³Ý, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³í»É³óÝ»É Ý³¨ ä³ÏÇëï³ÝÝ áõ ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³-ÝÁ), áñáÝóÇó ãáñëÝ áõÝ»Ý ÙÇçáõÏ³ÛÇÝ ½»Ýù: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³-Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÝ áõ àõ½µ»Ïëï³-ÝÁ Ó·ïáõÙ »Ý Ù»ñÓ»Ý³É ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ²ØÜ-Ç Ñ»ï, áñÇ ¹»åùáõÙ ¿É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÏÑ³ëï³ïíÇ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Ûë ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó Ýñ³Ýù Ó·ïáõÙ »Ý ³½³ïí»É ØáëÏí³ÛÇ ·»ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÇó, ÇëÏ ÙÛáõë »ñ»ù »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ` Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÁ ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ, ß³-ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ »Ý å³Ñå³Ý»É èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ64:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ-½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ²ØÜ-Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ óáõ-ó³µ»ñ»ó ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áõëïÇ ëÏë»ó ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³-ï»É: ²Ûë Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ù»Í Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ ïñí»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ, ù³-ÝÇ áñ ²ØÜ-Ý í»ñçÇÝÇë ÙÇçÝáñ¹áõÃÛ³Ùµ ¿ñ Ó·ïáõÙ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëÝ»É ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý, áñÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³-

63 Cutbberston Ian, The New “Great Game”, World Policy Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4, Winter, 1994/95, p. 31. 64 Cornell E. Svante, Geopolitics and Strategic Alignments in the Caucasus and Central Asia, Perception. Journal of International Affeirs, Vol. 4, No. 2, June-Agust 1999, http://sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume4/June-August1999/cornell.pdf

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Ù³ñ Ñ³ñÏ³íáñ ¿ñ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï»É èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ, ³ÛÝáõ-Ñ»ï¨` Æñ³ÝÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó, ²ØÜ-Ý ¨ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý ³é¨ïñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³-é³í»ÉáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»É âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ, Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ Îáñ»³ÛÇ, Æ-ñ³ÝÇ ¨ ºíñáå³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ, áñáÝù Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñáõÙ Ù»Í³Í³í³É ³é¨ïáõñ ¿ÇÝ Ï³-ï³ñáõÙ: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ ³Ûë ù³ÛÉ»ñáí ²ØÜ-Ý Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³å³Ñáí»É Çñ ¹³ßÝ³ÏóÇ` ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇ ·»ñÇßË³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: Þáõïáí ²ØÜ-Ý ×³Ý³ã»ó ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»ï Ñ³ëï³ï»ó ¹Çí³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ65:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ²ØÜ-Ç Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿É ³ÛÝ ¿ñ, áñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ÇÝï»·ñí»ÇÝ ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ é³½-Ù³Ï³Ý Ï³éáõÛóÝ»ñÇÝ: ²ØÜ-Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ ³½¹»-óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»É ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÅáÕáíñ¹³-í³ñ³óÙ³Ý ¨ ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ï-Ù³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñáí, áñáÝó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³ÝÝ ³ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý: ²Û¹ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñáí ²ØÜ-Ý Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»ñ ³ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ 65 ²ØÜ-Ý ³é³çÇÝÁ ×³Ý³ã»ó Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ ¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ³Ý-Ï³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ` 1991 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇ 25-ÇÝ, áñÇó Ñ»ïá ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÝ ³Ûó»É»óÇÝ ²ØÜ ¨ ÏÝù»óÇÝ ÷áË³¹³ñÓ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ ß³ñù å³ÛÙ³Ý³·ñ»ñ: ²ØÜ-Ç Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³µ³ñ ó³Íñ Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ íñ³ »Ý ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ³ÏïÇí »Ý ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³óÙ³Ý ¨ ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óáõÙ: âÝ³Û³Í áñ ²ØÜ-Ý î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ ×³Ý³ã»É ¿ñ 1991 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ù-µ»ñÇ 25-ÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ã¿ÇÝ Ñ³ëï³ïí»É, áñÁ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ ÁÝÃ³óáÕ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý å³ï»ñ³½Ùáí: Aras Bülent, US-Central Asia Relations: A View From Turkey, MERIA, Vol. 1, No. 1, January, 1997, http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1997/issue1/jv1n1a4.html

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ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³·Á: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ÏÓ¨³-íáñí»ÇÝ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙáõÝùÝ»ñáí ëï»ÕÍí³Í ³Ù»-ñÇÏ³Ù»ï Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ¿É ÏÑ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»ÇÝ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ²ØÜ-ÇÝ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý³¨ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó: Ü³ Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝ ¿ñ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ ³Ûëï»Õ ÁÝÃ³óáÕ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý å³ï»-ñ³½ÙÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ Ñ»ï¨áõÙ ¿ñ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ³ñÙ³ï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï å³Ûù³ñáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ Æñ³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³-Æñ³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ Ñáí³-Ý³íáñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ: ²Ûë ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ²ØÜ-Ç ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ Ù³ëÝ ¿ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ÇÝï»·ñáõÙÝ áõ µ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³ñ³µ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÁ Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Ü²îú-Ç §Ð³Ù³-·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ÝáõÝ Ë³Õ³ÕáõÃÛ³Ý¦ Íñ³·ñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»-ñáõÙ66: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó Ñ»ïá, »ñµ ÃáõÉ³ó³í èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ é³½-Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ²ØÜ-Ý áñå»ë Ü²îú-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù 1996 Ã. §Ð³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ÝáõÝ Ë³Õ³ÕáõÃÛ³Ý¦ Íñ³·ñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ »ñÏÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ ëïáñ³·ñ»ó Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: î³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ áñå»ë ²ØÜ-Ç áõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇó` Æëñ³Û»ÉÝ ³é³çÇÝÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ, áñ ×³Ý³ã»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ: Üñ³ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ µ³ñÓñ³óÝ»É Çñ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑáõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ Çñ³Ï³-ÝáõÙ Æëñ³Û»ÉÇÝ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ µÝ³ÏíáÕ Ññ»³Ý»ñÇ íÇ×³ÏÁ (Ññ»³Ï³Ý Ù»Í Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñ Ï³Ý

66 Blank Stephan, The United States and Central Asia, Central Asian Security, Editors R0y Alison, Lena Jonson, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London-Washington, p. 131.

36

Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ)67: Æñ»Ýó Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, Ù»ñÓ»Ý³Éáí Æëñ³Û»ÉÇ Ñ»ï, ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ùáï»Ý³É ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇÝ` ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ñ»-ï³åÝ¹»Éáí ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, Ñ³ï-Ï³å»ë Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ ¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ, áõÝ»Ý µÝ³Ï³Ý ·³-½Ç áõ Ý³íÃÇ ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý å³ß³ñÝ»ñ, áñáÝó íñ³ ¿É Çñ áõß³¹-ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ë¨»é»ó ²ØÜ-Ý` Ç ¹»Ùë ³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý Ëáßáñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ: ²ØÜ-Ý å³Ûù³ñáõÙ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ` Ý³íÃÇ ¨ ·³½Ç µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ áõÝ»ó³Í Ù»Ý³ßÝáñÑÇ ¹»Ù: ²Ûë Ñ³ñóáõÙ ¨ë ²ØÜ-Ç ³é³çÇÝ ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇóÁ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¿ñ: ²ñ¹»Ý 1995 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñÇÝ ²ØÜ-Ý Çñ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ÛïÝ»ó ³ÛÝ ËáÕáí³-Ï³ß³ñ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³ÝÝ áõ ß³Ñ³·áñÍÙ³ÝÁ, áñáÝù Ï³ÝóÝ»ÇÝ áã Ã» èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ, ³ÛÉ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÝÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï¹³éÝ³ñ ï³ñ³ÝóÇÏ »ñÏÇñ, á-ñáí ¿É Ïµ³ñÓñ³Ý³ñ Ýñ³ ¹»ñÝ áõ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ. ë³ ³é³-çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ß³Ñ³í»ï ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ²Ûë ù³ÛÉáí ÏÃáõ-É³Ý³ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇëÏ ÷áË³ñ»ÝÁ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý ¨ ²ØÜ-Ý é³½Ù³Ï³Ý, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý áõ ¿-Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ É³ÛÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ÏëÏë»ÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÎáíÏ³ëÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ²ØÜ-Ý ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ½³ñ·³óÝáõÙ ¿ ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ

67 ¸³ ¿ñ å³ï×³éÁ, áñ Æëñ³Û»ÉÝ Çñ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõÕÕ»ó ÑÇÙ-Ý³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇÝ áõ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇÝ: Æëñ³Û»ÉÝ áõ Ô³-½³Ëëï³ÝÁ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ 1995 ¨ 2000Ã.` ÑÇÙ-Ý³Ï³ÝáõÙ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý: Æëñ³Û»ÉÁ 2001Ã. ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³Û-Ý³·Çñ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï£ ÆëÏ ÙÛáõë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Æëñ³Û»ÉÁ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ·ñ»Ã» ãáõÝÇ: Áèêîâñêàÿ Þ. Â., Ïîëèòèêà ãîñóäàðñòâà Èçðàèëü â Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: îñâîåíèå íîâûõ ðûíêîâ, Áëèæíèé Âîñòîê è ñîâðåìåíîñòü, ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé, âûïóñê äåâÿòûé, Ì., 2000, ññ. 221-222.

37

Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë µ³Ùµ³ÏÇ ¨ ï»ùëïÇÉÇ µÝ³-·³í³éáõÙ68:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇó, »ñµ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ï³-ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³ÏïÇí³óñ»ó Çñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ²ØÜ-Ç Ñ»ï Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ áõÅ»Õ³ó³í: ²Ûë Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñ-ç³ÝáõÙ ²ØÜ-ÇÝ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ, Ã» Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ÇÝãåÇëÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ÏÇñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Ý69, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ýñ³Ýó ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÇó Ï³Ëí³Í ÏÉÇÝ»ÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ²ØÜ-Ç Ñ»ï³·³ ·áñÍá-ÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ²ØÜ-Ç ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ß³Ñ»ñÁ Ñ³ÙÁÝÏÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, áõëïÇ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇó Ýñ³Ýù ëÏë»óÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ´³óÇ ¹ñ³ÝÇó, ²ØÜ-Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáÕ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ` Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³å³Ñáí»É Çñ ¹³ßÝ³ÏóÇ ¹»ñÝ áõ Ï³ñ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý í»ñÁ Ýß»É »Ýù, ¹»é¨ë 19-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇó ëÏë³Í` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý á-ÉáñïáõÙ ¿ñ, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ³ÛÝ µáÉáñ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³ëï³ïí»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ, Ñ³Ï³Ù³ñïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç å»ïù ¿ ÙïÝ»ÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï: ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃ-Û³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³ó³í

68 M. Emerson & Boonstra (Rapporteurs), N. Hasanova, M. Laruella, S. Peyrouse, Into EurAsia Monitoring The EU’s Central Asia Strategy, Report of the EUCAM Project, Centre for European Policy Studies (CEPS), Brussels, 2010, p. 43. 69À. Êàçàíöåâ, Ïîëèòèêà ñòðàí Çàïàäà â Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè: ïðîåêòû, äèëåììû, ïðîòèâîðå÷èÿ, Ì., ÌÃÈÌÎ-Óíèâåðñèòåò, 2009, ñ. 92.

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÷áñÓ»Éáõ Ñ³ëï³ïí»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³-ÝáõÙ: ²Ûëï»Õ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõÅ»Õ³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇó ëÏëí»ó Éáõñç Ùñó³Ï-óáõÃÛáõÝ, áñáõÙ Ý»ñ³éí³Í ¿ñ Ý³¨ Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ³ëÁ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ïí»Éáõ Ñ³-Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³é³çÝ³Ñ»ñÃ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ ¿ñ í»ñ³óÝ»É èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ãáõñù-éáõë³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ` áñå»ë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ó·ïáÕ, »ñÏáõ ³é³Ýóù³ÛÇÝ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»-óáÕ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ³é³çÝ³ÛÇÝ åÉ³Ý ÙÕí»ó: Ü³ËÏÇÝáõÙ §ë³éÁ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ¦ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³-ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÊêÐØ-Ç Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ ¿ñ ëå³éÝ³ÉÇù »ñÏñÇ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ70, ë³Ï³ÛÝ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÁ ÷áËí»ó, ¨ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ½áõ·ÁÝÃ³ó ï³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ïí»ó É³ÛÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ ÙÇÝã¨ Ù»ñ ûñ»ñÁ:

ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇç¨ 1992 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇ 25-ÇÝ ëïá-ñ³·ñí»ó µ³ñ»Ï³ÙáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³Û-Ý³·ñÇñ, áñáõÙ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í ¿ÇÝ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ù³-·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ71: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³é³çÇÝÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ ×³Ý³ã»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý áõÕ³ñÏ»ó Çñ ¹Ç-

70 Torbakov Igor, Turkey-Russia: Competition and Cooperation, Eurasia Insight, 12.27.2002. 71 Rusya Federasyonu ile Türkiye Cumhuriyeti arasında Avrasya”da İşbirliği Eylem Planı, The Embassy of the Russian Federation in Turkey, http://www.turkey.mid.ru/relat_2_t.html

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í³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇÝ` Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ëï³ï»É ë»ñï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ72:

ØáëÏí³ÛÇ ¹Çñù»ñÁ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ù³ëÝ³ÏÇáñ»Ý ÃáõÉ³ó»É ¿ÇÝ: Î³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ ØáëÏí³Ý Ñ³Ý¹áõñÅáÕ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ óáõó³µ»-ñáõÙ, áñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ »ñÏñÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ ÏÛ³ÝùáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»óáÕ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ¸ñ³ÝÇó ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ û·ïí»É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ëÏë»ó ³ÏïÇí Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ: èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ùÝÝ³¹³ïáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³Ûë ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ` ¹ñ³ Ù»ç ï»ëÝ»Éáí ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ, Ù³ë-Ý³íáñ³å»ë ²ØÜ-Ç ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ73: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ëË³É ÏÉÇÝÇ ³-ë»É, áñ ØáëÏí³ÛÇÝ ã¿ñ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝÁ: ²Ûë ³éáõÙáí ³é³çÇÝ ù³ÛÉÁ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó (³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý) Ýáñ ÙÇáõÃÛ³Ý ëï»ÕÍáõÙÁ »Õ³í, ÇÝãåÇëÇÝ ¿ñ ²ÝÏ³Ë å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ (²äÐ): ²Ûë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ èáõ-ë³ëï³ÝÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý å³Ñ-å³ÝáõÙÁ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ Ñ³Ï³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñ-ÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³ÝÁ74:

ÆÝãå»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï³ùñù-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ áõ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ ¿ÇÝ: ø³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑ,

72 Henze Paul B., Turkey Toward The Twenty-First Century, in Turkey’s New Geopolitics (ed. By Fuller Graham and Lesser Ian), Santa Monica CA:, RAND Corporation, 1993, p. 86. 73 Aksay Hakan, Turkish-Russian Relation: The Role of the Media, Insight Turkey, April-June, 2002, Vol. 4, Num. 2, p. 135. 74 Bakhtier Rashidov, Russia in Central Asia: A Shift to Positive Foreign Policies, Central Asia and the Caucasus, No. 2 (32), 2005, pp. 112-119.

40

áñÁ ÏÓ·í»ñ ²¹ñÇ³ïÇÏ ÍáíÇó ÙÇÝã¨ âÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ù»Í å³ïÁ: ÆëÏ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ë³Õ³É Ï³-Ùáõñç »ñÏñÇ ¹»ñ` Ï³å»Éáí ²ñ¨»ÉùÝ áõ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ, áõëïÇ Ý³ ëÏë»ó ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ï³ï³ñ»É ï³ñµ»ñ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñ75:

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ï»ÕÇ ¿ÇÝ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ³ñ¨Ùï³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñ, ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ, Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, ¹»Ù ã¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ` ï³ñ³Í³ßñ-ç³ÝáõÙ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»ÉáõÝ, ãÝ³Û³Í Ýñ³Ý ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ¹Çï»É áñå»ë Ü²îú-Ç ¨ ²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç ³Ý¹³Ù: àõëïÇ, ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³-ïáõÙÁ èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ¹ÇïáõÙ ¿ÇÝ áñå»ë ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ³½¹»-óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ Ó»éù µ»ñ»Éáí ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃ-ÛáõÝ` ëÏë»óÇÝ ùÝÝ³¹³ï»É Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ³ÙµáÕç³ïÇ-ñ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ýñ³Ýó óáõÛó ï³É Çñ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Ñû·³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ76: ø³ÝÇ áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ³ÝÏ³Ë ëáõµÛ»ÏïÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ, èáõ-ë³ëï³ÝÝ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ßáõÏ³Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³å»É Çñ ÙÇçáóáí77: Æñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ë Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ëï³ÝÓÝ»É ³Û¹ ¹»ñÁ, áõëïÇ ³Ûë Ñ³ñóáõÙ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³é³çÝ³ÛÇÝ ¿ñ:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÎáíÏ³ëÇ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëï³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÇó, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³Û¹ ¹»åùáõÙ í»ñçÇÝë Ïå³Ñå³Ý»ñ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹` ÎáíÏ³ëÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ñ»ï³ùñù-ñáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ³ÝÑ³ñÅ»ßï ¿ÇÝ Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ïí»ÉÁ, áñÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»É ¿ 75 Urazova Elena, Russia and Turkey: Eurasian Integration Process, Insight Turkey, April-June, 2002, Vol. 4, Num. 2, p. 86. 76 Carley M. Patricia, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 187: 77 Urazova Elena, Russia and Turkey:…………..p. 86.

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³ñï·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñ ÆëÙ³ÛÇÉ æ»ÙÁ. §ÎáíÏ³ëÁ - ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ å³ïáõÑ³Ý ¿ ¹»åÇ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³¦78: ÎáíÏ³-ëÁ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ áõÝÇ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃ-ÛáõÝ: Üß»Ýù, áñ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ÙÇÝã¨ ûñë Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇóÁ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÝ ¿: ì»ñçÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»-ñÇÝ ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ëÏë»É ¿ ½³ñ·³Ý³É Ý³¨ Ãáõñù-íñ³ó³Ï³Ý é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó ½³ñ·³Ý³É é³½Ù³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: 1992 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇÝ î³ßù»Ý-¹áõÙ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó Ð³í³ù³Ï³Ý ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³-·ÇñÁ, áñÇÝ ÙÇ³ó³Ý µáÉáñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ` µ³óÇ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇó79: êñ³Ýáí èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ³ó³í ï³-ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ å³Ñå³Ý»É Çñ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ·»ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ80: ²ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ÙÇ³Ï »ñÏÇñÝ ¿ñ, áñÁ µ³ó³Ñ³Ûï ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ó éáõë³Ï³Ý ½áñù»ñÇ Ý»ñ-Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ ï³ñ³ÍùáõÙ: ²Ûë ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ è¸-Ý Ùß³Ï»ó ³ñ-ï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýáñ Ñ³Û»ó³Ï³ñ·, áñÁ Ñéã³Ïí»ó 1993 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇÝ §ê³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ùáï¦ Ëáñ³·ñáí: ¸ñ³ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ è¸-Ç ¹Çñù»ñÇ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·ÝáõÙÁ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ-¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³ÍùÝ»ñáõÙ81, Ý³¨ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ-

78 Cem Ismail, Stresses Wide-Angle Foreign Approach //Turkish Daily News, 19.07.1997. 79 Jonson Lena, Russia and Central Asia, Central Asia Security: the new international context, editors Roy Allison and Lena Jonson, Royal Institute of International Affairs, Brooking Institution Press, London-Washington, 2001, p. 104-105. 80 Frost Alexsander, The Collective Security Treaty Organization and Russia’s Strategic Gools in Central Asia, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2009, p. 83-102. 81 ×åðíÿâñêèé Ñ. È., Ïîëèòèêà Ðîññèè â Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè è Çàêàâêàçüå â 1992-2002 ãîäà, Þæíûé Ôëàíã ÑÍÃ. Öåíòðàëüíàÿ

42

¹³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ï³Ù³ñïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ ÉáõÍÙ³ÝÁ82: ê³ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ áõÕÕí³Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¹»Ù, ù³ÝÇ áñ í»ñçÇÝë Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ ÝÙ³Ý ·áñÍ³éáõÛÃÝ»ñ ëï³ÝÓÝ»ÉáõÝ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÝ ³ÝÏ³ÛáõÝ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ, áñï»Õ 1992 Ã. ëÏëí»É ¿ñ ù³Õ³-ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý å³ï»ñ³½Ù, ¨ É³ÛÝáñ»Ý ï³ñ³Íí³Í ¿ÇÝ ÇëÉ³Ù³-Ï³Ý ³ñÙ³ï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ: Ê³Õ³ÕáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³ÝÁ Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÇÝãå»ë Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÙÛáõë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ, ³Ý·³Ù ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí 1993 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»-ñÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ, Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÁ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïë-ï³ÝÁ Ð³í³ù³Ï³Ý ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·ñÇ ßñç³-Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ` Ï³åí³Í î³-çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï` Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Ë³Õ³ÕáõÃÛáõÝ83: Ê³Õ³ÕáõÃ-Û³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý ËÝ¹ñáõÙ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ¹»ñ³Ï³ï³ñÁ èáõ-ë³ëï³ÝÝ ¿ñ: 1993 Ã. ØáëÏí³Ý áõ ¸áõß³Ýµ»Ý ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ µ³ñ»Ï³ÙáõÃÛ³Ý, Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ÷áË³¹³ñÓ û·ÝáõÃ-Û³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ, áñáí î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ å³ßïáÝ³å»ë ×³Ý³-ã»ó èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ ï³ñ³ÍùáõÙ:

ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá éáõë³Ï³Ý á-ñáß ½áñ³ÙÇ³íáñáõÙÝ»ñ ï»Õ³Ï³Ûí³Í ¿ÇÝ Ý³¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ áõ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ: èáõë-ÕñÕ½³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñáí (1992 Ã.) ãÇÝ-ÕñÕ½³Ï³Ý 1000 ÏÙ »ñÏ³ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÇ å³Ñå³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³Ýó³í éáõëÝ»ñÇÝ: èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ é³½Ù³-Ï³Ý Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ ßáõï í»ñ³ó-

Àçèÿ-Êàñïèé-Êàâêàç: âîçìîæíîñòè è âûçîâû äëÿ Ðîññèè, Ì., 2003, ñ. 36. 82 Ertan Efegil, Russian Policy in Central Asia, Central Asian and the Caucasus, No. 5, 2000, p. 101. 83 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 100:

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í»ó: 1992 Ã. ÑÇÝ· ï³ñáí ÏÝùí»ó éáõë-ÃáõñùÙ»Ý³Ï³Ý å³Û-Ù³Ý³·ÇñÁ, áñáí èáõë³ëï³ÝÝ ³ç³Ïó»Éáõ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³-ÝÇÝ å³Ñå³Ý»É »ñÏñÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛáõÝÁ: 1999 Ã. ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ í»ñç ¹ñ»ó í»ñáÝßÛ³É å³ÛÙ³Ý³·ñÇÝ84: èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µ³½³Ý»ñ áõÝÇ Ý³¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ áõ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ å³ßïå³Ý³Ï³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³-·Çñ ¿ ëïáñ³·ñ»É Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: ²ÛëåÇëáí, èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³Ñå³Ýí»ó, ³í»ÉÇÝ` Ý³ ¹³ñÓ³í ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ï³ÛáõÝáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³ïáÕ áõÅÁ, áõëïÇ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ³Ûë µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ËÇëï ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï ¿ÇÝ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ áõ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ëÏëí»É ¿ñ ¹»é¨ë ËáñÑñ-¹³ÛÇÝ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇó, áõëïÇ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ïÝï»ë³-Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ¹»é¨ë ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ ÙÝ³É ¹áÙÇÝ³Ýï ¹Çñù»ñáõÙ85: Üñ³Ý Ñ³Ï³ÏßÇé ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ³½-¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»É í»ñáÝßÛ³É µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, éáõë-Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Íí»ó Ý³¨ ³é¨ïñÇ áõ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïÝ»ñÇ íñ³:

ºñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ¿É Ù»Í ï»Õ »Ý Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ³ÍË³çñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇÝ: ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ¿ñ ³Û¹ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ å³-ß³ñÝ»ñÇ áõ ¹ñ³Ýó ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý ÙÇ³Ï ë»÷³Ï³Ý³ï»ñÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ íÇ×³ÏÁ ÷áËí»ó, »ñµ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³Ý-Ï³Ë å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñéã³Ïí»óÇÝ: Üß»Ýù, áñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¨

84 Stephan J. Blank, Central Asian Security Rends: Views From Europe and Russia, p. 5-7, http://www.StratejicStudiesInstitute.army.mil 85 Perovic J., From Disengagement to Active Economic Competition: Russia’s Return to the South Caucasus and Central Asia, Demokratizatsiya , No. 1, 2005, pp. 61-85.

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ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ëñí»óÇÝ` Ï³åí³Í ËáÕáí³-Ï³ß³ñ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: Úáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»ñ Çñ Íñ³·ÇñÁ, èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ¹»Ù ¿ñ ´³ùáõ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Íñ³·ñÇÝ, áñÝ áõÕÕí³Í ¿ Çñ ¹»Ù: è¸-Ç Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ³ÛÝ ¿ñ, áñ Ýáñ Ï³éáõóíáÕ ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÝ ³Ýó-Ý»ÇÝ Çñ ï³ñ³Íùáí: êñ³Ýáí Ý³ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ïå³Ñ-å³Ý»ñ Çñ ¹áÙÇÝ³Ýï ¹»ñÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ÏáõÝ»Ý³ñ ýÇÝ³Ýë³-Ï³Ý Ù»Í »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»éù µ»-ñ»Éáõó Ñ»ïá Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Å³-é³Ý·»Éáí Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ï³éáõÛóÝ»ñÁ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³ß-Ë³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áõÅÇ µ³Å³ÝÙ³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³é-Ý»ñáõÙ, ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»óÇÝ ïÝï»ë³å»ë Ï³Ëí³Í ÙÝ³É ØáëÏí³-ÛÇó: Æñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ Ù³ëÝ³ÏÇó ¹³éÝ³É ³Í-Ë³çñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ ³ñï³Ñ³ÝÙ³ÝÁ, áñáí áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»éù Ïµ»ñ»ñ,³ÛÉ¨ ÏÃáõÉ³óÝ»ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¹Çñù»ñÁ:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏñïáõÙÝ»ñÁ ã¿ÇÝ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³ÏíáõÙ Î»Ýï-ñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ûáí áõ ÎáíÏ³ëáí. Ý³ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ë»ñï Ï³-å»ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»É è¸-Ç Ï³½ÙáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ Â³Ã³ñëï³ÝÇ, ´³ß-ÏÇñÇ³ÛÇ, ÔñÇÙÇ Ã³Ã³ñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, Ý³¨ Ú³ÏáõïÇ³ÛáõÙ áõ êÇ-µÇñáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ù³ñ½»ñÇ Ñ»ï86: ä³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÁ, Çñ Í³·Ù³Ý å³ÑÇó ëáõñ ë³Ûñáí áõÕÕí³Í ÉÇÝ»Éáí ò³ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¹»Ù87, ³Ûë Ýáñ ¿ï³åáõÙ í»ñ³Ó¨³íáñí»ó` ¹³ñÓÛ³É áõÕÕí»Éáí è¸-Ç ¹»Ù: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ñáí³Ý³íáñáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ è¸-Ç Ï³½ÙáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ ³Ýç³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ`

86 Fuller E. Graham and Lesser O. Ian, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 86: 87 ¼³ñ¨³Ý¹, ØÇ³óÛ³É ²ÝÏ³Ë Âáõñ³ÝÇ³, ºñ¨³Ý, 1993, ¿ç 91:

45

éáõë-ã»ã»Ý³Ï³Ý å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ÝÛáõÃ³Ï³Ý ¨ µ³ñá-Û³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ óáõÛó ï³Éáí ã»ã»ÝÝ»ñÇÝ88:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ ÙÝ³É Ëáßáñ ³é¨ïñ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñ` ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ·³½Ç ¨ Ý³íÃÇ ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ: è¸-Ç Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ Ýñ³Ýáí, áñ ³Ûëï»Õ Ï³ñ Ù»Í Ãíáí éáõë µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝ: Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý 33,9%, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ` 15,5%89: ´³óÇ ¹ñ³ÝÇó` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¹»é¨ë å³Ñå³ÝíáõÙ »Ý éáõë³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÁ, É»½áõÝ ¨ ³í³Ý¹áõÛÃÝ»ñÁ:

21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÝ áõ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓ»-óÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³óÝ»É Çñ»Ýó ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³-ÝáõÙ: 2001 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ 16-ÇÝ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³ñï·áñÍÝ³-Ë³ñ³ñÝ»ñ Æ. Æí³ÝáíÁ ¨ Æ. æ»ÙÁ ÜÛáõ-ÚáñùáõÙ ëïáñ³·ñ»-óÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ, áñáí Ïááñ¹ÇÝ³óÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ·áñÍáõ-Ý»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ºíñ³ëÇ³ÛáõÙ90 (ÝÏ³ïÇ áõÝ»ÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³Ý ¨ ÎáíÏ³ëÁ):

²ÛëåÇëáí, Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³é³çÇÝÁ å»ïù ¿ í»ñ³óÝ»ñ éáõë³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áõëïÇ ï³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³-í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ýñ³Ýó ÙÇç¨ ëÏëí»ó ëáõñ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ: Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¹»é¨ë å³Ñå³ÝíáõÙ ¿ñ éáõë³Ï³Ý é³½Ù³-Ï³Ý Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ: î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç³Ù-

88 Gudiashvili David, Turkey and the Russo-Chechen War of 1994-1996, Central Asia and the Caucasus, No. 6, pp. 72-79. 89 Jonson Lena, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 101: 90 Çèãàíøèí Ì. Ê., Ðîññèÿ-Òóðöèÿ: îò äâóñòîðîííåãî ñîòðóäíè-÷åñòâà ê ìíîãîïëàíîâîìó ïàðòíåðñòâó (2001-2006ãã.), Áèøêåê: ÊÐÑÓ, 2007, ñ. 31. Ð³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñÇ ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³Ý ï»ùëïÁ ï»'ë ÝáõÛÝ ·ñùÇ Ñ³í»Éí³ÍáõÙ ¿ç 162-165:

46

ïáõÃÛ³Ùµ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ ³í³ñïÁ µ³ñÓ-ñ³óñ»ó Ýñ³ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²ÏÝÑ³Ûï ¹³ñÓ³í, áñ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý »ñ³ßË³íáñ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ÉÇÝ»É ÙÇ³ÛÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ. ³Û¹ ÷³ëïÝ ÁÝ¹áõÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý: âÝ³Û³Í ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ³ó³í Ñ³ëÝ»É Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ èáõ-ë³ëï³ÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ ÙÝ³É ·»ñ³Ï³ ¹Çñù»ñáõÙ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ·»ñÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Æñ³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨ ëÏëí»ó Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ: Î³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ï»ÕÁ ·ñ³í»É: Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Æñ³ÝÁ ¨ë áõÝ»ñ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ò³ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ùµ` Ý³ ëïÇåí³Í ¿ñ ½Çç»É: ÆëÏ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÁ ÇÝãå»ë ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É Æñ³ÝÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ ÙÇ Ýáñ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ïí»ó: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É ÂáõñùÇ³-Æñ³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ñ³Ù³ñ»É ²ØÜ-èáõë³ëï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ91:

ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ï³-é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ý»ñ³é»ó Çñ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áÉáñïáõÙ: 1991 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇÝ Æñ³ÝÇ ³ñï·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñ ²ÉÇ ²ùµ³ñ ì»É³Û³ÃÇÝ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÝ· »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñ»É ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»-é³ÝÏ³ñÝ»ñÁ92: Üß»Ýù, áñ Æñ³ÝÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ·áñÍáÕáõÃ-

91 Akdevelıoğlu Atay, İran İslam Cumhuriyetiþnin Orta Asya ve Azerbaycan Politikaları, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Cilt 1, Sayı 2, 2004, s. 141-143. 92 Edmund Herzig, Iran and Central Asia, Central Asian Security, Editors Roy Alison, Lena Jonson, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London-Washington, p. 174.

47

ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³Ï³½¹»É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ: ÆÝãå»ë í»ñÁ Ýß»óÇÝù, Æñ³ÝÁ ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ùµ: ¸³ ¿ íÏ³ÛáõÙ Ý³¨ 1993 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ Æñ³ÝÇ ÆëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ð³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ²ÉÇ ²ùµ³ñ è³ýë³Ýç³ÝÇÇ ³ÛóÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñÇ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ÏÝùí»-óÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ93:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Æñ³ÝÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³ÛÝ ¿ñ, áñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ, Ñ»ï¨»Éáí Çñ ûñÇÝ³ÏÇÝ, Çñ»Ýó Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï³éáõó»Ý ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñáí94: ê³ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Æñ³-ÝÁ ¨ë Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³Ý³É ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ùá¹»É: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, »Ã» ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³é³ç ù³ß»ó §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõ-ß³Ó¨Ç¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ, ³å³ Æñ³ÝÁ` §Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Á¦, ¨ ³Ûë ×³Ý³å³ñÑáí »ñÏáõëÝ ¿É ç³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÷á-Ë³ñÇÝ»É éáõëÝ»ñÇÝ95:

î³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Æñ³-ÝÁ ß»ßïÁ ¹ÝáõÙ ¿ñ áã Ã» ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý (Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù` ¹³ å³Û-Ù³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ù»Í Ý»ñáõÅ ãáõ»Ý³Éáí:-Ü. Ø.), ³ÛÉ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ¨ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³: ÆÝãå»ë í»ñÁ Ýß»óÇÝù, Æñ³ÝÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ` Çë-É³Ù³Ï³Ý áõÕÇáí ½³ñ·³Ý³ÉÝ ¿ñ, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝ ¿ñ ¹³ñÓíáõÙ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÇÝ: Üß»Ýù, áñ 13-15-ñ¹ ¹³ñ»ñáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ù³ëÁ

93 ²½·, 30.10.1993. 94 Ataee Farhad, Iran and Turkey in Post-Soviet Central Asia, Centre for Research and Middle East Strategic Studies, An Iranian Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 1, Summer 2000, p. 156. 95 Kibaroğlu Mustafa ve Yasemin Nun, Iran, Turkey’s Neighborhood, Ed. by M. Kibaroğlu, Foreign Policy Institute, Ankara, 2008, p. 163.

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Ñ»ï¨»óÇÝ ëáõÝÝÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³ÝÁ` µ³óÇ ï³çÇÏÝ»ñÇó, áñáÝù ßÇ³ Ù³ÑÙ»¹³Ï³ÝÝ»ñ »Ý: ê³Ï³ÛÝ` Ý³Ë ò³ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇ, ³å³ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ ÏñáÝÝ ³ëïÇ×³Ý³µ³ñ »ñÏñáñ¹³Ï³Ý åÉ³Ý ¿ñ ÙÕíáõÙ, ¨ ß³ï Ñá·¨áñ ³ñÅ»ùÝ»ñ í»ñ³óí»óÇÝ: ¸³ ¿ñ å³ï×³éÁ, áñ ÇëÉ³-Ù³Ï³Ý Ñá·¨áñ ³ñÅ»ùÝ»ñÝ ³Û¹ù³Ý ¿É Ù»Í ¹»ñ ãáõÝ»ÇÝ å»ï³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óáõÙ: ²Û¹ ³ñÅ»ùÝ»ñÁ í»-ñ³ÍÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Æñ³ÝÇó µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áõ ç³Ýù»ñ ¿ÇÝ å³Ñ³Ýçí»Éáõ, áõëïÇ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏ-ÛáõÝÇó Æñ³ÝÇ ¹»ñÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï ¿: Æñ³ÝÁ Ã»ñ¨ë Ï³ñáÕ ¿ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Í»É î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ, ù³ÝÇ áñ í»ñçÇÝë Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, É»½í³Ï³Ý ¨ ¿ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí Ùáï ¿ Æñ³-ÝÇÝ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý ¨ Çë-É³Ù³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó Æñ³ÝÁ Ó³ËáÕí»ó, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ Ç ëÏ½µ³Ý» ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³-Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ ¨ Ýå³ï³Ï ãáõÝ»ÇÝ ¹³é-Ý³É ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áõëïÇ Ñ»ï¨»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ûñÇÝ³ÏÇÝ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Æñ³ÝÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ Ý³¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñ: Æñ³ÝÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÑÇÙÝáõÙ ¿ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñ` Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÝ áõ É»½áõÝ ï³ñ³Í»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ, Ý³¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ Ï³éáõÛóÝ»ñ áõ ·ñ³¹³-ñ³ÝÝ»ñ, Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÙ ¿ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ß³µ³ÃÝ»ñ áõ óáõó³-Ñ³Ý¹»ëÝ»ñ, ³ç³ÏóáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»-ñÇÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõ Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: î³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ å³ñëÏ»ñ»Ýáí Ñ»é³ñ-Ó³ÏíáõÙ »Ý Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ»éáõëï³Ñ³Õáñ¹áõÙÝ»ñ, Ñ³ïÏ³-å»ë` Éáõñ»ñÁ96:

96 Calabrese John, Turkey and Iran; Limits of a Stable Relationship, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 25, No. 1, May 1998, pp. 83-84.

49

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Æñ³ÝÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ ³ëå»ÏïÝ ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ Ý³ ï³ñ³Í³ßñ-ç³ÝáõÙ ×³Ý³ãáõÙ ¿ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ê³ Æñ³ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ï³ñ¨áñ ù³ÛÉ ¿ (Ù³Ý³í³Ý¹ ÁÝÃ³óáÕ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³Ý Çñ³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ), Ã»¨ ²ØÜ-Ý áõ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ »Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ »ñÏñáñ¹³Ï³Ý åÉ³Ý ÙÕ»É: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³-Ï³Ý å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý áõÅ»ñÇ ·áñ-ÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í` Æñ³ÝÝ ëÏë»ó Ù»Í ï»Õ Ñ³ïÏ³ó-Ý»É èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ²Ûë Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ËáãÁÝ¹áï»É ²ØÜ-Ç ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý»ñÃ³÷³ÝóáõÙÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³97: 1995 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇ 4-5-Á ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Ý µ³-Ý³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñÇó Ñ»ïá Æñ³ÝÇ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇãÁ Ñ³Ûï³-ñ³ñ»ó »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõ µ³ñ»-Ï³ÙáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ Ýáñ ¹³ñ³ßñç³ÝÇ ëÏÇ½µÁ98: ê³ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ Æñ³ÝÝ áõ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÙ »Ý áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ, ³ÛÉ¨ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ áÕç ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ:

Æñ³ÝÁ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ¿ ¨ Ý³ËÏÇ-ÝáõÙ, ³ÍË³çñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í, Ñ³Ù³-·áñÍ³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ ÙÇ³ÛÝ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï: ì»ñçÇÝÇ ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÁ ÷áËí»ó, »ñµ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇó Ô³½³Ëë³ÝÁ, ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÁ ¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ ¹³ñÓ³Ý Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñ: ´Ý³Ï³Ý³µ³ñ, ÊáñÑñ¹³-

97 Êóëàãèíà Ë. Ì., Ðîññèÿ, Èðàí è ãîñóäàðñòâî Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, Èðàí è ÑÍÃ, Ì., 2003, ñ. 26. 98 ²Ûë Ñ³Ý¹ÇåÙ³Ý ¨ Æñ³ÝÇ ³ñï·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñÇ ï»Õ³Ï³É ²µµ³ë Ø³É»ÏÇÇ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³Ý ï»ùëïÁ ï»'ë “The Prospects of Irano-Russian Relation till the Year 2000, Amu Darya 1, 2, 1995, p. 191-199.

50

ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Æñ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³Ù»Ý³Ï³ñ¨áñ Ñ³ñóÁ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ï³ñ³Íù³ÛÇÝ çñ»ñÇ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³½³ïÙ³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÝ ¿ñ, áõëïÇ ³Ûë Ï»ïÁ ¹³ñÓ³í Æñ³ÝÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ ³ëå»ÏïÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ99: Üß»Ýù, áñ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝÝ Çñ Ý³íÃÇ ¨ ·³½Ç å³ß³ñÝ»ñáí ³ß-Ë³ñÑáõÙ ³Ù»Ý³Ñ³ñáõëï Ñ³Ýù³í³Ûñ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿: Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ·³½Ç å³ß³ñÝ»ñÁ (µ³óÇ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇó) Ï³½ÙáõÙ »Ý 57,1 ïñÇÉÇáÝ Ëáñ³Ý³ñ¹ Ù»ïñ, áñÝ ³Ù»Ý³Ñ³ñáõëïÝ ¿ áÕç ³ßË³ñÑáõÙ, ¨ 59, 2 ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ µ³ñ»É Ý³íÃ, áñÁ ä³ñëÇó ÍáóÇ ¨ êÇµÇñÇ Ñ³Ýù³í³Ûñ»ñÇó Ñ»ïá Çñ Ù»ÍáõÃÛ³Ùµ »ññáñ¹Ý ¿ ³ß-Ë³ñÑáõÙ 100:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá Ñ»ï³·³ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ ÑÇÙù Ï³ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³-Ù³ñí»É Ñ»Ýó ³Ûë å³ß³ñÝ»ñÁ, áõëïÇ Ýñ³ÝóÇó å³Ñ³ÝçíáõÙ ¿ñ µ³½Ù³ß»ñï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³ï»É ï³ñµ»ñ, ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ` Ñ³ñ¨³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ´³óÇ èáõë³ëï³-ÝÇó` ³Ûë ³éáõÙáí Ï³ñ¨áñ ¹»ñ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ Ë³Õ³É Ý³¨ Æñ³ÝÁ: Ø³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Ï³ñ¨áñ ¿ñ ïñ³Ýëåáñï³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç ½³ñ·³óáõÙÁ, áñï»Õ Æñ³ÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ Ë³Õ³É Ï³Ùáõñç »ñÏñÇ ¹»ñ` Ï³å»Éáí ³ßË³ñÑÇ »ñÏáõ` Ëáßáñ Ý³íÃáí áõ ·³½áí Ñ³-ñáõëï ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÁ` ä³ñëÇó ÍáóÁ, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý áõ Î³ëåÛ³Ý ³í³½³ÝÁ101: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ä³ñëÇó ÍáóÇó Æñ³ÝÇ ï³ñ³ÍùÁ Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ³Ù»Ý³-

99 ²Ûë ï»ë³Ï»ïÇó Æñ³ÝÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Ù³ëÝ³Ïó»É Ý³íÃÇ ¨ ·³½Ç ³ñï³Ñ³ÝÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÇÝ, Ý³¨ µ³ÅÝ»Ù³ë»ñ áõÝ»Ý³É Ëáßáñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: ²Ûëå»ëª Ýñ³Ý Ñ³çáÕí»ó 1994 Ã. Ó»éù µ»ñ»É ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ý³íÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý (Azerbaijan International Oil Consortium-AIOC) µ³ÅÝ»ïáÙë»ñÇ 5 ïáÏáëÁ: Sinkaya Bayram, Turkey-Iran Geopolitical Competition over Central Asia and the Caucasus: 1989-2001, Avrasya Etüdleri, Yıl:12, Sayı: 27-28, 2005, p.85. 100 International Energy Agency’s Report of September, 1993. 101 Ataee Farhad, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 159:

51

Ï³ñ× áõÕÇÝ ¿ ¹»åÇ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ áõ Î³ëåÛ³Ý ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³Ý, ³ÛÝï»ÕÇó ¿É Ö³åáÝÇ³ áõ Ð»é³íáñ ²ñ¨»Éù: ÊáñÑñ-¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ÝÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³-óáõÙÝ Æñ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³í»ÉÇ Ñ»ßï ¿ñ, ù³Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ: Æñ³ÝÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¿ñ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ Çñ ï³ñ³Íùáí ï³ñ³ÝóÇÏ áõÕÇÝ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇÝ: ²Ûëå»ë, »ñµ 1991 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ³ñï·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñ ì»É³Û³ÃÇÝÁ Âáõñù-Ù»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ, ³Û¹ »ñÏñÇ Ý³Ë³·³ÑÇ Ñ»ï ÏÝù»ó ÙÇ Ñ³Ù³-Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ, áñáí Ý³Ë³ï»ëíáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³éáõó»É »ñÏ³ÃáõÕ³·ÇÍ. ë³ å»ïù ¿ ÙÇ³Ý³ñ Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý »ñÏ³ÃáõÕ³·ÍÇÝ ¨ Ñ³ëÝ»ñ ÙÇÝã¨ ä³ñëÇó ÍáóÇ ´»Ý¹»ñ ²µµ³ë Ý³í³Ñ³Ý·ÇëïÁ102£ Æñ³-ÝÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ` ÷áñÓ»Éáí ³Û¹ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÏÝù»É ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý, é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý áõ µ³Ý³ÏÇ ëå³é³-½ÇÝÙ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É Ýáñ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ103: ¸»åÇ ³ñï³-ùÇÝ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñ ·³½Ç ¨ Ý³íÃÇ ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ Æñ³ÝÝ ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áõÕÇÝ»ñ104: ²Ûë ù³ÛÉ»ñáí Æ-ñ³ÝÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñÇÝë ã»½áù³ó-Ý»É ²ØÜ-Ç ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ105 ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ³é³í»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ó»éù µ»ñ»É:

102 Mantaqa’ie Nagshe, Iran, Central Asia and The Caucasus Review (MMAMQ), 5, 16, Winter 1996, p. 69-70. 103 Herzing Edmund, Iran and the Former Soviet South, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 1995, p. 14-15. 104 Aydın Mustafa, New Geopolitics of Central Asia and the Caucasus: Causes of Instability and Predicament, SAM Papers, 2/2000, http://www.sam.gov.tr/sampapers/NewGeopoliticsofCentralAsiaandtheCascasus.pdf 105 Òðîôèìîâ À. Ä., Âíåøíÿÿ ïîëèòèêà Èðàíà è Òóðöèè â Öåíò-ðàëüíîé Àçèè (íà ïðèìåðå Óçáåêèñòàíà), Âîñòîêîâåäíûé ñáîðíèê, âûïóñê òðåòèé, Ì., 2002, ñ. 150.

52

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù»Ù³ïáõÃÛ³Ùµ` Æñ³ÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ë»ñï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»ó î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï, áñÁ Ù»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí, å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ Ý³¨ É»½í³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛ³Ùµ: âÝ³Û³Í î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ ëÏëí³Í ù³Õ³ù³-óÇ³Ï³Ý å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇÝ` 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇó »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»-ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ëÏëí»óÇÝ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ¨ ëïá-ñ³·ñí»óÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ` ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý, Ùß³-ÏáõÛÃÇ áõ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáõ Ñ³-Ù³ñ: 1992 Ã. Æñ³ÝÁ ¸áõß³Ýµ» áõÕ³ñÏ»ó áõëáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ ËáõÙµ, áñáÝù å»ïù ¿ û·Ý»ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ï³çÇÏ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÇÝ ·ñ»Éáõ ¹³ë³·ñù»ñ: Üß»Ýù, áñ ³Û¹ ¹³ë³·ñùñ»Á ·ñí»óÇÝ ³-ñ³µ³Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»Ýáí: Ð³çáñ¹ ï³ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ ¨ »ñÏñáñ¹ ¹³-ë³ñ³ÝóÇÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Æñ³ÝÁ Ï³½Ù»ó áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ó»éÝ³ñÏ-Ý»ñ ³ñ¹»Ý å³ñëÏ»ñ»Ýáí: ÎñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Æñ³ÝÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÙ ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÷áË³-Ý³ÏÙ³Ý áõ í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý, Ý³¨ ¹Çí³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ ³ÛÉ Íñ³·ñ»ñ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, ³ñï·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ÏÇó ëï»ÕÍí»É ¿ñ ÝÙ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ, áñÁ ÷³Ïí»ó Ø. ø³Ã³ÙÇÇ Ý³-Ë³·³Ñ ¹³éÝ³Éáõó Ñ»ïá:

Æñ³ÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ, Ý³¨ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ëï³ï»ó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñ106: ²í»ÉÇ ³ßËáõÛÅ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ïí»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: Üß»Ýù, áñ Æñ³ÝÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³Ù»Ý³ùÇãÁ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: Î³ñ-ÍáõÙ »Ýù` ë³ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ µÝ³ÏíáÕ ï³çÇÏÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ ³éÏ³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï: î³-çÇÏÝ»ñÁ µÝ³ÏíáõÙ »Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ê³Ù³ñÕ³Ý¹áõÙ ¨ ´áõ-Ë³ñ³ÛáõÙ: àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝÁ 24 ÙÉÝ ¿, áñÇó 10

106 Theodor Karasik, Azerbaijan, Central Asia and Futere Persian Gulf Security, A Rande Note, Santa Monikca, 1993, p. 23-25.

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ÙÉÝÁ ï³çÇÏÝ»ñ »Ý: Ð»ï¨³µ³ñ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÝÑ³Ý·ë-ï³ÝáõÙ ¿, áñ Æñ³ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ Ñ³Ý·»óÝ»É Ýñ³Ý, áñ ï³çÇÏÝ»ñÝ ÇÝùÝ³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝ å³Ñ³Ý-ç»Ý: ²Ûë ï»ë³Ï»ïÇó »ÉÝ»Éáí` áõ½µ»Ï³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³ÏáõÙ ¿ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Æñ³ÝÇ Ñ»ï:

âÝ³Û³Ý áõÝ»ó³Í ï³ñ³Ó³ÛÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃ-Û³ÝÁ` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõ Æñ³ÝÁ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÙ »Ý ³é¨ïñÇ áõ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: Üñ³Ýù ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ »Ý Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É Ý³¨ îÐÎ-Ç ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ` ¹³ñÓÛ³É Ñ³Ù³-ï»Õ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáí ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ107:

²ÛëåÇëáí, ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ·»ñÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ å³Ûù³ñáõÙ »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ Æñ³ÝÁ: ºñÏáõëÝ ¿É ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³-Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ »Ý, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³é³çÝáñ¹íáõÙ »Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñáí áõ Íñ³·ñ»ñáí, áõëïÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ýñ³Ýó Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÝ áõ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í ß³-Ñ»ñÁ ¨ë ï³ñµ»ñ »Ý: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇó Ãáõñù-Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Íí»ó µáÉáñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ ÑÝ³·áõÛÝ Å³Ù³-Ý³ÏÝ»ñÇó Ñ»ï³ùñùñ»É ¿ Ý³¨ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇÝ: ¸³ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³-ÝáõÙ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ Ø»ï³ùëÇ ×³Ý³å³ñÑÇ Ñ»ï, áñÁ, ëÏÇ½µ ³éÝ»Éáí âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇó, ³ÝóÝáõÙ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ûáí ¨ µ³ñÓñ³óÝáõÙ ³Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ: èáõ-ë³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ùµ` ³Ûë ï³ñ³ÍùáõÙ âÇ-Ý³ëï³ÝÝ ³ÛÉ¨ë ã¿ñ Ï³ñáÕ ³ÏïÇí ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ Í³í³É»É: ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-

107 Afrasiabi L. K. and Jalali P. Y., The Economic Cooperation Organization. Regionalization in a Competitive Context, Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 4, Fall 2001, p. 63-67.

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ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÏïÇ-í³ó³í: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ, ¹³ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ÙÇ Ýáñ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ: Üñ³ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ËáñÝ ¿ÇÝ ¨ Ñ»éáõÝ ·Ý³óáÕ, áõëïÇ ³Ûë »ñÏÇñÁ ¨ë å³Ûù³ñáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³-ÝÁ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇÝ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³-Ï³Ý ¨ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³Ý »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý ¿ñ ¨ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³-Ùáõñç ²ñ¨»ÉùÇ áõ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ÙÇç¨, áõëïÇ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ß³-Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ¿ñ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáõ ¨, ÇÝãáõ ã¿, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Ýñ³Ýó Ñ»ï (Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ¨ë Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ÇÝ âÇÝ³ë-ï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý:-Ü. Ø.): Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, ß³Ñ³í»ï ÏÉÇÝ»ñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ½³ñ·³óáÕ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ: Ü³Ë` ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý ³åñ³ÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ýáñ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñ ¿ÇÝ µ³óíáõÙ, ÙÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ Ï³ñÇù áõÝ»ñ ³Í-Ë³çñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ, áñáÝù áõÝ»ÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý å³Ñ-å³ÝÙ³Ùµ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ùï³Ñá·í³Í ¿ñ` ³ÝÑ³Ý·ë-ï³Ý³Éáí, áñ ÝÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ íï³Ý·»É êÇÝó½Û³Ý àõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ÇÝùÝ³í³ñ Ù³ñ½Ç Ï³ÛáõÝáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ó·ïáÕ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ùñó³ÏÇóÁ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇó Ñ»ïá Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ¿ñ âÇ-Ý³ëï³ÝÁ:

âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³ÛáõÝ³ó³Ý ¨ ëÏë»óÇÝ ½³ñ·³Ý³É 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ.: ²Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñ¨áñÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ í»-×»ñÝ ¿ÇÝ: âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ 3000 ÏÙ »ñÏ³ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ë³ÑÙ³Ý áõÝÇ

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Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: 1992 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñÇÝ ØÇÝëÏáõÙ í»ñáÑÇß-Û³É Ñ³ñóÇ Ï³ñ·³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ¨ èáõë³ëï³-ÝÇ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇó Ï³½Ùí»ó ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ ËáõÙµ: ÜáõÛÝ` 1992 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñÇÝ, âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ, ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñó»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í, ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ ÙÇ³ëÝ³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ, ÇëÏ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ÝÙ³Ý Ñ³Ûï³-ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó 1992 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇÝ: ²Ûë Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñáí ÏáÕÙ»ñÁ å³ñï³íáñíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ å³Ñå³Ý»É 1991 Ã. ÏÝùí³Í ËáñÑñ¹³-ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ: ºñµ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ í³ñã³å»ï ÈÇ ö»Ý·Á 1994 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇÝ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý ³Ûóáí Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ, ¹³ñÓ-Û³É ùÝÝ³ñÏí»ó ë³ÑÙ³ÝÇ ËÝ¹ÇñÁ: ¸ñ³ ßáõñç ãÇÝ-Õ³½³Ë³-Ï³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·ñ»ñ ëïáñ³·ñí»óÇÝ 1997 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ¨ 1998 Ã.:

1996 Ã. ÑáõÉÇëÇ 4-ÇÝ ÝÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ÒÛ³Ý Ò»ÙÇÝÁ ¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³-·³Ñ ²ëÏ³ñ ²Ï³¨Á: 1999 Ã. ´ÇßÏ»ùÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ, á-ñÇÝ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÝ· »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ áõ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ` Ò»ÙÇÝÁ, Ü³½³ñµ³¨Á ¨ ²Ï³¨Á, ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñó»ñÁ Ï³ñ·³íáñáÕ í»ñçÝ³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ108: Üß»Ýù, áñ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ãÇÝ-ï³çÇÏ³Ï³Ý ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÁ ÙÝ³óÇÝ ãÉáõÍí³Í: ê³Ï³ÛÝ 2002 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇÝ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ¾ÙáÙ³ÉÇ è³ÑÙ³ÝáíÁ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý ³Ûóáí Ù»ÏÝ»ó âÇÝ³ëï³Ý, áñï»Õ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñ·³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ, áñÁ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ù»çÉÇëÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»ó

108 Guandcheng Xing, China and Central Asia, Central Asian Security, editors Roy Alison and Lena Jonson, Royal Institute of International Affairs, London-Washington, p. 154.

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ÙÇ³ÛÝ 2005 Ã.109: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñó»ñÇ ÉáõÍáõÙÁ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³í èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ, áñÁ Ù»Ï ³Ý·³Ù ¨ë ÷³ëïáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ í»ñçÇÝÇ ·»ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ ³é³í»-ÉáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»ÉÝ ¿ñ: Ð»Ýó ³Ûë Ýå³ï³Ïáí ¿É Ý³ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ ¿ñ µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ ³ñï³Ñ³ÝÙ³Ý áõÕÇÝ»ñ110: Ü³ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ ¿ñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Çñ Ùá¹»ÉÁ. ÇÝùÁ ÏáÙáõÝÇëï³Ï³Ý »ñÏÇñ ¿ñ, ÇëÏ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ÙÝ³ó»É ¿ÇÝ Ïá-ÙáõÝÇëï³Ï³Ý Ý³ËÏÇÝ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ:

ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý Ýß»É »Ýù, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý âÇÝ³ë-ï³ÝÇÝ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí, áõëïÇ ³Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ë ëÏë»ó Í³í³É»É ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý É³ÛÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ, áñÝ ³Ûëûñ ß³ñáõ-Ý³ÏáõÙ ¿ ½³ñ·³Ý³É: âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Í³ÕÏ»ó ³é¨ïáõñÁ, ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý ¿Å³Ý ³åñ³Ýù-Ý»ñÝ ³Ûëï»Õ Ù»Í å³Ñ³Ýç³ñÏ áõÝ»Ý Ý³¨ ³Ûëûñ: ²Ûëå»ë, 1991 Ã. ÙÇÝã¨ 1998 Ã. ÁÝÏ³Í Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³ÍáõÙ âÇÝ³ë-ï³ÝÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïáõñÁ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ 350-700 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ: 1998 Ã. ëÏëí³Í ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³ÙÇ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñçÇÝ ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ Ýí³½»óÇÝ: 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÇó ³é¨ïáõ-ñÁ Ù»Í Í³í³ÉÝ»ñ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ó. 2000-2003 ÃÃ. ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ³ÛÝ Ñ³-ï»ó 1-3,3 ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÁ, ÇëÏ 2004 Ã. ÙÇÝã¨ 2007 109 Dwivedi Ramakant, China’s Central Asia Policy in Recent Times, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 4, November, 2006, p. 147. 110 Aydın Mustafa, New Geopolitics of Central Asia and the Caucasus: Causes of Instability and Predicament……….

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Ã. ³Ûë óáõó³ÝÇßÝ ³í»É³ó³í Ùáï 3, 7 ³Ý·³Ù` 4, 3 ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñÇó Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí ÙÇÝã¨ 16 ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹Ç111: ²é¨ïñÇ ¨ Ó»éÝ»ñ»-óáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ýå³ï³Ïáí Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ¨ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³×³Ë ¿ÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåíáõÙ ³½³ï ³é¨ïñÇ ·áïÇÝ»ñ áõ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñ:

ì»ñçÇÝ ï³ëÝ³ÙÛ³ÏÝ»ñÇÝ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ ½·³ÉÇ ³× ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñ»ó, áõëïÇ ·Ý³Éáí ³×áõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ýñ³ ¿Ý»ñ-·»ïÇÏ å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûë ³éáõÙáí âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÝ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ ë¨»é»ó ¹»åÇ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³: Üñ³Ý Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë Ý³íÃÁ112: 1997 Ã. âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ²½·³ÛÇÝ Ý³í-Ã³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (China National Petroleum Corporation-

CNPC) Çñ³íáõÝù ëï³ó³í ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ ³ñ¨ÙáõïùáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ àõ½»ÝÇ Ý³íÃ³Ñ³Ý-ùáõÙ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, Ý³ ëÏë»ó Ý³íÃÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝ³Ñ³ÝÙ³Ùµ ½µ³Õí»É ²ÏïÛáõµÇÝëÏáõÙ: 1997 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³-·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨, áñáí âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ Íñ³·ñáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³éáõó»É 3000 ÏÙ »ñÏ³ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ËáÕáí³Ï³-

111 Ibraimov Sadykzhan, China-Central Asia Trade Relations: Economic and Social Patterns, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 7, No. 1, February, 2009, p. 48, Dittmer Lowell, Central Asia and Regional Powers, The China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 4, p. 7-22. 112 ÎÝ»ïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ïí»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Ùñó³ÏÇóÝ ¿ Ý³¨ Ö³åáÝÇ³Ý: Î³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ ¹³ í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ áÕç ²ëÇ³-Ê³Õ³ÕûíÏÇ³ÝáëÛ³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇÝ: Ö³åáÝÇ³Ý áõÝÇ ½³ñ·³ó³Í ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ÇÝãå»ë âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ, Ý³ ¨ë ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñÇù áõÝÇ: àõëïÇ` Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, ãÇÝ-×³åáÝ³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ å³ß³ñÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç ¿, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ³é¨ïñÇ, ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý, é³½Ù³Ï³Ý, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ³ÛÉ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ²Ûë Ù³ëÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë Townsend Jacob and King Amy, Sino-Japanese Competition for Central Asian Energy: China’s Game to Win, China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly, Vol. 5, No. 4, November, 2007, pp. 23-45.

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ß³ñ` Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ ³ñ¨ÙáõïùÇó ¹»åÇ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ³ñ¨-Ùáõïù: ÆëÏ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ²½·³ÛÇÝ Ý³íÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ»ó Ï³éáõó»É ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ àõ½»Ý ßñç³ÝÇó ÙÇÝã¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ113: âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ Ñ»ï³ùñùñí³Í ¿ñ Ý³¨ Ñ³Õáñ¹³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõÕÇÝ»ñÇ Ï³éáõó-Ù³Ùµ, áñáÝù Ù»Í Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ ÏáõÝ»Ý³ÛÇÝ µáÉáñ ÏáÕÙ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñ ëï»ÕÍí»óÇÝ, áñáí âÇÝ³ë-ï³ÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí Ýí³×»É ï³ñ³Í³ßñ-ç³ÝÁ, ÇÝãÝ ¿É, Ù»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí, ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É:

âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ¨ë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³-éáõÙ114: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Çñ»Ý ë³Ñ-Ù³Ý³ÏÇó Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: ²Ûë »ñ»ù »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ï-óáõÙ ¿ñ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï:

113 Guandcheng Xing, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 156: 1141993 Ã. ëïáñ³·ñí»ó ãÇÝ-Õ³½³Ë³Ï³Ý »ñÏÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ, ÝÙ³Ý Ù»Ï ³ÛÉ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ÏÝùí»ó 1995 Ã.: ²Ûë »Ïáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý ÉáõÍáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá é³½Ù³ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í ã³÷»ñ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ó: 1996 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇÝ Þ³ÝÑ³ÛáõÙ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ, Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ, î³çÇÏëï³-ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³ÑÝ»ñÝ áõ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³ñï·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñ ºí·»ÝÇ äñÇÙ³ÏáíÁ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñª ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ é³½Ù³-Ï³Ý Ñ³ñó»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É: ²ÛÝ Ý³Ë³ï»ëáõÙ ¿ñ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Ë³Õ³ÕáõÃÛ³Ý å³Ñå³ÝáõÙÁ: 1995 Ã. ë»å-ï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ Ñ³Ý¹Çå»óÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ, âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ, Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ ÷áñÓ³·»ïÝ»ñÁ: Üñ³Ýó ³ßË³ï³ÝùÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ 1997 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇÝ ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ: ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 159-160:

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²ÛëåÇëáí, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³-ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ³éáõÙáí Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇÝ, áõëïÇ Ý³ ëÏë»ó ÁÝ¹¹ÇÙ³Ý³É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃ-Û³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ³Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí Ý³ ëÏë»ó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï` ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³-ÝáõÙ Ñ³Ï³¹ñí»Éáí ²ØÜ-ÂáõñùÇ³ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ115:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³-âÇÝ³ëï³Ý Ùñó³Ï-óáõÃÛáõÝÁ í»ñ³µ»ñíáõÙ ¿ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ³é¨ï-ñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÇÝ: ÆÝãå»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÝ ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëï³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇó ¨ å³Ûù³ñáõÙ ¿ñ ¹ñ³Ýó ¹»Ù: ¸³ í»ñ³µ»ñíáõÙ ¿ñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ÑÛáõëÇë-³ñ¨ÙáõïùáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ êÇÝó½Û³Ý àõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ÇÝùÝ³í³ñ Ù³ñ½ÇÝ (Ý³ËÏÇ-ÝáõÙ ¹³ æáõÝ·³ñÇ³Ý ¨ ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³Ý ¿ÇÝ), áñÁ µÝ³-Ï»óí³Í ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ùµ: Üñ³Ýù ÙÇßï íï³Ý· »Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óñ»É âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ: ¸»é¨ë 19-ñ¹ ¹. 60-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñç»ñÇÝ áõ 70-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÝ ³åëï³Ùµ»óÇÝ ¨ Ï³ñáÕ³ó³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»É Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ý` ëï»ÕÍ»Éáí Ã»áÏñ³ï³Ï³Ý ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ºÃÇ-ß³ñ (ÚáÃÝ³ù³Õ³ù) å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ` ø³ß·³ñ Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ùáí (1865-1878 ÃÃ.): úëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³ÛëñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë å³ï-íÇñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ áõÕ³ñÏ»ó ø³ß·³ñ, ÇëÏ 1869 Ã. ºÃÇß³ñÇ Ï³-é³í³ñÇã Ú³Õáõµ µ»ÏÇ116 Ñ³ïáõÏ µ³Ý³·Ý³ó ê³ÛÇ¹ Ú³Õáõµ

115 Shiping Tang, Economic Integration in Central Asia, The Russian and Chinese Relationship, Asian Survey, Vol. XL, No., 2, March-April, 2000, p. 360-376. 116 Ú³Õáõµ µ»ÏÁ (1820-1877 ÃÃ.) àõÛÕáõñëï³ÝáõÙ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ»ó ¹ÇÝ³ëïÇ³, áñÁ ·áÛ³ï¨»ó 1864-1888 ÃÃ.: 1872 Ã. úëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³Ûë-ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ×³Ý³ã»ó ³Ûë Ã³·³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: 1870 Ã. Ø»Í ´ñÇï³ÝÇ³ÛÇ ìÇÏïáñÛ³ Ã³·áõÑÇÝ å³ïíÇñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ áõÕ³ñÏ»ó àõÛÕáõñëï³Ý,

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Ë³ÝÇÝ ³ÝÓ³Ùµ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ó ëáõÉÃ³Ý ²µ¹áõÉ ²½Ç½ 1-ÇÝÁ (1861-1876 ÃÃ.) ¨ å³ßïáÝ³å»ë ×³Ý³ã»ó ³Û¹ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ: àñ-å»ë å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ½ÇÝ³Ýß³Ý áõ ¹ñáß í»ñóí»ó úëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³Ûë-ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: 1874 Ã. ºÃÇß³ñÁ ×³Ý³ãí»ó úëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³ÛëñáõÃ-Û³Ý åñáï»Ïïáñ³ïÁ, ¨ ø³ß·³ñáõÙ, Ç å³ïÇí ëáõÉÃ³Ý ²µ-¹áõÉ ²½Ç½Ç, Ýñ³ å³ïÏ»ñáí ¹ñ³Ù Ñ³ï»óÇÝ: ²Ûë Çñ³¹³ñ-ÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ³é³ç³óñ»óÇÝ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ½³ÛñáõÛÃÁ, ¨ Ý³ ëÏë»ó å³Ûù³ñÁ` í»ñ³óÝ»Éáõ ºÃÇß³ñ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÝ ¿É ãÇ-Ý³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó 1878 Ã.117: ì»ñáÝß-Û³É Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ù»Í ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ÇÝ ÃáÕ»É ãÇÝ³-Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³. Ýñ³Ýù Ñ³Ùá½í³Í ¿ÇÝ, áñ »Ã» êÇÝó½Û³ÝÁ ãÙÇ³óí»ñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇÝ, ³å³ ¶³ÝëÛáõ ¨ âÅÇÉÇ (ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ð»µ»Û Ý³Ñ³Ý·Ç ³Ýí³ÝáõÙÁ ÙÇÝã¨ 1928 Ã.) Ý³-Ñ³Ý·Ý»ñÇ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ëÏ³ÍÇ ï³Ï Ï¹ñí»ñ118:

êÇÝó½Û³ÝÇ ï³ñ³ÍùáõÙ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³-÷³ñÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý ³ÏïÇí ÷áõÉ ëÏëí»ó 1930-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ³é³çÇÝ Ï»ëÇÝ: Üß»Ýù, áñ ³Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝáõÙ Ý»ñ-ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³ÝÏ³ÛáõÝ íÇ×³Ï ¿ñ, áñÝ ¿É û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ áõÛÕáõñ ³Ýç³ïáÕ³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ: 1933 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ 12-ÇÝ êÇÝó½-Û³ÝáõÙ Ñéã³Ïí»ó ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³ÝÇ ÆëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ð³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ (²ÂÆÐ), Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ùÁ ¹³ñÓ³í ø³ß·³-

³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ 1873 Ã. áõÕ³ñÏ»ó »ñÏñáñ¹ å³ïíÇñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñáí ×³Ý³ãáõÙ ¿ñ ³Ûë Ã³·³íáñáõÃÛ³Ý É»·ÇïÇÙáõÃÛáõÝÁ: 1875 Ã. û·áë-ïáëÇÝ ûëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý ëáõÉÃ³ÝÁ Ññ³å³ñ³Ï»ó Ññáí³ñï³Ï, áñáí Ú³-Õáõµ µ»ÏÇ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¹ÇÙ³ó Ýñ³Ý ßÝáñÑáõÙ ¿ñ ¿ÙÇñÇ ïÇï-Õáë ¨ Ñ³ÝÓÝáõÙ ëáõÉÃ³ÝÇ ëñµ³½³Ý ¹ñáßÁ (Sancağ-i Şerif): 117 Õîæàìáåðäè Êàõàðìàí, Óéãóðû. Ýòíîïîëèòè÷åñêàÿ èñòîðèÿ ñ äðåâíåéøèõ âðåìåí äî íàøèõ äíåé, À., 2010, ñ. 189. 118 Õîäæàåâ À., Öèíñêàÿ èìïåðèÿ, Äæóíãàðèÿ è Âîñòî÷íûé Òóðêåñ-òàí, Ì., 1979, ñ. 70.

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ñÁ119: ²Ûë å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ëï»ÕÍÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ ¿³Ï³Ý ¹»ñ Ë³Õ³ó ÂáõñùÇ³Ý: ²Ûë Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ³é³çÝáñ¹Ý»ñ ê³µÇÃ ¸³-ÙáõÉÉ³Ý ¨ ØáõÑ³Ù³¹ ´áõÕñ³Ý ¹»é¨ë 1933 Ã. ëÏ½µÇÝ Çñ»Ýó Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇãÝ»ñÇÝ ·³ÕïÝÇ áõÕ³ñÏ»É ¿ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³, ÇëÏ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇó ø³ß·³ñ ¿ñ »Ï»É ½ÇÝíáñ³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇó, ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñÇó ¨ ³ÛÉ Ù³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñÇó Ï³½Ùí³Í ÙÇ ËáõÙµ: Üñ³Ýó Ù»ç ¿ÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÛïÝÇ ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñ Øáõëï³ý³ ø»ÝÃÉÇÝ, ²ÉÇ µ»ÛÁ ¨ Ð³µÇÛ³¹ÇÝ Ø³ÑÙáõ¹Á: ØÇ ß³ñù áõÛÕáõñ ·ÇïÝ³Ï³ÝÝ»ñ áõ Ñ»ï³½áïáÕÝ»ñ åÝ¹áõÙ ¿ÇÝ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇó »Ï³Í ³ÝÓÇÝù Éáõñç ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ »Ý ·áñÍ»É ³Û¹ å»ïáõÃ-Û³Ý Ï³½Ù³íáñÙ³Ý ¨ ³Ýí³Ý íñ³120: ÆëÏ áõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý Õ»Ï³-í³ñÝ»ñÁ ÑáõÛë áõÝ»ÇÝ, áñ ù»Ù³É³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ Ïû·Ý»Ý Çñ»Ýó` å³ßïå³Ý»Éáí ³ñï³ùÇÝ ³·ñ»ëÇ³ÛÇó, ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇó ëå³ëáõÙ ¿ÇÝ é³½Ù³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ³ÝÏ³Ë å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ç Ñ³Ûï ·³ÉÁ µ³ó³ë³µ³ñ ÁÝÏ³Éí»ó áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝáõÙ, ³ÛÉ¨ ÊêÐØ-áõÙ: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ áõÛÕáõñ³-Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ÛïÝí»ó »ñÏÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³ñí³ÍÇ ï³Ï: ÊêÐØ-Ç ÙÇç³ÙïáõÃÛ³Ùµ ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³ÝÇ ÂÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý ÆëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ í»ñ³ó³í, ¨ ³Ûë ï³-ñ³ÍùÁ ÙÝ³ó âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Ï³½ÙáõÙ: 1940-50-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ³ÝÏ³-ËáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ êÇÝó½Û³ÝáõÙ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³ÏïÇ-í³ó³Ý, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ¹ñ³Ýù ÝáõÛÝå»ë ×Ýßí»óÇÝ:

âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ ¹³ñÓÛ³É Ùï³Ñá·í»ó. áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ ³åëï³Ùµ»É ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃ-Û³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ, ¨ ³Ûë ¹»åùáõÙ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÏÇó ÃÛáõñù »Õµ³ÛñÝ»ñÁ Ýñ³Ýó Ïû·Ý»ÇÝ (Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù` ÝÏ³ïÇ áõÝ»ÇÝ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ïû·Ý»ñ, Ù³Ý³í³Ý¹ áñ Ý³ËÏÇÝáõÙ ÝÙ³Ý ûñÇÝ³Ï »-

119 Dolkun Kamberi, Uyghur’s and Uyghur Identity, Sino-Platonic Papers, Numbers 150, Philadelphia, May, 2005, p. 7. 120 Õîæàìáåðäè Êàõàðìàí, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 342:

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Õ»É ¿ñ:-Ü. Ø.): ²í»ÉÇÝ` ³åëï³ÙµáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ Ï³½Ù³-Ï»ñå»É ¨ Ñáí³Ý³íáñ»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ121: êÇÝó½Û³Ý àõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ÇÝùÝ³í³ñ Ù³ñ½áõÙ µÝ³ÏíáÕ ³Ù»-Ý³Ù»Í ¿ÃÝÇÏ ËáõÙµÁ áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÝ »Ý, áñáÝù Ï³½ÙáõÙ »Ý 7 ÙÇ-ÉÇáÝ (áÕç µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝÁ 16, 6 ÙÇÉÇáÝ ¿): ²Ûëï»Õ ³åñáõÙ »Ý Ý³¨ Ùáï 1 ÙÇÉÇáÝ Õ³½³ËÝ»ñ, ³í»ÉÇ ùÇã` ÕñÕ½Ý»ñ ¨ ï³çÇÏ-Ý»ñ: Ð»Ýó ³Ûë Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ ¿É Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Ýç³ï-Ù³Ý ³éÇÃ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` Î»ÝñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ëÏëí³Í ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÁ ¨ë Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Íí»É êÇÝó½Û³ÝáõÙ ¨ ¹³éÝ³É ³Ýç³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ëÏÇ½µ: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ³ÏïÇí ¿ÇÝ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ, áñï»Õ Ýñ³Ýù ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ»óÇÝ ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý ÂáõñùÇëï³Ý ÏáÙÇï»Ý (East Turkistan Committee), àõÛÕáõñÇë-ï³ÝÇ ³½³ï³·ñÙ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÁ (Uighuristan Liberation

Foundation) ¨ àõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Uighur

Trans-National Union): 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ãáõñù-ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ

ÝÏ³ïíáõÙ ¿ñ ËÇëï ³Ýíëï³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÃÝáÉáñï, ÇÝãÁ Ï³å-í³Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇ ¨ áõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ³Ýç³ïáÕ³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý áñáß ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÇ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï: Üß»Ýù, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ÑÇÙ-

121 âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý íï³Ý· Ï³ñáÕ ¿ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»É Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Çñ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Ý»ñáõÅáí ¨ ÙÇçáõÏ³ÛÇÝ ½»Ý-ùáí, áñÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ û·ï³·áñÍí»É: Ð³ïÏ³å»ë Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ, ÔñÕ½-ëï³ÝÁ ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ Ï³ëÏ³Í³Ýùáí »Ý í»ñ³µ»ñíáõÙ âÇÝ³ë-ï³ÝÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇÝ, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ý³ ï³ñ³Íù³ÛÇÝ å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñ áõÝ»ñ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ 1970-80-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ, »ñµ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ ¹»é¨ë ·ïÝíáõÙ ¿ñ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½-ÙáõÙ: âÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ 1954 Ã. Ññ³ï³ñ³Ï»ó ÙÇ ù³ñ-ï»½, áñï»Õ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ áñáß ï³-ñ³ÍùÝ»ñ Ý»ñ³éÝí»É ¿ÇÝ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¨ ÝßíáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ ò³-ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ·ñ³í»É ¿ ³Û¹ ï³ñ³ÍùÝ»ñÁ 1880-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ.:

63

Ý³¹ñí³Í áõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ³é³çÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ ²ñ¨»É-Û³Ý ÂáõñùÇëï³ÝÇ ¿ÙÇ·ñ³ÝïÝ»ñÇ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ñ (Doğu

Türkistan Göçmenler Derneği): ²ÛÝ 1950-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇó Ññ³-ï³ñ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ ³Ùë³·ÇñÁ` ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý ÂáõñùÇëï³Ý (Doğu

Türkistan) Ëáñ³·ñáí: ²í»ÉÇ áõß ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ áõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ¨ ³½·³ÛÇÝ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñ ëÏë»ó ù³ñá½»É ²ñ¨»É-Û³Ý ÂáõñùÇëï³ÝÇ ³½³ï³·ñÙ³Ý ²½·³ÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ (Centre

for the Liberation of Eastern Turkestan): ÜÙ³Ý ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ Ý³¨ ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý ÂáõñùÇëï³ÝÇ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³-ÙÁ (ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñí»É ¿ êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ 1976 Ã.: Doğu Türkistan Vakfı) ¨ Ýñ³ ÏáÕÙÇó Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏíáÕ §²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý ÂáõñùÇëï³ÝÇ Ó³ÛÝÁ¦ ³Ùë³·ÇñÁ (Doğu Türkistan'ın Sesi), áñÁ Ãáõñù»ñ»Ýáí, ³Ý·É»ñ»-Ýáí ¨ áõÛÕáõñ»ñ»Ýáí Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ñ Úáõëáõý ²É÷Ã»ùÇÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó 1984 Ã.122: ²Ñ³ ³Ûë áõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÝ ¿É ëÏë»óÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñ-ùÇëï³Ï³Ý áõ Õ»Ï³í³ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ²Ýßáõßï, ë³ ³Ý-Ñ³Ý·ëï³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, áõëïÇ ³Ûë Ã»-Ù³Ý µ³½ÙÇóë »Õ»É ¿ Ãáõñù ¨ ãÇÝ³óÇ å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ý¹Ç-åáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³é³Ýóù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñó»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ Ãáõñù å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÁ É³í ¿ÇÝ í»ñ³µ»ñíáõÙ áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÇÝ: Â. ú½³ÉÁ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ß³ï ¿ñ Ñ³í³ÝáõÙ áõÛÕáõñ ³Ýç³ïáÕ³-Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ ³é³çÝáñ¹ ²É÷Ã»ùÇÝÇÝ: 1992 Ã. Ýñ³Ýù Ñ³Ý¹Çå»-

122 Úáõëáõý ²É÷Ã»ùÇÝÁ 1930-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. áõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ³Ýç³ïáÕ³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ù»Ý³³ÏïÇí ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ: 1940-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý Ññ³íÇñáõÙ ¿ áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÇÝ µÝ³Ïí»Éáõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ` Ýñ³Ýó ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»Éáí ·áõÙ³ñ, ïáõÝ ¨ ³ÝÓÝ³·Çñ: 1952 Ã. Ù³ñïÇ 13-ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ»ó ÁÝ¹áõÝ»É 1850 ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Ãáõñù»ëï³ÝóÇ ÷³Ëëï³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ: 1954 Ã. ²É÷Ã»ùÇÝÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ñ³ëï³ïí»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ, ù³Õ³ù³óÇáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»éù µ»ñ»ó ¨ ÙÇÝã¨ Çñ Ù³ÑÁ å³Û-ù³ñáõÙ ¿ñ áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ: 1960-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. áõÛ-ÕáõñÝ»ñÇ ÑáëùÁ ¹»åÇ ÂáõñùÇ³ ß³ñáõÝ³Ïí»ó, ³Ûë ³Ý·³Ù áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇó, ³ÛÉ¨ ä³ÏÇëï³ÝÇó ¨ ²ýÕ³Ýëï³ÝÇó:

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óÇÝ êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ, áñï»Õ ²É÷Ã»ùÇÝÁ ú½³ÉÇÝ Ñ³ÝÓÝ»ó ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³ÝÇ ¹ñáßÁ` Ýß»Éáí, áñ ³Û¹ ï³ñ³ÍùÁ áÕç ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ Ù³ÛñÝ ¿: Æ å³ï³ëË³Ý ¹ñ³` ú-½³ÉÁ Ýß»É ¿, áñ µáÉáñ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ³ÝÏ³Ë³ó³Ý, ¨ Ñ»ñÃÁ ÑÇÙ³ ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³ÝÇÝÝ ¿123: Âáõñù å³ßïáÝ-Û³Ý»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ²É÷Ã»ùÇÝÇÝ Ñáí³Ý³íáñ»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ ¿ ËáëáõÙ ³ÛÝ ÷³ëïÁ, áñ Ý³ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇÝ: ÆëÏ ÝÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙÇßï µáÕáùÇ Ýáï³ ¿ñ ÑÕáõÙ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇÝ: Üß»Ýù, áñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ×ÝßáõÙÝ»ñÝ Ç í»ñçá ïí»óÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÁ, ¨ ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³ÝÇ ³½·³ÛÇÝ ÏáÝ·ñ»ëÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇó ï»Õ³÷áËí»ó ¶»ñÙ³ÝÇ³: 1995 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇ 17-Ç ²É÷Ã»ùÇÝÇ Ù³ÑÁ µ³ó³ë³µ³ñ ³Ý¹ñ³¹³ñÓ³í áõÛÕáõ-ñ³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅÙ³Ý íñ³:

²ñ¹»Ý 2002 Ã. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ í³ñã³å»ï ´. ¾ç¨ÇÃÁ ãÇÝ³óÇ Çñ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñáç Ñ»ï Ñ³Ý¹ÇåÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï íëï³Ñ»óñ»É ¿ñ, áñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÏïÇí ù³ÛÉ»ñ ¿ Ó»éÝ³ñ-ÏáõÙ Çñ »ñÏñáõÙ §²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³Ý¦ ³Ýç³ïáÕ³Ï³Ý ËÙµ³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï»Éáõ áõÕÕáõÃ-Û³Ùµ124: Üß»Ýù, áñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÝ áõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÁ Ñ³Ù»-Ù³ïáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ³éÏ³ ùñ¹³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñóÇ Ñ»ï: ²Û-ëÇÝùÝ, »Ã» ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ñ ³ç³Ïó»É áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÇÝ, ä»-ÏÇÝÁ Ïû·ï³·áñÍ»ñ ùñ¹³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÁ125: ²Ûë »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ

123 Yitzbak Shichor, Ethno-Diplomacy: The Uyghur Hitch in Sino-Turkish Relations, East-West Centre, Policy Studies 53, 2009, p. 25. 124 John C. K. Daly, Sino-Turkish Relations Beyond the Silk Road, China Brief, Vol. 7, Issue 4, 21.02.2007, http://dev.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=4036 125 Yitzbak Shichor, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 32:

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ÏáÕÙÝ³ÏÇó ¿ÇÝ ÙÇÙÛ³Ýó ï³ñ³Íù³ÛÇÝ ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý å³Ñå³ÝÙ³ÝÁ:

²ØÜ-Ý, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ¿ÇÝ å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý Ø»ï³ùëÇ ×³Ý³å³ñÑÇ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·ÝÙ³Ùµ: ²ÛÝ ëÏëíáõÙ ¿ñ ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý ÊÇ³Ý ßñç³ÝÇó ÙÇÝã¨ êï³ÙµáõÉ: ²Ý³-ïáÉÇ³Ý Í³é³ÛáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³Ùáõñç` ÙÇ³óÝ»Éáõ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ, ºíñá-å³Ý áõ Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ²ñ¨»ÉùÁ: Âáõñù»ñÝ Çñ»Ýù ³ñÙ³ïÝ»ñáí Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇó ¿ÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ úëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³ÛëñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ ëï»ÕÍ»Éáí` Ýñ³Ýù Çñ»Ýó Ñ³Û³óùÝ áõÕÕ»óÇÝ ¹»åÇ ºí-ñáå³` »ñµ»ù ãÙáé³Ý³Éáí å³å»ñÇ »ñÏÇñÁ: Ø»ï³ùëÇ ×³Ý³-å³ñÑÇ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·ÝÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ï³ñ¨áñ ï»Õ ¿ñ ½µ³Õ»óÝáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³ÛÝ ³ÝóÝ»Éáõ ¿ñ ³Ûë ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³Ýáí: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ¨ àõÛÕáõñ³Ï³Ý ÇÝùÝ³í³ñ Ù³ñ½Ç ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïáõñÁ Ù»Í ã³÷»ñ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ó. ³ÛÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³é¨ïáõñÝ Çñ ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛ³Ý ï³Ï í»ñóÝ»Éáõ, Ý³¨ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ë³ÑÙÝ³÷³Ï»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ëï»ÕÍ»ó ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 180 ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: Üß»Ýù, áñ Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ ¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÁ ÏáÕÙÝ³-ÏÇó ¿ÇÝ áõÛÕáõñÝ»ñÇ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, ¨ ³Ûë ï³ñ³ÍùÁ Ïáãí»Éáõ ¿ñ ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Âáõñù»ëï³Ý126:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ï³ñ¨áñ »Ý éáõë-ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³-µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûë »ñÏáõ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó Ñ³ñ³µ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï³éáõóáõÙ »Ý µ³ñ»Ï³Ù³Ï³Ý ÙÃÝáÉáñïáõÙ: ²-í»ÉÇÝ, Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ ³Ûë »ñÏáõ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ µ³ñ»Ï³-Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõÕÕí³Í ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù-³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý

126 Öğütçü Mehmet, Turkey and China, http://egemenlikulusundur.org/ustat/ulastra/ogutcu1.html

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Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù: ²ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ýß»É, áñ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³-éáõÙ ëÏë»óÇÝ ½³ñ·³Ý³É Ãáõñù-ãÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÁ, áñÁ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó ³í»ÉÇ ÁÝ¹É³ÛÝí»ó127:

ÆÝãå»ë Æñ³ÝÁ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ï³ÛáõÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áõ-ÅÁ í»ñ³·ñáõÙ ¿ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ: ²Û¹ Ñ³Ùá½ÙáõÝùÁ Ñ³ëï³-ï»óÇÝ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, »ñµ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃ-ÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá éáõë³Ï³Ý ½áñùÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ å³Ñå³Ý»É âÇ-Ý³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ë³ÑÙ³ÝÁ: âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÙ »Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ï³ÛáõÝáõÃÛ³Ý, ³Ýí-ï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý áõ Ë³Õ³ÕáõÃÛ³Ý å³Ñå³ÝÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ²ØÜ-Ç ¨ Ýñ³ ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³í³ÏÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ¹ÇÙ³Ï³Û»É èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÁ, ÇëÏ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ, Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, êÇÝó½Û³ÝáõÙ Ï³ÛáõÝáõÃÛ³Ý »ñ³ßËÇùÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³Ýíï³Ý-·áõÃÛ³Ý å³Ñå³ÝáõÙÝ ¿:

²ÛëåÇëáí, Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëÏë»óÇÝ Ùñó³Ïó»É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ: ì»ñçÇÝë ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÏÇó ¿ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ, áñÁ Ýñ³Ý áñáß ³é³í»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¿ ï³ÉÇë: ÆÝã-å»ë ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Í³í³É»ó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³ÏïÇí ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃ-ÛáõÝ: âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÝ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ áõÝ»-

127 ²Ûë Ù³ëÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë Ðáíë»÷Û³Ý È., ÂáõñùÇ³-âÇÝ³ëï³Ý ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ßáõñç, ÂáõñùÇ³. ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ³Ý ¨ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÁ, ÃáÕ³ñÏáõÙ 2, ø³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÇÝëïÇïáõï, 2008, ¿ç 157-167; Margaret Pui-kin Kan, Turkey and China-Complexity, and Implications, China Europe International Business School, China, Shanghai, 2008, http://www.ceibs.edu/bmt/images/20100319/23717.pdf

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ó³í Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¨ ³ëïÇ×³Ý³µ³ñ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»ó ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ: Æ ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ` âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÝ ³é×³Ï³ïÙ³Ý ãÇ ·ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ, ³ÛÉ í»ñ-çÇÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙ ¿ Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ:

1.2. ²èºìîð²îÜîºê²Î²Ü Ð²ð²´ºðàôÂÚàôÜÜºðÆ

Ð²êî²îàôØÀ ÂàôðøÆ²ÚÆ ºì ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü ²êÆ²ÚÆ Ð²Üð²äºîàôÂÚàôÜÜºðÆ ØÆæºì

1990-²Î²Ü ÂÂ. êÎ¼´ÜºðÆÜ

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ Ù³ëÁ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÝ ¿ñ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ³ÛÉ¨ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÙÇç¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ï-óáõÃÛáõÝÝ ëÏëí»ó ¹»é¨ë 1980-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ.. ³ÛÝ Ù»Í Í³í³ÉÝ»ñ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ó 1980-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó, »ñµ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ÏÝùí»óÇÝ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³Û-Ý³·ñ»ñ: ¸ñ³ÝóÇó Ï³ñ¨áñÁ 1984 Ã. í»ñçÇÝ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ëïáñ³·ñí³Í Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ÇñÝ ¿ñ, áñÁ Ýå³ëï»Éáõ ¿ñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ ¨ ·Çï³ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ²Û¹ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»éù µ»ñí»ó Ý³¨ §´³ñ»Ï³ÙáõÃÛáõÝ¦ ·³½Ç ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É, áñÁ ´áõÉÕ³ñÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí å»ïù ¿ Ñ³ëÝ»ñ ÙÇÝã¨ ÂáõñùÇ³: ÊáñÑñ¹³-Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³·³ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙùÁ ¹³ñÓ³í 1988 Ã. ëï»ÕÍí³Í ¶áñÍ³ñ³ñ ËáñÑáõñ¹Á, áñÇ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áõÙ³ñÁ ï»ÕÇ áõ-Ý»ó³í êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ û·áëïáëÇÝ: 1989-1991 ÃÃ. ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ

68

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³Ï³ñ¹³Ïáí ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Ý ÷áË³¹³ñÓ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, á-ñáÝó ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ëïáñ³·ñí»óÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ, áñáÝù å»ïù ¿ ½³ñÏ ï³ÛÇÝ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ÏñÃ³Ù-ß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, 1989-1991 ÃÃ. ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³é¨ï-ñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ ÏÝù»ó Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É, áñ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ý Ý³Ë³ß»ÙÇÝ ³ñ¹»Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ëÏëí»É ¿ñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ù»ñÓ»óÙ³Ý ·áñ-ÍÁÝÃ³óÁ ¨ »ñÏÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ÛÇÝ µáÉáñ ÑÇÙù»ñÁ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÝ áõÝÇ ÇÝãå»ë ³ß-Ë³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É ³ßË³ñÑ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ýß³-Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ: àõëïÇ å³ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý ã¿, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³é³çÇÝÝ ëÏë»ó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»É ³Ûë Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:

ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ, ³ßË³ñÑ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ Ýñ³Ýáí, áñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ Ñ³ñáõëï »Ý µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»-ñáí: ä³ï×³éÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ ë³ ¿, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó áõß³¹-ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓÝ»É ³Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇÝ: àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÁ Ñ³Ûï-ÝÇ ¿ µ³Ùµ³Ïáí, áñÁ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ ÊêÐØ-Ç µ³Ùµ³ÏÇ ³ñï³¹-ñáõÃÛ³Ý 2/3-Á: Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÝ Çñ Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç å³ß³ñÝ»-ñáí »ñÏñáñ¹Ý ¿ñ ¨ »ññáñ¹Á` Çñ ·ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ñï³¹-ñ³Ýùáí: ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ ³å³ÑáíáõÙ ¿ñ ÊêÐØ-Çó ³ñï³-Ñ³ÝíáÕ µÝ³Ï³Ý ·³½Ç 10 %-Á: î³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ Î³ëåÇó Íá-íÇ ·³½Ç áõ Ý³íÃÇ å³ß³ñÝ»ñáí ½ÇçáõÙ ¿ñ ÙÇ³ÛÝ ä³ñëÇó Íá-

69

óÇÝ128: Ð³ïÏ³å»ë Ý³íÃÝ áõ ·³½Ý ³ÛÝ Ï³ñ¨áñ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÝ ¿ÇÝ, áñáÝù Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ í»ñ³Í»óÇÝ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ·áïáõ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ Ñ³ëï³ïí³Í ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ½³ñ·³-Ý³É: ê³ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ³é³ç³ó³Í ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ÝÏ³ÛáõÝ íÇ×³ÏÇ Ñ»ï, áñÇó û·ïí»ó ÂáõñùÇ³Ý` ÷áñÓ»Éáí ¹³éÝ³É ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙ-Ý³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÁ, ³ÛÉ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí Ë³Õ³É §Ù»Í »Õµáñ¦ ¹»ñÁ (ağabey): èáõë Ñ»ï³½áïáÕ ºÉ»Ý³ è»½ÝÇ-Ïáí³ÛÇ Ï³ñÍÇùáí ³Ù»Ý³ëÏ½µÇó §å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ¦ ï³Ï ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ùáÕ³ñÏáõÙ ¿ñ áã Ã» ÏñáÝ³-·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý, ³ÛÉ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÁ: ²ÛÝ Ù»Í ³ñÓ³·³Ýù ëï³ó³í ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý Í³Ýñ ×·Ý³Å³ÙÇ Ù»ç ·ïÝíáÕ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ129:

²Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ë-ï³ï»Éáõ ·áñÍáõÙ óáõÛó ïí»óÇÝ Ù»Í ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ: 1991 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇ 16-19-Á ²ÝÏ³ñ³ Å³Ù³Ý»ó àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ý³-Ë³·³Ñ ÆëÉ³Ù ø³ñÇÙáíÁ, ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇ 22-26-Á` ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ²ëÏ³ñ ²Ï³¨Á, áñáÝù ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇó û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ÇÝ ËÝ¹ñáõÙ: ÜáõÛÝ ËÝ¹ñ³Ýùáí ²ÝÏ³ñ³ Å³Ù³Ý»óÇÝ Ý³¨ Ï»Ýï-ñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÙÛáõë ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Õ»-

128 Kona Gamze Güngörmuş, Problems of the Central Asian Republics: Social, Political and Economic Problems Central Asian Republics Face and The Role of Turkey in the Central Asian Region, Eurasian Studies, Annual 2006-6, Istanbul, 2006, pp. 175-215, http://gamzegongormuskona.blog-spot.com 129 Ðåçíèêîâà Î., Ðîññèÿ, Òóðöèÿ è Èðàí â Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, Ìèðîâàÿ ýêîíîìèêà è ìåæäóíàðîäíûå îòíîøåíèÿ, íî. 1, Ì., 1997, ñ. 57.

70

Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ: ´áÉáñ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÝ ¿É Ýß»óÇÝ, áñ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇó ëáíáñ»Éáõ áõ ÁÝ¹ûñÇÝ³Ï»Éáõ ß³ï µ³Ý áõÝ»Ý ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇó ëå³ëáõÙ »Ý ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ130: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ»ï¨»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï·áñÍÝ³Ë³ñ³ñ Ð. â»ÃÇÝÇ, í³ñã³å»ï ê. ¸»-ÙÇñ»ÉÇ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ÆÝãå»ë í»ñÁ Ýß»É »Ýù, Ýñ³Ýó ³Ûó»-ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³-ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÝ ¿ñ: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ÏÝùí»óÇÝ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ, áñáÝóáí ¿É ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñÇ íñ³ ¹ñí»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

²ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ýß»É, áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óáõÙÁ ¹Åí³ñ ·áñ-ÍÁÝÃ³ó ¿ñ: ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ï³ñ·»ñÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ·áñ-ÍáõÙ ¿ñ ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·, áñÁ Ï³é³-í³ñíáõÙ ¿ñ ØáëÏí³ÛÇó: ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½áõÙÁ Ñ³Ý·»óñ»ó ³Ûë Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç í»ñ³óÙ³ÝÁ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ÙÝ³-óÇÝ ³é³Ýó ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ³ÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ, »ñµ ³ÛÝ ³ÛÝù³Ý ¿É ½³ñ·³ó³Í ã¿ñ: ì»ñ³ó³í Ý³¨ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³-Ù³Ï³ñ·Á: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ëï³óíáõÙ ¿ ³ÛÝå»ë, áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ³ÝÏ³ÛáõÝ íÇ×³Ï ¿ñ ïÇñáõÙ ÇÝãå»ë ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ: ä³ï³Ñ³-Ï³Ý ã¿, áñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÝ áõÕÇÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ ÷ÝïñáõÙ` ¹áõñë ·³Éáõ ëï»ÕÍí³Í Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÇó: Î»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ëÏ½µáõÙ Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³-µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»É èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ ²äÐ ÙÛáõë »ñÏñÝ»-ñÇ Ñ»ï, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ µáÉáñ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-

130 Cumhuriyet, 20.12.1991.

71

ñÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Í³Ýñ íÇ×³ÏÁ ëïÇåáõÙ ¿ñ Ýñ³Ýó ÷Ýïñ»É û-ï³ñ»ñÏñÛ³ ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇóÝ»ñ, áñáÝóÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¿ñ:

Üå³ï³Ï³¹ñí»Éáí Çñ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ëï»ÕÍ»É ÃÛáõñ-ù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑ, ³Ùñ³åÝ¹»É Çñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ¹»ñÝ áõ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Ûë ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ÃÛáõñ-ù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ óáõÛó ïí»ó Ù³ñ¹³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ 1994 Ã. ³ñ¹»Ý Ñ³ëÝáõÙ ¿ñ 78 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñÇ131:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»ó³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³Åá-ÕáíÝ»ñÁ: ¸ñ³ÝóÇó ³é³çÇÝÁ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³í ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛáõÙ 1992 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇ 30-31-Á ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåÙ³Ùµ132: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÁ ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ ÃÛáõñ-ù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñáõÙ: ²Ûë ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ³ÛÝ Ýå³ï³Ïáí, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ù»ñÓ»Ý³ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ³ÛÉ¨ Çñ Õ»Ï³í³-ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ó¨³íáñÇ §ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÁ¦: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»-Ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ûë ÝÏñïáõÙÝ»ñÁ Çñ»Ýó ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ: ²Ûëï»Õ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Âáõñ·áõÃ ú½³ÉÁ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÁ Ñ³Ù³ñ»ó §ÃÛáõñù»ñÇ ¹³ñ¦, Ëáë»ó Ý³¨ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³-Ýáõñ ßáõÏ³ÛÇ¦ áõ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý µ³ÝÏÇ¦ ëï»ÕÍ-Ù³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, áñÁ Ïí»ñ³ÑëÏ»ñ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ áÕç ³é¨ïáõ-ñÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÝÏ³ïÇ áõÝ»Ýù Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ¹ñ³ÙÇ ¨ µ³ÝÏ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ó-¨³íáñáõÙÁ, áñÝ ¿É Ï³å³Ñáí»ñ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ

131 Oran Baskın, Türk Dış Politikası, Cilt II. 1980-2001, İletişim Yayınları, İstanbul, 2001, s. 429. 132 Milliyet, 29.10. 1992.

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ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ú½³ÉÁ Ñ³ë³í Ýñ³Ý, áñ Ô³½³Ëë-ï³ÝÇ, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ áõ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ »-ñ³ßË³íáñ»Ý Çñ»Ýó ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³ÛÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñÇÝ, áñáÝù í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ »Ý ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³ÝÁ. ³Û¹ ËáÕá-í³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÁ ¹»åÇ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñ Ï³ÝóÝ»Ý Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí: ¶³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó ²ÝÏ³-ñ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÁ µ³ÕÏ³ó³Í ¿ñ 11 Ï»ïÇó. ÁÝ¹-Ñ³Ýáõñ Ó¨áí ÝßíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý, ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃ-Û³Ý, ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý, ÏñÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ áõ ÙÛáõë áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ¹ñáõÛÃÝ»ñÁ133: Î³ñ¨áñíáõÙ ¿ñ »ñÏÏáÕÙ áõ µ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ó³Ù³ù³-ÛÇÝ, û¹³ÛÇÝ, Íáí³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Õáñ¹³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõ ïñ³Ýëåáñ-ïÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÝ áõÕÕí³Í »ÝÃ³Ï³éáõóí³Íù³ÛÇÝ Ý³Ë³·Í»-ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï³·³ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹Ù³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ëñ³Ýù Éáõñç »ñ³ßËÇùÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ: Üßí»ó ³Ù»Ý³ÙÛ³ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ ³ÝóÏ³óÝ»Éáõ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ Ñéã³Ï³·ñáõÙ Ëáëù ãÏ³ñ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ßáõÏ³ÛÇ¦ ¨ §ÂÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý µ³ÝÏÇ¦ Ù³ëÇÝ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ý³-Ë³·³Ñ Æ. ø³ñÇÙáíÁ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»ó, áñ ÇÝùÁ ¹»Ù ¿ ³½·³ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙù»ñáí áñ¨¿ Ï³éáõÛóÇ ëï»ÕÍÙ³ÝÁ, áñÁ ÏÏáñ¹ÇÝ³óÝÇ ÃÛáõñ-ù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇëÏ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ Ý³-Ë³·³Ñ Ü. Ü³½³ñµ³¨Á Ñ³ÛïÝ»ó, áñ í»ïá Ï¹ÝÇ ó³ÝÏ³ó³Í Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³, áñÁ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ ëï»ÕÍ»É áñ¨¿ Ï³-éáõÛó ¿ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý Ï³Ù ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñáí:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ µÇ½Ý»ëÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù»Í ¹»ñ Ë³Õ³ó

133 Winrow Gareth, Turkey and The Newly Independent States of Central Asia and The Transcaucasus, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 2, July 1997, http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/1997/issue2/jv1n2a5.html

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ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ²ñï³ùÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í³ñãáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Diş Economik İlişkiler Kurulu-DEİK): ²Ûë ËáñÑñ¹Ç ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ Ó¨³íáñí»óÇÝ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñ ËáñÑáõñ¹Ý»ñ, á-ñáÝó Ù³ëÝ³×ÛáõÕ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí»óÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý µáÉáñ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ134: ¶áñÍ³ñ³ñ ËáñÑñ¹Ç ßñç³Ý³Ï-Ý»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ï»ÕÇ ¿ÇÝ áõÝ»ÝáõÙ ùÝÝ³ñÏáõÙÝ»ñ, ³é³-ç³ñÏíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ Íñ³·ñ»ñ` Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ßáõ-Ï³ÛÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»-ñáõÙ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ·áñÍáõ-Ý»áõÃÛáõÝÝ ÁÝ¹É³ÛÝ»É Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ·áñÍ³-ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ì»ñçÇÝÝ»ñë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³ëï³ï-í»É ³Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ¨ ï»ÕÇ ¿Å³Ý µ³Ýíáñ³Ï³Ý áõÅÇ, ù³Ûù³Ûí³Í ³ñï³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ñ³ßíÇÝ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ëï³Ý³É Ù»Í »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñ 135:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Ãáõñ-ù³Ï³Ý Ëáßáñ ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ Ï³-éáõó»É ÑÛáõñ³ÝáóÝ»ñ, ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ áõ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñ, ·áñÍ³ñ³ÝÝ»ñ, Ù»Í ï»Õ ïñí»ó Ý³¨ ½µáë³ßñçáõÃÛ³ÝÁ136: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÏïÇí³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ëÝÝ¹Ç áõ Ã»Ã¨ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝ³µ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³-í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: úñÇÝ³Ï` Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ Ãáõñù ³ñï³¹ñáÕÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ï³éáõóí»óÇÝ Ù³Ï³ñáÝÇ ³ñï³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý, Ï³ÃÇ ·áñ- 134 Âáõñù-ÕñÕ½³Ï³Ý, Ãáõñù-áõ½µ»Ï³Ï³Ý, Ãáõñù-ï³çÇÏ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ãáõñù-ÃáõñùÙ»Ý³Ï³Ý ¶áñÍ³ñ³ñ ËáñÑáõñ¹Ý»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí»óÇÝ 1991 Ã., ÇëÏ Ãáõñù-Õ³½³Ë³Ï³ÝÁ` 1992 Ã.: ²Ûë Ù³ëÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ²ñï³ùÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í³ñãáõÃÛ³Ý å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛùÁ http://www.deik.org.tr 135 Winrow Gareth, Turkey and The Newly Independent States of Central Asia and The Transcaucasus…….. 136 Kramer Heniz, Will Central Asia become Turkey’s Sphere of Influence,………………..

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Í³ñ³ÝÝ»ñÝ áõ §²ÝÏ³ñ³¦ ÑÛáõñ³ÝáóÁ: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý §Berk¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³Ñ»ó Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ Ýáñ §Atırau¦ û¹³Ý³-í³Ï³Û³ÝÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý ÙñóáõÛÃÁ` ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»Éáí ÁÝ¹³Ù»ÝÁ 14 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ ³ÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ, »ñµ ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ³-é³ç³ñÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ 26-46 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ: àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý §BESTAŞ¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï ÙÇ³ëÇÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáõÙ ¿ ï»Õ³-Ï³Ý ·áñ·»ñÇ ³ñï³Ñ³ÝáõÙ: §BESTAŞ¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ù³-·áñÍ³Ïó»ó áõ½µ»Ï³Ï³Ý §Yazek¦ áõ §Kateks¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇ Ñ»ï, ¨ Ýñ³ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ßÝáñÑÇí ëï»ÕÍí»ó ï»ùëïÇÉ³-ÛÇÝ Ëáßáñ Ñ³Ù³Ï³éáõÛó137:

Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ Ï³åÇï³É Ý»ñ¹-ñáõÙÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»É ²äÐ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù»ç: 1993 Ã. ³é³çÇÝ ÏÇë³ÙÛ³ÏÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñáí ûï³ñ»ñÏñÛ³ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ ÁÝ¹Ñ³-Ýáõñ ·áõÙ³ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ Ï³½Ù»É ¿ 18,5 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÇó 11,3 ÙÉÝÁ Ý»ñ¹ñí»É ¿ ²äÐ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇ Ù»ç138: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ï³ï³ñíáÕ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ ÷áñÓáõÙ ³ÛÝï»Õ Ñ³ë-ï³ï»É Çñ Ï³åÇï³ÉÁ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ù»Í ß³ÑáõÛÃ ëï³Ý³É ï»ÕÇ ¿Å³Ý ³ßË³ïáõÅÇ, ó³Íñ Ñ³ñÏ»ñÇ áõ ï»Õ³Ï³Ý µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ßíÇÝ: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝ-Ï»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë Ã»Ã¨ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝ³µ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý, ï»ùëïÇÉÇ, ï³ñµ»ñ ï»ë³ÏÇ Í³é³ÛáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ, ïñ³ÝëåáñïÇ, µ³ÝÏ³ÛÇÝ, ³å³Ñáí³·ñáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³-·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ³Ï-

137 Dikkaya Mehmet, Ýßí. ³ßË.: 138 Óðàçîâà Å., Åêîíîìè÷åñêîå ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâî Òóðöèè è òþðñêèõ ãîñóäàðñòâ ÑÍÃ, Ì. Èíñòèòóò èçó÷åíèÿ Èçðàèëå è Áëèæíåãî Âîñòîêà, 2003, ñ. 48.

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ïÇí ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý³¨ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñ-åáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³ñï³ë³ÑÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:

ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñÝ áõ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñ-åáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ýÇ-Ý³Ýë³Ï³Ý Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù»Í ¹»ñ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ139: ²é³Ýó ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ, Áëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ, ½³ñ·³Ý³É ã¿ÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý µÇ½Ý»ëÁ ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ïáñåáñ³óÇ³Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï` Ñ³Ý¹»ë ·³Éáí áñå»ë í»ñçÇÝÝ»ñÇë Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇãÁ: ²Ûëå»ë` §Siemens¦ Ïáñåáñ³óÇ³ÛáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóãáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ Çñ³íáõÝù ëï³ó³í Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ Ï³éáõó»Éáõ ¿É»Ïïñá-Ï³Û³Ý, ÇëÏ §Coca Cola¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï ÙÇ³íáñí»Éáí` Ô³-½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ áõ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ»ó Ù³ëÝ³×ÛáõÕ»ñ, áñáÝù ¿É ³ñï³¹ñáõÙ ¨ Çñ³óÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ åÉ³ëï-Ù³ë» ßß»ñ140:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ç³Ýù»ñ ¿ñ ·áñÍ³¹ñáõÙ, Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ` ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý Ï³éáõÛóÝ»ñÇÝ ³Ý¹³-Ù³Ïó»Éáõ ·áñÍáõÙ` Ñ³Ý¹»ë ·³Éáí »ñ³ßË³íáñÇ ¹»ñáõÙ: 1992 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÁ, ³å³ Ý³¨ ÙÛáõë ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ³Ý¹³Ù³Ïó»óÇÝ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý Ï³-éáõÛóÝ»ñÇÝ, Ð³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ µ³ÝÏÇÝ, ²ëÇ³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý µ³ÝÏÇÝ, ØÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ³ñÅáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÇÝ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: ´á-

139 Aydin Mustafa, New Geopolitics of Central Asia and The Caucasus:……………………. p. 19. 140 Dikkaya Mehmet, Türkiye ile Türk Cumhuriyetleri Arasındaki Ekonomik İlişkiler /bilig-9/Bahar' 99, http://bilig.yesevi.net/PDFS/9.sayi.pdf

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Éáñ ³Ûë Ï³éáõÛóÝ»ñÝ ¿É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ óáõÛó ïí»óÇÝ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý Ù»Í û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ141:

Æñ Íñ³·ñ»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝ³í»ï Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³-Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ñ ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Ñ»é³Ñ³Õáñ¹³Ï-óáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ñ»éáõëï³é³¹ÇáÝ ¨ ×³Ý³å³ñÑÝ»ñÁ: Ø»ñ Ï³ñÍÇ-ùáí` ëñ³Ýù, ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó ¹Çï³ñÏ»Éáí, ³ÝÑñ³-Å»ßï å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ: ²Ûë-å»ë` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ë³ÑÙ³Ý ãáõÝÇ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, áõëïÇ ³Û¹ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ïí»Éáí` Çñ³Ï³Ý Ý³-Ë³¹ñÛ³ÉÝ»ñ Ïëï»ÕÍÇ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Ñ³-Ù³ñ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É ¹³ Ýå³ëï³íáñ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñ Ïëï»ÕÍÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ: 1992 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å»ï³Ï³Ý ÷áëï³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ÏÝù»ó Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ, áñáÝóáí ³ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ ¿ñ Ñ»é³Ëáë³ÛÇÝ Ï³åÁ: ²Ûë Ñ³ñóáí ½µ³Õí»Éáõ ¿ñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý §Turkcell¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

Ð³çáñ¹ µÝ³·³í³éÁ, áñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñ»ó ¹³ Ù³ÛñáõÕÇÝ»ñÇ ßÇÝ³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ñ (¹ñ³Ýáí Ñ»-ï³ùñùñí³Í ¿ñ Ý³¨ ºíñáå³Ý): 1993 Ã. ºØ-Ý, ÑÇÝ· Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ áõ ÎáíÏ³ëÇ »ñ»ù Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÁ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ ´ñÛáõë»ÉÛ³Ý ¹»ÏÉ³ñ³óÇ³Ý` ºíñáå³-Îáí-Ï³ë-²ëÇ³ (Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Central Asia-

TRACECA) Íñ³·ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É142: ö³ëïáñ»Ý ë³ Ø»ï³ùëÇ ×³Ý³å³ñÑÇ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·ÝÙ³Ý Íñ³·ÇñÝ ¿ñ, áñÁ Ý³Ë³ï»ëáõÙ ¿ñ ÏáíÏ³ëÛ³Ý áõ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ 141 Ìàðòà Áðèëë Îëêîòò, Âòîðîé øàíñ Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, Ìîñêâà- Âàøèíãòîí, 2005, ñ. 29. 142 Æóêîâ Ñ. Â., Ðåçíèêîâà Î. Á., Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Àçèÿ â ñîöèàëüíî-ýêîíîìè÷åñêèõ ñòðóêòóðàõ ñîâðåìåííîãî ìèðà, Ì., 2001, ñ. 286.

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ÙÇ³óÝ»É ³ñ¨Ùï³»íñáå³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, áñÇó Ñ»ïá ³Û¹ Ù³ÛñáõÕÇÝ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ ¿ñ ÙÇÝã¨ Ê³Õ³Õ ûíÏÇ³ÝáëÇ ³÷»ñÁ143: 1998 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ 12 »ñÏñÝ»ñ` Ð³Û³ëï³Ý, ²¹ñµ»ç³Ý, ÂáõñùÇ³, ´áõÉÕ³ñÇ³, ìñ³ëï³Ý, Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý, ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý, ØáÉ¹áí³, èáõÙÇÝÇ³, î³çÇÏëï³Ý, àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý, àõÏñ³ÇÝ³, ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ µ³½-Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ` ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ºíñáå³-ÎáíÏ³ë-²ëÇ³ ïñ³Ýëåáñï³ÛÇÝ ÙÇç³ÝóùÁ: ²Ûë Ýáñ Ø»-ï³ùëÇ ×³Ý³å³ñÑÝ Çñ Ù»ç ÁÝ¹·ñÏáõÙ ¿ñ êï³ÙµáõÉ-²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ºíñáå³ ïñ³Ýëåáñï³ÛÇÝ ÙÇç³ÝóùÁ, Ý³Ë³-ï»ëíáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³éáõó»É Ý³¨ Ù³ÛñáõÕÇÝ»ñ, »ñÏ³ÃáõÕÇÝ»ñ, Ý³-í³Ñ³Ý·ÇëïÝ»ñ…

Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇ Ñ»ï ó³Ù³ù³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Õáñ¹³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý µ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ ²Ý-Ï³ñ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëï»ÕÍáõÙ ¿ñ ¹Åí³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ²Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ¨ áã Ù»ÏÇ Ñ»ï ãáõÝ»Ý³Éáí ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Ñ³Õáñ¹³ÏóÙ³Ý ÑÝ³-ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ` ²ÝÏ³ñ³Ý, ãáõÝ»Ý³Éáí ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ-µ»ñ³Ï, ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ û¹³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Õáñ¹³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³-ï»ó Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³Ûñ³-ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: âí»ñÃ»ñÝ ëå³ë³ñÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³-íÇ³ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝó Ù»ç Ù»Í ¹»ñ³Ï³ï³ñáõÙ áõÝ»ñ

143 Ø»ï³ùëÇ ×³Ý³å³ñÑÁ ÐéáÙ»³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛëñáõÃÛ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áõÝ»ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ, ³ÛÝ ï³ñ³ÝóÇÏ ×³Ý³å³ñÑ ¿ñ, áñÁ ÙÇ³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÐéáÙÝ áõ Þ³ÝÑ³ÛÁ: ºñµ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³Ý Ý»-ñ³éÝí»ó ò³ñ³Ï³Ý èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ï³½ÙáõÙ, ³Ûë áõÕÇÝ ³ÝÏáõÙ ³åñ»ó: 1991 Ã., »ñµ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ¹áõñë »Ï³Ý ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½ÙÇó ¨ ¹³ñÓ³Ý ³ÝÏ³Ë å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ¹³ñÓÛ³É í»ñ³ÍÝí»ó Ø»ï³ùëÇ ×³Ý³å³ñÑÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ, áñÝ ëï³ó³í Ýáñ ÇÙ³ëï³íáñáõÙ: Î³ñáÕ »Ýù ³é³ÝÓÝ³óÝ»É »ñ»ù áÉáñïÝ»ñ` ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ, ÙÇçïñ³Ýëåáñï³ÛÇÝ ¨ Ñ»é³Ñ³Õáñ¹³Ïó³-Ï³Ý: êñ³Ýù ¿É Çñ»Ýó Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ñ³Ý·»óñÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ÝÏ³ï-Ù³Ùµ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ¨ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ:

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Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý §Hava Yolları¦ (Turkish Airlines) ³íÇ³ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ144: ²ñ¹»Ý 1992 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó ëÏë»óÇÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É ãí»ñÃ»ñ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ ¨ êï³ÙµáõÉ145:

Âáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Ù³ëÝ³íáñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ÇÝ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ýÇÝ³Ýë³µ³ÝÏ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ó¨³-íáñÙ³ÝÁ: ²Û¹åÇëÇ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý ³ñÅ³Ý³ó³í ³ñï³ñÅáõÛÃÇ ÷áËÙ³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÁ: Üå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ, áñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ¹áõñë ·³Ý éáõë³Ï³Ý éáõµÉáõ ·áïáõó ¨ Ó¨³íáñ»Ý ³½·³ÛÇÝ ýÇÝ³Ýë³-Ï³Ý ¹³ßï146: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ` ë³ ÏÝå³ëï»ñ è¸-Ç ³½¹»óáõÃ-Û³Ý Ïñ×³ïÙ³ÝÁ: 1992 Ã. ëÏë³Í` ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñí»óÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý µ³ÝÏ»ñÁ, ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ù»Í áõß³¹-ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñ»ó Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ µ³ÝÏ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝÙ³-ÝÁ: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÉÇ-ñ³ÛÇ ·ÉË³íáñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ëï»ÕÍ»É ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³-Ï³ñ·, áñÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÏÝå³ë-ï»ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¹»ñÇ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹Ù³ÝÁ (ë³, ÇÑ³ñÏ», ã¿ñ í»ñ³-µ»ñáõÙ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇÝ): ê³Ï³ÛÝ å»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇÝ ë³ ãÑ³çáÕí»ó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ÙÇ ß³ñù å³ï×³éÝ»ñáí:

144T. C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı, Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, Dünyada Küreseleşme ve Bölgesel Entegrasyonlar (AT, NAFTA, PASİFİK) ve Türkiye (AT, EFTA, KEİ, Türk Cumhuriyetleri,İslam Ülkeleri, ECO) İlişkileri Özel İhtisas Komisyonu, Türkiye-Türk Cumhuriyetleri İlişkileri Raporu Özeti, Kitap 5, Ağsutos 1995, s. 40, http://ekutup.dpt.tr/kuresell/oik471.pdf 145 Oran Baskın, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 384: 146 1993 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 7-ÇÝ è¸-Ý ¨ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ÑÇÝ· »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ (Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý, àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý, î³çÇÏëï³Ý, Ð³Û³ëï³Ý ¨ ´»ÉáéáõëÇ³) ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ §Üáñ éáõµÉáõ ·áïáõÝ ³ÝóÝ»Éáõ¦ Ñ³Ù³-Ó³ÛÝ³·ÇñÁ, áñÇÝ ßáõïáí ÙÇ³ó³Ý Ý³¨ ²äÐ ÙÛáõë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ:

79

¸ñ³ÝóÇó ¿ñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÉÇñ³ÛÇ ÃáõÉ³óáõÙÁ ¨ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ßáõ-Ï³ÛáõÙ ³ñÅ»½ñÏí³Í ÉÇÝ»ÉÁ:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ï»Õ³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõ »ÝÃ³Ï³éáõóí³ÍùÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ-·³óÙ³ÝÁ` Ñ³ïáõÏ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓÝ»Éáí Ï³ñ×³Å³ÙÏ»ï ¨ »ñÏ³ñ³Å³ÙÏ»ï í³ñÏ»ñÇ áõ ¹ñ³Ù³ßÝáñÑÝ»ñÇ ïñ³Ù³¹ñ-Ù³ÝÁ: ØÇ³ÛÝ 1992 Ã. Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý 62 µ³ÝÏ»ñ áõ Ëáßáñ ÁÝÏ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ µ³ó»óÇÝ Çñ»Ýó Ù³ë-Ý³×ÛáõÕ»ñÝ áõ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóãáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²é³çÇÝÝ Çñ Ù³ë-Ý³×ÛáõÕÁ µ³ó»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¶ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µ³ÝÏÁ (Ziraat

Bankası): Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ¹ñ³Ù³·ÉËáí ëï»ÕÍí»óÇÝ ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù µ³ÝÏ»ñ: úñÇÝ³Ï, Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ µ³óí»óÇÝ Âáõñù-Õ³½³Ë³Ï³Ý ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ µ³ÝÏÁ (The Turkish-Kazak

International Bank), áñáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ¹ñ³Ù³·ÉáõËÁ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ 35 %, ¶ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µ³ÝÏÁ (Ziraat Bankası)` 94 % ¨ ¸»-ÙÇñ µ³ÝÏÁ (Demir Bankası)` 99, 97 % ¹ñ³Ù³·ÉËáí, ÔñÕ½ëï³-ÝáõÙ` ¸»ÙÇñ µ³ÝÏÁ 60 % ¹ñ³Ù³·ÉËáí, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ` ¶ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µ³ÝÏÁ` 50 % ¹ñ³Ù³·ÉËáí, ÇëÏ Âáõñù-Ù»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ` Âáõñù-ÃáõñùÙ»Ý³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ µ³ÝÏÁ (The

Turkish-Turkmen Comercial Bank)` 50 % ¹ñ³Ù³·ÉËáí ¨ ÄáÕáíñ-¹³Ï³Ý µ³ÝÏÁ (People’s Bank)` 25 % ¹ñ³Ù³·ÉËáí147:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ í³ñÏ»ñÁ ïñ³Ù³¹ñíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ¾ùëÇÙµ³ÝÏÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: ì»ñçÇ-ÝÇë Ññ³ï³ñ³Ï³Í ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñáí` 1993 Ã. û·áëïáëÇ ¹ñáõÃ-Û³Ùµ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÁÝ¹-Ñ³Ýáõñ ³ñÅáÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ 975 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ í³ñÏ ¿ñ ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»É: ÜáõÛÝ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³Ñ³ÝÙ³Ý ¨ Ý»ñÏñÙ³Ý í³ñÏ»ñÇó 175 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ ïñ³Ù³¹ñí»É ¿ Ô³½³Ëë-

147 Chotoev Zakir, The Turkish Factor in the Evolution of the Central Asian Republics, Central Asia and the Caucasus, No. 2 (20), 2003, p. 77.

80

ï³ÝÇÝ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇÝ, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇÝ, ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇÝ áõ î³-çÇÏëï³ÝÇÝ148: Üß»Ýù, áñ ¾ùëÇÙµ³ÝÏÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ïñí³Í í³ñÏ»-ñáí ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Ï³éáõóí»óÇÝ ÑÛáõñ³ÝáóÝ»ñ, ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ áõ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñ, û¹³Ý³í³Ï³Û³ÝÝ»ñ, ï»Õ»Ï³ï-í³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáÕ Ï³éáõÛóÝ»ñ: ²ÛÝ µ³ÝÇó Ñ»ïá, »ñµ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¹áõñë »Ï³Ý éáõµÉáõ ·áïáõó ¨ Ó¨³íáñ»óÇÝ ¹ñ³Ù³Ï³Ý ë»÷³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á, ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³çáÕí»ó µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ï³ÛáõÝ ï»Õ ½µ³Õ»óÝ»É ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ýÇÝ³Ýë³µ³ÝÏ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ-·áõÙ: ì»ñáß³ñ³¹ñÛ³ÉÇó Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù »½ñ³Ï³óÝ»É, áñ Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý, ïñ³ÝëåáñïÇ, Ñ³Õáñ-¹³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõ µ³ÝÏ³ÛÇÝ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ Ï³ï³ñ³Í Éáõñç Ý»ñ¹-ñáõÙÝ»ñáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ñ³ë³í áñáß³ÏÇ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ å³Ûù³ñ ëÏëí»ó Î³ëåÇó Íá-íÇ ³í³½³ÝÇ Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç Ñ³Ù³ñ149: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ë³ Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³íÃáí Ñ³-ñáõëï ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇÝ ¨ Ý³íÃáí áõ ·³½áí Ñ³ñáõëï Ô³-

148 ¸»ÙáÛ³Ý Ð., ²é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÝ áõ Ëáñ³óáõÙÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ²äÐ-Ç Ãáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ ÙÇç¨, ÂáõñùÇ³. ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ³Ý ¨ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÁ, ÃáÕ³ñÏáõÙ 2, ºñ., 2008, ¿ç 174: 149 Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý Ñ³ëÏ³óáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³é³ç³ó»É ¿ 1991 Ã.` ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá: ¸»é¨ë Ñëï³Ï áñáßí³Í ã¿ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³ßË³ñÑ³·ñ³Ï³Ý, Ý³¨ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÏÇó å»ïáõ-ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³ÛÇÝ ·Í»ñÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ë³ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ ºíñ³ëÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇ Ù³ëÁ: Ü³ËÏÇÝáõÙ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ å³ïÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ¨ Æñ³ÝÇÝ, áñáÝù ¿É ³ÛÝ ß³Ñ³·áñÍ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ áõÝ»ÇÝ ÏÝù³Í µ³½Ù³ÃÇí Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ: Æñ³íÇ×³ÏÁ ÷áËí»ó` Ýáñ ³ÝÏ³Ë³ó³Í å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ç Ñ³Ûï ·³Éáí: ²äÐ-Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÝÙ³Ý ëï»ÕÍ»É ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·, áñÁ Ýñ³Ý ¹»é¨ë ãÇ Ñ³çáÕí»É: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ßáõÏ³ÛÇÝ ³ÝÑ³ñÅ»ßï »Ý Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝÇ Ý³íÃÝ áõ ·³½Á:

81

½³Ëëï³ÝÇÝ: ö³ëïáñ»Ý, Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ¹»ñÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ µ³ñÓñ³ó³í` Ï³åí³Í ¿Ý»ñ·³-ÏÇñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ó³Íñ Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÝ áõ áã ½³ñ·³ó³Í ³ñ¹ÛáõÝ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ëïÇå»óÇÝ Ýñ³Ýó 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó ³ÏïÇí³óÝ»É Ç-ñ»Ýó ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ýáñ ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇóÝ»ñ ·ïÝ»Éáõ Ñ³-Ù³ñ: úñÇÝ³Ï` Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÁ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÁ 1994 Ã. ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ, áñÇÝ 1998 Ã. Ù³ñïÇÝ ÙÇ³ó³í Ý³¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ: 1996 Ã. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó ·áñÍ³ÍáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ¹ñí»ó ³½³ï ³é¨ïñÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ÇñÁ, áñÁ ÏÝùí»É ¿ñ Ô³-½³Ëëï³ÝÇ ¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨150: ê³Ï³ÛÝ Ó»éÝ³ñÏí³Í ³Ûë µáÉáñ ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ã»ñÇ ¿ÇÝ, ¨ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ÇÝ áõñÇß å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõ Ý»ñ¹-ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ:

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³-í³½³ÝÇ Ý³íÃÝ û·ï³·áñÍ»É áñå»ë ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù Ù»ñÓ³íá-ñ³ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý Ý³íÃÇÝ ¨ Çñ Ý³íÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ í»ñ³-¹³ñÓÝ»É Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³Ý, áñï»Õ Ýñ³Ýù ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÙÇÝã¨ 1917 Ã.: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ñ»ï³ùñùñí³Í ¿ñ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ýáí` ÑáõÛë áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ³í»ÉÇ ¿Å³Ý ·Ýáí ïÇñ»É Éñ³óáõóÇã Ý³íÃÇ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³-å»ë ²ØÜ-Ç ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ß³Ñ»ñÁ Ñ³ÙÁÝÏÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ151: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ãáõÝ»ñ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñå»ë½Ç èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ßñç³Ýó»Éáí` Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ Ý³íÃÁ ï»Õ³÷áË»ñ ÂáõñùÇ³, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨` ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñ: Ð»Ýó ¹ñ³ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¿É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ»Ý Ñ³Û- 150 Óøàêîâ À. Ì., Çîíí È. Ñ., Æèëüöîâ Ñ. Ñ., Ãåîïîëèòèêà Êàñïèéñêîãî Ðåãèîíà, Ì., 2003, ñ. 50. 151 Sasley Brent, Turkey's Energy Politics In The Post-Cold War Era, MERIA, Vol. 2, No. 4-November, 1998.

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ï³ñ³ñ»ó §Ï³Ùáõñç¦ ²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ºíñáå³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨152: ö³ëïáñ»Ý ³Ûë §Ï³Ùñçáí¦ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ ÏÏ³-ñáÕ³Ý³ñ Ñ³ëï³ïí»É ³ÍË³çñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñáí Ñ³-ñáõëï ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ, ÷áË³ñ»ÝÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ¹³ñÓÛ³É Ïµ³ñÓñ³Ý³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¹»ñÝ áõ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Ûë ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇÝ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ³éáõÙáí µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ ï»Õ³-÷áËÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ï³ÛáõÝ »ñÏÇñ ¹³ñÓÝ»ÉÝ ¿ñ: Æñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ë³ Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÝ ¿ñ ¹»åÇ ºíñáå³, ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ ¹»ñ Ë³Õ³É ²ñ¨»Éù-²ñ¨Ùáõïù ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ÙÇç³ÝóùÇ Ó¨³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ, áñÁ å³ßïå³Ý-íáõÙ ¿ñ ²ØÜ-Ç ÏáÕÙÇó, ³í»ÉÇ áõß Ý³¨` ºØ-Ç ÏáÕÙÇó153: ²Ûë ù³ÛÉáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÏÏ³ñáÕ³Ý³ñ µ³ñÓñ³óÝ»É Çñ ³ßË³ñÑ³-ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

Âáõñù³Ï³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ÷áñ-ÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³ëï³ïí»É Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝáõÙ: Âáõñù³-Ï³Ý ²½·³ÛÇÝ Ý³íÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Türkiye Petrolleri

Anonim Ortaklığı-TPAO) ³é³çÇÝÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ, áñ Ùï³í Ô³½³Ëë-ï³ÝÇ Ý³íÃ³ÛÇÝ µÝ³·³í³éÁ: TPAO-Ý ¨ BOTAŞ-Á Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç áñáÝÙ³Ý ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ ëÏë»óÇÝ ¨ ù³ÛÉ»ñ ¿ÇÝ Ó»é-Ý³ñÏáõÙ Ýáñ ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ154: ²í»ÉÇ áõß` 1997 Ã., TPAO-Ý ß³Ñ»ó ²ÏïÛáõµÇÝëÏÇ Ù³ñ½áõÙ Ñ»ï³½á-ï³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí Ñ³Û-ï³ñ³ñí³Í ÙñóáõÛÃÁ: Üñ³ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÁ ¹³ñÓ³í ³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý §²ÙáÏá¦ (Amoco) ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

152 Ñòàð÷åíêîâ Ã. È., Íåôòü è ãàç â ýêîíîìèêå è ïîëèòèêå Òóðöèè (XIX-íà÷àëî XXI ââ.), Ì., ÈÂÐÀÍ, 2003, ñ. 156. 153 Öğütçü Mehmet, Caspian Energy ''Poker Game'' And Turkey: Prospects

for a New Approach, www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmip/journal/html/vol8/vol8-

5.htm 154 Turkish Daily News, 30.12.1994.

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²ÛëåÇëáí, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Ù»Ý Ï»ñå ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõÝ»Ý³É Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³-½³ÝÇ µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï³½áïÙ³Ý ¨ ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óáõÙ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñ»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»ÉáõÝ: ²é¨ïñÇ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ³Û¹ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ³ñó»ñáí ½µ³ÕíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ïñ³Ýë-åáñïÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Ulaştırma Bakanlığı), ²ñï³ùÇÝ ³é¨ïñÇ ËáñÑáõñ¹Á (Dış Ticaret Müsteşarlığı) áõ ä»ï³Ï³Ý íÇ-×³Ï³·ñ³Ï³Ý ÇÝëïÇïáõïÁ (Devlet Istatistik Enstitüsü-DİE)155: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ, ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõó Ñ»-ïá` 1991-1992 ÃÃ., ³é¨ïñÇ ¨ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»-ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï µ³½Ù³ÃÇí Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ ëïáñ³·ñ»-óÇÝ156, áñáÝó ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ëÏëí»ó ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ï-

155 Hayır Meryem, Türkiye ve Türk Cumhuriyetleri Arasındaki Ticari İlişkiler ve Coğrafyanın Buna Etkisi, http://www.web.sakarya.edu.tr/~mhayir/turkiye_ve.pdf, ï»'ë Ý³¨ ²ñï³ùÇÝ ³é¨ïñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É ä»ï³Ï³Ý íÇ×³Ï³·ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÇÝë-ïÇïáõïÇ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛùÁ http://www.die.gov.tr Ï³Ù http://www.tuik.gov.tr 156 1991 Ã. Ù³ñïÇ 15-ÇÝ ²ÉÙ³ ²Ã³ÛáõÙ ²é¨ïñÇ áõ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨: 1991 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇ 29-ÇÝ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛáõÙ ²é¨ïñÇ ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ ÏÝùí»ó Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨: ÜÙ³Ý³ïÇå å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ àõ½µ»Ïë-ï³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó 1991 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇ 19-ÇÝ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛáõÙ, ÇëÏ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï` 1991 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇ 3-ÇÝ: http://www.byegım.gov.tr

84

óáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Ûë µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ù»Í ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»-óÇÝ Ý³¨ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ157:

Ü»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»Ýù 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ³é³çÇÝ Ï»ëÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ` Áëï DIE-Ç 2001 Ã. ³ñï³ùÇÝ ³é¨ïñÇ íÇ×³Ï³·ñáõÃÛ³Ý: Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ 1992 Ã. Ï³½-Ù»ó 30 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÁ 1993 Ã. Ñ³ë³í 112 ÙÉÝÇ, ÇëÏ 1994 Ã.` 164 ÙÉÝÇ: Âáõñù-ÕñÕ½³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ 1992 Ã. Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ 3,273 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÁ 1993 Ã. Ñ³ë³í 20,483 ÙÉÝÇ, ÇëÏ 1994 Ã. Ïñ×³ïí»ó 18,982 ÙÉÝÇ: Âáõñù-áõ½µ»Ï³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïáõñÁ 1992 Ã. Ï³½Ù»ó 75 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÁ 1993 Ã. Ñ³ë³í 246 ÙÉÝÇ, ÇëÏ 1994 Ã. Ïñ×³ïí»ó` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí 144 ÙÉÝÇ (³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ¹³ñÓ-Û³É ³í»É³ÝáõÙ ¿): Âáõñù-ÃáõñùÙ»Ý³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïáõñÁ 1992 Ã. Ï³½Ù»ó 28,470 ÙÉÝ, áñÁ 1993 Ã. ³í»É³ó³í` Ï³½Ù»Éáí 160,740 ÙÉÝ, ÇëÏ 1994 Ã. Ýí³½»ó` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí 149,887 ÙÉÝÇ: 1992 Ã. Ãáõñù-ï³çÇÏ³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ Ï³½Ù»ó 8,5 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ: 1993-1994 ÃÃ. ³ÛÝ ³ÝÏáõÙ ³åñ»ó (·ñ»Ã» ³é¨ïáõñ ã¿ñ Ï³ï³ñíáõÙ), ÇëÏ 1995 Ã. ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³ßËáõÅáõÃÛáõÝ ÝÏ³ïí»ó, »ñµ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ Ñ³ë³í 12,428 ÙÉÝÇ158: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` Ýßí³ÍÇó Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù »½ñ³Ï³óÝ»É, áñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ áõ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ 1991-1994 ÃÃ. ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ÝÏ³ïí»ó ³ÏïÇíáõÃ-ÛáõÝ ¨ ³Ûë óáõó³ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ñ³Ù³-ñ»É Ù»Í Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³-çáÕí»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ëï³ï»É

157 Solak Fahri, Türrkiye-Orta Asya Cumhuriyetleri Dış Ticaret İlişkilerinin Gelişimi, T. C. Marmara Üniversitesi, Ι.Ι.B.F. Dergisi, Cilt XVΙΙΙ, Sayı 1, Yıl 2003, s. 92. 158 DIE, Dış Ticaret İstatistikleri 2000, Ankara, 2001, s. 43, http://www.die.gov.tr

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³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³ÛáõÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ¿É Ñ»ï³·³-ÛáõÙ ß³ñáõÝ³Ïí»óÇÝ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ ÁÝ¹É³ÛÝ»Éáõ ¨ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÷áñÓ»ó û·ï³·áñÍ»É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³-ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ÈÇÝ»Éáí »íñáå³Ï³Ý, ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý, ÙÇç»ñÏñ³ÍáíÛ³Ý ¨ ë¨ÍáíÛ³Ý »ñÏÇñ` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ùßï³å»ë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ·ïÝí»É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÇ Ï»Ýïñá-ÝáõÙ: ²Ûë ÝÏ³ï³éáõÙÝ»ñÇó »ÉÝ»Éáí` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Âáõñ·áõÃ ú½³ÉÇ ³ÝÙÇç³Ï³Ý Ý³Ë³Ó»éÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ó¨³íáñí»ó ê¨ÍáíÛ³Ý ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñ-åáõÃÛáõÝÁ (³ÛëáõÑ»ï¨` êÌîÐ, The Black Sea Economic

Cooperation Organization-BSEC), áñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñí»ó 1992 Ã. ÑáõÝÇ-ëÇ 25-ÇÝ êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ159:

êÌîÐ Ó¨³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ Ï³ñ¨áñ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó ¿ÇÝ 1994 Ã. êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ êÌîÐ Ùßï³-Ï³Ý ù³ñïáõÕ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝáõÙÁ (Ù»Ï ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñ Ï³åÇ-ï³Éáí), ê¨ÍáíÛ³Ý ²é¨ïñÇ ¨ ¼³ñ·³óÙ³Ý µ³ÝÏÇ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñáõ-ÙÁ ê³ÉáÝÇÏáõÙ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ160: êÌîÐ-Ç` áñå»ë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý, Ó¨³íáñÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÝ ³í³ñïí»ó 1999 Ã.161: ²Ý¹ñ³¹³éÝ³Éáí êÌîÐ-Ç ëï»ÕÍÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ

159 http://www.photius.com/bsec/bsec.html, Özer Ercan, The Black Sea Economic Cooperation and Regional Security, Perception- Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 2, September-November, 1997, http://sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume2/September-November1997/THEBLACKSEAECONOMICCOOPERATIONANDREGIONALSECURITY.pdf 160 Aydın Mustafa, Regional Cooperation in the Black Sea and the Role of Institutions, Perseption- Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 10, Autumn 2005, pp. 64-66. 161 www.mfa.gov.tr/grupa/af/bsec10.htm

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Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇÝ` ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ýß»É, áñ 1990-³-Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÁÝ¹-É³ÛÝ»É ê¨ÍáíÛ³Ý ³í³½³ÝáõÙ, ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ, ÇÝãÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ è¸-Ç ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ý·»óñ»É ¿ñ Éáõñç ï³ñ³Ó³ÛÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ êÌîÐ-áõÙ ³é³-ç³ï³ñÇ ¹»ñ ëï³ÝÓÝ»É ¨ ¹ñ³Ýáí ³å³Ñáí»É Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ: Î³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³-ÝáõÙ Ë³Õ³ÕáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÇÝ Ù³ë-Ý³Ïó»ÉÁ:

ØÛáõë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÏïÇí³óÝ»É ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³-µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³-Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ñ (³ÛëáõÑ»ï¨` îÐÎ, Economic Cooperation

Organization-ECO): îÐÎ-Ý Ó¨³íáñí»É ¿ 1985 Ã. áñå»ë §Ð³Ù³-·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ¦ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³í³Ñ³çáñ¹Á: ì»ñçÇÝë ëï»ÕÍí»É ¿ñ 1964 Ã. Æñ³ÝÇ, ä³ÏÇëï³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨ ÉáõÍ³ñí»É 1979 Ã. Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ»Õ³÷áËáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Æñ³ÝÇ Æë-É³Ù³Ï³Ý Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ñéã³ÏÙ³Ý Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí: 1985 Ã. ÑáõÝí³ñÇÝ` í»ñáÝßÛ³É »ñ»ù å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ý¹ÇåÙ³Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·Ýí»ó, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÷áËí»óÇÝ Ï³½ÙÝ áõ ³ÝáõÝÁ: Î³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ·áñÍáõ-Ý»áõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³çáñ¹ ÛáÃ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáõÙ ¿ñ` ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí ¨ ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñáí å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í: Ü³Ëûñáù Ùß³Ïí³Í Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ Ñ³×³Ë ã¿ÇÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³ÝáõÙ Ù³ëÝ³ÏÇó »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÛáõÃ³Ï³Ý ¨ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³-÷³Ï ÉÇÝ»Éáõ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí: îÐÎ-Ç ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ 1980-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇÝ áõ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ëï»ÕÍí»óÇÝ ²é¨ïñ³³ñ¹ÛáõÝ³µ»ñ³Ï³Ý å³É³ïÁ, öáëï³ÛÇÝ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ,

87

Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ ëïáñ³·ñí»óÇÝ ×³Ý³å³ñÑÝ»ñÇ áõ »ñÏ³-ÃáõÕ³ÛÇÝ ïñ³ÝëåáñïÇ µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáõ, Ý³í³·Ý³óáõÃÛ³Ý, û¹³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Õáñ¹³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ï³å»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ162:

îÐÎ-Ç µÝáõÛÃÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ÷áËí»ó, »ñµ Ýñ³Ý 1992 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ 28-ÇÝ ³Ý¹³Ù³Ïó»óÇÝ ÛáÃ Ýáñ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñ (²¹ñµ»-ç³Ý, Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý, ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³Ý, àõ½µ»Ïë-ï³Ý, î³çÇÏëï³Ý ¨ ²ýÕ³Ýëï³Ý): ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ îÐÎ-ÇÝ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ å³ï-Ù³Ï³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ï³å»ñáí, ³ÛÉ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹Çñ-Ý»ñáí: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, í»ñáÝßÛ³É »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ Ù³ñ¹³ëÇñ³Ï³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»ÇÝ: Üñ³Ýó Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Ý³¨ ½³ñ·³óÝ»É ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÁ ÇÝãå»ë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É ³ñï³ùÇÝ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñáõÙ: ²Ûë ¹»åùáõÙ ¿É Ýñ³Ýù Ïëï³Ý³ÛÇÝ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ï½³ñ·³óÝ»ÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³å»ñÁ ¨ ÏÇÝï»·ñí»ÇÝ Ñ³Ù³ß-Ë³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñÇÝ:

1992 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ 28-29-Á êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ áñáßí»ó Ï³éáõó»É Ù³ÛñáõÕÇ` ²¹ñµ»ç³Ý-ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³Ý-àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý-ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý-Ô³½³Ë-ëï³Ý-²ýÕ³Ýëï³Ý-î³çÇÏëï³Ý ·Íáí: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ë³ ÏÁÝ¹·ñ-Ï»ñ îÐÎ ³Ý¹³Ù 10 »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍùÝ»ñÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³é³-ç³ñÏáõÃÛ³Ùµ ùÝÝ³ñÏí»ó Ý³¨ »ñÏ³ÃáõÕáõ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ: ²é³ç³ñÏí»ó ê¨ ÍáíÇ ³÷»ñÇó ëÏëíáÕ ´³ÃáõÙ-øáõÃ³ÛÇë-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ ·Íáí ¹»åÇ ´³ùáõ, ³ÛÝï»ÕÇó ¿É ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³Ýáí ¹»åÇ ²ÉÙ³ ²Ã³ Ñ³ëÝáÕ »ñÏ³ÃáõÕÇÝ, áñÁ Ñ»ï³·³ÛáõÙ å»ïù ¿ ß³ñáõÝ³Ïí»ñ ÙÛáõë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí: ²ÛÝ, ÷³ëïáñ»Ý, Ï¹³éÝ³ñ ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ áõÕÇ: ¼³ñÏ ïñí»ó Ý³¨ Íáí³ÛÇÝ

162 ²Ûë Ù³ëÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë îÐÎ-Ç å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛùÁ http://www.ecosecretariat.org/

88

ïñ³ÝëåáñïÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ163: ²Ûë Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó ³ñ-ï³óáÉáõÙÁ ·ï³Ý îÐÎ-Ç ³é³çÇÝ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ ÁÝ¹áõÝ-í³Í ÷³ëï³ÃÕÃ»ñáõÙ:

1993 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñÇÝ ä³ÏÇëï³ÝÇ øí»ïï³ ù³Õ³ùáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í îÐÎ ³Ý¹³Ù-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕá-íáõÙ ÁÝ¹áõÝí»ó ³Ûëå»ë Ïáãí³Í øí»ïïÛ³Ý Íñ³·ÇñÁ, áñáõÙ ¿É ÁÝ¹·Íí»óÇÝ ÙÇÝã¨ 2000 Ã. Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»-ÉÇù ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûë ÷³ëï³ÃÕÃáõÙ Ñ³-ïáõÏ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓí»ó Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ïñ³Ýëåáñï³-ÛÇÝ áõ ³ÛÉ ÏáÙáõÝÇÏ³óÇ³Ý»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ, áñÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ýßí»ó, §Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ ¿ îÐÎ-Ç ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³-ï³ÏÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ¦164: ê³ ÃáõÛÉ Ïï³ñ û·ï³·áñÍ»É ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ Ý»ñáõÅÁ, å³ïñ³ëï»É ¨ Çñ³·áñÍ»É Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ, á-ñáí Ïëï»ÕÍí»ñ Ù»Ï ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ¿Ý»ñ·áÑ³Ù³Ï³ñ·, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` Ý³íÃÝ áõ ·³½Á Ïï»Õ³÷áËí»ñ ³Ý¹³Ù-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ý³-í³Ñ³Ý·ÇëïÝ»ñ, ³ÛÝï»ÕÇó ¿É` Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñ: Üßí»ó Ý³¨ ·ÛáõÕ³ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ: ²é³ç³ñÏíáÕ Íñ³·ñ»ñáí áõ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ Æ-ñ³ÝÁ, ä³ÏÇëï³ÝÁ, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ³½¹»-óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ³Ý¹³Ù-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñáõÙ, ·ñ³í»É Ýñ³Ýó ßáõÏ³Ý»ñÁ ¨ ³ÛÝï»ÕÇó ¹áõñë ÙÕ»É ²äÐ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ` ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ:

îÐÎ-Ý Ï³½Ùí³Í ¿ ÙÇ³ÛÝ ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇó. Ýñ³ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ï³ñ³ÍùÁ ÛáÃ ÙÉÝ ùÏÙ ¿, ÇëÏ µÝ³ÏãáõÃ-Û³Ý ÃÇíÁ` Ùáï 350 ÙÉÝ: êÏ½µÝ³Ï³Ý ßñç³ÝáõÙ îÐÎ-Ý ³é³-ç³óñ»ó Ñ³ñ¨³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Éáõñç ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëïáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³Ý·³Ù

163 T. C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı, Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, …. s. 37-38. 164 Óðàçîâà Å., Ýßí. ³ßË. ¿ç 156:

89

áñáß Ñ»ï³½áïáÕÝ»ñ ¹³ Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý §ÁÝ¹Ñ³-Ýáõñ ßáõÏ³¦: Æñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ îÐÎ-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù-»ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ãÏ³ñ Ñ³ëï³ïí³Í ³½³ï ³é¨ïñÇ ßñç³Ý³éáõÃÛáõÝ, ¨ ãÏ³ñ Ù»Ï ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý Ù³ùë³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ îÐÎ-Ç ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù³ëÁ ³·ñ³ñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³Ù ³·ñ³ñ³-³ñ¹ÛáõÝ³-µ»ñ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ` ÙÇçÇÝ Ï³Ù ùÇã »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñáí: îÐÎ-Ç Ï³ñ¨áñ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿ñ Ýå³ëï»É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ¨ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·»ñÇÝ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÇÝ-ï»·ñÙ³ÝÁ:

îÐÎ-Ç ÑÇÙÝ³¹Çñ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÇ` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ, Æñ³ÝÇ ¨ ä³-ÏÇëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÁÝÃ³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ áõÅ»Õ Ùñó³Ï-óáõÃÛáõÝ: Üñ³Ýù áõÝ»ÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙ-Ý»ñ, áñáÝù ³í»ÉÇ ëñí»óÇÝ` Ï³åí³Í Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ îÐÎ ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï, »ñµ ³Ûë »ñ»ù »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ¿É ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëÝ»É Ù»Í ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý: ²Ûë »ñ»ù å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ¿É ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ Í³é³Û»óÝ»É Çñ»Ýó Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇÝ, ³Ûëå»ë` ä³ÏÇëï³ÝÁ µá-Éáñ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñáõÙ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹³ñÓ-Ý»É ÐÝ¹Ï³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ø³ßÙÇñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Çñ íÇ×»ÉÇ Ñ³ñó»ñÇÝ: Æñ»Ýó Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Æñ³ÝÝ áõ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý 1993 Ã. ÑáõÉÇëÇÝ êï³Ù-µáõÉáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í îÐÎ 2-ñ¹ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ ²¹ñµ»-ç³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ÙÇ³ëÇÝ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ßñç³Ý³Ï-Ý»ñáõÙ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»É ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ÷³ëï³ÃáõÕÃ, áñÁ Ïí»ñ³µ»ñ»ñ ÏáÝýÉÇÏïÝ»ñÇÝ áõ ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý Ë³Ëïí³Í Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇÝ: ê³ í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ñ È»éÝ³ÛÇÝ Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÇÝ, ´áëÝÇ³ÛÇÝ áõ Ð»ñó»·áíÇÝÇ³ÛÇÝ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É, áñ ³Ûë ÙÇïáõÙÝ»ñÁ ï³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý³óÙ³ÝÁ: ÐÇÙÝ³¹Çñ »ñ»ù å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ í»ñ³Í»É ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ù³ñÙÝÇ ¨ û·ï³·áñÍ»É ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÁ ÙÇ³íáñ»-

90

Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: Ø³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ ä³ÏÇëï³ÝÁ Ýå³-ï³Ï³¹ñí»É ¿ÇÝ îÐÎ-Ý í»ñ³Í»É ½áõï Ù³ÑÙ»¹³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõÃ-Û³Ý, áõëïÇ ¹»Ù ¿ÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ áõ ìñ³ëï³ÝÇ ³Ý¹³Ù³Ï-óáõÃÛ³ÝÁ165:

²ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ýß»É, áñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-Ý³óÙ³ÝÁ ¹»Ù ¹áõñë »Ï³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ »Ý: ¸ñ³Ýó Ý³Ë³·³ÑÝ»ñÁ` ². ²Ï³¨Á, ê. ÜÇÛ³½áíÁ, Ü. Ü³-½³ñµ³¨Á, Æ. ø³ñÇÙáíÁ, ¾. è³ÑÙ³ÝáíÁ, å³ßïáÝ³å»ë Ñ³Û-ï³ñ³ñ»óÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÁ, áñ îÐÎ-Ý å»ïù ¿ Í³é³ÛÇ ³ÛÝ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇÝ, ÇÝãÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ëï»ÕÍí»É ¿, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` å»ïù ¿ Ýå³ëïÇ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ-·³óÙ³ÝÁ:

²Ûë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñ-ÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»É áõ ÁÝ¹³ñÓ³Ï»É Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÃÛáõñ-ù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ, Ý³¨ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñë-Ý»ñÁ ¹»åÇ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñ ï»Õ³÷áË»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»ñ, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ¹³éÝ³É ï³ñ³ÝóÇÏ »ñÏÇñ Ï»Ýï-ñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ¨ »íñáå³Ï³Ý ßáõÏ³Ý»-ñÇ ÙÇç¨: Æñ³ÝÁ Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»ñ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ îÐÎ ³Ý¹³Ù-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ÃáõÉ³óÝ»Éáõ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇó Ýñ³Ýó ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³Ëí³ÍáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ ¨, ÇÝãáõ ã¿, ³ñï³Ñ³Ý»Éáõ Ý³¨ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ»Õ³÷áËáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³Ùá½»É ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ, áñ ÇÝùÁ ÏáÕÙÝ³ÏÇó ã¿ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ³ñÙ³ï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ä³-ÏÇëï³ÝÁ îÐÎ-Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ û·ï³·áñÍ»É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇÝ ïÇñ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»-ñÁ í»ñ³Í»É ÑáõÙùÇ ³ÕµÛáõñÝ»ñÇ, ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ëï³Ý³É Ï³½-Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý»ñù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÁ 165 ²½·, 07.05.1997:

91

ÉáõÍ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: Î³ñáÕ »Ýù »½ñ³Ï³óÝ»É, áñ îÐÎ ³Ý¹³Ù Ûáõ-ñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ ÏáÕÙ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ û·ï³·áñ-Í»É Çñ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ¨ ï³ñ³Í³ßñ-ç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëÝ»É ·»ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý:

²Ù÷á÷»Éáí Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»-ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ ½³ñ·³óÝ»É ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñ-ç³ÝáõÙ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ, áõñ ëï»ÕÍ-í»ó Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ¶áñÍ³ñ³ñ ËáñÑáõñ¹, ë³Ï³ÛÝ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ÏáÝÏñ»ï ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, Ï³ï³ñ³Í Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÝ áõ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñÁ ¹»é¨ë ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï ¿ÇÝ: Î³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, áñ ³ÛÝ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ »ñÏáõ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³Ýùáí, Ý³Ë` î³-çÇÏëï³ÝÁ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý »ñÏÇñ ã¿ñ, ¨ »ñÏñáñ¹` 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ³ÛÝï»Õ íÇ×³ÏÝ ³ÝÏ³ÛáõÝ ¿ñ: ö³ëïáñ»Ý, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý ËÝ¹ñáõÙ Ñ³ë³í Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ý:

1.3. §Âàôðø²Î²Ü ¼²ð¶²òØ²Ü ÜØàôÞ²ÒºìÆ¦

ÎÆð²èàôØÀ ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü ²êÆ²ÚÆ ÂÚàôðø²Èº¼àô ºðÎðÜºðàôØ

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ` ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ-½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá, ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç áñáß³ÏÇ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñí»óÇÝ Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÎáíÏ³ëÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓ»ó Ñ³ëï³ïí»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: Ð»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ ³é³ç³ó»É ¿ñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý í³ÏáõáõÙ:

92

²ÛÝï»Õ Ñ³ëï³ïí»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ å³Ûù³ñ ëÏëí»ó ï³ñµ»ñ å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ëáõñ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ Í³í³É-í»ó Æñ³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí»ó §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Ç¦ Ï³Ù §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùá¹»ÉÇ¦ ÏÇñ³éÙ³Ùµ: §Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Á¦ (³ÛëáõÑ»ï¨ Â¼Ü) Çñ Ù»ç Ý»ñ³é»ó ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ ß³ñù ÑÇÙÝ³Ñ³ñó»ñ, áñáÝù ³é³ç³¹ñí»É ¿ÇÝ ¹»é¨ë ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ³é³çÇÝ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Øáõëï³ý³ ø»Ù³É ²Ã³ÃáõñùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: ²Û¹åÇëÇÝÝ»ñÇó ¿ÇÝ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûë »ñÏáõ ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ Ñ³Ù³Éñí»óÇÝ ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñáí: ì»ñÁ Ýßí³ÍÝ»ñÁ Ï³½Ù»óÇÝ Â¼Ü–Ç ÑÇÙùÁ, áñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñ¨Ùï³Ï³Ý³óáõÙÁ:

1920-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ²Ã³ÃáõñùÇ µ³ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝ-ùáõÙ ÏñáÝÝ áõ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ µ³Å³Ýí»óÇÝ, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÏñáÝÝ ³ÛÉ¨ë µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³ÝÁ Ñ³Ù³ËÙµáÕ ÙÇçáó ã¿ñ Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ, ÇÝã-åÇëÇÝ ¿ñ úëÙ³ÝÛ³Ý Ï³ÛëñáõÃÛ³Ý ßñç³ÝáõÙ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ñéã³Ï-í»ó ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ, ÇëÏ µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ³íáñ-Ù³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ³é³ç ù³ßí»ó §ÃÛáõñù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³Ù ÃÛáõñ-ùÇ½Ù¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ166: ²Ã³ÃáõñùÁ ß³ï É³í ¿ñ ·Çï³ÏóáõÙ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»ñÁ å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ÇÝùÝÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý å³ßïå³-ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ: Ü³ ³Ûë ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ µ³½ÙÇóë Ýß»É ¿, ³ë»-Éáí. §²½·³ÛÇÝ µ³ó³ñÓ³Ï ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñ ¿ ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ñ³ëÝ»É ³ÝÏ³Ë ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ùµ: Ø»Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ é³½Ù³-Ï³Ý Ñ³ÕÃ³Ý³ÏÝ»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ñ»ÝíáõÙ »Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³,

166 Kireev Nikolai, Turkey in Search of National Strategy of Eurasian Cooperation, Central Asia and The Caucasus, No. 1(13) 2002, pp. 18-20.

93

¨ Ù»Ýù ¨ë å»ïù ¿ Ï³éáõó»Ýù Ù»ñ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ, »Ã» áõ½áõÙ »Ýù Ñ³ëÝ»É Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ù³Õ³ù³ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³Ï³ñ¹³-ÏÇÝ¦167: Øáõëï³ý³ ø»Ù³ÉÝ Çñ §í»ó Ý»ï»ñÇ¦ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ³é³ç ù³ß»ó ¿ï³ïÇ½ÙÇ ëÏ½µáõÝùÁ, áñÁ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ å»ï³Ï³Ý ë»ÏïáñÇ ·»ñ³-Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ: ²Ûë Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á ·ñ»Ã» ÝáõÛÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ å³Ñå³Ýí»ó ÙÇÝã¨ 1980-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ.:

1980 Ã. ÑáõÝí³ñÇ 24-Ç áñáßÙ³Ùµ` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ÁÝ¹áõÝ-í»ó ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÁ, Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óí»óÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù µ³ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñ, áñáÝó ³é³çÇÝ å³ÛÙ³-ÝÁ ¹³ñÓ³í ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï»É å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»ñÁ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç168: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µ³ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óáõÙÁ Ó»éÝ³ñÏí»ó í³ñã³å»ï Âáõñ·áõÃ ú½³ÉÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: Ü³ ³Ûëå»ë ¿ñ µ³ó³ïñáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý íÇ×³-ÏÁ. §Ø»ñ ÷³Ï ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ å»ïù ¿ µ³óíÇ ¨ ÙÇ³íáñíÇ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï: Ø»½ Ùáï Ï³Ý »ñÏ³ñ Ñ»ñÃ»ñ, ë¨ ßáõÏ³, ·áñÍ³½ñÏáõÃÛáõÝ: Ø»Ýù å»ïù ¿ Ï³éáõó»Ýù ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝ...¦169: ú½³ÉÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³ó-ñ³Í µ³ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ÃáõÛÉ³ïñí»ó ûï³ñ»ñÏñ-Û³ Ï³åÇï³ÉÇ ÑáëùÁ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝ, ¨ ÁÝ¹É³ÛÝ-í»ó Ù³ëÝ³íáñ µÝ³·³í³éÁ170: ²Ûë ³Ù»ÝÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ½³ñ-·³óáÕ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇëÏ³å»ë, 1990-³Ï³ÝÝ»-ñÇ ëÏ½µÇÝ áñáß³ÏÇ ³× ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñ»ó, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ûñÇÝ³Ï Í³é³Û»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ:

167 Bal Idris, The Turkish Model And The Turkic Republics, Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs, September-November Vol. 3, No. 3, 1998, http://sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume3/September-November1998/bal.PDF 168 Êèðååâ Í. È., Èñòîðèÿ ýòàòèçìà â Òóðöèè, Ì., 1991, ñ. 234. 169 President Turgut Özal’s address at the European Stadies Centre Global Panel, , Turkish Review, Vol. 5, No 23, Spring , 9 April 1991. 170 Pope Nicole and Huge, Turkey, Unvelid, A History of Modern Turkey, Wood Stoek & New York, 2000, pp. 176-177.

94

ÀÝ¹Ñ³Ýñ³å»ë Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ú½³ÉÁ Ù»Í ¹»ñ ¿ Ï³ï³ñ»É ¨' Çñ í³ñã³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý (ÝÏ³ïÇ áõÝ»Ýù í»ñ-çÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÁ)` 1983-1989 ÃÃ., ¨' Ý³Ë³·³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý` 1989-1993 ÃÃ., Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ßñç³ÝáõÙ: ú½³ÉÝ Çñ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ í»ñ³Í»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ §Çß-Ë³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ¦171, áñï»ÕÇó ÏÇñ³Ï³Ý³óí»ñ áÕç ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÙÁ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, Â¼Ü-Ç Ù»ç ÁÝ¹·ñÏí»óÇÝ ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý, µ³½Ù³Ïáõë³Ïó³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç áõ ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ: êñ³Ýù ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñ¨Ùï³-Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ Ý³Ë³å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÝ ¿ÇÝ:

ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý Ýß»É »Ýù, Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³é³ç³ó»É ¿ñ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ûáõñ³Ñ³ïáõÏ í³ÏáõáõÙ, ¨ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å³Ûù³ñÝ ÁÝ-Ã³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ýñ³ Ñ³Ù³ñ, Ã» áí ÏÉñ³óÝ»ñ ³ÛÝ: ²Ûë Ñ³ñóÁ ùÝÝ³ñÏ»Éáí` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ëïñ³ï»·Ç³Ï³Ý-Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ãáñë Ùá¹»ÉÝ»ñ` Âáõñ-ùÇ³-²ØÜ, ÂáõñùÇ³-²ØÜ-Æëñ³Û»É, ÂáõñùÇ³-²ØÜ-Æñ³Ý ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³-Î»Ýïñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝ (CAECO)172: ¶ñ»Ã» µáÉáñ Ùá-¹»ÉÝ»ñáõÙ ²ØÜ-Ç Ý»ñ·ñ³íáõÙÝ áõÝ»ñ Ñ³ïáõÏ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í û·áõïÝ»ñ Ïëï³Ý³ñ ²ØÜ-Ç Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÇó, ÙÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³-Ù³Ý³Ï Ýñ³Ýù ëïñ³ï»·Ç³Ï³Ý ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇóÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ: ²Ûë

171 Ataman Muhittim, Leadership Change: Özal Leadership and Restructuring in Turkish Foreign Policy, Alternatives, Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 1, No. 1, Spring 2002, p. 136. 172 Kona Gamze Güngörmuş, Turkey and The Central Asian Repablics: Strategy Models And Future Scenarios (I)-Strategy Models, Turkish Review of Eurasian Studies, Annual 2007(7), pp. 51-85.

95

ëïñ³ï»·Ç³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³-ÏÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³é³-í»É³·áõÛÝ ã³÷»ñÇ Ñ³ëóÝ»ÉÝ ¿ñ :

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ³é³ç ù³ß»Éáí Â¼Ü-Ç ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ` ²ØÜ-Ý ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ ³Ù»Ý³íëï³Ñ»ÉÇ ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇóÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÇ` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ í»ñ³óÝ»É Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ëå³é-Ý³ÉÇùÁ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ173, ³ÛÉ¨ û·ï³-·áñÍ»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Çñ ·ÉË³íáñ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇó Ù»-ÏÇÝ` ÑÝ³ñ³íáñÇÝë ÃáõÉ³óÝ»Éáõ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ýáñ³ëï»ÕÍ ²äÐ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ: ²Ûë Ñ³ñó»ñÇ ßáõñç ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ²ØÜ-Ç ß³Ñ»ñÁ Ñ³ÙÁÝÏÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, ù³ÝÇ áñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý ¿³å»ë ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ¿ñ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹»Éáõ Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨ Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ, ³ÛÉ¨ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³Ý¹»ë ·³Éáõ áñ-å»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ Ñ³Ï³ÏßéáÕ áõÅ174: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³ÝÑ³Ý·ë-ï³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Æñ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ï-óáõÃÛáõÝÇó175: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áÕçáõÝ»ó ²ØÜ-Ç ¨ ºíñáå³ÛÇ ¹Çñùá-ñáßáõÙÁ, ÇÝãÁ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ ÁÝÓ»éáõÙ Ýñ³Ý ³Ùñ³åÝ-¹»Éáõ Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ã³ï»ñ³µ»ÙáõÙ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³-å»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Æñ³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ùñó³-å³Ûù³ñáõÙ: ²í»ÉÇÝ, ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ýñ³Ý ï³ÉÇë ¿ñ áñáß ³é³í»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ:

Â¼Ü-Ç Ñ³Û»ó³Ï³ñ·Á ÏÇñ³é»Éáõ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ ²ØÜ å»ï-ù³ñïáõÕ³ñ æ»ÛÙë ´»Ûù»ñÝ ¿ñ: 1992 Ã. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ý³ ³Ûó»É»ó

173 Milliyet, 18.01.1992. 174 Torbakov I., Ankara’s Post-soviet Efforts in The Caucasus And Central Asia: The Failure of The “Turkic World” Model, Eurasian Insight, May 14, 2009, p. 4. 175 Uslu Nusuh, The Russian, Caucasian and Central Asian Aspects Turkish Foreign Policy in the Post Cold War Period, Alternatives. Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 2, No. 3&4, Fall & Winter 2003, pp. 166-167.

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Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¨ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇÝ ËáñÑáõñ¹ ïí»ó û·ï³·áñÍ»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ûñÇ-Ý³ÏÝ Çñ»Ýó »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³ó-Ù³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ, ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ýß»ó, áñ ³ÛÝ Ý³¨ å³ßïå³ÝíáõÙ ¿ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó176: ²Ûë ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ å³ßïå³Ý»ó ²ØÜ-Ç Ý³Ë³·³Ñ æáñç ´áõßÁ, ¨ 1992 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñÇ 13-ÇÝ ì³ßÇÝ·-ïáÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ í³ñã³å»ï êáõÉ»ÛÙ³Ý ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ý-¹ÇåáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Ý³ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óñ»ó áñå»ë §¹»ÙáÏ-ñ³ï³Ï³Ý, ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ùá¹»É, áñÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ³é³-ç³¹ñí»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ¦177: ê³Ï³ÛÝ Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Â¼Ü-Ç Ñ³Û»ó³Ï³ñ·Ç Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ ³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý RAND í»ñÉáõÍ³-Ï³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ ³é³ç³ï³ñ Ù³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿ñ` åñá-ý»ëáñ ¶ñ»ÑÁÙ üáõÉ»ñÁ: ì»ñçÇÝë ÝáõÛÝÇëÏ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý µÝáõÃ³·-ñáõÙ ¿ñ áñå»ë §Ï³ñÏ³éáõÝ Ùá¹»É¦178:

Â¼Ü-Ý Ëñ³ËáõëíáõÙ áõ å³ßïå³ÝíáõÙ ¿ñ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ²ØÜ-Ç ÏáÕÙÇó, ³ÛÝ ¹Çï»Éáí Çµñ¨ ³ßË³ñÑÇ-ÏáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¹ñë¨áñáõÙÝ»ñ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` Æñ³ÝÁ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý í³ñã³Ó¨Á, áñÁ ³ÝÑ³-ñÇñ ¿ñ Ýñ³Ýó: ²Ûë å³ñ³·³ÛáõÙ ¿É Â¼Ü-Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí»ó áñ-å»ë ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ç¹»³É³Ï³Ý ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝ` ÁÝ¹-¹»Ù Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý í³ñã³Ó¨Ç: Üß»Ýù, áñ Æñ³ÝÁ ¨ë ³é³ç³ñÏ»ó ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Çñ Ùá¹»ÉÁ, áñÝ ¿É Çñ»-ÝÇó Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ Æñ³ÝÇ ÆëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ã»áÏñ³ï³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ Ï³éáõóí³ÍùÁ:

176 Kramer Heinz, Will Central Asia Become Turkey’s Sphere of Influence …………………. 177 Dietrich Jung with Wolfango Piccoli, Turkey at the Crossroads Ottoman Legacies and A Greater Middle East, London and New York, 2001, p.180. 178 ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³Ý è., èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ Îáí-Ï³ëáõÙ. ³ßË³ñÑ³é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ½ÇÝ³¹³¹³ñ.- §21-ñ¹ ¹³ñ¦, 2005, No է ջ 4, 36£

97

Â¼Ü-Ç Ñ³Û»ó³Ï³ñ·Ç Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏÝ»ñÁ Ýñ³ÝáõÙ Ý»ñ³éáõÙ »Ý »ñ»ù Ï³ñ¨áñ Ñ³ëÏ³óáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ` 1. ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÁ, áñï»Õ µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³½ÙáõÙ »Ý Ù³ÑÙ»¹³Ï³ÝÝ»ñ, 2. µ³½Ù³Ïáõë³Ïó³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á, á-ñÁ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÙ ¿ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ»ï ¨ 3. ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³-Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ: ÐÇÙÝí»Éáí ³Ûë ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÇ íñ³` Â¼Ü-Ç ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ ºíñáå³ÛáõÙ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ·ï³Ý: ¸³ ³ÏÝÑ³Ûï ¹³ñÓ³í Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë 1992 Ã. ÑáõÝÇ-ëÇÝ ºíñáå³ÛÇ ËáñÑñ¹Ç ù³ñïáõÕ³ñ ø»ÃñÇÝ È³ÉáõÙÇ»ñÇ` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ³ÛóÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ï³ï³ñ³Í Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç179, áñï»Õ Ýßí»ó, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï³å³ÑáíÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý Ùá¹»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ` í»ñç»ñë ³ÝÏ³Ë³ó³Í Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï³·³ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ180:

Î³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É, áñ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ²ØÜ-Ç ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ, Â¼Ü-Ý É³ÛÝ ï³ñ³ÍáõÙ ·ï³í: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É, ²ØÜ-Ý ³ç³Ïó»Éáí Â¼Ü-ÇÝ, ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ëï³ïí»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ` »ÝÃ³¹ñ»Éáí, áñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Ñ»-é³ó»É ¿ ³Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇó: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ Ñ³ëÝ»É ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇÝ, ¹³éÝ³É ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç ÙÇ Ù³ë-ÝÇÏÁ, áñáí ¿É ÍÝí»ó Â¼Ü-Ý:

Â¼Ü-Ç ³é³ç ù³ßáõÙÁ ¨ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë Ýñ³ å³ßïå³-ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó á·¨áñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»óÇÝ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛáõÙ: ì»ñçÇÝë Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ³Ûë ³éáõÙáí ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëï³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ èáõ-ë³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Æñ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÇó, ù³ÝÇ áñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏÇóÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ ³Ûë »ñÏáõ å»ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: àõëïÇ ¨ áÕçáõÝ»ó ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÁ, áñÝ ¿É

179 Milliyet, 13.07.1992. 180 Bal Idris, The Turkish Model And The Turkic Republics………………

98

Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÇ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹Ù³ÝÁ` ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï û·-ï³·áñÍ»Éáí ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÁ, áñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÑÇÝ· Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó (Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý, àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý, ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³Ý ¨ î³çÇÏëï³Ý) ãáñëÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»-½áõ »Ý (µ³óÇ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇó): Àëï ¿áõÃÛ³Ý` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý å³ÝÃ-ÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Çñ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÁ ùáÕ³ñÏáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ÊêÐØ Ù³ÑÙ»¹³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ Â¼Ü-Ç ï³-ñ³ÍÙ³Ý ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßïáõÃÛ³Ùµ181:

Âáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáÕ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÁ Ï³ñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ ¹³éÝ³É ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý É³í³·áõÛÝ ûñÇÝ³Ï: ²Ûëå»ë, ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñ ÐÇùÙ»Ã â»ÃÇÝÁ Ãáõñù-³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý µÇ½Ý»ë ËáñÑñ¹áõÙ Çñ »ÉáõÛÃÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ýß»É ¿, áñ ³Ûë Ýáñ ¿ï³åáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ ²ØÜ-Ý áõÝ»Ý Çñ»Ýó ß³Ñ»ñÝ áõ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Ü³ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ Ý»ñÏ³Û³ó-ñ»É ¿ áñå»ë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ Ï³ÛáõÝ »ñÏÇñ` Ýß»Éáí, áñ áõÝÇ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ï³éáõóí³Íù ¨ ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÇ ÷áñÓÝ áõ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÝ ûñÇÝ³Ï Ï³ñáÕ »Ý Í³é³Û»É Ýáñ ³ÝÏ³Ë³ó³Í å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ182:

Ð³ïÏ³Ýß³Ï³Ý ¿, áñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»-½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ 1990-³Ï³Ý Ãí³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ ëÏ½µÝ»-ñÇÝ Ù»Í á·¨áñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¿ÇÝ í»ñ³µ»ñíáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ: Üñ³Ýó í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÁ Â¼Ü-ÇÝ, Áëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ, å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï ¿ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý, É»½í³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝ¹-Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí, ÇÝãÁ Ýñ³Ýó íëï³ÑáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ Ý»ñßÝãáõÙ: ²Ûëå»ë, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ÆëÉ³Ù ø³ñÇÙáíÁ, å³ßïá-

181 ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³Ý è., èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ Îáí-Ï³ëáõÙ…. 182 The Full Text of Foreign Minister Hikmet Çetin’s Speech at the Assembly of Turko-American Business Council, Istanbul// Turkish Review, Vol.6, No.30, Winter 1992.

99

Ý³Ï³Ý ³Ûóáí ·ïÝí»Éáí ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ, Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»É ¿ñ. §Ø»ñ ûñÇÝ³ÏÁ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¿, ¨ Ù»Ýù Ù»ñ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÏÏ³éáõ-ó»Ýù` Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ ³Ûë ûñÇÝ³ÏÇ¦183: Ü³ å³ßïå³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù»ñÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙÝ»ñáí` ÙÇ³íá-ñ»Éáõ ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ: ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ²ëÏ³ñ ²Ï³¨Á ¹Ç-ï³ñÏ»É ¿ñ. §ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³é³íáïÛ³Ý ³ëïÕ ¿, áñÁ ÙÛáõë ÃÛáõñ-ù»ñÇÝ óáõÛó ¿ ï³ÉÇë ×ßÙ³ñÇï áõÕÇÝ¦184: ÜáõÛÝ Ï»ñå ¿ÇÝ Ùï³ÍáõÙ Ý³¨ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ-Ý»ñÁ` Ýß»Éáí. §Ø»Ýù ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇó ëáíáñ»Éáõ ß³ï µ³Ý áõ-Ý»Ýù¦185: ²Ûë ûñÇÝ³ÏÝ»ñÁ ÷³ëïáõÙ »Ý ³ÛÝ íëï³ÑáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³-ëÇÝ, áñ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ï³ÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ý¹»å: Üß»Ýù, áñ Ï»Ýï-ñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÁ ÏáÕÙÝ³ÏÇó ¿ÇÝ Â¼Ü-Ç Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë »ñÏáõ` ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³½³ï ßáõÏ³-Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÇÝ:

Î³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É, áñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ Â¼Ü-Ç ÏÇñ³éÙ³ÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ Ýå³ëï»É Ýñ³ ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝùÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³Û¹ å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»ÇÝ ½³ñ·³Ý³Éáõ áñå»ë ³ßË³ñ-ÑÇÏ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ´³óÇ ¹ñ³ÝÇó` ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñ-Ý»ñÁ Ëáëï³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ, áñ ÏÏ³éáõó»Ý ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ³ñ-Å»ùÝ»ñáí å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ` ÑÇÙÝí³Í µ³½Ù³Ïáõë³Ïó³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç íñ³:

183 Овсепян Левон, Турецкая модель и обусловленность внешней поли-тики Анкары в странах Центральной Азии стратегическими интересами Запада, Центральная Азия и Кавказ, No 2 (62), 2009, с. 134. 184 Turkish Daily News, 24.12.1991, Bal Idris, Turkey’s Relations with the West and Turkic Republics. Rise and Fall of the Turkish Model, England, Ashgate Publishing, p. 161. 185 ²½·, 05.04.1994.

100

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³çáñ¹ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ï³åÁ ÏñáÝÝ ¿, ãÝ³Û³Í áñ ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý ëÏ½µáõÝ-ùÇÝ Ñ»ï¨»Éáí` ³ÛÝ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ïí»ó ¨ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ÃáõÉ³-ó³í, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó ÙÝ³É Ï»Ýë³Ï³Ý: ê. ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÇ µÝá-ñáßáõÙÝ ³ÛëåÇëÇÝ ¿ñ. §ÆëÉ³ÙÁ Ù»ñ Ñ³Ù»ñ³ßËáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ù»Ý³-Ï³ñ¨áñ ÑÇÙù»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ¿¦186: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, Ãáõñù Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Í»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ áñå»ë ³é³çÝ³-ÛÇÝ Ý³Ë³å³ÛÙ³Ý û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ñ ÏñáÝÁ: ÆëÏ ÇëÉ³ÙÁ Ï»Ýï-ñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝáõÙ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó ÙÝ³É Ñá·¨áñ ÏÛ³ÝùÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ Ï³ñ¨áñ ëÏ½µáõÝù: ì»ñ³-Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÏïÇí³óñ»ó Ý³¨ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñá·¨áñ ÏÛ³ÝùÁ: ²Ûë-ï»Õ ÇëÉ³ÙÁ Ñ³Ý¹»ë »Ï³í ³½·³ÛÝ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¹Çñù»ñÇó: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ÏñáÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ å»ïù ã¿ Í³Ûñ³Ñ»-ÕáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëóÝ»É ¨ ³ÛÝ ß÷áÃ»É Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ³ñÙ³ï³Ï³ÝáõÃ-Û³Ý Ñ»ï: Î³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É, áñ ÃÛáõñù»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÇëÉ³ÙÁ ÁÝ¹Ñ³-Ýáõñ ÏñáÝ ¿ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë Ñá·¨áñ ³ñÅ»ùÝ»ñÁ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»Éáõ µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ: ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý Ýß»É »Ýù ÃÛáõñù»ñÇ áõ ï³çÇÏ-Ý»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ï³Ý ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý áõ É»½í³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: î³çÇÏÝ»ñÁ Çñ³Ý³É»½áõ »Ý, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ë-ï³ïí»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Æñ³ÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõ-Ý»ñ187, ù³Ý ÂáõñùÇ³Ý: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ÏñáÝÇ ·áñ-ÍáÝÇ íñ³ ¨ë Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ÇÝ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ, áñÁ î³çÇÏë-ï³ÝÇ ûñÇÝ³ÏáõÙ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ã¿ÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ ÏÇñ³é»É: àõëïÇ î³-çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ïí»ó Ñ»Ýó ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ÝÏ³ï³éáõÙÝ»ñáí, áñÇÝ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³í»É³ó-

186 Rouleau Eric, Turkey: Beyond Atatürk, Foreign Policy, Number 103, Summer 1996, p. 78. 187 Aydin Mustafa, Geopolitica of Central Asia and the Caucasus; Continuity and Change Since the End of the Cold War, The Turkish Yearbook, Vol. XXXII, p. 189.

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Ý»É Ý³¨ É»½í³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ ëñ³Ýù ¿ÇÝ å³ï×³éÝ»ñÁ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇÝ ã³é³ç³ñ-Ï»ó Çñ Â¼Ü-Ý áñå»ë ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý áõÕÇ:

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É ²ñ¨-ÙáõïùÇ Ñ»ï: ²Ûë ³éáõÙáí ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÙÇç-Ýáñ¹` Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ïÝï»-ëáõÃÛ³Ý áõ µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ188:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ û·ï³·áñÍ»É ÃÛáõñ-ù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ áõ É»½-í³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Ð³ïÏ³å»ë Ù»Í ï»Õ ¿ñ Ñ³ï-Ï³óíáõÙ Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÇÝ, áñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ùß³-ÏáõÛÃÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñ üÇùñÇ ê³ÕÉ³ñÁ Ýß»É ¿. §Âáõñù»ñ»ÝÝ ³-Ù»Ý³Ï³ñ¨áñ ·áñÍáÝÝ ¿ ÃÛáõñù»ñÇÝ ÙÇ³íáñ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ, á-ñáÝù µ³Å³Ýí»É »Ý ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Ñ³ñÛáõñ³ÙÛ³ÏÝ»ñ ³é³ç¦189: ´³óÇ ¹ñ³ÝÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ éáõë³-Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÁ ÷áË³ñÇÝ»É Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý É³ïÇÝ³ï³é ³Û-µáõµ»Ýáí, ³Ý·³Ù Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ ¹³ë³·ñù»ñ ¨ ïñ³-Ù³¹ñáõÙ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·, áñÇ ÑÇÙùáõÙ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÁ: Üß»Ýù, áñ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ³éáõÙáí ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ¿ñ Æñ³ÝÁ: ´³óÇ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Ùß³-ÏáõÛÃ áõÝ»Ý³Éáõó` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¿ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí ¨ë Ùáï ¿ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ:

²ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ï³ñ·»ñÇ Å³Ù³-Ý³Ï Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ï³é³í³ñáõÙÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáõÙ ¿ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝÇó: ØáëÏí³ÛáõÙ ÁÝ¹áõÝí³Í áñáßáõÙÝ»ñÁ å³ñï³-

188 Oran B., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 394: 189 Idris Bal, The Turkish Model And The Turkic Republics……………

102

¹Çñ ¿ÇÝ ÙÇáõÃ»Ý³Ï³Ý µáÉáñ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³-Ù³ñ: ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ï³ñ·»ñÇ ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÷áñÓ»óÇÝ í»ñ³Ï³éáõó»É Çñ»Ýó ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ÏáÙáõÝÇëï³-Ï³Ý í³ñã³Ó¨Ç í»ñ³óáõÙÝ áõ ÝáñÇ Ï³éáõóáõÙÁ µ³í³Ï³-ÝÇÝ ¹Åí³ñÇÝ ·áñÍÁÝÃ³ó ¿ñ. ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ÇÝ áñáß å³-Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñ` Ù³ëÝ³íáñ ë»÷³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ³éÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ, Ñ³-Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý Çñ³í³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñ, Ñ³ñÏ³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ, µ³ÝÏ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ï³ÛáõÝáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: ²Ûë å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñÁ ãÏ³ÛÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñáõÙ: ¸ñ³ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ýñ³Ýù å»ïù ¿ û·ï³·áñÍ»ÇÝ ³ÛÉ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ÷áñÓÁ: ²Ûë ¹»åùáõÙ ³é³çÇÝ ûñÇÝ³ÏÁ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¿ñ:

ÀÝ¹Ñ³Ýñ³óÝ»Éáí ³Ûë ³Ù»ÝÁ` Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³é³ÝÓÝ³ó-Ý»É »ñ»ù Ï³ñ¨áñ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Ù»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí, Ýå³ë-ï»óÇÝ Â¼Ü-Ç ·ñ³íÇã ¹³éÝ³ÉáõÝ: ²é³çÇÝ. ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³é³ç³ó³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý í³ÏáõáõÙÁ ½µ³Õ»óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Æñ³ÝÝ áõ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³é³ç³ñÏ»óÇÝ Çñ»Ýó ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ùá¹»ÉÝ»ñÁ: Æñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ùá¹»ÉÁ Çñ»ÝÇó Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ Æñ³ÝÇ å»-ï³Ï³Ý í³ñã³Ó¨Á` Ñá·¨áñ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉË³íáñáõÃ-Û³Ùµ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõ Ùß³-ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝïñ³ÝÇÝ Çñ íñ³ ¿ñ ÏñáõÙ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ï³ñ·»-ñÇ ¹³ëïÇ³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý ÏÝÇùÁ: àõëïÇ` áñå»ë »ñÏñÇ í³ñ-ã³Ï³½ÙÇ Ùá¹»É Ýñ³Ýó Ñ³Ù³ñ ³í»ÉÇ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ÉÇ ¿ Ãáõñù³-Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý, ù³Ý Æñ³ÝÇ ÏñáÝ³-Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ùá¹»ÉÁ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ùá¹»ÉÇ Ïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÁ ËáãÁÝ¹áï»ó Ýñ³` Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ãÁÝ¹áõÝí»ÉáõÝ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹`

103

Â¼Ü-ÇÝ Ù»Í ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ óáõó³µ»ñ»ó ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ190: ºñÏñáñ¹. Â¼Ü-Ç ·ñ³íãáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³éÏ³ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý, É»½í³Ï³Ý, ¿ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí: Ð»Ýó ³Ûë Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñÇ íñ³ ¿É Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñÇÝ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Â. ú½³ÉÁ, í³ñã³å»ï ê. ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÝ áõ ÙÛáõë µ³ñÓ-ñ³ëïÇ×³Ý å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÁ: ºññáñ¹. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³½³ï ßáõÏ³-Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ ó³ÝÏ³ÉÇ áõÕÇ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ÉÇÝ»É ÃÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï³·³ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ:

ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í Â¼Ü-Ç ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ »ñÏ³ñ³ï¨ ã¿ñ, ¨ ßáõïáí Ç Ñ³Ûï »Ï³Ý Ýñ³ ÃáõÛÉ ÏáÕÙ»ñÁ: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ` 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó ëÏë³Í` Â¼Ü-Ý ÏáñóÝáõÙ ¿ Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ: ¸³ å³ÛÙ³-Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ»ñáí: ²Ûë ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ï»-ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Ý Ýáñ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: Ü³Ë ¨ ³é³ç ÷áËí»óÇÝ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ¨ ëïñ³ï»·Ç³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÁ: ²ØÜ-Ý ¨ »íñáå³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³-ÝáõÙ ëÏë»óÇÝ í»ñ³Ý³Û»É Çñ»Ýó í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÁ ¨ ÷áË»óÇÝ Ç-ñ»Ýó ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÁ: öáËí»ó Ý³¨ Â¼Ü-ÇÝ ³ç³Ïó»Éáõ ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ²ØÜ-Ý Ñ³ëÏ³ó³Ý, áñ Æñ³ÝÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ áõÝ»ñ ³ßË³ñÑ³·ñ³Ï³Ý ¨ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ ¹Çñù»ñ: âÝ³Û³Í áñ Æñ³ÝÁ ÇëÉ³-Ù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ, Ýñ³ ¹»ñÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³-É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ: ê³ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ ÇëÉ³ÙÇ »ñ-Ïáõ Ã¨»ñÇ Ñ»ï` ëáõÝÇ ¨ ßÇ³, áñáÝó Ù»ç Ç ëÏ½µ³Ý» Ñ³Ï³ëáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³ÛÇÝ: ø³ÝÇ áñ Æñ³ÝÁ ßÇ³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ ¿, ÇëÏ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõ-

190 Bal Idris, Turkish Model as a Foreign Policy Instrument in Post Cold War Era: The Cases of Turkic Republics and the Post September 11th Attacks Era, p. 8, http://www.idrisbal.com.homepage

104

ÝÁ` ëáõÝÇÝ»ñ, Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ³ñÙ³ï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãÇ Ï³ñáÕ ï»Õ ·ïÝ»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: ÜáõÛÝÇëÏ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛáõÝÁ Æñ³ÝÇÝ ãÇ íëï³ÑáõÙ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ å³ëÇí ¹Çñù ¿ñ ·ñ³í»É, áñÁ å³ÛÙ³Ý³í³ñí³Í ¿ñ »ñÏñÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ ÏÛ³ÝùÇ Ï³ñ-·³íáñÙ³Ý Ñ»ï: ²ßË³ñÑáõÙ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ïå³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ëï»ÕÍí»ó, áñ Çµñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ãÇ ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·Ý»É Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³ÍùÝ»ñáõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ 1993 Ã. Ñ»ïá è¸-Ý óáõÛó ïí»ó, áñ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·ÝáõÙ ¿ Çñ ¹Çñ-ù»ñÝ ³Ûë ï³ñ³ÍùÝ»ñáõÙ, áñÁ Ñ³ÛïÝÇ ¿ñ §ê³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ùáï¦ (Ближнее зарубежье) ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ³Ýí³Ùµ191: 1994 Ã. èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ ëïáñ³·ñ»ó ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: êñ³Ýó íñ³ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ã¹³ñÓñ»ó, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ýñ³ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñ¨áñÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ï³ÛáõÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÝ ¿ñ, áñÝ ¿É ÷³ëïáñ»Ý Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ³å³Ñáí»É ÙÇ³ÛÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹` ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÙÝ³É éáõë³-Ï³Ý é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µ³½³Ý»ñÁ, áñáÝù Ï³ñ¨áñ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³Ýù ¿ÇÝ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·Ý»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ëå³-ëáõÙÝ»ñÇÝ Ñ³Ï³é³Ï` ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÁ ãÁÝ¹¹ÇÙ³ó³í, áñ èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÁ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝÇ §ê³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇÝ Ùáï¦ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ, áñÁ Ï³ñÍ»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ` Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³-ñ³ÍùÝ»ñÁ Õ»Ï³í³ñ»Éáõ ûñÇÝ³Ï³Ý Çñ³íáõÝùÝ ¿ñ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³Ï³Ý·ÝáõÙÁ µ³ó³ë³µ³ñ ³Ý¹ñ³¹³ñÓ³í Â¼Ü-Ç Ñ»ï³·³ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý íñ³:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ³ñÃÝ³óñ»ó áñáß³ÏÇ Ñ³Ï³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ß³ï»ñÝ ³Ýí³Ý»óÇÝ §³-

191 Onis Ziya, Turkey And Post-Soviet States: Potential And Limits of Regional Power Influens……….. p. 17.

105

í³· »Õµáñ¦ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ192: Ð»Ýó ³ÛëåÇëÇ ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ µáÉáñ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ: ²ÝÏ³ËáõÃ-ÛáõÝÇó Ñ»ïá Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ Ýáñ ¿ÇÝ ³½³ïí»É §³í³· »Õµáñ¦ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó ¨ ã¿ÇÝ ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ í»ñ³¹³é-Ý³É Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ï³ñ·³íÇ×³ÏÇÝ193, »ñµ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¹»ñÁ ÷áñ-ÓáõÙ ¿ñ ëï³ÝÓÝ»É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý: ¸³ Ýñ³Ýó í³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇó` Ù³Ý³í³Ý¹ Ñ³ßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÁ, áñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý ãáõÝ»ñ ³ÛÝ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ÇÝã` èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ áÉáñï-Ý»ñáõÙ: ²Û¹ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ³ÏÝÑ³Ûï ¿ñ ¹³éÝáõÙ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Çñ ³½-¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ194:

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` Ãáõñù å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³-Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÑÇÙù ¹³ñÓ³Ý »ÝÃ³¹ñ»Éáõ, áñ Ï³ñáÕ »Ý í»ñ³ÍÝí»É å³ÝÃÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù Ýñ³Ýó Ó»éÝïáõ ã¿ÇÝ: ØÇ¨ÝáõÛÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõÝ»ñ µ³½Ù³ÃÇí Ý»ñùÇÝ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñ: âÝ³Û³Í áñ Â. ú½³ÉÇ µ³ñ»÷áËáõÙÝ»ñÇó Ñ»ïá Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáß³ÏÇ ³× ·ñ³Ýó»ó, ë³Ï³ÛÝ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó ëÏëí»ó ×·Ý³Å³Ù. É³ñí³Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý»ñù³-Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùÁ, ëñí»É ¿ñ ùñ¹³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÁ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: ²Ûë ³-Ù»ÝÝ ¿É Ñ³ßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí` ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»óÇÝ, áñ Çñ»Ýù ÁÝ¹áõÝáõÙ »Ý Â¼Ü-Ç áñáß ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³½³ï

192 Mango Andrew, The Turkish Model, Middle Eastern Studies, Cilt 29 (4), Ekim 1993, s. 744. 193 Aydin M., Foucault’s Pendulum: Turkey in Central Asia and The Caucasus, …………………….. 194 Graham E. Fuller and Ian O. Lesser, with Paul B. Henze and J. F. Brown, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 73:

106

ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý) ¨ ëÏë»óÇÝ ùÝÝ³ñÏ»É ³ÛÉ ÝÙáõ-ß³Ó¨»ñ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë` ãÇÝ³Ï³ÝÁ: ì»ñçÇÝë Çñ»ÝÇó Ý»ñ-Ï³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ëáóÇ³ÉÇëï³Ï³Ý áõ Ï³åÇï³ÉÇëï³Ï³Ý Ñ³-Ù³Ï³ñ·»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³¹ñáõÙÁ: Üß»Ýù Ý³¨, áñ ³Ûë Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ·áñ-Í³Íí»É Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ûñ»ÝùÝ»ñÁ, ¨ ¹»é »ñÏ³ñ Å³Ù³-Ý³Ï ¿ñ å³Ñ³Ýçí»Éáõ ¹ñ³Ýù ÷áË»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ195:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓ»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ý¹»ë ·³É áñå»ë ÙÇçÝáñ¹: ê³ á·¨áñ»ó ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»-ñÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ýñ³Ýù ßáõïáí ÑÇ³ëÃ³÷í»óÇÝ: ²Ûë ³éáõÙáí àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Æ. ø³ñÇÙáíÁ, »ñÏñáõÙ Ãáõñù-»íñá-å³Ï³Ý ·áñÍ³ñ³ÝÇ Ù³ëÝ³×ÛáõÕ ÑÇÙÝ»Éáõ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í, Ãáõñù Éñ³·ñáÕÇ Ñ³ñóÇÝ ïí»É ¿ ëå³éÇã å³ï³ëË³Ý. §ºÃ» »ë ×Çßï Ñ³ëÏ³ó³, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÝ Çñ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ºíñáå³ÛÇ Ñ»ï å»ïù ¿ Ï³éáõóÇ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇçáóáí: Ø»Ýù ³Ûë Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ñ³Ý¹»ë ·³É Ý³¨ ³é³Ýó ÙÇçÝáñ¹Ý»-ñÇ¦196:

1990-³Ï³Ý Ãí³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ï»ë»ñÇÝ ³ÏÝÑ³Ûï ¹³ñÓ³í, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í Ýå³ï³ÏÁ` ëï»ÕÍ»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝ, ãÇ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³-ÝáõÙ Ýñ³ Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ²ëïÇ×³Ý³µ³ñ Â¼Ü-Ý ÏáñóÝáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ: Â¼Ü-Ç ³Ýíëï³ÑáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ÛïÝí»ó Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í, »ñµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉáõË ³Ýó³Ý ÇëÉ³Ù³Ù»ï áõ-Å»ñÁ: Æñ³íÇ×³ÏÁ ëñí»ó, »ñµ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ 1996 Ã. Ï³é³í³-

195 Torbakov Igor, Ankara’s Post-soviet Efforts in The Caucasus And Central Asia:……………….. p. 5. 196 Òðîôèìîâ Ä., Òàøêåíò ìåæäó Àíêàðîé è Òåãåðàíîì. Óðîêè 90-õ è ïåðñïåêòèâè, Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Àçèÿ è Êàâêàç, íî. 5(17), 2001, ñ. 131.

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ñáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³½Ù»ó ÇëÉ³Ù³Ù»ï §´³ñûñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ³é³çÝáñ¹ Ü»çÙ»ÃÇÝ ¾ñµ³ù³ÝÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, ³é³ç³ñÏ»Éáí ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ÁÝÃ³Ý³É ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ Ùá¹»Éáí, Ñ»Ýó ÇÝùÁ Ï³Ý·Ý»ó ³Û¹åÇëÇ ËÝ¹ñÇ ³éç¨: Ð³ï-Ï³Ýß³Ý³Ï ¿ ³ÛÝ, áñ í³ñã³å»ï Ü. ¾ñµ³ù³ÝÝ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»ó áã Ã» ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ³ÛÉ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ` Æñ³Ý, ä³ÏÇëï³Ý, ÈÇµÇ³197, ³Û-ëÇÝùÝ` Ýñ³ Ýå³ï³ÏÁ áã Ã» ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý, ³ÛÉ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛ³Ý Ó¨³íáñ»ÉÝ ¿ñ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ÇëÉ³ÙÇëïÝ»ñÇ ³Ï-ïÇí³óáõÙÇó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ùáï ³ÝÑ³Ý·ëïáõÃÛáõÝ ³é³ç³ó³í, ù³ÝÇ áñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ù»Í ¿ñ Í³Ûñ³Ñ»Õ ÇëÉ³ÙÇëïÝ»ñÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ (Ù³ëÝ³íá-ñ³å»ë î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ ²ýÕ³Ýëï³ÝáõÙ): ²ÛëåÇëÇ Çñ³íÇ-×³ÏÇ Ù»ç Ñ³ÛïÝí»ó àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³é³çÇÝÁ Ý³ ¿ñ å³Ûù³ñáõÙ Í³Ûñ³Ñ»Õ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ß³ñ-ÅáõÙÝ»ñÇ ¹»Ù` Ï³åí³Í ü»ñ·³Ý³ÛÇ ÑáíïÇ Ñ»ï:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó ³ÏÝÑ³Ûï ¹³ñÓ³í, áñ ²ÝÏ³ñ³-ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÃáõÛÉ ã»Ý ï³ÉÇë Ýñ³Ý Ëáë-ï³ó³Í û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ óáõÛó ï³Éáõ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ²Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó Ñ³ñ³µ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ Ýñ³Ýù Ñ»ßïáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ÇÝ ¹³ñÓÛ³É Ã»ùí»É ØáëÏí³198: àõß³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¿ ³ñÅ³ÝÇ ³ÛÝ ÷³ëïÁ, áñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ï³é³í³ñáÕ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ë Ñ³ëÏ³ó³Ý, áñ Çñ»Ýó ÑÝ³-

197 Winrow G., Turkey and Central Asia. Central Asian Security. The New International Context/ Ed. By R. Allison, L.Jonson. London –Washington: Brookings Institution Press, 2001. p. 202, ²½·, 21.08.1996. 198 Uslu Nasuh, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 182:

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ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³Ï »Ý, ÇëÏ ËáëïáõÙÝ»ñÁ` ß³ï:

Æñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ²ÝÏ³ñ³Ý ãáõÝ»ñ µ³í³Ï³Ý³ã³÷ é»ëáõñë-Ý»ñ, áñå»ë½Ç Çñ ßáõñçÁ Ñ³Ù³ËÙµ»ñ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ: ÂÛáõñ-ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ëÏë»ó Ñ³ë-Ï³Ý³É, áñ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ³é³ç³ñÏí³Í áõ Ëáëï³óí³Í Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ã»Ý Ñ³-Ù³å³ï³ëË³ÝáõÙ Ýñ³ Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹` Ýñ³Ýù ³ÛÉ¨ë ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ã¿ÇÝ ¹ÇïáõÙ áñå»ë Ï³-Ùáõñç ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Ñ³-Ù³ñ:

ÀÝ¹Ñ³Ýñ³óÝ»Éáí` Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É, áñ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í Â¼Ü-Ç ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñáß³ÏÇ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»ó³í, ÇëÏ î³çÇÏë-ï³ÝáõÙ ³ÛÝ ³Ý·³Ù ã³é³ç³ñÏí»ó: Ø»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí` ³Û¹ Ñ³-çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ ÇÝãå»ë ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Â¼Ü-ÇÝ ³ç³Ïó»Éáõ Ñ»ï, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇ ¹ñ³Ï³Ý ³ñÓ³·³ÝùÝ»ñáí: Æñ»Ýó ¹»ñÁ Ë³-Õ³óÇÝ Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³éÏ³ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý, É»½í³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý áõ ¿ÃÝÇÏ³-Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó ³ÏÝÑ³Ûï ¹³ñÓ³í, áñ Â¼Ü-Ç ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ó³ËáÕ-íáõÙ ¿ñ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í Ýå³ï³ÏÁ` ëï»Õ-Í»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝ, ã¿ñ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³ÝáõÙ Ýñ³ Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ¸³ ¿ñ å³ï×³éÁ, áñ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý í»ñÝ³Ë³íÁ Ý³ËÁÝïñ»ó í»ñóÝ»É Â¼Ü-Ç áñáß Ù³ë»ñÁ:

109

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ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ³-Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ëï³ó³í Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Çñ ³½¹»-óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛáõÙ Ùï³í³ËáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³ñ, áñ §ë³éÁ å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ¦ ³í³ñ-ïáí Ý³ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÏÏáñóÝÇ Çñ Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ, áõëïÇ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç á-ñáß³ÏÇ í»ñ³Ó¨áõÙÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñí»óÇÝ: ²Û¹ í»ñ³Ó¨áõÙÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ßË³ñ-Ñ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¹»ñÇ µ³ñÓñ³óáõÙÝ ¿ñ: ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃ-Û³Ý ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ÝÏ³ï-Ù³Ùµ Ù»Í Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝ ³é³ç³ó³í, áñÇ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ïí»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Æñ³ÝÁ ¨ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ¹³ñÓ³Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ùñó³ÏÇóÝ»ñÁ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»-Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ¹³ßÝ³ÏÇóÁ ²ØÜ-Ý ¿ñ, ÇëÏ í»ñáÝßÛ³É »ñ»ù »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Íí»ó µáÉáñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ²Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõ-ÝáõÙ, Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¿³Ï³Ý Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙÝ»ñ ãáõÝÇ: Æ-ñ³ÝÁ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ »Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ïí»Éáõ Çñ»Ýó ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÇëÏ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ áÉáñïÝ»ñáõÙ (ÇÝãåÇëÇù »Ý Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç ³ñï³Ñ³ÝáõÙÁ, ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝÁ, é³½Ù³Ï³ÝÁ) ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ ÙÝ³É ·»ñ³Ï³ ¹Çñù»ñáõÙ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ ½³ñ·³óñ»ó Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÁ, áñÁ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ µ³ñÛ³ó³Ï³ÙáõÃ-Û³Ùµ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ²ØÜ-Ç Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ áõ èáõ-

110

ë³ëï³ÝÇ ¹Çñù»ñÇ ÃáõÉ³óÙ³Ùµ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ¹ñ³Ï³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùáí: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñ»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³é¨ïñÇ ¨ ïÝï»-ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÇÝ, Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó ÙÇ ß³ñù ÙÇçáó³-éáõÙÝ»ñ ¨ ³Ûë µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ï³ñáÕ³ó³í Ñ³ëÝ»É Ñ³çá-ÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñ»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý ³ÍË³çñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ å³ß³ñÝ»ñÇÝ: Æñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Í»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí Ý³ û·ï³·áñÍ»ó §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ-·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Ç¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ëÏ½µÝ³Ï³Ý ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ù»Í á·¨áñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÁÝ¹áõÝí»óÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: Üß»Ýù, áñ Æñ³ÝÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ³é³ç³ñ-Ï»ó ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Çñ Ùá¹»ÉÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ù»ñÅí»ó: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõ-ß³Ó¨Ç¦ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ë Ó³ËáÕí»ó` Ñëï³Ï Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñ ãáõÝ»Ý³Éáõ å³ï×³éáí: Üáñ ßáõÝã Ñ³Õáñ¹í»ó îÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, áñÇ ßñç³-Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï:

ÀÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ³éÙ³Ùµ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³ñáÕ³ó³í Ñ³ëï³ï»É ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³-µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù, ³Ýßáõßï, Ýñ³ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÙÇ³Ýß³Ý³Ï Ñ³çáÕí³Í ·Ý³Ñ³ï»É ãÇ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ, ³ÛÉ Ýñ³ Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³ÍíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ áñáß áÉáñïÝ»ñÇ íñ³:

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ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü ²êÆ²ÚÆ ºðÎðÜºðÆ ØÆæºì 1990-²Î²Ü ÂÂ. ºðÎðàð¸ ÎºêÆÜ

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·Í»ñáí ß³-ñáõÝ³Ïí»ó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: ²Ûë Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³Ñ³ïí³-ÍáõÙ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõ-ÙÇó Ñ»ïá Ï³ñáÕ³ó³Ý Ñ³ÕÃ³Ñ³ñ»É Çñ»Ýó »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ³é³-ç³ó³Í ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³ÙÁ ¨ Ï³ÛáõÝ³óÝ»É íÇ×³ÏÁ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõ ýÇÝ³Ýë³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÝ ³ÛÝù³Ý ¿É Ï³ÛáõÝ ã¿ñ: ²Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý »Ï³Ý ÇëÉ³Ù³Ù»ï áõÅ»-ñÁ: Ò¨³íáñí»ó Ïá³ÉÇóÇáÝ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝ (1996 Ã. ÑáõÝÇë-1997 Ã. ÑáõÉÇë), áñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ ¿ñ §´³ñûñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ Ïáõë³Ï-

112

óáõÃÛ³Ý (Refah Partisi) ³é³çÝáñ¹ Ü»çÙ»ÃÇÝ ¾ñµ³ù³ÝÁ199: Üß»Ýù, áñ ³Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Ý áñáß³ÏÇ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, á-ñáÝù ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí»óÇÝ Ý³¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇó ³ÏÝÑ³Ûï ¹³ñÓ³í, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ëå³ëí³Í ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»-ñÁ ãïí»ó: êñ³ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å³ï×³éÁ Çñ»Ýó ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñáç` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ëáëï³ó³Í ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ãïñ³Ù³¹-ñ»ÉÝ ¿ñ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ë³ ãÇ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÙ, Ã» ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³-Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñÁ ÉáõÍ³ñí»óÇÝ, Ñ³Ï³é³ÏÁ` ¹ñ³ÝóÇó ß³ï»ñÁ ëÏëí»óÇÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»É ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í Í³í³ÉÝ»ñáí: ØÇ³ÛÝ Ô³-½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ 1995 Ã. Ï»ë»ñÇÝ ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñ-ù³Ï³Ý 269 ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¨ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñÇ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ·áõÙ³ñÁ Ñ³ë-ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ù»Ï ÙÉñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñÇ: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ ï»ËÝÇÏ³å»ë í»ñ³-½ÇÝí»óÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 62 Ëáßáñ ûµÛ»ÏïÝ»ñ, áñáÝó ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ³ñÅ»ùÁ 800 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñÇó ³í»É ¿ñ200:

²Ûë ÷áõÉáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ù»Í ³ÏïÇíáõÃ-Û³Ùµ ³ßË³ïáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: 1996-1999 ÃÃ. ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ³ßË³-ï³ÝùÝ»ñÁ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý »ñÏáõ ÙÉñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñ: ²Ûë ·áñÍáõÙ Ù»Í ¹»ñ ¿ñ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÁ, áñ Ãáõñù³-Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï³å»ñ áõÝ»ÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ

199 Robins Philip, Turkish Foreign Policy Under Erbakan, Survival, Vol. 39, No. 2, Summer 1997, pp. 82-100. 200 Æóêîâ Ñ. Â., Ðåçíèêîâà Î. Á., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 315:

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ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý í»ñÝ³Ë³íÇ Ñ»ï. Çñ ¹»ñÝ ¿ñ Ë³ÕáõÙ Ý³¨ Ïá-éáõåóÇ³Ý201: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ù»Í³å»ë û·ïíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ¾ù-ëÇÙµ³ÝÏÇ ïñ³Ù³¹ñ³Í í³ñÏ»ñÇó: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñ-ù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ³ñÅáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ 2000 Ã. ¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ 7 ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³Ù»Ý³Ù»Í Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ` ßáõñç 2, 5 ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñ, Ï³ï³ñ»É ¿ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ202: Ü»ñÏ³Û³ó-Ý»Ýù ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ Ý»ñ¹-ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ:

Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óñ»óÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù Íñ³·ñ»ñ. Ï³éáõó»óÇÝ ²ëï³Ý³ÛÇ ÙÇç³½-·³ÛÇÝ û¹³Ý³í³Ï³Û³ÝÁ, ¶ÉË³íáñ ³ë³ÙµÉ»³ÛÇ ß»ÝùÁ, §Regent Ankara¦ ÑÛáõñ³ÝáóÁ, ²½·³ÛÇÝ Ã³Ý·³ñ³ÝÁ, §Ahmet

Yesevi¦ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÁ, GSM Ñ»é³Ñ³Õáñ¹³Ïó³Ï³Ý Ï»Ýïñá-ÝÁ ¨ ³ÛÉ ßÇÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: Ü³íÃÇ áñáÝÙ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ñ³ï-Ï³å»ë Ù»Í ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ²½-·³ÛÇÝ Ý³íÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (TPAO)203: DEIK-Ç 2007 Ã. ½»-ÏáõÛóáõÙ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ËáëíáõÙ ¿ Ãáõñù-Õ³½³Ë³Ï³Ý ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³å»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ, áñáÝù 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³× ¿ÇÝ ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñ»É204: ºñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»-ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ³×»É ¿ÇÝ ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ. 1992

201 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 316: 202 Oran Baskın, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 430: 203 The Republic of Kazakhstan, Country Report, Small and Medium Sited Industry Development Organization (KOSGEB), http://abmankara,org.tr/ulkeler/Kazakistan%20Ulke%20Raporu.doc 204 Kazakistan Ülke Bülteni, DEIK, Şubat 2007, s. 12-18, http://www.deik.org.tr/Lists/Bulten/Attachments/101/kazakistan%20bulten%20subat%202007_TR.pdf

114

Ã. ³ÛÝ 30 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ ¿ñ, áñÁ 2000 Ã. Ñ³ë³í 465 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñÇ205: 2001 Ã. ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ Ïñ×³ïí»óÇÝ` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí 210,1 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñÇ: ê³ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ 1998 Ã. èáõë³ëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ Ð³ñ³í-³ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ýÇÝ³Ýë³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³Ùáí: ²ÛÝ Çñ µ³ó³-ë³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÃáÕ»ó Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³, áñÝ ³é³Ýó ³ÛÝ ¿É ³ÝÏ³ÛáõÝ ¿ñ: 1998-2001 ÃÃ. µÝáõ-Ã³·ñí»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ýí³½-Ù³Ùµ206: êñ³Ý ³í»É³ó³í 1999 Ã. »ñÏñ³ß³ñÅÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ áõ Ý³íÃÇ ·Ý»ñÇ Ã³ÝÏ³óáõÙÁ, áñÁ µ³ó³ë³µ³ñ ³½¹»ó ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³: ê³Ï³ÛÝ å»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ 2002 Ã. ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ ¹³ñÓÛ³É Ù»Í³ó³Ý: 2005 Ã. ³ÛÝ ³í»É³-ó³í ÙÇÝã¨ 28 %-áí` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí ßáõñç Ù»Ï ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñÇ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³-µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³ó³Ý Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨: 1992 Ã. »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ Ï³½Ù»ó 3, 2 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÁ 1997 Ã. Ñ³ë³í 57,1 ÙÉÝÇ: Üß»Ýù Ý³¨, áñ 1995 Ã. Ñ»ïá ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ ëÏë»óÇÝ ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ·áñÍ»É Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý 300 ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñÇÝ Ùáï 400 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñÇ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ207: TIKA-Ç ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ í»ñ³-µ»ñÛ³É 2004 Ã. ½»ÏáõÛóáí »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïáõñÁ Ï³½Ù»É ¿ 100 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÁ ãáñë ³Ý·³Ù ³í»É ¿ 2001 Ã. Ñ³-

205 The Republic of Kazakhstan Country Report. Turkish International Cooperation and Development Agency (TICA), http://www.tika.gov.tr/Dosyalar/Kazakistan.doc 206 Can Nurettin, Uulu Iskender Ormon, Büyük Güçlerin Kıskacında Türrkiye-Orta Asya Türk Cumhuriyetleri Siyasi ve İktisadi İlişkileri (Kırgızistan Örneği), Journal of Azerbaijani Studies, s. 16. 207 Kırgızistan Ülke Bülteni, DEİK, Mayıs 2009, ss. 16-18, http://www.deik.org.tr/Lists/Bulten/Attachments/147/Kirgizistan-bulten-Mayis%202009_TR.doc

115

Ù»Ù³ï208: 2001 Ã. ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÇ Ïñ×³ïáõÙÁ ¨ë Ï³å-í³Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³ÙÇ Ñ»ï: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³-Ï³Ý ¨ ï³ñµ»ñ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙ³ÛÇÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñ: 2002 Ã. ëÏë³Í ³ß-ËáõÅ³ó³Ý ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñÁ ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»-óÇÝ 18 Íñ³·ñ»ñ, ûñÇÝ³Ï` Ï³éáõóí»óÇÝ ´ÇßÏ»ùáõÙ ÑÛáõñ³-ÝáóÝ»ñ, Ø³Ý³ëÇ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ û¹³Ý³í³Ï³Û³ÝÁ, Coca Cola-Ç ·áñÍ³ñ³ÝÁ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: 2003 Ã. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ³ß-Ë³ï³ÝùÝ»ñÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ ÕñÕ½³Ï³Ý í»ó ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, á-ñáÝó ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ñ³ëÝáõÙ ¿ñ 393 ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ Ãáõñ-ù³Ï³Ý ÉÇñ³ÛÇ209:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ù»Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ, ù³ÝÇ áñ í»ñçÇÝë áõÝ»ñ µÝ³Ï³Ý ·³½Ç å³ß³ñ-Ý»ñ. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³-½Ç Ýáñ Ï³éáõóíáÕ ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ·³½ ëï³-ÝáõÙ ¿ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Æñ³ÝÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí, áõëïÇ Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ ËáÕáí³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÇ, áñáÝù Ï³ÝóÝ»ÇÝ Çñ ï³ñ³Íùáí: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³ó-ñÇÝ ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Ï³éáõó»óÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù ·áñÍ³ñ³ÝÝ»ñ áõ ²ßË³µ³¹áõÙ ÑÛáõñ³ÝáóÝ»ñ: Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý ýÇÝ³Ýë³íáñ»ó ÙÇ ß³ñù Ï³éáõÛóÝ»ñÇ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÁ` §Turkmenbashi Refinery CCR Unit-Á¦ ¨ §Turkmenbashi Refinery

MSCC Unit-Á¦` 2000 Ã. û·áëïáëÇÝ ÏÝùí³Í Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·-ñáí210:

208 Ozdenoğlu Selda, Kirgiz Cumhuriyeti (Kirgiz Republic), TİKA, Ankara, 2005, http://www.tika.gov.tr/Dosyalar/Kırgızistan.doc 209 The Republic of Kyrgyzstan Country Report. KOSGEB, http://abmankara.org.tr/ulkeker/kirgizistan%20Ülke%20Raporu.doc 210 Turkmenistan Country Report. KOSGEB, http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/publications/GCA/GCAPUB-13.pdf

116

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ëáßáñ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇó ¨ àõ½µ»Ïë-ï³ÝÇó Ñ»ïá: TIKA-Ç ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É 2009 Ã. ½»ÏáõÛóáõÙ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í »Ý ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: 1992 Ã. ³ÛÝ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ 28,5 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, ÇëÏ 1997 Ã. ³ñ¹»Ý Ñ³ë³í 191 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñÇ: 1998-2001 ÃÃ. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ³éÏ³ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³ÙÁ Ãáõñù-ÃáõñùÙ»Ý³Ï³Ý ³é¨ï-ñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ³½¹»ó, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³é¨ïñÇ µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ¹³ ·ñ»Ã» ã³ñï³óáÉí»ó: ²Ûë-å»ë, ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ 1998 Ã. Ï³½Ù»ó 137,5 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÁ 2000 Ã. ³ñ¹»Ý Ñ³ë³í 217,9 ÙÉÝÇ211: ²ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ³é¨ïáõñÁ 2001 Ã. Ï³½Ù»ó 176 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñÇó ³í»É, ÇëÏ 2005 Ã. ³ÛÝ ³ñ¹»Ý Ñ³ë³í 345 ÙÉÝÇ:

¸»é¨ë ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ»ñÇó ëÏë³Í` àõ½µ»Ïë-ï³ÝÁ Ñ³Ù³ñíáõÙ ¿ñ ï»ùëïÇÉ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝ³µ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ñ»ï³ùñùñ»ó Ñ»Ýó ³Ûë µÝ³·³-í³éÁ, ¨ ëÏëí»ó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý §Tekfen¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³Ûë áÉáñïáõÙ ¹³ñÓ³í ³é³çÇÝÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ: ì»ñçÇÝë 1998 Ã. àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ ÑÇÙ-Ý»ó Ã»ÉÇ ·áñÍ³ñ³Ý` §Papfen¦ ³ÝáõÝáí212: àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ Ç-ñ»Ýó ³ÏïÇí ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»óÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ßÇ-Ý³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ` Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáí ßáõñç 50 Íñ³·ñ»ñ213: ì»ñçÇÝÝ»ñë î³ßù»Ý¹áõÙ Ï³éáõó»óÇÝ ÑÛáõñ³Ýáó-Ý»ñ, ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ³é¨ïñÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ, óáõó³ëñ³ÑÁ, û¹³Ý³-

211 Türkmenistan Ülke Raporu, TİKA, 2009, s. 26, http://www.tika.gov.tr/yukle/dosyalar/ULKERAPORLARI/Turkmenistan_UlkeRaporu.pdf 212 Bilateral Relation with Uzbekistan. DEIK, http://www.deik.org.tr/Pages/TR/IK_TicariIliskiler.Detay.aspx?tiDetId=23&IKID=34 213 Kemal Kaya, Turkey. Silk Road Studies, http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/publications/GCA/GCAPUB-13.pdf

117

í³Ï³Û³ÝÁ, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý µ³ÝÏÇ ß»ÝùÁ ¨ ³ÛÉ Ï³éáõÛóÝ»ñ: ²ÏïÇí ¿ñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý §Koc Holding¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÁ ÙÇ³-Ý³Éáí ï»Õ³Ï³Ý §Tashkochavto¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï` §Uzatozlash¦ ³ÝáõÝáí, ³ñï³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ ³íïáÙ»ù»Ý³ÛÇ ë³ñ-ù»ñ214: àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïáõñÁ 1992 Ã. Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ 75,5 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÁ 1997 Ã. ³ñ¹»Ý Ñ³ë³í 300 ÙÉÝÇ: ºñµ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇÝ, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Çñ³-¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í, í³ïÃ³ñ³ó³Ý Ãáõñù-áõ½µ»-Ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïáõñÁ ß³ñáõÝ³Ïí»ó, ³Ý·³Ù ³× ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñí»ó215: Î³åí³Í Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛáõÙ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³ÙÇ Ñ»ï` 2001 Ã. Ãáõñù-áõ½µ»-Ï³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ Ýí³½»ó, áñÁ 2002 Ã. ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³-×»ó: Ü³Ëáñ¹ ï³ñí³ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³Í` 2003 Ã. ³×Á Ï³½-Ù»ó 40 %, ÇëÏ 2004-2005 ÃÃ. ³ÛÝ ·ñ»Ã» ã÷áËí»ó:

ÆÝãå»ë ³ñ¹»Ý Ýß»É »Ýù, î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ñ»-ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³-Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí): 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó ³Ûë »ñÏñÇ Ñ»ï Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ ÁÝ¹É³ÛÝí»ó: ²ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ýß»É, áñ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ ³ãùÇ ãÇ ÁÝÏÝáõÙ áñ¨¿ µÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñëïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí ¨ Ã»ñ¨ë ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ³Ù»Ý³³Õù³ï »ñÏÇñÝ ¿216: ²ÛÝáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý ³Ûë »ñÏñÇ Ñ»ï ÝáõÛÝå»ë ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñ ëÏë»ó: 1992 Ã. ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ï³½Ù»ó Ùáï 8, 5 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, áñÁ 1997 Ã. ³ñ¹»Ý Ñ³ë³í 10, 5

214 Türkiye-Özbekistan Ticari ve Ekonomik İlişkileri, DEİK, Mayıs 2006, http://www.deik.org.tr/Lists/TicariIliskiler/Attachments/23/Microsoft%20Word%20-%20Ozbekistan-ikiliiliskiler-mart2006_TR.pdf 215 Özbekistan Ülke Raporu, TİKA, 2009, s. 60, http://www.tika.gov.tr/yukle/dosyalar/ULKERAPORLARI/Özbekistanraporu_2007.pdf 216 Solak Fahri, Ýßí ³ßË., ¿ç 90:

118

ÙÉÝÇ: 1998 Ã. ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³ÙÇ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí »ñÏáõ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ Ïñ×³ïí»ó, ë³Ï³ÛÝ 2000 Ã. ³ÛÝ Ñ³-ë³í Ùáï 21 ÙÉÝÇ: âÝ³Û³Í 2001 Ã. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ×·Ý³Å³ÙÇÝ` Ãáõñù-ï³çÏ³Ï³Ý ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ ³í»É³ó³í` Ï³½Ù»Éáí 39 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ: Àëï DEIK-Ç î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É 2009 Ã. ½»ÏáõÛóÇ` »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñÇ ³Ù»Ý³Ù»Í Í³-í³ÉÁ »Õ»É ¿ 2004 Ã.` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí 104, 3 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñÇ, áñÁ 2005 Ã. Ýí³½»É ¿` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí 93,8 ÙÉÝÇ217 ³ÛÝ ¹»åùáõÙ, »ñµ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇó ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ³ñï³Ñ³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ µ³Ùµ³Ï:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³é¨ïáõñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 1.

ºñÏ

Ç-

ñÁ

1992 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Ô³

½³Ë

- ëï

³Ý 10,5

10,5 16

86, 63 1,496

165, 285, 250

295,911,002

346,3 75,95 3

90,3 42,7 03

203,851,624

265,9 53,23 3

439,8 64,00 0

556,9 79,00 0

ÔñÕ

½-

ëï³

Ý

1,44 2,08 4

5,512, 746

7, 555,800

2,779,482

2,349,517

6,30 7,05 3

17,622,564

10,57 7,908

13,09 7,000

9,156, 000

î³

çÇÏ-

ëï

³Ý 7, 76

2, 09 9

6,342, 334

3, 381,913

4,052,532

16,51 1,405

13,6 62,0 54

40,695,917

56,96 2,111

62,70 0,000

47,30 0,000

Âáõ

ñùÙ»

Ý-ëï

³Ý 21, 1

81,2 46

111,8 25,79 6

73, 547, 097

67,028,806

97,87 7,997

71,7 38,6 47

106,348,207

123,6 70,00 2

175,5 00,000

159,9 26,28 2

àõ½

µ»Ï-

ëï

³Ý 21,0

19,4 03

61,52 8,703

94,77 2,966

47,476,861

85,79 4,461

36,0 45,3 30

75,342,346

97,78 1,167

178,6 71,00 0

257,4 53,00 0

217 Tacikistan Ülke Bülteni, DEİK, Haziran 2009, ss. 12-15, http://www.deik.org.tr/Lists/Bulten/Attachments/173/Tacikistan%20ulke%20bulteni_mayis_2009_TR.pdf

119

²ñï³Ñ³ÝáõÙÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇó (²ØÜ ¹áÉ³ñáí)

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 2.

ºñÏ

ÇñÁ

1992 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Ô³

½³Ë

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Ý 19,4 11,9 91

150,7 74,83 3

210,577,80 1

96,595,591

118,701,179

119,795,053

160,152,590

232,644,917

353,170,000

459,198,000

ÔñÕ

½ëï

³Ý 1,83

1,27 0

38,156,446

49,579,653

23,198,342

20,572,202

17,350,084

24,004,847

40,158,080

74,701,000

88,850,000

î³

çÇÏë

ï³

Ý 687, 522

6,085,684

7,199,647

5,250,375

4,467,496

15,552,540

10,915,302

28,571,501

41,500,000

46,500,000

Âáõ

ñùÙ»

Ýëï

³Ý 7,28

8,95 7

56,290,482

117,533,514

106,627,694

120,155,152

105,277,888

110,020,805

168,972,782

214,500,000

180,414,916

àõ½

µ»Ïë

ï³

Ý 54,438,6 07

138,541,65 4

210,588,163

99,139,301

82,647,409

89,725,260

93,735,468

138,300,003

145,225,000

151,014,099

Ü»ñÏñáõÙÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý (²ØÜ ¹áÉ³ñáí)218:

218 ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ï³ï³ñí³Í ³é¨ïñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÁ í»ñóí³Í »Ý ²ñï³ùÇÝ ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í³ñãáõÃÛ³Ý 2006 Ã. ½»ÏáõÛóÇó: ²í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë Trade Statistics, Undersecretariat for Foreign Trade of Turkey, 2006, Ankara and Country Reports of Turkish Foreign Economic

120

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221 Türkiye ile Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Bölge Ülkeleri İlişkileri Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu, Sekizinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı, T. C. Başbakanlık Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı Müsteşarlığı, Yayın No. DPT:2511-ÖİK:528, Ankara, 2000, s. 152, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/turkcumh/oik528.pdf

123

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222 Izmir Threaty, 12 March 1977, http://www.ecosecretariat.org/ftproot/Documents/Basics/Treaty_of_Izmir.doc 223 5-th Summit Declaration, Almaty, 11 May, 1998, http://www.ecosecretariat.org/ftproot/Documents/Declarations/5sum_dcl.htm 224 7-th Summit Declaration, Istanbul, 14 October, 2002, http://www.ecosecretariat.org/ftproot/Documents/Declarations/7sum_dcl.htm

124

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225 Óðàçîâà Å. È., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 157:

125

Ãáõñù-éáõë³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ºñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ¿É áõÝ»Ý Ç-ñ»Ýó Ý³Ë³·Í»ñÁ` Ï³ëåÇ³Ï³Ý Ý³íÃÁ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ßáõ-Ï³Ý»ñ Ñ³ëóÝ»Éáõ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ: Â»' ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¨ Ã»' èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÝ áõÝ»Ý é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Éáõñç ß³Ñ»ñ Ï³ëåÇ³Ï³Ý ³í³½³ÝáõÙ ¨ Ù»Í³å»ë ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í »Ý Ï³ë-åÇ³Ï³Ý Ý³íÃÇ ³ñï³Ñ³ÝÙ³Ý áõÕÇÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³ÑëÏÙ³Ý Ñ³ñ-óáõÙ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÙÇïí³Í ¿ñ Ýñ³Ý, áñ ¹ñ³Ýù ³ÝóÝ»Ý Çñ ï³ñ³Íùáí226: êñ³Ýáí Ïµ³ñÓ-ñ³Ý³ñ Ýñ³ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ¨ ¹³ ¹ñ³Ï³Ý ³½-¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ ÏáõÝ»Ý³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³: Â»¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõÝÇ ß³ï Ýå³ëï³íáñ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ¹Çñù, ù³ÝÇ áñ ·ïÝíáõÙ ¿ ²ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý ºíñáå³ÛÇ, èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ, Îáí-Ï³ëÇ áõ Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ²ñ¨»ÉùÇ Ë³ãÙ»ñáõÏÝ»ñáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ áõÝÇ »ñÏ³ñ³Å³ÙÏ»ï é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ëå³éÝ³ÉÇù, áñÁ ¿Ý»ñ·»-ïÇÏ Ï³Ëí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³×áÕ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý³íÃÇ Ï³ñÇù áõÝÇ: Àëï ¿áõÃÛ³Ý` »Ã» ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý»ñÏ³ÛÇë Ï³Ëí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý»ñÏñíáÕ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ³ÕµÛáõñÝ»ñÇó Ï³½-ÙáõÙ ¿ Ùáï 65 %, ³å³ ëå³ëíáõÙ ¿, áñ ·³ÉÇù »ñÏáõ ï³ëÝ³Ù-Û³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ³Ûë óáõó³ÝÇßÁ Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ ¿ Ùáï 75 %-Ç227: àñå»ë½Ç ÇÝã-áñ Ó¨áí Ï³ÝË»Ý ³Ûë ëå³éÝ³ÉÇùÁ, Ãáõñù ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñÁ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ó³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ÛïÝ»óÇÝ ÉÇáíÇÝ û·ï³·áñÍ»Éáõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ¹ÇñùÇ ³é³í»-ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ:

¶Çï³Ïó»Éáí, áñ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ïñ³Ýëåáñï³ÛÇÝ áõÕÇÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÝáõÛÝù³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ áõ ¹Åí³ñ ¿, áñù³Ý ¿-

226 Winrow M. Gareth, Turkey’s Relations With The Transcaucasus and The Central Asian Republics, Perseption-Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 1, March-May, 1996, p. 140. 227 Turkish Weekly, 13. 10. 2004, Baran Zeyno, The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications For Turkey, The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute- Silk Road Studies Program, May 2005, p. 13.

126

Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ å³ß³ñÝ»ñÇÝÁ, Ýñ³Ýù ³é³í»É áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ »ñµ¨Çó» Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ³Ù»Ý³Ï³ñ¨áñ Ý³Ë³·Í»ñÇó Ù»ÏÇ` ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ Íñ³·ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³ÝÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý åÉ³Ý³íáñ»É ¿ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É §²ñ¨»Éù-²ñ¨Ùáõïù ïñ³Ýëåáñï³ÛÇÝ ÙÇç³Ýóù¦, áñÁ Î»Ýï-ñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ ÎáíÏ³ëÇ Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç Ñ³Ýù³í³Ûñ»ñÁ ÙÇ³óÝ»Éáõ ¿ñ ²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ºíñáå³ÛÇ ßáõÏ³Ý»-ñÇ Ñ»ï: ´³óÇ ³Û¹` ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ Çñ³-·áñÍÙ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ó³ÝÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ µ³í³ñ³ñ»É »ñÏñÇ ³ñ³-·áñ»Ý ³×áÕ Ý³íÃÇ Ý»ñùÇÝ å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñÁ228: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³-Ù³ñ ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ Ý³Ë³·ÇÍÁ é³½Ù³-í³ñ³Ï³Ý áõ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»ñ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý É³í ¿ñ Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ áõ Î³ë-åÇ³Ï³Ý Ý³íÃÇ å³ß³ñÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý ³ñÅ»ùÁ, áñÝ ¿³å»ë µ³ñÓñ³Ý³Éáõ ¿ñ ²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÇó Ñ»ïá, áõëïÇ Ý³, û·ï³·áñÍ»Éáí æ»ÛÑ³ÝÇ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ¹ÇñùÁ, Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ ¹³ñÓÝ»É ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ, áñÁ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ Ïï³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ³ÝÑ³Ù»Ù³ï ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝ Ó»éù µ»ñ»É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ: Î³ñ¨áñ å³ï-×³éÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ Ý³¨ ³ÛÝ, áñ ÉÇÝ»Éáí Ü²îú-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù áõ ²ØÜ-Ç é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÁ` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ç³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ë»ñïá-ñ»Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, áñÁ ÏÙ»Í³ó-Ý»ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

Üáñ Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É ùÝÝ³ñÏáõÙÝ»ñÝ ëÏëí»óÇÝ ¹»é¨ë 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ: Üáñ Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕ Ï³éáõó»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ùÝÝ³ñÏíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÝ»ñ: èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÝ ³é³çÇÝ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ, áñ åÝ¹áõÙ ¿ñ, Ã» Ýáñ Ý³íÃ³-ÙáõÕÁ å»ïù ¿ ³ÝóÝÇ Çñ ï³ñ³Íùáí: èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ó³ÝÏ³-

228 Robert Ebel and Menon Rejan, Energy and Conflict in Central Asia and the Caucasus, New York, 2000, pp. 225-229.

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ÝáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ Ï³ëåÇ³Ï³Ý Ý³íÃÝ ³ÝóÝ»ñ ·áñÍáÕ ÑÛáõëÇë³ÛÇÝ` ´³ùáõ-ÜáíáéáëÇÛëÏ »ñÃáõÕáí, áñÝ ëÏÇ½µ ¿ñ ³éÝáõÙ ´³ùíÇó, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ³ÝóÝ»Éáí â»ãÝÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí` Ñ³ëÝáõÙ ê¨ Íá-íáõÙ éáõë³Ï³Ý ÜáíáéáëÇÛëÏ Ý³í³Ñ³Ý·ÇëïÁ, áñï»ÕÇó ¿É Ý³íÃÁ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ý»ÕáõóÝ»ñáí ï³ÝÏ»ñÝ»ñáí ÷áË³¹ñíáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ßáõÏ³Ý»ñ229: èáõë³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÇ ·ÉË³íáñ ÁÝ¹¹ÇÙ³ËáëÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, áñÁ Ù»Í ç³Ýù»ñ ¿ñ ·áñÍ³¹ñáõÙ` Ë³÷³Ý»Éáõ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ: Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý, ÑÇÙù ÁÝ¹áõÝ»Éáí ´áëýáñÇ ¨ ¸³ñ¹³Ý»ÉÇ ¿ÏáÉá·Ç³Ï³Ý íÇ×³ÏÇÝ áõ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³ÝÁ ëå³éÝ³óáÕ íï³Ý·Ý»ñÁ, ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ë³÷³Ý»É ´³ùáõ-ÜáíáéáëÇÛëÏ Ý³Ë³·ÇÍÁ: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ ´³ùáõ-ÜáíáéáëÇÛëÏ Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÁ` áñå»ë Ï³ë-åÇ³Ï³Ý Ý³íÃÇ ³ñï³Ñ³ÝÙ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ³Ï, ãÇñ³-·áñÍí»ó ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Éáõñç å³ï×³éÝ»ñáí: ¸ñ³Ýó Ù»ç ³é³çÇÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É ³ÛÝ, áñ â»ãÝÇ³ÛáõÙ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ï³Ù³ñ-ïáõÃÛ³Ý ëÏëí»Éáõ Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí í»ñáÑÇßÛ³É Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ ÉÇ³ñ-Å»ù ·áñÍ³ñÏáõÙÁ íï³Ý·Ç »ÝÃ³ñÏí»ó, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨` Ñ³Ý¹Ç-å»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ ²ØÜ-Ç Éáõñç Ñ³Ï³½¹»óáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, áñáÝù Ù»-Í³å»ë ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ¿ÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ßñç³ÝóáÕ Ý³íÃ³-ÙáõÕÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ùµ ¨ ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ç³Ýù»ñ ¿ÇÝ ·áñÍ³¹ñáõÙ ³Û¹ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ:

Üß»Ýù, áñ ùÝÝ³ñÏíáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÁ, Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ áñÇ Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÁ Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇó Æñ³ÝÇ ï³ñ³Í-ùáí å»ïù ¿ Ñ³ëÝ»ñ ä³ñëÇó Íáó: ²Ûë Ý³Ë³·ÍÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³ó-Ù³Ý ¹»åùáõÙ ³ÛÝ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ ³Ù»Ý³Ï³ñ× áõÕÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Æñ³ÝÁ ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý Ý»ñ¹ñáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÙÇ ß³ñù å³ï×³éÝ»ñáí ³Ý-

229 Lester W. Grau, Hydrocarbons and a New Stratejic Region: The Caspian Sea and Central Asia. Foreign Military Studies Office, Fort Leavenworth, KS, www.globalsecurity.org/militart/library/report/2001/hydrocarbons.htm

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Ü³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó µ³-Ý³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ í³ñ»É ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ, ìñ³ëï³ÝÇ, Ô³½³Ëë-ï³ÝÇ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: ´³Ý³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³Ó»éÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ 1998 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇ 15-ÇÝ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý, ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÁ ¨ ìñ³ëï³ÝÁ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ §öáËÁÙµéÝ-Ù³Ý Ñáõß³·Çñ¦, Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ áñÇ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñ »ñÏñáõÙ ëï»ÕÍí»Éáõ ¿ÇÝ ³ßË³ï³Ýù³ÛÇÝ ËÙµ»ñ: ²í»ÉÇ áõß ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÝ»ñÇ Ùñó³å³Ûù³ñáõÙ ëï³ó³í ßáß³÷»ÉÇ ³é³-í»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ: 1998 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇ 29-ÇÝ Ð. ²ÉÇ¨Á, ê. ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÁ, ¾. Þí³ñ¹Ý³Ó»Ý, Ü. Ü³½³ñµ³¨Á ¨ Æ. ø³ñÇÙáíÁ ëïáñ³·ñ»-óÇÝ ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³Ý í»ñ³-µ»ñÛ³É ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ Ñéã³Ï³·ÇñÁ231: ²ØÜ-Ç ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ³ÛÇ Ý³-Ë³ñ³ñ ´. èÇã³ñ¹ëáÝÁ ¹Çïáñ¹Ç Ï³ñ·³íÇ×³Ïáí ¨ë ëïá-ñ³·ñ»ó Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ÇñÁ: Ð³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ Ñéã³Ï³·ñÇ` Ù³ëÝ³ÏÇó ÏáÕÙ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ÇÝ Ñ³ÛïÝáõÙ ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-

230 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ: 231 Zaman, 30. 10. 1998.

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²ÛëåÇëáí, ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ Ï³éáõó-Ù³Ý í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý áñáßáõÙÁ Ï³Û³óí»ó 1999 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ 18-ÇÝ` º²ÐÎ êï³ÙµáõÉÛ³Ý ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï: Ð³í»-É»Ýù, áñ 3, 7 ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñ ³ñÅáÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ ³ÙµáÕç »ñÏ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ 1,760 ÏÇÉáÙ»ïñ:

²í»ÉÇ áõß` 2002 Ã. û·áëïáëÇ 1-ÇÝ, Ý³Ë³·Íáí ß³-Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ÏáÕÙ»ñÁ ÏÝù»óÇÝ Ýáñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý ëï»ÕÍÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ å³ÛÙ³Ý³·ÇñÁ234: ²Û¹ ûñÁ ÈáÝ¹áÝáõÙ ëï»ÕÍí»ó §´³-ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ (BTC co.) ÏáãíáÕ í»ñ³½-·³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ Ï³éáõÛó, áñÝ ¿É å»ïù ¿ Ï³éáõó»ñ ¨ ß³Ñ³·áñÍ»ñ Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÁ: Üáñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ÷³Û³ï»ñÝ ³Ý·Éá-³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý ´ñÇÃÇß ö»ÃñáÉÇáõÙ (British Petroleum) ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ ¿ñ` 30,1 % µ³ÅÝ»Ù³ëáí: 2002 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 17-ÇÝ ´³ùíÇó áã ß³ï Ñ»éáõ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ, ìñ³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³·³ÑÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÝ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³í ßÇÝ³ñ³-

232 Ãóñåéíîâ Â., Êàñïèéñêàÿ íåôòü, ýêîíîìèêà è ãåîïîëèòèêà, Ì., 2002, ñ. 281. 233 Hürriyet, 19.11.1999. 234 Alexander’s Gas And Oil Connections, Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company Founded, Augostos 30, 2002, http://www.gasandoil.com/news/central_asia/06e64ce97241a092b52d5a35d6be6a60

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235 BBC World Service. Caspian Pipeline Dream Becomes Reality, Tuesday, 17 September, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2263611.htm 236 Akpiner Erdal, Bakü-Tiflis-Ceyhan (BTC) Ham Petrol Boru Hattı ve Türkiye Jeopolitiğine Etkileri, GÜ, Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, Cilt 25, Sayı 2, 2005, s. 237. 237 ê³ýñ³ëïÛ³Ý è., èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ð³ñ³í³ÛÇÝ Îáí-Ï³ëáõÙ.................. ¿ç 38:

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238 Öğütçü Mehmet, Caspian Energy ''Poker Game'' And Turkey: Prospects for a New Approach, the CEPMLP Internet Journal, Vol. 8, Abstract 5, April 2001, www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmip/journal/html/vol8/vol8-5.html

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135

ï³ÉÁ: ²Ûë ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ éáõë³Ï³Ý µÇ½Ý»ëÇ Ñ³çáÕáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ Ï³åí³Í ¿ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÇó, áñÝ ¿É Ýå³ï³Ï³áõÕÕí³Í ·ÝáõÙ ¿ í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ë-ï³ïÙ³Ý:

²é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³ñ¨áñ Ùñó³ÏÇó ¿ñ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ÙÝ³É Æñ³ÝÁ: ì»ñçÇÝë 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó ÷áñÓ»ó Ýá-ñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ÁÝ¹É³ÛÝ»É Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Ó»éÝ³ÙáõË »Õ³í Ù³ÛñáõÕÇÝ»ñÇ ¨ »ñÏ³Ã·-Í»ñÇ Ï³éáõóÙ³ÝÁ: úñÇÝ³Ï` 1996 Ã. Ù³ÛÇëÇÝ µ³óí»ó Çñ³Ý³-Ï³Ý Ø³ßÑ³¹ ù³Õ³ùÇó ÙÇÝã¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ Â»ç»Ý ù³Õ³ù Ó·íáÕ 300 ÏÙ »ñÏ³ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ »ñÏ³Ã·ÇÍÁ245: Æñ³ÝÇÝ Ñ»-ï³ùñùñáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ ÃáõñùÙ»Ý³Ï³Ý ·³½Á: Ü³ Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ ³ÛÝ ³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ßáõÏ³Ý»ñ ï»Õ³÷áËí»ñ Æñ³ÝÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí: ²ÛëåÇëáí, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ãáõñù-Çñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³Ïí»ó: ²ÛÝ ÑÇÙÝ³-Ï³ÝáõÙ ï³ñ³Íí»ó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý 8-ñ¹ 5-³ÙÛ³ åÉ³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ïáõÏ µ³ÅÇÝ ¿ Ñ³ïÏ³óí³Í ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ` Ýß»Éáí §½³ñ·³ó-Ý»É Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ, ·ÇïáõÃ-Û³Ý ¨ ï»ËÝÇÏ³ÛÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ¦246: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, ãÝ³Û³Í ïí³Í ËáëïáõÙÝ»ñÇÝ (ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇÝ ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»É Éáõñç ýÇÝ³Ýë³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ) ã¿ñ Ï³ñáÕ ³ÛÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É, áõëïÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ

245 Herzing Edmund, Iran and Central Asia, Central Asian Security, Editors Roy Alison, Lena Jonson, Royal institute of International Affairs, Brooking Institution Press, 2001, London-Washington, p. 179. 246 Türkiye ile Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Bölge Ülkeleri İlişkileri Özel İhtisas Komisyonu Raporu.................s. 51.

136

Ùáï ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ áñáß³ÏÇ ÑÇ³ëÃ³÷áõÃÛáõÝ ³é³-ç³ó³í: îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý áÉáñïáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñÍ³¹ñ³Í ç³Ý-ù»ñÝ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ë»÷³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ·»ñ³·Ý³-Ñ³ïÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ ¿ñ: ä³ï³Ñ³Ï³Ý ã¿, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ä»-ï³Ï³Ý åÉ³Ý³íáñÙ³Ý í³ñãáõÃÛ³Ý 2000 Ã. í»ñáÝßÛ³É åÉ³ÝÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³-ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É Ï³½Ùí³Í Ñ³ïáõÏ Ñ³ÝÓÝ³Åá-ÕáíÇ ½»ÏáõÛóÇ Ù»ç ÝßíáõÙ ¿ñ. §²ÝÇñ³·áñÍ»ÉÇ ËáëïáõÙÝ»ñ ãï³ÉÁ ¨ ËáëïáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ï³ï³ñ»ÉÁ Ïµ³ñÓñ³óÝÇ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ íëï³ÑáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ù»ñ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ¦247:

²ÛëåÇëáí, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ß³-ñáõÝ³Ï»ó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ê³Ï³ÛÝ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñçÇÝ ¹ñ³Ýó Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ïñ×³ïí»óÇÝ, á-ñÁ, Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛáõÙ ëÏëí³Í ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³Ùáí (³Ûë Ù³ëÇÝ ï»ë ³é³çÇÝ ¨ »ñÏñáñ¹ ³ÕÛáõë³ÏÝ»ñÇ óáõó³ÝÇßÝ»ñÁ): Üß»Ýù, áñ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó èáõë³ëï³ÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³ÏïÇí³óñ»ó, áñÇ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý ³½¹»-óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¹³ñÓ³í ³ÝÇñ³-Ï³Ý: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ãÝ³Û³Í ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý óáõó³ÝÇß-Ý»ñÇ ³×ÇÝ, Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ï-Ù³Ùµ í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÁ ÷áËí»É ¿ñ. ÷áË³ñ»ÝÁ Ù»Í³ó»É ¿ÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÁ: ²ÍË³ç-ñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙÝ»ñÁ Ù»Í ã¿ÇÝ: Üñ³Ýù èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇÝ ³é³ç ù³ß»óÇÝ ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ¹ñ³Ýù Ñ³çáÕ Ñ³Ù³ñ»É ãÇ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ: ö³ëïÝ ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ èáõë³ë- 247 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 32-57:

137

ï³ÝÝ ³Ûë µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ ÙÝ³É ·»ñ³Ï³ ¹Çñ-ù»ñáõÙ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ßáß³÷»ÉÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÇ ãÑ³ë³í Ý³¨ îÐÎ-Ç ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõÝ»ó³í áñáß³ÏÇ Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙÝ»ñ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ áñ¨¿ µÝ³·³í³-éáõÙ í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý ãÏ³ñáÕ³ó³í Ñ³ëÝ»É:

2.2 ÎðÂ²ØÞ²ÎàôÂ²ÚÆÜ Ð²ð²´ºðàôÂÚàôÜÜºðÀ

ÂàôðøÆ²ÚÆ ºì ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü ²êÆ²ÚÆ ÂÚàôðø²Èº¼àô ºðÎðÜºðÆ ØÆæºì (1990-²Î²Ü ÂÂ.)

ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñ-Ó»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Í»É áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ³ÛÉ¨ ÏñÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÁ ù³ñá-½áõÙ ¿ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó áõ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³éÏ³ ¿ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, É»½í³Ï³Ý, ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý, å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Üß»Ýù, áñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³-é³í³ñáÕ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³Ûë ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»-ñÁ: Üñ³Ýù ç³Ýù»ñ ·áñÍ³¹ñ»óÇÝ û·ï³·áñÍ»É ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý, ·Ç-ïáõÃÛ³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ áõ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÁ:

ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³é³ç³ó³í áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ³ÛÉ Ý³¨ ·³Õ³-÷³ñ³Ï³Ý í³ÏáõáõÙ, áñÝ ¿É ÷áñÓ»óÇÝ ÉóÝ»É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõ Æ-ñ³ÝÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÛÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½-ÙÇ, ÇëÏ Æñ³ÝÁ` ÇëÉ³ÙÇ ·áñÍáÝáí: ö³ëïáñ»Ý, Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Æñ³ÝÇ Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÁÝÃ³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ³éáõÙáí248:

248 Oran Baskın, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 421:

138

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Å³é³Ý-·áõÃÛ³ÝÁ ïÇñ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ù»Í ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ óáõ-ó³µ»ñ»ó, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ÏñÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³-ÛÇÝ ³éáõÙáí ÃáõÉ³óÝ»É èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¹Çñù»ñÁ: ²Ûë Ýå³ï³-Ïáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áã å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï»ñåáí ëÏë»ó ù³ñá½»É ¨ Ëñ³Ëáõë»É å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ: ä³ïÙ³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, É»½í³Ï³Ý áõ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí, ÇëÏ Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ÑÇÙù»ñáí, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñ-ÓáõÙ ¿ñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇó Ñ»é³óÝ»É áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, ³ÛÉ¨ è¸-Ç Ï³½ÙáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ Ù³ÑÙ»¹³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕ-ÙÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, ÉÇÝ»Éáí ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ, Çñ ³½¹»-óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ëï³ï»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí É³ÛÝáñ»Ý û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ñ ÇëÉ³ÙÁ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ Çñ ¹»ë-å³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ»óÝ»Éáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõÕ³ñÏáõÙ ¿ñ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍÇãÝ»ñÇ, áñáÝù ³ßË³ïáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ, Ù»çÉÇëÝ»ñáõÙ áõ ï»Õ³Ï³Ý É»½áõÝ»-ñáí ù³ñá½áõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ôáõñ³ÝÁ: ²Ûë ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»ñÇ Ùáï µ³ñÓ-ñ³óÝ»É ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ÇÝùÝ³·Çï³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ249: Âáõñù å³ß-ïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÝ û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³-÷³ñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¹³ñÓÛ³É í»ñ³ÍÝí»óÇÝ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ í³ñã³å»ï ê. ¸»ÙÇñ»ÉÁ 1992 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñÇÝ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»ó ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ Ó¨³íáñÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, áñÁ ëÏëí»Éáõ ¿ñ ²¹ñÇ³ïÇÏ ÍáíÇó ÙÇÝã¨ âÇÝ³Ï³Ý Ù»Í å³ïÁ250: àñáß Ãáõñù Ñ»ï³½áïáÕÝ»ñÇ Ï³ñÍÇùáí 1992 Ã. ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáí å³ßïáÝ³å»ë ÍÝí»ó ÃÛáõñ-

249 Ñòàð÷åíêîâ Ã. È., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 150: 250 Cumhuriyet, 24. 02. 1992.

139

ù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÁ251, áñÝ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ³Ûëå»ë ¿ñ ÏáãíáõÙ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ³éáõÙáí: Üáñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý í»ñ³Ó¨áõÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ÙÇ³ëÇÝ Ï³ï³ñí»ó Ý³¨ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý í»ñ³Ó¨áõÙ-Ý»ñ: ²ÛëåÇëáí` ³ëå³ñ»½ »Ï³Ý 60 ÙÇÉÇáÝ µÝ³ÏãáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÑÇÝ· ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, î³çÇÏëï³ÝÝ ¿É Ñ»ïÁ` í»ó ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³-Ë³·³Ñ Â. ú½³ÉÇ Ëáëù»ñáí` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³-ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ïñí»ó Ó¨³íáñ»Éáõ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÁ:

Æñ³ÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ëï³ïí»É »ñ»ù ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí` ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý áõ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý: ¶³Õ³÷³-ñ³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÇëÉ³ÙÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñ-Ý»ñÇ µ³ó³Ñ³Ûï ù³ñá½áõÙÝ ¿ñ Æñ³ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó, áñÇÝ Ñ³ïÏ³-å»ë Ïáßï å³ï³ëË³Ý ¿ñ ï³ÉÇë àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Æ. ø³ñÇÙáíÁ: Üñ³ ³Ûë ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙÝ ³í»ÉÇ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹í»ó` Ï³åí³Í î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ §ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý¦ Ñ»ï, »ñµ ³Ûë-ï»Õ ÁÝÃ³óáÕ ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý å³ï»ñ³½ÙáõÙ Ý³ Æñ³ÝÇÝ µ³ó³Ñ³Ûï Ù»Õ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÝ ³Ý-Ï³ÛáõÝ³óÝ»Éáõ Ù»ç: ø³ñÇÙáíÁ ¹»Ù ¿ñ ÇëÉ³ÙÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-Ý³óÙ³ÝÁ: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ÇëÉ³ÙÁ Ù»Í ï³ñ³ÍáõÙ ã·ï³í: Î³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ ³Ù»Ý »ñÏÇñ áõÝÇ Çñ Ûáõñ³Ñ³ïáõÏ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ-·Á, áñÝ ³é³ÝÓÇÝ áõëáõÙÝ³ëÇñáõÃÛ³Ý ËÝ¹Çñ ¿: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇó Æñ³ÝÁ ç»ñÙ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ëÏë»ó î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: Â»Ññ³ÝÁ î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý Ç-ñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ µ³½Ù³µÝáõÛÃ Íñ³·ñ»ñ` ß»ßïÁ ¹Ý»Éáí Ùß³-

251 Bal Idris, Turkey’s Relations with the West and Turkic Republics. Rise and Fall of the Turkish Model,........p. 81.

140

ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ¨ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ íñ³: Üñ³ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ í»-ñ³÷áË»É ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á ¨ ÏÇñÇÉÛ³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÁ252:

ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³ÏÝ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É, áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ùáï ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝ ³é³ç³óñ»ó å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ, ù³Ý ÇëÉ³ÙÇ½ÙÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ: Ø»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí` ë³ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃ-Û³Ùµ, (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ÏñÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ¨ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³-Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ), Ý³¨ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Í³·Ù³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ý-ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï:

²Ûë ËÝ¹ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³é³í»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ ³ÛÝ, áñ Ý³ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï áõÝ»ñ å³ïÙ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ áõ É»½í³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: 1992 Ã. Ù³ñïÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³ï³ñ³Í Ãáõñù³-Ï³Ý å³ïíÇñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ëïáñ³·ñ»ó ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ, áñáÝóÇó ß³ï»ñÁ í»-ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ, ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³é-Ý»ñáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÇ ³-½³ï ï»Õ³ß³ñÅÇÝ ¨ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ëï³Ý³Éáõ Íñ³·ñ»ñÇÝ: ²Ûë Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó ³ñï³óáÉáõÙÝ ·ï³Ý Ý³¨ 1992 Ã. ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, 1991-1992 ÃÃ. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³-Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ÏÝùí³Í å³ÛÙ³Ý³·ñ»ñáõÙ Ï³ÛÇÝ Ý³¨ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÇÝ í»ñ³µ»ñáÕ Ñ³Ù³Ó³Û-Ý³·ñ»ñ: ²ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å»ï³Ï³Ý åÉ³Ý³íáñÙ³Ý í»-ó»ñáñ¹ Íñ³·ñáõÙ Ñ³ïáõÏ áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓí»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»-

252 Ìàðòà Áðèëë Îëêîòò, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 97:

141

½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý, ï»Õ»Ï³ïíáõÃÛ³Ý, ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ253:

²é³çÝ³ÛÇÝ Ï³ñ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ïñí»ó ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³-í³éÇÝ` Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³-Ï³ñ·áí Ó¨³íáñ»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑ: ²Ûë Ñ³ñóáõÙ ³ÏïÇí ¿ÇÝ å»ï³Ï³Ý ¨ áã å»ï³Ï³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÁ: àñå»ë å»ï³-Ï³Ý Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³é³ÝÓÝ³óÝ»É ä»ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë-ï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ (Devlet Kuruluşlar), áñáÝù Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ²½·³ÛÇÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı), §´³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ËáñÑáõñ¹Á¦ (Yüksek Öğretim

Kurumu), §Ð³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñ ¨ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñ-åáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³Ý¹Çë³óáÕ Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÇ áõëáõóÙ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»-ñÁ¦ (Üniversiteler ve Üniversite kuruluşu olarak TÖMER-Türkçe Dil

Öğretimi Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi) ¨ ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍ³Ï³ÉáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Türk İktisadi Kalkınma

Ajansı), ÇëÏ Ù³ëÝ³·Çï³óí³Í ËáñÑáõñ¹Ý»ñÝ ¿ÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³¹-ñ³ÙÝ»ñÝ áõ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ (Vakıflar-Dernekler) ¨ ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ (Ticari Şirketler)254: ²½·³ÛÇÝ ÏñÃáõÃ-Û³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ÏÇó ·áñÍáõÙ »Ý Ý³¨ §²ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ áõëáõóÙ³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ í³ñãáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦ (Yurtdışı

Eğitim Öğretim Genel Müdürlüğü), §´³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝ¹-Ñ³Ýáõñ í³ñãáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦ (Yüksek Öğretim Genel Müdürlüğü):

ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ³Ù»Ý³ï³ñ³Íí³Í ÑÇÙÝ³¹-ñ³ÙÝ»ñÝ »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÁ (Turkiye

Diyanet Vakfı), ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÁ (Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı), ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³-éáÕçáõÃÛ³Ý áõ µáõÅÙ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÁ (Türkiye Sağlık ve Tedavi 253 Altıncı Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1990-1994), s. 293, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/plan6.pdf 254 Yazgan Turan, Türkiyenin Türk Dünyasındaki Eğitim-Öğretim Faliyetleri, Kamu-İş, Cilt 7, Sayı 2, 2003, s. 3.

142

Vakfı), ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Éñ³·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ ¨ ·ñáÕÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÁ

(Türkiye Gazeteciler ve Yazarlar Vakfı), ÆëÉ³ÙÇÝ áõ ³½·³ÛÇÝ Ùß³-ÏáõÛÃÇÝ Í³é³Û»Éáõ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÁ (İslam ve Milli Kültüre Hizmet

Vakfı) ¨ ³ÛÉÝ255: ²Ûë ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÝ»ñÇó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³-ÛáõÙ É³ÛÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ß-Ë³ñÑÇ Ñ»ï³½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÁ: ì»ñçÇÝë Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇçáó³-éáõÙÝ»ñ ¨ áõÝ»ñ ï³ñµ»ñ ËáñÑáõñ¹Ý»ñ áõ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñ: ¸ñ³Ýó Ù»ç Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³é³ÝÓÝ³óÝ»É »ñ»ùÁ. §ÂÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÁ¦ (Türk Dünyası

Kültür Merkezleri), §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ ÉÇó»ÛÝ»ñÁ¦ (Türk

Dünyası Liseleri) ¨ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ µ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý í³ñãáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ¦ (Türk Dünyası Yüksek Öğretim

Kurumları)256: ²Ûë Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí»óÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ, µ³Ûó ëñ³ÝóÇó ¨ áã Ù»ÏÁ ãÇ ·áñÍáõÙ î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ: ²Ûë µáÉáñ Ù³ñÙÇÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÝ»ñÇ ÑÇÙÝáõÙÁ Ù»½ ÃáõÛÉ »Ý ï³ÉÇë »½ñ³Ï³óÝ»Éáõ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ù»Í ï»Õ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³-ÝÁ` ÷áñÓ»Éáí ³Ûë µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ: ²Ýßáõßï, ëñ³ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ éáõë³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÃáõÉ³ó-Ý»ÉÝ ¿ñ:

ÎñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ½³ñ-·³óÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí 1993 Ã. ÑáõÉÇëÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»ó §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ß-Ë³ñÑÇ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñÇ é»ÏïáñÝ»ñÇ Ùßï³Ï³Ý ·Çï³Åá-ÕáíÁ¦, (Türk Dünyası Üniversite Rektörleri Daimi Konferansı) áñ-ï»Õ ùÝÝ³ñÏí»óÇÝ ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ý³Ë³·Í»ñ: Âáõñ-

255 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 4: 256 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 12:

143

ùÇ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»ó Ù³ëÝ³·Çï³Ï³Ý í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñ, áñÇÝ Ù³ëÝ³Ïó»óÇÝ ï³ëÝÛ³Ï Ù³ñ-¹ÇÏ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇó257:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ µá-Éáñ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ µ³óí»óÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³í³· ¹åñáóÝ»ñ, ÉÇó»Û-Ý»ñ, Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³å³ïñ³ëï³Ï³Ý Ïáõñë»ñ, ÇëÉ³-Ù³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñ ¨ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñ: ²Ûëå»ë, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý 13 ³í³· ¹åñáóÝ»ñ, ÇëÏ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ` 27-Á: ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ²½·³-ÛÇÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÏáÕÙÇó ÑÇÙÝí»É ¨ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ É»½áõÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý Ù»Ï Ï»ÝïñáÝ258: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 20 ¹åñáóÝ»ñ µ³ó»ó ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ, áñáÝóÇó ãáñëÁ å³ïÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃ-Û³ÝÁ, ÇëÏ ÙÝ³ó³ÍÁ` §Baskent¦ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ259: àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñí»óÇÝ 25 ³í³· ¹åñáóÝ»ñ: ÀÝ¹-Ñ³Ýñ³å»ë ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ Ù»ç àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÁ Ï³ñ¨áñ ï»Õ ¿ ·ñ³íáõÙ: ²Ûë Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÝ ¿É ÑÇÙù ÁÝ¹áõÝ»Éáí` àõ½-µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ Ï³éáõóí»óÇÝ Ù½ÏÇÃÝ»ñ ¨ µ³óí»óÇÝ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ¹åñáóÝ»ñ: ²Ûë ¹åñáóÝ»ñáõÙ áõëáõó³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÇëÉ³Ù, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` Ýñ³Ýù ¹³éÝáõÙ »Ý ÇÙ³ÙÝ»ñ áõ ÅáÕáíñ¹Ç Ù»ç ï³ñ³ÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÇëÉ³ÙÁ: Üß»Ýù, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÑÇÙÝ-í³Í µáÉáñ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý ÙÛáõë Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃ-

257 Saadettin Gömeç, Türkiye-Türk Cumhuriyetleri İlişkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, Cilt 1/1, Full, 2007, ss. 119-120. 258 Yaşar Sayı, Turkish Schools and Universities in Kyrgyzstan. The Times of Central Asia, June 2006, http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=2134 259 Fusun Akkok, Balci Ayse and Demir E. Cennet, The Role of Turkish Schools in the Educational System and Social Transformation of Central Asian Countries: the Case of Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan, Central Asian Survey, Vol. 19, No. 1, March 2000, p. 142.

144

ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÙ Ãáõñù ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÝ áõ µ³ñ»·áñÍ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ý³¨ ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇÝ å³ïÏ³ÝáÕ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÝ Áëï ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃ-Û³Ý å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛùÇ áõÝÇ Ñ»ï¨Û³É å³ïÏ»ñÁ (³ÕÛáõë³Ï 5)260:

²ÕÛáõë³Ï 5.

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²¹ñµ»ç³Ý 1 11 1 1 2 Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý - 27 1 3 2 ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý 2 11 1 - 1 ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³Ý 4 16 1 - 1 àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý 7 18 1 - -

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõ-

ÝÁ Ýå³ï³Ï³áõÕÕí»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹-Ý»ñÇÝ áõÕáñ¹»É ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³Éë³-

260 Turkish Ministry of Educational Statistics, http://www.meb.gov.tr/Stats/ist97/MYHTML45.htm , Aras Bülent, Turkey’s Policy in the Former Soviet South: Assets and Options, Turkish Studies, 1:1, 2000, pp. 36-58.

145

ñ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ¨ ³ÛÉ áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: Æñ³-Ï³Ý³óí³Í Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ëÏë»óÇÝ ëáíáñ»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó µ³½Ù³ÃÇí áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñ: ²Ûëå»ë` Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇó 1992-93 ÃÃ. µ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ÂáõñùÇ³ Ù»ÏÝ»ó 1109 »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹, ÇëÏ ÙÇçÝ³Ï³ñ· ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ` 169: ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇó ÝáõÛÝ áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý ï³ñáõÙ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 1,185 »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñ ëï³ó³Ý µ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ, ÇëÏ 519-Á` ÙÇçÝ³Ï³ñ·: 1992-93 áõë. ï³ñáõÙ 384 »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇó áõ-Õ³ñÏí»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³` ëï³Ý³Éáõ µ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ, ÇëÏ 344-ÇÝ` ëï³Ý³Éáõ ÙÇçÝ³Ï³ñ· ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ: 1992-93 ÃÃ. áõ½µ»Ï »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ÇÝ ëï³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ: Þáõïáí Ýñ³ÝóÇó ß³ï»ñÁ Ñ³ñ»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ áõ½µ»Ï³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹¹ÇÙáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, áñÇ å³ï×³éáí ¿É àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ Ù³ëÇÝ Ñ»ï Ï³Ýã»óÇÝ: 1992-93 ÃÃ. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ëáíáñáõÙ ¿ñ 1120 áõë³ÝáÕ: 1993-94 ÃÃ. 244-Á Ñ»ï Ï³Ýãí»óÇÝ: àõ½µ»Ï áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÇó ß³ï»ñÁ, ë³-Ï³ÛÝ, Ñ»ï³·³ÛáõÙ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·Ý»óÇÝ Çñ»Ýó áõë³ÝáÕ³Ï³Ý Ç-ñ³íáõÝùÁ ¨ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»óÇÝ áõëáõÙÝ³éáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³Ûëå»ë` 1997 Ã. Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ í»ñ³Ï³Ý·Ý-í»óÇÝ 438 áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñ261: ÆëÏ 2001 Ã. ÙÇ³ÛÝ 6 áõ½µ»Ï »ñÇï³-ë³ñ¹Ý»ñ áõÕ³ñÏí»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõ:

Üß»Ýù, áñ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÙë Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ »ñÇ-ï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ »Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñµ»ñ áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ Ýñ³Ýó ÃÇíÁ, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ³é³çÇÝ Ï»ëÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³Í, µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ Ïñ×³ïí»É ¿: ²Ûëå»ë` 1998 Ã. 16692 »ñÇï³-

261 Turkish Police Academy. Relations Between Turkey and the Turkic Republics, http://www.pa.edu.tr/tr/baskanlik/index.php?sayfa=14&id=3

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147

ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ññ³ï³ñ³Ï»ó ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý å³ïÙáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ·ñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¹³ë³·ñù»ñ: ¶ñù»ñÁ ·ñ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ 1995 Ã. Ù³ñïÇó, ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý É»½í³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ· ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ áõ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý É»½íÇ ù»ñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Ýáñ ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñ Ùß³Ï»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ëï»ÕÍí»ó Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ë-Ë³Ý Ñ³ïáõÏ Ñ³ÝÓÝ³ÅáÕáí:

î³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³í»ÉÇ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹»-Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñ¨áñáõÙ ¿ñ ï»-Õ»ñáõÙ µ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÙÁ: ²Û¹ Ýå³-ï³Ïáí ¿É ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ÑÇÙÝí»óÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³Ý-Ý»ñ ÇÝãå»ë ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ ÏáÕÙÇó (ï»'ë ³ÕÛáõë³Ï 5):

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ»ó »ñ»ù Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝóÇó ³é³çÇÝÁ` Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ Âáõñ-ùÇëï³Ý ù³Õ³ùáõÙ 1991 Ã. §Hoca Ahmet Yesevi¦264 ÙÇç³½·³-ÛÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³Ý ³ÝáõÝáí: Ð³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝáõÙ áõ-ëáõóáõÙÁ Ï³ï³ñíáõÙ ¿ »ñ»ù É»½áõÝ»ñáí` Õ³½³Ë»ñ»Ý, Ãáõñ-ù»ñ»Ý áõ éáõë»ñ»Ý: Ð³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ áõÝ»ñ 12 ý³ÏáõÉï»ï265: ØÛáõëÁ Manas Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ ¿ñ, áñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñí»ó ÔñÕ½ëï³-ÝáõÙ 1995 Ã.266: ²Ûëï»Õ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝÁ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáõÙ ¿ñ ÕñÕ½»-ñ»Ýáí ¨ Ãáõñù»ñ»Ýáí, ÇëÏ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÁ áõÝ»ñ 4 ý³ÏáõÉ-ï»ï` 11 µ³ÅÇÝÝ»ñáí267: ²ßË³µ³¹áõÙ µ³óí»ó Ãáõñù-Ãáõñù-

264 ²ÑÙ»¹ Ú»ë»íÇÝ ³é³çÇÝ ëáõýÇ ÙÇëïÇÏÝ ¿ñ, áí ³åñ»É ¿ 12-ñ¹ ¹³ñáõÙ: Ü³ ³é³çÇÝÝ ¿ñ, áñ ÷áñÓ»ó Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÁ Ù³ùñ»É ³ñ³µ³Ï³Ý ¨ å³ñëÏ³Ï³Ý µ³é»ñÇó: Üñ³ ÙÇëïÇÏ³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ åá»ÙÁ ÏáãíáõÙ ¿ §ÆÙ³ëïáõÃÛáõÝ¦ (Hikmet): 265 Eigth Five-Year Devolopment Plan 2001-2005, Ankara, 2001, p. 56, http://ekutup.dtp.gov.tr/plan/viii/plan8.pdf 266 Fusun Akkok, Balci Ayse and Demir E. Cennet, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 142: 267 Kavak Yüksel ve Baskan Gülsün Atanur, Türkiye'nin Türk Cumhuriyetleri, Türk ve Akraba Topluluklarına Yönelik Eğitım Politika ve Uygulamları, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20:92, 2001, s. 95.

148

Ù»Ý³Ï³Ý ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÁ: î³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ µ³óí»óÇÝ Ý³¨ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³åÇï³Éáí ÙÇ ß³ñù áã å»ï³-Ï³Ý ÉÇó»ÛÝ»ñ ¨ áõëáõÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ268: Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÇ áõëáõóÙ³Ý ËÝ¹ñÇÝ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí µ³óí»óÇÝ Ñ³ïáõÏ ¹åñáóÝ»ñ (TÖMER), áñáÝù Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù»Í ³ßË³ï³Ýù ¿ÇÝ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ269: Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ³Ï-ïÇí³ó³Ý ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇó Ñ»ïá: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ î»Õ»Ï³ïí³Ï³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñí»ó éáõë-ï³çÇÏ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³-ÝÁ, áñÇÝ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ óáõÛó ï³ÉÇë TIKA-Ý270:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñ»ó Ý³¨ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ: àõëïÇ, é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ÏÝùí³Í Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¶ÉË³íáñ ßï³µÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ÃÛáõñ-ù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ëå³Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»óÇÝ Ñ³-ïáõÏ ¹³ëÁÝÃ³óÝ»ñ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ Ù³Ï³ñ¹³Ïáí ï»ÕÇ ¿ÇÝ áõ-Ý»ÝáõÙ ÷áË³¹³ñÓ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¨ ÏÝùíáõÙ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·-ñ»ñ: 2000 Ã. í»ñç»ñÇÝ ³ñ¹»Ý ³Ûë Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñÇ ßñç³-Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ Ùáï 2000 ëå³Ý»ñ ¿ÇÝ ëáíáñ»É áõ í»ñ³å³ï-ñ³ëïí»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ: 2001 Ã. ëÏë³Í` ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ »Ý

268 ×îòîåâ Ç., Âëèÿíèå Òóðöèè íà ðàçâèòèå ãîñóäàðñòâ Öåíò-ðàëüíîé Àçèè, Öåíòðàëüíàÿ Àçèÿ è Êàâêàç, íî. 2 (26), 2003, ñ. 85. 269 Kavak Yüksel ve Baskan Gülsün Atanur, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 98: 270 M. Efe Çaman and M. Ali Akyurt, Caucasus and Central Asia in Turkish Foreign Policy: The Time Has Come for a New Regional Policy, Alternatives Turkish Journal of International Relations, Vol. 10, No. 2-3, Summer-Fall, 2011, p.72.

149

ï³ñíáõÙ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ½ÇÝí³Í áõÅ»ñÁ Ü²îú-Ç ã³÷³ÝÇßÝ»-ñÇÝ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý»óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ:

ØÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ· Ó¨³íáñ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï áõÝ»Ý³É ÙÇ³ëÝ³-Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»Ý: Ð»Ýó ³Ûë áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¿É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó ù³Û-É»ñ Ó»éÝ³ñÏ»É` Ñ³ßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí É»½í³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÁ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ¹»é¨ë 1990 Ã. êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ Ññ³íÇñí»ó ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ ÏáÝý»ñ³Ýë` §Âáõñù»ëï³Ý¦ Ëáñ³·ñáí, áñï»Õ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å»ï³Ï³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñ ÎáÝáõÏÙ³ÝÁ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»ó, áñ µáÉáñ ÃÛáõñù»ñÇÝ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ù»Ï ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ³Ûµáõ-µ»Ý271: 1992 Ã. êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³Ó»éÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³í í»ó »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ (ÂáõñùÇ³, ²¹ñµ»ç³Ý, Ô³½³Ëë-ï³Ý, ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý, àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý ¨ ÐÛáõëÇë³ÛÇÝ ÎÇåñáëÇ Ãáõñ-ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ) Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ý¹Ç-åáõÙ, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó Ó¨³íáñ»É É»½í³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝ: ÜÙ³Ý Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙÝ»ñ Ñ»-ï³·³ÛáõÙ ¨ë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»óÇÝ: Üß»Ýù, áñ ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇ ÷áË-Ù³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ù»Í ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝ óáõó³µ»ñ»ó Ý³¨ TIKA-Ý272: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É §Ñ³Ù³Ã-Ûáõñù³Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»Ý¦, áñáí Ý³ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ

271 ×óôðèí Ã. È., Î ïîëèòèêå Èðàíà è Òóðöèè â îòíîøåíèè ñòðàí Öåíòðàëüíîé Àçèè, Íîâàÿ Åâðàçèÿ. Îòíîøåíèÿ Ðîññèè ñî ñòðà-íàìè Áëèæíåãî Çàðóáåæüÿ, Ñáîðíèê ñòàòåé 2, Ì., 1994, ñ. 38. 272 TIKA-Ý 1992 Ã. Ù³ñïÇ 8-10-Á ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛáõÙ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»ó ÏáÝ-ý»ñ³Ýë, áñï»Õ ùÝÝ³ñÏí»ó É³ïÇÝ³ï³é ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇÝ ³ÝóÝ»Éáõ Ñ³ñóÁ: ²Ûëï»Õ ÁÝ¹áõÝí»ó 34 ï³éÇó µ³ÕÏ³ó³Í ÙÇ ³Ûµáõµ»Ý: ¶³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÇ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ ¹³ñÓ³í ÆëÙ³ÛÇÉ ¶³ë÷Áñ³ÉÇÇ §Dilde, Fikirde, İşte Birlik¦ ³ñï³Ñ³ÛïáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Ûë ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ó¨³íáñ»É ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Türk Birliği) Ï³Ù ¿É Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Commonwealth): ê³ ³é³ç³-¹ñí»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³é³çÝáñ¹Ý»ñÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ýñ³Ýù Ñ³í³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ãïí»óÇÝ:

150

»ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ó¨³íáñ»É É»½í³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ³ëÝ³-Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝ: 1993 Ã. Ù³ñïÇÝ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»-ó³Í ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÏáÝ·ñ»ëáõÙ ÁÝ¹áõÝí»ó ÁÝ¹Ñ³-Ýáõñ ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇ Ù³ëÇÝ áñáßáõÙÁ, áñÁ É³ïÇÝ³ï³é ¿ñ ¨ µ³Õ-Ï³ó³Í ¿ñ 34 ï³éÇó273: Î»ÝïñáÝÁ, áñï»Õ ùÝÝ³ñÏíáõÙ ¨ Ùß³ÏíáõÙ ¿ñ ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÁ, ³Ýí³Ýí»ó ÂÛáõñù³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³-½áïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÇÝëïÇïáõï` ëï»ÕÍí³Í êï³ÙµáõÉÇ Ø³ñÙ³-ñ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÇÝ ÏÇó:

Üß»Ýù, áñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý é³¹ÇáÛÇ ¨ Ñ»éáõëï³ï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñáõÙ Ý»ñ³éí»óÇÝ ³ÛÝåÇëÇ Ñ³Õáñ¹áõÙÝ»ñ, áñáÝù í»-ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý É»½íÇÝ ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇÝ: ²Ûë Ñ³Õáñ-¹áõÙÝ»ñÁ µÝáõÃ³·ñíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý Ñëï³Ï áõÕÕí³-ÍáõÃÛ³Ùµ` ß»ßï»Éáí å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ: ²Û-ëÇÝùÝ, ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ù»ñÓ»óÝ»É Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý É»½áõÝ»ñÇÝ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ëÏëí»ó Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÇ áõ-ëáõóáõÙÁ, ¨ ³Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝáõÙ ëï»ÕÍí»ó Ñ³ïáõÏ µ³ÅÇÝ, áñï»Õ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇó »-Ï³Í áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÁ ëáíáñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù»ñ»Ý: ÜÙ³Ý Ïáõñë»ñ ëï»ÕÍí»óÇÝ Ý³¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ áõëáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ Ñ³-Ù³ñ274:

ØÇÝã¨ ³ÝÏ³ËáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ µáÉáñ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ·ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÏÇñÇÉÛ³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»Ýáí, áñÁ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»É ¿ÇÝ 1940 Ã., ÇëÏ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý É»½áõÝ éáõë»ñ»ÝÝ ¿ñ: ²Ûµáõµ»ÝÁ ÷áË»Éáõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ïáã»ñÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ÙÇ³Ýß³-Ý³Ï ãå³ï³ëË³Ý»óÇÝ: ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ³é³çÇÝÁ É³ïÇÝ³ï³é ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇÝ ³Ýó³í ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÁ (1991 Ã. ¹»Ï-

273 Сваранц А., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 167£ 274 ×óôðèí Ã. È., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 39:

151

ï»Ùµ»ñÇ 25-ÇÝ)275: ÆëÏ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ³é³-çÇÝÁ (1993 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇ 12-ÇÝ) É³ïÇÝ³ï³é ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇÝ ³Ýó³í ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ` ÑáõÛë áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ³Ûë áõÕÇáí ³í»ÉÇ ßáõï Ù»ñÓ»Ý³É ù³Õ³ù³ÏÇñÃ ³ßË³ñÑÇÝ276: ê»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 2-ÇÝ É³-ïÇÝ³ï³é ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇÝ ³Ýó³í Ý³¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ Ï³ÛÇÝ É»½í³Ï³Ý áñáß ³ÝÑ³ñÃáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù ã¿ÇÝ Ñ³Ù³-å³ï³ëË³ÝáõÙ ï»Õ³Ï³Ý É»½áõÝ»ñÇÝ: àõëïÇ, ÇÝãå»ë ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ, ³ÛÝå»ë ¿É Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÝ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»ó ë»÷³Ï³Ý É³-ïÇÝ³ï³é ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÁ277: ÆëÏ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇó ÙÇ³ÏÝ ¿, áñ ¹»é¨ë û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ ÏÇñÇÉÛ³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»-ÝÁ278: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇ ÷áË»Éáõ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇÝ ã¿ñ í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ:

ÆÝ±ã ¿ñ ï³ÉÇë ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÁ: ø³-ÝÇ áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ËáëáõÙ ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ ëï»ÕÍÙ³Ý áõ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÙÇ³ëÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, áõëïÇ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ñ Ù»Ï ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý É»½áõ, áñÝ ¿É ÑÝ³ñ³íáñ ÏÉÇÝ»ñ ÙÇ³ÛÝ ÁÝ¹Ñ³-Ýáõñ ³Ûµáõµ»Ýáí: ØÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇ ¹»åùáõÙ Ïù³ñá½-í»ÇÝ ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñ, ÏÑñ³ï³ñ³Ïí»ÇÝ ·ñù»ñ, ¹³ë³·ñù»ñ, Ñá¹í³ÍÝ»ñ, Ã»ñÃ»ñ, ÏÓ¨³íáñí»ñ Ñ³Ù³ó³ÝóÁ, áñáÝó ï³ñ³ÍáõÙÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Ï¹Ûáõñ³óí»ñ ¨, ³Ù»Ý³Ï³ñ¨áñÁ, Ï¹³éÝ³ñ Ñ»ßï ÁÝÃ»ñó»ÉÇ: Ø»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí ³Ûë ³Ù»ÝÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ï³å³Ñáíí»ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÇ ·»ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃ-ÛáõÝ ÏÁÝÓ»é»ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý áõ ù³Õ³ù³-

275 Kara Mehmet, Türk Cumhuriyetleri ve Otuz Dört Harfli Ortak Latin Alfabesi, Turkish Studies, International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish oa Turkic, Vol. 4/3, Spring 2009, p. 1304. 276 Bal Idris, Turkey’s Relations with the West and Turkic Republics ……………… p. 173. 277 Zaman, 09. 12. 2007. 278 Kara Mehmet, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 1307:

152

Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óáõÙ ³é³í»ÉáõÃ-ÛáõÝ áõÝ»Ý³É:

´³óÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõß³¹ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñ»ó Ý³¨ Ñ»éáõëï³é³¹Çá Ñ³Õáñ¹áõÙÝ»ñÇ å³ï-ñ³ëïÙ³Ý ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¹ñ³Ýù Ñ»é³ñÓ³Ï»Éáõ áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ: Âáõñù³Ï³Ý §ØÇÉÉÇÛ»Ã¦ Ã»ñÃÇ ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñáí` 1992 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇ 1-Çó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³ÛÇÝ Ñ»éáõëï³ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Õáñ¹áõÙÝ»ñÁ ëÏë»óÇÝ Ñ»é³ñÓ³Ïí»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³-ÛáõÙ279: êï»ÕÍí»É ¿ñ Ñ»éáõëï³ï»ë³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ïáõÏ Íñ³·Çñ` §Avrasya¦, áñÁ 1992 Ã. ëÏëí»ó Ñ»é³ñÓ³Ïí»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³-Ï³Ý µáÉáñ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: ²Ûë Íñ³·ñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Ýå³ëï»É Ñ³Ù³ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ³ñÅ»ùÝ»ñÇ ï³-ñ³ÍÙ³ÝÁ280: Üß»Ýù, áñ ³Ûë Íñ³·ÇñÝ ³ÛÝù³Ý ¿É û·ï³Ï³ñ ã»-Õ³í, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ñ»é³ñÓ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ñ ³ñµ³ÝÛ³Ïáí, ÇëÏ µÝ³ÏãáõÃ-Û³Ý Ù»Í³Ù³ëÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÝÙ³Ý ³É»Ñ³í³ùÝ»ñ ãáõÝ»ñ:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó ³ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»-ñÇ Ï³åÇ ¨ Ñ»éáõëï³ï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÁ` ¹ñ³Ýù Ïïñ»Éáí ØáëÏí³ÛÇó: Î³ñ¨áñ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë Ñ»é³Ëáë³Ï³-åÇ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á, áñï»Õ ·ÉË³íáñ ¹»ñÁ Ë³ÕáõÙ ¿ñ Ãáõñù³-Ï³Ý §Turkcell¦ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ëÏë»ó óáõÛó ï³É ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ: ²Ûëå»ë` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ï-óáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ281: ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ áõ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óí»óÇÝ ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ, ³ñ-¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óí»ó Ñ»é³Ëáë³ÛÇÝ Ï³åÁ, Ñ»éáõëï³é³¹Çá Ñ³Ù³-

279 Milliyet, 23.03.1992. 280 Heinz Kramer, Will Central Asia become Turkey’s Sphere of Influence,…………. http://www.sam.gov.tr/perception/Volume1/March-May1996/ WILLCENTRALASIABECOMETURKEY.pdf. 281 Turkish Republic Police Academy. Relations Between Turkey and the Turkic Republics, http://www.pa.edu.tr/tr/baskanlik/index.php?sayfa=14&id=2

153

Ï³ñ·Á282: î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ ÝÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³ÝóáõÙÁ ë³ÑÙ³Ý³÷³ÏíáõÙ ¿ñ áõ ÙÝáõÙ Ã»ñÇ: ²Ûë µáÉáñ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ· Ó¨³íáñ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ëÏë»ó ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Øß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ½³ñ·³óÝ»É áõ ï³ñ³Í»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÁ: ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ùß³Ïáõ-Ã³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ùµ ½µ³ÕíáõÙ ¿ñ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Kültür Bakanlığı), áñÇÝ ÏÇó 1993 Ã. ÑáõÉÇëÇÝ ëï»ÕÍí»ó §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ ¨ ³ñí»ëïÇ Ñ³ÙÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Ï³é³í³ñáõÙ¦ Ù³ñÙÇÝÁ (Türk Kültür

ve Sanatları Ortak Yonetimi-TÜRKSOY)283: TÜRKSOY-Á Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ (µ³óÇ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇó) ³é³ç³¹ñáõÙ ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ µ³½Ù³ÃÇí Íñ³·ñ»ñ284: ²Ûë-åÇëÇ Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ï³åíáõÙ »Ý ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ß-Ë³ñÑáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ¨ Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»Ý ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ ÃÛáõù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ ÙÇ³ë-Ý³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Á:

²ÛëåÇëáí, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓ»ó ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»É ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»-ñáõÙ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí Ý³ ëï»ÕÍ»ó ÙÇ ß³ñù ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÝ»ñ áõ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ÑÇÙÝ»ó ¹åñáóÝ»ñ áõ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³Ý-

282 Turkish Police Academy. Relations Between Turkey and the Turkic Republics, http://www.pa.edu.tr/tr/baskanlik/index.php?sayfa=14&id=3 283 TÜRKSOY-Ç ëï»ÕÍÙ³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë Ýñ³ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛùÁ http://www.turksoy.org Ï³Ù ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Øß³ÏáõÛÃÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛùÁ http://www.kultur.gov.tr 284 Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1996-2000), s. 31, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/vii/plan7.pdf

154

Ý»ñ, Ññ³ï³ñ³Ï»ó ¹åñáó³Ï³Ý ¹³ë³·ñù»ñ, Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÇ µ³ñÓñ³·áõÛÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ: î³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñ: ²Ûë ³Ù»ÝÁ Ýå³ëï»óÇÝ, áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³-í³éÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³ Ñ³ëï³ï»É áõ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹»É Çñ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý áõÝ»ó³í Ý³¨ Ó³ËáÕáõÙÝ»ñ. Ýñ³Ý ãÑ³çáÕí»ó ëï»ÕÍ»É ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ³ëÝ³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ· ¨ Ñ³Ù³ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ, ÇëÏ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÝ ³Û¹å»ë ¿É ãÁÝ¹áõÝí»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó:

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Üð² ¶àðÌàôÜºàôÂÚàôÜÀ ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü ²êÆ²ÚÆ ÂÚàôðø²Èº¼àô Ð²Üð²äºîàôÂÚàôÜÜºðàôØ

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ý»ñÃ³÷³Ýó»Éáí Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý` Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³ë-ï³ïí»É ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý, ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»-ñáõÙ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³ÏÇÝ Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÝ û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ å»ï³Ï³Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÁ, ³ÛÉ Ý³¨ »ñÏñáõÙ ³éÏ³ ÙÛáõë Ï³Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ áõÅ»ñÁ (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý áõ å³ÝÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ): ²Û¹åÇ-ëÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ Ý³¨ ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñ³-Ù³ÛÝùÁ:

ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ Ñ³ÛïÝÇ Üáõñçáõ (Nurcu) ß³ñÅáõÙÇó ¿, áñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñí»É ¿ ´»¹Çáõ½³Ù³Ý ê³ÛÇ¹ ÜáõñëÇÇ ÏáÕÙÇó285:

285 ´»¹Çáõ½³Ù³Ý ê³Ç¹ ÜáõñëÇÇ (1878-1960) ß³ñÅáõÙÝ áõÝ»ñ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³½¹»óÇÏ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý ³ÏáõÝùÝ»ñ` ³ÛÝ ÑÇÙÝí³Í ¿

155

ÜáõñëÇÇ ß³ñÅáõÙÁ Ýñ³ Ù³ÑÇó Ñ»ïá µ³Å³ÝíáõÙ ¿ ï³ñµ»ñ ËÙµ»ñÇ: ²Ù»Ý³³½¹»óÇÏÝ»ñÇó ¿ñ §ü»ÃÇÑçÇ¦ (Fetihci) ËáõÙµÁ Ï³Ù ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñ»ï¨áñ¹Ý»ñ ÏáãíáÕ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÁ: ì»ñ-çÇÝë Ù»Í Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ í³Û»ÉáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ áõ Ýñ³ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó ¹áõñë: ²Ûë Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ Ù»ç ÙïÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ùï³íá-ñ³Ï³ÝÝ»ñ, Ëáßáñ µÇ½Ý»ëÇ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇãÝ»ñ, Éñ³·ñáÕÝ»ñ, áõëáõóÇãÝ»ñ, ·ñáÕÝ»ñ ¨ ³ÛÉù: Ð³Ù³ÛÝùÇ ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÁ ÏáãíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ù³ñá½ÇãÝ»ñ, ¨ Ûáõñ³ù³ÝãÛáõñÁ å»ïù ¿ Ù³ïáõó»ñ áñáß³-ÏÇ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝ, áñáí ¿É áñáßíáõÙ ¿ñ Ýñ³ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ ÍÝí»É ¿ ¾ñ½ñáõÙ Ý³Ñ³Ý·Ç øáñáõçáõÏ ·ÛáõÕáõÙ 1941 Ã.286: Üñ³ Ñ³Û³óùÝ»ñÇ Ó¨³íáñÙ³ÝÁ Ýå³ëï»É ¿ Ýñ³ ÁÝï³ÝÇùÁ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë` ï³ïÁ: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÝ Çñ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ ëï³ó»É ¿ ¾ñ½ñáõÙÇ Ñá·¨áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝáõÙ: Ü³ ëÏëáõÙ ¿ ¹³-ë³í³Ý¹»É ¾¹ÇñÝ»áõÙ, ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ·ÝáõÙ ¿ Æ½ÙÇñ ¨ Ñ»ï³·³ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ³Ûëï»Õ287: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ¶ÛáõÉ»-ÝÇ ß³ñÅáõÙÝ ëÏëíáõÙ ¿ Æ½ÙÇñÇó, áñÝ ¿É ß³ï»ñÇÝ Ñ³ÛïÝÇ ¿ §Æ½ÙÇñÇ Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ ³ÝáõÝáí:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ß³ñÅáõÙÁ É³ÛÝ ï³ñ³ÍáõÙ ·ï³í áõ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝ áõÝ»ó³í, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ í»-ñ»Éù ¿ÇÝ ³åñáõÙ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙÝ»ñÁ: ê³ÛÇ¹ ÜáõñëÇÇ Ñ³Ýñ³Ñ³Ûï §ÈáõÛëÇ ïñ³Ïï³ïÁ¦ (Risale-I nur) ³ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³: ²Ûë ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ôáõñ³ÝÇ Ù»ÏÝ³µ³Ýáõ-ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ¿ñ` µ³ÕÏ³í³Í í»ó Ñ³½³ñ ¿çÇó: ²Ûë ß³ñÅÙ³Ý Ñ»-ï¨áñ¹Ý»ñÁ Ù»Í³å»ë û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ïå³·Çñ Ù³ÙáõÉÁ ¨ ³í³Ý¹³Ï³Ý Ñá·¨áñ³Ï³Ý ó³ÝóÁ: Üñ³Ýù Ôáõñ³ÝÁ Ù»ÏÝ³µ³ÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ µ³Ý³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¹Çñù»ñÇó` ÷áñÓ»Éáí Ýáñ ßáõÝã Ñ³Õáñ¹»É ²Ý³ïáÉÇ³ÛÇ ÷³Ï Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý ·ÉË³íáñ Ù»ÏÝ³ñÏÁ Ù³ÑÙ»¹³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³-ÏáõÃÛ³Ý »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹³óáõÙÝ ¿ñ` Ôáõñ³ÝÇ Ýáñ Ù»ÏÝ³µ³ÝÙ³Ùµ, ÇëÏ Ýå³ï³ÏÁ` ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ÇëÉ³ÙÇ Ñ³Ù³¹ñáõÙÝ ¿ñ: 286 Ôåòõóëëàõ Ã., Ïðîðîê Ìóõàììàä-âåíåö ðîäà ÷åëîâå÷åñêîãî, ò. 1, Ì., 2004, ñ. XVI. 287 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ò. 2, Ì., 2004, ñ. XIV.

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¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ É³í Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõÝ»ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï³é³í³-ñáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ½ÇÝíáñ³Ï³Ý í»ñÝ³Ë³íÇ Ñ»ï: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ÇëÉ³-ÙÇëïÝ»ñÇ ³ÏïÇíáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ»ï¨³Ýùáí ½ÇÝíáñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇÝ áõ Ýñ³ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ áñ³Ï»óÇÝ Çµñ¨ å»-ïáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñÁ Ë³ñËÉáÕÝ»ñÇ: 2001 Ã. û·áëïáëÇ 3-ÇÝ ¶Ûáõ-É»ÝÇ ¹»Ù ùñ»³Ï³Ý ·áñÍ Ñ³ñáõóí»ó` å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇÏ Çñ³í³Ï³ñ·Á ÷áË»Éáõ Ù»Õ³¹ñ³Ýùáí: ØÇÝã ÁÝÃ³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ·áñ-ÍÇ Ý³Ë³ùÝÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÝ ³éáÕçáõÃÛ³Ý í³ïÃ³ñ³óÙ³Ý å³ïñí³Ïáí Éù»ó ÂáõñùÇ³Ý` ³å³ëï³Ý ËÝ¹ñ»Éáí ²ØÜ-Çó, áñï»Õ ¨ ³åñáõÙ ¿ ÙÇÝã¨ ûñë:

¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ëï»ÕÍí³Í ß³ñÅáõÙÁ, ËÙµ³·ñ»Éáí ÜáõñçÇÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý Ùáï»óáõÙÝ»ñÁ, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. áñ-å»ë Ãáõñù Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý µ³ñáÛ³Ï³Ý ³éáÕç³óÙ³Ý áõ ³-é³çÁÝÃ³óÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ ÙÇçáó, ³é³ç ù³ß»ó ÏñáÝÝ»ñÇ »ñÏËáëáõÃÛ³Ý, ù³Õ³ù³óÇ³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³éáõó-Ù³Ý, ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ï»Õ»Ï³ïí³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñÇ É³ÛÝ³-Í³í³É û·ï³·áñÍÙ³Ý å³ÛÙ³ÝÁ: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÝ ³ÛÝ Ï³ñÍÇùÇÝ ¿ñ, áñ ÇëÉ³ÙÁ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³ñ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç Ñ³Ù³ñÅ»ù Ý»ñ-Ï³Û³óí³Í ã¿, áõëïÇ Ù»Í ï»Õ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ ÏñáÝÇÝ, ³Û-ëÇÝùÝ` ÇëÉ³ÙÇÝ` ·ïÝ»Éáí, áñ ³ÛÝ å»ïù ¿ ÙÇ³ÓáõÉíÇ Ãáõñù³-Ï³Ý ³½·³ÛÇÝ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³ËáëáõÃÛ³ÝÁ288: Ü³ ¹»Ù ¿ñ Þ³ñÇ³-ÃÁ å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·áõÙ û·ï³·áñÍ»ÉáõÝ` Ýß»Éáí, áñ ³ÛÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ áñå»ë å»-ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý É³í³·áõÛÝ ÝÙáõß ÁÝïñáõÙ ¿ñ ÅáÕáíñ-¹³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ó¨Á` Ï³ñ¨áñ»Éáí Æñ³ÝÇ áõ ê³áõ¹Û³Ý ²ñ³µÇ³-ÛÇ í³ñã³Ó¨»ñÁ: Ü³ Ù»Í ï»Õ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³ÝÁ` ³ÛÝ Ñ³Ù³ñ»Éáí ³é³çÁÝÃ³óÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ å³ÛÙ³Ý: ÎñÃáõÃÛ³Ý 288 Aras Bülent and Caha Omer, Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal “Turkish Islam” Movement, The Middle East Review of International Affairs-MERIA, Vol. 4, No. 4, December 2000, http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2000/issue4/aras-caha.pdf

157

ÙÇçáóáí Ý³ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É ³ÙµáÕçáíÇÝ Ýáñ í»ñÝ³-Ë³í: Î³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ áõÝ»ñ Ñ»é³·Ý³ é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝ, ³ÛÝ ¿` ÙÇç³Ùï»É, áñ å»ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ñ³Ù»Ù³-ï³µ³ñ µ³ñÓñ å³ßïáÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ýß³Ý³Ïí»Ý ë»÷³Ï³Ý áõëáõÙ-Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ßñç³Ý³í³ñïÝ»ñÁ: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ ÏáÕÙÝ³ÏÇó ¿ñ §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Ç¦ ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³ÝÁ (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñáõÙ) ¨ ·ïÝáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ Ýñ³Ýù å»ïù ¿ ½³ñ·³Ý³Ý ³ßË³ñ-ÑÇÏ ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñáí, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` ³é³ÝÓÝ³óÝáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÅáÕáíñ¹³-í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý, ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ³½³ï ßáõÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ïÝï»-ëáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ:

¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ëï»ÕÍ»É ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý Ñ³ë³-ñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÁ ¹»Ù ¿ñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÇëÉ³ÙÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÏáÕÙ-Ý³ÏÇó ¿ñ §ÏñÃÛ³É ÇëÉ³ÙÇ½ÙÇ¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÇÝ (Educational

Islamism)289: ÆëÉ³ÙÁ ¨ ³ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óáõÙÁ å»ïù ¿ Ñ³Ù³¹ñ-í»ÇÝ:

¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ »ñÏñáõÙ ¨ Ýñ³ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó ¹áõñë ëï»ÕÍ»É ¿ ·áñÍáÕ ¼ÈØ-Ç ¨ µÇ½Ý»ëÇ ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ó³Ýó. Ýñ³Ý »Ý å³ïÏ³-ÝáõÙ ÙÇ ß³ñù ³½¹»óÇÏ ½³Ý·í³Í³ÛÇÝ Éñ³ïí³ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ ¨ Ñ³Ý¹»ëÝ»ñ (Zaman, Today's Zaman, Zafer, Cihan Haber Ajansi,

Sizinti, Ekoloji, Yeni Umut, Aksiyon, The Fountain, Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Avrasya Dergisi, Sızıntı Dergisi, Samanyolu TV, Mehtap TV, Ebru TV, Selam TV, Kanal F TV, Burç FM, Dünya FM,

Tempo FM ¨ ³ÛÉÝ)290: ´Ç½Ý»ëÇ áÉáñïáõÙ Ýñ³Ý »Ý å³ïÏ³ÝáõÙ §Işık Sigorta¦ ³å³Ñáí³·ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Bank Asya-Ý (áñÝ ³é³í»É Ñ³ÛïÝÇ ¿ Asya Finans ³ÝáõÝáí): ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ¨

289 Park Bill, The Fethullah Gulen Movement, The Middle East Review of International Affairs-MERIA, Vol. 12, No. 3, September 2008, http://www.meriajournal.com/en/asp/journal/2008/december/park/index.asp 290 Şener Nedim, Ergenenkon Belgelerinde Fethullah Gülen ve Cemmat, İstanbul, Destek Yayınevi, 2011, s. 119-200.

158

Ýñ³ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó ¹áõñë ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ ³ÛÉ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³Ï³íáñ ·Çï³-Ï³Ý áõ ³Ï³¹»ÙÇ³Ï³Ý Ý³Ë³·Í»ñ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ýÇÝ³Ýë³íáñ-íáõÙ »Ý ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó, ûñÇÝ³Ï` §Abant Platform¦-Á, áñÁ Ñ³-ñ³í-³ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ å³ñµ»ñ³µ³ñ ÏÉáñ ë»Õ³ÝÝ»ñ áõ ùÝÝ³ñÏáõÙÝ»ñ ¿ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÙ »ñÏñÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ³·áõÛÝ ËÝ¹Çñ-Ý»ñÇ í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É: ¶ñ»Ã» ÝáõÛÝ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ »Ý Ñ»ï³åÝ¹áõÙ §ºíñ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏËáëáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³·ÇÍÁ¦, §²µñ³Ñ³ÙÛ³Ý Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙÝ»ñÁ¦ ¨ §èàôØÆ ýáñáõÙÁ¦291: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇÝ »Ý å³ï-Ï³ÝáõÙ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ûç³ËÝ»ñ, ³í³· ¹åñáóÝ»ñ, Ñ³Ù³Éë³-ñ³ÝÝ»ñ, ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÝ»ñ ¨ ÑÛáõñ³ÝáóÝ»ñ, ³Ù³é³ÛÇÝ ×³Ùµ³ñ-Ý»ñ, Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÇ ÁÝ¹áõÝÙ³Ý Ý³Ë³å³ïñ³ëï³Ï³Ý Ïáõñ-ë»ñ, áñáÝù ·áñÍáõÙ »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ áõ Ýñ³ ë³ÑÙ³ÝÝ»ñÇó ¹áõñë: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÝ Çñ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇÝ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ï³É ÙÇ-ç³½·³ÛÇÝ µÝáõÛÃ: ²Û¹ å³ï×³éáí ¿É Ýñ³ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³Í-í³Í ¿ÇÝ Ý³¨ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñáõÙ` ¶»ñÙ³ÝÇ³ÛáõÙ, üñ³ÝëÇ³ÛáõÙ, ÜÇ¹»éÉ³Ý¹Ý»ñáõÙ, ØáÉ¹áí³ÛáõÙ, ´³ÉÏ³ÝÝ»-ñáõÙ292, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ Ù³ÑÙ»¹³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½ÙáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ ¸³Õëï³ÝáõÙ, Î³ñ³ãÇ-â»ñù»½Ç³ÛáõÙ, Â³Ã³ñëï³ÝáõÙ áõ ´³ßÏÇñÇ³ÛáõÙ)293: Üß»Ýù, áñ è¸-áõÙ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ó³ÝóÇÝ å³ï-Ï³ÝáÕ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇ Ù»Í Ù³ëÁ 2001-2006 ÃÃ. ÷³Ïí»óÇÝ, ÇëÏ 2008 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇÝ »ñÏñÇ í×é³µ»Ï ¹³ï³ñ³ÝÁ »ñÏñÇ ·ÉË³-íáñ ¹³ï³Ë³½Ç ÙÇçÝáñ¹áõÃÛ³Ùµ è¸-áõÙ Üáõñçáõ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý

291 î»ñ-Ø³Ã¨áëÛ³Ý ì., ÆëÉ³ÙÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³ë³ñ³Ï³Ï³Ý-ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÏÛ³ÝùáõÙ (1970-2001 ÂÂ.), ºñ., 2008, ¿ç 112: 292 ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÁ Ï³Ù Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³ÏïÇí ¿ ¶»ñÙ³ÝÇ³ÛáõÙ 1980-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó ëÏë³Í: 2001 Ã. ³ÛÝ »ñÏáõ ³ëáóÇ³óÇ³Ý»ñ ëï»ÕÍ»ó` ö³ñÇ½áõÙ ¨ êïñ³ëµáõñ·áõÙ: Âáõñù³-Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåíáõÙ »Ý ÏÇñ³Ï-ÝûñÛ³ ¹åñáóÝ»ñ: 293 Park Bill, The Fethullah Gulen Movement, Ýßí. ³ßË.:

159

Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ áñ³Ï»ó áñå»ë Í³Ûñ³Ñ»Õ³Ï³Ý, ¨ ³ÛÝ ³ñ·»Éí»ó »ñÏñÇ ï³ñ³ÍùáõÙ294:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏë³Í` ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÝ Çñ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ Í³í³É»ó Ý³¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë Ñ³Ýñ³å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: Ø»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí` ³Ûë Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ýñ³Ý û·ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: Ü³ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ µ³ñÓñ³óÝ»É ÇëÉ³ÙÇ ¹»ñÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ: Ð³ñÏ ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ÇëÉ³ÙÇ ¹»ñÁ ËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ í³ñã³Ï³ñ·Ç Å³Ù³Ý³Ï µ³í³Ï³-ÝÇÝ ÃáõÉ³ó»É ¿ñ, ÷áË³ñ»ÝÁ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í»É Çñ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ý¹áõñÅáÕ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ »ñÏËáëáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³-÷³ñÝ»ñÁ295: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ó¨³íáñ»É Çñ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÁ Ï³Ù Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Cemaat): ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ Í³-í³É»ó ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ` µ³ó»Éáí ¹åñáóÝ»ñ, ÉÇó»ÛÝ»ñ áõ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñ296: Ü³ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ù³-ñáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ½áñ ½»Ýù, áñÇ ÙÇçáóáí Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ³ëÝ»É ³½¹»óáõÃ-Û³Ý: ²Ûë ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇÝ ·³ÕïÝÇ ³ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ §´³ñûñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ297: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³ËÏÇÝ í³ñ-ã³å»ï ´. ¾ç¨ÇÃÇ Ï³ñÍÇùáí, »Ã» ãÉÇÝ»ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ, ³å³ Îáí-Ï³ëáõÙ áõ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÏÑ³ëï³ïí»ñ Æñ³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ298:

1992-93 ÃÃ. Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ µ³óí»óÇÝ ¶ÛáõÉ»-ÝÇ ³é³çÇÝ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³ÏïÇí ¿ÇÝ: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ ë³ áõÝ»ñ »ñÏáõ å³ï×³é, Ý³Ë` Ýáñ áõ ç»ñÙ Ñ³ñ³- 294 î»ñ-Ø³Ã¨áëÛ³Ý ì., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 113: 295 Ter-Matevosyan V., Islamic Socio-Political Movements in Turkey in The 1970-1990s, ÂÛáõñù³·Çï³Ï³Ý ¨ ûëÙ³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ»ï³½áïáõ-ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, Ñ. 7, ºñ., 2011, ¿ç 216: 296 Ergil Doğu, 100 Soruda Fethullah Gülen ve Hareketi, İstanbul, Timaş Yayınları, 2010, s. 310-311. 297 Turkish Daily News, 13.08.1996. 298 Radikal, 21.03.1998.

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µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ ëÏëí»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»-ñÇ ÙÇç¨, ³ÏïÇíáñ»Ý ù³ñá½íáõÙ ¿ÇÝ §Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³ó-Ù³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Ç¦ ¨ §ÃÛáõñù »Õµ³ÛñáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ, á-ñáÝù ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ³ñÓ³·³ÝùÝ»ñ áõÝ»ó³Ý ¨ Ýå³ëï»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý µ³ñÓñ³óÙ³ÝÁ, »ñÏñáñ¹` Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Âáõñ·áõÃ ú½³ÉÝ ³ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáÕ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, Ý³¨ ¶Ûáõ-É»ÝÇ ß³ñÅÙ³ÝÁ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, í»ñçÇÝë ëÏë»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³ÏïÇí ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É` û·ïí»Éáí Ý³¨ å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ñáí³Ý³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÇó299:

¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ, áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý µÇ½Ý»ë ó³Ýó, ÷áñÓ»ó ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇÝ Ý»ñ·ñ³í»É Çñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñ-åáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ: Asya finans-Á, ÉÇÝ»Éáí Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ µ³ÝÏÁ, û·-ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ³ÛÝ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇÝ, áñáÝù ß³ñÅ-Ù³Ý Ñ»ï¨áñ¹Ý»ñ ¿ÇÝ: Üñ³Ýó ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý í³ñÏ»ñ áõ ýÇÝ³ÝëÝ»ñ, Ï³ï³ñáõÙ Ý³¨ ï³ñµ»ñ ï»ë³ÏÇ Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñ: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ýÇÝ³Ýë³íáñáõÙ ¿ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ áõ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇÝ: Âáõñù ·áñÍ³ñ³ñ-Ý»ñÁ ¨ë (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇÝ å³ïÏ³ÝáÕ) ýÇ-Ý³Ýë³íáñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ·ïÝíáÕ ï³ñµ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³Í»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ É³ÛÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ Í³í³É»É Ý³¨ ÙÇëÇáÝ»ñ-Ý»ñÁ:

¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñáí³Ý³íáñáõÃÛ³Ùµ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÝ»ñÁ (ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ): ²ÛÝï»Õ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÝ áõÝ»ñ Ñëï³Ï Ýå³ï³Ï` ï³ñ³Í»É Çñ ß³ñÅáõÙÁ, ¨ ¹³ ëÏëáõÙ ¿ñ

299 Balcı Bayram, Fethullah Gülen’s Missionary Schools in Central Asia and their Role in the Spreading of Turkism and Islam, Religion, State & Society, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2003, p. 154.

161

ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝÇó áõ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇó: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÙ³Ùµ` ³Ûë ¹åñáóÝ»ñÁ ·ïÝíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ñáí³Ýáõ Ý»ñùá: ²Ûë ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇÝ ·ñù»ñ, ù³ñï»½Ý»ñ, Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·ÇãÝ»ñ, É³µáñ³-ïáñ ë³ñù³íáñáõÙÝ»ñ áõ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ³ÛÉ å³ñ³·³Ý»ñ ïñ³-Ù³¹ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²ñ¹»Ý 1991-93 ÃÃ. Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÝ áõ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Ð»ïËáñÑñ¹³-ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇ ÃÇíÁ Ñ³ëÝáõÙ ¿ñ 200-Ç, áñáÝóÇó 150-Á ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ áõ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ300: Üß»Ýù, áñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ, Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáí Çñ ÇÝï»-É»Ïïáõ³É Ùï³íáñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ëï»ÕÍÙ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ, ¹åñáóÝ»ñ ¿ñ ÑÇÙÝáõÙ Ý³¨ áã ÙáõëáõÉÙ³Ý³Ï³Ý ¨ áã ¿É ÃÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ301: ¸³ñÓÛ³É Ýå³ï³ÏÁ ÝáõÛÝ ¿ñ. áñ Çñ ë³Ý»-ñÁ ïíÛ³É »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ å»ïù ¿ ½µ³Õ»óÝ»ÇÝ µ³ñÓñ å³ßïáÝ-Ý»ñ, áñáí ¿É Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñ Ïëï»ÕÍí»ÇÝ Ýñ³ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»-ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ:

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Üáõñçáõ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óáõóÇãÝ»ñÁ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ï³½-Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ¿ÇÝ: ì»ñçÇÝÝ»ñë Ù»Í ¹»ñ ¿ÇÝ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ Üáõñçáõ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É ·ñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÙ: êï»ÕÍí»É ¿ÇÝ ïå³·ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ áõ ·ñ³Ë³ÝáõÃÝ»ñÇ ó³Ýó, áñáÝù ½µ³ÕíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³Ûë ·áñÍáí: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ 1998-99 ÃÃ. ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 75 Üáõñçáõ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñí»óÇÝ, áñáÝù Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ñá-í³Ý³íáñíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ Üáõñçáõ ß³ñÅáõÙÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÙÇëÇáÝ»ñ³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃ áõ-Ý»ñ` Ýå³ï³Ï³¹ñí»Éáí ¹³ñÓÛ³É í»ñ³ÍÝ»É ÇëÉ³ÙÁ, áñÁ

300 Turkish Daily News, 06.06.1995. 301 Pope Huge, Sons of The Conquerors. The Rise of the Turkic World, New York. Washington. London, 2005, p. 254.

162

Ý³ËÏÇÝ 70 ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇ ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ Ïáñóñ»É ¿ñ Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ: ²Ý-·³Ù ³Ûë ß³ñÅÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ ·ñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ã³ñ·Ù³ÝíáõÙ ¿ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý É»½áõÝ»ñáí ¨ ï³ñ³ÍíáõÙ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»-ñáõÙ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý ³Ý¹³ÙÝ»ñÁ ÏáãíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ëáõýÇ½ÙÇ Ñ»ï¨áñ¹Ý»ñ (Turkish

Sufism), ¨ ³Û¹ ï³ñ³ÍùÁ Ñ³Ù³ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÃÛáõñù»ñÇ Ý³Ë³Ñ³Û-ñ»ÝÇùÁ302: Üñ³Ýù ï³ñ³ÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÁ: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ËáõÙµÁ ÙÛáõë ËÙµ»ñÇó ï³ñµ»ñíáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ ÇëÉ³Ù³-Ï³Ý ÇÝùÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ: ²ÛÝ Çñ»ÝÇó ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·, ¨ ³Ûëï»Õ ß»ßïÁ ¹ñíáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³Ë` Çë-É³Ù³Ï³Ý ÇÝùÝáõÃÛ³Ý, ³å³` Ýáñ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý íñ³303: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ËÙµ»ñÁ µ³óáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³Ûëå»ë Ïáãí³Í §Ôáõñ³ÝÇ ¹åñáóÝ»ñ¦, Ï³éáõóáõÙ Ù½ÏÇÃÝ»ñ ¨ ÇëÉ³ÙÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñ304:

¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý Ù»ç Ý»ñ·ñ³íí»óÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÁ` ëï»ÕÍ»Éáí ï³ñµ»ñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ³Ûë-å»ë` àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ñ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ áõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Özbekistan ve Türkiye İşadamları

Derneği), ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ` ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ áõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñÍ³-ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Kırgızistan ve Türkiye İşadamları Derneği): ²Ûë ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ½³ñ·³óÝ»É ³é¨ïáõñÁ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ ûñ»Ýùáí ³ñ·»Éí³Í ¿ñ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³ÛÝ ï³ñµ»ñ áõÕÇÝ»ñáí Ý»ñÃ³÷³ÝóáõÙ ¿ñ »ñÏÇñ` Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñ Çñ³-Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ ï»ëùáí: Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ñ Ô³½³Ëë-

302 Mustafa Sen, Turkish Islamist Entrepreneurs in Central Asia in Prospect for Democracy in Central Asia, ed. Birgit N. Schylter, Istanbul, Swedish Research Institute, 2005, p. 253. 303 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 257: 304 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 253:

163

ï³ÝÇ áõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÁ (Kazakistan ve

Türkiye Eğitim Vakfı), áñÝ ³ÙµáÕçáõÃÛ³Ùµ Üáõñçáõ ß³ñÅáõÙÝ ¿ñ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ, ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ áõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ (Kazakistan ve Türkiye İşadamları

Derneği)305: ì»ñçÇÝë ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ã¿ñ í»-ñ³ÑëÏíáõÙ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý áõ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³Ñå³Ý»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù»Í ¹»ñ³Ï³-ï³ñáõÙ áõÝ»ñ Zaman Ã»ñÃÁ306, áñÁ Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ñ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñáõÙ` ´ÇßÏ»ùáõÙ, ²ßË³µ³¹áõÙ áõ ²ÉÙ³ÃÇáõÙ, ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ØÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½áõÙÇó ³ÝÙÇç³å»ë Ñ»ïá: Zaman-Á Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ î³ßù»Ý¹áõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³ÛÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÙÇ ß³ñù ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ÷³Ïí»ó, »ñµ ëñí»-óÇÝ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ ¨ î³ßù»Ý¹Ç Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Â»ñÃÁ, Ñ³-Ù³ï»Õ ³ßË³ï»Éáí ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇ áõ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ù³ñá½áõÙ ¿ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ:

¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ¹åñáóÝ»ñáõÙ ³é³çÇÝÁ ëáíáñáõÙ »Ý ³ÕáÃù (Namaz), áñÁ Ï³ï³ñáõÙ »Ý ÙÇÝã ¹³ë»ñÁ ëÏë»ÉÁ: ²Ûë ¹åñáóÝ»-ñáõÙ ëáíáñáÕ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹ ³ÕçÇÏÝ»ñÁ ÏñáõÙ »Ý ·ÉË³ßáñ: ²-Ù»Ý ß³µ³Ã áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÁ Ù»Ï Å³Ù Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ »Ý ÏñáÝÇ å³ïÙáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÝ áõ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñÁ ·áñÍáõÙ »Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý µáÉáñ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ: ²ñ¹»Ý 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñçÇÝ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝáõÙ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÇÝ å³ïÏ³ÝáÕ 11 ³í³· ¹åñáóÝ»ñ, Ô³½³Ëëï³-ÝáõÙ` 27, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ` 11, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ` 16 ¨ àõ½-

305 Balcı Bayram, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 155-156: 306 Zaman Ã»ñÃáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ³é³ÝÓÇÝ µ³ÅÇÝÝ»ñÝ áõÝ»Ý Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ ÝáõÛÝ Ã»ñÃÇ µ³ÅÇÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ë Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»óáÕ Çñ³¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³Ý ¨ ÙÇßï ³Ý¹ñ³¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ Ã»ñÃÁ: î»'ë Ã»ñÃÇ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛùÁ` www.zaman.com.tr

164

µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ` 18: ´áÉáñ í»ñÁ Ýßí³Í Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ß³ñÅÙ³ÝÁ å³ïÏ³ÝáÕ Ù»Ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³-Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñ (ï»'ë ³ÕÛáõë³Ï 5):

Üß»Ýù, áñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ÝÏ³ï-í»ó àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ 2000 Ã. Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ÙÛáõë ¹åñáóÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇ ¹åñáóÝ»ñÝ áõ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ë ³ñ·»Éí»ó: ÆÝãå»ë í»ñ¨áõÙ Ýß»É »Ýù, ë³ Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ î³ßù»Ý-¹Ç ¨ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛÇ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í³ïÃ³ñ³óÙ³Ý Ñ»ï, ù³ÝÇ áñ áõ½µ»Ï³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹¹ÇÙáõÃÛ³Ý ³é³çÝáñ¹Ý»ñ ØáõÑ³-Ù³¹ ê³ÉÇÑÁ ¨ ²µ¹áõñ³ÑÙ³Ý öáÉ³ÃÁ, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇó íï³ñ-í»Éáí, ³å³ëï³Ý ·ï³Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ307: ²Ûë ¹»åù»ñÇó Ñ»ïá ø³ñÇÙáíÁ Ïáßï ¹ÇñùáñáßáõÙ áñ¹»·ñ»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ï-Ù³Ùµ ¨ ëÏë»ó ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ÙÛáõë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï:

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Partisi), ÇëÏ û·áëïáëÇ 14-ÇÝ µ³ñ»÷áË³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ»-óÇÝ §²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ½³ñ·³óáõÙ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ (³Ûëáõ-Ñ»ï¨` ²¼Î, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi-AKP), áñÇ ³é³çÝáñ¹-Ý»ñÝ ¿ÇÝ è»ç»÷ Â³ÛÇ÷ ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÁ ¨ ²µ¹áõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉÁ: ö³ë-ïáñ»Ý ²¼Î-Ý ÇëÉ³Ù³Ù»ï Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ¨ ëï»ÕÍí»É ¿ §²½·³ÛÇÝ ï»ë³Ï»ïÇ¦ ïñáÑáõÙÇó314: 2002 Ã. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ

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172

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Îáõë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ, ³ÝóÝ»Éáí ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉáõË, í»ñ³-Ý³Û»ó »ñÏñÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²¼Î-Ç Õ»Ï³-í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ·ïÝáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý å»ïù ¿ ³ÏïÇí³óÝÇ Çñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ: ²¼Î-Ý ëÏ½µÝ³Ï³Ý ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙùáõÙ ¹ñ»ó §Ù»ÕÙ áõÅÇ¦ (Soft Power) ·³-Õ³÷³ñÁ, ÇëÏ ³ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨, ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï` ²ÑÙ»Ã ¸³íáõÃûÕÉáõÇ §è³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ËáñáõÃÛ³Ý¦ (Stratejik Derinlik) ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»-ñÁ317: ¸³íáõÃûÕÉáõÝ Çñ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÝ ³é³ç ¿ñ ù³ß»É ¹»é¨ë 2001 Ã. Ññ³ï³ñ³Ï³Í Çñ §Stratejik Derinlik¦ ³ßË³ïáõÃÛáõ-ÝáõÙ: ²Û¹ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝí³Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñ-Ñ³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç áõÝ»ó³Í ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³Ý, å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÇ íñ³318: Üñ³ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï³ÏÇó ³ßË³ñÑáõÙ ëï»ÕÍ»É ÂáõñùÇ³-

²ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÁ §Refah¦-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù ¿ñ ¨ 1994-98 ÃÃ. êï³ÙµáõÉÇ ù³Õ³ù³å»ïÁ: Ü³ å³Ñå³Ý»ó §Milli Görüş¦-Ç ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ËÙµ³-íáñÙ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ: Turan Berna, Between Islam and the State. The Politics of Engagement, Stanford University Press, California, 2007, p. 136. 315 Cagaptay Soner, The November 2002 Elections and Turkey's New Political Era, MERIA, Vol. 6, No. 4, December 2002 pp. 42-48. 316 Taşkin Yüksel, AKP’s Move to “Conquer” the Center-Right: Its Prospects and Possible Impacts on the Democratization Process, Turkish Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, March 2008, p. 54. 317 Radikal, 26.02.2004. 318 Davutoğlu Ahmet, Stratejik Derinlik, Istanbul, 2001, s. 22.

173

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¸³íáõÃûÕÉáõÇÇ ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñáí` »ñÏ³ñ³ï¨ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ Ñ³ñÏ³íáñ ¿ Ñ³ß-íÇ ³éÝ»É §å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý ËáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` å»ïù ¿ ½áõ-·³Ñ»éÝ»ñ ·Í»É ³ÝóÛ³ÉÇ, ³å³·³ÛÇ ¨ Ý»ñÏ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨. ë³ ¿É Çñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ï³ñ¨áñáõÙ ¿ §³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ËáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦, áñÁ Ï³å»ñ ¿ ëï»ÕÍáõÙ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ áõ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: ²Ûë ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ ï³-ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ¹»ñÇó Ïí»ñ³Íí»ñ §Ï»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý áõÅÇ¦ Ï³Ù §Ï»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý¦, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ó»éù Ïµ»ñ»ñ ·Éáµ³É é³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ320: ²Û-ëÇÝùÝ, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý å»ïù ¿ ÉÇÝ»ñ Ï³Ùáõñç »ñÏÇñ321, áñÝ ¿É Çñ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ºíñáå³ÛáõÙ, Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ²ñ¨»ÉùáõÙ, ´³ÉÏ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ, ÎáíÏ³-ëáõÙ, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ, ê¨ áõ ØÇç»ñÏñ³Ï³Ý Íáí»ñÇ ³í³½³ÝáõÙ322: ²ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ³ßË³ñÑ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³-

319 Özgöker Uğur, Iba Sezin, Uluslararası Ilişkiler ve Türkiye’nin Dış Politikası, 21. Yüzyılda Çağdaş Türk Dış Politikası ve Diplomasisi, Editör: Prof. Dr. Hasret Çomak, Kocaeli, 2010, s. 90. 320 Grigoriadis Loannis N., The Davutoğlu Doctrine and Turkish Foreign Policy, Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy, Working Paper No. 8, 2010, www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/KEIMENO-EPΓAΣIAΣ-8_2010_IoGrigoriadis1.pdf 321 ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï³Ùáõñç ÉÇÝ»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ ËáëáõÙ ¿ñ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñ ÆëÙ³ÛÇÉ æ»ÙÁ` Ýß»Éáí, áñ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñáõÙ Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý Ï³ï³ñ»Éáí Ï³ÙñçÇ ¹»ñ ï³ñ³ÝóÇÏ ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇç³Ýóù Ï¹³éÝ³ ºíñáå³ÛÇ ¨ ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÙÇç¨` ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ³-éáõÙáí: Cem Ismail, Turkish Foreign Policy: Opening New Horizons For Turkey At The Beginning of a New Millenium, Turkish Policy Quarterly, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, Ilkbahar 2002, http://www.turkishpolicy.com/articles/cem.htm 322 Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ ë³ Ý»áûëÙ³ÝÇ½ÙÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³Í-ÝáõÙÝ ¿ñ, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëÝ»É Ý³ËÏÇÝ úëÙ³Ý-

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§è³½Ù³í³ñ³Ï³Ý ËáñáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ Ñ»ï¨Û³É ÑÇÝ· ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ. 1. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ å³Ñå³Ý»É Ñ³-í³ë³ñ³ÏßéáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³óÙ³Ý ¨ ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃ-Û³Ý ÙÇç¨, 2. §½ñá ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³ñ¨³ÝÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ, 3. ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñ¨³ÝÝ»ñÇ áõ ÙÛáõë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, 4. Ñ³í³ï³ñÇÙ ÙÝ³É µ³½Ù³í»Ïïáñ ³ñ-ï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³ÝÁ ¨ 5. Çñ³Ï³Ý³ó-Ý»É éÇÃÙ³ÛÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ323: ²¼Î-Ç ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙùáõÙ ¿É ¹ñí»óÇÝ Ñ»Ýó ³Ûë ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ, á-ñáÝó Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¹»ñÇ µ³ñÓñ³óáõÙÁ ¨ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ýñ³ Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛ³Ý ÁÝ¹·-ÍáõÙÁ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, 2002 Ã. ²¼Î-Ý ëÏë»ó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É »ñÏñÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ` Áëï í»ñÁ Ýßí³Í ëÏ½µáõÝù-Ý»ñÇ` ÷áñÓ»Éáí Ù»Í³óÝ»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ´³ÉÏ³Ý-Ý»ñáõÙ, ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ, Î³ëåÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝáõÙ, ØÇç»ñÏñ³Ï³Ý áõ ê¨ÍáíÛ³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ324: ²¼Î-Ý, ³é³çÝáñ¹í»Éáí ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³-÷³ñÝ»ñáí, ÷áñÓ»ó ³ÏïÇí³óÝ»É Çñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ

Û³Ý Ï³ÛëñáõÃÛ³Ý ï³ñ³ÍùÝ»ñ Ï³½ÙáÕ Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ²ñ¨»ÉùáõÙ ¨ ´³É-Ï³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ: Yavuz Hakan, Turkish Identity and Foreign Policy in Flux: The Rise of Neo-Ottomanism, Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies, No. 2, Spring 2008, pp. 19-41. 323 Davutoğlu Ahmet, Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007, Insight Turkey, Cilt 10, Sayı 1, 2008, s. 79-84. 324 Davutoğlu Ahmet, Turkey’s Foreign Policy Vision: An Assessment of 2007, …… s. 79.

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Ý³¨ Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ²ñ¨»ÉùáõÙ áõ ºíñ³ëÇ³ÛáõÙ325` Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝ»-Ý³Éáí ÆëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ áõ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ÙÇç¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ í»ñ³Í»Éáõ Ï³Ùáõñç »ñÏñÇ: ²Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ãáõñù-éáõë³Ï³Ý Ñ³-ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ½·³ÉÇ ³é³çÁÝÃ³ó ·ñ³Ýóí»ó: 2002 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÁ »ñÏáõ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»ó èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛáõÝ: ²Ûë ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ³-Ù³ñ»É Ãáõñù-éáõë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ï³ÛáõÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýß³Ý326: ²ÛÝáõÑ»ï¨ 2004 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ Å³Ù³Ý»ó è¸-Ç Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ì. äáõïÇÝÁ: Âáõñù-éáõë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ï-óáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý»ñ³éáõÙ ¿ ³é¨ïñÇ, ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý, ïáõñÇ½ÙÇ ¨ µÝ³Ï³Ý é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÁ327:

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óÝ»É ºíñáå³Ï³Ý ØÇáõÃÛ³ÝÝ ³Ý¹³Ù³Ïó»Éáõ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³-ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ 1997 Ã. ºíñáå³Ï³Ý ØÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ù»ñÅ»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ÛïÁ, áñÇó Ñ»ïá ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³ÏïÇí³ó³Ý »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ: ê³ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ, âÇÝ³ëï³-ÝÇ, Æñ³ÝÇ, ÎáíÏ³ëÇ áõ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ä»ïù ¿ Ýß»Ýù, áñ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÝ ³Û¹ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃ-

325 Öniş Z. & Yılmaz S., Between Europeanization and Euro-Asianism: Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey During the AKP Era, Turkish Studies, Vol.10, No. 1, March 2009, pp. 9-10. 326 Èâàíîâ È. È., Îñíîâíûå íàïðàâëåíèÿ âíåøíåé ïîëèòèêè Ïàðòèè ñïðîâåäëèâîñòè è ðàçâèòèÿ, Òóðöèÿ íàêàíóíå è ïîñëå ïàðëàìåíòñêèõ è ïðåçèäåíòñêèõ âûáîðîâ 2007 ã., Èíñòèòóò Âîñòîêîâåäåíèå ÐÀÍ, Èíñòèòóò Áëèæíåãî Âîñòîêà, Ì., 2008, ñ. 169. 327 î³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ è¸-Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ Ï³ñ¨áñ ·áñÍÁÝ-Ï»ñÝ»ñÇó ¿, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ÂáõñùÇ³ Ý»ñÏñíáÕ ·³½Ç 65 ¨ Ý³íÃÇ 25 % å³ïÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇÝ: è¸-áõÙ Ù»Í ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ »Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: Larrabee F. Stephen, Turkey’s Eurasian Agenda, The Washington Quarterly, Winter 2011, pp. 111-112.

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Û³Ùµ ³ÛÝù³Ý ¿É ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ã¿ÇÝ: ²¼Î-Ý »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³ÝáõÃ-Û³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ û·ï³·áñÍáõÙ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³-Ïáí328: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, ºíñ³ëÇ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÝ û·ï³-·áñÍ»Éáí` ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÁÝ¹·Í»É Çñ ¹»ñÁ ¨ Ñ³ëÝ»É ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý: ´³óÇ ³Û¹` »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³ÝáõÃ-Û³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇ ³ÏïÇí³óáõÙÁ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ùñó³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý áõÅ»Õ³óáõÙ:

²ÝÑ³ñÅ»ßï ¿ Ýß»É, áñ 1999 Ã.` ºØ-Ç ÏáÕÙÇó ÁÝ¹áõÝí³Í Ð»ÉëÇÝÏÛ³Ý áñáßáõÙÇó Ñ»ïá, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ ¹³ñÓñ»ó ºØ-ÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÉÇÇñ³í ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ329: ê³ ³í»ÉÇ ÁÝ¹·Íí»ó, »ñµ ²¼Î-Ç Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ 2002 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇÝ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»ó ²ñ¨ÙïÛ³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÁÝ¹É³ÛÝ»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ330: ²Ûë Ýå³ï³Ïáí ²¼Î-Ý ëÏë»ó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É µ³ñ»-÷áËáõÙÝ»ñ` »ñÏñáõÙ ß»ßïÁ ¹Ý»Éáí ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÇ íñ³331: 2002 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»ñÇ 12-13-Á Îáå»ÝÑ³-·»ÝáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ ºØ-Ç Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ Ï³éáõÛóÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÑáõÛë Ý»ñßÝã»ó: ¸³ñÓÛ³É áñáß³ÏÇ å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óíáõÙ, áñáÝù í»-ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ù³ñ¹áõ Çñ³íáõÝùÝ»ñÇÝ áõ ³-

328 Efegil E., Turkish AK Party’s Central Asian and Caucasus Politics: Critiques and Suggestions, Caucasian Review of International Affairs, Vol. 2, No. 3, Summer, 2008, p. 169; 59. Hükümet Programı, http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/docs/hukumetprgtr.doc 329 Giannotta V., Is Turkey Turning its Face From the West, SGIR 7th Pan-European Conference “Politics in Hard Times”, Stockholm, Sweden, 9-11 September 2010, p. 11. 330 Radikal, 08.11.2002. 331 ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë Özbudun Ergun, Democratization Reforms in Turkey: 1993-2004, Turkish Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, 2007, pp. 179-196.

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½³ïáõÃÛ³ÝÁ332: ²¼Î-Ç Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»ó ºØ-Ç å³Ñ³ÝçÝ»ñÁ Ï³ï³ñ»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ Çñ áñáßáõÙÁ: ºØ-ÇÝ ÙÇ³Ý³-Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ ². ¶ÛáõÉÇ áõ è. Â. ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÇ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ 2002 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇó ÙÇÝã¨ 2004 Ã. ¹»Ïï»Ùµ»-ñÁ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»É ë³ÑÙ³Ý³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç333: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï í³ñã³å»ï è. Â. ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÁ »íñáå³Ï³Ý Ù³Û-ñ³ù³Õ³ùÝ»ñáõÙ áñå»ë ÉáµµÇ ëï»ÕÍ»ó ï³ñµ»ñ áã Ï³é³í³-ñ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝó Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ³ç³Ïó»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ ³Ý¹³Ù³·ñí»Éáõ ºØ-ÇÝ334: ÀÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ³éÙ³Ùµ ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÇ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ½·³ÉÇ µ³ñÓñ³óñ»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ÕÇÝ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ »íñáå³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ï³éáõÛóÇÝ í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý³å»ë ³Ý¹³Ù³Ïó»É ¹»é¨ë ãÇ Ñ³çáÕí»É:

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý áõÕ-ÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ï»ùëïáõÙ ²¼Î-Ý Ï³ñ¨áñ»ó Ý³¨ Ñ³Ù³-·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³Ûë ÏáÕÙÝáñáßáõÙÝ»ñÁ ï»Õ ¿ÇÝ ·ï»É §²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ½³ñ·³óáõÙ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³ËÁÝï-ñ³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñáõÙ, áñï»Õ ÝßíáõÙ ¿ñ. §âÝ³Û³Í Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ù»ñ áõÝ»ó³Í å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý, ¿ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, É»½í³Ï³Ý ¨ ÏñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ` Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»-ñÇ Ñ»ï Ù»ñ ëå³ëáõÙÝ»ñÁ ãÇ ³ñ¹³ñ³óÝáõÙ, áõëïÇ ²¼Î-Ý å»ïù ¿ ³Ûë áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ï³ï³ñÇ Éáõñç ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ` ß»ß-

332 Hürriyet, 18.12.2002. 333Kramer Heinz, AKP's "Now" Foreign Policy Between Vision and Pragmatism, Working Paper, FG 2, 2010/01, SWP Berlin June, 2010, p. 11, http://www.swp-berlin.org/fileadmin/contents/products/arbeitspapiere/Krm_WP_Neu_ks.pdf 334 Milliyet, 14.12.2002.

178

ïÁ ¹Ý»Éáí ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï µ³½Ù³-ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ùñ³åÝ¹Ù³ÝÁ¦335:

Ìñ³·ñ³ÛÇÝ ³Ûë ¹ñáõÛÃÝ»ñÁ Ñ»ï³·³ÛáõÙ Ý»ñ³éí»óÇÝ ²¼Î-Ç Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Íñ³·ñáõÙ, áñÝ ¿É ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ í»ñçÇÝ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí»ó Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³Ý` Ýß»Éáí ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ µ³-ñ»É³íÙ³Ý ¨ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ ë»ñï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ·á-ïáõ í»ñ³Í»Éáõ Ù³ëÇÝ336: ²ÛëåÇëáí, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù Ýß»É, áñ ²¼Î-Ý, Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáí, ¹³ñÓÛ³É ß»ßïÁ ¹ñ»ó ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, É»½í³Ï³Ý áõ ¿ÃÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³: àñå»ë ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ` ²¼Î-Ý Ù»Í ï»Õ Ñ³ï-Ï³óñ»ó Ý³¨ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ, áñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ÏÇñ³éíáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ»ï¨Û³É Ï³ñ·³ËáëÁ. §ºñÏáõ å»-ïáõÃÛáõÝ, Ù»Ï ³½·¦: Üß»Ýù, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ³Û¹ Ï³ñ·³ËáëÁ ï³ñ³Í»É Ý³¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³-É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ337, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ýñ³ ³Ûë Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ Ó³-ËáÕí»óÇÝ:

3.2. ÂàôðøÆ²ÚÆ ø²Ô²ø²Î²ÜàôÂÚàôÜÀ

ÎºÜîðàÜ²Î²Ü ²êÆ²ÚàôØ 2002-2007 ÂÂ.

21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÇÝ §²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ½³ñ·³óáõÙ¦ Ïáõ-ë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ²í»ÉÇÝ, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ÷áñÓÁ 335 Adalet ve Kalkınma Parti Programı, http://www.akparti.org.tr/site/akparti/parti-programi#bolum_ 336 Başbakan Abdullah Gül Tarafından TBMM'ne sunulan 58'inci Hükümet Programı, Ankara, 23 Kasım 2002, s. 27. 337 Stratejik Derinliği Düşen Türk Dış Politikası, Yayınlayan Democrat Party, Dış Ilişkiler Başbakanlığı, Istanbul 2010, www.scribd.com/doc/46237931/Dis-Politika-Kitabi

179

Ñ³ßíÇ ³éÝ»Éáí` Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ ²¼Î-Ç Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý û-ñáù ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹³ñÓ³í ³í»ÉÇ ·áñÍÝ³-Ï³Ý, ¨ Ñ»Ýó ³Ûë ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó ¿É ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó Ï³éáõó»É Çñ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ºÃ» 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ÁÝÃ³óùáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ë³-Õ³É §Ù»Í »Õµáñ¦ ¹»ñÁ, ³å³ ²¼Î-Ç ûñáù ¹³ ÷áËí»ó, ¨ ÷áñ-Ó»óÇÝ Ï³éáõó»É Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ` ÑÇÙÝí»Éáí Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ÷áË³¹³ñÓ Ñ»-ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³338 (Ð³Ù»Ý³ÛÝ ¹»åë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³Û¹å»ë Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝ»É:-Ü. Ø.):

²¼Î-Ç Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ 2002 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ í»ñçÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ËáñÑñ¹³ñ³Ý Ý»ñÏ³Û³óñ»ó Çñ Íñ³·ÇñÁ. ³ÛÝï»Õ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í ¿ÇÝ ÏáÝÏñ»ï ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÁ, áñáÝù ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ýå³ï³Ï³¹ñíáõÙ ¿ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñáõÙ: ¸ñ³Ýù Ý»ñ³éáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³é¨ïñÇ, ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý, ÏñÃáõÃ-Û³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ, é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÁ` Ýå³ï³Ï³¹ñ-í»Éáí ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÁ í»ñ³Í»É ë»ñï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ·áïáõ339:

Àëï ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ïíÛ³ÉÝ»ñÇ` ²¼Î-Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í Çñ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ³é³ÝÓÝ³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ñ»ï¨Û³É ëÏ½µáõÝùÝ»ñÁ. ²-

338 Öniş Ziya, The New Wave of Foreign Policy Activism in Turkey, Drifting Away From Europanization?, Danish Institute For International Studies (DIIS) Report, 2009:05, January 2009, p.18. 339 Başbakan Abdullah Gül Tarafından TBMM'ne sunulan 58’inci Hükümet Programı, Ankara, 23 Kasım 2002, s. 27, Özdem Sanberk, Türk Dış Politikaı’nın Dönüşümü: Öncelikler Nelerdir? Rota Değişikliği var mı? 21. Yüzyılda Çağdaş Türk Dış Politikası ve Diplomasisi, Editör: Prof. Dr. Hasret Çomak, Kocaeli, 2010, s. 106.

180

é³çÇÝ` ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ëáóÇ³É³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óáõÙÁ: ºñÏñáñ¹` ¾Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ËáÕáí³Ï³-ß³ñ»ñÇ ËÝ¹ÇñÁ: ºññáñ¹` Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ³-ç³Ïó»É ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ: âáññáñ¹` Ýå³ë-ï»É ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ ¨ Ýñ³Ýó ÇÝï»·ñÙ³ÝÁ ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·ÇÝ340:

ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ²¼Î-Ý ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ¿Ý»ñ-·»ïÇÏ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ í»ñ³Í»Éáõ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ Ï»ÝïñáÝÇ: ¸ñ³Ýáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï¹³é-Ý³ñ ºíñ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ ¹»ñ³Ï³ï³ñÝ»-ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ: ²Ûë Ýå³ï³Ïáí ²¼Î-Ý Ù»Í ï»Õ Ñ³ïÏ³óñ»ó Î³ë-åÇó ÍáíÇ ³í³½³ÝÇÝ, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë` Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇÝ ¨ Âáõñù-Ù»Ýëï³ÝÇÝ, áñáÝù Ñ³ñáõëï ¿ÇÝ Ý³íÃÇ ¨ ·³½Ç å³ß³ñÝ»-ñáí: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ Ï³ñ¨áñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ áã ÙÇ³ÛÝ ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ å³-ß³ñÝ»ñÇ ËÝ¹ÇñÁ, ³ÛÉ¨ ¹ñ³Ýó ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ: Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ß³Ñ»ñÁ å³ßïå³Ý»Éáí` ²¼Î-Ý ¹³ñÓÛ³É ß»ßïÁ ¹ÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³ÝóÇÏ ¹»ñÇ íñ³, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` Ó¨³íáñáõÙ ¿ñ ²ñ¨»Éù-²ñ¨Ùáõïù, ÐÛáõëÇë-Ð³ñ³í ¿-Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ÙÇç³ÝóùÁ, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ¹³ñÓÛ³É µ³ñÓñ³óÝ»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ï³ñ¨áñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Ûë Íñ³-·ÇñÁ »ÝÃ³¹ñáõÙ ¿ñ, áñ ²ñ¨Ùáõïù Ñ³ëÝáÕ Ý³íÃÇ áõ ·³½Ç Ëá-Õáí³Ï³ß³ñ»ñÁ å»ïù ¿ ³ÝóÝ»Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ï³ñ³Íùáí: Ð»Ýó ³Ûë ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó ¿É ²¼Î-Ý Ù»Í³å»ë ³ç³Ïó»ó ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ï³ñÇ, ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-¾ñ½ñáõÙ µÝ³-Ï³Ý ·³½Ç ËáÕ³í³Ï³ß³ñÇ ¨ ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-Î³ñë »ñÏ³Ãáõ-Õáõ ßÇÝ³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: àñå»ë½Ç ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ³Ý³ñ Çñ³-Ï³Ý³óÝ»ñ Çñ Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ, Ýñ³Ý ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ÇÝ Õ³½³Ë³-

340 Turkey's Dış Işleri Bakanlığı, Synopsis of the Turkish Foreign Policy, http://www.mfa.gov.tr/synopsis-of-the-turkish-foreign-policy.en.mfa

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Ï³Ý Ý³íÃÝ áõ ÃáõñùÙ»Ý³Ï³Ý ·³½Á: àõëïÇ, ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÁ Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ ÏÝù»ó Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï341, ÇëÏ ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-¾ñ½ñáõÙ ·³½³ï³ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ` ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³-ÝÇ Ñ»ï342: Üß»Ýù, áñ ³Ûë Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñÁ í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý³¨ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý, ·ÇïáõÃÛ³Ý, »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹áõÃÛ³Ý, ëåáñïÇ, ÁÝ-ï³ÝÇùÇ ¨ ÙÛáõë µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÇÝ343:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ` ¿Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ÙÇç³Ýóù ÉÇÝ»Éáõ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í` Ï³ñ¨áñ ¿ñ Nabucco Ý³íÃ³ï³ñÇ Íñ³·ÇñÁ, áñÁ ëÏÇ½µ ¿ñ ³é-Ý»Éáõ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇó áõ ´áõÉÕ³ñÇ³Ûáí, èáõÙÇÝÇ³Ûáí, ÐáõÝ·³-ñÇ³Ûáí Ñ³ëÝ»Éáõ ¿ñ ²íëïñÇ³: §Ü³µáõÏÏá¦ ·³½³ï³ñÁ ¿-Ý»ñ·»ïÇÏ ³Ù»Ý³Ñ³í³ÏÝáï Ý³Ë³·Í»ñÇó ¿: Ü³Ë³ï»ëíáõÙ ¿ñ Ëáßáñ ·³½³ï³ñ ó³ÝóÇ Ï³éáõóáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³-ÛÇó ¹»åÇ Æñ³Ý áõ ²¹ñµ»ç³Ý áñÁ ºØ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ÏÙ³ï³Ï³-ñ³ñ»ñ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý ÙÇÝã¨ 80 ÙÉñ¹ Ù3 µÝ³Ï³Ý ·³½: §Ü³µáõÏÏá¦ Ý³Ë³·ÇÍÁ ÙÇ³Ýß³Ý³Ïáñ»Ý áõÕÕí³Í ¿ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ` áñå»ë ºíñáå³ÛÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý µÝ³Ï³Ý ·³½Ç Ù³ï³Ï³ñ³ñÇ, ¹»ñÇ Ýí³½Ù³ÝÁ: Î³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ ³ë»É` ë³ ³Ûë Ý³Ë³·ÍÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿: 2003 Ã. Í³·³Í ·³½³ï³ñÇ ³ÝóÏ³óÙ³Ý ·³Õ³-÷³ñÁ ë»ñïáñ»Ý Ï³åí³Í ¿ñ »ñÏáõ ³ÛÉ Ëáßáñ Ý³Ë³·Í»ñÇ` ´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇëÇ-æ»ÛÑ³Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙáõÕÇ áõ Ð³ñ³íÏáíÏ³ëÛ³Ý ·³½³ï³ñÇ (´³ùáõ-ÂµÇÉÇë-¾ñ½ñáõÙ) Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý ïñ³-Ù³µ³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý áõ á·áõ Ñ»ï: ²Ûë »ñÏáõ Ý³Ë³·Í»ñÁ Ïáãí³Í ¿ÇÝ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ï³ñ³ÍùÁ ßñç³ÝóáÕ ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ »ñÃáõÕÇ ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ ¨ Ï³ëåÛ³Ý Ý³íÃÝ áõ ·³½Á Ñ³Ù³ßË³ñÑ³ÛÇÝ ßáõ-Ï³ áõÕÕ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ: §Ü³µáõÏÏá¦ Íñ³·ñÇ ³é³ÝÓÝ³Ñ³ï-

341 Babalı Tuncay, Implications of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Main Oil Pipeline Project, Perceptions. Journal of International Affairs, Winter 2005, pp. 48-49. 342 ÜáõÛÝ ï»ÕáõÙ, ¿ç 50-52: 343 Zaman, 07.12.2007.

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ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ Ý³ ¹áõñë ¿ ·³Éáõ ¹»åÇ Æñ³ÝÇ Ëáßáñ áõ ãÛáõñ³óí³Í ·³½³Ñ³Ýù»ñÁ: Üß»Ýù, áñ µÝ³Ï³Ý ·³½Ç å³-ß³ñÝ»ñáí ³ßË³ñÑáõÙ »ñÏñáñ¹ ï»ÕÁ ·ñ³íáÕ Æñ³ÝÝ ³é³ÛÅÙ ½·³ÉÇ Í³í³Éáí ·³½ ãÇ ³ñï³Ñ³ÝáõÙ: âÝ³Û³Í ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ç³Ýù»ñÇÝ §Ü³µáõÏÏá¦ Íñ³·ÇñÁ ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ó³-ËáÕí»ó:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³Ý-¹»ë ¿ñ ·³ÉÇë ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³ñ³óÙ³Ý Ï³ñ·³ËáëÝ»ñáí ¨ Ï»Ýï-ñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ç³ÝáõÙ ¿ñ Ýå³ëï»É ÅáÕáíñ¹³í³-ñáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ: ê³ ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ ¿ñ, áñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëÝ»É ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý:

²¼Î-Ý ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»É ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ, áñï»Õ Ãáõñù å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó »ÉáõÛÃÝ»ñáõÙ ³ÝÁÝ¹Ñ³ï ËáëáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ùñ³åÝ¹-Ù³Ý áõ ÁÝ¹É³ÛÝÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, Ù»Í Ýß³Ý³ÏáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ ïñíáõÙ Ý³¨ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ Í³·Ù³ÝÝ áõ É»½íÇÝ: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ ²¼Î-Ý ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ` Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»Éáí ÝÙ³Ý³ïÇå ·³-·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ: ²¼Î-Ç ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³Ï ¿ñ ½³ñ·³óÝ»É µ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»-ñÇ Ñ»ï` ß»ßï»Éáí Ý³¨ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý Ñëï³Ï áõÕÕí³ÍáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ, áñÝ ¿ñ §ÃÛáõñù ÙÇ³ëÝáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ:

ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ²¼Î-Ç Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»É ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ, áñáÝóáõÙ ÝßíáõÙ ¿ñ ï³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³í³é-Ý»ñáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ, µ³Ûó Çñ³-Ï³ÝáõÙ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ù³ñá½íáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÃÛáõñù ÙÇ³ëÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ å³ÝÃ-ÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ: ²Ûëå»ë` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ í³ñã³å»ï ¾ñ-

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¹áÕ³ÝÁ, »ÉáõÛÃ áõÝ»Ý³Éáí ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ Ñ³-Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñÇ 11-ñ¹ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ, áñÁ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³í 2007 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ 17-ÇÝ ´³ùíáõÙ, Ñ³ïáõÏ Ýß»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ344: Ü³ Ýß»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý í»ñ³-µ»ñÛ³É Çñ ¹Å·áÑáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ áñå»ë ó³ÝÏ³ÉÇ ûñÇÝ³Ï Ý»ñÏ³-Û³óñ»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ¾ñ¹á-Õ³ÝÝ ³é³ç³ñÏ»ó Ó¨³íáñ»É Ñ»éáõëï³ï»ë³ÛÇÝ ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·, ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇ ·ÇïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇ³ëÝ³-Ï³Ý ³Ï³¹»ÙÇ³, Ã³Ý·³ñ³Ý ¨ ëï»ÕÍ»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÙÇ³ëÝ³-Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃ, É»½áõ, å³ïÙáõÃÛáõÝ, ·ñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ345: ö³ëïá-ñ»Ý ²¼Î-Ý ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ñ ù³ñá½»É §ÃÛáõñù ÙÇ³ëÝáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ: ºÃ» ¹³ ÑÝ³ñ³íáñ ã¿ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí, ³å³ å»ïù ¿ Ó¨³íáñ»É Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝáí:

²Ûë ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó ²¼Î-Ý ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý É³ïÇÝ³ï³é ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇ ÁÝ¹áõÝ-Ù³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ëÏë»óÇÝ Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óÝ»É ï³ñµ»ñ ï»ë³ÏÇ ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñ` Ññ³íÇñí»óÇÝ ·Ç-ï³Ï³Ý Ýëï³ßñç³ÝÝ»ñ, ËáñÑñ¹³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, Ññ³ï³ñ³Ï-í»óÇÝ Ñá¹í³ÍÝ»ñ, ·ñù»ñ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: âÝ³Û³Í í»ñÁ Ýßí³Í Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óñ³Í ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÇÝ` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ å»ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ Çñ»Ýó »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ÁÝ¹áõÝ»óÇÝ É³ïÇÝ³ï³é ë»÷³-Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù, Ãáõñù³Ï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³Í, áõ-Ý»ÇÝ áñáß ³é³ÝÓÝ³Ñ³ïÏáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ:

ºñµ ²¼Î-Ý ³Ýó³í ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉáõË, »ñÏñáõÙ ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³Ù ¿ñ: àõëïÇ Ýñ³Ýó Íñ³·ñáõÙ Ù»Í ï»Õ ¿ñ Ñ³ïÏ³óí³Í ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³ÝÝ áõ µ³ñ»÷á- 344Zaman, 17.11.2007. 345 Başbakan Erdoğan’ın 17 Kasım 2007 tarihinde 11. Türk Devletleri ve Toplumları Kurultay'ın da yaptığı konuşmanın tam metni için bakınız http://www.akparti.org.tr

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ËáõÙÝ»ñÇÝ: ²¼Î-Ç ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ýå³-ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ »ñÏñáõÙ Ï³ÛáõÝ³óÝ»É Çñ³íÇ×³ÏÁ, Ñ³ÕÃ³Ñ³ñ»É ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³ÙÁ ¨, µÝ³Ï³Ý³µ³ñ, Ñ³ëÝ»É ïÝï»ë³-Ï³Ý µ³ñÓñ Ù³Ï³ñ¹³ÏÇ346: ÆëÏ³å»ë, ²¼Î-Ç Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÁ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³× ³ñÓ³-Ý³·ñ»ó. ÙÇÝã¨ 2004 Ã. »Ï³ÙáõïÝ»ñ ³í»É³ó³Ý 7 %-áí, 2005 Ã.` ³ñ¹»Ý 7,7 %-áí, ÇëÏ 2006-ÇÝ` 9,7 %-áí347: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ³é¨ïñÇ ³×Á ³½¹áõÙ ¿ñ Ý³¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³-Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï áõÝ»ó³Í ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³: Âáõñù µ³ñÓñ³ëïÇ×³Ý å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, ³ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³ÝÁ (Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ): ²¼Î-ÇÝ ã¿ñ ·áÑ³óÝáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï áõÝ»ó³Í ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÁ, áõëïÇ ³Û¹ áõÕÕáõÃ-Û³Ùµ Ý³ ëÏë»ó ³ÏïÇí ù³ÛÉ»ñ Ó»éÝ³ñÏ»É` áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓÝ»Éáí Ý³¨ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÇÝ: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³Í` 2002 Ã. ëÏë³Í ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñÇ Í³í³ÉÝ»ñÝ ÇëÏ³-å»ë ³í»É³ó³Ý áõ µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³× ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñí»ó (î»'ë ³Õ-Ûáõë³Ï 1, 2)348:

²Ûë ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó ½³ñ·³óÝ»É ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ

346 Öniş Ziya, Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi’nin Ekonomi Politiği, AK Parti: Toplumsal Değişimin Yeni Aktörleri, Ed. Hakan Yavuz, İstanbul, 2010, s. 269-272. 347 Ugur Mehmet, Turkish Economic Policy Under AKP Government: An Assessment for 2002-2007, MPRA Paper No. 18235, 24 April 2008, http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/18235 348 Güneş Recep, Otlu Fikret, Durmuş Fethi Ahmet, Türkiye, Rusya ve Türk Cumhuriyetleri Arasındaki Dış Ticaret İşlemlerinde Barter Yönetiminin Uygulanabilirliği, Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, Cilt 1, Sayı 1, Kış 2010, s. 106-109.

185

Ñ»ï: 2006 Ã. ÑáõÝí³ñÇÝ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý ³Ûóáí ÂáõñùÇ³ Å³-Ù³Ý»ó î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ÆÙ³Ù³ÉÇ è³ÑÙ³ÝáíÁ: ºñ-Ïáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó ´³ñ»Ï³ÙáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ349: ²í»É³óÝ»Ýù, áñ 2009 Ã. Ù³ÛÇ-ëÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ²µ¹áõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉÁ å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý »-éûñÛ³ ³Ûóáí »Õ³í ¸áõß³Ýµ»áõÙ: ºñÏáõ ÏáÕÙ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³-ÝáõÙ ùÝÝ³ñÏ»óÇÝ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñó»ñ350: Ò¨³íáñí»ó ³é³-çÇÝ Ãáõñù-ï³çÇÏ³Ï³Ý µÇ½Ý»ë ýáñáõÙÁ: ºñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»-Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝáõÃÛ³Ý »Ï³Ý î³çÇÏëï³ÝáõÙ Ó¨³íá-ñ»Éáõ ³½³ï ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ·áïÇ, ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³Ïó»Éáõ ³ÍË³çñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ, ï»ËÝáÉá·Ç³Ý»ñÇ áõ ïñ³Ýëåáñ-ïÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ²ÛëåÇáëáí, 1990-³Ï³Ý-Ý»ñÇ í»ñçÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³Í` 2002 Ã. ëÏë³Í ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³ó³Ý, ³Ý·³Ù µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³× ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñí»ó:

Üß»Ýù, áñ ²¼Î-Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ïÏ³óñ»ó ÙÇç³½·³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³-Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ, Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë` îÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³ÝÁ351: ²Ûë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ ³Ý¹³Ù-å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ý³ËÏÇÝÇ å»ë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ³Ûë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ,

349 Çaman Efe M. and Akyurt Ali M., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 72: 350 Presidency of the Republic of Turkey, President Gül: Turkey Will Support Tajkistan’s Membership Application to the World Trade Organization, May 28, 2009, http://www.tccb.gov.tr 351 Adalet ve Kalkınman Parti Programı, http://www. akparti.org.tr/site/akparti/parti-programi#bolum_

186

ë³Ï³ÛÝ ¹³ñÓÛ³É Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙ ¿ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇ ¹Å·áÑáõÃÛ³ÝÁ (³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ Ýñ³Ýù ¿ÇÝ ¹Å·áÑáõÙ):

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³é¨ïñ³-ÛÇÝ Ëáßáñ ·áñÍÁÝÏ»ñÝ»ñÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ »Ý ÙÝ³É Ô³½³Ëë-ï³ÝÁ, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÝ áõ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇó ÂáõñùÇ³ Ý»ñÏñíáõÙ »Ý ùÇÙÇÏ³ïÝ»ñ, ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÝÛáõÃ»ñ áõ ·áñÍí³Íù»Õ»Ý, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ù³ëÁ Ï³½ÙáõÙ »Ý Ý³íÃ³ÙÃ»ñùÁ ¨ µ³Ùµ³ÏÁ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÝ »Ý ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: î³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Çñ»Ýó ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÝ »Ý ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ßÇÝ³ñ³ñ³Ï³Ý ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÁ: Ü³ËÏÇÝÇ å»ë Ýñ³Ýù Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ »Ý Ëáßáñ ßÇÝ³ñ³-ñ³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Çñ»Ýó Ù»ç Ý»ñ³éáõÙ »Ý Ï³é³-í³ñ³Ï³Ý, ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý, µÅßÏ³Ï³Ý, µÝ³Ï»ÉÇ, Å³Ù³ÝóÇ ßÇÝáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ ïñ³Ýëåáñï³ÛÇÝ Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ï³éáõ-óáõÙÁ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ü²îú-Ý ÷áñÓ»ó áñáß³ÏÇ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃ-ÛáõÝ Í³í³É»É Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ, Ù³ëÝ³íá-ñ³å»ë` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ áõ ÎáíÏ³ëáõÙ: Ü²îú-Ç ³Ûë ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ùµ ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý, ³í»ÉÇÝ` ÷áñ-ÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ýñ³Ý û·ï³·áñÍ»É Çñ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ: Âáõñ-ùÇ³Ý, ÉÇÝ»Éáí Ü²îú-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù ¨ ³ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáí Çñ ½ÇÝ-í³Í áõÅ»ñÁ, Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝ ³é³ç³óñ»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³-Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ùáï: ²Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ß³Ñ³·ñ·éí³Í ¿ÇÝ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ, áñÁ ÏÝß³Ý³Ï»ñ Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ Ý³¨ Ü²îú-Ç Ñ»ï: ê³ ÇÝã-áñ ï»Õ Ó»éÝïáõ ¿ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³Ûë ×³Ý³å³ñÑáí Ýñ³Ýù ÏÃáõÉ³óÝ»ÇÝ Çñ»Ýó Ï³Ëí³ÍáõÃÛáõÝÁ éáõë³Ï³Ý ³½¹»-óáõÃÛáõÝÇó:

187

Ü²îú-Ý ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»óÇÝ Çñ»Ýó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó, »ñµ Ýñ³ÝóÇó ß³ï»ñÁ ÙÇ³ó³Ý ºíñá-³ïÉ³ÝïÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ËáñÑñ¹ÇÝ (Euro-Atlantic Partnership

Council-EAPC), áñÝ ¿É Çñ»ÝÇó Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ §Ð³Ù³·áñÍ³Ï-óáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ÝáõÝ Ë³Õ³ÕáõÃÛ³Ý¦ Íñ³·ÇñÁ (Partnership for Pease-

PFP): ÂáõñùÇ³Ý 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñç»ñÇó ëÏë»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»É ýÇÝ³Ýë³-Ï³Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ` Ýñ³Ýó ½ÇÝí³Í áõÅ»ñÝ ³ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí: ²ÛëåÇëáí, ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï é³½Ù³-Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ëÏë»ó ½³ñ·³óÝ»É »ñÏÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³ñ³µ»-ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝó í»ñ³µ»ñÛ³É Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñÁ ÏÝùí»É ¿ÇÝ ¹»é¨ë 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ352: ²Ûë Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñÇ Ï³ñ¨áñ ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÝ ³ÛÝ ¿ñ, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý å³ñ-ï³íáñíáõÙ ¿ñ í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëï»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñ-

352 ¸»é¨ë 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³-í³éÇ µ³ñÓñ³ëïÇ×³Ý å³ßïáÝÛ³Ý»ñÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ ³Ûó»ÉáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý³¨ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ: 1993 Ã. Ù³ñïÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¶ÉË³íáñ ßï³µÇ å»ï ¸. ¶Ûáõñ»ßÁ ³Ûó»Éáõ-ÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ï³ï³ñ»ó ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý, àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý ¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³Ý: è³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ³é³çÇÝ ÙÇçÏ³é³í³ñ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³Û-Ý³·ÇñÁ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨ 1993 Ã. ÷»ïñí³ñÇ 23-ÇÝ ²ÉÙ³-²Ã³ÛáõÙ: ÜáõÛÝ Ãí³Ï³ÝÇÝ ÝÙ³Ý³ïÇå Ñ³-Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó Ý³¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï: ²Ûë Ñ³Ù³Ó³Û-Ý³·ñ»ñÁ í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý³¨ é³½Ù³ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñ-Í³ÏóáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ¨ ëå³Ý»ñÇ í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïÙ³ÝÁ: Üß»Ýù Ý³¨, áñ ÝÙ³Ý ÑÙ³Ó³ÛÝ³·Çñ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó Ý³¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï, ë³Ï³ÛÝ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ í³ï³óÙ³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ³ÛÝ ³Ýáõß³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ïÝí»ó: î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ñ³Ý³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ãÏ³ñ, ù³ÝÇ áñ ³Ûëï»Õ Ù»Í ¿ñ éáõë³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

188

Ý»ñÇ ëå³Û³Ï³Ý Ï³½ÙÇÝ ¨ ³Ûë µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ óáõÛó ï³É ³ÝÑ-ñ³Å»ßï û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ353:

Î³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÇó ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³í»-ÉÇ Ù»Í ç³Ýù»ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³óñ»ó` Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»-½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ï-ó»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí: ¸³ ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí»ó àõ½-µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ ûñÇÝ³Ïáí, »ñµ 2000 Ã. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Ûë »ñÏñÇ Ñ»ï ëÏë»ó ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ: 2000 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ å³ßïå³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³ñ³ñÝ»ñÁ ëïáñ³·ñ»óÇÝ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý áõ é³½Ù³ï»ËÝÇ-Ï³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ, áñï»Õ Ï³ÛÇÝ Ï»ï»ñ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý áõ ³Ñ³µ»ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù å³Ûù³ñÇ í»-ñ³µ»ñÛ³É: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý å³ñï³íáñíáõÙ ¿ñ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇÝ óáõÛó ï³É é³½Ù³ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ354: Üß»Ýù, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÝÙ³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ óáõÛó ïí»ó àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇÝ, ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³Ñ³µ»ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù å³Ûù³ñáõÙ ýÇÝ³ÝëÏ³Ý ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñ ïñ³Ù³¹ñ»ó, áñÇ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ·áõÙ³ñÁ 2002-2004 ÃÃ. Ï³½Ù»ó 3,3 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ355: 2003 Ã. ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ í³ñã³å»ï è. Â. ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÁ å»ï³Ï³Ý ³Ûóáí àõ½µ»Ïëï³-ÝáõÙ ¿ñ, ¨ »ñÏáõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý å³ÛÙ³Ý³·Çñ ëïáñ³·ñí»ó, áñÁ ÑÇÙ-Ý³Ï³ÝáõÙ í»ñ³µ»ñáõÙ ¿ñ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñ-å»ÉáõÝ: ÐÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ å³ïñ³ëï»É ³ÛÝåÇëÇ Ù³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Ïå³Ûù³ñ»Ý ³Ñ³µ»ÏãáõÃÛ³Ý ¹»Ù356:

353 Winrow G. Turkey and Central Asia…….. p. 207. 354 http://www.byegm.gov.tr/YAYINLARIMIZ/HABERANADOLU/ HABERANA/2000/10/HA17x10x00.HTM 355Özbekistan Ülke Raporu, Aralık 2004, T. C. Başbakanlık Türk İşbirliği ve Kalkınma İdaresi, (TİKA), 04.06.2007, s. 67, http://www.tika.gov.tr 356 Sabah, 20.12.2003.

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192

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Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ù»ñÅí»ó368: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó ¿É Ô³½³Ëëï³-ÝÁ, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÁ, î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ ¨ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÝ Çñ»Ýó ³½·³-ÛÇÝ ß³Ñ»ñÇó »ÉÝ»Éáí` ÞÐÎ-ÇÝ ³Ý¹³Ù³Ïó»Éáí` ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃ-ÛáõÝ »Ý ëï³ÝáõÙ Ó¨³íáñ»Éáõ ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³éáõÛó, áñáí ¿É ÷áñÓ»Éáõ »Ý Î»Ýïñ³Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ å³Ñå³Ý»É áõÅ³ÛÇÝ µ³É³ÝëÁ âÇÝ³ëï³ÝÇ áõ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ÙÇç¨369:

²¼Î-Ý ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ï-Ù³Ùµ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³ó-ñ³Í ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ÇÝ »ñÇï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñ ·³É ÂáõñùÇ³` ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝ ëï³Ý³Éáõ, áñÁ Ñáí³Ý³íáñáõÙ ¿ñ ²½·³ÛÇÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý Ý³Ë³-ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²Ûë é³½Ù³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í ¿ Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ÑÝ·³ÙÛ³ 9-ñ¹ å-É³ÝáõÙ370:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý 60-ñ¹ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý Íñ³·ñáõÙ Ñ³ïáõÏ Ýßí³Í ¿. §¼³ñ·³óÝ»É Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»-ñÁ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï¦371: ²Û-ëÇÝùÝ, ¾ñ¹áÕ³ÝÇ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»Éáõ ¿ñ ½³ñ-·³óÝ»É Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï` Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáí û·ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñ: î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï ÂáõñùÇ³Ý

368 Çomak Hasret, Gökalp Ayşegül, 2010'lu Yıllarda Şanghay İşbirliği Örgütü'nün Geleceği ve Türkiye, ISSA II. Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimciler Kongresi 22.Ekim. 2008, Bişkek/Kırgızistan, Kocaeli, 2009, s. 343. 369 Åãèàçàðÿí À., Ãåîýêîíîìè÷åñêèå ïðèîðèòåòû Êèòàÿ â Êàâêàçñêî-Êàñïèéñêî-Öåíòðàëüíîàçèàòñêîì ðåãèîíå, §21-ñ¹ ¹³ñ¦, ÃÇí 3(5), 2004, ñ. 71. 370 Dokuzuncu Kalkınma Planı (2007-2013), Devlet Planlama Teskilatı Musteşarlığı, 2006, s. 50, http://plan9.dpt.gov.tr/oik57_agacmobilya/agac_mobilya.pdf 371 T. C. 60. Hükümet Programı, Eylem Planı, 10 Ocak 2008, http://ekutup.dpt.gov.tr/plan/ep2008.pdf

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ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ Ýå³ï³Ï áõÝÇ ½³ñ·³óÝ»Éáõ ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»-ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ´³óÇ ³Û¹` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñáí³Ýáõ Ý»ñùá ß³ñáõÝ³Ïí»Éáõ ¿ÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»É ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ: Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»-½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ »Ý ½³ñ·³óÝ»É Âáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍ³Ï³ÉáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ²ñï³ùÇÝ ³é¨ïñÇ í³ñãáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ÏñÃ³-Ï³Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÁ ¨ ³Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ëï»ÕÍí³Í ÙÛáõë Ù³ñ-ÙÇÝÝ»ñÁ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, ²¼Î-Ý Çñ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó Ï³ñ¨áñ»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ß³-ñáõÝ³Ï»ó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ²¼Î-Ç ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³é³í»É ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí»ó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝ-ï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ, »ñµ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñçÇ óáõó³-ÝÇßÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³Í` µ³í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³× ³ñÓ³Ý³·ñí»ó, ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ³ó³í ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý³-å»ë ³å³Ñáí»É Çñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ: ²¼Î-Ý ß³-ñáõÝ³Ï»ó Ý³¨ Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ü²îú-Ç ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»ñáõÙ, áñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ³å³Ñáí»É Çñ ï»ÕÝ ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ²¼Î-Ý Çñ Ï³é³í³ñÙ³Ý ³é³çÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ á-ñáß³ÏÇ Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙÝ»ñ áõÝ»ó³í, Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³é¨ïñÇ áõ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ, ½³ñ·³óñ»ó é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ë-ï³ïÙ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ Ëáë»ÉÝ ³í»Éáñ¹ ¿: Î³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù` ²¼Î-Ý Ï³-ñáÕ³ó³í Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ å³Ñå³Ý»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³ËÏÇÝ ¹Çñù»ñÁ, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³å³Ñáí»É Ýñ³ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

196

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20-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ í»ñçÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñáí³Ýáõ Ý»ñùá ¹³ñÓÛ³É ëÏë»ó í»ñ»Éù ³åñ»É Ý³ËÏÇÝ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³-ñ³ËáëáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÝ ³Ûë Ýáñ ÷áõÉáõÙ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ µÝáõÃ³·ñ»É áñ-å»ë Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½Ù: ²ÛÝ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ ÊáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ÙÇáõÃÛ³Ý ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ: Ü»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÁ ¹³ñÓÛ³É Çñ Ù»ç Ý»-ñ³éáõÙ ¿ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Û³óùÝ»ñÇ, Ý»ñùÇÝ áõ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ ³ÙµáÕçáõÃÛáõÝ, ³ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·ÉË³íáñáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ó¨³íáñ»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ` ÙÇ³ë-Ý³Ï³Ý å³ïÙáõÃÛ³Ùµ, Ùß³ÏáõÛÃáí áõ É»½íáí: ì»ñçÇÝ »ñ»ù ·áñÍáÝÝ»ñÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù»Í ï»Õ Ñ³ïÏ³óí»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñÍÁÝÃ³óáõÙ: ²Ûë Ýáñ ¿ï³åáõÙ Ý»á-å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ ¿ñ` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·ÉË³-íáñáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ó¨³íáñ»É Ýáñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³Ù Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÝ ¿É ÏÑ³Ý¹Çë³Ý³ñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ·³Õ³÷³ñ³Ï³Ý Ëáßáñ µ³½³ ÃÛáõñù ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»ñÇ áõ Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÇÝï»·ñÙ³Ý Ñ³ñóáõÙ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏë³Í` Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ¹áÏïñÇÝ³ÛÇ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ É³ÛÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ »Ý Çñ³Ï³Ý³ó-ÝáõÙ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³ïáõÏ Í³é³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇë-ï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñáí Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝó ³-ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ãáõñù Õ»Ï³í³ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÁ: Ð»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ Ñ³-Ù³ñíáõÙ §²½·³ÛÝ³Ï³Ý ß³ñÅáõÙ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÇ ³-é³çÝáñ¹Ý ¿ñ ². ÂÛáõñù»ßÁ (Ý³ Ù³Ñ³ó³í 1997 Ã., áñÇó Ñ»ïá Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ³é³çÝáñ¹Á ¹³ñÓ³í ¸»íÉ»Ã ´³Ñã»ÉÇÝ): Üñ³ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ¿ ·ïÝíáõÙ Ý³¨ ¶áñß ·³ÛÉ»ñ

197

Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ: êñ³Ýù áõÝ»Ý Çñ»Ýó µ³ÝÏ»ñÁ, ÁÝÏ»ñáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ³ç³ÏóáõÙ »Ý å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³-÷³ñÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³ÝÁ372: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ ÂÛáõñù»ßÁ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÙ ¿ñ ³Ù»Ý³ÙÛ³ Ñ³Ù³ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áõÙ³ñÝ»ñ, ÏáÝý»ñ³Ýë-Ý»ñ, ËáñÑñ¹³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, áñáÝù Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»ñÇ µ³ñ»Ï³-ÙáõÃÛáõÝ, »Õµ³ÛñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ¦ Ëáñ³·ñáí: ÜÙ³Ý ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ùÝÝ³ñÏíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÇÝ í»ñ³µ»ñáÕ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³ñó»ñ:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³ÍíáõÙ ¿ñ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÇ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÇ, àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÇ, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ, ÇëÏ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³é³çÇÝ ¹³ß-Ý³ÏÇóÁ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÝ ¿ñ: ÆÝãå»ë Ý³Ëáñ¹ ·ÉáõËÝ»ñáõÙ Ý»ñÏ³-Û³óñ»É »Ýù, Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Çñ³-Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ÏñÃ³Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, É»½í³Ï³Ý, ³Û-µáõµ»ÝÇ ÷áËÙ³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ µËáõÙ ¿ñ Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñ-ùÇ½ÙÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇó: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, »Ã» ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ãÏ³ñáÕ³Ý³ñ Ó¨³íáñ»É Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ÑÇÙù»ñáí ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõÃ-ÛáõÝ, ³å³ ·áÝ» ¹³ ÏÇñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»ñ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Ï³Ù Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ³éáõÙÝ»ñáí:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³-ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³óÝ»Éáõ Ýå³ï³Ïáí 1992 Ã. ÑáõÝí³-ñÇ 27-ÇÝ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ·áñÍ»ñÇ Ý³Ë³ñ³ñáõÃÛ³ÝÁ ÏÇó ëï»ÕÍ-í»ó §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·áñ-Í³Ï³ÉáõÃÛáõÝÁ¦ (Türk İşbirliği ve Kalkınma Ajansı-TIKA), áñÝ Çñ ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ý»ñ³éáõÙ ¿ñ Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñ: ²Ûë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ ëï»ÕÍÙ³Ý ßñç³- 372 Ñâàðàíö À., Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 11:

198

ÝÇó ÙÇÝã¨ ûñë ÑëÏ³Û³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ ¿ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ µ³½Ù³-ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ: TIKA-Ç Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Ýå³ëï»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý, ³é¨ïñ³ÛÇÝ, ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý, ëá-óÇ³É³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ áõ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³-Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ, ³Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí ³é³ç³ñ-Ï»É ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É Íñ³·ñ»ñ373: Üß»Ýù, áñ TIKA-Ý Ù»Í áõß³¹-ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Ãáõñù»ñ»ÝÇ ¨ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý ³í³Ý¹áõÛÃÝ»ñÇ áõ ëáíáñáõÛÃÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³ÝÁ: ²Ûë ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ, ³Ýßáõßï, ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ áõÕÕí³Í ¿ ï³-ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ³½-¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ïñ×³ïÙ³ÝÁ374:

TIKA-Ç å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ËÙµ³íáñ»É ³Ûëå»ë. 1. ½³ñ·³óÝ»É µ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: 2. Î»Ýï-ñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ³é³ç³¹ñ»É ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É Íñ³·ñ»ñ: 3. ²ç³Ïó»É ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Ï³ñ·»ñÇ ½³ñ·³ó-Ù³ÝÁ, Ùß³Ï»É ûñÇÝ³·Í»ñ, û·Ý»É í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëï»Éáõ ï³ñ-µ»ñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñÇÝ: Üå³ëï»É Ý³¨ ßáõÏ³-Û³Ï³Ý ³½³ï ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ: 4. ÎñÃáõÃÛ³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ ÁÝ¹-É³ÛÝ»É, ³ñï»ñÏñáõÙ ëï»ÕÍ»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ï»Ýï-ñáÝÝ»ñ, ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ»É ï³ñµ»ñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ¨ ÑÇÙ-

373 Arık Ümüt, New Independent States and Turkish Foreign Policy, International Journal of Turkish Studies, Cilt 6, Sayı 1 ve 2, Kış 1992-94, s. 35. 374 Óðàçîâà Å. È., Òóðåöêîå àãåíñòâî ïî ñîòðóäíè÷åñòâó è ðàç-âèòèþ (TIKA): Íîâûå çàäà÷è, Òóðöèÿ íàêàíóíå è ïîñëå ïàðëà-ìåíòñêèõ è ïðåçèäåíòñêèõ âûáîðîâ 2007 ã., Èíñòèòóò âîñòî-êîâåäåíèÿ ÐÀÍ, Ì., 2008, ñ. 186.

199

Ý³¹ñ³ÙÝ»ñ375: 1999 Ã. í»ñçÇÝ TIKA-Ý ï»ËÝÇÏ³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃ-Û³Ý ¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 270 Íñ³·ñ»ñ Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óñ»ó, áñáÝóÇó 210-Á` ³é³ÝÓÇÝ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ, ÇëÏ 60-Á áõ-Ý»ÇÝ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ µÝáõÛÃ376:

TIKA-Ý Çñ Ï»ÝïñáÝÝ»ñÝ áõ ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÝ»ñÁ µ³ó»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý µáÉáñ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ: ²Ûëå»ë, TIKA-Ç Íñ³·-ñ»ñÇ Ïááñ¹ÇÝ³óÇáÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ, ²ÉÙ³ ²Ã³ÛáõÙ (Ô³½³Ëë-ï³Ý) µ³óí»ó 1995 Ã., ÇëÏ 1997 Ã.` Øß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ, áñáÝù ½µ³ÕíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ¨ ³ÛÉ Ñ³ñó»ñáí377:

TIKA-Ç Íñ³·ñ»ñÇ Ïááñ¹ÇÝ³óÇáÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ ´ÇßÏ»ùáõÙ µ³óí»ó 1993 Ã., áñÁ ÙÇÝã¨ 2006 Ã. ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³ó-ñ»ó 51 Íñ³·ñ»ñ: ²Û¹ Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý áõ ëá-óÇ³É³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ ¿ÇÝ` Ý»ñ³éÛ³É áõëáõóÇãÝ»ñÇ í»ñ³å³ï-ñ³ëïáõÙÁ, Ñ»éáõëï³Ñ³Õáñ¹áõÙÝ»ñÇÝ ³ç³Ïó»ÉÁ ¨ ³ÛÉÝ: Æ-ñ³Ï³Ý³óíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý³¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ µ³½Ù³ÃÇí Íñ³·ñ»ñ378:

1997 Ã. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ TIKA-Ý ²ßË³µ³¹áõÙ (ÂáõñùÙ»Ýë-ï³Ý) µ³ó»ó Çñ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ: Üñ³ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í Íñ³·ñ»ñÇó ³Ù»Ý³Ï³ñ¨áñÁ Sultan Sancar-Ç379 ¹³Ùµ³ñ³ÝÇ í»ñ³Ï³éáõ-óáõÙÝ ¿ñ ¨ Ýñ³ å³ïíÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí³Í ÏáÝý»ñ³ÝëÁ: Üß»Ýù, áñ ³Ûë Ï³éáõÛóÁ ÁÝ¹·ñÏí»ó UNESCO-Ç WORLD

HERITAGE-Ç ó³ÝÏÇ Ù»ç: TIKA-Ý ³ñ¹Ç³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó Ý³¨ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ ·áñÍáÕ Ãáõñù-ÃáõñùÙ»Ý³Ï³Ý ·ñ³¹³ñ³-

375 TIKA-Ç Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÇ, å³ñï³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ù³Ýñ³Ù³ëÝ ï»'ë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõ-ÃÛ³Ý å³ßïáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³ÛùÁ` www.tika.gov.tr 376 Oran Baskın, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç 382: 377 TICA. Kazakhstan, http://tika.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=326 378 TICA. Projects in Kyrgyzstan, http://www.tika.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=331 379 Sultan Sancar-Á »Õ»É ¿ í»ñçÇÝ ë»ÉçáõÏ ³é³çÝáñ¹Á, áí ³åñ»É ¿ 11-12-ñ¹ ¹³ñ»ñáõÙ:

200

ÝÁ, áñï»Õ Ï³ñ ³í»ÉÇ ù³Ý 10.000 ³ÝáõÝ ·Çñù, áñÇó 8.000-Á` Ãáõñù»ñ»Ýáí:

àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ ¨ë ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ TIKA-Ç Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ, ¨ Ýñ³ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³Ûë »ñÏñáõÙ ß³ï ¿ ½·³óíáõÙ: TIKA-Ý, Ñ³Ù³-·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáí ³ÛÉ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, Ññ³ï³ñ³ÏáõÙ ¨ àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý »Ý áõÕ³ñÏáõÙ ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý ·ñ³-Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ: TIKA-Ç Ïááñ¹ÇÝ³óÇáÝ Ï»ÝïñáÝÁ ·áñÍáõÙ ¿ Ý³¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÇ Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ù ¸áõß³Ýµ»ÛáõÙ: ²Ûëï»Õ ³Û¹ Ï»Ýï-ñáÝÝ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý áõ í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý ï³ñµ»ñ Íñ³·ñ»ñ380:

TIKA-Ý, ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýñ³å»ë, Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ µ³½Ù³ÃÇí ÏáÝý»ñ³ÝëÝ»ñ áõ ·Çï³ÅáÕáí-Ý»ñ` ÇëÉ³Ù³Ï³Ý áõ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ýß³Ý³íáñ ¹»Ùù»ñÇ, Çñ³-¹³ñÓáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ, Ñáµ»ÉÛ³ÝÝ»ñÇ áõ ïáÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í: TIKA-Ý É³ÛÝ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó Ñ»éáõëï³ï»-ëáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ é³¹Çáó³ÝóÇ Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ, áñå»ë½Ç Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ 24-Å³ÙÛ³ Ñ»é³ñÓ³ÏáõÙ ÉÇÝÇ381:

TIKA-Ý Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ¹³ñÓÝáõÙ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³-í³éÇÝ ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÙ áõ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ¿ Ëáßáñ ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý Íñ³·-ñ»ñ, áñáÝù ÃáõÛÉ »Ý ï³ÉÇë Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇó Ùáï 7000 áõë³ÝáÕÝ»ñÇ ³Ù»Ý ï³ñÇ ëáíáñ»Éáõ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³Éë³-ñ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ382: TIKA-Ý Ù»Í ï»Õ ¿ Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ Ý³¨ ï³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñÇ Ù³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñÇ å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý áõ í»ñ³-å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇÝ383: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³-Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý Ýå³-

380 http://tika.gov.tr/koordinatorlukler/3 381 TICA. Projects in Kazakhstan, http://www.tika.gov.tr/EN/Icerik.ASP?ID=330 382 Onis Ziya, Turkey and Post-Soviet States: Potential and Limits of Regional Power Influence, MERIA, Vol. 5, No. 2, June, 2001. 383 http://portal.tika.gov.tr/Projeler.asp

201

ï³Ïáí TIKA-Ý 1999 Ã. ³ßÝ³ÝÇó ëÏë»ó Ññ³ï³ñ³Ï»É Avrasya

Etutleri ³Ùë³·ÇñÁ: Üß»Ýù, áñ TIKA-Ý ÝáõÛÝå»ë ³ßË³ï³Ýù-Ý»ñ ¿ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝáõÙ ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇ Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨ Ù»Í ï»Õ Ñ³ïÏ³óÝáõÙ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý É»½áõÝ»-ñÇÝ384:

1998-2001 ÃÃ. ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³ÙÇ Ñ»ï Ï³åí³Í` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ïñ×³ï»ó TIKA-Ý ïñ³Ù³¹ñíáÕ ýÇÝ³Ýë³Ï³Ý ÙÇçáóÝ»ñÁ, Ñ»ï¨³µ³ñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ TIKA-Ç Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñÝ áõ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óíáÕ Íñ³·ñ»ñÁ Ïñ×³ïí»óÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ TIKA-Ý Çñ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ñáõÝ³-Ï»ó: ºñµ 2002 Ã. ²¼Î-Ý ³Ýó³í ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉáõË, Ï³ñ¨áñ-í»ó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï, áõëïÇ TIKA-Ç ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹³ñÓÛ³É ³ÏïÇí³ó³í: TIKA-Ý ëÏë»ó Ï³ï³ñ»É Ý»ñ¹ñáõÙÝ»ñ ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ÏñÃ³Ù-ß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñ385: ÀÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ³éÙ³Ùµ TIKA-Ç µÛáõç»Ý å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ñáí³Ý³íáñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ·Ý³Éáí ³×áõÙ ¿: ²Ûëå»ë, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù»Ù³ï³Í 21-ñ¹ ¹³ñÇ ëÏ½µÇÝ ³ÛÝ µ³-í³Ï³ÝÇÝ ³í»É³ó»É ¿, »Ã» 2001 Ã. TIKA-Ç µÛáõç»Ý Ï³½ÙáõÙ ¿ñ 64,1 ÙÉÝ ¹áÉ³ñ, ³å³ 2002-ÇÝ` ³ÛÝ Ñ³ë³í 79,9 ÙÉÝÇ, 2003-ÇÝ` Ïñ×³ïí»ó` Ñ³ëÝ»Éáí 66,6 ÙÉÝÇ, ÇëÏ 2004 Ã. ëÏë³Í TIKA-Ç µÛáõç»Ý Ñ³ëÝáõÙ ¿ ï³ñ»Ï³Ý Ù»Ï ÙÇÉÇ³ñ¹ ¹áÉ³ñÇ386: âÝ³Û³Í áñ TIKA-Ç ·ñ³ë»ÝÛ³ÏÝ»ñÁ ·áñÍáõÙ »Ý Ø»ñÓ³íáñ áõ ØÇçÇÝ ²ñ¨»ÉùÇ áõ ²ýñÇÏ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ýñ³ Íñ³·ñ»ñáõÙ ·ÉË³íáñ ï»ÕÁ Ñ³ïÏ³óíáõÙ ¿ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇÝ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ TIKA-Ý ÇëÏ³å»ë ÑëÏ³-Û³Ï³Ý ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ ¿ Í³í³ÉáõÙ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ` 384 Milliyet, 24.05.2000. 385 Denizhan Emrah, Türkiye'nin Kafkasya ve Orta Asya Politikası ve TİKA, Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, Cilt 2, Sayı 1, 2010, s, 22. 386 TIKA, 2005 Faaliyet Raporu, s. 2.

202

Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáí Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý, Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ áõ ï³ñµ»ñ í»ñ³å³ïñ³ëïÙ³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñ: TIKA-Ý Ï³ñáÕ³ó»É ¿ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ³å³Ñáí»É Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ` ¹³éÝ³Éáí ï³-ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó Ù»ÏÁ: ²Ýßáõßï, Ý³ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ù³ñá½áõÙ ¿ Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñ ¨ ç³ÝáõÙ ³å³Ñáí»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·»ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ, Ù»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí, Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³-Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇ ù³ñá½Ù³Ý ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó TIKA-Ç ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ ¨ë Ó³ËáÕí»É ¿, ù³ÝÇ áñ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ ¹»Ù »Ý »Õ»É ³Û¹ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³ÍÙ³ÝÁ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇó Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»óÇÝ Ý³¨ ÃÛáõñù³-É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ, áñáÝó ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³-ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ Ï³ÛáõÝ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝ Ñ³ëï³ï»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ áõ ÃÛáõñù³-É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: ²Ûë ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñÇ ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»-ñáõÙ ¨ë ù³ñá½íáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñ-Ý»ñ, áñáÝù ³é³í»É í³é ³ñï³Ñ³Ûïí»óÇÝ ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ³é³çÇÝ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíáõÙ: ²ÛÝ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³í 1992 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇ 30-31-ÇÝ ²ÝÏ³ñ³ÛáõÙ` ÝíÇñí³Í Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý 69-ñ¹ ï³ñ»ÉÇóÇÝ: ´³óÙ³Ý Ëáëùáí Ñ³Ý¹»ë »Ï³í Ý³Ë³·³Ñ Â. ú½³ÉÁ` Ýß»Éáí. §Ø»Ýù áõÝ»Ýù ÏñáÝ³Ï³Ý, É»½í³Ï³Ý, Í³·áõÙÝ³µ³Ý³Ï³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÁÝ¹Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: Ø»Ýù ë³ å»ïù ¿ û·ï³·áñÍ»Ýù áñå»ë ·áñÍáÝ Ù»ñ Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó ÙÇ³íáñ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ¦387: ÆÝãå»ë ³é³-çÇÝ ·ÉËáõÙ Ýß»É »Ýù, ú½³ÉÁ ³é³ç³ñÏ»ó Ý³¨ Ó¨³íáñ»É §ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ßáõÏ³¦ ¨ §Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý µ³ÝÏ¦, áñáÝù ÏÏáñ¹ÇÝ³óÝ»ÇÝ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑÁ, ë³-Ï³ÛÝ Ù»ñÅí»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇ ÏáÕÙÇó: ê³ áã ³ÛÉ ÇÝã ¿ñ, ù³Ý Ý»á³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ ¹ñë¨áñáõÙ:

387 Mamedli Natik, Integration Issues At Summits of The Turkic-Speaking States, Central Asia and The Caucasus, No. 1(19), 2003, p. 139.

203

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏë³Í ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ Ñ³Ý-ñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏíáõÙ »Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»É Ã-Ûáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ: 1994 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ù-µ»ñÇ 14-ÇÝ ³ÛÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»ó êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ, 1995 Ã. û·áë-ïáëÇ 28-ÇÝ` ´ÇßÏ»ùáõÙ, 1996 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»ñÇ 18-21-Á` î³ß-ù»Ý¹áõÙ, 1998 Ã. ÑáõÝÇëÇ 3-ÇÝ` ²ëï³Ý³ÛáõÙ, 2000 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇ 26-27-ÇÝ` ÏñÏÇÝ êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ: ²ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ³Ûë ·³-·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñÁ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»É ÑÇÙÝ³-Ï³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³Ó»éÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ, ³Ûëå»ë` 2001 Ã. ³å-ñÇÉÇ 26-ÇÝ êï³ÙµáõÉáõÙ Ý³Ë³·³Ñ ². Ü. ê»½»ñÇ Ý³Ë³Ó»é-ÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ 7-ñ¹ ·³-·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÁ:

²¼Î-Ý, ³ÝóÝ»Éáí ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉáõË, ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ½µ³Õí³Í ¿ñ Çñ ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ³Ùñ³åÝ¹Ù³Ùµ, áõëïÇ ÑÇÝ· ï³ñÇ ß³ñáõÝ³Ï ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ ã·áõÙ³ñí»óÇÝ: ¸³ñÓÛ³É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý³Ë³Ó»éÝáõÃÛ³Ùµ 2006 Ã. ÝáÛ»Ùµ»ñÇ 17-ÇÝ ²ÝÃ³-ÉÇ³ÛáõÙ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåí»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ 8-ñ¹ ·³·³Ã-Ý³ÅáÕáíÁ: ì»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ (ÂáõñùÇ³, ²¹ñµ»ç³Ý, Ô³½³Ëëï³Ý, ÔñÕ½ëï³Ý, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³Ý áõ àõ½µ»Ïëï³Ý) ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ùÝÝ³ñÏ»óÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñ: Ü³Ë³·³Ñ ê»½»ñÁ ³é³ç³ñÏ»ó ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇÝ ³Ù»Ý ï³ñÇ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»É ÝÙ³Ý ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ: ì»ñçÇÝÝ»ñë Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ»óÇÝ` ÏÝù»Éáí Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝ³·ñ»ñ388: âÝ³Û³Í å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³ÍáõÃÛ³ÝÁ` Ñ³çáñ¹ »ñÏáõ ï³ñÇÝ»ñÇÝ ÝÙ³Ý ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ ã·áõÙ³ñí»óÇÝ: ØÇ³ÛÝ 2009 Ã. ÑáÏï»Ùµ»-ñÇ 2-3-Á ·áõÙ³ñí»ó Ü³ËÇç¨³ÝÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÁ:

388 Oğan Gökçen, Türk Dili Konuşan Ülkeler Devlet Başkanları Zirvesi Antalya’da Toplanıyor, 16 Kasım 2006, http://www.asam.org.tr/tr/yazigoster.asp?ID=1239&kat2=

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389 Hürriyet, 27.04.2001. 390 Mamedli Natik, Ýßí. ³ßË., ¿ç. 139£ 391 ÂÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ 6-ñ¹ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÁ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³í 2000 Ã. ³åñÇÉÇ 8-ÇÝ ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇ Ù³Ûñ³ù³Õ³ù ´³ùíáõÙ: http://www.byegm.gov.tr/yayinlarimiz/TURKHABER/200/14Nisan/T2.htm 392 Kalafat Yaşar, Bakü-Ceyhan Kültür Hattı, Avrasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi /ASAM/ Yayınları: 5, Ankara, 2000, s. 9.

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1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñ ßñç³-Ý³ÏÝ»ñÝ ³é³ç ù³ß»óÇÝ ¨ ëÏë»óÇÝ ù³ñá½»É §ÃÛáõñù ÙÇ³ë-ÝáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇ Ó¨³÷áË-í³Í ï³ñµ»ñ³ÏÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ: §ÂÛáõñù ÙÇ³ëÝáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñ-Ý»ñÝ áõÝ»ÇÝ Ù»Ï Ýå³ï³Ï` ÙÇ³íáñ»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Í³·Ù³Ùµ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ áõ Ñ³Ù³ÛÝùÝ»ñÇÝ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Û¹ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ ÷áñÓ»ó û·ï³·áñÍ»É Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÛ³Ý å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï, »ñµ ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ÙÇ³íáñ»É ³Ûë ·³Õ³-÷³ñÇ ßáõñç` ÁÝ¹¹»Ù Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇÝ396: Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÛ³Ý å³ï»-ñ³½ÙÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÝÛáõÃ³Ï³Ý áõ µ³ñáÛ³Ï³Ý Ù»Í ³-ç³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ñ óáõÛó ï³ÉÇë ²¹ñµ»ç³ÝÇÝ: Üß»Ýù, áñ ²¹ñµ»-ç³ÝÁ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó ³é³çÇÝÝ ¿ñ, áñ ïáõñù ïí»ó ëåìû èçó÷åíèÿ ñîâðåìåííîé Òóðöèè, Ìàòåðèàëû ìåæäóíàðîäíîé íàó÷íîé êîíôåðåíöèè 27 àïðåëÿ 2007, Íèæíèé Íîâãîðîä, 2007, ñ. 122. 395 R. T. Erdoğanın açıklaması, http://www.basbakanlik.gov.tr/sour.ce/index 396 ÐáíÑ³ÝÝÇëÛ³Ý ²., ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½áõÙÁ, §Âáõñù ÙÇ³ëÝáõÃÛ³Ý¦ ·³Õ³÷³ñÁ ¨ Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ (1990-95-³Ï³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ãáõñù³Ï³Ý Ññ³å³ñ³ÏáõÙÝ»ñÇ Éáõë³µ³ÝÙ³Ùµ), Ø»ñÓ³íáñ ¨ ØÇçÇÝ ²ñ¨»ÉùÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñ ¨ ÅáÕáíáõñ¹Ý»ñ, Ñ. 20, ºñ¨³Ý, 2001, ¿ç 74-81.

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ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ÙÇ³íáñ»É ÁÝ¹¹»Ù Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇÝ, Ó³-ËáÕí»óÇÝ:

ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇÝ Ù»Í³·áõÛÝ Ñ³ñí³Í Ñ³ëóñ»ó Ð³í³ù³Ï³Ý ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý Ù³ëÇÝ å³Û-Ù³Ý³·Çñ Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛ³Ý ëï»ÕÍáõÙÁ, áñÇ Ï³½ÙáõÙ »Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏáõ å»ïáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ` Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÝ áõ ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÁ ¨ Çñ³Ý³É»½áõ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ: àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝÁ í³-ñáõÙ ¿ Çñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ë»÷³Ï³Ý Ë³ÕÁ, ÇëÏ ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝÁ Ó·ïáõÙ ¿ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ã»½áùáõÃÛ³Ý: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó Ñ»ïá ²ØÜ-Ý ¹³¹³ñ»óñ»ó ³ç³Ïó»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇ ù³ñá½Ù³ÝÁ, ³í»ÉÇÝ` ÷áË»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Æñ³ÝÇ áõ èáõë³ë-ï³ÝÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ Çñ í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÁ:

Ð³ñÏ ¿ ÝÏ³ï»É, áñ àõ½µ»Ïëï³ÝáõÙ, ÂáõñùÙ»Ýëï³ÝáõÙ áõ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý ½·³ÉÇ Ýí³-½áõÙÇó Ñ»ïá ²ØÜ-Ý Ïáñóñ»ó Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ý¹»å` áñå»ë ïíÛ³É ßñç³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ íñ³ ×ÝßÙ³Ý ·áñÍáÝÇ400: ²ØÜ-Á Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ ¿, áñ Ô³½³Ëëï³ÝÁ, ÔñÕ½ëï³ÝÁ ¨ î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ³éáõÙáí Ëáó»ÉÇ íÇ×³ÏáõÙ »Ý ¨ ÙÇßï ÏÓ·ï»Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáõ èáõ-ë³ëï³ÝÇ Ñ»ï (î³çÇÏëï³ÝÁ` Ý³¨ Æñ³ÝÇ Ñ»ï): Î»ÝïñáÝ³-Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ ßñç³ÝáõÙ µáÉáñ ÑÝ³-ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÝ áõÝ»ÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»Éáõ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³Û¹ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ µ³í³-ñ³ñ ã¿ñ Ýñ³Ýó ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃÛ³Ý ³å³ÑáíÙ³Ý Ñ³Ù³ñ, áõëïÇ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ å³Ñå³Ý»óÇÝ ³é³çÝ³Ñ»ñÃáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ èáõ-ë³ëï³ÝÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ: ²ØÜ-Ý É³í ¿ Ñ³ëÏ³ÝáõÙ ë³ ¨ Ñ³½Çí

400 Øáõñ³¹Û³Ý Æ., Âáõñù-³Ù»ñÇÏÛ³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ ÑÇÙÝ³ËÝ¹ÇñÝ»ñÁ, §²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ¦ Ù³ï»Ý³ß³ñ-ÃÇí 2, ºñ., 2004, ¿ç 74:

210

Ã» ó³ÝÏ³Ý³ Ë½áõÙÁ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ÙÇç¨: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ` ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Íñ³·ñ»ñÇÝ Ù»Í Ñ³ñí³Í Ñ³ëóñ»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ²ØÜ-Ç Ýí³½áÕ í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÝ áõ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¹Çñù»ñÇ ³ÙñåÝ¹áõÙÁ:

²ÛëåÇëáí, ãÝ³Û³Í 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÁ, Ù»Í ³ÏÝ³-Í³Ýùáí í»ñ³µ»ñí»óÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ Ýñ³Ýù ¹»Ù »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·ÉË³íáñáõÃÛ³Ùµ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇ½ÙÇÝ áõ Ý»áå³ÝÃ-ÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñáí áñ¨¿ å»ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ï³Ù ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõÃÛ³Ý ëï»ÕÍÙ³ÝÁ: àõëïÇ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ Ý»áå³ÝÃ-ÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ ù³ñá½»Éáõ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³-Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ù»Ï ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝ (¸³ Ï³ñáÕ ¿ñ ÉÇÝ»É ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ï³Ù Ùß³Ïáõ-Ã³ÛÇÝ µÝáõÛÃÇ:-Ü. Ø.) ëï»ÕÍ»Éáõ ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ó³-ËáÕí»ó:

* * *

²Ù÷á÷»Éáí ³Ûë ·ÉáõËÁ` Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù ³ë»É, áñ ²¼Î-Ý, ³ÝóÝ»Éáí ÇßË³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·ÉáõË, ëÏë»ó Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ³ÏïÇí ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³-ÛÇÝ í»ñ³Í»É ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³Ý³ÛÇÝ §Ï»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý å»ïáõÃ-Û³Ý¦: àõëïÇ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó ³ÏïÇí ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ Ç-ñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É Ø»ñÓ³íáñ³ñ¨»ÉÛ³Ý, Ñ³ñ³íÏáíÏ³ëÛ³Ý, µ³É-Ï³ÝÛ³Ý, ê¨ ¨ ØÇç»ñÏñÍáíÛ³Ý, Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³-Í³ßñç³ÝÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: âÝ³Û³Í áñ ²¼Î-Ç ûñáù ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³ñï³ùÇÝ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý Ýå³ï³ÏÁ Ñ³Ý¹Ç-ë³ó³í ºíñáå³Ï³Ý ØÇáõÃÛ³ÝÝ ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ñóÁ, ³Û-Ýáõ³Ù»Ý³ÛÝÇí, Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ñ³Ù³ñí»ó Ï³ñ¨áñ: ²¼Î-Ý ÷áñÓ»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÝÏ³ï-

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Ù³Ùµ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ` ÑÇÙù ÁÝ¹áõÝ»Éáí Çñ Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ²¼Î-Ç Ï³é³í³ñáõÃÛáõÝÁ ½³ñ·³óñ»ó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ÆëÏ ÁÝ¹Ñ³Ýáõñ ³éÙ³Ùµ` ²¼Î-Ý ãÏ³ñáÕ³ó³í Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»É ³í»ÉÇ Éáõñç ¨ ÁÝ¹·ñÏáõÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñ, áõëïÇ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ý³ ãÏ³ñáÕ³ó³í Ñ³ëÝ»É ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïÙ³ÝÁ` ³å³Ñáí»Éáí ÙÇ³ÛÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ É³ÛÝ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝ Çñ³Ï³-Ý³óñ»ó Ý³¨ ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ½³ñ·³ó-Ù³Ý ·áñÍ³Ï³ÉáõÃÛáõÝÁ` Çñ³Ï³Ý³óÝ»Éáí ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³ÝáõÙ ÏñÃ³-Ï³Ý áõ Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñ: ÆëÏ Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù ù³ñá½áõÙ ¿ñ ³Ûë Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ó³ËáÕí»óÇÝ: Ø»ñ Ï³ñÍÇùáí` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Éáõñç Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ãáõÝ»ó³Ý Ý³¨ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·³-·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñÁ:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³ÛÇÝ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ ëÏë»ó ù³ñá½»É Ý»áå³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñ, á-ñáÝù ÝáõÛÝå»ë Ó³ËáÕí»óÇÝ, áñÇ ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý å³ï×³éÁ Ã»ñ¨ë ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ µ³ó³ë³Ï³Ý í»ñ³µ»ñÙáõÝùÝ ¿ñ ó³ÝÏ³ó³Í å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃÇ ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇÝ áõ ·áñÍáÕáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñÝ»-ñÁ ÷³ëïáõÙ »Ý, áñ Çñ»Ýó Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï áõÝ»Ý Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ, å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý µÝáõÛÃ ¨ ¹»Ù »Ý ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ áñ¨¿ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ÙÇáõÃ-Û³Ý ëï»ÕÍÙ³ÝÁ:

212

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êáõÛÝ ³ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý Ù»ç Ý»ñÏ³Û³óí³Í ¿ Ñ»ïËáñÑñ¹³-ÛÇÝ Ùáï »ñÏáõ ï³ëÝ³ÙÛ³ÏáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, Ýñ³ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í Ýå³ï³ÏÝ»ñÁ, ÑÇÙ-Ý³Ï³Ý ³ÏÝÏ³ÉÇùÝ»ñÝ áõ ·»ñ³Ï³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ: ÀÝ¹Ñ³Ýñ³ó-Ý»Éáí` Ù»Ýù ·³ÉÇë »Ýù ³ÛÝ »½ñ³Ï³óáõÃÛ³Ý, áñ ÊêÐØ ÷Éáõ½-Ù³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý Ýáñ Ñ³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃÛáõÝ-Ý»ñÇ Ç Ñ³Ûï ·³ÉÁ, ÇÝãå»ë Ý³¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý áõ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ¹Çñù»ñÇ ËÇëï ÃáõÉ³óáõÙÁ ³ßË³ñÑ³ù³Õ³ù³-Ï³Ý Ýáñ µ³ñ»Ýå³ëï ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ÁÝÓ»é»ó Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇÝ, ÇÝãÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ¿É 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ Âáõñ-ùÇ³ÛÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñ ßñç³ÝÝ»ñÝ ëÏë»óÇÝ ÙÇ ß³ñù Ñ³í³ÏÝáï Ñ³Û-ï³ñ³ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ ³Ý»É` Ù³ëÝ³íáñ³å»ë Ñ³Ûï³ñ³ñ»Éáí, Ã» Çµñ¨ å³ïÙ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝ ¿ ëï»ÕÍí»É Ó¨³íáñ»Éáõ Ýáñ ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ³ßË³ñÑ:

²Ù÷á÷»Éáí ³ßË³ïáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñÁ` Ï³ñ»ÉÇ ¿ Ñ³Ý·»É Ñ»ï¨Û³É ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý »½ñ³Ñ³Ý·áõÙÝ»ñÇÝ.

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇó ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÝÏ³ïÙ³Ùµ ³ÏïÇí³óñ»ó Çñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, á-ñÇ Ýå³ï³ÏÝ ¿ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ Ñ³ëÝ»É ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³Û¹ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ ÊêÐØ-Ç ÷Éáõ½Ù³Ùµ, ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ·áñÍáõÝ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨ èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛ³Ý ¹Çñù»ñÇ ÃáõÉ³óÙ³Ùµ: ÜÙ³Ý å³Û-Ù³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ Ñ³ïÏ³å»ë ³ÏïÇí³ó³Ý »íñ³ëÇ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ·³-Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ, áñáÝù Çñ³Ï³ÝáõÙ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý Ýå³-ï³ÏÝ»ñ ¿ÇÝ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹áõÙ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ³ó³í Ñ»ß-ïáõÃÛ³Ùµ Ñ³ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»É Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²-ëÇ³ÛÇ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ³Ûë ÷áõÉáõÙ Ñ³ë-ï³ï»ó µ³½Ù³ÏáÕÙ³ÝÇ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝ, áñÁ Ýñ³ Ñ³-

213

Ù³ñ Ó»éùµ»ñáõÙ ¿ñ: ²ÛëÇÝùÝ, 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï³ñáÕ »Ýù áñáß ³-éáõÙÝ»ñáí Ñ³Ù³ñ»É Ñ³çáÕí³Í:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ ³é³ç³ñÏí»ó §Âáõñù³Ï³Ý ½³ñ-·³óÙ³Ý ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Ç¦ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÝ ³Û¹ ÷áõÉáõÙ áõ-Ý»ó³í áñáß³ÏÇ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ¸³ å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ¿ñ ²ñ¨ÙáõïùÇ ³ç³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ùµ ¨ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»-Ï³í³ñÝ»ñÇ ¹ñ³Ï³Ý ³ñÓ³·³Ýùáí: 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. Ï»ë»ñÇó Â¼Ü-Ç ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ó³ËáÕí»ó, ù³ÝÇ áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ»ï³åÝ¹³Í Ýå³ï³ÏÁ` ëï»ÕÍ»É ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý, ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ÝñáõÃÛáõÝ, ã¿ñ Ñ³Ù³å³ï³ëË³ÝáõÙ Ýñ³ Ç-ñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇÝ: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ýáñ³ÝÏ³Ë »ñÏñ-Ý»ñÇ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý í»ñÝ³Ë³íÁ Ý³ËÁÝïñ»ó áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓÝ»É ÙÇ³ÛÝ ³Û¹ ÝÙáõß³Ó¨Ç ³ßË³ñÑÇÏáõÃÛ³Ý áõ ßáõÏ³Û³-Ï³Ý ³½³ï ïÝï»ëáõÃÛ³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÇÝ:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. »ñÏñáñ¹ Ï»ëÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Î»Ýïñá-Ý³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ß³ñáõÝ³Ï»ó Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ ï³ñµ»ñ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ³Ûë ÷áõÉáõÙ Çñ ù³-Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÝ ³ÏïÇí³óñ»ó èáõë³ëï³ÝÇ ¸³ßÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ, áñÇ å³ÛÙ³ÝÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ í»ñçÝ³Ï³Ý ³½¹»óáõÃÛ³Ý Ñ³ëï³ïáõÙÁ ¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ñ ³ÝÇñ³-Ï³Ý³Ý³ÉÇ:

²ÍË³çñ³ÍÝ³ÛÇÝ é»ëáõñëÝ»ñÇ ï»Õ³÷áËÙ³Ý µÝ³-·³í³éáõÙ ²ØÜ-Ç ¨ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ÏáÕÙÇó ³é³ç³ñÏí»óÇÝ èáõ-ë³ëï³ÝÇÝ ³ÛÉÁÝïñ³Ýù³ÛÇÝ Íñ³·ñ»ñ, áñáÝù Ñ³çáÕ Ñ³Ù³ñ»É ãÇ Ï³ñ»ÉÇ: ö³ëïÝ ³ÛÝ ¿, áñ èáõë³ëï³ÝÝ ³Ûë µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ß³ñáõÝ³ÏáõÙ ¿ ÙÝ³É ·»ñ³Ï³ ¹Çñù»ñáõÙ: îÐÎ-Ç ßñç³Ý³ÏÝ»-ñáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¿³Ï³Ý Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ãÑ³ë³í:

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Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý áõ Ùß³-ÏáõÛÃÇ µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ ³½¹»óáõÃÛáõÝÁ ï³ñ³Í»Éáõ Ñ³-Ù³ñ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó Çñ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÝ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ³-Ù³å³ï³ëË³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí Ý³ ëï»Õ-Í»ó ÙÇ ß³ñù ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ³ÙÝ»ñ áõ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ, ÑÇÙÝ»ó ³í³· ¹åñáóÝ»ñ, ÉÇó»ÛÝ»ñ áõ Ñ³Ù³Éë³ñ³ÝÝ»ñ, Ññ³ï³ñ³Ï»ó ¹åñá-ó³Ï³Ý ¹³ë³·ñù»ñ, Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»ó Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÇ-ï³ë³ñ¹Ý»ñÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛáõÝÁ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ù»Í ç³Ý-ù»ñ ·áñÍ³¹ñ»ó É³ïÇÝ³ï³é ³Ûµáõµ»ÝÇÝ ³ÝóÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ù³ñ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ, Ï³ñÍáõÙ »Ýù, ³Ûë Ñ³ñóáõÙ Ýñ³ Ñ³çáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ Ýí³½³·áõÛÝ »Ý, ù³ÝÇ áñ ëå³ëí³Í ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý Ñ³-Ù³Ï³ñ·Ç Ó¨³íáñáõÙÁ ãëï³óí»ó: ²Ûë ³Ù»ÝÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý µÝ³·³-í³éÝ»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï³ñáÕ³ó³í Ñ³ëÝ»É Çñ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý ³å³ÑáíÙ³ÝÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ å»ïù ¿ Ýß»É, áñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ·áñÍáõ-Ý»áõÃÛ³ÝÁ Ñ³Ï³½¹áõÙ »Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³-í³ñÝ»ñÁ` Ýå³ï³Ï³¹ñí»Éáí ãÑñ³Å³ñí»É ³Û¹ Ñ³ëï³ïáõÃ-ÛáõÝÝ»ñÇó` ÙÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ¹ñ³Ýù å³Ñ»Éáí í»ñ³ÑëÏáÕáõÃÛ³Ý ï³Ï:

Î»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ µÝ³·³í³é-Ý»ñáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñå»ó ¨ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó ÙÇ ß³ñù Íñ³·ñ»ñ` Ýå³ï³Ï³¹ñí»Éáí Ó¨³íáñ»É ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³-Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÛÃ: ²Û¹ Ýå³ï³Ïáí Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñåíáõÙ ¿ÇÝ ï³ñµ»ñ Ñ³Ý¹ÇåáõÙÝ»ñ, ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ áõ ÙÇçáó³éáõÙÝ»ñ: Æñ³-Ï³Ý³óñ³Í ·áñÍáÕáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÁ ³ÙµáÕç³Ï³Ý ã¿ÇÝ, áõëïÇ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý Çñ Íñ³·ñ³Í ÙÇ³ëÝ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ùß³ÏáõÃ³ÛÇÝ ÙÇáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãÏ³ñáÕ³ó³í Ó¨³íáñ»É:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏë³Í` Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛáõÙ Çñ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÝ ëÏë»ó ü»ÃáõÉÉ³Ñ ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÁ, áñÁ ï³ñ³Í³ßñ-ç³ÝáõÙ Ý»ñÏ³Û³óÝáõÙ ¿ñ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ß³Ñ»ñÁ: Ü³ Î»ÝïñáÝ³-

215

Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ ÑÇÙÝ³¹ñ»ó ¹åñáóÝ»ñ áõ Ñ³Ù³Éë³-ñ³ÝÝ»ñ, Çñ áõÝ»ó³Í Ëáßáñ µÇ½Ý»ë ó³ÝóÇ ÙÇçáóáí í³ñÏ³íá-ñáõÙ ¿ñ ï»Õ³óÇ, Çñ ß³ñÅÙ³Ý ³Ý¹³Ù ·áñÍ³ñ³ñÝ»ñÇÝ ¨ ³Ûë-ï»Õ ÝáõÛÝå»ë ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ñ Ó¨³íáñ»É Ýáñ Ùï³íáñ³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝ: ¶ÛáõÉ»ÝÇÝ Ñ³çáÕí»ó ÏñÃ³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éáõÙ ³å³Ñáí»É Çñ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ, ë³Ï³ÛÝ ³Ûëûñ Ýñ³ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ Ï»Ýïñá-Ý³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Õ»Ï³í³ñáõÃÛ³Ý ÏáÕÙÇó ¨ë ë³ÑÙ³Ý³-÷³ÏíáõÙ ¿: Ð»ï¨³µ³ñ ¹ñ³Ýù ÙÇ³Ýß³Ý³Ï Ñ³Ù³ñ»É Ñ³çáÕ-í³Í, ëË³É ÏÉÇÝÇ:

§²ñ¹³ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¨ ½³ñ·³óáõÙ¦ Ïáõë³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÝ Çñ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³Ý ÑÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý ËÝ¹ÇñÁ ¹³ñÓñ»ó ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³Ý¹³Ù³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÁ ºíñáå³Ï³Ý ØÇáõÃÛ³ÝÁ: ØÛáõë ÏáÕÙÇó` Ý³ ï³ñ³Í³ßñç³ÝÇ ¨ Ñ³ñ¨³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ (³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý) áñ¹»·ñ»ó ³ÏïÇí ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý Ïáõñë: ²Ûë ï»ë³ÝÏ-ÛáõÝÇó »ÉÝ»Éáí` ²¼Î-Ç Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõ-ÝÁ ¹ñí»ó ³é³í»É Çñ³Ï³Ý ÑÝ³ñ³íáñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ íñ³` ÷áñ-Ó»Éáí ¹³ñÓÝ»É ³ÛÝ ³í»ÉÇ Ýå³ï³Ï³ëÉ³ó:

²¼Î-Ý ¹Å·áÑ ¿ñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ý³ËÏÇÝ Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛáõÝÇó, áñÁ 1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. í»ñç»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛáõÙ ï»ÕÇ áõÝ»ó³Í ýÇÝ³Ýë³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý áõ ù³Õ³ù³Ï³Ý ×·Ý³Å³Ù»ñÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ³ÝÏáõÙ ¿ñ ³åñ»É: ²¼Î-Ý Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃ-ÛáõÝÁ ¹ñ»ó ³í»ÉÇ ·áñÍÝ³Ï³Ý ÑÇÙù»ñÇ íñ³` å³ÛÙ³Ý³íáñí³Í ÷áË³¹³ñÓ ß³Ñ»ñáí áõ Ñ»ï³ùñùñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáí: Ü³ Ñ³ïÏ³-å»ë Ù»Í áõß³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝ ¹³ñÓñ»ó ³é¨ïñ³ïÝï»ë³Ï³Ý Ñ³ñ³-µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñÇ ½³ñ·³óÙ³ÝÁ: ²ñ¹ÛáõÝùáõÙ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇÝ Ñ³çáÕ-í»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ïÝï»ëáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñáõÙ ³-å³Ñáí»É Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÁ:

ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³Ïó»É é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ¨ ³Ýíï³Ý·áõÃ-

216

Û³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³Ûë ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛ³ÝÁ Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ñ Ýñ³ Ü²îú-Ç ³Ý¹³Ù ÉÇÝ»Éáõ Ñ³Ý·³Ù³ÝùÁ: ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ëÏë»ó é³½Ù³Ï³Ý û·ÝáõÃÛáõÝ óáõÛó ï³É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³-ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇÝ` ³Û¹ ÃíáõÙ Ù³ï³Ï³ñ³ñ»Éáí é³½Ù³Ï³Ý ï»ËÝÇÏ³: ØÇ³Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³ç³ÏóáõÙ ¿ Ý³¨ ³Û¹ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇó é³½Ù³Ï³Ý Ù³ëÝ³·»ïÝ»ñÇ å³ïñ³ëïÙ³ÝÁ: Àëï »ñ¨áõÛÃÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ¹³Ý¹³Õáñ»Ý ÷áñÓáõÙ ¿ Çñ ¹Çñù»ñÝ ³Ùñ³åÝ¹»É Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ é³½Ù³Ï³Ý µÝ³·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ: ÆëÏ 2001 Ã. ë»åï»Ùµ»ñÇ 11-Ç ¹»åù»ñÇó Ñ»ïá ç³ÝáõÙ ¿ ëï³ÝÓÝ»É Ï³ÙñçÇ ¹»ñ` ÙÇ³óÝ»Éáí Ü²îú-Ý ¨ ºíñ³ëÇ³Ý:

ÂÛáõñù³Ï³Ý Ñ³Ù³·áñÍ³ÏóáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ ½³ñ·³óÙ³Ý ·³ñÍ³Ï³ÉáõÃÛáõÝÁ É³ÛÝ ³ßË³ï³ÝùÝ»ñ Çñ³Ï³Ý³óñ»ó Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ÏñÃáõÃÛ³Ý ¨ Ùß³ÏáõÛÃÇ µÝ³-·³í³éÝ»ñáõÙ ¨ ³Ûë ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó ³å³Ñáí»ó ³Ûë »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Çñ Ý»ñÏ³ÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¨ ·áñÍáõÝ»áõÃÛáõÝÁ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ å³ÝÃÛáõñùÇë-ï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÁ ù³ñá½»Éáõ ï»ë³ÝÏÛáõÝÇó Ï³½Ù³Ï»ñ-åáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ó³ËáÕí»ó: 1992 Ã. ÙÇÝã¨ ûñë ·áõÙ³ñíáõÙ »Ý ÃÛáõñ-ù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñÇ ·³·³ÃÝ³ÅáÕáíÝ»ñ,ë³Ï³ÛÝ ¹ñ³Ýù ßáßá-÷»ÉÇ ³ñ¹ÛáõÝùÝ»ñ ã»Ý áõÝ»ó»É:

1990-³Ï³Ý ÃÃ. ëÏ½µÝ»ñÇÝ ÂáõñùÇ³Ý ÷áñÓ»ó å³ÝÃ-ÛáõñùÇëï³Ï³Ý ·³Õ³÷³ñÝ»ñÝ û·ï³·áñÍ»É Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÛ³Ý å³ï»ñ³½ÙÇ Å³Ù³Ý³Ï` Ï»ÝïñáÝ³ëÇ³Ï³Ý ÃÛáõñù³É»½áõ »ñÏñÝ»ñáõÙ Ññ³Ññ»Éáí Ñ³Ï³Ñ³ÛÏ³Ï³Ý ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ: ê³Ï³ÛÝ ÂáõñùÇ³ÛÇ ³Ûë ù³Õ³ù³Ï³ÝáõÃÛáõÝÁ Ó³ËáÕí»ó, ù³-ÝÇ áñ Î»ÝïñáÝ³Ï³Ý ²ëÇ³ÛÇ »ñÏñÝ»ñÁ ¹Çí³Ý³·Çï³Ï³Ý Ñ³-ñ³µ»ñáõÃÛáõÝÝ»ñ Ñ³ëï³ï»óÇÝ Ð³Û³ëï³ÝÇ Ð³Ýñ³å»ïáõÃ-Û³Ý Ñ»ï, ÇëÏ Ô³ñ³µ³ÕÇ Ñ³ñóáõÙ` å³Ñå³ÝáõÙ »Ý ã»½áùáõÃ-ÛáõÝ:

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Nelly A. Minasyan

TURKISH POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIA (BETWEEN 1991 AND 2007)

Summery

Introduction Comprehensive analysis and understanding of the policy

implemented by the Republic of Turkey in the Central Asian countries have scientific as well as political significance. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Central Asia has become one of the priorities for the Turkish foreign policy. With the emergence of the independent republics, Turkey has established multilateral cooperation with Central Asian states in the spheres of business, trade, culture, education and communication.

Several Western as well as Turkish scholars have suggested that in the result of the disintegration of the USSR, Turkey has lost its importance in the region and has faced the danger of geopolitical isolation. In this paper, this thesis is rejected. Instead, it is argued that these historical processes have created favorable conditions for Turkey to spread its influence in Central Asia. Some of the contributing factors are political support of the West as well as weakening military presence of the Russian Federation. Turkish foreign policy in Central Asia can be divided into stages, demonstrating fluctuating success, which will be discussed below.

CHAPTER I. TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIA IN THE

BEGINNING OF THE 1990S Immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Turkey

established diplomatic relations with the Central Asian countries, recognizing their independence and signing a number of agreements.

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Turkey was challenged to deal with other major political players, interested in this region, such as Russia, Iran and China. Turkey’s political advance was supported by the West, particularly by the USA. This period was also characterized by the reanimation of Pan-Turkic ideology, propagating the Great Turkic World, covering the territory from the Adriatic Sea to the Great Wall of China. Political summits of the Turkic nations of the 1990s were held very much in this spirit.

Since the beginning of the 1990s Turkey, aspiring to become a transit country, has established strong economic relations with the countries of Central Asia. Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) was activated, aiming to promote and strengthen economic development. Politicization of the organization, however, did not occur due to the efforts of Central Asian leaders. During these years ECO did not achieve any noticeable results. Despite the instability in the region and completion among the ECO members, the organization is, however, still quite promising.

Generally speaking, Turkish policy of the1990s can be considered quite successful. During this period Turkey began to implement the policy of Turkish Model, which was initially accepted with great enthusiasm. However, in the middle of the 1990s the importance of this policy diminished, despite the fact that the principles of secular state and free market economy were generally adopted by the Central Asian countries.

CHAPTER II. TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 1990S

During the second half of the 1990s cooperation of Turkey and

Central Asia continued, though it became clear that it did not yield expected results (which is also connected to Turkey’s failure to provide the promised economic aid). However, all the agreements were still in

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full force. In the period of the 1998-2001 the cooperation between Turkey and Central Asia generally weakened due to economic crisis. During this period Turkey started to pay greater attention to the transportation of Central Asian oil and gas. The suggested Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan project was perceived as an opportunity to circumvent Russian influence in the region. However, in general the achievements of Turkey in this sector were not very successful.

Turkey began to spread its influence more actively in the sphere of culture and education, capitalizing on the shared cultural, religious, linguistic and historical heritage of the Turkic republics. A number of organizations were established, schools and universities were founded. Many young people from Central Asia began to pursue higher education in Turkey. In this sphere the efforts of Turkish Development and Cooperation Agency were particularly notable. There were attempts to promote a common alphabet, which, however, failed. Numerous events were organized, aimed at the revival of common Turkic identity, creation of united cultural community. Despite strengthening its presence in the region in general, Turkey did not succeed to establish a common education system and create a common Turkic cultural space.

Fethullah Gulen, a Turkish author, educator, and Muslim scholar, started his activities in Central Asia in the 1990s. He mainly paid attention to education, founding schools and universities throughout the region. Gulen’s schools are the best examples of modern education in the region up to this day.

CHAPTER III. TURKISH FOREIGN POLICY DURING THE RULE OF

JUSTICE AND DEVELOPMENT PARTY (2002-2007) In 2002 Justice and Development Party (JDP) came to power in

Turkey and formed a single-party government. This party started to

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implement its new active foreign policy. In its policy in Central Asia, JDP stressed realistic opportunities and economic interests. Economic relationships revitalized, registering growth, which contributed to strengthening of Turkey’s position in the region. JDP also supported educational and cultural sector. Special attention was paid to the military cooperation, where Turkey used its membership in NATO. It is suggested that Turkey managed to maintain its positions in the Central Asia and ensure its presence in the region.

Since the disintegration of the USSR the ideas of Pan-Turkism were revived and Turkey tried to form a common political, economic, educational and cultural space. These ideas were supported by numerous projects of Turkish Development and Cooperation Agency. It has to be noted that despite welcoming Turkey’s presence in the region, the political leaders of Central Asian countries were against the formation of any political unity based on the Pan-Turkic ideas.

Conclusion This paper described several stages of Turkey’s political presence

in the Cetral Asia in the post-soviet period. Several conclusions can be made. Since the 1990s, with the support of the West, Turkey has established strong relations with the newly independent states in political, economic, cultural, educational sectors. While managing to maintain its powerful presence in the region, Turkey nevertheless failed on the ideological level and its goal of becoming a leader of a common space based on the ideas of Pan-Turkism was not achieved.

221

ú¶î²¶àðÌì²Ì ²Ô´ÚàôðÜºðÆ ºì ¶ð²Î²ÜàôÂÚ²Ü ò²ÜÎ

1. ²Ô´ÚàôðÜºð

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