Tugas Terstruktur Biologi Molekuler 2013 Kelas d

T u g a s T e r s s t r u k t u r B i o l o g i M o l e k u l e r 2 0 1 3 | 1

TUGAS TERSTRUKTUR BIOLOGI MOLEKULER 2013 SEBELUM UTS

KELAS D NO NIM NAMA MAHASISWA Learning Outcome (LO) TEXTBOX

1. menjelaskan TEXTBOX di depan dosen setelah diskusi dengan TA paling lambat KAMIS, 21 Maret 2013, Jam 16.00 WIB

2. menuliskan dan megirimkan penjelasan TEXTBOX setelah menjelaskan di depan dosen ke [email protected] paling lambat KAMIS, 28 Maret 2013, Jam 22.00 WIB.

1 B1J011088 ASRI NUR RATRI

LO 09: menjelaskan bagaimana kehidupan diarahkan oleh empat basa nitrogen

Life is directed by four nitrogenous bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). (15.1)

2 B1J011090 RYAN PRATAMA LO 10: menjelaskan sentral dogma biologi molekuler

The flow of genetic information is from DNA to RNA to protein, via the processes of transcription (TC) and translation (TL). This concept is known as the Central Dogma of molecular biology. (15.2)

3 B1J011092 ANI SETIANI LO 11: menjelaskan struktur DNA dan RNA

Nucleic acids are polymers composed of nucleotides; DNA is deoxyribonucleic acid, RNA is ribonucleic acid. (17.1)

4 B1J011094 NOOR SHIVA SARI LO 11: menjelaskan struktur DNA dan RNA

In DNA the bases pair A· T and G· C; this complementary base pairing is the key to information storage, transfer, and use. (18.1)

5 B1J011098 KUSNO VIARINI LO 11: menjelaskan struktur DNA dan RNA

Three important types of RNA are ribosomal RNA (rRNA), messenger RNA (mRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA). (19.1)

6 B1J011100 BOENGA NUR CITA LO 12: menjelaskan organisasi gen

The gene is the basic unit of genetic information. Genes are located on chromosomes at a particular genetic locus. Different forms of the same gene are known as alleles (20.1)

7 B1J011102 AHMAD IDRIS LO 13: menjelaskan anatomi gen

Genes have several important regions. A promoter is necessary for RNA polymerase binding, with the transcription start and stop sites defining the transcriptional unit (21.1)

8 B1J011104 PUSPA OKTARIANI LO 14: menjelaskan struktur gen prokariotik

Genes in prokaryotes tend to be grouped together in operons, with several genes under the control of a single regulatory region (21.2)

9 B1J011106 RANI AZIZAH LO 15: menjelaskan struktur gen eukariotik

Eukaryotic genes tend to be more complex than prokaryotic genes and often contain intervening sequences (introns). The introns form part of the primary transcript, which is converted to the mature mRNA by RNA processing (22.1).

10 B1J011110 DINI ASTRIANIS M LO 16: menjelaskan ekspresi gen

The codon/anticodon recognition event marks the link between nucleic acid and protein. (25.1)

11 B1J011112 DEVINA ANDAYANI LO 17: menjelaskan regulasi ekspresi gen prokariotik

Prokaryotic genes are often regulated in response to external signals such as nutrient availability (25.2)

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12 B1J011114 SURINIH LO 18: menjelaskan regulasi ekspresi gen eukariotik

Eukaryotic genes are often regulated in response to signals generated from within the organism (25.3)

13 B1J011116 BAMBANG PRADIYANTO

LO 19: menjelaskan pengertian genom

The genome is the total complement of DNA in the cell (27.2)

14 B1J011118 SITI ZULAIKHA LO 20: menjelaskan ukuran dan kompleksitas genom

Eukaryotic genomes may have a range of different types of repetitive sequences (28.1)

15 B1J011120 STENI DWIYANTI LO 21: menjelaskan organisasi genom eukariotik

Genome sequencing has greatly improved our understanding of how genomes work (29.2)

16 B1J011122 JOVINA FEBE SUSWATI LO 22: menjelaskan transkriptom dan proteom

Analysis of the transcriptome and proteome provides useful information about which genes a cell is expressing at any given time (30.1)

1. menjelaskan TEXTBOX di depan dosen setelah diskusi dengan TA paling lambat KAMIS, 28 Maret 2013, Jam 16.00 WIB

2. menuliskan dan megirimkan penjelasan TEXTBOX setelah menjelaskan di depan dosen ke [email protected] paling lambat KAMIS, 4 April 2013, Jam 22.00 WIB.

17 B1J011124 ADVEN KRISTIANTI LO 23: menjelaskan tahapan isolasi DNA dan RNA

Cells have to be opened to enable nucleic acids to be isolated; opening cells should be done as gently as possible to avoid shearing large DNA molecules (35.1).

18 B1J011126 MIFTAHUL RIZAL SUSENO

LO 24: menjelaskan cara purifikasi DNA dan RNA

Once broken open, cell preparations can be deproteinised and the nucleic acids purified by a range of techniques. Some applications require highly purified nucleic acid preparations; some may be able to use partially purified DNA or RNA (35.2).

19 B1J011128 RISNA WAHYUNINGSIH

LO 25: menjelaskan cara pengukuran kemurnian dan konsentrasi asam nukleat

Solutions of nucleic acids are used to enable very small amounts to be handled easily, measured, and dispensed (35.3).

20 B1J011130 ASA DAYAH FEBRIANI LO 26: Menjelaskan cara pemekatan asam nukleat

Nucleic acids can be concentrated by using alcohol to precipitate the DNA or RNA from solution; the precipitate is recovered by centrifugation and can then be processed as required (36.1).

21 B1J011132 DEVI FATKULJANAH

LO 27: menjelaskan jenis label dan cara pelabelan asam nukleat

Radioactive isotopes are often used to label nucleic acids, although they are more hazardous than non-radioactive labelling methods (38.1).

22 B1J011134 SEPTI TRISNO ANGGRAINI

LO 28: menjelaskan aplikasi pelacak radioaktif

Radioactive probes are very useful for identifying specific DNA or RNA sequences (38.2).

23 B1J011136 IRAWATI YASMIN LO 29: menjelaskan prinsip hibridisasi asam nukleat

The simple base-pairing relationship between complementary sequences has very far-reaching consequences – both for the cell and its functioning and for the scientist who wishes to exploit this feature (39.2).

24 B1J011138 ANDY ROMAETA FITRIANI

LO 30: menjelaskan prinsip elektroforesis gel dan tipe gel yang digunakan dalam elektroforesis

Separation of biomolecules by gel electrophoresis is one of the most powerful techniques in molecular biology (40.1).

25 B1J011140 BUNGA KHALIDA PURI LO 31: menjelaskan prinsip sekuensing

The principles on which DNA sequencing is based are fairly simple; the procedures required to



DNA achieve the desired result are rather more complex (43.1).

26 B1J011144 SUFRAHA ISLAMIA LO 31: menjelaskan prinsip sekuensing DNA

Two rapid sequencing techniques were developed in the 1970s: the chemical method and the enzymatic method. Modern DNA-sequencing technologies are based on the enzymatic method (43.2).

27 B1J011146 ANWAR ROVIK LO 32: menjelaskan preparasi fragmen DNA

The strategy employed to tackle large-scale sequencing projects depends on a number of factors, but essentially comes down to a choice between the ‘ordered’ and ‘shotgun’ approaches (44.1).

1. menjelaskan TEXTBOX di depan dosen setelah diskusi dengan TA paling lambat KAMIS, 4 April 2013, Jam 16.00 WIB


28 B1J011148 SINDI LUKITASARI LO 36: menjelaskan enzim restriksi

Restriction enzymes act as a ‘protection’ system for bacteria in that they hydrolyse exogenous DNA that is not methylated by the host modification enzyme (51.1)

29 B1J011150 SYARIF MAULANA YUSUF

LO 36: menjelaskan enzim restriksi

Restriction enzymes are named according to the bacterium from which they are purified (52.1).

30 B1J011156 HANIFAH KHOLID B. LO 36: menjelaskan enzim restriksi

Different restriction enzymes generate different ranges of DNA fragment sizes; the size of fragment is linked to the frequency of occurrence of the recognition sequence (52.2).

31 B1J011158 DEMAS PANCAR RIZKY LO 36: menjelaskan enzim restriksi

One very useful feature of restriction enzymes is that they can generate cohesive or ‘sticky’ ends that can be used to join DNA from two different sources together to generate recombinant DNA molecules (53.1).

32 B1J011160 FITRI DIAH PERMATASARI

LO 37: menjelaskan pemetaan restriksi

A physical map of a piece of DNA can be assembled by determining where the restriction enzyme recognition sequences are relative to each other; this is known as restriction mapping. (55.1).

33 B1J011162 PUTRI LO 38: menjelaskan nuklease

In addition to restriction endonucleases, there are several other types of nuclease enzymes that are important in the manipulation of DNA (56.1).

34 B1J011164 QURROTU A'YUNIN LO 38: menjelaskan nuklease

Not all nucleases are helpful! Ribonucleases can be a problem when working with purified preparations of RNA, and care must be taken to remove or inactivate RNase activity (57.1).

35 B1J011166 MUHAMAD REZA PUTRATAMA

LO 39: menjelaskan polimerase

Polymerases are the copying enzymes of the cell; they are also essential parts of the genetic engineer’s armoury. These enzymes are template-dependent and can be used to copy long stretches of DNA or RNA.(57.2).

36 B1J011168 HABIBAH SUCIATI LO 39: menjelaskan polimerase

A modified form of DNA polymerase I called the Klenow fragment is a useful polymerase that is used widely in a number of applications (58.1).

37 B1J011170 KHAIRINA FEMILIANI YUDIAWAN

LO 39: menjelaskan polimerase

Reverse transcriptase is a key enzyme in the generation of cDNA; the enzyme is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, which produces a



DNA copy of an mRNA molecule (58.2).

38 B1J011172 IIK NURFAGY

LO 40: menjelaskan enzim yang digunakan untuk memodifikasi ujung DNA

In many applications it is often necessary to modify the ends of DNA molecules using enzymes such as phosphatases, kinases, and transferases.(58.3).

39 B1J011174 OPIK TAOFIK MUFLIH LO 41: menjelaskan DNA ligase

DNA ligase is essentially ‘molecular glue’; with restriction enzymes, it provides the tools for cutting and joining DNA molecules.(59.1).

1. menjelaskan TEXTBOX di depan dosen setelah diskusi dengan TA paling lambat KAMIS, 11 April 2013, Jam 16.00 WIB


40 B1J008105 ASEP SETIADI LO 42: menjelaskan sel inang yang digunakan dalam kloning gen

Gene cloning utilises the characteristics of living systems to propagate recombinant DNA molecules; in essence this can be considered as a form of molecular agriculture (63.1).

41 B1J009011 MUKHLISAL IBRAHIM

LO 43: menjelaskan vektor yang digunakan dalam kloning gen

Gene cloning is achieved by using a vector (carrier) to propagate the desired sequence in a host cell. Choosing the right vector/host combination is one of the critical stages of a cloning procedure (63.2).

42 B1J009019 NADIA AYUNINGTHIAS LO 44: menjelaskan sel inang prokariotik

The bacterium Escherichia coli is the most commonly used prokaryotic host cell, with a wide variety of different strains available for particular Applications (65.1).

43 B1J009040 LUCKY ARDIYANTI LO 45: menjelaskan sel inang eukariotik

Microbes (such as yeast) and mammalian cell lines are two examples of eukaryotic host cells that have become widely used in gene manipulation (66.1).

44 B1J009107 IKA APRIANI

LO 46: menjelaskan vektor plasmid yang digunakan dalam sel iang E. coli

Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that are not essential for bacteria to survive but often confer advantageous traits (such as antibiotic resistance) on the host cell (66.2).

45 B1J009111 SHEVITA DWI YANI

LO 46: menjelaskan vektor plasmid yang digunakan dalam sel iang E. coli

pBR322 is a very ‘famous’ plasmid and has all the essential requirements for a cloning vector – relatively small size, useful restriction enzyme sites, an origin of replication, and antibiotic resistance genes (68.1).

46 B1J009161 M ANDRI KURNIAWAN

LO 46: menjelaskan vektor plasmid yang digunakan dalam sel inang E. coli

Multiple cloning sites (polylinkers) increase the flexibility of vectors by providing a range of restriction sites for cloning (69.1).

47 B1J009174 ROIHATUL JANNAH

LO 46: menjelaskan vektor plasmid yang digunakan dalam sel inang E. coli

Plasmid vectors have an upper size limit for efficient cloning, which can sometimes restrict their use where a large number of clones is required. In this case it makes sense to clone longer DNA fragments, and a different vector system is needed (69.2).

48 B1J009179 NAILI CAHYANI

LO 47: menjelaskan vektor bakteriofaga yang digunakan dalam sel inang E. coli

Bacteriophages are essentially bacterial viruses and usually consist of a DNA genome enclosed in a protein head (capsid). As with other viruses, they depend on the host cell



for their propagation and do not exist as free-living organisms (71.1)

49 B1J009194 YULLI WAHYU MAHENDRA

LO 48: menjelaskan vektor bakteriofaga

yang digunakan dalam sel inang E. coli

Bacteriophage has played a major role in the development of bacterial genetics and molecular biology. In addition to fundamental

aspects of gene regulation, has been used as the basis for a wide variety of cloning vectors (72.1).

50 B1J009195 WASMID

LO 49: menjelaskan vektor yang digunakan dalam sel inang eukariotik

A range of plasmid-based vectors for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was developed from the

naturally occurring yeast 2m plasmid (81.1).

51 B1J010212 PRIHANTO ARIF HIDAYAT

LO 49: menjelaskan vektor yang digunakan dalam sel inang eukariotik

Vectors for use in plant and animal cells have properties that enable them to function in these cell types; they are often more specialised than the basic primary cloning vectors such

as (82.1).

52 B1J010226 MILA AFRIYANI LO 50: menjelaskan kromosom artifisial

Artificial chromosomes are elegantly simple vectors that mimic the natural construction of chromosomal DNA, with telomeres, a centromere, and an origin of replication in addition to features designed for ease of use, such as selectable markers (83.1).

Tugas Terstruktur Biologi Molekuler 2013 Kelas d

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