Modal Manusia & IndustrialisasiDi Indonesia

ENGINE OF GROWTH

SERVICES MANUFACTURING

Yang Mana ?

(Kaldor, 1967; Cornwall, 1977; Rodrik, 2008; Fagerberg and

Verspagen, 1999, 2002; Szirmai and Verpagen, 2011)

(Szirmai, 2011)

INDUSTRIALISASI

In developing countries, manufacturing is still relevant as an engine of growth when the most dynamic industries are targeted and investments in skills are undertaken. On the other hand, in developed countries manufacturing is not anymore an engine of growth (Fagerberg and Verspagen, 1999; Szirmai and Verspagen, 2011).

Szirmai and Verspagen (2011) studi thd 88 negara (1950-2005) manufacturing had a direct effect on growth

Industrialisasi strategi pembangunan paling efektif saat ini atau untuk menjadikan Indonesia macan ekonomi dunia, seperti Jepang, Cina, dan Korea Selatan

Industrialisasi perekonomian akan tumbuh pesat mendorong peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat

MODAL MANUSIA

Lucas (1988) a microeconomic model shows that education investment for workers significantly affects his/her productivity in the workplace

Griliches & Regev, 1995; Rosen, 1999 education and training are important in the human capital field

Romer, 1986 the investment of human capital affects national economic growth

Kwon Dae-bong (2009) human capital measurement is an important source in terms of suggesting various policies

INDUSTRIALISASI & MODAL MANUSIA

Szirmai and Verspagen (2011) Since 1990, the positive effect of manufacturing on growth in developing countries has become more and more dependent on skills’ accumulation. These contributions refer implicitly or explicitly to technical change

Francesca Guadagno (2012) how do developing countries need to adapt their development strategies in order to meet the evolving conditions for industrialization? WITH INNOVATION

Fagerberg and Verspagen (1999) dan Szirmai and Verspagen (2011) introduce respectively education and R&D expenditures and education alone to account for human capital accumulation and innovation systems’ characteristics.

Francesca Guadagno (2012) education and technical change have positive effect of on industrialization

Keberhasilan Industrialisasi ditentukan oleh Technical change. Technical change ditentukan oleh Inovasi. Inovasi ditentukan oleh Mutu Modal Manusia.

MODAL MANUSIA

1. Investment in human capital

a. High-level qualification1) Growth in university-level qualifications2) Growth in attainment levels in different fields

b. Graduation and enrollment rates1) Trend in university-level graduation output2) Contribution of international students to university

graduate output3) Entry rates into tertiary-type A education4) Entry rates at tertiary education compared to population

leaving without completing tertiary education

MODAL MANUSIAc. Time invested in education

1) Instruction time per year2) Number of hours per week spent on self-study or homework

d. Investment in education1) Expenditure per student at different level of education2) Percentage of GDP spent on educational institutions3) Private and public expenditure4) Public subsidies for education to households5) Expenditure on core service, ancillary services, and R&D6) Change in student numbers, expenditure, demographic forecasts, etc

2. Quality adjustment in human capital investmentsa. PISA assessments (evaluation of education systems worldwide)b. PUIAAC (Program for the international assessment of adult competencies)

3. Results of educationa. Matching of education to occupationb. Labor market outcomes by age, gender, and educational attainmentc. Rates of return to education

INDUSTRIALISASI

The Manufacturing share in GDP Keterkaitan sektor industri dan sektor ekonomi

lainnyaStruktur industri misalnya industri yang tahapan

proses industrinya panjang dan pendekKonsentrasi Industri