Tm-4143 Eor (Microbial Eor)

MICROBIAL ENHANCED

OIL RECOVERY (MEOR)

LATAR BELAKANG

Keanekaragaman hayati Indonesia.

Bakteri dapat menghasilkan lebih dari satu jenis bioproduk.

Penurunan produksi minyak indonesia.

Keterbatasan anggaran yang dimiliki oleh pemerintah Indonesia.

MICROBIAL FLOODING Two methods of flooding are employed using

microbial techniques to enhance oil production, microbial flooding and cyclic microbial recovery.

Microbial flooding is performed by injecting a solution of microorganisms and a nutrient such as industrial molasses down injection wells drilled into an oil-bearing reservoir. As the microorganisms feed on the nutrient, they metabolically produce products ranging from acids and surfactants to certain gases such as hydrogen and carbon dioxide. These products act upon the oil in place in a variety of ways, making it easier to move the oil through the reservoir to production wells.

The microbial and nutrient solution and the resulting bank of oil and products are moved through the reservoir by means of drive water injected behind them, as shown in the drawing.

RESERVOIR MICROBES

Bacteria which exist in the reservoir may

originate from the remaining bacteria

population at the formation of oil

Although bacteria penetration from

surface aquifer takes many years, but as

long as the water contains organic carbon

found in rocks, penetration with slow

bacteria growth is possible

Bacteria Growth

RESERVOIR MICROBES

LARGE VARIETY

NEED NUTRIENTS

HAVE ENORMOUS CAPACITIES FOR CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS

HAVE A WIDE RANGE OF ELABORATE PRODUCTS

SELF-PROPAGATING : NOT PASSIVE

SELF-RENEWING : KEEP PRODUCING SUBSTANCES

DELICATE TO HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT

ECONOMIC

Microorganism

Characteristics

MEOR is a process to improve oil recovery by using microbes

Microbe characteristics:

Able to live in high pressure and high temperature

Anaerobe

Able to live in low pH and high salinity

Able to live in less nutrition environment

Able to use Hydrocarbon as nutrition source

MICROBIAL ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY (MEOR)

Producing acid

dissolve rock matrix so that will increase porosity and permeability

Producing gas (basically similar with CO2flood)

Producing solvent (ethanol, butanol, acetone, isopropanol)

miscible with oil, and reducing oil viscosity and giving better mobility ratio.

Basic Mechanism for MEOR (Sublette, 1993)

Mechanisms of Microbial Methods

Producing surfactant

basically similar with surfactant flood

Selective plugging

Improves sweep efficiency in heterogeneous reservoirs

Producing polymer

reducing water mobility and able to control water mobility by increasing water viscosity

Basic Mechanism for MEOR

Mechanisms of Microbial Methods

MICROBIAL EOR

Formation plugging

Bacteria can plug pores of the rock which

affects porosity and permeability

Bacteria that can plug pores are sulfate

reducing bacteria (SRB) which belong to:

Desulfovibrio

Desulfotomaculum

Bacteria Effect in Reservoir

MICROBIAL EOR

Oil Degradation in reservoir

Souring

Sulfides production in oilbearing formation

by sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) can make

produced oil & gas become sour

Bacteria Effect in Reservoir

MICROBIAL EOR

Desirable Properties of Microbes for MEORproject:

Resistant to high pressure and temperature

Capacity to use food anaerobically

Smaller size than the pores; able to pass throughpores

Able to live in low pH and high salinityenvironment

Able to live in an environment with shortage ofnutrition

MEOR Mechanism

MICROBIAL EOR

Desirable Properties of Microbes for MEOR project:

Able to use hydrocarbon as their nutrition (carbon

and energy) source

Able to multiply in reservoir

Produce agents which mobilize oil

Do not produce plugging and corrosive materials

BACTERIA IS THE MOST POTENTIAL GROUP OF MICROORGANISMS

MEOR Mechanism

Microbial Methods (MEOR)


Typical application

Generally applied as single-well stimulation

50 100 liters microbial culture

1 100 MM cells/ ml cell count

50 100 m3 nutrient solution, 2 4 % by wt.

0.03 0.1% wt. Nitrates and phosphates

3 6 month incubation period

6 24 month production period

MICROBIAL EOR

Problems:

Formation plugging

Inappropriate geological condition (faults,

stratigraphic phase out)

Inappropriate crude oil characteristics

Contamination by other microorganism

Short of nutrition

Failure of biological System

MEOR Mechanism

MICROBIAL EOR

Two ways of injecting bacteria:

Huff-Puff like

bacteria with its nutrients is injected with

waterflood. Then well is closed and opened

again as producer (periodically).

Inject bacteria with specified time interval

MEOR Mechanism

MICROBIAL EOR

Microbial Injection Process:

Treatment using chemical-flocculating agent to separate solids

Deaeration and biocide addition (to minimize bacteria growth)

Filtering through sand or dictomaceous-earth filter

Filtering through cartridge-filter

Filtering through polishing-filter before injection

Addition of biocide, corrosion inhibitor, oxygen-scavenger

Injection

General

CYCLIC MICROBIAL RECOVERY

(A well-stimulation method) Microbial methods of flooding to enhance oil production include microbial

flooding and cyclic microbial recovery.

Cyclic microbial recovery, one of the newest EOR methods, requires the injection of a solution of microorganisms and nutrients down a well into an oil

reservoir. This injection can usually be performed in a matter of hours,

depending on the depth and permeability of the oil-bearing formation. Once

injection is accomplished, the injection well is shut in for days to weeks.

During this time, known as an incubation or soak period, the microorganisms

feed on the nutrients provided and multiply in number. These microorganisms

produce substances metabolically that affect the oil in place in ways that

facilitate its flow, making it easier to produce. Depending on the

microorganisms used, these products may be acids, surfactants, and certain

gases, most notably hydrogen and carbon dioxide.

At the end of this period, the well is opened, and the oil and products resulting from this process are produced.

This method eliminates the need for continual injection, but after the production phase is completed a new supply of microorganisms and nutrients

must be injected if the process is to be repeated.

Performance of Microbial Methods

Recent Investigationsin Microbial Methods

MICROBIAL EOR

Methods to get bacteria required:

Strain Isolation with selection

Genetic exchange between cells

Genetics engineering

General


CONCEPT

Bacteria

Nutrient

Metabolism &

Action on oil

More Bacteria

Useful

products for

EORRegenerate

MICROBIAL EOR

Reservoir indigenous bacterial isolation and cultivation

Reservoir indigenous bacterial characterization to oil

Reservoir bacterial role simulation in laboratory scale

the following year

Field application

Objectives

MICROBIAL EOR

Oil sampling

Sequential isolation and oil characterization

Adaptation to Oil Recovery Medium

Growth factor optimization

Oil characterization on bacterial activities

Oil recovery simulation

Procedures

Procedures

Oil sampling Sequential isolation

Adaptation to Oil

Recovery Medium

Oil characterization

on bacterial activities

Growth factor

optimization

Oil recovery

simulation

Pengambilan

Sampel

PROSEDUR & HASIL

Pengamatan

Swelling

Pewarnaan&

Identifikasi

InokulasiKarakterisasi

Isolasi

Screening(Temperatur)

Adaptasi

Medium SMSS

Medium Air Formasi+oil+Amonium

DEFINISI

Mikroba / Mikroorganisme

Mahluk hidup dengan ukuran diameter 0,5-30 mikrometer (10-6m)

Bakteri

Salah satu jenis dari mikroba

Isolasi

Pemisahan mikroba berdasar sifat yang diinginkan dari kelompok besarnya. Isolat: hasil isolasi

DEFINISI (cont)

InokulasiPemindahan bakteri ke medium baru untuk dikembangkan. Inokulum: bakteri yang dipindahkan

MediumFluida (cairan / gel) tempat pembiakkan bakteri.

AdaptasiMemindahkan Bakteri ke medium baru

ADAPTASI

Adaptasi dilakukan dalam medium baru (sampel minyak + air formasi + amonium).

Mengetahui daya taham bakteri yang telah lulus screening dalam medium baru.

Lima isolat bakteri hasil screening dapat bertahan hidup.

Isolat

GM 2 GM 3 GM 6 GM 7 GM11

HASIL PEWARNAAN & PENGAMATAN

NO ISOLATE BENTUK GRAM

1 GM 1 Batang Negatif






Bakteri dikembangkan dalam

Erlenmeyer yang berisi garam mineral

yang mengandung glukosa sebagai

media fermentasi untuk

berkembangbiak. Suhu pada gelas

Erlenmeyer dijaga konstan pada 37 oC

sambil diaduk/digoyang dengan mesin

dengan kecepatan 180 rpm.

Mikroorganisme, Medium Dan Kondisi

Pertumbuhan Bakteri

Isolasi Dan Ekstraksi Biosurfaktan Mentah

(Crude Biosurfactant)

Setelah dikembangbiakkan, produksi biosurfactant dipisahkandengan metode pengendapan asam (acid precipitation).Dimana sel-sel bakteri dipisahkan dari biosurfactant yangdihasilkannya dengan cara mengaduknya (centrifuge) dengankecepatan 10.000 kali kecepatan gravitasi selama 20 menit.

Setelah memisah, kemudian biosurfactant mentah tersebut(supernatant) dipindahkan ke media lain lalu ditambahkan 6 N HClsehingga pH-nya menjadi 2,0.

Setelah itu dibiarkan semalam pada suhu 4 oC sehinggabiosurfactant menjadi mengendap.Setelah itu pH nya dinaikkan menjadi 8,0 sambil diaduk dandilakukan proses penghilangan kandungan air dengan cara

mendinginkan dan memvakumnya (lyophilization) sehingga akhirnyadiperoleh kristal biosurfactant.Kemudian kristal biosurfactant tersebut diekstrak dengan methanoluntuk selanjutnya dilakukan proses pemurnian dengan metode HPLC.

Bacterial suspension

Sampling every 12 hours with

pour plate method while colony

counting

Growth Curve

Bacteria

OD measure, = 620nm

Suspension on OD = 0,5

10% bacterial suspension in

100 mL recovery medium +

20% sterile crude oil

Incubated 4 days on 500C with

120 rpm agitation

Turned into suspension in

sterile NaCl

10% suspension taken to

new medium

Bacterial suspension in sterile medium (100 mL

SMSSe + 2% crude oil)

Activated on gradually increased temperature

(50C, 60C, 70C, 80C, 90C). 3 day of each temperature, 10% bacterial taken and

incubated to the next temperature

Bacteria

Active Bacterial

Turned into suspension in sterile NaCl

Bacterial on the last temperature (90C)

Store in sterile medium (SMSSe + 2% crude oil)

Activation

Bacterial on the first temperature

(50C)

Pure indigenous bacterial

100 ml SMSSe sterile + 2% brine water & crude

oil Suratmi non sterileMicrobial growth

Incubated several days on certain temperature

(700C) with 120rpm agitation

Inoculated every day

resuspension

Microbial colony

Purification

Unpure Isolates

Isolation Phase 1

SMSSe + 2% crude oil

sterile + bacterial from

isolation phase 1

Isolation Phase 2

SMSSe + 2% crude oil

non sterile

10 % inoculum & residual

oil degradation

Residual oil degradation

Incubated several days on certain

temperature (700C) with 120rpm

agitation

Incubated several days on certain

temperature (700C) with 120rpm

agitation

Pure indigenous bacterial

Inoculated every day

resuspension

Microbial colony

Purification

Unpure Isolates

ADAPTATION

Pure Bacterial

Turned into suspension in

sterile NaCl

10% suspension with OD 0,5 in medium

Incubated on reservoir temperature

with 120 rpm agitation. By 4th day,

10% bacterial moved to new medium

Bacterial incubated again on reservoir

temperature for 4 daysAdapted Bacterial

Bacterial platted and store in

sterile medium

- Counted number of bacteria and measured pH value in first day

Rock sample

- Incubated for 14 day, t = 50 C

- Observated of rock sample

- Cleaned and measured of porosity and permeability

Rock sample

Rock sample saturated with crude oil

- Saturated with crude oil

Recovery medium sterile

- 10% (V/V) from volume recovery medium

- Set in Erlemeyer flask aseptically

- Measured volume of oil in rock sample

Microbe starter

Day 1 of treatment, H = 0


TREATMENT


CONTROL

Rock sample

- Incubated for 14 day, t = 50 C

- Observated of rock sample


Rock sample

Rock sample saturated with crude oil

- Saturated with crude oil

Recovery medium sterile

- Set in Erlemeyer flask aseptically

- Measured volume of oil in rock sample




Sequential Isolation

First Stage

SMSSe medium

2% Crude oil

(bacterial source)

Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria

SMSSe agar + oil


Second Stage

SMSSe medium

2% Crude oil

(bacterial source)

Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Day 7

Day 3-7 Day 3-7 Day 3-7 Day 3-7Day 3-7

SMSSe + 1st stage degraded oil

SMSSe agar + 1ststage degraded oil

bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria bacteria


Third Stage

SMSSe medium

2% Crude oil

(bacterial source)

Week 2 Week 4

Day 3-7 Day 3-7

SMSSe + 2nd stage degraded oil

Week 3

Day 3-7

SMSSe agar + 2ndstage degraded oil

bacteria bacteria bacteria


SMSSe medium

bacteria

Crude oil

(microbial source)

bacteria

SMSSe+1st stage

degradated oil

bacteria

SMSSe+2nd stage

degradated oil

STAGE I STAGE II STAGE III

Growth Factor Optimization

Performing growth curve

Temperature optimization

Medium pH optimization

Inoculum concentration optimization

Bacterial isolate

Results

First-stage bacterium isolate (x 1000)

Micrographs Of Bacterial Cells Under Gram And

Endospore Staining With 1000x Magnification.

Flavimonas sp Amphibacillus xylanus Bacillus polymyxa

Bacillus macarens B. stearothermophilus Clostridium butyricum

Oil Swelling

Control First-stage degraded oil

Results

Results

Crude oil chromatogram

First-stage degraded oil chromatogram

Oil viscosity and interfacial tension

Samples Viscosity (cps)Interfacial

tension

(dynes/cm)

Control 260 35,2

First-stage

degraded oil64 34,7

Results

Oil Recovery Simulation

Volume of

oil recovery (mL)

oil recovery

increase

Control 7 3,5%

Repetition 1 24 12%

Repetition 2 22 11%

Mean 23 11,5%

The Oil Recovery Simulation Oil Recovery Simulation

by Modified Lazar Collector

density

0,8904 0,8792 0,8831 0,8853 0,8825 0,884 0,8897

0,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,9

1

Con

trol

F. o

ryziha

bita

ns

A. x

ylan

us

B. p

olym

yxa

Bacillu

s m

acer

ans

C. b

utyr

icum

Mix c

ultu

re

density

interfacial tension

15,46

12,07 12,5313,65

11,74 11,28

14,92

02468

10121416

Con

trol

F. o

ryziha

bita

ns

A. x

ylan

us

B. p

olym

yxa

Bacillu

s m

acer

ans

C. b

utyr

icum

Mix c

ultu

re

interfacial tension

viscosity

3,324

3,205

2,875

3,132

2,968

3,165

3,282

2,6

2,7

2,8

2,9

3

3,1

3,2

3,3

3,4

Con

trol

F. o

ryziha

bita

ns

A. x

ylan

us

B. p

olym

yxa

Bacillu

s m

acer

ans

C. b

utyr

icum

Mix c

ultu

re

viscosity

Oil Swelling

0

0,9 0,951,05

0,95 1

0,7

00,2

0,40,60,8

11,2

Con

trol

F. o

ryziha

bita

ns

A. x

ylan

us

B. p

olym

yxa

Bacillu

s m

acer

ans

C. b

utyr

icum

Mix c

ultu

re

Oil Swelling

Tm-4143 Eor (Microbial Eor)

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