Studi Straregi PMC HI ING Kelompok 4

8/13/2019 Studi Straregi PMC HI ING Kelompok 4

1/19

!"#$"%&'( !"*+'%, -,,'&./%."

!"# %&'()*# +','*)&- ./01)2-

3*45- .)6#7 893 %+. /: ;#*


2/19

BACKGROUND

International Security in Cold War era still using individual military force to protect

the individual state borders and vital interest. After the Cold War standards of theInternational Security have changed, states not only using individual military force but also

start using Private Military Companies. PMC are new actors in international security, PMC

is an International company or organization as provider of physical force Corsairs,

privateers and mercenaries. PMC has actually disappeared in the 19th century and then

came back in the 20th century, these PMC are generally managed by private parties and the

members recruited from former elite military force of a state. That former military hired as

civilian but they often carry and use weapons, interrogate prisoners, load bombs, drive

military trucks and fulfill other essential military functions

1

.Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. Article 47 puts forward six criteria about

mercenaries2:

1. Is specially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed conflict2. Does, in fact, take a direct part in the hostilities3. Is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain

and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation

substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions

in the armed forces of that Party

4. Is neither a national of a Party to the conflict nor a resident of territory controlledby a Party to the conflict

5. Is not a member of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict; and6. Has not been sent by State which is not Party to the conflict on official duty as a

members of this armed forces.

One example of PMC that we will be discussed that is Group 4 Securicor (G4S),

this Company has been established since 1901 until now and was formed by Marius

Hogrefe in Copenhagen, he firstly founded the guarding company called Kbenhavn

Fredriksberg Nattevagt in 1901. Soon after, in 1906, Sophus Falck established

5B$*A 3H D'AA'$/, O866PQH !%(*#'"1 !"*+'%, $. I."#;+*("';.H @%4 R;#C2 E;*"A%+&%H

8


3/19

Redningskorpet Denmark3. Redningskorpet, which later changed its name to Falck, started

off providing guarding, ambulance and fire engine services, then merging with UKs

security company, Group 4 and Securicor at July 2004, establishing the modern Group 4

Securicor (G4S) until now.Today, G4S not only engaged in the field of internationalsecurity but also engaged in other sectors such as Government, Energy and utilities, Oil and

Gas, Transportation and Logistics, Ports and Airports, Travel and Tourism, Financial

Institutions, Corporations and Primary Industries then Retail. G4S is the largest employer

on the London Stock Exchange, with operations in more than 125 countries and over

620,000 employees. Everything in G4S includes manned guarding, including monitoring

and response of threat for the example in the London Stock Exchange G4S moves to secure

an investment or property of the customer4.

G4S have two services which are Secure Solutions and Cash Solutions. Secure

Solutions engaged in training and screening security officer, access control, alarm and

CCTV installation, also engaged in risk management consultancy services including mine

detection and clearance services5. In Cash Solutions G4S engaged in cash transportation,

cash management and cash consulting for the example In cash transportation G4S provide

Secure transportation of cash using high security vehicles, fully screened and trained

personnel and purpose-built technology to transport, protect, count and reconcile the cash to

customer records6.

One example of a working project by G4S is provides security services to Israeli

police and army. In November 2011 the operation of G4S in Israel called homeland

security activities The services include providing scanners to checkpoints in the seam

zone and to Erez checkpoint in Gaza. The seam zone is located in the occupied territories

between the green line 1949 armistice line between Israel as it was established in 1948 and

the West Bank and the wall. Then there is a good relation between G4S and Israeli police.

Israeli police claimed that G4S close to them because only G4S is the only provider of

electronic security systems to the Israeli police. G4S provides electronic security system

such as access control systems, metal detection gates, public announcement systems,

?X9!H O8658QH


4/19

burglary detection systems, fire detection systems and building inspection systems to police

stations and prison inside Israel. Thus, the set of problem that will explicate on the study

case chapter is how is the form of cooperation between Israel and G4S today? And

then, is it accomplished regulations of PMCs and PSCs or not?

CONCEPTUALIZATION

Definitions and History

Private military companies have operated in more than 50 nations, on every

continent but Antarctica.However, issues of regulation, ethics, legality, and political and

social control of force decrease the prospective growth of the industry. These subjects arethe most mentioned areas of the industry. In fact, even if PMCs are generally more effective

and less costly, the accountability of PMCs is the major question. In addition, the lack of

accountability along with regulations, control and transparency of PMCs would have a

negative impact on human rights and oversight responsibilities. Thus, to maintain

competition and quality the industry should have clear mechanisms.As long as war exists,

so will a demand for soldiers for hire. The private military industry would continue to

benefit from any slack given by traditional forms of security. However, its emergence has

raised possibilities and questions. History indicates that they will continue to play asignificant role in the security environment. Consequently, no policy toward the private

military industry could be effective without a clear understanding of the industry, its

dynamics, and its challenges.

Both were long-term developments that under laid the transfer of military services

to private entities and the reopening of the market. The first cause was the wide

transformations taking place in the nature of conflict itself. These have created new

demands and new market opportunities for PMFs. The second factor was the privatization

revolution, which provided the logic, legitimacy, and models for the entrance of markets

into formerly state domains. The confluence of these momentous dynamics led to both the

emergence and rapid growth of the privatized military industry. PMFs have not only grown

up but they also have become global in both their scope and activities. Beginning in the

1990s, they have been decisive players in several conflicts, and are often the ultimate


5/19

factor. PMFs have been active in zones of conflictand transition throughout the world. They

have been active and operated on every continent but Antarctica, often with strategic impact

on both the process and outcome of conflicts. They are business organizations that trade in

professional services linked to warfare. The area of their specializations lays in theprovision of military skills, including strategic planning, combat operations, intelligence,

operational support, risk assessment, technical skills and training.7

Private Military Firms (PMF) are businesses that provide governments with

professional services intricately linked to warfare; they represent, in other words, the

corporate evolution of the age-old profession of mercenaries. Unlike the individual dogs of

war of the past, however, PMFs are corporate bodies that offer a wide range of services,

from tactical combat operations and strategic planning to logistical support and technical

assistance. Although recent well-publicized incidents from Abu Ghraib to Zimbabwe have

shone unaccustomed light onto this new force in warfare, private military firms (PMFS)

remain a poorly understoodand often unacknowledgedphenomenon. The modern

private military industry emerged at the start of the 1990s, driven by three dynamics: the

end of the Cold War, transformations in the nature of warfare that blurred the lines between

soldiers and civilians, and a general trend toward privatization and outsourcing of

government functions around the world. These three forces fed into each other.

When the face-off between the United States and the Soviet Union ended,professional armies around the world were downsized. At the same time, increasing global

instability created a demand for more troops. Warfare in the developing world also became

messier more chaotic and less professional involving forces ranging from warlords to child

soldiers, while Western powers became more reluctant to intervene. Meanwhile, advanced

militaries grew increasingly reliant on off-the-shelf commercial technology, often

maintained and operated by private firms. And finally, many governments succumbed to an

ideological trend toward the privatization of many of their functions; a whole raft of former

state responsibilitiesincluding education, policing, and the operation of prisonswere

turned over to the marketplace. The PMFS that arose as a result are not all alike, nor do

they all offer the exact same services. The industry is divided into three basic sectors:

military provider firms (also known as "private security firms"), which offer tactical

F0#*(% X#$."^ _MH!H ]'A'"$#1 G`S%#"',% K;# !$A%2 B#'N$"% ]'A'"$#1


6/19

military assistance, including actual combat services, to clients; military consulting firms,

which employ retired officers to provide strategic advice and military training; and military

support firms, which provide logistics, intelligence, and maintenance services to armed

forces, allowing the latter's soldiers to concentrate on combat and reducing theirgovernment's need to recruit more troops or call up more reserves.

89

Typology of Private Military and Security Companies

There are problems associated with any attempt to categorize PMCs. In particular,

the ability of individuals with a range of military skills to move between companies creates

fluidity in the sector, increasing the range of activities and contracts a company can

undertake. While some companies presume to be no more than a security company, they are

able to undertake contracts normally associated with PMCs. The categorization of types of

companies in any industry, or of the correspondence between them and the realities they

typify, is a difficult task, more so in an industry that sees companies able to undertake

ranges of activities that cut across different categories of services, as well as moving

between vastly different customers. The terms Private Military Company (PMC) and

Private Security Company (PSC) have been used exclusively and interchangeably in

different contexts. Technically the difference is between the services that each provide. A

PMC will typically provide military combat services (offensive and/or defensive) as well as

military training and intelligence. As opposed to this, PSCs will provide actual security for

commercial interests and/or government interests, close protection of VIPs, risk assessment

and risk analyses. However, with the diversification of these companies and the massive

contracts that they now command, there is a huge overlap in the work they do, and it is not

uncommon to find major PMCs and PSCs offering the same service.

Private military companies

PMC is a company or corporation that provides services and expertise related to the

military field or fields like. Such companies are also known as private military

corporations, private military firms, military service providers, and widely regarded as the

PB%"%# DH !'.&%#^ _\*",;*#('.& D$#^a b;*#.$A ;K J;#%'&. -KK$'#,^ O]$#(=Z-S#'A 8667QH

WB%"%# DH !'.&%#^ _


7/19

private military industry. PMC can produce products and services. For products in general

will result in war equipment, vehicles, weapons, systems or defensive equipment. For the

services, private military companies generally include logistics services, military training,

defense, and security services.PMCs are also permanent structures going beyond the need to simply satisfy a

single contract. In this respect, they are registered corporate bodies with legal personalities,

subject to legislation, and hired by governments, ostensibly to provide public security.16

Since they are corporate bodies, they adopt business practices including the use of

promotional literature, a vetting system for staff, and a doctrine, normally represented in the

form of company policy or culture.PMC is usually born in the country "forward who

incidentally already has a strong military force. This happens because the PMC has many

clients who are from the "personal as well, although the country is also often involve thePMC in their military activities. In addition to the products and services produced from

PMC is very satisfying. One example is the BlackWater which is one of America's most

notorious PMC. Greatness and toughness Black Water has been recognized worldwide, one

that can be seen is Black Water participation in helping American troops in the Iraq war.

Proxy military companies

Proxy companies represent a subset of PMCs. A good example of a proxy company

is MPRI. The company is not directly involved in combat. Which makes this company

different from the others is the company has a close relationship with the government itself,

and in harmony with the policies of the government itself. Performance Management is a

kind of like MPRI does not allow employees that armed or even included in a military

operation. This type of company only has a role to provide military assistance to foreign

governments that already make an agreement. For example, one of the functions of MPRI is

providing military assistance to foreign governments on behalf of the U.S. Department of

Defense.

Private Security Companies

PSC has a similar character to the PMC. Both of these groups were both founded

by former soldiers and tactical adopt for their work. Where major differences do exist

between PMCs and PSCs is the range of services they provide. PSCs are generally

concerned with crime prevention and public order. he tasks they undertake range from


8/19

countering fraud, risk assessment of insecure areas on behalf of companies evaluating

investment prospects, armed guards to protect government and commercial installations and

persons, and finally security advisers for multinational companies operating in the more

volatile areas of the world. in practice many PSCs do conduct activities that some mightconsider military, for example, training police forces, or providing maintenance for military

vehicles on peacekeeping operations. There is no clear line of what becomes military. It is

subjective and incremental.

Commercial security companies

The inclusion of commercial security companies is an attempt to differentiate

between PSCs and the larger publicly owned security companies that provide uniformed

and normally unarmed guards for commercial, government, and international organizationsaround the world. The organizational structures of these companies exceed that of PMCs

and PSCs.

Freelance operators

This last group of actors, the freelance operators, is the most controversial, if in

practice one of the smallest of all the groups, since many freelance operator closely

resemble the classic mercenary. This is not surprising considering the general perception of

what represents a mercenary.

Besides the categorization above, private military and security companies can be

distinguished based on the object to be secured and the means by which the object is

secured. This shows how the company is selling a different market and improves their

reputation. Here are index of actors of the axis to provide a fuller pictures about their

differences. The paragraphs below will describe the security actors that have been plotted

by the lethality and non-lethality of the operations. These companies are a form of security

actor that operates globally. They provide a wide variety of military and security services

that are available to governments, non-governmental organizations and commercial market.


9/19

Institutions of State Security

All of these organizations are public institutions, they have the ability to show the

deadly force but on different levels. Military state (A) is a force that has the greatest

power10. Most of the soldiers in the world is able to demonstrate a higher level in combat

power than can be done by the PMC. Some countries in the world also operate a

paramilitary police (B) in addition to conventional police (C). The police can also carry

conventional weapons, but only for self-protection, so that they have the power of a

relatively minimal compared to the country's military and paramilitary police.

Executive Outcomes and Sandline International

EO and Sandline international is a PMC which get more attention and occupy

quadrants of the most controversial of the axes. EO conducts military operations where the

strength level is as deadly and even more than some of the country's military in developing

countries. Their military successes in Angola and Sierra Leone prove it. At the same time,

those operations are such an operation to support the local government. Sandline

international policy that many see as a sister company EO, just want to work for an

internationally recognized government. The above evidence shows to the international

community that the PMC has the ability to build peace in war zones.

Military Professional Resources

MPRI role is rather different from other PMCs, especially company outside of the

U.S. MPRI's mission, as stated on the company website, is to provide the military with the

highest quality education, training, organizational skills, and leadership development

throughout the world, while the main focus is on the development of defense and public

security11

. MPRI more active with the U.S. government. MPRI is not working for

multinational organizations. They run various types of military training programs around

the world for the U.S. government that are designed to strengthen the military and law

enforcement agencies. MPRI does not allow his staffs armed, so as to prevent them entering

56D='A% ,"$"% /'A'"$#'%, $#% "=% *A"'/$"% K'&="'.& K;#(%^ '##%&*A$# K;#(%, ($. (=$AA%.&% "=%/^ K;# %`$/SA%H ]HdH


10/19

the war zone. In this case they are called passive PMC, providing service and include

military training.

SDynCorp

DynCorp on axis reflects the company's position as renowned multinational

company in the field of technology. Core capabilities of the company is in the field of

technology solutions for various industries, including industrial security, such as

information technology systems and solutions, engineering services, international services

and medical information services12

.

ArmorGroup

ArmorGroup is an international company with operations in more than 30 countriesaround the world. ArmorGroup provides the primary source to identify, reducing and

resolve risk. The main competence of ArmorGroup is; Information and business

intelligence, safeguarding brands, countering fraud, protecting operations in high-risk

environments, protecting individuals from kidnap threat, humanitarian support, integrated

electronic security solutions, computer security and forensic services.

Control Risks Group

Currently CRG Company is specialized in international business risk consultancy.CRG has worked in 130 countries and has 17 offices around the world. Prior to Iraq, the

focus of this company is the business market and protects clients from risks, both physical

and financial. After working in Iraq, the company became closer to the PMC / PSC market.

CRG services include; Political and security risk analysis, confidential investigations, pre-

employment screening, security consultancy, crisis management and response, information

security and investigation. CRG has a position that almost as close to ArmorGroup on the

axis. But their difference is CRG more focused on the political field.

\ Erinys International

Erinys was formed in 2001 in South Africa with the aim of African security market.

However they expand their enterprises into international Erinys. The company is smaller

5831.


11/19

than the other companies mentioned. Erinys offer security services such as; Security

services and consultancy, emergency action planning and crisis management, site security,

guard force management, transportation and logistics security, and human resources.

Group 4 Securicor (G4S)

Group 4 Securicor is one of the major security industries. They focus on cash

collection, processing and delivery services, and manned guarding, including monitoring

and response. They also help state to run public services such as managing prisons, prison

transportation, education, immigration services, healthcare and defense13

.

Ad hoc security companies

So far the Ad hoc security companies are the most difficult PMC to detect. Each ofthem maintains confidentiality, both among members and with their recruiters. This group

is easy to set up, and also dissolved. Ad hoc security companies do not have the technical

capability to establish a contract with the government, and are more likely to work with the

private sector, in addition to the ad hoc security companies do not always work in the legal

sphere.

The Role of PMC in Global Environment

The post-Cold War era has donated big influence to the role of PMC in the globalenvironment. The relative stability of power in the Cold War era has replaced by new form

of conflicts and fights that have wider range of units such as public and private, state and

non-state, or even the combination of both14

. The state of being obtaining direct influence is

mostly in Africa continent where the conflicts and fights have included in internal and

regional cases. The changes to the system, structure or even ideology of post-Cold War

government which took place so quickly has made many countries in Africa must applied

that directly relating to the regime survival. The strategies of governing that the state

applies must be response to the world economic changes. This phenomenon has closelyrelated with the use of natural resources where the elites tried to adopt to remain in power.

5?X#;*S 9 !%(*#'(;#^ =""S2ZZ444H*S9K$A(C&,AH(;/Z O$((%,,%+ 5W ]$1 865?QH

14Kinsey, C. (2006). Corporate Soldiers and International Security.London and New York: Routledge.


12/19

The role of PMC as the private security has been controversial since its role has

dominated the region of Third World that consider as weak states. The lack of human

resources to do war and the greed of the ruling political elites have been the motives of the

use of PMC as the tool to fight also becomes the guard for certain elites to protect hisinterest towards resources. The concept of warlordism politics, shadow economies, and

strategic complexes has become the socio/political and economy environment that form the

new war after Cold War. Those concepts are explaining in how new war is shaped in terms

of their goals, the methods of warfare, and the way they are financed15

. Warlordism politics

can be means of political and economic system that represents alternative system of power,

profit and new form of legitimacy that shows the control of the rulers or elites to give

domination in the political and commercial interest to retain power16

. In practice of

warlordism, the ruler has controlled the state by external support and asked for commercialprivate company to involve in rather than using the role of formal state bureaucracy. The

practice of corruption has widely spread in the use of this system. While the shadow

economy is represent the consequences that must be done by the rulers of weak states as

their inability to control the economic activities that run inside the state17

. In other words

this can be the impact of the rulers who take the private into domestic political cases. The

foreign firms that hold the control of resources has got profit to sell the resources abroad

and utilize the ruler to its interest. But in turn the foreign firms helped the ruler to give

security assistance through militia support and protections in the resources location. This

shadow economy has become the way of how they financed. Last but not least is strategic

complexes that consist of state, non-state, military, civilian, public and private actors that

those actors has shaped into global governance networks that has purpose to ensure the

stability of certain conflict18

. But still relates with each existence in the conflict it can be

other purpose to project each power that ends to the emerging way of war.

15ibid.p.119

16ibid.p.112

17ibid.p.113

18ibid.p.121


13/19

There is different function of the private security in new wars and everyday function is a

bit different. In everyday private security is the use of commercial private to protect

commercial asset, while in new wars it is military in nature that support the ruler of weak

state

19

. Furthermore, as the time goes by the rapid mass of information and technologydevelopment, PMC has improved its role into changing world condition. Globalization has

become the door to the new war that relates with the global economy. In globalization,

there is a significant interdependence and interconnection between states that allows the

state connects each other in case of interest in resources interaction. The terrorism case of

9/11, drug trafficking, transnational crime, rebellion uprising, even the recent case in United

States Boston bombing has been the field of the PMC work recently. Mostly the PMC has

supported the government position to impose the opposition into negotiating table20

.

The strategic complexes as the place where many crucial actors involve in has

established many forward thinking to solve the conflict and fights. The idea to reforms has

come up from many western countries that want changes in resolution conflict in Africa

especially in the relations with the role of the PMCs. The programs that offer included in

military training, defense budgeting, understanding the role of the military training in

democracy, and logistic management to certain areas21

. In these programs there is

democracy agenda that becomes guidance of the conflict state to established good

governance through the external support assistance. United Nations as the legal formal

institution has involved into many civil war in Africa through the establishment of UN

Peacekeeping operation as military support in certain area of conflict. The purpose of

peacekeeping operation itself has limited by the mandate of UN so the action has legal and

based on the citizen protection. Later on this action has gave meaning to the promotion of

human rights.

19ibid.p.12220

Global Security Org. (2000).Military Executives Outcome. Retrieved May 17, 2013, from Global Security :

http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/executive_outcomes.htm

21Christopher Kinsey. (2006). p. 124


14/19

Because of the fundamental changes of the role PMC in global environment as the

result of strategic complexes, some features has characterized the role of the PMC such as

clear normative and practical commitment to a development agenda. Its normative has

contains of consolidation of democracy, promotion of human rights, good governance, andthe creation of a culture accountability and transparency with much degree of local

ownership. All of these characteristics has been the fundamental changes of the role of

PMC in global environment that has purpose in long-term stability process. So the

importance of the cooperation between the actors is very crucial considering each role to

support the settlement. In case of African conflict, there is an Executives Outcomes that

consider as the PMC from South Africa that often called for helping the government to face

the opposition. The work of EO has found in succeed by knowing their equality culture and

understanding as African. The EO has forced the opposition into negotiating table with thegovernment and come up with peace agreements. But even so, this peace agreement has

failed and short term due to the external ruler provider in supporting the rebellion.


15/19

STUDY CASE

Group 4 Securicor (G4S) Security Provision of Ketziot Prison in Israel

The emergences of a new international security actor called Private SecurityCompanies (PSC) giving the implication to the increasing of securities issues in the

international system. This condition made governments, MNCs, or even individuals needed

to use the services that PSCs could provide. There were three types of services that PSCs

might play the roles, namely, the provision of implementation and command, provision of

advices and trainings, and the last is provision of military supports22

. Group 4 Securicor

(G4S) with almost 700,000 employees becomes the one of the biggest Private Security

Companies today, establishing international offices operations in more than 125 countries,

G4S providing security services to government facilities, airport security, custodial andprison services, as well as land mine clearance and consultancy services

23. This company

could categorize into type one and two which almost cooperate with the clients that needed

asset protection and individual army training, thus it could not included into the third type

because the companys option to use its capabilities of lethal force is only purposed as a

defensive measure. G4S could categorize as US PSCs even the headquarter of the company

on England, but the sizes, goals, and commercials intention preferred more US PSCs like.

Its involvement in the Military Industrial Complex (MIC) could showed by the

diversification and divergence of G4S subsidiaries companies that spread all over the

world, the use of civilians expert in operate the technology followed by provision programs

for the security communities including intelligence, law enforcement and homeland

security agencies with much of the work carried out by the private sector is in the area of

technical support adding the characteristic of the US PSCs categorization.

The one of cooperation that still working by G4S is the service provision to Israel

government in order to secure Ketziot prison, this prison is the place where Palestinian

political prisoners from the occupied territories are held in violation of international law.

The G4S cooperation with Israel government could categorize it into a Private Security

Company (PSC), which one of the functions is protect government installations that

223%f;#$= 3H -N$." O866PQ^ B#'N$"% !%(*#'"1H I. BH 3H D'AA'$/,^ !"#$%&'( !'$*&"+ ,- .-'%/*$#'&/-OSH 99?QH @%4

R;#C2 E;*"A%+&%8?

B$A%,"'.'$. X#$,,#;;", -."'Y$S$#"=%'+ D$AA %,?&5H E%"#'%N%+ ]$1 5F^ 865?^ K#;/ !";S V=% D$AA2

=""S2ZZ444H,";S"=%4$AAH;#&Z&9,Y',#$%A'Y;((*S$"';.YS$A%,"'.%Y$.+Y%/%#&%.(%Y&9,Yf#$c'AH


16/19

manifested as internal security services. G4S in Israel is deeply involved in Israeli prisons

by providing security services to all jails run by the Israeli Prison Service, including the

professed security prisons inside Israel and in the West Bank24

. One of the prisons is

Ketziot which first opened in 1988 after the outbreak of the First Intifada (the Palestinianuprising) and was shut down during the implementation of the Oslo Accords and the release

of the security prisoners.G4S equipped Ketziot security prisons in Israel with their entire

security systems. The security services provided this prison with control and monitoring

systems, entrance and visitation control systems, control rooms with touch screens, internal

and external CCTV monitoring and recording systems and optic fiber communication lines,

the company also installed fire and smoke detection systems and metal detector gates in

these prisons, G4S also responsible for maintenance of these equipments25

. G4S almost had

full responsibility in Ketziot Prison security, this company also providing training programfor the Israeli police that become the guard of the prison.

However, several Palestinians activist categorized G4S's operation in Israeli Prison

Service as breaching of international law, following that G4S has been repeatedly accused

of providing poor services in the prisons and immigration detention centers. According to

Articles 49 and 76 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, this company forbids the transfer of

an occupied population (Palestinians) into the territory of the occupying power (Israel)26

.

The Illegal Israeli Settlements under International Law becomes the main reason why G4S

violated the convention. It makes United Nations as well as the International Court of

Justice has frequently stated that G4S and Israel did serious breaches of the 4th Geneva

Convention. Besides that, the Palestinians prisoners are also becomes subjected to torture

by Israeli forces and G4S services who was transferred Palestinians to and from torture

centers, thus the G4Ss involvement consisted as the violations of the human rights to the

prisoners and demonstrates a direct violation of their commitments under international law.

This G4S cooperation with Israel government also marked that the first and second

point reasons to regulate PMC and PSC was failed, which are to ensure they do not

harmfully impact on peace, security and conflict resolution and to ensure their use is both

89If'+

87D=; B#;K'", O8655Q^ "=% ($,% ;K X9!2 S#'N$"% ,%(*#'"1 (;/S$.'%, $.+ "=% I,#$%A' ;((*S$"';.H -N$'A$fA% $"2

=""S2ZZ4=;S#;K'",H;#&Z,'"%,Z+%K$*A"ZK'A%,ZD=;B#;K'",YB#'N$"%!%(*#'"1YX9!HS+K^ E%"#'%N%+ ]$1 5T^ 865?H8T


17/19

legal and legitimate and does not disobey human rights27

. Because the violation of 4th

Geneva Conventionthat alleged to G4s prison security services could become the trigger of

new conflict regarding to the claim and protest from Palestinian activist and United Nations

as the highest security authority, besides that according the involvement of G4S in torturingPalestinians prisoners also showed as the failures of the PMCs and PSCs regulations.

8FIf'+H SH5?7


18/19

CONCLUSION

Standards of the International Security have changed after Cold War, states not

only using individual military force but also start using Private Military Companies to

protect its interest especially in Third World that has been lacked of human resources ofmilitary and weapons. PMC are new actors in international security. Its role from the Cold

War into global environment today has shifted into some changes. The UN intervention in

many cases in Africa that relates to the role of PMC nowadays has been promoting the

importance issues of democracy and human rights. Many typologies have been provided to

explain the definition of the PMC as the purpose to differentiate it from the other military

action provided by state. In PMC it is more private that involved in the state security, thus

the interest that included not only defensive context but also economics. The distinction of

PMC bringing the complex Military Industry environment and generate huge amounts ofcommercial incomes for the actors. However, there are also some cost that emerges, which

are the not transparent regulations and power that possessed by the PMCs or PSCs.

The study case of G4S security provision of Ketziot Prison in Israel showed both

sides of cost and benefit that could generate from PMCs and PSCs for the state or Israel in

this context, namely, the prison that provided by G4S services becomes safer than before

because the technology of security like monitoring and fingerprint system made the prison

more strict. The costs that generated more into the G4S that cooperate with Israel that had

international law problems, the involvement automatically alleged G4S as the actors of

international law violation about illegal territorial expansion. In sum, these debatable

conditions that followed by the emergences of new international security actor depends on

the function that would take by another actors such government, MNCs, or individual.


19/19

BLIBLIOGRAPHYDeborah D. Avant (2008), Private Security. In P. D. Williams, Security Studies an

Introduction(p. 443). New York: Routledge.

DynCorp International, http://www.dyncorp.com/areas/index.htm (accessed 18 May 2013)

G4S. (2012). Corporate Watch. London: Corporate Watch Co-operative Ltd. Page 4

Global Security Org. (2000).Military Executives Outcome. Retrieved May 17, 2013, from

GlobalSecurity http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/executive_outcomes.htm

Grant, B. U.S. Military Expertise for Sale: Private Military Consultants as a Tool of

Foreign Policy, National Defense University for National Security Studies, Strategy Essay

Competition, 1998

Kinsey, C. (2006). Corporate Soldiers and International Security.London and New York:

Routledge.

MPRI, http://www.mpri.com/channels/mission.html (accessed 18 May 2013).

M.V. Crevald, On Future War, London: Brasseys, 1991.

Palestinian Grassroots Anti-apartheid Wall Campaign (2011). G4S, The Israeli OccupationOf Palestine, And The Emergence Of G4S In Brazil. Retrieved May 17, 2013, from Stop

The Wall: http://www.stopthewall.org/g4s-israeli-occupation-palestine-and-emergence-g4s-

Brazil.

Peter W. Singer, Outsourcing War, Journal of Foreign Affairs, (March/April 2005).

Peter W. Singer, Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry,

(2003).

Who Profits (2011), the case of G4S: private security companies and the Israeli occupation.

Available at: http://whoprofits.org/sites/default/files/WhoProfits-PrivateSecurity-G4S.pdf,

Retrieved May 16, 2013.

Williams, P.D. (2008). Security Studies an Introduction. New York: Routledge

Studi Straregi PMC HI ING Kelompok 4

Documents

Transcript of Studi Straregi PMC HI ING Kelompok 4