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BACKGROUND
International Security in Cold War era still using individual military force to protect
the individual state borders and vital interest. After the Cold War standards of theInternational Security have changed, states not only using individual military force but also
start using Private Military Companies. PMC are new actors in international security, PMC
is an International company or organization as provider of physical force Corsairs,
privateers and mercenaries. PMC has actually disappeared in the 19th century and then
came back in the 20th century, these PMC are generally managed by private parties and the
members recruited from former elite military force of a state. That former military hired as
civilian but they often carry and use weapons, interrogate prisoners, load bombs, drive
military trucks and fulfill other essential military functions
1
.Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions. Article 47 puts forward six criteria about
mercenaries2:
1. Is specially recruited locally or abroad in order to fight in an armed conflict2. Does, in fact, take a direct part in the hostilities3. Is motivated to take part in the hostilities essentially by the desire for private gain
and, in fact, is promised, by or on behalf of a Party to the conflict, material compensation
substantially in excess of that promised or paid to combatants of similar ranks and functions
in the armed forces of that Party
4. Is neither a national of a Party to the conflict nor a resident of territory controlledby a Party to the conflict
5. Is not a member of the armed forces of a Party to the conflict; and6. Has not been sent by State which is not Party to the conflict on official duty as a
members of this armed forces.
One example of PMC that we will be discussed that is Group 4 Securicor (G4S),
this Company has been established since 1901 until now and was formed by Marius
Hogrefe in Copenhagen, he firstly founded the guarding company called Kbenhavn
Fredriksberg Nattevagt in 1901. Soon after, in 1906, Sophus Falck established
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Redningskorpet Denmark3. Redningskorpet, which later changed its name to Falck, started
off providing guarding, ambulance and fire engine services, then merging with UKs
security company, Group 4 and Securicor at July 2004, establishing the modern Group 4
Securicor (G4S) until now.Today, G4S not only engaged in the field of internationalsecurity but also engaged in other sectors such as Government, Energy and utilities, Oil and
Gas, Transportation and Logistics, Ports and Airports, Travel and Tourism, Financial
Institutions, Corporations and Primary Industries then Retail. G4S is the largest employer
on the London Stock Exchange, with operations in more than 125 countries and over
620,000 employees. Everything in G4S includes manned guarding, including monitoring
and response of threat for the example in the London Stock Exchange G4S moves to secure
an investment or property of the customer4.
G4S have two services which are Secure Solutions and Cash Solutions. Secure
Solutions engaged in training and screening security officer, access control, alarm and
CCTV installation, also engaged in risk management consultancy services including mine
detection and clearance services5. In Cash Solutions G4S engaged in cash transportation,
cash management and cash consulting for the example In cash transportation G4S provide
Secure transportation of cash using high security vehicles, fully screened and trained
personnel and purpose-built technology to transport, protect, count and reconcile the cash to
customer records6.
One example of a working project by G4S is provides security services to Israeli
police and army. In November 2011 the operation of G4S in Israel called homeland
security activities The services include providing scanners to checkpoints in the seam
zone and to Erez checkpoint in Gaza. The seam zone is located in the occupied territories
between the green line 1949 armistice line between Israel as it was established in 1948 and
the West Bank and the wall. Then there is a good relation between G4S and Israeli police.
Israeli police claimed that G4S close to them because only G4S is the only provider of
electronic security systems to the Israeli police. G4S provides electronic security system
such as access control systems, metal detection gates, public announcement systems,
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burglary detection systems, fire detection systems and building inspection systems to police
stations and prison inside Israel. Thus, the set of problem that will explicate on the study
case chapter is how is the form of cooperation between Israel and G4S today? And
then, is it accomplished regulations of PMCs and PSCs or not?
CONCEPTUALIZATION
Definitions and History
Private military companies have operated in more than 50 nations, on every
continent but Antarctica.However, issues of regulation, ethics, legality, and political and
social control of force decrease the prospective growth of the industry. These subjects arethe most mentioned areas of the industry. In fact, even if PMCs are generally more effective
and less costly, the accountability of PMCs is the major question. In addition, the lack of
accountability along with regulations, control and transparency of PMCs would have a
negative impact on human rights and oversight responsibilities. Thus, to maintain
competition and quality the industry should have clear mechanisms.As long as war exists,
so will a demand for soldiers for hire. The private military industry would continue to
benefit from any slack given by traditional forms of security. However, its emergence has
raised possibilities and questions. History indicates that they will continue to play asignificant role in the security environment. Consequently, no policy toward the private
military industry could be effective without a clear understanding of the industry, its
dynamics, and its challenges.
Both were long-term developments that under laid the transfer of military services
to private entities and the reopening of the market. The first cause was the wide
transformations taking place in the nature of conflict itself. These have created new
demands and new market opportunities for PMFs. The second factor was the privatization
revolution, which provided the logic, legitimacy, and models for the entrance of markets
into formerly state domains. The confluence of these momentous dynamics led to both the
emergence and rapid growth of the privatized military industry. PMFs have not only grown
up but they also have become global in both their scope and activities. Beginning in the
1990s, they have been decisive players in several conflicts, and are often the ultimate
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factor. PMFs have been active in zones of conflictand transition throughout the world. They
have been active and operated on every continent but Antarctica, often with strategic impact
on both the process and outcome of conflicts. They are business organizations that trade in
professional services linked to warfare. The area of their specializations lays in theprovision of military skills, including strategic planning, combat operations, intelligence,
operational support, risk assessment, technical skills and training.7
Private Military Firms (PMF) are businesses that provide governments with
professional services intricately linked to warfare; they represent, in other words, the
corporate evolution of the age-old profession of mercenaries. Unlike the individual dogs of
war of the past, however, PMFs are corporate bodies that offer a wide range of services,
from tactical combat operations and strategic planning to logistical support and technical
assistance. Although recent well-publicized incidents from Abu Ghraib to Zimbabwe have
shone unaccustomed light onto this new force in warfare, private military firms (PMFS)
remain a poorly understoodand often unacknowledgedphenomenon. The modern
private military industry emerged at the start of the 1990s, driven by three dynamics: the
end of the Cold War, transformations in the nature of warfare that blurred the lines between
soldiers and civilians, and a general trend toward privatization and outsourcing of
government functions around the world. These three forces fed into each other.
When the face-off between the United States and the Soviet Union ended,professional armies around the world were downsized. At the same time, increasing global
instability created a demand for more troops. Warfare in the developing world also became
messier more chaotic and less professional involving forces ranging from warlords to child
soldiers, while Western powers became more reluctant to intervene. Meanwhile, advanced
militaries grew increasingly reliant on off-the-shelf commercial technology, often
maintained and operated by private firms. And finally, many governments succumbed to an
ideological trend toward the privatization of many of their functions; a whole raft of former
state responsibilitiesincluding education, policing, and the operation of prisonswere
turned over to the marketplace. The PMFS that arose as a result are not all alike, nor do
they all offer the exact same services. The industry is divided into three basic sectors:
military provider firms (also known as "private security firms"), which offer tactical
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military assistance, including actual combat services, to clients; military consulting firms,
which employ retired officers to provide strategic advice and military training; and military
support firms, which provide logistics, intelligence, and maintenance services to armed
forces, allowing the latter's soldiers to concentrate on combat and reducing theirgovernment's need to recruit more troops or call up more reserves.
89
Typology of Private Military and Security Companies
There are problems associated with any attempt to categorize PMCs. In particular,
the ability of individuals with a range of military skills to move between companies creates
fluidity in the sector, increasing the range of activities and contracts a company can
undertake. While some companies presume to be no more than a security company, they are
able to undertake contracts normally associated with PMCs. The categorization of types of
companies in any industry, or of the correspondence between them and the realities they
typify, is a difficult task, more so in an industry that sees companies able to undertake
ranges of activities that cut across different categories of services, as well as moving
between vastly different customers. The terms Private Military Company (PMC) and
Private Security Company (PSC) have been used exclusively and interchangeably in
different contexts. Technically the difference is between the services that each provide. A
PMC will typically provide military combat services (offensive and/or defensive) as well as
military training and intelligence. As opposed to this, PSCs will provide actual security for
commercial interests and/or government interests, close protection of VIPs, risk assessment
and risk analyses. However, with the diversification of these companies and the massive
contracts that they now command, there is a huge overlap in the work they do, and it is not
uncommon to find major PMCs and PSCs offering the same service.
Private military companies
PMC is a company or corporation that provides services and expertise related to the
military field or fields like. Such companies are also known as private military
corporations, private military firms, military service providers, and widely regarded as the
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private military industry. PMC can produce products and services. For products in general
will result in war equipment, vehicles, weapons, systems or defensive equipment. For the
services, private military companies generally include logistics services, military training,
defense, and security services.PMCs are also permanent structures going beyond the need to simply satisfy a
single contract. In this respect, they are registered corporate bodies with legal personalities,
subject to legislation, and hired by governments, ostensibly to provide public security.16
Since they are corporate bodies, they adopt business practices including the use of
promotional literature, a vetting system for staff, and a doctrine, normally represented in the
form of company policy or culture.PMC is usually born in the country "forward who
incidentally already has a strong military force. This happens because the PMC has many
clients who are from the "personal as well, although the country is also often involve thePMC in their military activities. In addition to the products and services produced from
PMC is very satisfying. One example is the BlackWater which is one of America's most
notorious PMC. Greatness and toughness Black Water has been recognized worldwide, one
that can be seen is Black Water participation in helping American troops in the Iraq war.
Proxy military companies
Proxy companies represent a subset of PMCs. A good example of a proxy company
is MPRI. The company is not directly involved in combat. Which makes this company
different from the others is the company has a close relationship with the government itself,
and in harmony with the policies of the government itself. Performance Management is a
kind of like MPRI does not allow employees that armed or even included in a military
operation. This type of company only has a role to provide military assistance to foreign
governments that already make an agreement. For example, one of the functions of MPRI is
providing military assistance to foreign governments on behalf of the U.S. Department of
Defense.
Private Security Companies
PSC has a similar character to the PMC. Both of these groups were both founded
by former soldiers and tactical adopt for their work. Where major differences do exist
between PMCs and PSCs is the range of services they provide. PSCs are generally
concerned with crime prevention and public order. he tasks they undertake range from
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countering fraud, risk assessment of insecure areas on behalf of companies evaluating
investment prospects, armed guards to protect government and commercial installations and
persons, and finally security advisers for multinational companies operating in the more
volatile areas of the world. in practice many PSCs do conduct activities that some mightconsider military, for example, training police forces, or providing maintenance for military
vehicles on peacekeeping operations. There is no clear line of what becomes military. It is
subjective and incremental.
Commercial security companies
The inclusion of commercial security companies is an attempt to differentiate
between PSCs and the larger publicly owned security companies that provide uniformed
and normally unarmed guards for commercial, government, and international organizationsaround the world. The organizational structures of these companies exceed that of PMCs
and PSCs.
Freelance operators
This last group of actors, the freelance operators, is the most controversial, if in
practice one of the smallest of all the groups, since many freelance operator closely
resemble the classic mercenary. This is not surprising considering the general perception of
what represents a mercenary.
Besides the categorization above, private military and security companies can be
distinguished based on the object to be secured and the means by which the object is
secured. This shows how the company is selling a different market and improves their
reputation. Here are index of actors of the axis to provide a fuller pictures about their
differences. The paragraphs below will describe the security actors that have been plotted
by the lethality and non-lethality of the operations. These companies are a form of security
actor that operates globally. They provide a wide variety of military and security services
that are available to governments, non-governmental organizations and commercial market.
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Institutions of State Security
All of these organizations are public institutions, they have the ability to show the
deadly force but on different levels. Military state (A) is a force that has the greatest
power10. Most of the soldiers in the world is able to demonstrate a higher level in combat
power than can be done by the PMC. Some countries in the world also operate a
paramilitary police (B) in addition to conventional police (C). The police can also carry
conventional weapons, but only for self-protection, so that they have the power of a
relatively minimal compared to the country's military and paramilitary police.
Executive Outcomes and Sandline International
EO and Sandline international is a PMC which get more attention and occupy
quadrants of the most controversial of the axes. EO conducts military operations where the
strength level is as deadly and even more than some of the country's military in developing
countries. Their military successes in Angola and Sierra Leone prove it. At the same time,
those operations are such an operation to support the local government. Sandline
international policy that many see as a sister company EO, just want to work for an
internationally recognized government. The above evidence shows to the international
community that the PMC has the ability to build peace in war zones.
Military Professional Resources
MPRI role is rather different from other PMCs, especially company outside of the
U.S. MPRI's mission, as stated on the company website, is to provide the military with the
highest quality education, training, organizational skills, and leadership development
throughout the world, while the main focus is on the development of defense and public
security11
. MPRI more active with the U.S. government. MPRI is not working for
multinational organizations. They run various types of military training programs around
the world for the U.S. government that are designed to strengthen the military and law
enforcement agencies. MPRI does not allow his staffs armed, so as to prevent them entering
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the war zone. In this case they are called passive PMC, providing service and include
military training.
SDynCorp
DynCorp on axis reflects the company's position as renowned multinational
company in the field of technology. Core capabilities of the company is in the field of
technology solutions for various industries, including industrial security, such as
information technology systems and solutions, engineering services, international services
and medical information services12
.
ArmorGroup
ArmorGroup is an international company with operations in more than 30 countriesaround the world. ArmorGroup provides the primary source to identify, reducing and
resolve risk. The main competence of ArmorGroup is; Information and business
intelligence, safeguarding brands, countering fraud, protecting operations in high-risk
environments, protecting individuals from kidnap threat, humanitarian support, integrated
electronic security solutions, computer security and forensic services.
Control Risks Group
Currently CRG Company is specialized in international business risk consultancy.CRG has worked in 130 countries and has 17 offices around the world. Prior to Iraq, the
focus of this company is the business market and protects clients from risks, both physical
and financial. After working in Iraq, the company became closer to the PMC / PSC market.
CRG services include; Political and security risk analysis, confidential investigations, pre-
employment screening, security consultancy, crisis management and response, information
security and investigation. CRG has a position that almost as close to ArmorGroup on the
axis. But their difference is CRG more focused on the political field.
\ Erinys International
Erinys was formed in 2001 in South Africa with the aim of African security market.
However they expand their enterprises into international Erinys. The company is smaller
5831.
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than the other companies mentioned. Erinys offer security services such as; Security
services and consultancy, emergency action planning and crisis management, site security,
guard force management, transportation and logistics security, and human resources.
Group 4 Securicor (G4S)
Group 4 Securicor is one of the major security industries. They focus on cash
collection, processing and delivery services, and manned guarding, including monitoring
and response. They also help state to run public services such as managing prisons, prison
transportation, education, immigration services, healthcare and defense13
.
Ad hoc security companies
So far the Ad hoc security companies are the most difficult PMC to detect. Each ofthem maintains confidentiality, both among members and with their recruiters. This group
is easy to set up, and also dissolved. Ad hoc security companies do not have the technical
capability to establish a contract with the government, and are more likely to work with the
private sector, in addition to the ad hoc security companies do not always work in the legal
sphere.
The Role of PMC in Global Environment
The post-Cold War era has donated big influence to the role of PMC in the globalenvironment. The relative stability of power in the Cold War era has replaced by new form
of conflicts and fights that have wider range of units such as public and private, state and
non-state, or even the combination of both14
. The state of being obtaining direct influence is
mostly in Africa continent where the conflicts and fights have included in internal and
regional cases. The changes to the system, structure or even ideology of post-Cold War
government which took place so quickly has made many countries in Africa must applied
that directly relating to the regime survival. The strategies of governing that the state
applies must be response to the world economic changes. This phenomenon has closelyrelated with the use of natural resources where the elites tried to adopt to remain in power.
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14Kinsey, C. (2006). Corporate Soldiers and International Security.London and New York: Routledge.
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The role of PMC as the private security has been controversial since its role has
dominated the region of Third World that consider as weak states. The lack of human
resources to do war and the greed of the ruling political elites have been the motives of the
use of PMC as the tool to fight also becomes the guard for certain elites to protect hisinterest towards resources. The concept of warlordism politics, shadow economies, and
strategic complexes has become the socio/political and economy environment that form the
new war after Cold War. Those concepts are explaining in how new war is shaped in terms
of their goals, the methods of warfare, and the way they are financed15
. Warlordism politics
can be means of political and economic system that represents alternative system of power,
profit and new form of legitimacy that shows the control of the rulers or elites to give
domination in the political and commercial interest to retain power16
. In practice of
warlordism, the ruler has controlled the state by external support and asked for commercialprivate company to involve in rather than using the role of formal state bureaucracy. The
practice of corruption has widely spread in the use of this system. While the shadow
economy is represent the consequences that must be done by the rulers of weak states as
their inability to control the economic activities that run inside the state17
. In other words
this can be the impact of the rulers who take the private into domestic political cases. The
foreign firms that hold the control of resources has got profit to sell the resources abroad
and utilize the ruler to its interest. But in turn the foreign firms helped the ruler to give
security assistance through militia support and protections in the resources location. This
shadow economy has become the way of how they financed. Last but not least is strategic
complexes that consist of state, non-state, military, civilian, public and private actors that
those actors has shaped into global governance networks that has purpose to ensure the
stability of certain conflict18
. But still relates with each existence in the conflict it can be
other purpose to project each power that ends to the emerging way of war.
15ibid.p.119
16ibid.p.112
17ibid.p.113
18ibid.p.121
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There is different function of the private security in new wars and everyday function is a
bit different. In everyday private security is the use of commercial private to protect
commercial asset, while in new wars it is military in nature that support the ruler of weak
state
19
. Furthermore, as the time goes by the rapid mass of information and technologydevelopment, PMC has improved its role into changing world condition. Globalization has
become the door to the new war that relates with the global economy. In globalization,
there is a significant interdependence and interconnection between states that allows the
state connects each other in case of interest in resources interaction. The terrorism case of
9/11, drug trafficking, transnational crime, rebellion uprising, even the recent case in United
States Boston bombing has been the field of the PMC work recently. Mostly the PMC has
supported the government position to impose the opposition into negotiating table20
.
The strategic complexes as the place where many crucial actors involve in has
established many forward thinking to solve the conflict and fights. The idea to reforms has
come up from many western countries that want changes in resolution conflict in Africa
especially in the relations with the role of the PMCs. The programs that offer included in
military training, defense budgeting, understanding the role of the military training in
democracy, and logistic management to certain areas21
. In these programs there is
democracy agenda that becomes guidance of the conflict state to established good
governance through the external support assistance. United Nations as the legal formal
institution has involved into many civil war in Africa through the establishment of UN
Peacekeeping operation as military support in certain area of conflict. The purpose of
peacekeeping operation itself has limited by the mandate of UN so the action has legal and
based on the citizen protection. Later on this action has gave meaning to the promotion of
human rights.
19ibid.p.12220
Global Security Org. (2000).Military Executives Outcome. Retrieved May 17, 2013, from Global Security :
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/executive_outcomes.htm
21Christopher Kinsey. (2006). p. 124
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Because of the fundamental changes of the role PMC in global environment as the
result of strategic complexes, some features has characterized the role of the PMC such as
clear normative and practical commitment to a development agenda. Its normative has
contains of consolidation of democracy, promotion of human rights, good governance, andthe creation of a culture accountability and transparency with much degree of local
ownership. All of these characteristics has been the fundamental changes of the role of
PMC in global environment that has purpose in long-term stability process. So the
importance of the cooperation between the actors is very crucial considering each role to
support the settlement. In case of African conflict, there is an Executives Outcomes that
consider as the PMC from South Africa that often called for helping the government to face
the opposition. The work of EO has found in succeed by knowing their equality culture and
understanding as African. The EO has forced the opposition into negotiating table with thegovernment and come up with peace agreements. But even so, this peace agreement has
failed and short term due to the external ruler provider in supporting the rebellion.
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STUDY CASE
Group 4 Securicor (G4S) Security Provision of Ketziot Prison in Israel
The emergences of a new international security actor called Private SecurityCompanies (PSC) giving the implication to the increasing of securities issues in the
international system. This condition made governments, MNCs, or even individuals needed
to use the services that PSCs could provide. There were three types of services that PSCs
might play the roles, namely, the provision of implementation and command, provision of
advices and trainings, and the last is provision of military supports22
. Group 4 Securicor
(G4S) with almost 700,000 employees becomes the one of the biggest Private Security
Companies today, establishing international offices operations in more than 125 countries,
G4S providing security services to government facilities, airport security, custodial andprison services, as well as land mine clearance and consultancy services
23. This company
could categorize into type one and two which almost cooperate with the clients that needed
asset protection and individual army training, thus it could not included into the third type
because the companys option to use its capabilities of lethal force is only purposed as a
defensive measure. G4S could categorize as US PSCs even the headquarter of the company
on England, but the sizes, goals, and commercials intention preferred more US PSCs like.
Its involvement in the Military Industrial Complex (MIC) could showed by the
diversification and divergence of G4S subsidiaries companies that spread all over the
world, the use of civilians expert in operate the technology followed by provision programs
for the security communities including intelligence, law enforcement and homeland
security agencies with much of the work carried out by the private sector is in the area of
technical support adding the characteristic of the US PSCs categorization.
The one of cooperation that still working by G4S is the service provision to Israel
government in order to secure Ketziot prison, this prison is the place where Palestinian
political prisoners from the occupied territories are held in violation of international law.
The G4S cooperation with Israel government could categorize it into a Private Security
Company (PSC), which one of the functions is protect government installations that
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manifested as internal security services. G4S in Israel is deeply involved in Israeli prisons
by providing security services to all jails run by the Israeli Prison Service, including the
professed security prisons inside Israel and in the West Bank24
. One of the prisons is
Ketziot which first opened in 1988 after the outbreak of the First Intifada (the Palestinianuprising) and was shut down during the implementation of the Oslo Accords and the release
of the security prisoners.G4S equipped Ketziot security prisons in Israel with their entire
security systems. The security services provided this prison with control and monitoring
systems, entrance and visitation control systems, control rooms with touch screens, internal
and external CCTV monitoring and recording systems and optic fiber communication lines,
the company also installed fire and smoke detection systems and metal detector gates in
these prisons, G4S also responsible for maintenance of these equipments25
. G4S almost had
full responsibility in Ketziot Prison security, this company also providing training programfor the Israeli police that become the guard of the prison.
However, several Palestinians activist categorized G4S's operation in Israeli Prison
Service as breaching of international law, following that G4S has been repeatedly accused
of providing poor services in the prisons and immigration detention centers. According to
Articles 49 and 76 of the Fourth Geneva Convention, this company forbids the transfer of
an occupied population (Palestinians) into the territory of the occupying power (Israel)26
.
The Illegal Israeli Settlements under International Law becomes the main reason why G4S
violated the convention. It makes United Nations as well as the International Court of
Justice has frequently stated that G4S and Israel did serious breaches of the 4th Geneva
Convention. Besides that, the Palestinians prisoners are also becomes subjected to torture
by Israeli forces and G4S services who was transferred Palestinians to and from torture
centers, thus the G4Ss involvement consisted as the violations of the human rights to the
prisoners and demonstrates a direct violation of their commitments under international law.
This G4S cooperation with Israel government also marked that the first and second
point reasons to regulate PMC and PSC was failed, which are to ensure they do not
harmfully impact on peace, security and conflict resolution and to ensure their use is both
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=""S2ZZ4=;S#;K'",H;#&Z,'"%,Z+%K$*A"ZK'A%,ZD=;B#;K'",YB#'N$"%!%(*#'"1YX9!HS+K^ E%"#'%N%+ ]$1 5T^ 865?H8T
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legal and legitimate and does not disobey human rights27
. Because the violation of 4th
Geneva Conventionthat alleged to G4s prison security services could become the trigger of
new conflict regarding to the claim and protest from Palestinian activist and United Nations
as the highest security authority, besides that according the involvement of G4S in torturingPalestinians prisoners also showed as the failures of the PMCs and PSCs regulations.
8FIf'+H SH5?7
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CONCLUSION
Standards of the International Security have changed after Cold War, states not
only using individual military force but also start using Private Military Companies to
protect its interest especially in Third World that has been lacked of human resources ofmilitary and weapons. PMC are new actors in international security. Its role from the Cold
War into global environment today has shifted into some changes. The UN intervention in
many cases in Africa that relates to the role of PMC nowadays has been promoting the
importance issues of democracy and human rights. Many typologies have been provided to
explain the definition of the PMC as the purpose to differentiate it from the other military
action provided by state. In PMC it is more private that involved in the state security, thus
the interest that included not only defensive context but also economics. The distinction of
PMC bringing the complex Military Industry environment and generate huge amounts ofcommercial incomes for the actors. However, there are also some cost that emerges, which
are the not transparent regulations and power that possessed by the PMCs or PSCs.
The study case of G4S security provision of Ketziot Prison in Israel showed both
sides of cost and benefit that could generate from PMCs and PSCs for the state or Israel in
this context, namely, the prison that provided by G4S services becomes safer than before
because the technology of security like monitoring and fingerprint system made the prison
more strict. The costs that generated more into the G4S that cooperate with Israel that had
international law problems, the involvement automatically alleged G4S as the actors of
international law violation about illegal territorial expansion. In sum, these debatable
conditions that followed by the emergences of new international security actor depends on
the function that would take by another actors such government, MNCs, or individual.
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