Soekarno, Mahasiswa Dan Nasionalisme

7/23/2019 Soekarno, Mahasiswa Dan Nasionalisme

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_abegvda) Lgjgshs}g `gd Dgshadgihslb

Kgdmgd pgdxg g~g xgdm Dbmgvg fbvhegd ~g`glr)

Pbpg~h Pgdxg g~g xgdm eglr fbvhegd ~g`g Dbmgvg$

Kjad C$ Ebddb`x

Ebpheg _abegvda `higjhvegd) lgsxgvgegp Kg}g sb`gdm lbdmgiglh ~bvrfgjgdbeadalh sashgi `gd ~aihphe sbfgmgh `gl~ge la`bvdhsgsh$ _biglg sb~bvbl~gp gfg`

sbfbirldxg) fbvsglg dbmbvh,dbmbvh ighd `h Gshg `gd Gcvheg) Hdàdbshg lrigh lbvgsgegd

`gl~ge ergp pbdgmg bes~gdshc hd`rspvh Bva~g$ @gbvgj kgkgjgd Jhd`hg Fbigd`g krspvrsbogvg lgdpg~ `hoh~pgegd sbiglg ~bvha`b hdh$ Lhpas pbdpgdm dgshadgihslb dashadgihslb

g`gigj) eb~rigrgd hpr `hkgkgj sbiglg ?2> pgjrd `hfg}gj ebebrgsggd Fbigd`g sbkge pgjrd

73>6) ebpheg SAO lrigh fbva~bvgsh) sgl~gh ^bvgdm @rdhg eb`rg$ @gigl ebdxgpggddxg

jgdxg lbdkbigdm gejhv gfg` eb,78 ebergsggd Fbigd`g fbviger gpgs eb~rigrgd hpr$Ebmhgpgd,ebmhgpgd Fbigd`g sbiglg 6>> pgjrd sbfbirldxg jgdxgigj lbibpgeegd `gsgv,

`gsgv fgmh ebergsggddxg$

Bes~gdsh fbsgv,fbsgvgd beadalh bes~av Jhd`hg sbfgmgh gehfgp ~bdgdglgd la`giFbigd`g sbogvg igdmsrdm hdh pbigj `hsbvpgh ~bvirgsgd ~bdmrgsggd pbvvhpavhgi xgdm ob~gp$

_bsr`gj 7:=> sbdmgkg `higeregd phd`gegd rdpre lblfrigpegd ebergsggd Fbigd`g gpgs

sbirvrj eb~rigrgd Hdàdbshg$ Bes~gdsh pbvvhpavhgi xgdm pbvkg`h `bdmgd phfg,phfg lbvr~gegdfgmhgd `gvh mbialfgdm ~bvsghdmgd hl~vbgihslb Bva~g Fgvgp xgdm ~g`g gejhv gfg` eb,78

lblfgmh,fgmh sbfgmhgd fbsgv `gbvgj,`gbvgj xgdm pbvfbigegdm hdh) sbjhdmmg pbv~bogj,

~bogj lbdkg`h kgkgjgd Hdmmvhs) ^bvgdohs) Kbvlgd) Fbigd`g `gd Fbimhg$ Lbseh~rd

Fbigd`gsr`gj g`g `h Hdàdbshg sbkge phmg gfg`) fgvr sbsr`gj 7:=> lbvbeg fbvmbvge

lbd`hvhegd g~g xgdm eblr`hgd fhsg `h egpgegdg sbfgmgh ebergpgd hl~bvhrl fgvr$^bveblfgdmgd hdh lbd`g~gp vbgesh `gvh maiadmgd bihpb ~vhfrlh$ G`g xgdm fbvjgshi

lbdxbsrghegd `hvhdxg `gigl ebergsggd eaiadhgi Fbigd`g `bdmgd lbdkg`h glfpbdgv pgd~gjgsvgp rdpre lbdmrfgjdxg$ G`g xgdm fbvebhdmhdgd lbl~bvaibj kglhdgd apadalh fgmh

fgdmsgdxg `h lgsg `b~gd) xgdm jgvrs `hog~gh lbigrh ebvkgsglg `bdmgd ~bdmrgsg `gd

lbigirh eadsbsh,eadsbsh xgdm `h~bvaibj fbvgdmsrv,gdmsrv `gvh ~blbvhdpgj Jhd`hgFbigd`g$ G`g krmg xgdm lbihjgp ~g`g bairsh ~bvsberprgd Hdàdbshg `bdmgd Fbigd`g$

Pbpg~h fgmh xgdm ighd igmh) ebjhdggd `hfg}gj pbig~ge egeh ~bdkgkgj lbvr~gegd ebdxgpggd

xgdm lbdxaiae$ _gpr,sgprdxg kgigd xgdm `g~gp `hpbl~rj) lbdrvrp lbvbeg) g`gigj~bvkrgdmgd pgd~g eal~valh) fgjegd lrdmehd `bdmgd ebebvgsgd rdpre lbl~bvaibj

eblbv`beggd xgdm sbl~rvdg$ _abegvda fbvg`g `h `gigl egpbmavh pbvgejhv hdh) sblbdkge

lgsg lr`g `h `gigl jgshidxg lblfgvg vgsg khkhe pbvjg`g~ `hsevhlhdgsh xgdm `higeregd

ebergsggd eaiadhgi$Dgshadgihslb Hdàdbshg ~g`g jgebegpdxg g`gigj srgpr mbkgig fgvr xgdm fbvg`g

`gvh mbvgegd,mbvgegd ~bvig}gdgd sbfbirldxg pbvjg`g~ ebergsggd Fbigd`g$ ^bvgdm Kg}g

7:62 7:?> lhsgidxg) lbvr~gegd srgpr mbvged sbpbl~gp xgdm lbdobvlhdegdebph`ge~rgsgd iaegi `gd sgdmgp fbvfb`g shcgpdxg `gvh gvrs ~bvig}gdgd xgdm fgvr lrdori

~g`g g}gi gfg` eb 6> Dgshadgihslb fgvr hpr g`gigj jgshi hl~vbgihslb fgvr$ Hg jgvrs

`h~gd`gdm sbfgmgh fgmhgd `gvh srgpr mbvgegd ibfhj fbsgv xgdm lbihfgpegd fgdxge fgmhgd

7]bf; }}}$~bpbvegsbd`g$}av`~vbss$oalBlghi; lv$egsbd`gNmlghi$oal) ~bpbvegsbd`gNvaoebplghi$oal


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@gigl fgdxge ig~gdmgd ebvkg pbv`g~gp ~bvfb`ggd `gigl dhigh r~gj xgdm `hfbvhegd eb~g`g

avgdm Hdàdbshg `gd pbdgmg ebvkg Fbigd`g 5 fgmh fgdxge irirsgd sbeaigj ph`ge pbvsb`hg

ig~gdmgd ebvkg$ @rg jgi pgl~ge lbdadkai ; Egigdmgd gpgs xgdm lbdbvhlg ~bd`h`hegdsbogvg Fgvgp jgdxg lbdkg h ebial~ae ebohi `gigl lgsxgvgegp ; lbseh~rd hdh srgpr

ebdxgpggd) pbpg~h lbvbeg g`gigj egigdmgd gpgs xgdm `hmgkh vbd`gj) lbd`bvhpg crvpgsh)

`hvrd`rdm eb~bdgpgd egvbdg ebphg`ggd ebsbl~gpgd) `gd ibegs pbvshdmmrdm aibj~gd`gdmgd xgdm lbvblbjegd `gd lbdmjhdg) xgdm `hsbfgfegd spgprsdxg xgdm vbd`jg `gd

sheg~ Fbigd`g xgdm sbogvg sblfgvgdmgd lblglbvegd ebrdmmrigddxg$

_bfgf,sbfgf dgshadgihslb gfg` eb,6> jgvrs `h ogvh ~g`g pbvmgdmmrdxgebsbhlfgdmgd lgsxgvgegplgsxgvgegp pvg`hsadgi sbfgmgh gehfgp `gh `gl~ge ~bdrj

hd hsrpvh la`bvd Bva~g$ @bdmgd lrdoridxg egrl obd`heh}gd fgvr) vgsg ph`ge ~rgs

lgssg `g~gp `hsgirvegd `gd avmgdhsgsh eb `gigl mbvgegd,mbvgegd ebergpgd ~aihphe xgdm

lbdbdpgdm v}{hl oaiadhgi) lblgd`gdm eb `b~gd sbogvg ~ashphc rdpre lblfgdmrdsbfrgj Dbmgvg lbv`beg xgdm `h gsgvegd ~g`g dhigh,dhigh ~bvsb~sh fgvr pbdpgdm

eb~vhfg`hggd dgshadgi `gd lbvalfge pgpgdgd iglg pvg`hshadgi$

Dglrd hdh ~rd fregd ehsgj sbibdmeg~dxg Dgshagdihslb fregd jgdxg ~va`re `gvh

srgpr vgsg ebfbvsglggd vgsg ph`ge ~rgs lgssg `hpglfgj eb~blhl~hdgd xgdm lbdmgiglhcvrspgsh$ Fgmh ~gvg ~blhl~hd `gd ~bdmherp,~bdmherpdxg eblbirp xgdm lbdkbvgp lbvbeg

`gigl fbfbvg~g jgi fbvshcgp ~shaeaiamhs) srgpr eblbirp h`bdphpgs hd`hh`rgi `gd ebibephcsbfgmgh srgpr pgpgdgd pbpg~ xgdm `hprd`reegd ~g`g pbegdgd,pbegdgd fgvr `gd igvrpdxg

dhigh,dhigh xgdm pbigj lgdpg~$ @gigl srgpr jgi) hdh g`gigj lgsgigj rdpre lbdmbpgjrh

shg~g `hvhdxg `gd g~g maiadmgddxg$ G`g~p ebfhgsggd pbigj lblfbvh kg}gfgd eb~g`g

~bvpgdxggd,~bvpgdxggd hdh) dglrl ~bvrfgjgd sashgi `gd ~bvmbsbvgd shspbl spgprslblfreg eblfgih lgsgigj,lgsgigj hpr$ ^bd`h`hegd Fgvgp pbigj lbdmgshdmegd sbkrligj

egrl pbv~bigkgv `gvh lgsxgvgegpdxg sbd`hvh `gd ~gd`gdmgd,~gd`gdmgd xgdm fbviger

sbfbirldxg) lbdkg hegd lbvbeg ~rpvg,~rpvg {glgd ~bdobvgjgd Bva~g) pbpg~h pgd~glbdkg`hegddxg avgdm Bva~g$ Rdpre sbfgmhgd `gvh lbvbeg hpr) dgshadgihslb lbvr~gegd

srgpr ~bdxbibsghgd `gvh ebpbmgdmgd mgmgsgd hdh$

@hfregdxg sbeaigj vbd`gj aibj Fbigd`g fgmh avgdm Hdàdbshg ) lblrdmehdegdsbfgmhgd `gvh lbvbeg) `gigl }gepr xgdm sr`gj `hpbpg~egd) lbdbvrsegd ~bigkgvgddxg `h

sbeaigj lbdbdmgj Fbigd`g) lbseh~rd ebsbl~gpgd sblgogl hpr sgdmgp pbvfgpgs$

Ebirgvmg,ebirgvmg Hdàdbshg jgvrs lgl~r lblfgxgvdxg) krligj pbl~gp xgdm pbvsb`hgkgrj `hfg}gj ~bvlhdpggd$ Rdpre lbdkglhd ~bdbvhlggddxg) `h~bviregd ebobd`bvrdmgd

sashgi `gd ~bdmgvrj$ @gigl ~vgepbedxg g`g ebobd`bvrdmgd jgdxg ~rpvg,~rpvg ~vhxgxh

xgdm lbd`g~gp eblr`gjgd hpr$

_blrig _abegvda fbigkgv `h JH_) Prirdm Gmrdm$ Gxgjdxg fbvlgesr`lblfbvhegd ~bd`h`hegd xgdm fghe eb~g`gdxg `gd lblgsreegd eb Brva~bvb Igmbvb

_ojaai `b Lakaebvpa `bdmgd jgvg~gd _abegvda dgdphdxg fhsg lblgsreh JF_ xgdm igir

lblfbvh ~birgdm rdpre lblgsreh ~bvmrvrgd phdmmh Fbigd`g$ Lbvbeg fbv`rg) gxgj `gdgdge fbvgdmmg~gd fgj}g _abegvda `g~gp lbigdkrpegd ~bigkgvgddxg `h BI_ hpr ebigs xgdm

sglg sb~bvph `h JH_$ Dglrd) pbs sbeaigj xgdm `hglfhi aibj eb~gig sbeaigj lbdrdkreegd

fgj}g _abegvda ervgdm lbdmrgsgsh fgjgsg Fbigd`g) fgjgsg ~bdmgdpgv xgdm `h~gegh `hBI_ sbjhdmmg hg jgvrs `hprvrdegd sgpr ebigs$ Aibj egvbdg hpr) gxgjdxg lbdmmgkh

sbavgddm }gdhpg Fbigd`g rdpre lbdmgkgvdxg$

Jgdxg sbmbihdphv gdge,gdge ~vhfrlh xgdm `h~bvfaibjegd lgsre BI_$ ^gvg ogigad

~vhfrlh sbighd jgvrs lblhiheh phdmegp ebobv`gsgd xgdm lbibfhjh vgpg,vgpg) avgdm prg

?]bf; }}}$~bpbvegsbd`g$}av`~vbss$oalBlghi; lv$egsbd`gNmlghi$oal) ~bpbvegsbd`gNvaoebplghi$oal


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~bvaibj `gvh fgoggddxg `h _rvgfgxg$ Avgdm xgdm lblfgdprdxg `gigl jgi hdh g`gigj @$

L$ M$ Eaoj$ Lgvobi Eaoj prlfrj `gigl ebirgvmg Lgvzhs pbpg~h iglfgp fbvgihj lbdmgdrp

gihvgd sashgihslb xgdm `blaevgphs `gd lbdkg h gdmmapg H_@S$ Pgjrd 786? Eaojlbd`g~gp ~bebvkggd sbfgmgh ~bmg}gh ~bvrsgjggd @b~gvpblbd ^bvrsgjggd Dbmgvg$

_bsr`gj fbvebdgigd `bdmgd Eaoj) _abegvda sbvhdm lbdmrdkrdmhdxg `hvrlgjdxg `h kgigd

^b~gd`ghgd xgdm ph`ge kgrj `gvh Vbmbdps}bm) _abegvda sreg lbd`bdmgvegd igmr Dbmvas~vhprgi `gd Eaoj ~rdxg eaibesh fbsgv ~hvhdmgd jhpgl `bdmgd igmr,igmr kbdhs hdh$ @bdmgd

pbvgprv hg lblhdkgl frer xgdm ebfgdxgegd egvgdmgd pbdpgdm _ashgihslb `gd ~aihphe$

^bvobvghgd `bdmgd ~rpvhdxg `gd ebfbvg`ggddxg `h Fgd`rdm lbvr~gegd ~bvpgd`g_abegvda lbdkgrjegd `hvh `gvh sgdm mrvr$ Ph`ge `hvgmregd dgshf Pkaevaglhdapa hpr

sbd`hvh$ Hg fgvr sgkg ebjhigdmgd ~bdmgvrjdxg gpgs _gvbegp Hsigl ebpheg lblrdkgedxg

~bv~bogjgd gdpgvg sgxg~ egdgd `gd sgxg~ ehvh ~gvpgh) `gd egvbdg ~rsgp mvgchpgsh ~gvpgh

~hd`gj `gvh _rvgfgxg eb Xamxgegvpg) pbpg~h ebergpgd mbvgegd hpr sbd`hvh `bdmgd pgkglpbigj lbvasap sbsr`gj Gc`bihdm F Gccghv$ ^bv~bogjgd `bdmgd ÊH lbl~bvb~gp

ebvrdprjgd hdh `gd `gigl pgjrd,pgjrd fbvherpdxg pbigj pbvkg`h ~bvsghdmgd xgdm ebegvgs

gdpgvg eb`rg ~gvpgh hpr rdpre lbdmrgsgh ogfgdm,ogfgdm sbpbl~gp$ Lbdkbigdm pgjrd 786?

rdpre sbiglg,iglgdxg _gvbegp Hsigl ebjhigdmgd eb~blhl~hdgd `gigl mbvgegddgshadgihslb `gd Pkaevaglhdapa sbd`hvh fregd igmh paeaj sbdpvgi mbvgegd hpr$ _begvgdm

Pkaevaglhdapa sr`gj ph`ge igmh `gd ph`ge lrdmehd igmh lbdkg`h paeaj sbdpvgi `gigl~blhehvgd _abegvda) fghe ~aihphs lgr~rd ~bdmgvrj ~vhfg`hdxg$ _abegvda sr`gj fbvg`g

`gigl srgpr ihdmerdmgd fgvr `gd `h ebihihdmh gephchpgs,gephchpgs fgvr$ ^bvbdogdggd

~bvdhegjgddxg eblfgih) ~bvrfgjgd `gigl shprgsh ~aihphe `gd ~birgdm,~birgdm xgdm

pbvfreg fgmhdxg `gigl ebjh r~gd `h Fgd`rdm) sblrgdxg lblr~re rdprelblr`gjegddxg lbigdmegj ibfhj lgkr `h sb~gdkgdm kgigd ebfbfgsgd eb~vhfg`hggddxg

sbd`hvh$

@h Fgd`rdm fbviger sblgdmgp xgdm ighd) _abegvda `g~gp lbvgsgegd jgi hdh)rl~gdxg) `gigl srgpr obvglgj lgigl jgvh `gigl frigd Lgvbp 786?) `h lgdg) `h lgdg hg

g~sph jg`hv) `gd `hlgdg fbvfhogvg) gpgs rd`gdmgd sbirvrj avmgdhsgsh lgjgshs}g PGA

*PbvGimblbbdb Adp}heebihdm() K$B _paehs) sbavgdm _ashgi `blaevgp `gd eg}gj sb~gvpgh`gvh O$ Jgvpamj) `gd ~blfbig xgdm pge `hebdgi ibigj `gvh eb~bdphdmgd,eb~bdphdmgd

Hdàdbshg `gigl aesvgg`$ _paehs fbvfhogvg pbdpgdm jrfrdmgd,jrfrdmgd eaiadhgi)

pbvrpglg gs~be ~sheaiamhsdxg$ Hg lblfbvhegd srgpr mglfgvgd xgdm afkbephc lbdmbdgh~bvfb`ggd xgdm g`g ebgdmerjgd `h sgpr ~hjge) `gd sheg~ fr`ge `h ~hjge ighddxg xgdm

ph`ge lbdmborgihegd shg~g ~rd$ Avgdm,avgdm Bva~g `hàvadm eb eb`r`regd sbfgmgh prgd

fbmhpr lbvbeg phfg) `gd pbvsbvgj eb~g`g lbvbeg rdpre lbdmjg~rsegd vhdpgdmgd hpr

lbigirh sbmgig fbdpre fgdprgd xgdm lrdmehd$ _bighd hpr) sbphg~ avgdm Bva~g jgvrs fbvrsgjg sb`blhehgd vr~g) sbjhdmmg hg ph`ge gegd `h~bviregd igmh `gigl }gepr xgdm

sbob~gp lrdmehd) jgvrs fbvsrjgd sb`blhehgd vr~g) sbjhdmmg hg ph`ge gegd `h~bviregd

igmh `gigl }gepr xgdm sbob~gp lrdmehd) egvbdg jrfrdmgd eaiadhgi hpr ph`ge g`hi) fghe`gigl pbavh lgr~rd `gigl ~vgepbedxg$ Fgmh _abegvda) dg`g xgdm sglg pbigj

`h~bv`bdmgvegd sbfbirldxg aibj Jgvpamj) `gd `gigl gdph pbvpbdpr krmg aibj

Pkaevaglhdapa) `gd avgdm xgdm sglg,sglg lbdxbvregd ~blfbvhggd fhlfhdmgd aibjavgdm,avgdm$

Pbpg~h ~g`g lgigl jgvh hpr) `h Fgd`rdm) obvglgj _paehs hpr `higdkrpegd `bdmgd

evhphe$ _gigj sbavgdm xgdm jg`hv lbdxgpgegd sglg sbegih ph`ge sbprkr `bdmgd fhlfhdmgd

avgdm,avgdm Bva~g) egvbdg Bva~g sr`gj lbvr~gegd pgjgdgd eg~hpgihslb) `gd eg~hpgihslb

7>]bf; }}}$~bpbvegsbd`g$}av`~vbss$oalBlghi; lv$egsbd`gNmlghi$oal) ~bpbvegsbd`gNvaoebplghi$oal


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ph`ge lgl~r lblfbvhegd ebjh`r~gd xgdm fgmghlgdg ~rd$ _glfhi fbv~gihdm ~g`g ~gvg

lgjgshs}g xgdm jg`hv) @gr}bs @bepbv ~g`g gejhvdxg fbvsbvr eb~g`g lbvbeg gmgv ph`ge

pbvigir pbdmmbigl `gigl spr`h lbvbeg `gd lblfbvhegd ~bvjgphgd xgdm ibfhj fbsgv eb~g`grsgjg eb~g`g eb~g`g rsgjg lblfbfgsegd dbmbvh lbvbeg$ @ar}bs @bepbv g`gigj ~bd`hvh

Hd`hsojb ^gvphk xgdm vbairshadbv) `gd xgdm rdpre ~bvpglg egihdxg) ibfhj `gvh sb~rirj

pgjrd sbfbirl hpr) pbigj lblfrgp siamgd Lbv`beg `gvh Fbigd`g lbdkg`h ~vamvgl ~gvpgh$ Ph ge iglg sbpbigj hpr hg `h frgdm) fbvsglg,sglg `bddmgd Pkh~pa

Lgdmrdmersrla `gd _r}gv h _rvkgdhdmvgp) egvbdg pbigj lbdmrlrlegd prkrggd hpr

eb~g`g ~rfihe$_abegvda xgdm jg`hv ~g`g eadmvbs ÊH `h Fgd`rdm 786? `gd fbv~h`gpa lblfbig

Pkaevaglhdapa pbvjg`g~ sbvgdmgd Jgkh Lhsfgoj gihgs Jgkh Lbvgj xgdm `hebdgi sbfgmgh

paeaj fbvsblgdmgp$ Hg ~bvdgj lbdkg`h gdmmapg ~gvpgh Hdsrihd`b xgdm sbfgmhggd fbsgv

gdmmapgdxg pbv`hvh `gvh Hdà,bva~g `gd sbavgdm ~bdmgdkrv ~bvig}gdgd ebebvgsgd pbvjg`g~~bvigereggd,~bvigerggd xgdm fbvshcgp cba`gi$ Hg pbvrpglg pbvebdgi aibj rsgjg,rsgjgdxg

rdpre lbdrdkreegd egrl Lgvzhs `gd Hsigl$ ^g`g ebsbl~gpgd hdh sblgdmgpdxg xgdm

fbveafgv,eafgv hpr lbdblregd pgd`hdmgd ~g`g `hvh _abegvda `gd ~blfbiggd _abegvda

gpgs Pkaevaglhdapa lbdxbfgfegd Jgkh Lhsfgoj gejhvdxg lhdpg lggc$ Lbigirh ebmhgpgdsb~bvph hdh fbvgdmsrv,gdmsrv _abegvda lbl~bvirgs jrfrdmgddxg `bdmgd paeaj,paeaj

mbvgegd dgshadgi `h Fgd`rdm$ @h shsdh fbvfb`g `gvh `rdhg xgdm `h krl~ghdxg `h _rvgfgxg$@h sbehpgv pgjrd 786>,gd hpr Fgd`rdm ob~gp fbveblfgdm lbdkg`h ~rsgp ~blhehvgd

`gd mbvgegd dgshadgihs$ Mgmgsgd,mgmgsgd xgdm igjhv `h eapg hdh fbv}gpge vg`hegi) pbpg~h

ervgdm fbvshcgp h`baiamhs `gvh xgdm `hsgkhegd _gvbegp Hsigl lgr~rd ÊH$ Mgmgsgd,mgmsgd

hpr lbdbegdegd eblbv`beggd ~bdbl~ggd srgpr fgdmsg Hdàdbshg) pbpg~h ervgdmlblbfbvh ~bvjgphggd ~g`g fbdpre lgsxgvgegp gpgr shcgp dbmgvg lbv`beg xgdm gejhvdxg

gegd lrdori hpr$ _rgsgdg hdpbiprgi Fgd`rdm `bdmgd `blhehgd fbvfb`g sbogvg lbdxaiae

`gvh srgsgdg _rvgfgxg xgdm `h phdmmgiegd _abegvda sbsrdmmrjdxg sgdmgp lbdgvhe rdpre`hebpgjrh) sbfbvg~g kgrj ebmhgpgd ~aihphe Hdàdbshg$ _b~gdkgdm sbirvrj ~bvha`b hdh

fbvmbsbv lbdkg`h ~bvsghdmgd gdpgvg ~rsgp,~rsgp eapg rpglgdxg$ @gvh pgjrd 7873 sgl~gh

7867) ~bvsghdmgd hdh pbvkg`h gdpgvg _rvgfgxg lgvegs fbsgv _gvbegp Hsigl `gd _blgvgdmsbfgmgh ~rsgp gigl ~hehvgd Lgvzhs$ @gvh pgjrd 7867 sgl~gh 786? sgxg~ la`bvgp _gvbegp

Hsigl `h Xamxgegvpg sblgehd fbvpglfgj ~bdphdm `gd srgpr ~bvhlfgdmgd jrfrdmgd

sbmhphmg pbigj pbvoh~pg gdpgvg Xamxgegvpg) _rvgfgxg `gd _blgvgdm$ Pbpg~h `h Fgd`rdmlblgdpg~egd ~bvgdgddxg lbdkg`h srgpr ~rsgp gigl ~hehvgd dgshadgihslb sberibv) `gd

`hpbdmgj,pbdmgj hdhigj _abegvda fbvmbvge) `h ihdmerdmgd srgpr ebial~ae ebohi xgdm gephc

lbdmglfhi fgmhgd `gigl ~bifgmgh `hsersh pbdpgdm jgebegp shprgsh eaiadhgi) igd`gsgd

ebergsggd Fbigd`g `gd ~hihjgd ogvg xgdm `~gp `hmrdgegd rdpre lbdmbvgjegd pgdpgdmgdpbvjg`g~ ebergpgd hpr$

Hg krm gfbvsgjgfgp `bdmgd @gr}bs @beebv) Pkh~pa Lgdmrdersrla)`gd Eh Jgkgv

@b}gdpgvg$ Lbvbeg fbvphmg hdhigj xgdm lblfbdpre Hd hsojb ^gvpx xgdm fbvrsgjglbibpgeegd `gsgv ebvkgsglg gdpgvg Hdà,Bva~g `bdmgd ~bd`r`re gsih Hdàdbshg$

Ebjh`r~gd `gd ~blhehvgd paeaj,paeaj hdh fbv~bdmgvrj ~bdphdm pbvjg`g~ sbirvrj shprgsh

Jhd`hg) `gd ogvg xgdm lrdmehd `g~gp `h pbl~rj rdpre lbdmrfgjdxg) xgdm sbogvgcrd`glbdpgi kgrj fbvfb`g `gvh ~blhehvgd ~gvg ~blhl~hd xgdm sbkgrj hpr sr`gj `hebdgi

_abegvda$ Lbseh~rd @gr}bs @beebv lbl~rdxgh jrfrdmgd vg~gp `bdmgd _gvbegp Hsigl

`gd ~gvg ~blhl~hd Ealrdhs) hg lbdaige `gsgv Hsigl `gd àepvhd _ashgihslb xgdm ebpgp$

@gsgv ~blhehvgddxg g`gigj srgpr fgdmsg lbv`beg) lriph,vgshgi `gigl eal~ashshdxg



12/21

pbpg~h pbvhegp ~g`g ebsbphggd pbvjg`g~ pgdgj ghvdxg `gd fbvsb`hg fbvkrgdm `blh

eblbv`beggddxg$ Lbd`hvhegd srgpr fgdmsg sb~bvph hpr `gigl ~gd`gdmgddxg ibfhj ~bdphdm

`gvh~g`g ~bvhdohggd spvreprv sashgidxg$ ^b`be egpg) @ar}bs @beebv g`gigj sbavgdmdgshadgihs sberibv lbdkg`h ~blhehvgd rpglg `gigl ~blhehvgd dgshadgihslb Hdàdbshg$

Lbseh~rd hl~hgddxg pbdpgdm ~bvsberprggd Hdà,Bva~g `gd Hdàdbshg lbdmgiglh

ebmgmgigd5 ~gdprigd mgmsgddxg pbvobvlhd `gigl ebmhgpgd ~aihphe _abegvda `gigl pgjrd,pgjrd 786>,gd gejhv$

Fbveghpgd `bdmgd ~bvsagigd Dgshadgihslb) _abegvda pbdpr sgkg ph`ge lbir~gegd

~bv`bfgpgd gdpgvg Pkh~pa Lgdmrdersrla `gd _rpglpa _rvxrersrla) xgdm lbdxbvpgh ~blfreggd sh gdm ~bvpglg Saiesvgg` ~g`g frigd Lgvbp 787:$ Fgvgdmegih hdhigj

~bv`bfgpgd ~bvpglg egih xgdm ~gihdm `gigl ~g`g lgsg hpr `h gdpgvg ~gvg ~blhl~hd `gd

obd`hehg}gd Hdàdbshg lbdmbdgh ohpg,ohpg `gd ihdmer~ dgshadgihslb xgdm gegd

`h}rkrègd fgmh Hdàdbshg `hlgsg sbsr`gjdxg$ ^bv`bfgpgd pbvkg`h ebpheg ~bvmbvgegdxgdm sb`gdm fbvg`g ~g`g srgpr phphe xgdm lbdbdpregd$

@gigl `bfgp hpr _rpglpa lbdmgkregd gvmrlbd rdpre lbd`rerdm ~hihjgd `hvhdxg

`gd egrl ~vhxgxh Kg}g rlrldxg pbvjg`g~ g~g xgdm lbvbeg dglgegd Dgshadgihslb

Kg}g Lbdrvrp ~gd`gdmgddxg) srgpr fgdmsg sbjgvrsdxg `g~gp `gd `hfgdmrd gpgsigd`gsgd fgjgsg sbvpg ebfr`gxggd$ Dgshadgihslb Kg}g lbl~rdxgh igd`gsgd ebfr`gxggd)

fgjgsg sbvpg sbkgvgj xgdm sglg `gvh srer Kg}g$ Egvbdg hpr jgdxg dgshadgihslb Kg}g xgdmlblhiheh igd`gsgd xgdm ergp) pbl~gp avgdm Kg}g `g~gp lblfgdmrd lgsxgvgegp

~aihphedxg `h lgsg `b~gd$

@bdmgd ~blhehvgd sb~bvph) _rpglpa lbdobig mgmgsgd Pkh~pa Lgdmrdersrla

pbdpgdm dgshadgihslb Jhd`hg egvbdg `hgdmmg~ pge lbl~rdxgh igd`gsgd ebfr`gxggd)gpgr ~gihdm,~gihdm lbvr~gegd ~va`re ~blbvhdpgj eaiadhgi Fbigd`g$ _rpglpa

lbdmgddmg~ dgshadgihslb Kg}g lbvr~gegd gigp bes~vbsh `gvh avgdm Kg}g) sb`dgmegd

dgshadgihslb Jhd`hg ~g`g Hd`hsojb ^gvpx `gd Hsiglhslb ~g`g _gvbegp Hsigl jgdxgigjlbvr~gegd vbgesh pbjg`g~ ~bdgkgjgd Fbigd`g gpgs Jhd`hg$

^gvg ~vhxgxh Kg}g }gepr hpr lblgdm lbdoafg lbdmjh r~egd eblfgih efbsgvgd

ebvgkggd,ebvgkggd Kg}g lgsg igl~gr `bdmgd lbl~vaxbeshegd `gigl ~bdmbvphggddgshadgihslb la`bvd$ ^gvg dgshadgihs Kg}g hdh) fregd sgkg lbdbdpgdm mgmgsgd pbdpgdm

dgshadgihslb Jhd`hg xgdm `hgdkrvegd Pkh~pa) lbvbeg krmg lbdbpgdm srgpr dgshadgihslb

xgdm oafg `hfgdmrd gpgs igd`gsgd ~bdmmgfrdmgd fbvfgmgh srer ighddxg `h Hdàdbshg$_rpglpa lbdxgpgegd jgi pbvsbfrp$

@gd phdmmgiigj egihggd `h _rlgpvg$ @gl egihgd `h Glfad sgdg$ Jgdxg `bdmgd

ogvg hdh ~bvsgjgfgd ehpg gegd `hibspgvhegd$ G~gfhig ehpg phdmmgi `gigl vrlgjpgdmmg ehpg fbsglg `gd lbdxbibdmmgvgegd rvrsgd vrlgj pgdmmg ehpg fbvsglg,

sglg) ph`ge g`g xgdm fgmrs xgdm fhsg `hjgvg~egd `gvh sgdg$ _bibvg ehpg lgshdm,

lgshdm fbvfb`g) ebfr`gxggd ehpg sglg sbegih fbvfb`g$

^blhehvgd pbdpgdm dgshadgihslb Kg}g xgdm `h`gsgvegd ~g`g ebfr`gxggd sbvpg

sbkgvgj lgsg igl~gr hpr pbdpr sgkg lbd`g~gp vbgesh xgdm orer~ ebvgs `gvh fbvfgmgh ~hjge$Vbgesh hdh fregd sgkg `gpgdm `gvh Pkh~pa Lgdmrdmersrla) lbighdegd krmg `gvh ebial~ae

obd`hehg}gd `hirgv ~rigr Kg}g$

Vbgesh hpr `g~gp `hihjgp lhsgidxg sbebial~ae lgjgshs}g _PASHG gsgi srlgpvg

*pbvrpglg Lhdgmegfgr($ ^g`g pgjrd 787= lbd`hvhegd Kadm _rlphgpbd Fad ) rdpre



13/21

lbl~bvsgpregd sblrg lgjgshs}g gsgi _rlgpvg) sbdxbfgv irgsegd fgjgsg,fgjgsg

_rlgpvg `gd ebfr`gxggddxg) sbvpg rdpre lbdgl~hiegd sheg~ pbvjg`g~ prdprpgd xgdm pge

fhsg `h hdmegvh eb~g`g sblrg gdmmapg) gmgv hg sg`gv sbfgmgh avgdm _rlgpvg$ Avmgdhsgshhdh ph`ge lbdmeighl) sb~bvph fgdxge egrl dgshadgihs Kg}) fgj}g _rlgpvg sr`gj lbdkg`h

srgpr fgdmsg gpgr fgj}g eb~bdphdmgd,eb~bdphdmgd lbvbeg fbvpgfvgegd `bdmgd

dgshadgihslb Jhd`hg$ _iamgl xgdm rpglg avmgdhsgsh hdh sb`bvjgdg sgkg xghpr fgj}g ~bvsgprggd g`gigj ebergpgd ; Jgdxg _glgpvg xgdm `~gp lbdkg`h,lbdkg`h ebfbsgvgd

_rlgpvg$ Fgmghlgdg~rd sb~bvph dgshadgihslb Kg}g) hg krmg fbvgdmmg~gd fgj}g h`bdphpgs

eriprvgi lbvr~gegd jgi ~bdphdm sbfgmgh hsh `gvh sbmgig fbdpre ~bvmbvgegd dgshadgi$Gephhpgs ~bvpglg `gvh fgdxge gephhpgs xgdm `h`gcpgvegd `gigl gdmmgvgd `gsgvdxg g`gigj

Fbigkgv `gd fbvigphj sbkgvgj) fgjgsg) ebfr`gxggd) sbvpg sbdh _rlgpvg$

Eblfgih eb~g`g `bfgp Pkh~pa _rpglpa) Pkh~pa lbdmgkregd ~blhehvgddxg

lbdmbdgh dgshadgihslb Jhd`hg xdgm `hgdmmg~ ibfhj lgsre gegi rdpre `h~bvkrgdmegddxg~bv}rkr`gddxg `hfgd`hdmegd dgshadgihslb Kg}g$ @gigl ~gd`gdmgd Pkh~pa) srer Kg}g

pbigj ebjhigdmgd eb`grigpgddxg `gd jgdxg lbvr~gegd fgmhgd `gvh Jhd`hg xgdm `h kgkgj

Fbigd`g$ _begvgdm pgdgj ghv avgdm Kg}g fregdigj ^rigr Kg}g sblgpg pbpg~h sbirvrj

Jhd`hg Fbigd`g `gd prmgs xgdm `h~heri aibj ~gvg ~blhl~hd sbegvgdm g`gigj fbebvkgrdpre dgshadgihslb Kg}g$ Igmh ~rig ebfr`gxggd Kg}g sr`gj fbvg`g `h`gigl shprgsg xgdm

lgd`be) ph`ge `hdglhs$ Ebfr`gxggd Jhd`hg g`gigj ebfr`gxggd fgvr xgd lblhiheh`hdglheg) dgshadgihslb xgdm sb~bvph hprigj xgdm `h~bviregd aibj }gvmg Jhd`hg$

Bairsh `gvh dgshadgihslb _rlgpvg `gd Kg}g fbveblfgdm ebgvgj xgdm jgl~hv

sglg$ Lbvbeg lbdaige dgshadgihslb Jhd`hg sbiglg pgjrd,pgjrd ^bvgdm @rdhg H) sbfgmgh

ebhdmhdgd gshdm xgdm `hgiglh aibj Fbigd`g lgshdm,lgshdm lbdogvh srgpr ~aig h`bdphpgs`gigl fbdpre xgdm fbvg`g `gigl fgpgs,fgpgs xgdm sr`gj `hebdgi sbfgmgh }gvmg `gvh

sbeaigj,sbeaigj sbvpg eapg,eapg fbsgv xgdm pbv`hvh gpgs fgdxge maiadmgd srer) lbvbeg

lgshdm,lgshdm lbvgsg fbveb}gkhfgd ebirgv ibfhj kgrj `gvh ebial~ae fgjgsg srerpbvpbdpr) eb~g`g fgpgs,fgpgs fgvr xgdm ibfhj vgshadgi `gvh sblrg ~rigr xgdm g`g$ _begih

igdmegj hdh `hglfhi) pge g`g kgigd igmh rdpre eblfgih$ R~gxg,r~gxg fgvr ~g`g phdmegp

eriprvgi pbvdxgpg ph`ge lrdmehd) sblbdpgvg lhdgp ~gvg ~blhehv xgdm ibfhj lr`g fghe `hebial~ae _rlgpvg lgr~rd Kg}g sblgehd pbvgvgj eb~g`g lgsgigj,lgsgigj beadalh `gd

~aihphe$ Hdh g`gigj `gsgv xgdm lbl~bvsgpregd lbvbeg) egvbdg ~bvgihjgd ~bvjgphgd xgdm

pbvkg`h ~g`g ~bvpbdmgjgd pgjrd `rg ~rirjgd ~g`g mbvgegd rdpre lbl~bvsgpregdebial~ae,ebial~ae ~blr`g `gbvgj `gigl sgpr cb`bvgsh Hdàdbshg) ~bvjgphggd eb~g`g

~bvsagigd xgdm ibfhj fbsgv fbvshcgp lblbogj fbigj lbdmbdgh h`bdphpgs sbkgvgj obd`bvrdm

pbvshdmehv eb fbigegdm$

^bveblfgdmgd `h Jhd`hg Fbigd`g lbdkg`h ~bvjgphgd `h egigdmgd lgjgshs}g$,lgjgshs}g Hdàdbshg `h dbmbvh ehdohv gdmhd xgdm sb`hehp krligjdxg `gd xgdm fbvmgfrdm

`gigl ^bvjhl~rdgd Hdàdbshg$ Hg sblrig `hfbdpre ~g`g pgjrd 78>:) sbfgmgh fbdpre

cb`bvgsh xgdm iadmmgv rdpre lbl~bvergp sbmaiadmgd `gd fbfbvg~g pgjrd eblr`hggd hglbdkg h srgpr ~bdobvlhdgd xgdm sbsrdmmrjdxg `gvh ~bvmbvgegd egrl frlh~rpvg$ Hg

lblhsgjegd `hvh `gvh ~bd`rerdm,~bd`rerdm ebvkgsglg xgdm ibfhj bvgp `bdmgd

~blbvhdpgj eaiadhgi) `gd `bdmgd lblhihj fgmh `hvhdxg sbd`hvh dglg ^bvjhl~rdgdHdàdbshg$ Hg ~bvpglg egihdxg lbl~bvebdgiegd hsphigj Hdàdbshg) xgdm sbiglg hpr

`hmrdgegd `gigl ~bdmbvphggd mbamvgchs) `gd xgdm eblr`hggd `hmrdgegd `gigl gdvph

~aihphs rdpre lbdrdkre eb~g`g ~rigr,~rigr `h `gigldxg$

7?]bf; }}}$~bpbvegsbd`g$}av`~vbss$oalBlghi; lv$egsbd`gNmlghi$oal) ~bpbvegsbd`gNvaoebplghi$oal


14/21


15/21

ebsbirvrjgddxg) Lgvzhslb `gd Gihlhd `gd _blgrd pbigj lblfbvhdxg sbervgdm,

ervgdmdxg fbfbvg~g ~bvsb~sh pbdpgdm hl~vbgihslb sbfgmgh shspbl ebergsggd) srgpr

pgdmmg~gd xgdm ph`ge lbdmgd`rdm eblrdmehdgd rdpre lbd`g~gpegd eadsbsh,eadsbshapadal lrvdh `gvh Fbigd`g rdpre Jhd`hg) `gd lbdrdprp ebjgvrsgd ~bvirdxg ~bvkrgdmgd$

Lgvzhslb krmg lblfbvhegd pbedhe gdgihshs ~bveblfgdmgd lgsxgvgegp$ @gvh Pgd Lgigeg

hg lbdmjgxgph srgpr valgdpheg `gd fgvgdmegih krmg shcgp ebsbvfg,eblrdmehdgd srgprvbairsh$ @gvh @gr}bs @beebv) hg lblphe ~bigkgvgd vbairsh dgshadgi) `bdmgd

lbdxhdmehvegd sblrg ~bvphlfgdmgd eblrdmehdgd eadcihe `gigl lgsxgvgegp) `gd

lbl~bvsgpregd vgexgp Jhd`hg eb `gigl srgpr ebsbirvrjgd$Ebjh`r~gd ~aihphe xgdm `hgiglh aibj _abegvda sbiglg lgsg eblgjgshs}ggddxg

`h Fgd`rdm sbfgmhggd pbv`hvh `gvh ~bvpblrgd,~bvpblrgd `gd vg~gp,vg~gp sbkbdhs xgdm

`hsibdmmgvgegd aibj easbdpvgsh vg`hegi) sbfgmhggd igmh ib}gp jrfrdmgd ib}gp fbvfgmgh

avmgdhsgsh `bdmgd _gvbegp Hsigl) `bdmgd Kadm Kgg *xgdm `hebprghdxg rdpre Fgd`rdm(`gd avmgdhsgsh ighddxg) pbpg~h ibfhj ejrsrs hgigj `hsersh ~aihphe `gigl ebial~ae,

ebial~ae ebohi xgdm pbvprpr~$ @gigl ihdmerdmgd sb~bvph hdhigj _abegvda `h~bdmgvrjh

aibj Pkh~pa `gd @rb}bs @beebv$ Fbvgdmsrv,gdmsrv vrlgjdxg lbdkg`h ~rsgp ~bvpblrggd

`gd ~bv`bfgpgd `h gdgpgvg gephhs ~aihphe pbveblreg `h Fgd`rdm$ Hg fbvebdgigd `bdmgdlgjgshs}g,lgjgshs}g xgdm fgvr ~rigdm `gvh irgv dbmbvh) `gd xgdm sr`gj ph`ge sgfgv

rdpre lblghdegd ~bvgdgd `gigl ~bvmbvgegd ~aihphe `h pgdgj ghvdxg$ @gigl ihdmerdmgdhdh mgmgsgd,mgmgsgd xgdm lrigdxg fbvshcgp rlrl lrigh lbl~bvaibj fbdpredxg sbd`hvh$

@gd _abegvda lrigh lbvgsgegd kgigddxg sbd`hvh eb gvgj ~bvrlrsgddxg sbd`hvh pbdpgdm

mgmgsgd,mgmsgd hpr$

Ebvpbviglfgpgd _abegvda lbdog~gh eb`b}gsggd ~aihphe sbfgmhggd `hsbfgfegdaibj ebg`ggd$ Ebpheg _abegvda lbdkg`h lgjgshs}g) mbvgegd dgshadgihs pbvrpglg `h }gehih

aibj maiadmgd Lgvzhs `gd maiadmgd Hsigl$ Ihdmerdmgd hdh lbl~rdxgh gvph ~bdphdm

`gigl pbl~vglbd ~aihphe _abegvda `gd lblfbvhegd eb~g`gdxg srgpr }g}gsgd pbdpgdmjgebegp ebjh`r~gd ~aihphe) pbpg~h hdh fregdigj ihdmerdmgd xgdm `g~gp lbdkg`h pbl~gp

fgmhdxg rdpre fhsg lblghdegd srgpr ~bvgd sbdpvgi$ _bfgmhgd `gvh~g`g ebiblfgmggddxg

hdh `hsbfgfegd ebph`ge ~gsphggddxg pbdpgdm glfhsh,glfhshdxg ~bd`h hegd Hdshdxrvlblfregegd ~hdpr fgmh srgpr egvhv `gigl `hdgs ~blbvhdpgjgdgd) `gd lrdmehd hg hdmhd

lbdgdmmrjegd ~hihjgd egvhvdxg$ Hg lgshj jgvrs lbihfgpegd `hvh eb `gigl egvhv ~aihphe$

_bsrdmmrjdxg sbfbirl pgjrd 7863 hg pbigj fbvjgshi lbdmjgxgph srgpr gvpheb~blhl~hdgd `gd vgsg pgdmmrdm kg}gf fbvsglg `gigl ~bvkrgdmgd dgshadgi

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glfhsh ~bvsbavgdmgd$ Kh}ger ~bdrj `bdmgd hpr$ Hg lbdxbirsrvh sberkrv fg`gder$ Hg

lhdmhsh ~g`gp irfgdm jh`rdmer$ Rdpre hprigj avgdm lbl~bvsblfgjegd sbirvrj jh`r~dxg$Hg ibfhj `gvh~g`g ~gdmmhigd kh}g$ Fgmher hg g`gigj sgpr ebxgehdgd Kbigs sbegih sbmh

vbpavhegdxg) pbpg~h srgpr ~bdhighggd xgdm ibfhj pbvgdm gegd lbdrdkreegd mgxg `gd ogvg

xgdm lbdkg`h eblgjhvgddxg sbvpg srgpr fh`dgm ~bmgf`hggd rdpre lbdog~gh ohpg,ohpg$Mglfgvgd pbdpgdm _abegvda lr`g xgdm pbvpgvhe sbfgmgh ~bsbvpg lr`g `h ~hdmmhv ebmhgpgd

dgshadgi xgdm eblr`hgd `hfgegv aibj sblgdmgpdxg `gd pbvpgvhe aibj valgdpheg vbairsh)

g`gigj ibfhj fbdgv `gd ph`ge ervgdm jgvmgdxg `hfgd`hdmegd `bdmgd mglfgvgddxg sbfgmghsbavgdm dgfh xgdm `h hijglh aibj ~bd`bvhpggd vgexgpdxg xgdm jgdxg lbdmgf`hegd rdpre

lblfbfgsegd lbvbeg `gvh ~bdhd`gsgd Fbigd`g xgdm pbverpre hpr$ @gvh ogl~rvgd

fbvfgmgh laphgsh hdh) sbpbigj sbibsgh lgsg lbl~bvshg~egd `hvh `h pgjrd 7863) gejhvdxg hg

pbvpgvhe eb `gigl egvhv ~aihphe$



16/21

Fgpr iadogpgd xgdm `hkg`hegd ~gdmegi paige lbiadpgvegd `hvhdxg eb`gigl

eb~blhl~hdgd dgshadgi hgigj Gimblbbdb _pr`hb Oirf *Ebial~ae _pr`h Rlrl( xgdm

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ebial~ae spr`h hpr sbd`hvh lbvr~gegd fgmhgd `gvh mbkaige xgdm igrs igmh `gigl `rdhg

~blhehvgd ~aihphe$_rgpr oadpaj `gvh ~bvfb`ggd gdpgvg Gimbdlbdb _pr`hboirf Fgd`rdm `gd

Hdàdbshojb _pr`hboirf _rvgfgxg pgl~ge `gigl sheg~ lbvbeg pbvjg`g~ lgsgigj dad

ea~bvgsh$ Ebial~ae _pr`h ~hl~hdgd _rpala lbdmgdmmg~ dad ea~bvgsh sbfgmgh sbdkgpgpgephs rpre sbsbegih `hmrdgegd sbjhdmmg gejhvdxg Fbigd`g gegd pbv~gesg lblbdrjh

pglfgjgd avgdm,avgdm Hdàdbshg rdpre herp lblhehri pgdmmrdm kg}gf) `gd `bdmgd

`blhehggd lblgkregd ~vhdsh~ ebvkgsglg xgdm sbkgph$ Pbpg~h egrl vg`hegi `h Fgd`rdm

lbdmglfhi sheg~ xgdm fbvfb`g sbegih$ Fbvfhogvg `hjg`~gd ~blr`g,~blr`g Hdàdbshg ~g`g g}gi G~vhi 7863) Lv$ Hsegm sbfgmgh ebprg Gimblbbdb _pr hb Fgd`rdm)

lbdbvgdmegd fgj}g sbegvgdm fregd sggpdxg igmh rdpre lhdpg,lhdpg eb~g`g ~blbvhdpgj ;

jgi hpr sr`gj fbvigdmsrdm orer~ iglg$ _gpr,sgprdxg sbdkgpg xgdm lgshj g`g ~g`g avgdm,

avgdm Hdàdbshg g`gigj dad ea~bvgsh) `bdmgd lbdmgd`giegd ebergpgd `gd eblgl~rggdlbvbeg sbd`hvh$

^g`g frigd Krih 7863 _abegvda lgkr rkhggd Hdshxrv$ _abegvda fhsg lbdxbibsghegdspr`h xgdm fbvgp hdh `gigl ihlg pgjrd$ Jgshdxg `h rlrlegd `h grig fbsgv rdhbvshpgs$

Lbvbeg xgdm irirs sbfgmgh Hdshxrv sh~hi `h gvge ebmb` ~bverl~rigd eav~s `h lgdg

lhdrlgd ebvgs lbdmgihv fbfgs$ _abegvda ph`ge ~bvdgj lhdrl sbpbps gieajai$ Gmgedxg hg

lbigdkrpegd fbv~bspg sbd`hvh `h vxlgj) `bdmgd pblgd,pblgd ~vhfrlhdxg `gvh ebial~aespr`h rlrl$

Lbvbeg lbvgxgegd `bdmgd lbdmg`gegd sbiglgpgd `bdmgd dgsh erdhdm$ ^g`g sggp

hpr `bdmgd fgdmmg _abegvda lbdxbfrp `hvhdxg Vg`bd$ Hv$ _abegvda$ @bdmgd mbigv Hshxrvhdh `rdhg ibfhj pbvfreg fgmh _abegvda) fghe `h Hdàdbshg lgr~rd `h dbmbvh Fbigd`g)

sbfgmgh ~bmg}gh ~blbvhdpgj gpgr `gigl `rdhg rsgjg$ Hg pbvdxgpg gegd lblhihj kgigd ighd$

Lgjgmrvr _ojablgebv) xgdm lbdmgdmmg~ _abegvda sbfgmgh lrvh` ~gd`gh)

lbdg}gvegd _abegvda sbfgmgh gshspbd àsbd `h gilg lgpbvdxg$ Pg}gvg gvhsbpbe ~g~gd

gpgs `h eapg eblfgdm pbdpr sgkg lbvr~gegd srgpr ebjavlgpgd fgmh sbavgdm lr`g xgdmfgvr irirs) pbpg~h rdpre sblbdpgvg }gepr ebmhgpgd hpr gegd lbdmjgshiegd rgdm) _abegvda

lbdaige$ _ojablgebv krmg lblfgdpr lbdogvh ~bebvkggd `h ^bebvkggd Rlrl$ _abegvda

sg`gv fgjg}g sbfgmgh ~bmg}gh fgvr `h~bvrsgjggd dbmgvg) hg jgvrs lrigh `gvh fg}gj `gd

fbebvkg `h fg}gj gpgsgd,gpgsgd Fbigd`g xgdm lbdrvrpdxg fbirl pbdpr lbl~rdxgheblgl~rggd xgdm `h~bviregd$ Krspvr _abegvda fbvsglg Gd}gv pblgd,pblgddxg xgdm

krmg fgvr irirs lbd`hvhegd Fhva sbd`hvh ~g`g 63 Krih 7863$ egdpav hpr pbvibpge `h Fgd`rdm

_bigpgd) xghpr `h kgigd Vbmbdps}bm dalav 66$ _abegvda `gd Gd}gv lblfreg fhva hpr `hphdmegp fg}gj) _abegvda `gd Hdmmhp lbdbl~gph phdmegp gpgs$ Fhva pbedhe hpr ph ge

fbvigdmsrdm iglg sbfgf lbvbeg fbv`rg ibfhj lbdorvgjegd }gepr `gd pbdgmg eb `gigl

gs~hvgsh,gs~hvgsh ~aihphe lbvbeg ebphlfgdm ebmhgpgd,ebmhgpgd xgdm lbdxgdmerp fhvalbvbeg$

Rdpre lbdogvh rgdm pglfgjgd) _abegvda lbdkg`h mrvr sbkgvgj `gd hilr ~gsph `h

Hdsphprp Ebsgprggd lhihe @ar}bs @beebv `h kgigd Ebfad Kgph Fgd`rdm$ Egvhvdxg sbfgmgh

mrvr jgdxg fhsg `h~bvpgjgdegd fbfbvg~g frigd$ _abegvda fbvobvhpg fgmghlgdg srgpr



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ebpheg) }gepr hg sb`gdm lbdmgkgv sbkgvgj) sbavgdm hds~beprv ~bd h`hegd herp `r`re

`h`gigl ebigdxg `gd lbl~bvjgphegddxg sbiglg `rg kgl _abegvda sb`gdm lbdbvgdmegd

eadsb~ hl~vbgihslb eb~g`g gdge `h`hedxg `hgdpgvgdxg ~rpvg Pkaeva xgdm fbvdg}g Gd}gv `gd `gigl ~g`g phphe hpr lblfbvhegd mglfgvgd xgdm lbdmbvhegd pbdpgdm eaiadhgihslb

Fbigd`g$ ]gepr ~bigkgvgd rsgh hds~beprv pg`h lbdbvgdmegd eb~g`gdxg fgj}g hg sgigj

~hihj ~bebvkggd$ Hprigj gejhv egvhbvdxg `gigl `rdhg ~bd`hègd$ @blhehggd obvhpg_abegvda$

Lbvbeg xgdm gephc `h ebial~ae _pr`h Rlrl) fbv~bd h`hegd Fgvgp$ Lbvbeg

fregdigj avgdm,avgdm xgdm pgerp gegd kglhdgd sashgi beadalh `hvhdxg `h fg}gj~blbvhdpgjgd eaiadhgi) egvbdg lbvbeg `g~gp sgkg lblbmgdm kgfgpgd ~blbvhdgpgjgd

g~gfhig lgr$ ^g`g rlrldxg lbvbeg fbvgsgi `gvh maiadmgd ~vhxgh vbd`gjgd) gdge avgdm,

avgdm xgdm fbebvkg `h ~blbvhdpgjgd Jhd`hg Fbigd`g$ Fgdxge `hgdpgvg ebirgvmg lbvbeg

fbveavfgd rdpre ~bd`h`hegd lbvbeg) `gd pbvebkrp `bdmgd sheg~ dad ea~bvgsh pbvsbfrp$Jgvg~gd avgdm prg lbvbeg gmgv gdge,gdgedxg) lbigirh ~bd`h`hegd gegd lbd`g~gpegd

~ashsh xgdm pbvjavlgp) pge `g~gp lbvbeg ~bvogxgh) fgj}g gdge,gdgedxg gegd

lblfbigegdmh jgi hdh) `blh rdpre ohpg,ohpg$ Lbvbeg jgdxg sb`hehp sbegih lbdmbvph pbdpgdm

gvgj ~vhfg`h xgdm pbigj `h~hihj aibj gdge,gdgedxg$ Gvgj hdh xgdm lblhsgjegd lbvbeg`gvh ebirgvmg) gdge xgdm pbvrlrsegd ib}gp h`b,h`b `gd ~vhdsh~,~vhdsh~ Fgvgp 5 `gigl

ebjh`r~gd Hdàdbshg fbfbvg~g mbdbvgsh sbfbirldxg$Lbvbeg hdh sbogvg sg`gv pbigj lblhihj ebjbd`ge lbdbdpgdm ~blbvhdpgj eaiadhgi

`gd lbl~bvkrgdmegd lgsg `b~gd Hdàdbshg xgdm fbfgs) `gd lbvbeg fhsg lbvbgihsgshegd

mgmgsgd `gd ebsgdmmr~gd xgdm `hpgdglegd Fgvgp `h `gigl `hvh lbvbeg$ Lbvbeg pbvrpglg

~vhjgphd `bdmgd g`gdxg `rgihslb vgshgi `gigl ebjh`r~gd Jhd`hg Fbigd`g) lbvgsg jgi hdhsbfgmgh ~bdmjhdggd eb~g`g lbvbeg) `gd eb~g`g fgdmsg Hdàdbshg rlrdxg$ Ibfhj kgrj

lbvbeg sgdmmr~ lbigeregd g~g sgkg xgdm sbegvgdm `h igeregd aibj avgdm Bva~g rdpre

lbvbeg$ Lbvbeg pge igmh lblbviregd prdprpgd) lbvbeg lgr lblhl~hd$ Dbvbeglblfbdoh `rgihpgs ebjh`r~gd Hdàdbshg sbiglg lbvbeg ph`ge fhsg lbdmjgdorvegd

`rgihpgs hdh `gd hegpgd eaiadhgi pbl~gpdxg fbv~hkge) sbervgdm,ervgdmdxg) lbvbeg jbd`ge

lbl~bvjgphegd ebjavlgpgd `gd lbdaige sbmgig fbdpre jrfrdmgd `bdmgd ~blbvhdpgjxgdm g`g$

@gigl lblfgdpr lbigdogvegd ~bebvkggd Ebial~ae spr`h Rlrl) _abegvda

fbvrsgjg rdpre lblhl~hddxg `gvh srgpr phphe paige fgvr `gigl ~bvig}gdgd Hdàdbshglbig}gd ebergsggd eaiadhgi$ Hg lbihjgp mbvgegd eblbv`beggd pbv~bogj,~bogj

`hsbehpgvdxg$ Fbdpvaegd gdpgvg ÊH `gd _gvbegp Hsigl g`gigj sgpr oadpaj `gvh shcgp

~bv~bogjgd hpr$ @h irgv _gvbegp Hsigl lgshj g`g ebial~ae xgdm ibfhj ebohi `gd

fbv`gsgvegd ~g`g ebsgprggd srer Kadm Kgg) ^gsrd`gd) Kadm _rlgpvg) `gd pbvfbigj,fbigjdxg avmgdhsgsh eb gmglggd Hsigl `gd Evhspbd$ _abegvda lbdxbsgih ~bv~bogjgd,

~bv~bogjgd hdh$ Hg lbihjgp ebjgvrsgd rdpre fbvsgpr `gd lrigh lbdhphs kgigd ebgvgj

~blfbdpregd srgpr avmgdhsgsh lgssg xgdm lbdoger~ ebsbirvrjgddxg) sbfgmgh sgvgdgrdpre lbdmblfgdmegd ebergpgd xgdm lgl~r lbdgdpgdm ebergpgd vb{hl eaiadhgi$ Ogvg

pb~gp lbigeregd jgi hdh lgshj jgvrs `hmgvg~ sbogvg pbv~bvhdoh$ _abegvda sr`gj `g~gp

lbdgdmmg~h mgmgsgd sbdpvgi fgj}g srgpr eadsb~ dgshadgihslb xgdm `haigj eblfgih `gd`h~bvpgkgl lrdmehd `g~gp `hmrdgegd rdpre lbdgvhe sblrg ig~hsgd lgsxgvgegp Hdàdbshg

xgdm sg`gv ~aihphe$

Dgshadgihslb g`gigj srgpr hsphigj xgdm lbl~rdxgh lgedg fbvfb`g,fb`g fgmh

fbvfgmgh fgdmsg$ @gigl ~hehvgd Bva~g) dgshadgihslb lbl~rdxgh eghpgd `bdmgd

7=]bf; }}}$~bpbvegsbd`g$}av`~vbss$oalBlghi; lv$egsbd`gNmlghi$oal) ~bpbvegsbd`gNvaoebplghi$oal


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eb`grigpgd vgexgp `gvh ~hehvgd vbairsh ^vgdohs$ @h Gshg `gd Gcvheg) dgshadgihslb g`gigj

jgph `gvh lgsxgvgegp xgdm fbvmbkaige$ Fgmh lbvbeg dgshadgihslb hpr lrdori sbfgmgh srgpr

mgmgsgd xgdm lbl~bvsgpregd) xgdm fbvgdmsrv,gdmsrv lbdkg`h ~bdphdm) sb`gdmegd dhigh,dhigh xgdm ig{hl pgl~gedxg ebjhigdmgd ebergpgd ~bdmhegpdxg$ ^gd`gdmgd `blhehggd hpr

fregd jgdxg lbdmbdgh eblbv`beggd) pbpg~h krmg lbdmbdgh srgpgr pgpgdgd ~gihphe fgvr

xgdm fbv`gsgvegd eb~vhfg`hggd dgshadgi ) fbpg~g~rd dgshadgihslb hpr `hpgdmmg~h `bdmgdsglgv,sglgv) hg pbigj lbdkg hegd sgrpr vgsg ebsbphggd xgdm lrdmehd `g~gp )

lbdxgl~hdmegd hegpgd,hegpgd vgsg ebsrerggd gpgr hegpgd pvg`hshadgi ighddxg$ Pgdmmg~gd

hdh lbdog~gh fbdpredxg sbd`hvh sbogvg sb hehp `blh sb hehp$ @bdmgd `h fbdpredxgGmmblbbdb _pr`hb Oirf `h Fgd`rdm) hsphigj hdh lbl~bvaibj ~bdmgerggd xgdm ibfhj

pbvfgpgs) `gd lrdmehd ibfhj kbigs$

Ergvpgi ebbl~gp 7863 sbehpgv phmg frigd sbpbigj hg ldxbibsghegd spr`hdxg

_abegvda lbdrihs `gigl Hdàdbshg Lr`g) lgkgigj gimbbdb _pr`h Oirf Fgd`rdm)gvphebidxg xgd ~bvpglg `gvh sbvgdmeghgd gvphebi$ Dgshadgihslb) Hsiglhslb) Lgvzhslb)

`hlgdg hg bvgp `hgdpgvg ebphmg maiadmgd hpr$ Ogvg _abegvda lbdmblfgdmegd

~gd`gdmgddxg sbogvg hl~ihshp lbdmgd`rdm ~bdmbvphgd fgj}g dgshadgihslb g`gigj gvrs

sbdpvgi egvbdg Hsigl g`gigj gmglg egrl pbvphd`gs) lgeg ~blbire Hsigl lbsphigjdgshadgihs$ Egvbdg la`gi `h Hdàdbshg g`gigj la`gi gshdm lgeg egrl Lgvzshs xgdm

fbvkrgdm lbig}gd eg~hpgihslb jgvrsigj ~bkrgdm dgshadgihs$ Prkrgddxg g`gigj ~bvsgprggdgdpgvg Dgshadgihslb) Hsigl `gd Lgvzhslb) pbpg~h hsh dgshadgihslb `gigl Hsigl `gd

Lgvzhsigj xgdm lblrdmehdegd ~bvsgprggd hpr$ Dgshadgihslb g`gigj h`baiamh xgdm

lbvgdmerl xgdm `g~gp lbdxgirvegd gihvgd,gihvgd fbvfb`g hpr eb`gigl sgpr gvrs$ Prihsgd

_abegvda hpr fhsg `hgdmmg~ sbfgmgh ~bvsxgvgpgd ~bdphdm ~bvpglg pbdpgdm ~ashshdxg sbd`hvh`gd srgpr ~bvlriggd rdmeg~gd mgmgsgddxg pbdpgdm dgshadgihslb sberibv fgvr rlrldxg$

Dgshadgihslb fgvr hpr lblbviregd g`gdxg fbdpre xgdm ibfhj sbeb`gv srgpr cavrl

ebial~ae spr`h kheg dgshadgihslb hpr hdmhd lbdkg`h srgpr ebergpgd xgdm fbv`gxg mrdg$ Hglblbviregd srgpr avmgdhsgsh xgdm ejrsrs `hprkregd rdpre lbdmg`gegd gesh ~aihphe `gd

}geprdxg sr`gj orer~ lgpgdm rdpre lbd`hvhegddxg$ Lbvasapdxg _gvbegp Hsigl `gd

`hprl~gsdxg ÊH pgjrd 7863!786= aibj Fbigd`g) pbigj lbvgpgegd kgigd fgmh srgprmbvgegd ph~b fgvr xgdm `h`gsgvegd ~g`g srgpr fbdpre dgshadgihslb xgdm ibfhj ~g`gp

`gigl ~bdmbvphggd fgj}g mbvgegd dgshadgihslb hpr lbdmbsgl~hdmegd lgsgigj,lgsgigj

sashgi `gd lbdoh~pgegd sbirvrj r~gxg `gd mbvgegd ~g`g prkrggd prdmmgi eblbv`beggddgshadgi$

Ebeasadmgd mbvgegd ebfgdmsggd pbvhsh `bdmgd pbvfbdpredxg ^bvsbvhegpgd

Dgshadgi Hdàdbshg ~g`g pgdmmgi 0 Krih 786=) xgdm fbvprkrggd lbdmrsgjgegd

eblbv`beggd Hdàdbshg `bdmgd ogvg fbvebvkgsglg `bdmgd sblrg avmgdhsgsh `h Hdàdbshgxgdm lbdmbkgv prkrggd xgdm sglg$ Rdmeg~gd xgdm shdmegp pbdpgdm lgesr` prkrggd `gd

ogvg ebvkgdxg) sbogvg pgephs lblgdm fhkgesgdg$ _bgd`ghdxg ~gdpgs dgshadgihs hdh

lbdxgpgegd ~bd`g~gpdxg pbdpgdm spvreprv ebdbmgvggd `gd sashgi beadlh srgpr dbmgvgHdàdbshg xgdm lbv`beg xgdm `h~bvkrgdmegd aibj sblrg lgeg lbvbeg xgdm aibj

_abegvda hdmhd `h jhl~rd `h fg}gj fbd`bvg ^DH) ~gsph igdmsrdm ~bogj `gigl cvgesh,

cvgesh xgdm sgihdm lbdxbvgdm$_bfgmgh ebprg ^gvpgh Dgshadgi Hdàdbshg hg lbdblregd fgegp,fgegpdxg xgdm

fbsgv `gigl sbdh ~h`gpa) `gd ~h`gpa,~h`gpadxg lbdmrvghegd pbdpgdm ebph`ge g`higd `gd

~bdmjhdggd ~blbvhdpgj ~bdkgkgj$ Hg g`gigj ~bdoh~pg `gvh ~bvsgprggd Hdàdbshg$ ^rigr,

~rigr Hdàdbshg) xgdm pbvsbfgv `hsb~gdkgdm ejgprihsph}g `gd `h`hglh aibj srer fgdmsg

7:]bf; }}}$~bpbvegsbd`g$}av`~vbss$oalBlghi; lv$egsbd`gNmlghi$oal) ~bpbvegsbd`gNvaoebplghi$oal


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@gcpgv ^rspgeg

@gjl) Fbvdjgv`) 78:=) _regvda `gd ^bvkrgdmgd Eblbv`beggd) Kgegvpg ; I^?B_

Mhbfbis) Iglfbvp) 6>>7) _abegvda$ Fhamvgch 78>7 782>) Kgegvpg; Mvgshdà$

]hi`) Oaihd `gd ^bpbv Ogvbx *b`() 78:3) Mbiavg G~h Vbsairh$ _bfrgj Gdpaiamh _bkgvgj)

Kgegvpg; Mvglb`hg$

Dgmg{rlh) Gehvg) 78:8)Fgdmehpdxg Dghadgihlb Hdàdbhg$ Fr`h Rpala 78>: 787:$

Kgegvpg ; Mvglb`hg$

Hdmbijad) Kajd$ 78:?) Kgigd eb ^bdmghdmgd$ ^bvmbvgegd Dghadgih Hdàdbhg Pgjrd786= 78?0) Kgegvpg ; I^?B_$

Sgd Dhbi) Vafbvp) 78:0) Lrdoridxg Bihpb La`bvd Hdàdbhg) Kgegvpg ; ^rspgeg Kgxg

Hdmbisad) Kajd) 788?) ^bvjhl~rdgd Hdàdbhg `gd ^bvmbvgegd Ebfgdmggd ) Kgegvpg;

^rspgeg Rpglg Mvgchph$

_rigvpa) _p *b () 6>>7) @hgiam `bdmgd _bkgvgj$ _abegvda _bvgpr Pgjrd) Kgegvpg ;

Eal~gs$

Ibmmb) Kajd @) 78:2) _regvda _bfrgj Fhamvgch âihphe) Kgegvpg ; _hdgv Jgvg~gd$

]bvpjbhl) ]C) 7888) Lgxgvgegp Hdàdbhg @gigl Pvgdhh$ _pr`h ^bvrfgjgd _ahgi$

Xamxgegvpg ; Phgvg ]gogdg$

Dgmg{rlh) Gehvg) 78:3) Hdàdbhg @gigl Egkhgd _gvkgdg Kb~gdm *^bvrfgjgd _ahgi,

Beadalh Gfg` ZHZ `gd ZZ `gd Fbvfgmgh G~be Dghadgihlb Hdàdbhg() Kgegvpg

; Xgxgsgd Afav Hdàdbshg$

Vhoeibcs) LO) 7887) _bkgvgj Hdàdbhg La`bvd$ Xamxgegvpg ; Mgkgj Lg`g Rdhbvshpx

^vbss$

6>]bf; }}}$~bpbvegsbd`g$}av`~vbss$oalBlghi; lv$egsbd`gNmlghi$oal) ~bpbvegsbd`gNvaoebplghi$oal


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Soekarno, Mahasiswa Dan Nasionalisme

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