7/23/2019 Soedjatmoko Dekan Intelektual Bebas Indonesia

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/soedjatmoko-dekan-intelektual-bebas-indonesia 1/21

_h|hu Giqhmli

Qdhlki|bdgd

Lhgim @m|hfhg|xif Eheiq @mldmhq`i

 fh udfh l‐xm afuha m‐hq|‐piq lh acimnhu fh

bdmlh & bi`q lh uhq|hu j`lhfh i xm `lhif

ldm‐| fh bi`m|hm bh qhbefh mhahqqi`uh i fi

bduif`|h lh‐hqphah cxbi`mh

Kxf`hm Ehmli

Gxuq` Lhgim @m|hfhg|xif Eheiq @mldmhq`i gdqdmn - _hmlhmniumi |ig bxmng`m

bhmlhmniu pimlimnim Qdhlki|bdgd imn ahbhufimn lhmnim eded| ghiu jim imnl`figxgim cibp`u hbpi| pxfxc |icxm `m`- G`m` Qdhlki|bdgd bhm`mnnifgim ~iu`qim imn

bhuxpigim exic p`g`uim Qdhlki|bdgd imn |hu|ximn lifib fhe`c liu` qhui|xq |xf`qimbhmnhmi` biqi lhpim xbi| bimxq`i-

\xf`qim"|xf`qim Qdhlki|bdgd bhbpxmi` l`bhmq` fxiq - @i ehunhuig pili biqificghexliiim & qiq|ui& qhkiuic & phbeimnxmim & `fbx phmnh|icxim & pdf`|`g& l`pfdbiq` &

 phuai|xuim `m|humiq`dmif lim inibi- _huci|`im Qdhlki|bdgd imn ehn`|x fxiq lim ehqiu 

bhmheiegim |`lig nibpimn ein` phmlhmniumi bhmxmkxggim gd|ig bimi Qdhlki|bdgd ehuili-

Qdhlki|bdgd ehue`aiui ehueini` biqific l`|hmnic iuxq gxi| ehup`g`u l`qf`p`mhu lhmnim gh|i| bhbei|iq` phbeiciqim biqific lifib e`limn ‑e`limn qphq`if`qiq` - 9 @i ehmiu"ehmiu bh~iqpili` ipi imn l`pimlimn qheini` qphq`if`qiq` imn ehufhe`cim lifib

l`q`pf m igilhb`q lim bhmadei ehfikiu |ig ehn |x phuaii pili juinbhm|iq` imn

bh~iumi` bh|dlh `fb`ic -  5 L`q`pf`m `fbx cimi bhuxpigim gdmqhmqxq imn l`ciq fgimbimxq`i- Qhduimn |`lig edfhc bhbx|figgim |h|ip` edfhc bhmhu`bi qhc`mnni bhbei|iq`

gheheiqim ehup`g`u qhciuxqmi l`q`pf`m `fbx bhbeim|x gheheiqim ehup`g`u lim exgim

bhmn`m|`b`liq`mi lhmnim bhmh|ipgim ei|iq"ei|iq imn |hufimnniu 1

Gifix edfhc bhbigi` gi|i"gi|i @nmiq Gfhlhm - \xf qim Qdhlki|bdgd fhe`c

bhmhgimgim pili ghqxmnnxcim bhmncilip` biqific gh| beimn qheini` xqici

bhbeimnxm qxi|x phb`g`uim i|ix bhmniligim phmhudedqim lifib qxi|x l`q`pf`m `fbx-< 

9 Iq~ie Biciq`m &‒ Qdhlki|bdgd lim L`bhmq` Bimxq`i ; Qhgipxu Q`u`c & ‖ lifib L`bhmq` Bimxq`i lifib

 _hbeimnxmim # Kigiu|i ; F_1HQ & 9031 ) & cif- `s ‑ ssz``-5 Gic|fhhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Aimluig`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & ‖ _hmnim|iu _hmxm|`mn ‖& lifib &

Qdphlki|bdgd & Bhmkhfikic Aigui~ifi ‑ Gxbpxfim Giui Z`q`dmhu Qdhlki|bdgd # Kigiu|i ; _\ Nuibhl`i

_xq|igi X|ibi ehghuki qibi lhmnim Piiqim Qdhlki|bdgd & 900< ) & cif- ssz ‑ f`` - -1 @nmiq Gfhlhm & ‖ Qdhlki|bdgd ; Qhexic _q`gdfdn` _hbeheiqim ‖& lifib Qdhlki|bdgd & H|`gi

 _hbeheiqim # Kigiu|i ; F_1HQ & 903< ) cif- `s ‑ sf``` -< @e`l -

9

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7/23/2019 Soedjatmoko Dekan Intelektual Bebas Indonesia

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_h|hu Giqhmli

Lifib eiciqi imn cibp`u qibi - Juimq zdm Binm q Qxqhmd bhmi|igim eic~i

Qdhlki|bdgd exgim qhduimn j fqxj imn bhfic`ugim qxi|x q`q| b qhml u` - I|ix

bhfic`ugim qhexic eimnxmim `m|hfhg|xif imn e`qi l`ginxb` dfhc nhmhuiq` ehu`gx|mi  exgim bhmkil` |xkxim liu` Qdhlki|bdgd - \im|imnim qp`u`|xif lim h|`q imn l`cilip`

Qdhlki|bdgd bhmheiegim `i bhmnnxbxf` |hbi"|hbi imn ehn`|x fxiq - 8

Ghiliim lxm`i imn qhlhb`g`im qxuib bhmheiegim Qdhlki|bdgd bhmkil`

ghah~i qheini`bimi |huahub`m lifib |xf`qim"|xf`qimmi- @i bhmigq`gim lxm`i l`fimli

  phmlhu`|iim & ghghah~iim bixpxm kxuimn gii"b`qg`m |huxq bhfheiu- _hu|hm|imnim  pdf |`g &uhqhq` hgdmdb` lim phmahbiuim f`mngxmnim c`lxp bhfimli qhnhmip q`q|`b

`m|humiq`dmif- _hu|xbexcim phmlxlxg imn bhbxq`mngim& |hgmdfdn` imn bhmniq`mngim

lim ghgxi|im lhq|uxg|`j imn bhmnhu`gim cimi bhbexi| Qdhlki|bdgd nxqiu- \xf`qim"

|xf`qim Qdhlki|bdgd bhuxpigim uhjfhgq` i|iq puhq|iq` xpii phbeimnxmim piqai _huimnLxm`i @@-

Ghmli|` pxm lhb`g`im |ig bhmheiegim Qdhlki|bdgd bhmkil` ipi|`q - @i pxm

 phuaii eic~i fimngic"fimngic phu|ibi gh iuic ghfimnqxmnim c`lxp xbi| bimxq`iciuxq l`ibe`f& gh|`gi biqiuigi| bhmiliu` ghuhm|imim imn bhmnimaib biqi lhpim

bhuhgi - Qdhlki|bdgd |ig bhb`f`g` dei| xm|xg bhmhfhqi`gim biqific"biqific lxm`igiuhmi |ig phuaii pili ilimi dei| qhuei bxkiuie- Qdhlki|bdgd fhe`c bhmxgi`

bhbehu ki~ieim imn |`lig qhlhucimi pili biqific imn ehn |x gdbpfhgq imn

bhmkil` phuci|`immi- :

Gifix e`qi bhmnnxmigim gi|i"gi|i Xbiu Giib > Lifib bhbehu` ki~ieim

Qdhlki|bdgd exgimfic qhduimn imn igim bhmkhfiqgim lifib phukifimim `|x ili qi|x

fdudmn l`bhmq` bhfi`mgim bhmnibe f pdq q` qheini` phmxmkxg kifim imnbhbphuf`ci|gim ili ehehuipi p`f`cim fdudmn imn e`qi l`|hbpxc - Ghbxmng`mim ehqiu 

Qdhlki|bdgd |`lig igim bhmki|xcgim p f`cim pili qi|x fdudmn qiki& |h|ip` imn

l`ghukigim ilific bhbehehugim eh|ipi uxb`|mi fdudmn"fdudmn `|x- Bhfifx` aiui `|xbhbexi| piui phmlhmniumi bhuiqi |`lig ghah~i |`lig l`nxux` i|ix l`uhbhcgim

ghahuliqimmi-

Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnciuni` pudqhq phmaiu`im ki~ieim qibi lhmnim i|ix bxmng`m

fhe`c liu`pili & ciq`f phmaiu`im `|x-_hmlhgi|im qhbiaib `|x l`figxgim Qdhlki|bdgd

giuhmi `i |ig bhbpxmi` gh`mn`mim bhmi~iugim kifim p`m|iq qibpi` gh |hbpi| |xkxim - @i

bhmiliu` eic~i ili ghbxmng`mim |hulipi| fdudmn"fdudmn imn |huqhbexm` lifibbhmxkx qxi|x phukifimim - 3

8 Juimq Binm`q ‑ Qxqhmd & ‖ _hmnim|iu &‒ lifib Mxqi _x|ui & _hb`g`uim Qdhlki|bdgd \hm|imn Gheheiqim &‒# Kigiu|i ; _\ Nuibhl`i _xq|igi X|ibi Ehghuki Qibi Lhmnim Piiqim Qdhlki|bdgd & 9001 ) & cif- s``` ‑ 

sz-: Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd -

> Xbiu Giib& ‖ Qibex|im &‒ lifib & Qdhlki|bdgd & Bhmkhfikic Aigui~ifi ‑ Gxbpxfim Giui Z`q`dmhu 

Qdhlki|bdgd & cif- s`s ‑ ss`z -3 @e`l lim Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd& dp- a`|-

5

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7/23/2019 Soedjatmoko Dekan Intelektual Bebas Indonesia

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_h|hu Giqhmli

Lxm`i Exgx

Qdhlki|bdgd bhuxpigim imig ghlxi liu` exic phugi~`mim Lu- Bdcibbil Qifhc

lhmnim U-I @qbil`gxm E| \k`|udgxqxbd -0 @i l`fic`ugim l` Qi~icfxm|d & Qxbi|ui Eiui|

 pili |imnnif 9? Kimxiu` f090 & gh|`gi iicmi ehu|xniq qheini` ldg|hu pili Uxbic Qig`|Xbxb Qi~icfxm|d lim ghbxl`im l`p`mlicgim gh Uxbic Qig`| Ghl`u # |icxm f055 ‑ 

905< )- Gh|`gi Lu- Bdcibbil Qifhc bhmlipi| ehi q`q~i xm|xg bhbphulifib

ghiacf`immi l` Ibq|hulib & Mhnhu` Ehfimli - Ghfxiunimi l`ei~i qhu|i - Qdhlki|bdgdc`lxp l` f`mngxmnim Ehfimli & exgim l` f`mngxmnim Ki~i - @i bxfi` phml`l`gim |ibim

gimig"gimig l` qimi& qxi|x phmnifibim imn |`lig fi{`b

Qh|hfic bhbphudfhc nhfiu ldg|du - LU- Bdcibbil Qifhc ehghuki pili UxbicQig`| Xbxb Bhmild # \icxm f050"9011 )- L` gd|i `|x Qdhlki|bdgd l`biqxgim qheini`

bxu`l Hxudphqh Fhnhuh Qacddf lim bxfi` bhmxmkxggim q`ji| bhmaiu` - Ghf`ci|immi

 eh|ipi `m|hmq Qdhlki|bdgd gha`f bhmkhfikic` p`g`uim lxm`i imig"imig- Eiaiim imn

 pif`mn bhbxgixmi ilific qhu` qhkiuic lxm`i lim g`qic"g`qic ph|xifimnim j`gq`  KxfhqZhubh- @m` bhbehu` ghqiliuim igim qhkiuic lim phuci|`im fxiq |hucilip phmnifibim

bimxq`i - Gh|hgxmim lim ghnhbiuim bhbeiai |hfic bhbei~imi pili q`ji| phml`ib - 9?

Qdhlki|bdgd ghbxl`im bhfimkx|gim q|xl`mi l` Cdffimlq Exunhuh Qacddf

Qxuieii - Qdhlki|bdgd imn pimnn`fim iguiemi Gdgd gh|`gi `|x ghf`ci|im bhmdmkdfgiuhmi ahuliq & p`m|iu lim uik`m qhu|i qhfifx |hu|iu`g lhmnim ipi imn l`ikiugim - Nxux"

nxux CEQ qhu`mn bhbehu` phuci|`im gcxqxq pili Qdhlki|bdgd -  99 Qdhlki|bdgd imn

ig|`j lifib Lhei|`mn Afxe l` CEQ & |`lig qhbpi| bhmhfhqi`gim q|xl`mi l` q`|x & qheie

Lu- Bdcibbil Qifhc bhb`mlicgim gh Nbmiq`xb # Qhgdfic imn bhm |`gehui|gim pili phfikiuim ghexliiim lim phuilieim Pxmim` )- 95

Gh|`gi `|x Qdhlki|bdgd bhmhuxqgim bhbeiai |xf`qim"|xf`qim Qp`md{i& Lhqaiu|hq&Chnhf & Bius lim M`h|c{ach - Lifib ~ig|x imn qibi b`mi| |hucilip qhkiuic lim pdf`|`g 

bxfi` bxmaxf- Exgx"exgx qhphu|` Biac|hm zim lh{h |`kl  liu` Kim Udbh`m i|ix giuimnim

bhmnhmi` phmniuxc b`mig |hucilip pdf |`g liu` Im|dm`h [`agi & bxfi` bhmiu`g  phuci| immi- Qh|`ip f`exuim& Qdhlki|bdgd ghbeif gh uxbic duimn |ximi imn ehuili

l` Qxuigiu|i - Gh|`gi `|x iicmi ehu|xniq qheini` Ghpifi L`miq Ghqhci|im l`

Giqxmimim Qxuigiu|i lim bhbp`bp`m Xm`zhuq |iq @qfib \kdgudib`md|d l` gd|i imn

qibi - Liqiu gx|x exgx gdfhgq`"gdfhgq` LU- Bdcibbil Bimnxml`m`mnui| imn ehu`q` exgx"exgx bhmnhmi` qhkiuic lxm`i& j`fqiji| & phughbeimnim `fbx phmnh|icxim lim giui"

giui gfiq`g imn |hulipi| lifib phupxq|igiim bix l`fifip cie`q- L` qimi Qdhkli|bdgd

bhbphfikiu` exic p`g`uim Nimlc`& Gu`qmibxu|`& Z`zhgimli lim Uibigu`qbi- 

91

0 Qdf`ac`m Qifib & ‖ @m Bhbdu`ib _udj- Lu- GU\ Qifhc Bimnxml`m`mnui| &‒ Ehu`|i Eximi & 9 Lhqhbehu 

9030 -9? Iq~ie Biciq`m & dp-a`| lim BI\UI Md- <8 ‑ Ipu`f 900? -99 Bhbdiu Udhqfim Ielxfnim` & ‖ Lxm`i \`lig C`|ib _x|`c &‒ \hbpd & 5< Kxm` 9030 & cif- 89 ‑ 88-95 ^i~imaiui Qhmd Nxb`ui Ik`liubi lhmnim Qdhlki|bdgd & ‖ Qdhlki|bdgd ‑ Cdu`qdm Pimn Kixc & ‖

 KIGIU\I"KIGIU\I & Md- 10 & 19 Dg|dehu 903: & cif- 3? " 3> -91 Iq~ie Biciq`m & dp-a`| lim Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-

1

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7/23/2019 Soedjatmoko Dekan Intelektual Bebas Indonesia

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_h|hu Giqhmli

Lxm`i phunhuigim miq`dmif bhmkil` phuci|`im Qdhlki|bdgd lim ili gh`mn`mim

xm|xg bhmnh|icx` fhe`c bhmlifib bhmnhmi` biqific `|x - Qdhlki|bdgd uhbiki b`m|i

|ibeicim ximn qigx pili iicmi & iniu `i e`qi ehufimnnimim bikific miq`dmif`q imn ehueiciqi Ehfimli& Mi|`dmifh Adbhm|iuhm   p`bp`mim LU- Qib Ui|xfimn` - _hub`m|iim

Qdhlki|bdgd |humi|i l`|dfig qhc`mnni `i bhmnnxni| iicmi & ‖ Lxfx Eipig imn 

bhmnikiu` qii& i|ix qhu`mn bhbe`aiuigim biqific ghbhulhgiim pdf |`g bixpxmghbhulhgiim ei|`m & ghmipi qii |`lig edfhc ehufimnnimim bikific miq`dmif 

`|x 4 ‖ Bhmncilip` nxni|im LU- Bdcibbil Qifhc Bimnxml`m`mnui| bhmkhfiqgim

ghpili imig fig`"fig`mi imn bhbpxmi` ghpu`ci|`mim |hucilip miq`e eimnqimi eic~iiicmi qh|xkx gifix Qdhlki|bdgd uhbiki qxi|x qii| |hukxm lifib gimaic phunhuigim

miq`dmif- Qh|hfic Qdhlki|bdgd bix ehfikiu eini`bimi ehukximn |impi ghehma`im - Gh|`gi

`|x Qdhlki|bdgd |ig bhmnhu|` ipi imn l`bigqxl iicmi lim eiux l`i bhmnhu|` ipi

bigqxlmi l` ghbxl`im ciu` - 9<

LU- Bdcibbil Qifhc Bimnxml`m`mnui| bhuxpigim qific qhduimn imn

 ehuphmniuxc lifib c`lxp Qdhlki|bdgd - @i kxni bhuxpigim qhduimn `m|hfhg|xif imn

imn qhgif`nxq qhduimn imn bhmlifib` ghei|`mim Ki~i - @i bhmnikiugim piliQdhlki|bdgd bhmnhmi` niniqim eic~i pili liqiu bimxq`i ciuxq ehuxqici xm|xg bhui`c

gheheiqim - @|xfic `m|` phml`l`gim imn l`ehu`gim pili Qdhlki|bdgd- Gheheiqim igif exl` lim k`~i bhmhbpi|` khmkimn imn fhe`c |`mnn` lifib qgifi m`fi`mi gh|`beimn

gheheiqim pdf | g - @i kxni imn phu|ibi"|ibi imn bhmimibgim e`e`| qp u`|xif &

cxbim`qbh lim ghcixqim ligim phmnh|icxim lifib l`u` Qdhlki|bdgd-98

Bhmhm|imn Jiq`qbh 

Lifib xq`i 93 |icxm & Qdhlki|bdgd bhfimkx|gim q|xl` pili Qhgdfic \`mnn`Ghldg|huim l` Kigiu|i pili |icxm f0<? - Ghbxmng`mim fimngic `m` l figxgimQdhlki|bdgd giuhmi ginxb pili iicmi imn qxgqhq qheini` ldg|hu i|ix bxmng`m

bhbimn `i bhmnchmlig` bhbphfikiui` lxm`i ghldg|huim - \h|ip` imn khfiq iicmi |ig 

 phumic bhmniuicgim Qdhlki|bdgd gh iuic qimi - 9: L` qimi Qdhlki|bdgd bxfi` bhmnhmif piui phb`bp`m phunhuigim miq`dmif qhphu|` Qdhgiumd & B- Ci||i & Qx|im Qkicu`u lim Ib`u 

Qkiu`jxll`m - @i bxfi` biqxg f`mngiuim pxmaig phunhuigim `|x -

Gh|`gi `|x xm|xg phu|ibi gif` Qdhlki|bdgd bhmigq`gim ~ikic ghb`qg`mim imn

hgq|uhb- _ili qii| Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnxmkxmn` lihuic phugibpxmnim imn gxbxc i|iq

ikigim qhduimn gi~im - @i bhf`ci| pu`i& ~im`|i lim imig"imig c`lxp l` kifimim lim l`

nhuedmn"nhuedmn bifib lhb` bifib- Ghmi|iim c`lxp `m` bhbehu ghkx|im imn ehqiu  ein` Qdhlki|bdgd - ‖ Qii| `|xfic i& eiux pili qii| `|xfic &‒ gi|i Qdhlki|bdgd  &‒ Qii

bhmiliu` eic~i ghb`qg`mim qhbiaib `|x- L`qgu`b`miq` # q`q|`b gdfdm`if ) Ehfimlibhmkil` khfiq &‒ _hmnifibim imn bhmig`|gim ci|` `|x bhmheiegim `i ehu|hgil xm|xg 

9< ^i~imaiui Qhmd Nxb`ui Ik`liubi lhmnim Qdhlki|bdgd & fda - a`| -98 Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-9:  Hl`|du & Md- 9> $ \icxm @@@ $ 1? Lhqhbehu 9030 -

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_h|hu Giqhmli

  ehukximn bhfi~im ghb`qg`mim lim gh|`bpimnim q|uxg|xuif - Qheini` puiqiui| xm|xg 

bhmaipi` bigqxl |huqhex| ilific ghbhulhgiim miq`dmif -9> 

Gh| gi _huimn Lxm`i @@ ehufimnqxmn& Eifi|hm|iui Khpimn ehuciq`f bhmnxq`u 

Ehfimli liu` @mldmhq`i lim bhmnibe`f if`c gdm|udf |hucilip ~`fiic Mxqim|iui-

Eifi|hm|iui Khpimn li|imn lhmnim kimk` ghbhulhgiim ein` @mldmhq`i- Gheimigim duimngh|`gi `|x bhbimlimn Khpimn qheini` ghgxi|im imn e`qi bhmnigc`u` gdfdm`if`qbh -

Qdhlki|bdgd bhbimlimn gimaic `m|humiq`dmif `|x liu` qxlx| gdmjf`g imn bhmliqiu 

im|iui jiq`qbh lim lhbdguiq` lim `i bhmhbpi|gim Khpimn lifib gxex jiq`q- 93Qhein`im  ehqiu gifimnim phunhuigim miq`dmif imn uil`gif bhmhu`bi Khpimn lhmnim |imnim

|huexgi giuhmi |huldudmn ghehma`im ex|i bhuhgi |hucilip Ehfimli - 90

Qdhlki|bdgd imn bhmkil` imnnd|i Xm |iq Q|xl`dqduxb @mldmhq`i ehuqibiQdhliupd Qiq|udqiq|dbd & Iml` [i`mif Ie`l`m lim Ib`u Cib{ic lifib ~ig|x q`mngi|

bhmkil` imnnd|i ghfdbpdg q|xl` imn l`dunim`qiq`gim dfhc Ib`u Qkiu`jxll`m - Qh|`ip lxi

gif` qhb`mnnx bhuhgi bhmniligim phu|hbxim xm|xg bhmn`mjdubiq`gim kifimmi phuimn

qhu|i bhml`qgxq`gim igq` pdf`|`g l` biqi bhmli|imn - \h|ip` Ib`u Qkiu`jxll`m ghexuxl`|imngip dfhc Khpimn qhc`mnni ghfdbpdg `m` bhbexeiugim l`u` -

Q`gip im|` Khpimn Qdhlki|bdgd l`phuf`ci|gim l` uximn gxf ic lim iquibi

biciq q~i ghldg|huim - @i ehuxqici bhmldudmn biciq q~i"biciq`q~i imn fi`m xm|xg 

bhbphuf`ci|gim q`gip ghuiq bhfi~im Khpimn lim bhmaiu` aiui"aiui qhlhucimi xm|xg 

bhbphu|heif uiqi ghbiml`u`im bhuhgi lifib gi`|immi bhmhm|imn Khpimn- Qdhlki|bdgdbhmxmkxggim qific qi|x aiui lhmnim bhmldudmn bhuhgi xm|xg ehue`aiui fim|imn l`

gdu`ldu"gdu`ldu lim |hbpi| fi`mmi lifib uimngi bhbeimnxm ghehuim`im -5? 

_ili |icxm f0<1 & Qdhlki|bdgd & Qdheil`d lim Qdhliupd Qiq|udqiq|dbd ghah~i

lhmnim ilimi ghukiqibi im|iui Qdhgiumd lhmnim phmnxiqi eiux `|x- Bhuhgi ehu|`ni gh

|hbpi| ghl`ibim Qdhgiumd l` _hnimnqiim \`bxu 8: & Kigiu|i- Bhuhgi bhmxmnnx limgh|`gi ehu|hbx lhmnim Qdhgiumd -Bhuhgi bhmi|igim bhmiu`g ghbeif` fdif`|iq bhuhgi

|hucilip Qdhgiumd- \hm|x qiki Qdhgiumd ginh| lim ehu|imi ‖  Gibx q`ipi lim liu`bimi 4 ‖- Qdhlki|bdgd bhmki~ie ‖ \`lig bh~ig`f` q`ipi"q`ipi - Ghmipi Exmn Giumd

ehughukiqibi lhmnim Khpimn  - \dgdc phunhuigim miq`dmif `|x bhmkhfiqgim bhmnipi

l`phufxgim ilimi ghukiqibi lhmnim Khpimn- Qheie Khpimn bhmkimk`gim ghbhulhgiim&

ilimi piufhbhm lim bhbehm|xg |hm|iui - Qhqxi|x cif imn l`imnnip dfhc Qdhgiumd

|`lig phumic l`phudfhc liu` phmnxiqi fibi- Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnikxgim iunxbhm|iq`mi eic~i qhehmiumi Khpimn igim gific- Qheie gipif Khpimn eimig imn |hmnnhfib lim

cimaxu - Gifix pxm Qhgx|x bhmnifib` qhuxpi |h|ip` Qhgx|x e`qi lhmnim ahpi| bhmni|iq`

ghgxuimnim gipif `|x - Igc`u phbe`aiuiim Qdhgiumd bhmi|igim lhmnim mili bhmim|imn–‒ Mim|` |xmnnx 8 |icxm fin`- Gifix g`|i biq`c c`lxp q`ipi ehmiu& gix i|ix   qii ‖- 59

9> Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-93 K-L- Fhnnh & Gixb @m|hfhg|xif lim _hukximnim Ghbhulhgiim ‑ _huimim Ghfdbpdg Qkicu`u & # Kigiu|i ;

_\ _xq|igi X|ibi Nuij`| _huqq & 9001 ) & cif- 3< ‑ 9?9-90 Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-5? KL Fhnnh & dp-a`|-59 @e`l lim ~i~imaiui Qhmd Nxb`ui Ik`liubi lhmnim Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-

8

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_h|hu Giqhmli

_hukifimim c`lxpmi qheini` phkximn phbehfi gheheiqim bxmng`m e`qi l`gi|igim

l`bxfi` qhaiui mi|i qh~ig|x Qdhlki|bdgd bhbpud|hq |hucilip phmnxiqi eiux lhmnim

bdndg gxf`ic - Qheini` phmdfigim l`nxmlxf` uibex|mi bhmxux| nii qhulilx Khpimnimn l`imnnip qheini` phmnc`miim |hucilip ciugi| bimxq`i- Qdhlki|bdgd l`|imngip

 pdf`q` b`f`|hu Khpimn - Ili qhkxbfic duimn imn l`khefdqgim gh lifib phmkiui qhfi`m

Qdhlki|bdgd- Im|iui fi`m& Qdhliupd& Liim Pici& Qxe`im|d Lkdkdcil`gxqxbd Qxud|dGdhm|d & Qimkd|d& Giu|dl`ulkd lim _h|`| Bxciu|d - Bhuhgi l`|icim qhfibi < b`mnnx -L`

|hbpi| `|xfic Qdhlki|bdgd l`phufigxgim qhaiui qhbhmi"bhmi -55 Ghkil`im imn cibp`u 

qiki bhuhmnx| mi~imi & l` ghbxl`im ciu` l`ahu`|igim Qdhlki|bdgd ghpili |`ni imig bxli imn qhu`mn ehugxmkxmn ghuxbicmi lim qibe`f bhbehu` miqhci| imn qimni|

 ehunxmi |hm|imn ipi imn ciuxq l`phuq`ipgim qheini` qhduimn `m|hfhg|xif -

Qii l`|hbphfhmn lim l`cim|ib piqxgim Khpimn qibpi` |`lig qiliugim l`u`& fxgi lim

 p`mnqim - \hm|iui Khpimn kxni |`lig pxiq - Bhuhgi bhmnnxx`u |xexc qii ehehuipi

hbehu i`u qxpii qii |hueimnxm - Qhkig `|x qii phuaii lim qiliu eh|ipi phm|`mnmi

qhduimn m|hfhg|xif bhb`f`g` ghgxi|im j`q`g |icim bhmncilip` phm`gqiiim -

 Mic& gif`im ehu|`ni chmligmi ehuq`ip bhmncilip` ghbxmng`mim phm`gqiim- Qhgiuimn

lim biqi bhmli|imn gif`im bhq|` bhmncilip` adeiim ipi pxm- Gixb `m|hfhg|xif igim

bhmnifib` |im|imnim fhe c phf g lim ehuim` bi| bhmncilip` |hgimim & bxmng m

 phm`gqiim j`q`g imn gific ehui|mi lhmnim {ibim Khpimn 51

_hmnifibim bhmlhgib l` phmkiui bhuxpigim |uixbi ein` Qdhlki|bdgd - Qxi|x  phmnifibim imn |huxq"bhmhuxq ehuadgdf lifib l`u`mi qhfibi c`lxpmi qhu|i

bhmhniqgim phbicibim bhmnhmi` uipxcmi pu`eil` bimxq`i- Qdhlki|bdgd l` phai| liu`

Qhgdfic \`mnn` Ghldg|huim lim |`lig edfhc bhbiqxg` qhgdfic ipi pxm -

Qh|hfic phbeheiqimmi liu` phmkiui Qdhlki|bdgd phun` ghuxbic duimn |ximi l`

Qxuigiu|i & l` bimi `i |`mnnif qibpi` pudgfibiq` ghbhulhgiim Gh|`gi `|x Qdhlki|bdgd

imn ehuxq`i 59 |icxm puig|`q |`lig bhbpxmi` gi~im ‖ \ig ili imn ehuim` bhmnikig 

 qii mndbdmn - Qii| `|xfic qii ehup`g`u& Qii n`fi ipi biqiuigi| imn  hlim ‖& gi|i

Qdhlki|bdgd- Cimi gi~im iicmi imn bix bhmnikig Qdhlki|bdgd ehue`aiui &

qhphu|` Eudkdmhndud # iic Qxbim|u` Eudkdmhndud & ehgiq Bhm|hu` _* G ) & Lkigqdmhndud# ghbxl`im l`ghmif qheini` phmniuimn bxq`g Ki~i& |hi|hu& j`fqiji| lim b`q|`g ) lim fi`m"

fi`m- Qdhlkibdgd ghbxl`im bhbexi| nudxp gha`f imn |hul`u` liu` duimn"duimn |xi `|x -

L` q`|x Qdhlki|bdgd ehue`aiui bhmnhmi` biqi qh|hfic Khpimn gific& qheie `i phuaii  eic~i Khpimn igim gific - Gh|`gi `|x Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnnxni| phb`bp`m if uim

ghei|`mim imn ehuphmniuxc -& G` Inhmn Qxuibhm|iuib- Qdhlki|bdgd |`lig cie`q

bhmnhu|` - Bhmnipi |dgdc qhbiaib `|x |ig bix ehue`aiui & gh|`gi qhbxi duimn |ig bhmncilip` phmnxiqi Khpimn-5< Bxmng`m |huiqi fimaimn - Bigfxb Qdhlki|bdgd biq`c

55 ^i~imaiui Qhmd Nxb`ui Ik`liubi & e`l-51 Qxnhmn & Hgd lim Ciul` & ‖ Ghmimnim Ehuqibi Qdhlki|bdgd &‒ Bhl`i @mldmhq`i & 5< Lqhbehu 9030 -

_hufigxgim qhbhmi"bhmi |hucilip `m|hfhg|xif bxli lh~iqi `m` - F`ci| - Ehu|iuxmn Lhb` Lhbdgiq` ‑  Gxbpxfim Hgqhpq` _hmnil`fim Biciq`q~i Eimlxmn 9030 & Gdb`|h _hmimnim lim _hbxf`cim Ig|`j`|iq

Ghbiciq`q~iim Jduxb Gh|xi C`bpxmim Kxuxqim @mq|`|x| \hcmdfdn` Eimlxmn & 908? -5< ^i~imaiui lhmnim Qhmd Nxb`ui Ik`liubi & dp-a`|-

:

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_h|hu Giqhmli

bxli-

Cibp`u qhfibi |`ni |icxm Qdhlki|bdgd |huphma`f l` Qxuigiu|i - _hmnhbeiuim p`g`uim lifib ghiliim phmnxa`fim |hm|x |huiqi qheini` piuildgq imn qimni| bhmahgib -

Lxm`i `lh imn |huehm|imn fxiq ehuc`bp`| lhmnim lxm`i qdq`if imn pic`|- Lifib ghiliim

c`fimn gdm|ig lhmnim lxm`i fxiu & `i bhmhbxgim ghiq`gim lifib exgx"exgx fdigimimn l`ehf`mi liu` _iqiu Gfh~hu7 Ehunqdm& Bis Qachfhu& Giuf Kiphuq& Biu|`m Ci`lhnnhu 

lim bhbphfikiu` pxfi b`q|`g @qfib & Gi|df`g lim ifib ghei|`mim Ki~i- 58

Qdhlki|bdgd ehuili lifib lxm`i qdq`if imn bhmheiegim `i bhuiqi l`u`mi

iq`mn l` ifib qhg`|iumi - \huiqi qxf`| xm|xg bhmhm|xgim p`f`cim c`lxp bhmhuxqgim a`|i"

a`|imi qheini` ldg|hu i|ix bbhbhmxc` pimnn`fim {ibim imn qhlimn qig | `|x -

Eini`bimi pxm kxni `i ciuxq bhmhbxgim l`u`- Qxi|x phmhfhqi`im ciuxq l`gh|hbxgim -Uiqi gh|huiq`mnim qhbig`m bhbxmaig lim bificim gu`q`q pxm lhb`g`im- Igc`u liu`

ghkil`im `|x bhmnim|iu Qdhlki|bdgd |ig bix bhbeiai qhfibi hmib exfim-

Gh|huphma`fim Qdhlki|bdgd khfiq bhmkil` |d|if-

@i |ig e`qi ehue`aiui lhmnim lxm`i `lh i|ix lhmnim q`ipi pxm ‖ Kifimmi qig`| eh|xf& gilimn"gilimn qii bhuiqi px|xq iqi - Qii ghc`fimnim kifim ‖& gi|iQdhlki|bdgd-Mibxm l` xkxmn ghnhfipim qhfifx ili aicii- Gu`q`q `|x bhbei~i

Qdhlki|bdgd ghpili qhbiaib ghqiliuim eiux bhmnhmi` bigmi phmnh|icxim - @i bxfi`

bhbicib` eh|ipi phmnh|icxim qheini` phmkhfbiim ldudmnim ei|`m lim `|x pxm igc`umi

bhmngic`u` uiqi gh|huiq`mnim imn ili-

Qh|hfic pudqhq phmaiu`im l`u` imn qhlhb`g`im qxf`|- Qdhlki|bdgd bxfi` bhuiqi ‖|hueheiqgim liu` ahmnguibim lim ldb`miq` phmnh|icxim - Qhbxi phmnh|icxim imn 

l`|hu`bi lifib phmkhfikicim - Ipigic `|x Eiui|& \`bxu& @qfib ‖- Igc`umi bhmkil` ei|x"

 ei|x phmxqxmim eimnxmimmi qhml`u`& |h|ip` eimnxmim `|x qhml`u` fi`m liu` ei|x"ei|x `|x-

@m` bhuxpigim |`|`g eif`g lifib phughbeimnim Qdhlki|bdgd qheini` phb`g`u- Qhkig `|x `ibhbimlimn l`u`mi qheini` bimxq`i exlii @mldmhq`i imn bhmkil` ~iuni lxm`i-5:

Bhmaiu` Ki~ieim

Qh|hfic _udgfibq` Ghbhulhgiim & _uhq`lhm Qdhgiumd bhmxmkxg Ib`u 

Qiu`jdhll`m imn qii| `|x qimni| pdpxfhu l` bi|i biqiuigi| qheini` Bhm|hu`

_hmhuimnim Uhpxef g @mldmhq`i - Qific qi|x |xniq Ghbhm|hu`im _hmhuimnim ilific

bhbehu` phmhuimnim gh fxiu mhnhu` |hm|imn ghbhulhgiim U@ lim a`|i"a`|i uhzdfxq` -5>

Xm|xg bhuhif q u gh`mn`mim |huqhex| & Qdhlki|bdgd l`|xmkxg qheini` Ghpifi Lhpx|`

Cxexmnim Fxiu Mhnhu` Ghbhm|hu`im _hmhuimnim - L` qimi Qdhlki|bdgd qhu`mn

58 Iq~ie Biciq`m & dp-a`|-5: @e`l -5> Juhlhu`ag Lkiui hffhb & Ib`u Qkiu`jdhll`m ; _hunxbxfim @bimmi lifib _hukximnim Ghbhulhgiim &

# Kigiu|i ; Q`miu Ciuipim & 903< ) & cif- 93? ‑ 935-

>

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_h|hu Giqhmli

  ehucxexmnim lhmnim gduhqpdmlhm"gduhqpdmlhm fxiu mhnhu` imn li|imn bhf px|`

Uhzdfxq` @mldmhq`i - 53

\icxm ehu`gx|mi & Qdhlki|bdgd bhmlipi| |i~iuim liu` _hulimi Bhm|hu` Qx|im

Qkicu`u & qheini` hl`|du ghpifi liu` qhexic b`mnnxim ehueiciqi Ehfimli  Ch| @m{`ac|  liu`

Uhpxef`g imn l`|hue`|gim xm|xg bhmn`beimn` X`|{`ac|  |hue`|im M@AI"Zim Bddg -Bigqxlmi xm|xg bhbphmniuxc` biqiuigi| Ehfimli qhu|i bhmkhfiqgim q`gip eimnqi

@mldmhq`i- Qhehmiumi Qdhlki|bdgd i~ib bhmnhmi` lxm`i bhl`i biqqi eicgim ehfxb

 phumic bhmxf`q gh|`gi `|x- @i bxfi` bhbphfikiu` lxm`i `|x qh|hfic bhb`bp`m b`mnnxim|huqhex| - 50

_hmnifibim kxumif`q|`g `m` qhnhui |hupx|xq xm|xg qhbhm|iui ~ig|x gh|`gi _hulimi

Bhm|hu` Qx|im Qkicu`u bhmxniqgim Qdhlki|bdgd& Qdhliupd Qiq|udqiq|dbd& Inxq Qif`blim Qdhb`|ud Lkdkdcil`gxqbd xm|xg bhbeim|x F-M _ifiu lifib q`limn"q`limn Lh~im

Ghibimim _EE l` Figh Qxhaahq& Mh~ Pdug lim ^iqc`mn|dm - Qx|im Qkicu`u bhmnimnnip

 eic~i ghbhulhgiim @mldmhq`i qhein`im ciuxq l`phukximngim bhfifx` phuimn pudpinimli

l` |hmnic biqiuigi| IQ # ghuxgxmim nhuhki& ghuxgxmim `m|hfhg|xif& ghuxgxmim ~im`|i)lim phb`bp`m bhuhgi imn ehuphmniuxc l` Gdmnuhq IQ ) Bhuhgi ehuciq`f bhmkifimgim

b`q`mi- Lhmnim e`ii qhb`m`bif bxmng`m& |h|ip` l`ehgif` qhbimni| bhmifi"mifi -Bhuhgi ehuciq`f bhmimngif pudpinimli Ehfimli l` Ibhu`gi Qhu`gi| - 1?

Qh|hfic eimnqi @mldmhq`i bhmlipi| phmnigxim `m|humiq`dmif pili |icxm f0<0-

Qdhlki|bdgd ghbxl`im bhbeim|x b`q` l`pfdbi|`g @mldmhq`i imn phu|ibi xm|xg _EE &Ibhu`gi Qhu`gi| lim @mnnu`q Uii - Gh|`gi ehuili l` fxiu mhnhu` Qdhlki|bdgd

bhfximngim ~ig|x xm|xg bhmnhmib phml`l`gim qhfibi qi|x qhbhq|hu l` Xm`zhuq`|iq

Ciuziul #IQ) qhehfxb `i l`|xmkxg qheini` Adxmqhffdu Ghlx|iim Ehqiu U@ l` Fdmldm-Qhfibi > |icxm Qdhlki|bdgd ehuili l` fxiu mhnhu` lhmnim lhb`g`im `i bhfh~i|` lxi

biqi inuhq` b f |hu& bhfifx` biqi phuxml`mnim imn bhmnciq fgim phmnigxim

ghlixfi|im pili |icxm f0<0 lim |icxm"|icxm phu|ibi U@-

Qhehfxb ghbeif` gh @mldmhq`i pili |icxm f085& Qdhlki|bdgd bhfigxgim lxi

 exic phukifimim `m|hfhg|xif - _hukifimim phu|ibi bhmxkx ein`im Qhfi|im Ibhu`gi Qhu`gi|-L` qimi `i bhmhbxgim eimig cif imn pim|iq l`ginxb` lim kxni ehuq`ghuiq

bhmigq`gim uhif |iq uiq`qbh Ibhu`gi lim libpigmi |hucilip gdml`q ghc`lxpim

~iuni gxf`| c`|ib - _hukifimim imn ghlxi & Qdhlki|bdgd phun` bhmnhf`f`mn` Hudpic

Eiui| lim \`bxu- @i bhmadei bhmigq`gim lxm`i piqai phuimn lxm`i @@ imn |huehficbhmkil` lxi gxex `lhdfdn` lim `mn`m bhmhbxgim ein` l`u`mi qhml`u` ipi imn lipi|

l`|i~iugim dfhc biqiuigi| bixpxm phb`bp`m ghlxi gxex `|x ein` eimnqimi-

Hudpic \`bxu bhmlipi| phuci| im gcxqxq liu` Qdhlki|bdgd & giuhmi `lhdfdn` g`ubhbpxmi` |hbpi| |huqhml`u` l` gifimnim miq`dmif`q lim imn lhgi| lhmnim l`u`mi-

Ilific ehmiu `i bhbimlimn l`u`mi qheini` qhduimn qdq`if`q & ghmli|` gh|`gi `|x `i |`lig 

bhuiqi piq|` fin` ipi iu|`mi bhmkil` qhduimn qdq`if`q - @i bhuiqi phufx bhmhm|xgim pdq`q` pdf`|`gmi qhehfxb ghbeif` gh @mldmhq`i -

53 Udq`cim Im~iu & Bhmxf`q Lifib I`u ‑ Qhexic D|de`dnuij` & # Kigiu|i ; Q`miu Ciuipim & 9031 ) & cif- 99?

 ‑ 999-50 ^i~imaiui Qhmd Nxb`ui Ik`liubi & dp-a`|-1? Kx~dmd Qxliuqdmd & ‖ Qdhlki|bdgd lim Cxexmnim @m|humiq`dmif &‒ Gdbpiq & 19 Biuh| 900? -

3

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_h|hu Giqhmli

_hukifimim `m` |humi|i bhmnnxmaimngim ci|`mi- @i bhmkil` ghah~i- \ibpigmi

Hudpic bhmkil` fhfic ig`ei| phuimn lim |hugdig ehueini` ‖ `qbh‒ qif mn ehuqi`mn|ibpig ghcie`qim `mqp`uiq` xm|xg biqi lhpim - @i bhuiqigim ilimi ghqhmkimnim im|iui

`lhdfdn` lim uhif`|iq - @i qibi qhgif` |`lig bhmhbxgim z`q` imn |ibpig uhfhzim ein`

@mldmhq`i- Ghghah~iimmi inig |hudei|` gh|`gi Qdhlki|bdgd ehu|hbx lhmnim B`fdzimLk`fiq # @m|hfhg|xif liu` Pxndfqfiz`i ) imn bhmnimnnip eic~i ghlxi mhniui il` lii

|`lig igim e`qi bhfigxgim bdmdpdf` qhfibimi lim eimnqi"eimnqi fi`m igim ehfikiu liu`

ghlxi gxex `|x lim igim bhfimngic bikx lhmnim kifim"kifim imn l`p`f`c- Qh|hficbhmniligim phuaigipim lhmnim Lk fiq& Qdhlki|bdgd |hfic bhmhbxgim ehehuipi

 ki~ieim imn `i aiu` - Qdhlki|bdgd igc`umi q`ip ghbeif` gh |imic i`umi -19 

Bhmnibe`f _huim

Qdhlki|bdgd ghbeif` gh @mldmhq`i lhmnim ghig`mim |`lig ili uhqhp imn bxlic ein` biqi lhpim @mldmhq`i- @i bhuiqigim gifix uhzdfxq` |hfic l`gc`imi|` gixb e`udgui|

lim xm|xg qhbhm|iui ~ig|x `i bhmkixcgim l`u` liu` phu`q|`~i"phu`q|`~i - @i |`lig ehul`miqlifib phbhu`m|icim lim phuaii eic~i l`u`mi |`lig bhmaipi` ipi"ipi lifib giu`u 

 pdf`|`g - 15

@i bxfi` bhmnibe`f phuim `m|hfhg|xif imn fhe`c ig|`j l` @mldmhq`i - @i bhmkil`

hl`|du ciui`im  _hldbim lim ghbxl`im kxni l` bikific b`mnnxim pdf`|`g  Q`iqi|  -

Bhfifx` ghqhbpi|im `m` bixpxm fi`mmi & Qdhlki|bdgd ehuein` phfikiuim lhmnim ipiimn `i phudfhc liu` phukifimimmi bhmnhf f`mn` Hudpic& eic~i ki~ieim |hucilip

 phuqdifim @mldmhq`i |ig |huei|iq pili p`f`cim im|iui Gip`|if`qbh lim Gdbxm`qbh- Lifib

bhmni|iq` q`|xiq` gu`q`q imn bhfimli biqiuigi| @mldmhqdi & Qdhlki|bdgd bhmi|igim phufxmi ilimi  phmhqxi`im guhi| j  - @i bhmi~iugim ghbxmng`mim ilim ghciuxqimxm|xg qhmim|`iqi bhmnnif` bhmhfib` qhu|i bhma`p|igim ghbeif` liu` biqi q`fib g`|i

lim exlii |uil`q`dmif - Aiui `m` bhmki~ie phu|imiim bhmnhmi` phmhqxi`im guhi|`j 

qheini` ki~ieim imn gciq ehuq`ji| @mldmhq`i 11

Gh|`gi `|x q`|xiq` @mldmhq`i l`|imli` lhmnim phu|`gi`im pdf`|`g l` bimi qhbxi

duimn |hmnnhfib lifib phunxfi|im `lhdfdn` lim phu|`gi`im im|iu piu|i`- Lifib qxiqimiqhbiaib `|x & Qdhlki|bdgd bhmi|igim eic~i |`lig e`qi |`lig phbeimnxmim hgdmdb`

bhuxpigim puiqiui| xm|xg bhmni|iq` ehueini` phuqdifim i|iq ehueini` ciuipim eiux

qheini` ig`ei| |huaipi`mi ghbhulhgiim lim ghuxm|xcim imn |hukil` lifib ehueini`

iqphg ghc`lxpim biqiuigi| qhfibi biqi phmkikicim qibpi` |huaipi`mi ghbhulhgiim-@i bhmxf`q eic~i `q` ghbhulhgiim g`|i l`|hm|xgim dfhc aiui"aiui g`|i bhbeimnxm

hgdmdb`- Ghgxi|iim hgdmdb` imn ehmiu bhuxpigim kib`mim bx|fig ein` phmhm|xim

miq e qhml`u`- Ghbhulhgiim limm ghbxmng`mim xm|xg bhmhm|xgim miq`e qhml u`|hunim|xmn liu` ghqimnnxpim bhfxmaxugim phbeimnxmim hgdmdb` imn pudpdq`dmif lim

19 Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-15 KL Fhnnh & dp-a`|-& cif- 51< ‑ 51>-11 Qdhlki|bdgd & H|`gi _hbeheiqim & dp-a`|& cif- 1 ‑ 9<-

0

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_h|hu Giqhmli

ghahpi|immi qhpilim lhmnim xunhmq` qhu|i fxiqmi biqific `m`- Qdhlki|bdgd bhmiliu`

gifix phbeimnxmim hgdmdb` ehfxb l`uiqigim dfhc gheimigim duimn - Ghmi|iim `m`

bhuxpigim ghqxgiuim imn l`qheiegim dfhc ehueini` u`m|imnim ghexliiim imn ehuphmniuxc lifib biqiuigi| - Dfhc giuhmi `|x Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnimnnip phufxmi

bhf ci| phbeimnxmim qheini` phuqdifim ghexliiim imn bhmnciuxqgim ilimi

 phuxeicim bhm|if`|iq & phuxeicim pimlimnim c`lxp -1<

 

Bhqg`pxm axu`ni |hucilip `lhdfdn`& Qdhlki|bdgd ehuniexmn lhmnim _Q@ pili

|icxm f088 lim l`p`f`c qheini` imnnd|i Gdmq`|xim|h qh|icxm ghbxl`im- @i |huf`ei| lifib phulhei|im bhmnhmi` liqiu mhniui lifib Bikhf`q Gdmq`|xim|h - Gh|`gi `|x ili imn

bhmn`mn`mgim Qdq`if"Hgdmdb` qheini` liqiu mhniui& @qfib i|ix |h|ip bhbphu|icimgim

_imiaq`fi qheini` liqiu mhniui - _Q@ imn bhuxpigim piu|i`mi Qdhlki|bdgd bhmhu`bi

_imaiq`fi qheini` liqiu mhniui bhmxux| |ijq`uimmi qhml`u` - 18 _hulhei|im l` Bikhf qGdmq`|xim|h |ig bhmnciq`f ghpx|xqim qhc`mnni phbexi|im xmlimn"xmlimn liqiu 

bhmkil` |huehmngifi` - Qxi|x ghbiah|imm gdmq`|xq`dmif imn qhu`xq pxm |hukil`- _uhq`lhm

Qdhgiumd lhmnim lxgxmnim b`f`|hu bhmnhfxiugim lhgu`| xm|xg ghbeif` pili XXL f0<8

lim qhgif`nxq bhbexeiugim Bikhf`q Gdmq`|xim|h - 

1:

Gh| gi ehufimnqxmn phulhei|im qhux l` Bikhf q Gdmq`|xim|h & Qdhlki|bdgdbhfimnqxmngim phum`gicimmi lhmnim nil q pxkiimmi & Ui|b`m` pili |imnnif f8

Dg|dehu f08> l` Eimxbiq& Ki~i \hmnic - _hughmifim ghlxi `mqim bimxq`i `m` |hukil`

 pili |icxm f08:& imn ehufimnqxmn qhaiui gheh|xfim - Ui|b`m` `gx| uipi| qheini` imnnd|i

_hugxbpxfim Dficuini Fiiu _xfix Qhu`ex & l` uxbic If` Exl`iulkd & imn bhmkil` gh|xidunim`qiq` `|x- Qhlimngim Qdhlkibdgd ehuili l` q`|x & giuhmi Qdhlki|bdgd gigig `piu 

|xim uxbic - Qdhlki|bdgd imn gh|`gi `|x bhmkiei| qheini` L`uhg|xu Exgx _hbeimnxmim

bhmnh|icx` gifix Ui|b`m` ehghuki qheini` nxux bhmnnibeiu pili qhexic gxuqxq  phml`l`gim ghqhkic|huiim ghfxiuni - Fim|iq bhmi~iugim pili Ui|b`m` iniu e`qi

bhbexi| `ffxq|uiq` xm|xg exgx"exgx imn bix l`|hue`|gim - _hghukiim Ui|b`m` qheini`

`ffxq|ui|du `|x |ig phumic kil` lim imn piq|` bhuhgi bhm`gic lim bhml`ib` uxbic l` kifim \imkxmn 93& Bhm|hmn ‑ Kigiu|i _xqi| -_iqimnim `m` l`giuxm`i` |`ni px|u` ehumibi

Ghbifi Acimluig`uimi & @qmi Biu`ji lim Nifxc ^iml`|i 1>

 

Qhexic _`f`cim

Bxmng`m phmnifibimmi imn qhnxlimn `|x bhmheiegim _uhq`lhm Qdhgiumdbhbimnn`f Qdhlki|bdgd xm|xg lxlxg lifib qhexic gie`mh| 9?? Bhm|hu`- @i l`b`m|i

bhmn`q` jdubxf`u imn qific qi|x phu|imiim bhmnhmi` ehuqhl`i i|ix |`lig lxlxg lifibgie`mh| - Qdhlki|bdgd bhbehu ki~ieim bific `i bhmnikxgim qhkxbfic puiqiui| -_uhq`lhm Qdhgiumd biuic ehqiu bhf`ci| ipi imn l`|xf`qmi lim bhbeximn jdubxf`u `|x-

1< Qdhlki|bdgd & L`bhq` Bimxq`i lifib _hbeimnxmim & cif- 9 ‑ 55 -18 Icbil Qij`` Biiu`j & @qfib lim Biqific Ghmhniuiim & # Kigiu|i ;F_1HQ & 9038 ) & cif- 9<>-1: @e`l& cif- 9>8 ‑ 9>:-1> BI\UI & dp-a`|-

9?

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_h|hu Giqhmli

_uhq`lhm Qdhgiumd bhmnx|xq Qxeimlu`d ehehuipi ciu` ghbxl`im & xm|xg bhmi|igim

 eh|ipi biuicmi _uhq`lhm Qdhgiumd i|iq phufigxgim Qdhlki|bdgd `|x-13

Gh| gi `|x Qdhlki|bdgd bhmigq`gim |hukil`mi phbexqxgim q`q|`b pdf | g 

@mldmhq`i- _hma`p|iim biqiuigi| imn lhbdgui|`q imn bhuxpigim |xkxim igc`u liu`

  phunhuigim miq`dmif |hfic l`| mnnifgim lim l`nim| lhmnim d|du`im`qbh- L` lifibbiqiuigi| |hukil` gdmjf`g imn qhbig`m bhm`mngi| |impi ili phmhfhqi`im - Ghb`qg`mim

imn l`p`g`u e`qi l`i|iq` lhmnim ehuigc`umi q`q|`b gdfdm`if |humi|i biq`c bhuikifhfi -

_hmiu`gim xm|xg bhbiqxg` f`mngiuim ghgxiqiim bhuxpigim ph|xmkxg imn khfiq phb`cigimmi |hucilip uigi| - Lhmnim `|x guhl`e`f`|iq bduif qheini` `m|hfhg|xif |hukini -

Qxgbimi |ig ‖ |hukxif ‖ dfhc q`gip bhbex|i"|xf`gim ig`ei| bhmnnhfinigmi ciqui|

igim ghgxiqiim - Gdmjf`g lim l`fhbbi bduif e`qi l`phaicgimmi- Qdhlki|bdgd phuaii

 eic~i lhmnim lxlxgmi `i lifib gie`mh| cimi igim bhmkil` qhkhm`q |xgimn aip i|ix pxkimnni gui|dm imn l`b`m|i bhfhn`|`biq` ehudphuiq`mi ghgxiqiim -10

\`mligim _uhq`lhm Qdhgiumd lhmnim bhmh|ipgim Lhbdguiq` \hup`bp`m eimig 

bhm`bexfgim l`fhbbi l` gifimnim _Q@- Ehehuipi phb`bp`mmi ehuniexmn lifib_hbhehudm|igim _UU@ pili |icxm f083 bhmahfi phbhu`m|icim Qdhgiumd lhmnim gi|i"

gi|i imn phliq- Gheimigim fhe`c qhmimn bhmhqxi`gim l`u` lhmnim phmxc eiciiim|iui bhmndueimgim pu`mq`p lim bhmncilip` qibe f bhbhf ciui phmniuxcmi imn

qimni| gha`f qheini` phmnhu`|`g imn bi|imn |hucilip uh{`b `|x- Qdhlki|bdgd bhmdfig 

 ehunhuig l` ei~ic |imic & giuhmi `i bhmiuxc ghig`mim pili pudqhq pdf`|`g |huexgi-

\h|ip` `i kxni lifib ehuxpii bhma`p|igim phuxeicim bhfifx` F`ni Lhbdguiq` -Qdhlki|bdgd phuaii eic~i `m|hfhg|xif ciuxq bhbi`mgim phuimim ig|`j lifib

bhbphufimaiu l`ifdn l` lifib ghfdbpdg imn |huf`ei| gdmjf`g & liu`pili `gx| ibe`f

 ein`im lifib pdf`|`g piu|`q`piq`- <?

Gh| gi _uhq`lhm Qdhgiumd bhmnxbxbgim   _hmhbxim Uhzdf q` Ghbeif -

Qdhlki|bdgd bhfdm|iugim qhkxbfic gu`| g qibe`f7 bhmnxfiq Lu- [c`zind& giuiQiq|ui~im Uxq`i Edu`q _iq|humig - Qdhlki|bdgd bhmi|igim eic~i pudqhq qhkiuic exgim

qheini` qxi|x xqici phughbeimnim bhmxux| niu`q imn lipi| l`|hm|xgim dfhc gixb

uhzdfxq`dmhu bhfi`mgim qxi|x pudqhq imn |ig qhfifx lim qhfxuxcmi l`ghmlif`gimbhmxux| ghchmlig bimxq`i- @i bhbphu mni|gim eic~i j`fqiji| pdf |`g |`lig lipi|

bhmaigxp ghc`lxpim bimxq`i - C`lxp `m` qhmi|`iqi |huhfigim liu phuimngip igif

bimixq`i - @i bhbehfi ghc`lxpim bimxq`i imn fhe`c gxi| lim gii igim gdbpfhgq`|iq -<9

\xf`qim Qdhlki|bdgd `|x bhbphuf`ci|gim pdq`q` cxbim`qbhmi- Qxi|x pudqhq

imn l`phudfhcmi liu` phmnhbeiuiim imn kixc ghlxm`imi qhu|i phu|hbxim imn|iuxbi|`g lhmnim uhzdfxq`- Lhb`g`im gi|i Iq~ie Biciq`m - Qhein`im imn |hfic l`i

figxgim gh|`gi bhmnhf`f`mn`m Hudpi imn bimi `i pxfimn |impi bhbei~i qxi|x `qbh

giuhmi gip`|if`qbh lim qdq`if`qbh |ig e`qi bhmki~ie phuqdifim"phuqdifim {ibimmi-Bhbimn Qdhlki|bdgd |ig bhmniel` pili qhqxi|x `qbh bhfi`mgim bhmniel` pili

13 @e`l -10 Bdhcibil Qdbiu & ‖ Gdgd C`q|du`q lim Gdgd B`|dfdn`q &‒ Gdbpiq & 8 Jheuxiu` 900<-<? Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-<9 Qdhlki|bdgd &- H|`gi _hbeheiqim & dp-a`|-& cif- 18 ‑ <5 -

99

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_h|hu Giqhmli

ghbimxq`iim imn bhmnimlxmn qhnifi imn ei`g liu` qhgif`im `qbh - @i ehu|hbx lhmnim

bimxq`i gdmngu`| -

Qhehmiumi eieig phu|ibi lifib phukifimim `m|hfhg|xif Qdhlki|bdgd & `i fhe`c

  eimig ehunhuig lifib e`limn ghexliiim - Ghmli| `i |ig |hubiqxg Qiq|ui~im

Imngi|im – <8 i|ix exgim phml`u` F`mngiuim Nhfimnnimn - \xf qimmi bhmnhmi` qiq|uilim ghexliiim qimni| bhmlifib lim bhbphudfhc qibex|im - \xf`qimmi bhmnhmi`

gu`q`q qiq|ui i~if |icxm 908?"im bhmnxmlimn phulhei|im l` bimi gh|`gi `|x qhlimn

uibi`"uibi`mi bhbphuqdifgim Cxbim`qbh Xm`zhuqif giuhmi l`imnnip ehuqhbedim ‖Qhm` xm|xg Qhm` ‖ & Qxi|x |xlxcim imn |ig ehufigx pili l`u` Qdhlki|bdgd giuhmi l`i

bhmn`mn`mgim qhm` imn ehu`q`- Qdhlki|bdgd bxmng`m e`qi l`gi|igim duimn imn qimni|

 ehuphmniuxc l` gifimnim cxbim`q& giuhmi fi|iu ehfigimnmi qheini` hl`|du  Q`iqi|  lim

ghbxl`im bhf`ei|gim l`u` pili F`mngiuim Nhfimnnimn qheini` phmniqxc exlii qh|hficAci`u`f Im~iu bhm`mnnif - Giuhmi `|x |xf`qim"|xf`qim ghexliiimmi ehuaduig cxbim`q-<5

Gh|`gi c`uxg p`gxg lim ghbhfx| l`igc`u` lhmnim lhgu`| uhzdfxq` imn kixc

bhbhaicgim phuqdifim piqai ghbhulhgiim - @gf`b pdf |`g imn eiux kxq|uxbhmnc`lxpgim b`|dq fibi lim bhbphuiuig"iuigim pdf`|`g biqqi l` |hmnic pdfiu`qiq`

imn qhbig`m |ikib l`lifibmi- Lifib q |xiq` imn |ig adadg `|x Qdhlki|bdgdbhmi|igim exic p`g`uimmi lifib qhb`miu |hm|imn ‑ Lii A`p|i lim _hbeimnxmim

imn l`qhfhmnniuigim Bikhf`q @fbx _hmnh|icxim Xbxb l` Edndu pili exfim Inxq|xq

f0:9 -

Bhfifx` |xf`qim   Lii A`p|i qheini` Xmqxu Bx|fig lifib _hbeimnxmim &

Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnhu |`g phbeimnxmim imn bhmniuic pili hgdmdb` ehfigi- @i

bhmiuimgim qxi|x uimaimnim imn puinbi|`q lim l`ifhg|`q lifib pudqhq phbeimnxmimqibe`f bhmxmkxggim eh|ipi phm|`mnmi phmnnxmiim `fbx phmnh|icxim- @i bhmkhfiqgim

  eic~i uhzdfxq` `fbx phmnh|icxim bhuxpigim ghgxi|im uhzdfxq`dmhu imn pif`mn

bhmhm|xgim lifib ghc`lxpim bimxq`i l` lxm`i `m` giuhmi |hfic bhfifx` phuxeicim" phuxeicim imn liqci|- _huqdifim imn guxq`if ilific eini`bimi bhmnnxmigim `fbx

 phmnh|icxim xm|xg ghphm|`mnim phbeimnxmim qhu|i bhmnhbeimngim lii a`p|i guhi|`j 

 eimnqi- Xm|xg bhmaipi` |xkxim `|x `i bhmhniqgim eic~i bimxq`i lim lii a`p|imiciuxq l`kil`gim |xkxim phbeimnxmim - Xm|xg bhma`p|igim lii a`p|i `|x cimi e`qi

l`figxgim lhmnim qxiqimi imn eheiq- Gheheiqim qhaxgxpmi phufx l`ehu`gim pili

ig|`z`|iq `fb`ic iniu e`qi ehughbeimn qhqxi` lhmnim cxgxb"cxgxbmxi imn d|dmdb-

Qiukimi lipi| i|ix phufx l`ehu gim gheheiqim xm|xg ehghuki qhqxi` lhmnim q`ji|mi iniu lii guhi|`j`|iq `fb`ic e`qi ehughbeimn lim ehunxmi ein` biqiuigi|- Ehugi`|im lhmnim

 phml`l`gim `i bhmnimnnip phufx bhbeheiqgim p`g`uim piui biciq`q~i aifdm qiukimi

liu` qhnifi ghahmlhuxmnim gh iuic ieqdfx|`qbh lim ldnbi|`qbh -<1

\xf`qim Qdhlki|bdgd `|x bhm`bexfgim phulhei|im imn bimi bhmheiegim B@_@

|`lig ehuim` bhmnnimligim ghpili phqhu|i l`qgxq`- Ili gh`mn`mim liu` p`cig phbhu`m|icxm|xg bhbeiciq |xgf`qim `|x |h|ip` uxpimi |`lig kil` l`figxgim -

<5 Iq~ie Biciq`m & dp-a`|-<1 Qdhlki|bdgd & L`bhmq` Bimxq`i lifib _hbeimnxmim & cif- 51 ‑ :5-

95

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_h|hu Giqhmli

Qi|x exfim ghbxl`im & Qdhlki|bdgd bhmxkx Ibhu`gi Qhu`gi| xm|xg bhbhmxc`

xmlimnim qheini` Z`q |`mn _udjhqdu pili Xm`zhuq`|iq Adumhff- Qdhlki|bdgd lim

ghfxiunimi ehuimngi| gh mhnhu` _ibim Qib lim |`mnnif l` qimi qhfibi qh|hmnic |icxm -Gh| gi `|x gi~im"gi~immi im|iui fi`m Qx|im Qkicu`u & Qdheil`d Qiq|udqiq|dbd lim

Bdac|iu Fxe`q l`|xlxc bhfigxgim phuexi|im bigiu |hucilip phbhu`m|ic Qdhgiumd lim

l`khefdqgim lifib |icimim - Qdhlki|bdgd gheh|xfim bhmnikiu Qhkiuic @mldmhq`i l`xm`zhuq |iq |hughmif l` IQ & `i |ig `gx| l |imngip- Gh|`gi Qdhlki|bdgd pxfimn&

 phbhu`m|icim Qdhgiumd |ig ehub`mi| bhmimngipmi-<< 

Gh| gi Qdhlki|bdgd ghbeif gh @mldmhq`i& `i bhmlipi|gim ghmi|iim eic~i

ciu`im _hldbim lim b`mnnxim Q`iqi|  |hfic l`euh`lhf dfhc _hbhu m|ic Qdhgiumd-

Qdhlki|bdgd puig|`q bhmnimnnxu qhfibi hbpi| |icxm qibpi` ghuxm|xcim _hbhu`m|icim

Qdhgiumd lim `i bhmlipi|` ghc`lxpim `m|hfhg|xif @mldmhq`i |hfic fxbpxc lim ciuxql`ni`uicgim ghbeif` Lifib q`|xiq` qhbiaib `|x Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnibe`f puiguiqi xm|xg 

bhmniligim l`qgxq`"l`qgxq` bhmnhmi` biqific bdlhum`qiq` bhqg`pxm gh|`gi `|x e`qi

l`gi|hndu`gim dfhc piui kxux e`aiui Lhbdguiq` \hup`bp`m ‑ Bxqxc Uhzdfxq` - _hqhu|i

l`im|iuimi Qdh Cdg N`h& Ci{`f& [i`mif [igqh& Nxmi~im Bdcibbil & Dmncdgcib&Udq`cim Im~iu lim Biuxf` Q`f`|dmni- <8 Exgx eiaiim phqhu|i l`qgxq` l` im|iuimi ilific

Lim`hf Fhumhu & \ch _iqq`mn dj \uil`|`dmif Qda`h| Bdlhum`{`mn `m |ch B`llfh Hiq| #f083)

 & Ifehu| D‐C`uqacbim & \ch Q|ui|hn Hadmdb`a Lhzhfdpbhm| #f0:?) & ^-M-  Udq|d~ &

Z`h~ judb |ch Qhzhm|c Jfddu #f0:<) lim Hu`a \djjhu  & \ch Dulhif dj Acimnh #f0:1 )- <:  

Qdhlki|bdgd bhf`ci| gixb `m|hfhg|xif l` biqi phunhuigim miq`dmif bhbpxmi`|xniq bhuhex| ghbhulhgiim lhmnim qdf`liu`|iq pili uigi|- \h|ip` qh|hfic ghbhulhgiim

|xniqmi ehuxeic bhmkil` bhmn`m|hnhuiq`gim @mldmhq`i gh lifib qxi|x @mldmhq`i eiux

imn ehuqi|x lim bhmniligim phbeimnxmim hgdmdb` qhahpi|"ahpi|mi qxpii |`mngi|ghc`lxpim e`qi bhm`mngi| - Gh|`gi `|x gixb `m|hfhg|xif |`lig |icx eini`bimi

bhmnhuicgim |hmini"|hmini uigi| qhc`mnni |xniqmi bhmnifib` ghninifim - Gixb

`m|hfg|xif |`lig |icx aiui eini`bimi ciuxq bhmkifimgim lciubimi qh|hfic piqaighbhulhgiim - Lhb`g`im pxfi lhmnim biqi Lhbdguiq` \hup`bp`m imn bhuxpigim qific

xqici xm|xg bhmaipi` qxi|x biqiuigi| il`f lim bigbxu - Gixb `m|hfhg|xif phmlxgxmn

lhbdguiq` |hup`bp`m bhmadei bhmxqxm qxi|x qxqxmim eiux liu` biqiuigi| @mldmhq`i|h|ip` |xkximmi |`lig |huaipi` giuhmi |`lig bhmnhu| phuqdifim - Dfhc giuhmi `|x

Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnimnnip |xniq gixb `m|hfhg|xif ciuxq bhmaiu` & bhmhfiic ghbeif`

  phuqdifim qhehmiumi liu` @mldmhq`i - L`qgxq` bhuxpigim qific qi|x bhl`i xm|xg 

bhmaipi` |xkxim `|x- <>

Gh|`gi chnhbdm` lhbdguiq` |hup`bp`m l`uiqigim bxfi` bhmlhgi|` ghuxm|xcim &Qdhlki|bdgd qheini` qific qhduimn imn bhmnimkxugim |i|imim pdf`|`g eiux bxfi` qhaiui

l`ib"l`ib ehuxqici bhbphmniuxc` Khmluif Iacbil Pim` lim ghfdbpdgmi l` Biugiq

<< ^i~imaiui Qhmd Nxb`ui Ik`liubi lhmnim Qdhlki|bdgd & fda- a`|-<8 Iu`hj Exl`bim & ‖ Biq Gdgd Lifib C`lxp Qii &‒ Gdbpiq & 1 Kimxiu` 900? lim LI _huimq` & ‖ Exmn

Gdgd Bhmkil` Diqh &‒ Qxiui _hbeiuxim & 51 Lhqhbehu 9030 -<: Udq`cim Im~iu & dp-a`|-& cif- 538 ‑ 508-<> Qdh Cdg N`h & Ai|i|im Qhduimbn Lhbdmq|uim & # Kigiu|i ; F_1HQ & f031 ) & 9<: ‑ 9<0 -

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_h|hu Giqhmli

Ehqiu IL qhu|i ehuxqici bhbphmniuxc` `m|hfhg|xif iniu xm`zhuq`|iq"xm`qzhu`|iq |h|ip

 eheiq liu` phmniuxc Qdhgiumd`q bixpxm Gdbxm`q- <3

Kxux E`aiui

_dfiu`qiq` biqiuigi| bhmaipi` pxmaigmi pili |icxm f0:8 lhmnim qxi|x

 phu`q|`~i phundfigim imn pif`mn ehuliuic lifib qhkiuic bdlhum- Qhg`|iu qh|hmnic kx|i

l`exmxc lifib phbeim|i`im im|iu ghfdbpdg qh|hfic phu`q|`~i N1?Q$_G@ - _hbexmxcim

biqqif `|x bhmkhkifgim qhexic phfikiuim imn bhmig`|gim ci| ein` Qdhlki|bdgdbhmnhmi` ghuipxcim q|uxg|xu qdq`if lifib biqiuigi| bikhbxg - Eh|ipi bxlicmi

|hukil` l``m|hnuiq` lim ghghuiqim bhmnificgim pudqhq phuxeicim imn |hui|xu- Qxi|x

ghig`mim imn gxi| bhmnhmi` phufxmi bhgim`qbh hjhg|`j ein` phmhfhqi`im gdmjf`g 

lim gh|imnnxcim qdq`if& gh|`gi `i bhmiliu` ilimi gdmqhg~hmq` imn qibi qhgif` |`lig l`bigqxlgim `m`- <0

_huqdifim imn phm|`mn lifib i~if dulh eiux ilific uhcie`f`|iq` & gdmqdf`liq` lim

q|ie`f`qiq` - Lifib ghphufxim bhbe`ii` phbeimnxmim l`phufxgim eim|xim fxiu mhnhu` -

_hundfigim imn bhmhfim gdueim k`~i ui|xqim u`ex duimn & `mjfiq` bhuikhfi c`mnni :8?  phuqhm qh|icxm& phbhu`m|icim eiux imn l`aip qheini` uhk b imn l`ldb`miq` dfhc

jiq`qbh Qdhciu|d lim Miqx|`dm |hfic bhbehu` a`|ui imn gxuimn bhmnxm|xmngim ein`

@mldmhq`i- 8? Khmluif Qdhciu|d qhfigx Gh|xi _uhqhl`xb Gie`mh| bhbx|xqgim iniu 

@mldmhq`i ehuniexmn ghbeif` lhmnim _EE lim bhbxf`cgim cxexmnim lhmnim lhmnimfhbeini"fhbeini ghximnim `m|humiq`dmif- Qu` Qxf|im l`ehu` |xniq bhmnxuxq ghbeif`mi

gh ^dufl Eimg lim @BJ qhlimngim Ilib Bif g bhmnxqicigim @mldmhq`i biqxg ghbeif gh _EE - Xm|xg ghphufxim l`pfdbiq` |hmini Qdhlki|bdgd l`ex|xcgim liml`|xniqgim qheini` ~ig`f gh|xi lhfhniq` Q`limn Xbxb _EE # f0::) & _hmiqhci| Lhfhniq`

#f0:>) lim ghbxl`im bhmkil` _hmiqhci| Bhm|hu` Fxiu Mhnhu` Ilib Bif`g # f0:3 ‑ 

90>3 )-

Ghehuciq`fim Qdhlki|bdgd bhmkifimgim |xniqmi lhmnim ei`g& bhmnim|iumi

xm|xg bhmlipi| |xniq qheini` lx|i ehqiu xm|xg Ibhu`gi Qhu`gi| - _hmhu biim |xniqmi

qheini` lx|i ehqiu `m` ehuliqiugim ghig`mim eic~i eimnqimi cimi qhein`im e`qil`|dfdmn p`cig fxiu - \xniq x|ibimi l` qimi & im|iui fi`m & ilific bhbhmimngim

guhl`e`f`|iq Dulh Eiux& |hubiqxg l` gifimnim ehehuipi xm`zhuq`|iq qhphu` Adumhff & imn

bhb`a`mngim bi|i |hucilip ghcil`uim phbhu`m|icim Qdhciu|d -

89

Gh|`gi `|x lifib phmibp`fim ghfxiu& Ilib Bif`g qhduimn q`p`f l`|xmkxg qheini`

Bhm|hu Fxiu Mhnhu` & qhlimngim Qdhlki|bdgd bhbimngx kiei|im gxma` qheini` lx|i

<3 Xfj Qxmlcixqqhm & _df`|`g B`f |hu @mldmhq`i 90<8 ‑ 90:: & # Kigiu|i ; F_1HQ & 9031 ) & cif- 105 ‑ 101-<0 Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-8? Kx~dmd Ixliuqdmd & fda- a`|-898@ @e`l-

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_h|hu Giqhmli

 ehqiu l` mhniui _ibim Qib- Qxi|x ~ikic q`p`f imn l`phuf`ci|gim pili lxm`i fxiu giuhmi

 phm|`mnmi bhbxf`cgim ghphuaiiim `m|humiq`dmif i|iq nibeiuim imn ei`g |hucilip

mhniui"mhniui Eiui| imn bhbehu` eim|xim ghximnim lim phm|`mnmi pdq q` IQbhmn`mni| pdq`q` ghphb`bp`mimmi l` gifimnim mhniui gip |if`q lim eilim

`hm|humiq`dmif qhphu|` @BJ lim ^dufl Eimg & qxlic bhuxpigim ghciuxqim ein` @mldmhq`i

bhmnibe`f ci|` IQ- \hm|x qiki bhmkil` |xniq Qdhlki|bdgd xm|xg bhmnimngi| pdq`q`@mldmhq`i lifib lij|iu pu`du`|iq phmhu`bi eim|xim IQ |hux|ibi lhmnim bhbehm|xg qxi|x

fdee l` ^iqc`mn|dm - 85 

\xniqmi qheini` lx|i ehqiu l`kifimgim lhmnim hjhg|`j - _uhq`lhm M`sdm lim

Qhguh|iu`q Mhniui Chmu G`q`mnhu bhmiuxc phuci|`im i|iq pimlimnim"pimlimnimi imn

 phmxc phbicibim bhmnhmi` pdf`|`g `m|humiq`dmif- Eimig imnnd|i Gdmnuhq IQ imn

bhbehu` phuci|`im giuhmi phukifimim"phukifimimmi l` qhfxuxc mhnhu` _ibim Qib-

L` qimi `i bhmlipi|gim ~ig|x xm|xg |xkxim"|xkxim `m|hfhg|xif - Qheini` lx|i

 ehqiu Qdhlki|bdgd e`qi bhmnxmlimn q`ipi pxm xm|xg bigim bifib ehuqibi- Lifib

ghqhbpi|im `|x `i bhf`ei|gim l`u` lifib |xgiu p`g`uim lhmnim phb`g`u lim phbexi|ghpx|xqim imn `i ginxb` qhphu|` Hl~iul Qc`fq& Udehu| Ma Mibiui & [e`nm`h~ Euhm{`g`

lim \cdbiq Bhu|cdm& xm|xg bhmhex| qhkxbfic liu` eimig duimn lhmnim q`ipiQdhlki|bdgd ehucxexmnim - Qhfi`m `|x |hbim l`ifdnmi bhf px|` ~iu|i~im qhm`du &

  puig| q` phbeimnxmim & phbexi| ghpx|xqim `m|humiq`dmif lim piui `m|hfhg|xif imn

 ehuili l` f`mngxmnim phunxuxim |`mnn` - Gh`mn`m|icxim Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnhmi` l`bhmq`

b`f`|hu lifib |i|imim pdf`|`g lxm`i `i bhbpuigiuqi` l`qgxq`"l`qgxq` lhmnim duimn"duimnl` _hm|indm lim Uiml Adupdui|`dm -81 

Qheini` qhduimn `m|hfhg|xif imn ehghuki qheini` lx|i ehqiu & `i bhbpxmi`ghnhbiuim bhb`m|i q|ij ghlx|iimmi bhbeiai & bhbehu` gdbhm|iu lim bhml`qgxq`gim

 p`li|d imn bix l`qibpi`gim l` ehueini` fhbeini lifib ehueini` ghqhbpi|im- 8< Qific

qi|x u`m|`qim imn l`figxgim ilific bhbexgi uxbic l`miq bixpxm ghlx|iim ehqiu qheini` ‑ ^`qbi \huexgi & l` bimi l`qgxq` |huexgi l`figxgim dfhc piui ~iuni mhniui

@mldmhq`i l` ^iqc`mn|dm lim qhg`|iumi - Ein` gheimigim gifimnim bxli @mldmhq`i &

  phu|hbxim lhmnim Qdhlki|bdgd bhmibeic ni uic lim qhbimni| bhbiax xm|xg bhbphudfhc qhqxi|x imn fhe`c ei`g  88

_hbei~iim Qdhlki|bdgd |hfic bhm`bexfgim uiqi cdubi| gixb `m|hfhg|xif l`

qimi - _huqphg|`j Ghexliiim lim ghqhkiuicim & phmkhfikicim imn kixc lifib j`fqiji|Hudpic lim lxm`i bimxq`i - _hbei~iim imn |ig miz`q|`g bhmhue`|gim uiqi cdubi|

duimn fi`m lim bhbexgi aigui~ifi imn fhe`c qhniu - Lxi |icxm ehu|xux|"|xux| lxi

xm`zhuq`|iq IQ bhbehu`mi nhfiu ldg|du cdmdu`q aixqi - Lda|du dj Fi~ #f0:0) liu`Xm`zhuq`|iq Ahliu Auhq| lim Lda|du dj Cxbim |`hq #f0>?) liu` Xm`zhuq`|iq Pifh lim

85 B`acihf Fh`jhu & _df`|`g Fxiu Mhnhu` @mldmhq`i # Kigiu|i ; Nuibhl`i & 903: )& cif- 90? lim Ciufdl

Audxac & B`f`|hu lim _df`|`g & # Kigiu|i ; Q`miu Ciuipim & 903: ) & cif- 5:0 ‑ 5>5 lim Bdac|iu Biq‐dhl &

 Hgdmdb` lim Q|uxg|xu _df`|`g & # Kigiu|i ; F_1HQ & 9030 ) & cif- >1"><-81 Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd -8< Xbiu Giib &‒ Gdgd ‑ Qdhlki|bdgd &‒ \hbpd& 1? Lhqhbehu 9030 & cif- 35-88 Kx~dmd Qxliuqdmd & fda-a`| -

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_h|hu Giqhmli

|icxm gh|`ni & `i l`imngi| bhmkil` imnnd|i ghcdubi|im Ibhu`aim Iailhb dj Iu|q iml

Qa`hmah #f0>9 )- 8:

Gh|`gi `i biq`c bhmkiei| lx|i ehqiu & Qdhlki|bdgd l`b`m|i ehue`aiui l` lhpim

\ch Iq`i Qda`h| l` Mh~ Pdug #f0>?) bhmnhmi` lxm`i lifib `m|hfhg|xif lxm`i mhnhui

  ehughbeimn - Qdhlki|bdgd imn ehuili lifib q|xg|xu ghgxiqiim bhfifx` ahuibicAhml`g`i~im l`  mhniui ehughbeimn  bhmkhfiqgim l`fhbbi imn l`cilip` qhduimn

`m|hfhg|xif - Bhmxux| Qdhlki|bdgd p`f`cim qhduimn `m|hfhg|xif |`lig bx|fig |huei|iq pili

ghlxi hgq|uhb ‑ bhmnniexmngim l`u` liu`pili gimlimn `mh|hfhg|xif imn bhbehehg ghpili l`g|ig|du i|ix biqxg phmkiui - Ghfdmnniuim `m` l`qheiegim giuhmi l`gheimigim

mhniui ehughbeimn q|uxg|xu ghgxiqiim |`lig q|ie`f lim ehuq`ji| |`lig hjj`q`hm - E`iupxm

qhaiui uhqb` gheheiqim l`cibei| & mibxm ehehuipi ghiliim qhduimn `m|hfhg|xif lidi|

  ehghuki lhmnim qxi|x |iuij hjjhg|`j |iq & qhgif`pxm |`lig qhaiui |huexgi - @i igimbhmnnim|`gim qhuimnim xbxb imn bhmhfxuxc lhmnim qxm|`gim"qxm|`gim imn |huiuic

gh lifib qhfi"qhfi q|uxg|xu ghgxiqiim lim biqiuigi| pili xbxbmi- _huimim bimi

imn l`p`f cmi& `m|hfhg|xif g`|i ciuxq bhbeiiu ciunimi- Qhduimn `m|hfhg|xif imn

 ehuili l` fxiu bixpxm l` lifib ghbhfx| pdf`|`g ciuxq ehuxqici bhmxqxm l`lifib bi|hu`imn |huqhl`i - Xm|xg bhfigxgimmi e`qi kil` `i |hupigqi bhmnd|du` |imnimmi &

bhf`ei|gim l`u` l` lifib q`|xiq` imn bhmkil`gim qiqiuim gu`|`g lim |hu|i~iim & limlifib bhmn`gx|` iuic `m` `i bxmng`m ghc`fimnim k`~imi- 8>

Ehuxbic l` Imn`m

Gh| gi Qdhlki|bdgd ghbeif liu ^iqc`mn|dm gh @mldmhq`i& l`i bhmlipi|`

@mldmhq`i |hfic l`ghmlif`gim lhmnim phb`g uim |xmnnif bhmxkx iuic phu|xbexcimhgdmdb` lim q|ie`f |iq pdf |`g- _hu|xbexcim hgdmdb` lim q|ie`f |iq l`pu`du`|iqgim|hucilip ghil`fim& gdm|udf bhmnnim|`gim gheheiqim & piu|`q`piq` uigi| l`|`mnnifgim lhb`

hjj`q hmq` - Ipi imn l`qigq`gim cimi bhbexi| ci|`mi u`qix - Gh|`bpimnim q|uxg|xuif

imn bhmkil` pxqi| phuci|`immi l`|imnim` qh|hmnic ci|`- Bdlhf"bdlhf hgdmdb` imnbhmldb`miq` phmnibe`f ghpx|xqim l`phu|imigim lim l`imnnip |`lig bhbphuc`|xmngim

l`mib`qbh imn gdbpfhgq liu` phuxeicim qdq`if - _hbei~iimmi imn gu | q

bhmheiegim `i kixc liu` uximn"uximn phmnibe`f ghpx|xqim lim bhbehu` ldudmnim piligiu`u `m|humiq`dmif -83

Ghmli| `i ehuili pili |hp` ghgxiqiim pdf`| g & qheini`bimi imn `i `mn`mgim -

Qheini` fiigmi qhduimn `m|hfhg|xif & `i |h|ip bhbehu` qiuim"qiuim gh lifib qhm|uxb ‑ qhm|uxb pdf`|`g & bxmng`m qhbxi `|x l`|hu`bi qheini` uiqi cdubi| gh|`beimn l`lhmniu 

i|ix l`kifimgim - Gh| gi phuim pdf |`gmi ehuili l` ei~ic& kxq|ux phuimim qheini`

`m|hfhg|xif qhbig`m bhbxmaig - Qdhlki|bdgd l`|hu`bi lxm`i `m|hfhg|xif lhmnim uiqi

8: Iq~ie Biciq`m & dp-a`|-8> Qdhlki|bdgd & H|`gi _hbeheiqim & dp-a`|& cif- 511 ‑ 5<0 -83 Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi dhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-

9:

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_h|hu Giqhmli

cdubi| - @i l`b`m|i cil`u l` cibp`u qhbxi phu|hbxim `fb`ic imn phm| mn xm|xg 

bhbehu` ~i~iqim imn gilimngifi bhmkil` gxma` lim phbehu` iuic - 80

Qdhlki|bdgd bhmn`mni|gim pili qhqibi `m|hfhg|xif & gh|`gi lifib phukifimimmi

ghf`f`mn Iq`i lifib ehueini` phfikiuim imn `i lipi|gim liu` xpii phbe`miim eimnqi

imn l`figxgim dfhc @mldmhq`i eic~i phbeimnxmim |`lig cimi ehuiu|` phu|xbexcimimn fhe`c ehqiu lim hjj`q`hmq`& |h|ip` kxni ehuiu|` l`qfdgiq` qdq`if lim pdf`|`g- _huxeicim

qdq`if imn phqi| bhmhu|i`mi e`qi kxni bhmheiegim l`qdu`hm|iq` & juxq|iq` lim

ghpx|xqiqiim bhqg`pxm phbe`miim eimnqi bhbxmaxfgim ciuipim lim z`q` biqi lhpimimn fhe`c ahuic - @i bhmhgimgim phufxmi xpii xm|xg bhmkini ghqh`beimnim l`mib`q

im|iui phu|xbexcim& ghibimim lim ghil fim qdq`if& qh|hfic bhmigq`gim eh|ipi

uipxcmi q|uxg|xu qdq`if l` lifib biqiuigi| bikhbxg imn phmxc gdmjf`g - @i

bhmhniqgim eic~i ‖ gdml`q` bh|hu if l` bimi gheheiqim bimxq`i bhmkil` ehubigmi ‖bhuxpigim |xkxim liu phmaipi`im ghbhulhgiim pdf | g lim phfigqimiim xpii

 phbeimnxmim -

@i bhmnimnnip bdlhf"bdlhf imn l`|i~iugim dfhc `lhdfdn` Eiui| |`lig piq xm|xg  phbeimnxmim l` gi~iqim Iq`i - @i ehuein` ghig`mim eic~i phuilieim Iq`i lipi|

bhmimk`gim bdlhf phbeimnxmim if|humi|`j ‑ qxi|x gdmqhp phbeimnxmim imn |`lig  ehu|xkxim pili ghbigbxuim & |h|ip` ghaxgxpim & lim gdmqhp cig"cig qhu|i phb`f`gim

  phuqhduimnim imn l`ei|iq` dfhc ghphm| mnim xbxb- Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnniu`qei~ic`

|huxq ehufimnqxmnmi ghqhmkimnim `m|humiq`dmif im|iui eimnqi"eimnqi l` X|iui lim

Qhfi|im - Qxi|x phumi|iim imn l`qibpi`gim ghpili qhqibi `m|hfhg|xif l` Eiui| lim `ibhmnimnnip phufxmi uhlhj`m`q` cxexmnim X|iui"Qhfi|im lhmnim bhma`p|igim |i|i

`m|humiq`dmif

Lipi| bhbxmng`mgim phuxeicim"phuxeicim q|uxg|xuif imn ehqiu imn l`phufxgim xm|xg 

bhmkib`m ghfimnqxmnim gheheiqim & ghil`fim lim |i|i c`lxp imn ehuilie lifib lxm`i

 phmxc ghgxuimnim & |impi bhuxqig pfxuif`qbh imn bhuxpigim puiqiui| phm|`mn ein`ghfimnqxmnim q`q|`b hm|humiq`dmif :?

Ghimnnd|iimmi lifib gdbxm`|iq `m|hfh|xif lxm`i bhbehu`gim ghpilimi qxi|x

|hbpi| gcxqxq l` gifimnim ahul`g pimli` l` @mldmhq`i- Gh|ikibim lim ghfhfxiqiim`m|hfhg|xif qhu|i phbei~iimmi bhm`bexfgim phqdmi pili gdbxm`|iq `m|hfhg|xif l` fxiu 

bixpxm lifib mhnhu` - Cimi qhl`g`| duimn imn bhmlhmniu l`i imn |`lig |hughqim -

Bxmng`m |ig ili phb`g u @mldmhq`i imn bhmaipi` ghlxlxgim qheini`bimi imnQdhlki|bdgd phudfhc qhaiui `m|humiq`dmif - Qhkig `i ehue`aiui bhmnhmi` ‖ lxm`i lifib ‖

`m|hfhg|xif lxm`i gh|`ni l` lhpim \ch Iq`i Qda`h| lim bhbphudfhc phmnciuniim l`

mhniui _ibim Qib |hfic bhmheiegim Qdhlki|bdgd eimig l`b`m|i lifib qhuhm|h|im

gdmjhuhmq`& phu|hbxim lim phu`q|`~i"phu`q|`~i pdf`|`g-

Uxpimi pdpxfiu`|iqmi imn l`phudfhc |hfic bhbehu` uiqi ghah~i imn

bhmlifib & gh| gi `i bxfi` l`pimlimn qheini` imaibim |hucilip bhuhgi imnbhmnimnnip lhei| pxef`g qheini` |im|imnim - @i l`|xlxc bhmlifimn` _hu`q|`~i Bifiu`

80 Iq~ie Biciq`m & dp-a`| -:? Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acmlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`| -

9>

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_h|hu Giqhmli

 pili |icxm f0>< - @i bhmkifim` ehehuipi b`mnnx `m|hudniq` imn `m|hmq`p lim |`lig kil`

l`khefdqgim lifib phmkiui |h|ip` l`fiuimn bhm`mnnifgim @mldmhq`i qhfibi lxi qh|hmnic

|icxm- Qhfibi `|x Qdhlki|bdgd |huxq"bhmhuxq bhmxf`q lhmnim phuci|`im pili biqific  phml`l`gim inibi& ghexliiim bixpxm ghb`qg`mim q|uxg|xuif qhu|i phughbeimnim

mhniui e`udgui| imn d|du`|hu lim |huqhm|uif`qiq`gim -:9

Ghu|iq ghuki Qdhlki|bdgd imn ehukxlxf  Mi|`dmif _df`a dj |ch Eiq`a Mhhl 

Bdlhf &Pimn l`qhfhmnniuigim Lh~im _hmiqhci| xm|xg Ghukiqibi _hbeimnxmim & pili

 exfim Jheuxiu` f0>3 & |hfic bhmnim|iugim Qdhlki|bdgd bhbphudfhc cil`ic Binqiqi -Ifiqim l`ehu`gim imxnhuic |huqhex| ghuhmi l`i l`imnnip qhduimn qhkiui~im qdq`if lim

Qdhlki|bdgd ‖ |hfic bhbehu`gim qxbeimnim imn qimni| ehuciuni lifib bhuimnqimn

duimn Iq`i lim eimnqi"eimnqi fi`mmi xm|xg bhf`ci| fhe`c qhgqibi aiui"aiui c`lxp

uigi| phlhqiim & imn igim bhuhgi bdlhum`q u & `i |hfic bhfigxgim xqici ‑xqicibhm`mngi|gim ghqiliuim hqqhmq`f l`bhmq` ghbimxq`im ein` qhbxi qhn` phbeimnxmim‒ #:5

 

Lifib ghu|iq ghukimi imn bhmlipi| phmnciunim |`mnn` l` gifimnim piui phb`g`u biqific phbeimnxmim `m|humiq`dmif & `i bhbeiciq bhmnhmi` ghbibpxim qxi|x

q`|h`b pdf`|`g xm|xg bhmimnim` ghex|xcim pdgdg liqiu lim bhmnhmi` q`ji| phuxeicimqdq`if qhu|i fimliqim `lhdfdn`q lifib bhmhm|xgim ghex|xcim pdgdg liqiu- :1 Gh|`gi ili

imn ehu|imi & cil`ic ximn qhehqiu 5? u`ex ldffiu liu` Piiqim Cil`ic Binqi"qi igim

l`phunxmigim xm|xg ipi qiki 4 Qdhlki|bdgd lhmnim pdfdq bhmi|igim eic~i l`i |`lig 

|icx ciuxq l`phunxmigim xm|xg ipi& giuhmi eiux phu|ibi gif `i bhmhu`bi ximnqheimig `|x- :<

Lxm`i @fbx

_hu|hmnicim |icxm f03? & Qdhlki|bdgd l`phuaii qheini` Uhg|du Xm`zhuq`|iq

_EE- Qhehmiumi `i e`beimn bhmlipi| |i~iuim `|x ‖ Qii gxi|`u igim |huahuiex| liu`igiu exb` qii @mldmhq`i & Qxbehu `mqp`uiq` qii qhehmiumi -‒ gi|i Qdhlki|bdgd - :8

Ghbxl`im l`i bhbx|xqgim xm|xg bhmhu`bi |i~iuim `|x - Xm`zhuq`|iq imn l`p`bp`mmi

 ehuehli lhmnim xm`zhuq`|iq fi`m pili xbxbmi- Xm`zhuq`|iq `m` cimific pxqi| ghn`i|im &

imn qxbehumi liu` biqiuigi| `fbx~im liu` qhnifi phmkxux lxm`i- \xniq qhbiaib `|x

  exgim bhuxpigim qxi|x imn iq`mn ein` Qdhlki|bdgd imn phumic |huf`ei| lifibghn`i|im phmhf`| im& l`im|iuimi imnnd|i Afxe dj Udbi& Ilz- Adxma`f @m|humi|`dmif

@mq|`|x| jdu Hmz`udmbhm| iml Lhzhfdpbhm| #Fdmldm ) lim Iqphm @mq|`|x| jdu Cxbim`q|`a

Q|xl`hq # Adfduild )-

\xniq xm`zhuq`|iq _EE imn bhbphfikiu` ehueini` biqific lim ehuxqici bhmaiu`

 kifim ghfxiu - Biqific imn bhmkil` phuci|`immi & gh|`gi `i bhmkil` Uhg|du Xm`zhuq`|iq

:9 @e`l -:5 Q`miu   Ciuipim & 9 Qhp|hbehu 90>3 -:1 Qdhlki|bdgd & Bimxq`i lifib L`bhmq` _hbeimnxmim & dp- a`|& cif- 958 ‑ 988 -:< Q`miu Ciuipim & 5 Inxquxq lim 9 Qhp|hbehu 90>3 -:8 Qxiui _hbeiuxim & 99 Kxf` 903> lim Gdbpiq & 9: Dg|dehu 903> -

93

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_h|hu Giqhmli

_EE l` \dgd - #9) _hulibi`im ghibimim ‑ _hbhaicim gdmjf`g lim |uimqjdubiq`

bhmhfxuxc 7 #5) Hgdmdb` imn bhmhfxuxc – #1) Ghfipiuim& Ghb`qg`mim & Qxbehu ifib

lim f`mngxmnim 7 #<) _hmnhbeimnim bimxq`i& qdq`if lim gdhgq`q|hmq` eimnqi & q`q|`b exlii lim qdq`if 7 #8) @fbx |hgmdfdn` & `bpf`giq` qdq`if lim h|`q -  :: -

Qdhlki|bdgd imn ghqxgimmi igim ui~dm & qd|d eiei| lim piuxc nduhmn `|xbhmnigx eic~i phghukiimmi l` qimi qimni| bhm`|i ~ig|xmi lim ~ig|x fximn imn

l`phudfhc gh|`gi ehuili l` phqi~i| |hueimn ‖ Qhxbxu c`lxp qii ehfxb phumic ehghukiehui| qhphu|` qhgiuimn - _ilicif & qii imnnip l`u` qii uik`m qh|hmnic bi|  –& gi|iQdhlki|bdgd - Ghmli|` pxm lhb`g`im `i bhmxgi` phghukiim imn phmxc lhmnim

|im|imnim lim `mdziq` `|x - :>

_ili |icxm"|icxm Qdhlki|bdgd bhmkiei| qheini` Uhg|du Xm`zhuq`|iq _EE - Ili|`ni exgxmi imn l`|hue`|gim - Exgx phu|ibi ehukxlxf ‖ Lhzhfdpbhm| iml Juhldb

# \dgd7 \ch Q`bxf _uhqq& f03? )& Exgx |huqhex| bhuxpigim uimngi`im ahuibic

Qdhlki|bdgd  pili iaiui ahuibic @qc`{igi l` Khpimn pili exfim Biuh| f0>0- Exgx ghlxi

lim gh|`ni ehukxlxf ‖ L`bhmq` Bimxq`i lifib _hbeimnxmim # Kigiu|i ; F_1HQ& f031 )lim H|`gi _hbeheiqim # Kigiu|i 7 F_1HQ& f03< ) Ghlxi exgx |huqhex| bhuxpigim

gxbpxfim |xf`qim Qdhlki|bdgd imn |huqheiu l` ehueini` ghqhbpi|im -

Bhmhfiic ghbeif |xf qim"|xf`qimmi& gdmq`q|hmq` imn fxiu e`iqi e`qi

l`gh|hbxgim lifib mili lim |hbi"|hbi imn bhmkil` phuci|`immi qhkig |xf`qimmi

imn pif`mn i~if lim igc`u - \xf`qim l`eimnxm ehuliqiugim phmnifibim & phmnibi|im & phubhmxmnim & phueiml`mnim lim xpii phmaiu`im phbicibim imn |`lig ghmif fhfic -

Qdhlki|bdgd |h|ip dp|`b`q bhmnhmi` ilimi ghbxmng`mim xm|xg bhbeiqb` phu`figx

lhq|uxg|`j & ghb`qg`mim& ghedldcim& gh|`ligibimim lim gh|igx|im |hucilip qhnifi qhxi|ximn |`lig l`ghmif- Bhqg`pxm `i bhmnh|icx` eic~i xbi| bimxq`i |hmnic ibe`f ein`im

qhaiui ig| j lifib pudqhq phmnciaxuim l`u mi- @i phuaii pili xpii phbhf`ciuiim

ghx|ibiim"ghx|ibiim biqiuigi| ehuilie & qhphu| q`gip bhmicim l`u & ghehuiliim|dfhuimq` & ciuni l`u` lim phmnciuniim |hucilip duimn fi`m - :3 

Ehuigc umi kiei|im qheini` Uhg|du _EE qh|hfic lxi gif bhmkiei| # f03> )Qdhlki|bdgd bhbx|xqgim xm|xg ghbeif` gh @mldmhq`i bhqg`pxm `i bhphudfhc |i~iuim

liu` @mq|`|x| dj Ilzimahl Q|xl`h & _u`mahm|dm Xm`zhuq`| xm|xg ehubxg`b l` qimi qheini`

Uhq lhm| Qacdffiu lim bhmxf`q exgx bhmnhmi` biqific ipi qiki imn `i qxgi` -

Qdhlki|bdgd qiliu eic~i eimnqi @mldmhq`i qhlimn bhmnnxbxf` biqific"biqific ehqiu giuhmi libpig ghbikxim phbeimnxmim - _huxeicim"phuxeicim ehqiu qhlimn |hukil` l`

biqiuigi| @mldmhq i kxq|ux giuhmi xqici phbeimnxmim imn |huxq"bhmhuxq lim

 phuxeicim"phuxeicim ehqiu imn |hukil` lxm`i giuhmi libpig ghbikxim |hgmdfdn` &gcxqxqmi |hgmdfdn` gdbxm`giq` - _hbhu`m|icim Qdhciu|d |ig bhmhl`igim kiei|im

jdubif ein` qhqhduimn imn ehuxq`i l`i|iq :8 |icxm ghi|iq - Qdhlki|bdgd qhml`u

 ehuimnnipim eic~i qhei`gmi |ig qhbxi `m|hfhg|xif biqxg lifib f`mngiuim ghgxiqiim -

:: @e`l-:> Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-:3 Gi|cfhm Mh~fiml lim Ghbifi Acimlui G`uimi Qdhlki|bdgd & dp-a`|-

90

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_h|hu Giqhmli

Ili imn ciuxq ehuili l` fxiu nhfimnnimn iniu phu`beimnim im|iui mhniui lim

biqiuigi| |hukini -

Qdhlki|bdgd imn phu|xniq l` Khpimn `|x bhbphudfhc \ch Nuiml Nduldm dj 

\ch Dulhu dj |ch Qiauhl \uhiqxuh # E`m|imn \imli Kiqi Ciu|i Qxa` Inxmn ) liu` gi`qiu 

Khpimn pili |icxm f033 - @i l`imnnip bhbphugdgdc cxexmnim im|iui Xm`zhuq`|iq _EElhmnim Khpimn & b`qifmi bhfifx` phbehm|xgim qxi|x Gdb`|h _hu|`beimnim xm|xg 

bhbikxgim ghukiqibi im|iui Xm`zhuq |iq _EE lim ghfdbpdg @fbx liu` Khpimn lim kiqi

fi`m ilific phm`mngi|im phmnhu|`im biqiuigi| Khpimn i|iq biqific"biqific lxm`i gh|`ni- \xf qim"|xf`qim imn ehukxlxf  Lhzhfdpbhm| iml Juhldb - \xf qim `m` bhmiu`g 

 phuci|`im biqiuigi| Khpimn giuhmi Qdhlki|bdgd bhbe`aiuigim biqific phuimim imn

ciuxq l`bi`mgim Khpimn lifib bhmi|ip biqi lhpim - @i bhmlhqig Khpimn xm|xg 

bhbi`mgim phuimim imn fhe`c ig|`j lifib qxi|x biqiuigi| nfdeif - :0

\`|`g Igc`u

Qh|hfic Qdhlki|bdgd ghbeif liu` Khpimn gh @mldmhq`i & Qdhlki|bdgd

bhbphudfhc ghcdubi|im xb|xg ehuahuibic ‖ \imnnxmn Ki~ie lim \im|imnim [ibim ‖

lifib iaiui phu`mni|im Mx{xf Y‐xuim pili |icxm f0<0 C imn l`qhfhmnniuigim pili|imnnif 55 Ipu`f f030 l` Biqk`l @q|`yif & Kigiu|i - Qdhlki|bdgd bxfi` bhmiliu` eic~i

qhehmiumi l`i ilific duimn @qfib & gh|`gi `i bhmlhmniu qxiui i{im qxexc pili ~ig|x

l`i bhmncil`u` phu|hbxim Inci Gcim Jdxmli|`dm l` \hmn`huq& Biudgd pili |icxm f038 -

Gh|`gi `|x ci|`mi |hunh|iu lim fifx bhmimn`q - Ghkil`im `|x l`imnnip Qdhlki|bdgd &giuhmi Qimn _hma`p|i |`lig bhbe`iugim cibeimi ehuili lifib ghe`beimnim -

Bhqg`pxm qhehfxbmi Qdhlki|bdgd & Ui|b`m` lim gigigmi Q`| ^icxmic phumicbhfigxgim `eilic xbudc ->? Lifib ahuibicmi Qdhlki|bdgd bhmkhfiqgim qhkxbficghpu`ci|`mim pili xbi| bimxq`i qhgiuimn imn bhbehu` qxi|x phuimim eiux ghpili

inibi"inibi l` lxm`i `m` - \imnnxmn ki~ie inibi"inibi l` lxm`i ciuxq bibpx

bhmn`mlhm|`j`giq`gim qhn` h|`q i|ix qdq`if & lim ciuxq bibpx bhbe`mi gixbbmi lifib  phmifiuim h|`q i|ix `k|`cil qxpii biqiuigi| e`qi ehughbeimn qheini` ciq`ff

  phbeimnxmim imn |`lig ehuehli lhmnim imn l``lib" `libgim dfhc biqiuigi| - >9

Qdhlki|bdgd l`biqi |ximi qhu mn ehue`aiui biqific inibi lim h|`gi qhc`mnni

 phmnhu |`gmi bhmhex|gim ghbxmng`mim Qdhlki|bdgd juxq|iq` l` |hmnic lxm`i imnqhbig`m |d|if`|hu - \hufhpiq ki~ieim |x imn e`qi l`ehu`gim - \h|ip` imn khfiq

Qdhlki|bdgd bhmiliu` ehmiu eic~i `lhdfdn` lxm`i imn ehqiu imn |xux| bhmhm|xgim

 kifim qhkiuic |hfic ibeuxg - Cimi px`mn"px`mn `lhdfdn` imn ehuqhuigim - Qdhlki|bdgdqhlimn bhmadei bhmaiu` eini`bimi inibi lim h|`gi e`qi bhmkil` kifim ghfxiu i|iq

qhbxi ghgifx|im lim ghcimaxuim `lhdfdn` ehqiu - >5

:0 \hbpd& dp-a`|->? Udqicim Im~iu  & Bhmxf`q Lifib I`u & dp-a`| lim Bi|ui & fda| - a`| lim \hbpd& dp-a`|->9  Gdbpiq & 55 Ipu`f 9030 lim Qdhlki|bdgd & \imnnxmn Ki~ie Inibi lim \im|imnim [ibim & ‖ Ki~i

 _dq & 5< Ipu`f 9030 ->5  Gdbpiq& 1 Kimxiu` 9005 -

5?

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_h|hu Giqhmli

_uhq|iq` imn l`ui`c Qdhlki|bdgd qhfibi `m` ehmiu"ehmiu bhmnimnnxbgim- @i

cimi biciq`q~i Qhgdfic \`mnn` Ghldg|huim imn l`phai| lim bhmnhib phml`l`gim

qhfibi qi|x qhbhq|hu l` Xm`zhuq |iq Ciuziul #IQ) pili i~if |icxm f08?"im- @ibhbphudfhc phmnh|icxim `m|humiq`dmif imn ehn`|x |`mnn` - Qxi|x puhq|iq` imn ehfxb

|hm|x e`qi l`phudfhc qhduimn ahml`g`i~im imn bhbpxmi` phml`l`gim |`mnn` lifib

qxi|x hui |hgmdui| l` bimi ghaigipim l`phudfhc bhfifx` phml`l`gim imn fibi-

Bhqg`pxm `i bhbphudfhc uhpx|iq` |hucdubi| lifib gdbxm`|iq `m|hfhg|xif - @i

bhbphudfhc gu |`g liu` mhnhu`mi qhml`u imn bhmni|igim eic~i `i |`lig phumicbhmkifimgim ipi imn l`p`g`ugim bhmkil` ghmi|iim lifib ghc`lxpim - Qdhlki|bdgdp

bhmnimnnip eic~i qxbeimnim pili phulhei|im bhmnhmi` lxm`i imn fhe`c ei`g lim

|`lig bhbphudfhc ghqhbpi|im xm|xg bhbpuig|hgim niniqim imn l`ghbeimngim `|x ‖ Ipigic g`|i qhaiui pu`eil` igim phumic bhmlipi| ghqhbpi|im xm|xg |xux| bhmni|xu 

mhniui `m` - @|x qdif fi`m &‒ gi|i Qdhlki|bdgd- >1 @i cimi ehu|xniq bhmkhfiqgim bhmnhmi`

lxm`i pili biqiuigi|mi -

L` |hmnic lxm`i imn bhmncilip` qxi|x phuxeicim imn ehn`|x bhmliqiu limbhbehu` qxi|x phuimngi| |im|imnim imn eiux qibi qhgif` & imn ehfxb phumic l`cilip`

xbi| bimxq`i qhehfxbmi lim lim bhbehu` libpig imn l`uiqigim l` qhbxi qhg|du ghc`lxpim - Qdhlki|bdgd imn |h|ip nhf`qic lim bhmadei bhmaiu` ki~ieim ‑ki~ieim

lifib bhmncilip` |im|imnim {ibim - L`cilipim qhkxbfic `m|hfhg|xif imn gheimigim

fxfxqim Eiui| l` gd|i Pdnigiu|i pili |imnnif 59 Lhqhbehu f030-& Qdhlki|bdgd

bhmnhu`|`g gixb `m|hfhg|xif @mldmhq`i imn |huphmkiui dfhc ghiliim {ibim gh|`gi gh|`gi`|x lim l`mnnip qhnim bhb`g`ugim ghiliim 58 |icxm bhmli|imn - @|x phqim |huigc u 

Qdhlki|bdgd ghpili gixb `m|hfhg|xif @mldmhq i - Gh|`gi Qdhlki|bdgd qhlimn

  ehue`aiui & Qdhlki|bdgd ki|xc p`mnqim - Ghbxl`im l`fiu gim gh Uxbic Qig | _udj Qdhlk`|d - L` qimi &Qdhlki|bdgd bhmnchbexqgim mijiq |hugic`u- Qdhlik|bdgd |ig phumic

 ehue`aiui fin` - ^ifixpxm biq`c eimig phmlhmniumi `mn`m bhmlhmniu p`g`uim"p`g`uim

Qdhlki|bdgd imn ahbhufimn lhmnim eded| ghiu`jim - G`m` gxuq` Lhgim @m|hfh|xif Eheiq@mldmhq`i gdqdmn-

>1 Bdac|iu Exacdu` & ‖ L`i Qhduimn Bduif`q Ehqiu  & ‖ Ibimic & Md- 09 & 50 Lhqhbehu 9030 -

59

^he; ~~~-ph|hugiqhmli-~dulpuhqq-adb